HARVARD UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

OF THE

Museum of Comparative Zoology

OCCASIONAL PAPERS
ON MOLLUSKS

Published by

The Department of Mollusks

Museum of Comparative Zoology

Harvard University

VOLUME I

Numbers 1 to 18

Edited by AUG ^ 3 ^^^^

William J. Clench

Curator of Mollusks
Museum of Comparative Zoology

PRINTED AT

BOTANICAL MUSEUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

1945-1954

MERRILL E. CHAMPION

THIS first volume of "Occasional Papers On Mollusks" is
fittingly and sincerely dedicated to Dr. Merrill E. Cham-
pion, who from the time "Johnsonia" and this present series
came into being has quietly devoted himself to their suc-
cess. In the capacity of Assistant Editor, his knowledge of the
classical languages and his experience as an editor of medical
journals has contributed greatly to the stature of these two
publications.

Dr. Champion was born in 1880 in Prince Edward Island,
Canada, but moved to Massachusetts at the age of fifteen. He
attended Boston Latin School and Wakefield High School from
which he was graduated in 1898. He received his A.B. degree
from Harvard College in 1902 and his M.D. from Harvard Med-
ical School in 1905. He had a private practice for a short time
and then attended the first class of the Harvard-Technology
School of Public Health. Following this, he was a field director
for the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the study and
eradication of hookworm in North Carolina. In 1915, he was
appointed a State District Health Officer and in 1918 he became
head of the Division of Hygiene in the Massachusetts State
Department of Health. His duties here included problems in
child hygiene, communicable diseases, health education and
editorial work. However, at the same time, this quiet, energetic
man was teaching child hygiene at the Harvard School of Pub-
lic Health as well as lecturing in the School of Public Nursing
and the School of Social Work at Simmons College.

In 1929, Dr. Champion was called to Michigan where he was
in charge of setting up a health demonstration center in the
Upper Peninsula. This work continued with great success
until 1933 when activities were curtailed because of the de-
pression. Though this was undoubtedly unfortunate for Mich-
igan it was most fortunate for us as Dr. and Mrs. Champion

[ iii 1

then moved to Cape Cod, Massachusetts where they Hved for
several years. Here, his love of the sea and of the out-of-doors
took him often to the beaches, and an absorbing interest in
mollusks soon developed. He became a member of the Boston
Malacological Club in 1935 and has been an ardent supporter
of that organization since that time, serving as Conchological
Recorder and President. One night at the regular club meeting
he asked Dr. Clench if he might have a "square foot of space
in the MoUusk Department where he might putter." He was
assured that he would be most welcome in the department and
that there would always be a desk for him. Little did anyone
realize at that time what this was to mean to the department.
When "Johnsonia" was started he immediately took on the
duties of Assistant Editor including the indexing of the com-
pleted volumes. In addition, he has revised completely the col-
lection of North American land shells in accordance with Dr.
H. A. Pilsbry's latest works. This was a tremendous task; not
only was the main collection a very large one but there were
in addition several thousand lots of unworked material which
he has studied and which is now incorporated in the main
collection.

During the Second World War, Dr. Champion was again
called to the State Department of Public Health and for four
years worked only part time at the museum. However, he kept
the editorial work going as well as his revisional studies on the
North American land shells, and in 1943 he was made Research
Assistant in the department.

Dr. Champion has written numerous articles for medical
journals and in addition to indexing "Johnsonia" has written
a fine account of the life of Edward Sylvester Morse which
was published in this series.

Dr. Champion is far more than just a volunteer worker in
the department, he is a friend and counselor to everyone, stu-
dent and colleague alike, ready and willing to discuss all prob-
lems and to help in every way possible.

IV

MERRILL E. CHAMPION

CONTRIBUTORS

R. Tucker Abbott 1, 2, 6

C. Guillermo Aguayo 17

Merrill E. Champion 11

William J. Clench 3, 7, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18

Richard I. Johnson 5, 9, 12, 14, 18

Lillian C. Smith 4

Ruth D. Turner 8, 13, 15, 18

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are gratefully indebted to many friends who have gen-
erously donated material or loaned us specimens for our
studies. Also, we are grateful to those who have given freely
of their knowledge or time in searching for much needed in-
formation.

To Mr. R. W. Foster we are particularly grateful for making
possible the initial start of these studies and to Mr. W. G.
Fargo, J. Weber, H. Woolsey and the Boston Malacological
Club for additional financial aid. Their interest and support
made possible many of the numbers composing this volume.

Our thanks are extended to our subscribers, both individuals
and institutions, for their continued interest and support.

We wish to acknowledge the fine photographic work of Mr.
Frank White, of the Biological Laboratories, Harvard Univer-
sity.

^ i'fi -'fi -'fi

STAFF

WiUiam J. Clench Merrill E. Champion

Editor Assistant Editor

Associate Editors

Joseph C. Bequaert Julia V. Clench Ruth 0. Turner

Business Manager
Ruth D. Turner

[ vii 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction
By William J. Clench and Ruth D. Turner . . . . i -xii

No. 1. A New Celebes Freshwater Snail (Hydrobiinae)
By R. Tucker Abbott 1

No. 2. The Philippine Intermediate Snail Host {Schisioso-
mophora quadrasi) of Schistosomiasis
By R. Tucker Abbott 5

No. 3. Some Notes on the Life and Explorations of Hugh
Cuming
By William J. Clench 17

No. 4. Notes on the Family Cardiidae
By Lillian C. Smith 29

No. 5. Joseph Pitty Couthouy— A Bibliography and Cata-
logue of His Species
By Richard I. Johnson 33; 441

No. 6. The Egg and Breeding Habits of Oncomelania quad-
rasi Mlldff., the Schistosomiasis Snail of the Philippines
By R. Tucker Abbott 41

No. 7. The Poison Cone Shell
By William J. Clench 49

No. 8. John Gould Anthony With a Bibliography and Cata-
logue of His Species
By Ruth D. Turner 81; 442

No. 9. Anodonta implicata Say
By Richard I. Johnson 109

No. 10. A Catalogue of the Genus Liguus with a Descrip-
tion of a New Subgenus
By William J. Clench 117; 442

[ viii 1

No. 11. Edward Sylvester Morse With a Bibliography and
a Catalogue of His Species
By Merrill E. Champion 129

No. 12. Lampsilis cariosa Say and Lampsilis ochracea Say
By Richard I. Johnson 145

No. 13. A Catalogue of the Family Truncatellidae with
Notes and Descriptions of New Species
By William J. Clench and Ruth D. Turner . . 157; 445

No. 14. Jesse Wedgwood Mighels with a Bibliography and
a Catalogue of His Species
By Richard I. Johnson 213; 447

No. 15. The Western Atlantic Marine Mollusks Described
by C. B. Adams
By William J. Clench and Ruth D. Turner . . 233; 447

No. 16. Busycon coarctatum Sowerby
By William J. Clench 405

No. 17. The Scalarinum Species Complex (Umbonis) in the

Genus Cerion

By William J. Clench and C. G. Aguayo 413

No. 18. Review Number and Index

By William J. Clench and Ruth D. Turner .... 441

[ix]

BOOK REVIEWS

F Paetel 1887-1891, 212 S. Hirase 1934, 232

Dall, Bartsch and Rehder 1938, 231 K. Baba 1949, 404
H H. Edmondson 1933, 231 C. M. Yonge 1949, 410

Lange de Morretes 1949, 449 W. J. Dakin 1952, 448

G. E. and N. MacGinitie 1949, 411

jH '\i

NEW GENERA, SUBGENERA, SPECIES, SUBSPECIES

AND NAMES

Cerion paucisculptum, 425 Merrilliana, 179

Cerion rehderi, 422 Taheitia arcasiana abbotti, 187

Cerion shrevei, 436 Taheitia arcasiana cookei, 186

Cerion sisal, 427 Taheitia soluta, 190

Cerion turnerae, 423 Taheitia tongana, 190

Geomelania parvulina, 180 Taheitia turricula laddi, 189

Indopyrgus bonnei, 3 Tomlinitella, 169

Liguellus, 123 Truncatella thaanumi, 165
Truncatella thaanumi insularis, 166; 446

SUBJECT INDEX

Biographical Sketches

Adams, C. B., 233 Cuming, Hugh, 17

Anthony, John Gould, 81 Mighels, Jesse Wedgwood, 213

Couthouy, Joseph Pitty, 33 Morse, Edward Sylvester, 129

Catalogue of Families and Genera
Liguus, 117 Truncatellidae, 157

Monographic Studies

Anodonta implicata Say, 109 Lampsilis cariosa Say and

Busycon coarctatum Sowerby,405 Lampsilis ochracea Say,145

Scalarinum Species Complex (Umbonis)

in the Genus Cerion, 413

Medically Important Mollusks

Conus, 49 Oncomelania quadrasi, 41

Schistosomophora quadrasi, 5

PREFACE

LITERATURE today regarding all phases of the study of
* mollusks has reached fantastic proportions. More than one
thousand titles on various studies appear each year, published
in more than two hundred journals, museum bulletins or other
publications. Our aim, in this present series, is to bring together
in one publication a few such studies which are limited entirely
to mollusks. Each number is an entity and may deal with any
phase of malacology whether bio-bibliographic or monographic
or it may consist of catalogues of families or genera. A con-
venient number of pages will be grouped to form volumes, the
numbers to run consecutively.

Some of the studies covered in this volume resulted from
problems that arose during other research. Others, such as
the bio-bibliographic sketches, are part of a long range plan to
build up a historic background in our field of mollusks. Such
sketches serve a double purpose: to save documentary mate-
rial concerning malacologists which is now available but which
may eventually become scattered or lost entirely and to make
known the location of type material upon which much of their
work was based.

We are dealing with a phylum of the animal kingdom which
may have as many as 200,000 species. This number is, of
course, an estimate only: even the approximate number will
not be known for many years. Many regions, both sea and
land, are still far from being fully investigated. Each decade
highlights many new areas or new means of approach that
result in additions to the known number of these beautiful
and interesting animals.

Just what the aqualung may do for the study of marine mol-
lusks is anyone's guess, but in it we have a new aid that can
be effectively used for investigating one of the richest and still

[ xi 1

one of the most inaccessible areas of the sea— the rock and coral
reef zone. Here, at varying depths, we have many mollusks
that are seldom, if ever, cast up on the beach. This is also a
region in which dredging has been only faintly successful. Not
only will many new forms come to light, but, in addition, it
may be possible to become better acquainted with the many
rare species now recorded from only a few specimens. In this
deeper water, mollusks can be studied in their own environ-
ment, free from the vicissitudes of the intertidal zone— a place
where the collector can observe them only during their most
inactive period, mainly at low tide. The prospects ahead are
exceedingly bright and even a novice in the field of biology
can and very probably will make important contributions to
our knowledge.

Pages i-xii published August 14, 1954

xn

Occasional Papers on Mollusks

Published by

The Department of Moeli'sks

Museum of Comparative Zoolojry, Harvard L'niversit\
Cambrid«re, Massachusetts

FEBRUARY '27, 1943 9 A a^yL f^^' ^° ' *"* 'V'NL'MBER 1
^^'^^^ \ FEB 27 19.15 ^

A New Celebes Freshwater Snath (Hydrobiinae)'

By R. T. Abbott, Likitfwnt (jjr) H(S). ISNR-

Genus Indopyrgus Thiele 1928

Indopyrgus Thiele 1928, Zoologische Jahrbiicher 55, p. 373, 378;
Genotype, Indopyrgus nevilli Thiele (Andaman Islands).

Indopijrgus was originally described as a subgenus of
the Australian genus Potamopijrgus. It is raised at this
time to generic standing. All members of this genus are
small, less than 3 mm. in length; shell thin, ovate, smooth,
with about 3 or 4 whorls, the last being large. Aperture
sub-ovate, the lip slightly thickened. Umbilicus narrow and
slit-like. Operculum, thin, corneous, paucispiral. Radula
characters are distinct from Potamopijrgus. Rachidian tooth
possesses two long thin basal wings and has a denticle

5 15

count of " . The lateral tooth oblique, with a strong

o-o

central elbow. The denticle count varies from 4-1-6 (nevilli)
to 3-1-5 (bonnei). hidopyrgus is placed in the subfamily
Hijdrobiinae. Other species placed in this genus are /. mous-
soni Issel 1874 and /. bonieensis Issel 1874, both from
Bintulu, Sarawak, Borneo.

Though this genus has never been implicated as an inter-
mediate host of the human blood ilukes, there is a possi-
bility that it may be found to be a carrier of schistosome
cercariae, as in the case of its relatives, Schistosomophora
and Katayama. Bonne and Sandground in their work on

1 The opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and are
not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Navy
Department, or of the Naval Service at large.

- Preventive Medicine Division, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery,
Navy Department.

1

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLLSKS

«4i ^#i

First tiy:ure, Holotype oi' Im/opj/rgus bonnei, new species. Remain-
imjj: fi<j[ures, Paratypes, all 4x from Lake Poso, Celebes.

I'KiiFn: I, itadula i>\' Imlopjjrgux hontiei^ new species. Figure ^, Oper-
ciiluin of Indopi/rgus boiniei, new species. (Greatly enlarojed)

OCCASIONAL PAPKRS ON MOLLL'SKS :}

Schistosoma japonicum in Lake Lindoe, Celebes, sent a large
collection of freshwater shells to Dr. Joseph Bequaert at
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, among which a new
species of Indopyrgus was the nearest relative to the proven
snail host, Schistosomophora, of the Philippines.

Indopyrgus bonnei, new species
Plate 1, figs. 1-6, Plate 2, figs. 1 and 2.

Description. Shell small, about 3 mm. in length elongate-
ovate, thin, semi-transparent, light chestnut brown, with
the edge of the peristome marked by a line of deep chestnut
brown. First half nuclear whorl indented, remaining whorls
inflated, rounded, marked by slightly retractively curved
lines of growth. These lines are very minute and spaced
unevenly. Spiral sculpture absent. Suture strongly con-
stricted ; periphery inflated and well rounded. Base short,
narrowly umbilicated. Aperture large, broadly ovate, with
the peristome slightly expanded and slightly reflected. The
operculum is thin, corneous, translucent horncolored, ap-
proximately one third the length of the shell, and with the
nucleus strongly excentric. It is paucispiral with about
two and a half turns. (See Plate 2, fig. 2) Tentacles of
animal simple, tapering to a point ; eyes simple and situated
near the base of the outer side of each tentacle. Radula

formula is: rachidian % " ^ ; lateral 3-1-5; inner marginal

16; outer marginal 9. (See Plate 2, fig. 1).

no. of

;ngth

width

whorls

2.9

1.5 mm.

4.2

2.8

1.6

4.3

2.6

1.6

4.2

2.5

1.7

3.9

2.5

1.6

4.5

2.3

1.5

4.2

2.3

1.5

3.8

2.2

1.5

3.6

2.2

1.4

3.9

2.0

1.5

4.1

1.9

1.3

3.5

Lake Poso, Central Celebes.
Holotype M.C.Z. no. 147474.
Lake Poso, Central Celebes.
Paratypes M.C.Z. no. 147475.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Lake Lindoe, Celebes.
Paratypes M.CZ. no. 147476.

2.3

1.3

4.3

2.2

1.3

4.5

2.2

1.3

4.2

2.2

1.2

4.1

2.1

1.3

3.9

2.1

1.2

4.1

2.0

1.2

4.1

2.0

1.2

4.0

1.9

1.1

4.0

1.8

1 1

4.0

Types. Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology no.
147474 Lake Poso, Central Celebes. Charles Bonne, legit.
1941. Paratypes M.CZ. no. 147475 from the same locality
and M.CZ. no. 147476 Lake Lindoe, Celebes. Charles Bonne,
legit. 1941.

Remarks, This tiny freshwater shell is common along
the shores in certain parts of Lake Poso and Lake Lindoe,
in the Celebes. It should be suspected as a possible carrier
of schistosome cercariae. The shells from Lake Poso are
more mature and hence a bit larger than the specimens
from Lake Lindoe. In nature the shells are partially covered
by a thin encrusting of lake slime. This species differs from
nevilli Thiele in having a more extended spire, vv^horls of
the spire more convex and a color line of deep chestnut
brown around the lip. hidopTjrgus borneensis Issel is con-
siderably more squat than any of the other species and
differs, like /. moussoni Issel, from bonnet and nevilli in
lacking the continuation of the lip across the parietal wall.

Bibliography

Issel, A. 1874, Molluschi Borneensi Annali del Museo Civico
di Storia Naturale, 6, pp. 363-486 pis. 4-7.

Morrison, J. P. E. 1939, Notes on the Genera Potamopyr-
gus and Lyrodes. The Nautilus, 52 (3), pp. 87-88.

VON Martens, E. 1897, Siiss-und Brackwasser Mollusken

des Indischen Archipels, in Max Weber. Zoolog.

Ergebn. Reise Niederl. Ost-Indien, 4, pp. 1-331, pis.

1-12.
Thiele, J. 1928, Revision des Systems der Hydrobiiden und

Melaniiden. Zoologische Jahrblicher, 55, pp. 351-402,

pi. 8.

Occasional Papers On Mollusks

Published by .^t>>^ °^ ^°^^^^

The Department of Mollusks r\ou'^'^luA^

useum oi Lomparatu e /oolojry. Harvard L inversity \
^ . Cambrid«re, Massachusetts " ^-^.^S^A^^

^0,^01-

APRIL 30, 1945 NUMBER 2

The Philippine Intermediate Snail Host
(Schistosomophora quadrasi) of Schistosomiasis'

By R. T. Abbott, Lieutenant (jg) h(s), usnr-'

This is a preliminary report on the Philippine freshwater
snail, Schistosomophora quadrasi Moellendorff, which is re-
sponsible for the spread of the Oriental blood fluke, Schistoso-
ma japo^iicum Katsurada. The snail serves as a host for the
larval trematode from the miracidium to the human infective
cercarial stage. Drawings in this paper were made from live
specimens at the National Institute of Health in Bethesda,
Maryland, and most dried material studies were made at the
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harv^ard University (Dr.
Tubangui's material). Aid and advice were liberally forthcom-
ing from the Division of Mollusks at the United States National
Museum.

Genus Schistosomophora Bartsch

Schistosomophora Bartsch 1936, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 95, no. 5. p. 29. Geno-
type, Prososthenia quadrasi Mlldff. (Surigao, Mindanao. Philippines).

Schistosomophora quadrasi Moellendorff
Plates 2-5, all figures

Prososthenia quadrasi MoeWendorfi 1895, Nachrichtsbl. Deutsch. Malak.Ges.,
27, p. 138. (Surigao, Mindanao, Philippines).

^ The opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and are not
to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Navy Department, or
of the Naval Service at large.

"■^Preventive Medicine Division, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy
Department.

5

6 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Blanfordia quadrasi Moellendorff, Tubangui 1932, Philippine Journ. Sci., 49,
no. 2, pp. 298-301, pi. 5, figs, la-b, pi. 2, fig. 3.

Oncomelania hydrobiopsis Rensch 1932, Philippine Journ. Sci., 49, pp. 551-
552, figs, la-c (Palo, Leyte, Philippine Islands).

Oncomelania quadrasi Moellendorff, Rensch 1933, Philippine Journ. Sci., 50,
p. 325.

Oncomelania quadrasi Moellendorff, Bequaert 1934, Journ. Parasit., 20, p.
281.

Schistosomophora quadrasi Moellendorff, Bartsch 1936, Smiths. Misc. Coll.,
95, no. 5, pp. 31-32, pi. 1, fig. 8, pi. 2, fig. 5, pi. 3, fig. 1.

Schistosomophora hydrobiopsis Rensch, Bartsch 1936, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 95,
no. 5, pp. 32-33, pi. 1, fig. 7, pi. 2, fig. 6, pi. 3, fig. 2.

Blanfordia quadrasi Moellendorff, Tubangui and Pasco 1941, Philippine
Journ. Sci., 74, no. 4, pp. 302-324.

Schistosomophora quadrasi Moellendorff, Bartsch 1939, Volumen Jub. pro
Prof. Sadao Yoshida, Osaka, 2, pp. 644-645.

Description of shell. Adult shell about 4.5 to 6 mm. in length,
elongate-ovate, thin, color a translucent chocolate brown to
light brown (often covered by black pond slime), with a thin,
very dark brown color line around the peristome or entire
mouth border. Nuclear whorls (developed in egg mass) two in
number, rounded, glassy, appearing minutely granulated under
magnification. Postnuclear whorls (developed after hatching)
regularly increasing in size, rounded, with the body or last
whorl more than 3/5 of the total length of the shell. Extremely
fine axial sculpture of slightly retractively slanting lines of
growth. Spiral sculpture seldom visible. Suture between whorls
well indented. Base of body whorl short, rounded, with a nar-
row, slit-like umbilicus. There is a slight thickening of the outer
lip just behind the aperture into a callus or weak varix. Aper-
ture broadly ovate, slightly expanded, slightly reflected. Pari-
etal wall slightly glazed. Interior of aperture light chocolate
brown. Periostracum absent. Operculum very thin, transpar-
ent, paucispiral with eccentric nucleus and two to three whorls.
Scar of muscular attachment about half the area of the oper-
culum.

Animal (Plate 3, figs. 1-6) small, with a simple foot, underside
of which is broad and short, rounded behind and truncate in
front. Anterior edge of foot with a narrow, fairly deep mucous
slit. Foot often carried in life with a longitudinal fold of flesh
along the midline of the side of the foot. Head relatively small.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 2. Schistosoynophora quadrasi Mlldff. Fig. 1. Shell from
Samar Island, Philippines, about 17x. Fig. 2. View of live animal,
about 9x (both Navy photographs).

8 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 3. (Explanation of plate on opposite page.)

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 9

proboscis or snout blunt, short, bilobed in front. Single tentacle
on each side of head simple, slender, swollen at the base where
the eye is located. In male specimens, the verge or penis is lo-
cated well behind the head on the dorsal side of the body and
on the midline. It is far enough back to be obscured by the
mantle. Penis simple with a single functional spermduct, trans-
lucent yellowish, slightly flattened dorsally, rounded ventrally
and tapering gradually towards the rounded distal end, carried
in a sinistral, single-coil position. Mantle thin with a slightly
thickened border. In females the mantle border just opposite
the "vaginal" opening is capable of being puckered into a
funnel-shaped notch.

Color of animal in general a dark blackish gray. The most
distinguishing color markings are the bright splotching of yel-
low, granular-like dots over each eye forming false "eyebrows."
In detail: underside of foot gray, peppered with minute white
dots. Sides of foot and body grayish with a heavy suffusion of
minute black dots. A few yellow or white dots are sometimes
present on the sides of the upper body and dorsal side of the
forefoot. There is a suffusion of white dots on the inside of the
mantle opposite the anal and "vaginal" openings. Eyes jet black
with a tiny clear lens. Proboscis sandy gray-black with a red-
dish tinge caused by the buccal "cartilages" inside. Interior
of mouth at the anterior end of the proboscis reddish. During
feeding, the glint of the glass-like teeth of lingual ribbon or
radula may be seen. Tentacles translucent gray intermingled
with tiny gray dots. The feces of healthy animals are small,
compact, hen's egg in shape, and may be seen through the shell
lined up in the rectum in the last two or three whorls. Under
a bright light and magnification, the edges and folds of the
body and foot give off a beautiful metallic blue sheen.

Plate 3. Fig. 1. Side view of living animal with shell removed in drawing.
Fig. 2. Underside of foot and head. Fig. 3. Verge or penis of male. Fig. 4. Oper-
culum, top side. Fig. 5. Looking back under the mantle showing gills on left
wall. Fig. 6. Dorsal view of animal with right side of mantle cut and laid back
to show gills and rectum attached to inside of mantle.

^=sperm duct; e=eye; r/>=yellow "eyebrow" color granules; y ^foot; fi =
gill filaments or para-ctenidial folds; /a = gill lamella; w = mantle; mo=mouth;
r/Z5 = mucous slit; c=operculum; /) = penis; /»/- = proboscis or snout; ra=radula
ribbon; ;-e=rectum; 5= muscular attachment scar; /=tentacle.

10 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Variations in animal noted were a case of one female with
a split or double-tipped right tentacle, and variation in the
amount of yellow coloring over the eyes.

Variation in shells is considerable in several characters in
adult specimens from the same locality, nearby localities and
distant localities on other islands. Measurements of the num-
ber of whorls, length and width of shell were made on twenty
or more specimens from eight lots (5 specimens only from Suri-
gao) with the following results: (largest shells length 6.4 mm.;
width 3.2 mm.).

Locality

Whorls

Length

Width

Length divided

average

average

average

by width

number

(average)

Surigao, Mindanao

5.8

5.7 mm.

2.8 mm.

2.03

Jabonga, Agusan,

6.4

4.8

2.5

1.92

Mindanao

Palo, Leyte (1935)

6.2

4.7

2.5

1.88

Palo, Leyte (1945)

6.1

5.0

2.4

2.08

Dagami, Leyte

6.3

4.9

2.7

1.81

Calbiga, Samar

5.9

4.3

2.4

1.79

Naujan, Mindoro

6.4

5.0

2.5

2.00

These differences indicate that this species varies in stout-
ness and length with little or no correlation with its geograph-
ical distribution. After adequate field study, it may be found
that local ecological conditions are responsible. Other varia-
tions of the same nature include size of lip thickening or varix,
predominence of minute axial sculpturing, thinness of shell,
shape of operculum, and number of whorls in the nucleus of
the operculum. There is no sexual difference detectable in the
shells of five females and three males examined.

Radula. The lingual ribbon or radula is situated in the buc-
cal cavity in close association with the buccal cartilages. There
are about 70 rows of teeth on the ribbon which is held together
by a thin, transparent membrane bearing two side wings (Plate
4, figs. 2 and 3). Each row consists of a single rachidian (or
central) tooth flanked closely on each side by first a lateral (or
median) tooth, then an inner (or first) marginal and lastly by
an outer (or second) marginal tooth. Each tooth bears a char-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

11

acteristic number of tiny denticles. Radula counts in this paper
refer to the number of denticles on each tooth. The usual count
on the rachidian tooth for this species is two small denticles
on each side of a single large denticle on the top edge of the
tooth and three small basals on each lower side (written thus:

^-^' (Plate 4, fig. 1).

A study of every tooth on several ribbons revealed a varying
frequency in the denticle counts. From anterior end of ribbon
to the posterior growing end, the variation in the upper or
front edge of the rachidians were: first 10 teeth, 2-1-2; next
6, 1-1-2; next 2, 2-1-2; next 7, 2-1-1; next 13, 2-1-2; next 7, 2-1-1;
last 20, 2-1-2. The basals varied from 3-3 in the first half of the
ribbon gradually to 2-2 in the last half. Lateral counts 2-1-3
mostly, a few 1-1-3, a few 3-1-3. Inner marginal tooth 9 mostly,
some 8. Outer marginal 7, 6 mostly, a few 5.

It is evidently unsound to create species or genera, at least
in this group, on the basis of denticle counts which vary as
much as they do. Chinese workers have found this same type
of radula variation in Oncomelania and Katayama.

Plate 4. Fig. 1. Radula (left to right: rachidian, lateral, inner marginal,
outer marginal). Top row, most frequent counts encountered. Middle
row, extreme variation in rachidian from Samar Island. Bottom row, in-
frequent counts. Fig. 2. Dorsal view of entire lingual ribbon showing
transparent membrane. Fig. 3. Side view. Anterior end on the right.

12 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

The gills or ctenidia consist of a series of 40 to 50 low, nar-
row lamellae or plate-like flesh folds which are attached to the
inner left side of the mantle. The gills stretch across the man-
tle only as far as the rectum which is also welded to the man-
tle. The lamellae extend up on the mantle for a short distance
and then flatten out into indistinct filaments or para-ctenidial
folds which are closely welded to the mantle (Plate 3, figs. 5
and 6).

The pharynx in the proboscis contains two, paired flatfish
buccal "cartilages" tinged with a reddish brown pigment
(slightly visible externally through the wall of the proboscis).
Salivary glands sac-like, paired and lying along the sides of the
oesophagus with the ducts leading forward and into the pharyn-
geal cavity. The oesophagus leads back into the body and joins
the stomach which is in the posterior part of the body whorl.
The brownish spotted hepato-pancreas or " liver" extends from
the apical (tip) region of the shell down to the penultimate
whorl. The rectum, after passing down through the last four
whorls (paralleling the uterus in females) comes forward fused
to the right side of the mantle. The bean-shaped pericardial sac
or heart in the body whorl contains the auricle and ventricle.

The central nervous system (Plate 5, figs. 1 and 2) is strik-
ingly similar to Robson's figure (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 8, p.
401) of Katayama nosophora Robson, differing only in having
a long and slender supra-intestinal ganglion (as in Heude's
figure of Oncomelania hitpensis Gredler. Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp.
Chinois, 1), three instead of four labial and ocular area nerves
arising from the antero-dorsal area of each cerebral ganglion,
and a pair of small nerves arising dorsally from each of the
para- and pro-podial ganglia. The inner labial nerve splits in
two not far from its cerebral ganglial origin, unlike in Kata-
yama and similar to Oncomelania.

Only scanty information is available to date on the eggs of
Schistosomophora qiiadrasi Mlldff. A single, small egg and a
clump of four eggs have been seen under aquarium conditions.

Habitat and Habits. Amphibious, remaining out of water for
long periods of time attached to moist, shaded grass, banks of
ditches, wooden pilings, and in the area of rice fields. Prefers
water of a slightly acid pH. Early Japanese workers found that

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 13

specimens of Katayama nosophora Robson were killed in a one
per cent solution of lime in 24 hours. In the Katayama District
of Japan, 75 to 85 ^c of the snail population was eliminated in
a O.l^c solution of lime. Copper carbonate would be effective
in small ditches and ponds.

The animal is a continual browser in and out of water, and
has a tendency to move upwards out of water. The mode of
locomotion is in the form of a sliding, not loping, motion.

Trematode Parosiie. Schistosomophora qiiadrasi was first
implicated as the intermediate host of Schistosoma japoniciim
Katsurada in 1932, by M. A. Tubangui (Philippine Journ. Sci.,
49, pp. 295-304, pis. 1-5). Subsequent workers from 1934 to
1945 have substantiated this discovery. Until 1945 no other
species of snail has been known to be a vector of this disease
in the Philippines.

Locality Records. Philippines— Mindanao: Surigao (United
States National Museum and Museum of Comparative Zoolo-
gy); Jabonga, Agusan Prov. (MCZ). Leyte: Palo (USNM and
MCZ); Dagami (MCZ). Samar: Calbiga (MCZ). Mindoro:
Naujan (MCZ).

Range. (To date). Northern Mindanao, eastern Leyte, all of
Samar, eastern Mindoro. Not reported from Luzon as yet.
Wading birds might possibly be a mode of spreading this spe-
cies, since the animal is able to withstand weeks of desiccation
and might by chance be carried adhering to the feet of waders.

Nomenclature. Rensch recognized in a brief note (Philippine
Journ. Sci. 50, 1933, p. 325) that his Oncomelania hydrobiopsis
of 1932 is identical with Prososthenia qiiadrasi Mlldff. Bequaert
in 1934 concluded on the basis of paratypes of P. qiiadrasi
Mlldff. in the M.C.Z. collection that O. hydrobiopsis Rensch
was a synonym. Two years later, Bartsch maintained the two
species were distinct on the basis of a single, stout paratype
and on the basis of a difference of one denticle count on the
outer marginal radula. That specimen is found now by Bartsch
to fall well within the limits of variation of the specimens from
all four islands.

A discussion of generic position or generic validity is not

14

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 5. Central Nervous System. Fig. 1. Right side view. Fig. 2. Dor-
sal view (both slightly spread).

c-/>/-c=cerebro-pedal connective; /c= cerebral ganglion; lpl=]eit pleural
ganglion; oc=^ ocular, tentacular and labial nerve group; p = right pedal
ganglion; /)/)=parapodial and propodial ganglia; /)/-/)-c=pleural-pedaI
connective; rpl=right pleural ganglion; 5^/= sub-intestinal ganglion; si=
supra-intestinal ganglion.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 15

given in this paper, pending observations on live Japanese and
Chinese material.

Note on Identification

Proper identification of the snail intermediate host and a
greatly increased knowledge of its geographical distribution
are highly important, as schistosomiasis is endemic only
in places where the mollusk is found. In the Philippines the
snail host can be confused with a small land mollusk, Lamel-
laxis (Allopeas) gracilis Hutton which has no operculum, and
with young melanid snails which have beautiful, heavy sciilp-
tiiring on the early whorls. Every effort is being made by
malacologists to render quick identifications as accurately as
possible.

Acknowledgments

The author wishes to express his gratitude to the many peo-
ple and institutions that have given so generously of their time,
efforts, and material. For general malacological information,
the United States National Museum and its shell workers, Dr.
Paul Bartsch, Dr. J. P. E. Morrison and Dr. Harald Rehder. For
live snails, the National Institute of Health and Dr. W. H.
Wright, Dr. Myrna Jones, and Dr. Eloise Cram. For informa-
tion on trematodes, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Pub-
lic Health and Dr. W. W. Cort and Dr. G. F. Otto. For records
and notes, the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and
Dr. Horace B. Baker. For a study collection and general mal-
acological information, the Museum of Comparative Zoology
at Harvard College and its research workers, Dr. Joseph
Bequaert and Mr. William J. Clench.

16

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

MOLLUSCAN NOMENCLATURE

Length or
height

Post nuclear

whorls ?^x;y-.

Spire

.,-.-- Nuclear whorls

,.Ribs or axial sculpturing
.Intercostal spaces

Suture,

Periphery

= outline or edge

B^

.-Spiral sculpturing

\^ /^^

s

---Penultimate whorl

e '.^ \^>'

A

--Body whorl

''

^

X- Parietal wall

B=»sei-;\^

W-

IJ?'~^\p

Umbilicus" -\

^fy

(;

\

Columella

•Aperture, mouth or
1 peristome

L Width

or

>fci

^ diameter

^

Periostracum" thin, protective coating or "skin" over the outside of shell.

Operculum' corneous thin trapdoor attached to foot of animal. Fits snugly
into aperture.

Varix: thickening of shell just behind the lip on the outside of body whorl.

Plate 6. Diagrammatic drawing to explain molluscan
nomenclature.

Occasional Papers On Moilusks

Published by

The Department of Mollusks

Museum of Comparative Zoolojxy, Harvard University
Cambridtje, Massachusetts

JULY 30, 1945 NUMBER 3

Some Notes on the Life and Explorations of

Hugh Cuming x<is^ ^^^^^Si^x

?0 30 ^ By William J. Clench ( ^UL so 1945

The following notes on the life and explorations of Hugh
Cuming may be of interest, particularly at this time, as so much
material is being collected in the Philippine Islands, a region
Cuming explored over a period of three years better than a
century ago.

Botanists have been far more lenient in their estimate of
Cuming than have most zoologists, at least so far as the pub-
lished record is concerned. That he was a very remarkable
man is certainly not questioned, and as a field-man he probably
has never been equaled for the number of species of mollusks
collected by any one person. However, his habit of depending
upon his memory for the name and locality of his specimens,
left to the taxonomists of the past, present and future the
weary task of ferreting out his mistakes.

I have not seen the original Cuming collection which is now
in the British Museum. I have, however, many hundreds of
his specimens under my charge that have come to this museum
in the collections of his contemporaries, through C.B.Adams,
J.G.Anthony, Thomas Bland, A.A.Gould and others. There
are no original labels. Cuming numbered his lots and then
sent separately a corresponding list of numbers with their
names and localities. Such a procedure added errors to any

17

18 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

original mistakes made at the time the material was boxed
and shipped.

Cuming had the remarkable ability of getting new specimens
for his collection. His enthusiasm must have instilled into
others a willingness to collect shells wherever they went and
as a consequence he fell heir to much material collected by
expeditions and travelers in remote and, at that time, wholly
unexplored regions. This naturally resulted in a remarkable
number of new forms which Cuming proceeded to have de-
scribed by a host of associates. The unfortunate part was that
much of the original data was lost or completely left out of
the record.

Hugh Cuming brought together the largest private shell
collection of his day. Since that time only two or three private
collections have equaled or surpassed his in the number of
lots. According to Melvill, he had 19,000 species when his col-
lection was purchased by the British Museum in 1866. The
great value of this collection was in the large number of origi-
nal specimens that it contained, material which had formed
the basis for the descriptions of many new species.

Hugh Cuming was born in West Alvington, Devonshire,
England and died in London. At the age of thirteen or four-
teen he was apprenticed to a sail maker which brought him in
contact with many men of the sea. Apparently he was already
keenly interested in natural history and the sailors' yarns of
their experiences in foreign lands must have fired his ambi-
tions for travel. In 1819 a business opportunity led him to Val-
paraiso, Chile. Here he met Mr. Nugent, the British Consul;
also Lieutenant Frembly, a conchologist of note who had de-
voted his time to studying the many large chitons which occur
along the Chilean coast. Their interest and influence made
possible the aid granted by the Chilean government a few
years later when he collected along the South American coast.

Whatever Cuming's business .was it must have been exceed-
ingly profitable, as he was able to retire after a seven year
period (1826). He then had built and fully equipped a yacht,

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

19

1791-1865
Plate 7. Copied from an original photograph
sent to J. G. Anthony in 1865.

Photograph by F. P. Orchard

20 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

the Discoverer, which was especially designed for collecting
and dredging biological material' His first venture was to the
islands of eastern Polynesia. This trip was made by way of
the Island of Juan Fernandez off the coast of Chile, Rapa Nui
or Easter Island and thence to the Pitcairn Islands. In addi-
tion, several islands in the Society, Tuamotu and Tubuai
groups were visited. His somewhat lengthened stay on Anaa
Island in the Tuamotu group yielded a fine harvest of marine
shells which were later described by Reeve and Sowerby.
Much botanical material was also collected.

The success of this trip led to another and far more exten-
sive voyage. According to Melvill, two years were spent ex-
ploring the coast of South America between Lima, Peru and
Chiloe Island, Chile. The Galapagos Islands were also included.
It would appear certain that far more territory was explored
than was delimited by Melvill (p. 61). We have several lots of
Cumingian shells from the west coast of Central America and
South America, north of Lima, which had been collected dur-
ing this two year period and many published records by Sow-
erby, Reeve and others, exist for coastal regions north of Lima.
He certainly reached as far north as the Gulf of Nicoya in
Costa Rica. In a conversation that I had with Dr. Johnston,
he stated that the plants collected by Cuming would indicate
that he may have reached as far north as Acapulco, on the
west coast of Mexico. The probable dates of Cuming's visit
and the islands collected in the Galapagos have been reviewed
by Howell.

In 1831, he returned to England to find himself quite famous.
His collecting successes in Polynesia and the Eastern Pacific
made possible a trip to the Philippines, a region almost wholly
unknown at that time. Cuming spent three years in these is-
lands from 1836 to 1839, during which period he visited nearly
all of the larger islands and many of the smaller ones. A very

^ So far as I can determine, the Discoverer was the first boat designed speci-
fically for the purpose of collecting natural history specimens. As stated else-
where, the lack of data with the material collected has left its name almost
wholly unknown in the annals of such vessels.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 21

fine account of his Philippine expedition has been written by
E. D. Merrill.

It has been stated that Cuming was a pioneer in giving ex-
act locality data for his material. This may be true for some
of his shells but it is certainly not true for the majority of the
species credited to his collecting. Not only are data lacking
but in many cases the data associated with the species have
since proved to be wrong.

Dr. J. E. Gray, Keeper of Zoology at the time the Cuming
collection was purchased by the British Museum, has pub-
lished the following, regarding the data and other facts about
Cuming's collection. I quote only the most pertinent remarks
in Gray's paper though there is much additional information
of general interest.

"I certainly should have considered the following observa-
tion unnecessary if most exaggerated statements had not been
published respecting the collection, which are likely to mislead
the public— such, for example, as that each specimen had not
only its name and its special locality attached to it, but also
the depth in the ocean at which it was found, and that the
specimens are in all instances the actual types of the species
from which the descriptions have been taken. As this is not
the case, it is necessary that some account of the collection as
it was received by the British Museum should be given, in
order that it may be properly understood by the scientific con-
chologists who may hereafter consult it. I have not the least
intention by the following remarks to depreciate the value of
Mr. Cuming's labors as a collector, or of his collection; for
every conchologist, both scientific and amateur, is very greatly
indebted to him for having collected one of the largest and
most perfect collections of shells ever brought together; for he
not only collected extensively himself, but he excited others
to collect, and he left no stone unturned to obtain from other
collections in all countries such specimens as he wanted, or
from which, as types, species had been described; and he also,
in the most free and liberal manner, opened the collection to
the use of such conchologists and iconographers as would fall
into his views as to the describing and naming of species.

22 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

" When I first saw the collection, fifteen or sixteen years ago,
as may be seen by my report to the Trustees of the British
Museum, which is published in one of the Parliamentary
Papers relative to the Museum, the collection was without
any names or habitats to the species. The names have been
added since Mr. Cuming's recovery, and gummed to the mouth
of one of the specimens of each preserved species. These
names were not affixed by the original describers and figurers
of the species, but by two well-known conchologists; and as
they must be considered to rest on identification by the latter
and not by the original describers, this rather detracts from
their authenticity as absolute types of the species described.
It is to be regretted that when these names were attached, the
special habitats of the specimens were not also marked on
them.

"I am informed that as soon as any specimens were de-
scribed Mr. Cuming was in the habit of destroying the habi-
tats sent with them, as he said they could be discovered by
looking at the work in which they were described. This is
certainly a very inconvenient and roundabout way of arriving
at the information required : if the species was procured from
two or more localities, one is not able to discover which speci-
men belonged to each special locality.

" In many of the specimens, especially those that have not
yet been determined or named, the habitat, written on a small
paper label, is stuffed into the mouth of the shell."

Johnston holds that certain of the Cumingian localities on
the west coast of South America were shipping points rather
than the actual collecting localities. This was in reference to
his botanical material, though the same is probably true for
his shipments of mollusks. Mr. E. L. Layard, who had been a
close associate of Cuming, makes the following statement:

"I have often heard collectors complain of the inaccuracy
of some of the localities given by Cuming, and I think I can
account for this. ... I have seen him making up a series of
specimens for a correspondent, and I have also said I do not

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 23

think he could write. I never saw a notebook in his hand, nor
were his shells in separate labelled boxes. He trusted entirely
to his wonderful memory, not only for his localities, but for
the names of the shells and their authors."

This statement of Layard that Cuming could not write, may,
of course, be the answer to the unlabeled condition of the Cum-
ingian collection, at least as far as it concerned the material
he had personally collected. In fairness to Cuming, we may
judge that certain of the data might have been eliminated from
the record by the describers of his shells. It is to be borne in
mind that at that time, data, other than a name, were considered
of interest rather than of value. It is unfortunate that many
species described from his collection, but not collected by him,
had inadequate data as to the collector. A clue to their origin
would be a material aid in an understanding of many of his
species.

Cuming did not collect in the Western Atlantic. However,
the vast collections that he had obtained in both the Eastern
and Western Pacific offered tempting material for both ex-
change and purchase. As stated above, the origin of many of
his Western Atlantic shells is seldom indicated in the descrip-
tions that were published by many authors who had access to
his collection. I know that C. B. Adams, T. Bland and T. Swift
were among the many who contributed specimens from the
Western Atlantic in exchange for the many new species that
he had collected in the Philippines.

Merrill believes that Cuming was not illiterate as has been
stated, but was capable of writing a fine letter. This belief is
based upon the several letters written to Sir William J. Hooker
by Cuming during his Philippine expedition. However, Dr.
Merrill did not see the original letters, but only transcribed
copies. We possess fourteen original letters by Cuming that
were written between the years 1852 and 1861 to J.G.Anthony,
W. G. Binney and T.Bland. Three or four different handwrit-
ings are apparent and Cuming's signature on each is different
from the writing in the letters, leaving one with the impres-
sion that they may have been written by someone acting in

24 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

the capacity of a secretary, but that Cuming added his own
signature.

Hedley, in a report upon the mollusk fauna of Queensland,
has given an excellent history of the various collectors that
had been associated with the development of the natural his-
tory of that State. In his remarks under John MacGillivray,
naturalist of the Rattlesnake Expedition, he gives the following
that is pertinent to Cuming:

"The shells of MacGillivray seem to have passed into the
hands of Cuming. Hugh Cuming was an illiterate sailor, whose
history shows him as a man of strong character, a master or-
ganiser, and one born to success. He aimed to have the finest
collection of shells in the world, and he reached it. Unfortu-
nately, his plans did not regard the advancement of science,
and the strong man wastes no energy on aught but the attain-
ment of his object.

*'For purposes of sale or exchange, an unnamed shell was
of less value to him than one named, so names were needed
for his wares. More time for determination and description
was required by careful writers. But worse authors quickly
supplied names good or bad, and doubtless better submitted
to Cuming's dictation as to what constituted a different species.

"So the leading conchologists of his generation in England,
Gray, Woodward, Forbes, Hanley, and Carpenter, had little or
no dealings with Cuming. Gray, indeed, seems to have quar-
relled outright. The naming of Cuming's huge collection fell
to weaker men— Reeve, the Sowerby's, and the Adams [H. and
A. Adams]. It has happened that these renamed the same spe-
cies twice or thrice. The least amount of work necessary to
carry the name satisfied them."

I have read somewhere that Cuming paid a shilling a species
to have his shells described. In the days of very short and
formal Latin descriptions, such a procedure was a rather pro-
fitable venture, particularly when no illustrations accompanied
the text. Many of these species were later figured in the

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 25

monographs of Reeve, Sowerby, Pfeiffer, and others, but it
still leaves a long and sometimes difficult search to locate a
figure for some of these species and, of course, uncertainty
generally exists whether the figured specimen and the descrip-
tion were based upon the same material.

We have a case in point regarding MacGillivray specimens.
In our collection, there are three lots of Cyclostoma forbsiana
Pfeiffer, described from the Cumingian collection and origin-
ally collected by MacGillivray. One lot from Dohrn, who had
purchased the Pfeiffer collection, gives the locality of New
Hebrides, the second lot directly from Cuming is given as from
New Caledonia and the third lot originally received from Cum-
ing by Gould is without locality data. As far as we now know,
all of these lots came from New Caledonia; the locality of New
Hebrides published by Pfeiffer is certainly open to question.

Errors of this sort are exceedingly exasperating to workers
on faunistic studies. Such inaccuracies inject into the geograph-
ical problem disharmonic elements which are very difficult to
explain. This is particularly true of regions that are still im-
perfectly known. It is only in areas which are well surveyed
that such errors can be ruled out. The following short and
cryptic note by Connolly expresses an opinion that I have
heard verbally many times:

" G. obovata was described as from Liberia, obviously one of
the many miasmas arising from the pestilential conchological
swamp of the Cuming collection; the species seems to be con-
fined to Natal."

Dr. Prashad of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, told me at the
time of his last visit that Cuming substituted new material for
old when he obtained better specimens. This, of course, was
regardless of the fact that the old material may have been the
types upon which the species was established.

It would appear that Iredale unwittingly committed an error
that may have been based upon such a substitution. Reeve
figured a specimen from the Cumingian collection as Cassis

26 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

recurvirosirum Wood, with the locality of Raine's Island, Torres
Strait [Australia]. This figured specimen is unquestionably
Phaliiim cicatricosum Meuschen from the Western Atlantic.
Iredale, noting its differences from any known Australian spe-
cies, renamed it Xenogalea lacrativa.

Many localities given by the describers of Cuming's shells
were brief, mentioning only the town or city. In most cases,
of course, there are not many chances for error. In a few
cases, certainly, unsuspected errors may occur by using a lo-
cality name and then adding the wrong country. A case of
this sort was indicated by von Martens' in which Caracas was
given as the locality. The Cumingian locality was Caracas,
Ecuador (S. Lat. O°3O0 and not Caracas, Venezuela, by far the
better known place. In addition, on modern maps, the Ecua-
dor locality appears as Bahia de Caraques.

In the Zoological Record for 1869, p. 530, von Martens men-
tions that Cuming collected on two of the three Pacific islands
known as Lord Hood Island. One of them is in the Galapagos
group and the other is in the Tuamotu Archipelago. Care must
be taken to differentiate between these two localities as two
faunistic areas are concerned.

That Cuming was able to get the best of exchange material
is attested to by the following paragraph that appeared in a
letter now in our files by J. G. Anthony to Thomas Bland. It
was written in Cincinnati, Ohio, October 23, 1856.

"Started another man off this morning for two days trip to
Indiana for Unios to a special locality where they grow large.
I shall move heaven and earth to get good specimens for Cum-
ing. All my wits are at work for him and if there is any 'good
thing in Nazareth,' I am bound to ferret it out for him."

One can readily glean from the following passage in a letter
to T. Bland (London, April 30, 1852) that Cuming wanted to
"corner the market" as far as it concerned some of the rarities
among the mollusks. "You observe that you are likely to get

^ Nachrichtsblatt deut. Malakozoologischen Gesell., 8, 1876, p. 68-69.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 27

specimens of the acosta [?] of D'Orbigny, I will take 20 or 30
at £ 1. each provided you do not send any away or allow them
to be in any other hands otherwise they are not worth to me
so much." From the tone of his letters to Bland and especially
to J. G. Anthony, this desire to hold and control prize speci-
mens was not for any pecuniary gain but to use this choice
material in exchange for equally choice species that would
add to his collection. He expressed his delight for the large
and fine Unios that had been sent by Anthony from the region
of Cincinnati.

Cuming must have corresponded with about all of the shell
collectors of his day as most collections made prior to his
death in 1865 are sure to have a few of his specimens. The
British Museum probably disposed of certain duplicates after
it came in possession of his collection. Many private collections
made after 1865 contained material purchased from Sowerby
with the note "Cuming Collection" on the label.

In the later years of his life, Cuming financed several field
collectors, either wholly or in part, and as a consequence, added
much to his collection from this source. In a letter to Thomas
Bland, he complained bitterly that, though he had contributed
£ 25 towards Blauner's trip, Shuttleworth, for whom Blauner
had made the trip [Puerto Rico ?] had only sent him two or
three of the new species that had been found. He also aided
Auguste Salle in 1849-1851, in making a trip to Santo Domingo
[Hispaniola] for the purpose of collecting mollusks and orchids.
Salle's one-man expedition still stands as the most successful
trip, from a malacological point of view, that has ever been
made to thjs island.

Cuming will always be remembered as a great collector.
That he failed to give all the necessary data with his material
is, of course, to be regretted. He was a product of his time, a
time when natural history objects had value, mainly in them-
selves, and he, like many of his contemporaries, failed to real-
ize the intricate problem of distribution and its relationship to
all other branches of Natural Science. It will be years before
his mistakes are corrected and his omissions admitted to the
record by others.

28 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

The following papers have much additional information
about the life and record of this remarkable man.

Connolly, M. 1939: A Monographic Survey of South African Non-Marine Mol-
lusca, Ann. South African Museum, 33, p. 51.

Gray, J. E. 1868: Notes on the Specimens of Calyptraeidae in Mr. Cuming's
Collection. Proc. Zoological Society of London for 1867, pp. 726-748. [The
Introduction of this paper is republished in the article by Gray (below) in
the American Journal of Conchology.]

Gray, Jr. E. 1869: On the Manufacture of Genera and Species by Modern Au-
thors; and on the Nomenclature of the Cumingian collection, American
Journal of Conchology, 4, p. 201-208.

Hedley, C. 1910: The Marine Fauna of Queensland, Australasian Association
Advancement of Science 1909, [1910], 12, p. 335.

Howell, J. T. 1941: Hugh Cuming's Visit to the Galapagos Islands, Lloydia, 4,
p. 291.

Iredale, T. 1927: Records of the Australian Museum, 15, p. 347, pi. 32, fig. 11.

Johnston, I. M. 1936: A Study of the Nolanaceae, Proc. American Acad. Arts
and Sciences, 71, p. 15.

Layard, E. L. 1895: Some Personal Reminiscences of the Late Hugh Cuming,
Journal of Conchology, 8, pp. 71-75.

Melvill, J. C. 1895: An Epitome of the Life of the Late Hugh Cuming, Journal
of Conchology, 8, pp. 59-70, portrait.

Merrill, E. D. 1926: Hugh Cuming's Letters to Sir William J. Hooker, Philip-
pine Journal of Science, 30, pp. 153-184, plate 1. [This paper has an im-
portant bibliography, containing a long list of references to articles based
wholly or in part on Cuming's material.]

Reeve, L. 1848: Conchologica Iconica, 5, Cassis, no. 16.

St. John, H. 1940: Itinerary of Hugh Cuming in Polynesia, Occ. Papers in B.P.
Bishop Museum, 16, no. 4, pp. 81-90, portrait.

Tryon, G. W. 1865: Hugh Cuming, American Journal of Conchology, 1, p. 379.

Occasional Papers On Mollusks

Published by

The Department of Mollusks

Museum of C<>ini)arati\ e Zoolooy^ Harvard University
Cainbridjre, Massachusetts

JULY 30, 1945 NUMBER 4

Notes on the Family Cardiidae a>** zoology *^
"S0,3O4- By Lillian C. Smith V. ^"^ ^^ '"^y

While studying the family Cardiidae, for a Johnsonia num-
ber on the Western Atlantic species, some notes were made
regarding several species from other oceans. They seem suf-
ficiently important to warrant publication.

Fulvia bullata Linne

Solen bullatus Linne 1758, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p. 673 (locality unknown)
refers to Rumphius 1741, D'Amboinsche Rariteitkamer, pi. 44, fig. N.; Linne
1767, Systema Naturae, ed. 12, p. 1115; Gmelin 1790, Systema Naturae, ed. 13,
p. 3226.

Cardium virgineum Linne 1758, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p. 682 (Mediter-
ranean Sea); ibid. 1767, ed. 12, p. 1124; Gmelin 1790, Systema Naturae, ed. 13.
p. 3253 refers to Gronovius 1781, Zoophylacium Gronovianum, 3, pi. 18, fig. 5
(Mediterranean Sea). Variety ft refers to Chemnitz 1782, Conchylien-Cabinet
(1)6, pi. 18, fig. 181 (Indian and American Oceans).

Cardium apertum Bruguiere 1789, Encyclopedic Methodique, p. 226 (Asiatic
and American Oceans) refers to Gronovius 1781, Zoophylacium Gronovianum.
3, pi. 18, fig. 5. and to Chemnitz (1) 6, pi. 18, figs. 181-183.

Cardium hiatis Spengler 1799, Skrifter af Naturhistorie Selskabet. Copen-
hagen, 5, p. 39, .refers to Chemnitz (1)6, pi. 18. fig. 181, 183.

Cardium rugatum Dillwyn 1817, Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, p.
125 (Coast of Jamaica and the East Indies) refers to Gronovius 1781. Zoophy-
lacium Gronovianum 3, pi. 18, fig. 5.

Cardium tenerum 'Solander' Dillwyn 1817, Descriptive Catalogue of Recent
Shells, p. 125 (no locality given).

This species, Fulvia bullata Linne, was based upon a figure
in Rumphius' work. There can be no doubt that this figure
corresponds to shells from Australia and the East hidies which

29

30 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

are in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Many early authors mistook the figure for that of Papyridea
hiatus Meuschen which is a Western Atlaniic species.

Fulvia tenuicostata Lamarck

Cardium fenuicostatum Lamarck 1819, Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans
Vertebres, 6, p. 5 (Timor and New Holland); Delessert 1841, Recueil de Co-
quilles Decrites par Lamarck, pi. 11, figs. 6 a, b, c.

Cardium rackettii Donovan 1825, Naturalists' Repository, 4, pi. 124 (New-
South Wales).

Cardium radiatum Reeve 1843, Conchologia Iconica, 2, Cardium, pi. 18, fig.
89 (locality unknown); non radiatum 'Donovan' Gray 1824; non radiatum Du-
jardin 1837.

Cardium pallidum Reeve 1843, Conchologia Iconica, 2, Cardium, pi. 18,
fig, 92 (Manila Bay, Philippine Islands).

Cardium rackettii 'Donovan,' Hedley 1916, Proceedings Linnean Society of
New South Wales, 41, p. 685.

In 1916, C.Hedley published an article in which he suggested
that the real C.tenuicostatum Lamarck had been "lost to view"
and that the later Australian references should be transferred
to C rackettii Donovan. We cannot accept these suggestions,
since we find shells from Australia that agree with Lamarck's
type figure in Delessert. Hedley pointed out that Lamarck had
described a specimen measuring 56 mm. in height. Our largest
specimen reaches 51 mm. It is possible that there was a mis-
print in this particular, as the remainder of the description
agrees with the shell in question. Hedley also mentioned that
his shell had 49 ribs, while the Lamarckian species had but 48.
Such close differentiation does not hold in the family Cardiidae,
where there is often a variation of 3-4 ribs. Reeve reported
that there was a variation of from 40-52 in the rib count of C.
tenuicostatum Lamarck. We suggest that the name Fulvia tenu-
icostata Lamarck be retained for this Australian species.

Acanthocardia spinosa Solander

Cardium spinosum Solander 1786, Catalogue of the Portland Museum, p. 105,
lot no. 2297 refers to Favanne, La Conchyliologie ou Histoire Naturelle des
Coquilles de Mer, d'Eau Douce, Terrestres et Fossiles par M. Desallier d'Argen-
ville, Troisieme edition, par Mm. de Favanne de Montcervelle 1780, 1, pi. 52,
A2, (Mediterranean).

Cardium erinaccum Lamarck 1819, Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans
Vertebres, 6, p. 8 (Mediterranean) refers to exactly the same plate and figure
as that given by Solander.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 31

The earlier name of Solander is valid for this Eastern At-
lantic species of Acanthocardia.

Cardium indicum Lamarck

Cardmm hians Brocchi 1814, Conchiologia Fossile Subapennina, p. 508 (Mid-
dle Pliocene, Asti, Italy) non Cardium hians Spengler 1799.

Cardium indicum Lamarck 1819, Histoire Naturelles des Animaux sans Ver- ■
tebres, 6, p. 4 (Indian Ocean).

Cardium darwini Mayer 1866, Journal de Conchyliologie, 14, p. 69 (upper
Tertiary of Algeria ) .

It is unfortunate that we must discard the well known name
of Cardium hians Brocchi due to a prior use by Spengler.
Lamarck described Cardium indicum as the "recent analogue"
of Brocchi's C. hians, which had been described from fossil
material. We consider the two to be synonymous thus ena-
bling the use of Lamarck's name.

Lophocardium cumingii Broderip

Cardium cumingii Broderip 1833, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Lon-
don, p. 82, 83; Reeve 1843, Conchologia Iconica, 2, Cardium, pi. 12, fig. 59
(Gulf of Dulce, Costa Rica, Central America, in 12 fathoms).

Protocardia {Lophocardium) cumingii "Sowerby" Smith 1944, Panamic Ma-
rine Shells, Winter Park, Florida, p. 58 [Protocardia comingi, fig. 738 error in
reference to figure].

The original and unique specimen of Lophocardium cumingii
Broderip was collected by Hugh Cuming and is in the British
Museum. Recently, through the courtesy of John Armstrong
of the American Museum of Natural History, we have been
privileged to study specimens of this shell dredged by the As-
koy in 194L They were taken at a depth of 17-21 fathoms in
Ardita Bay, Colombia.

This is a very rare and beautiful shell, about 25-30 mm. in
length, inflated and gaping. We can add little to the enthusi-
astic description of Broderip, who said, "This beautiful bivalve,
rosy, transparent and exquisitely wrought, was found by Mr.
Cuming whose name it bears." It is fragile and delicate, rose-
pink and iridescent. There are many fine radiating ribs, ap-
proximately 200, crossed by faint, irregular lamellae which
become slightly more developed and more widely spaced on
the anterior slope. There is an unique vertical ridge, made of

32 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

periostracal material which is formed in elaborate loops and
gives a crest-like appearance. This rib separates the posterior
sculpture from that of the anterior slope of the shell. It is not
made of shelly material as in the case of Madra alafa Speng-
ler. Because of this vertical ridge, Fischer (1887, Manuel de
Conchyliologie, p. 1038) allocated C. cumingii to a section which
he named Lophocardium and placed in the subgenus Papyridea
Swainson. Fischer's description is brief and he differentiates
the shell section on only the basis of the "vertical ridge with
a prominent wing-like" shape. There are species of the genus
Fidvia that have looped periostracum; there is also a species
of the genus Microcardhim having a vertical ridge made up of
periostracum and separating the posterior sculpture from that
of the anterior slope. There is another, more significant basis
for differentiation, however. This is the fact that Lophocard-
ium has no anterior lateral teeth. The cardinal teeth are well
developed, the posterior are long and narrow, but there is no
trace of the anterior laterals. Because of this unusual hinge
character and the differences in the sculpture already men-
tioned, Lophocardium should, we believe, take its place as a
full genus.

There are two species of the genus Lophocardium which
have been dredged in the same general locality, L. cumingii
Broderip and L. annettae Dall. The latter was reported in 1889
(Nautilus 3, p. 14; Report of the Albatross Mollusca, Proceed-
ings of the United States National Museum, 1889, 12, pp. 264-
266, pi. 10, fig. 4) from the Coast of Lower California near
Cerros Island, Mexico. Lophocardium annettae Dall is slightly
higher, not so elongate posteriorly and is more inflated than
L. cumingii Broderip. It is less fragile and less highly colored,
having only a pinkish tinge. The outstanding difference, how-
ever, is the arrangement of the periostracum on the posterior
slope, which is in a very definite pattern of from five to seven
concentric ridges, running parallel to the growth lines.

.^y Occasional Papers On Mollusks

K U 19 6 *" I'ublislied by

*V/ The Department of Mollusks

^ '^^i-*^ Museum of" Comparative Zoolooy, harvard Lni\ersity
-"^ Cambrici<re, Massachusetts

VOLUME 1 FEBRUARY 14, 1946 NUMBER 5

Joseph Pitty Couthouy A Bibliography
and Catalogue of His Species

By Richard I. Johnson

During the year 1808, when the masts and spars of trim
merchant vessels cast long shadows over the weatherbeaten
wharves of Boston, there was born to Captain Couthouy, ship-
master of that city, on the sixth of January, a son, Joseph Pitty.
Young Couthouy was educated at the already venerable Bos-
ton Latin School. Quite naturally he chose a life at sea and
when still a young man, succeeded to the command of a ves-
sel. Married to Mary G. Wild of his native city on March 9,
1832, he left at the time of his death in 1864, three daughters,
his only son having died some years before.

A bent for natural history led Couthouy at the age of twenty-
eight to become a member of the Boston Society of Natural
History, and his first paper was read before that society the
following year. Like his contemporaries, J.W.Mighels and C.B.
Adams, he turned to the investigation of fish entrails, espe-
cially those of the haddock, as a means of discovering new and
rare shells. His efforts were varied and productive and some
of his finds so rare that only in recent years have these spe-
cies been rediscovered.

When the U. S. Exploring Expedition was organized in 1837,
Couthouy applied in person to President Andrew Jackson for
a position with the scientific staff. The President said he could
not seriously entertain the application as the list of officers was
already complete. To which the irrepressible young sailor re-
plied, "Well, General, I'll be hanged if I don't go, if I have to

33

34 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

go before the mast." This pleased "Old Hickory," who told
him, "Go back to Boston and I will see if anything can be done
for you." Thei"e, a few days after his return, he received his
commission as Conchologist of the Scientific Corps.^

The expedition left Norfolk, Virginia, August 18, 1838. Dur-
ing the course of the voyage Couthouy made many valuable
drawings and notes on the moUusca, some of which are pre-
served in the report of the Expedition. When the expedition
left Samoa, his health declined. Wilkes demanded that Cou-
thouy turn over his notes and drawings to his commander, for
Wilkes was preparing a narrative of the voyage. Couthouy,
however, refused, claiming that his subsequent work would
be crippled without them. Wilkes thereupon suspended him
and ordered him home "for disobedience of orders."

Upon returning home Couthouy set about classifying those
parts of the collections which had already been sent back to
Washington; but unfortunately they had been turned over to
the newly organized National Institution where a worthy cu-
rate, who knew nothing of natural science, was instructed to
unpack them. Couthouy had numbered his notes and had
placed correspondingly numbered tin tags in each of the jars
of specimens preserved in alcohol. The reverend gentleman,
upon receiving the material, noting that the tags were slightly
discoloring the alcohol, carefully removed them and placed
them in a bottle by themselves, failing to put any other means
of identification in the jars. The result of this unfortunate er-
ror may well be imagined. Couthouy found that the shells to
which his notes referred could not be sorted out and that some
were even missing. Nevertheless, Couthouy struggled with the
material until the return of the expedition, at which time a
forty-four per cent decrease in the already low salaries of the
naturalists was put into effect. This forced Couthouy to resign
and his papers and collections were placed in the hands of Dr.
A. A. Gould of Boston, who completed the report.

After quitting the expedition, Couthouy again set sail, this
time as captain of a merchant vessel, visiting Europe, South
America, and islands of the South Pacific. While in Spain, at
the time of the Carlist Wars, he was several times under the

' Dall, W. H., 1888, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 4, p. 109.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

35

I.^^^.

1808-1864

Plate 8. Copied from Dall 1888, p. 108

Photographed by F. P. Orchard

36 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

suspicion of government officials who could not believe he was
a foreigner, as his Spanish was so pure and unaccented. He
also spoke French, Portuguese and Italian with fluency, and
even knew more than one of the unwritten languages of the
South Seas. In 1854, Captain Couthouy commanded an expe-
dition to the Bay of Cumana where he spent three years in
search of treasure which had been lost on the Spanish ship
San Pedro nearly half a century before. On the return voyage,
his ship was lost off Cape Cod and he and his crew were res-
cued only with great difficulty.

During the War between the States, he volunteered his ser-
vices to the United States Navy and on August 26, 1861, was
appointed acting volunteer lieutenant. A few days later, he
was placed in command of the barque King Fisher. In Decem-
ber, he was transferred to the command of the S. 5. Columbia,
which was engaged in blockading the Confederacy. His ves-
sel was wrecked in a storm at Masonboro Inlet, North Caro-
lina, and he was sent as a prisoner of war to Salisbury, North
Carolina. He remained here for three months before being ex-
changed. He next appears in charge of the monitor Osage of
the Mississippi River Squadron, which was under the com-
mand of Admiral Porter. He was subsequently transferred to
the 5. S. Chillicothe of the same squadron and was ordered up
the Red River. On the third of April, while off Grand Ecore,,
Louisiana, directing his vessel from the turret, a Confederate
soldier shot him from ambush and he died on the following day.

Couthouy described as new one genus and thirty-eight spe-
cies of recent mollusks, and one brachiopod. Of the thirty-eight
mollusks, at least sixteen are now acknowledged to be syno-
nyms. This resulted chiefly from the scarcity of European
conchological works in this country at that time, a fact which
accounts for many of the synonyms created by other early
American naturalists as well. Couthouy's work is clear and
his species are, in general, well defined. His papers are illus-
trated by carefully prepared engravings by Dr. A. A. Gould.

As previously mentioned, Couthouy did not publish the re-
sults of his observations with the United States Exploring Ex-
pedition. His manuscripts were turned over to Dr. A. A. Gould„
who prepared the report. Dr. Gould attributed to Couthouy a
number of the names which appear in his manuscript, how-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 37

ever, according to the International Rules of Nomenclature,
Gould, not Couthouy, receives the credit for naming these spe-
cies. However, these names have been listed below without a
reference to make the record as complete as possible, particu-
larly as these names are occasionally referred to under the
authorship of Couthouy. Much credit should be given to Cou-
thouy for the many field notes that he had included with his
material which Gould published in his report. All of these
names appear in volume 12, Mollusks of the United States Ex-
ploring Expedition, 1852, and reference is given in this publi-
cation to these species that Gould had previously published in
the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History.
These names also appeared in Gould's collation of his own
descriptions in "Otia Conchologica," Boston, 1862.

Type specimens of most of Couthouy's species were depos-
ited in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History.
Couthouy had a private collection, the location of which is un-
known, if indeed it is still in existence. Other of his types were
deposited in the collections of Drs. A. A. Gould and J. C. Jay
and also in the cabinet of the New York Lyceum of Natural
History. The Museum of Comparative Zoology is in posses-
sion of a few of his types as well as those originally contained
in the Boston Society of Natural History.

Bibliography

Bartlett, Harley Harris, June 29, 1940, The reports of the Wilkes
Expedition, and the work of the Specialists in Science. Proc.
American Philosophical Society, 82, No. 5, pp. 650-655.

Bouve, Thomas T., 1880, Historical sketch of the Boston Soci-
ety of Natural History with a Notice of the Linnean Society
which preceeded it. Anniversary Memoirs of the Boston
Society of Natural History, 1880,'pp. 134-135.

Dall, William H., 1888, Some American Conchologists, Proceed-
ings of the Biological Society of Washington, 4, pp. 108-111.

Bibliography of J. P. Couthouy's works on recent Mollusks:
May 1837, Description of a new species of the Genus Margin-
ella (Lam.), with some observations upon the same. Boston
Journal of Natural History, 1 , No. 4, pp. 440-443, pi. 9. fig. 1 , 2.

38 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Feb. 1838, Descriptions of new species of Mollusca and Shells
and remarks on several Polypi found in Massachusetts Bay.
Boston Journal of Natural History, 2, No. 1, pp. 53-111, pi. 1-3.

1838, same title: extracted from the Boston Journal of Natural
History, 2, No. 1, Feb. 1838, pp. 53-111; repaged 1-59, no
change in plates.

July 1838, same title: American Journal of Science and Arts
OS., 34, pp. 216-219. (This article, which is really a review,
contains all of the species described in the Boston Journal
of Natural History, 2, No. 1, Feb. 1838, pp. 53-111, but the de-
scriptions have been reduced to mere skeletons and trans-
lated into Latin. The author's remarks and the plates have
been omitted.)

Feb. 1839, Monograph on the Family Osteodesmacea of De-
shayes, with remarks on two species of Patelloidea, and de-
scriptions of new species of Marine Shells, a species of An-
culotus, and one of Eolis. Boston Journal of Natural History,
2, No. 2, pp. 129-189, pi. 4-5.

1839, same title: extracted from the Boston Journal of Natural
History, 2, pp. 129-189, repaged 60-120, no change in plates.

July 1839, American Journal Science and Arts, 0. S., 36, pp.
379-390. (In the "Miscellanies" Dr. A. A. Gould, recording
secretary of the Boston Society of Natural History, has made
a report on the papers and species described in the Boston
Journal of Natural History, 2, Feb. 1839, pp. 129-189.)

A List of Recent Mo Husks described by J. P. Couthouy with
their original references and type localities.

The initials BJNH refer to the Boston Journal of Natural History and MCZ
to the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
antarctica Couthouy' Gould, Siphonaria
antarcticus 'Couthouy' Gould, Sigaretus
asperrimus 'Couthouy' Gould, Chiton
attenuatus 'Couthouy' Gould, Eolis
bicarinata, Pleurotoma: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 104, pi. 1, fig. 11 (from maw of

a haddock taken 3 miles east of Nahant, Mass.).
bostoniensis, Eolis: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 67, pi. 1, fig. 1 (tide water of Charles

River, Mass.).
brasiliense 'Couthouy' Gould, Osteodesma
buccinoides, Cancellaria: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 105, pi. 3, fig. 3 (Massachusetts

Bay). [Cotype MCZ 154829.]
caelatum 'Couthouy' Gould, Cerithium
Candida, Patella: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 86, pi. 3, fig. 17 (from stomach of a cod

taken off Barnstable, Mass.). [Cotype MCZ 154824.]

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 39

castaneus 'Couthouy' Gould. Chiton

cinereus, Turbo: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 99, pi. 3. fig. 9 (from stomachs of fish

taken off Lynn, Mass., and dead on Phillips Beach, Mass.). [Cotype MCZ

154828.]
Cochlodesma: new genus, 1839, BJNH, 2, p. 170. Genotype, Anatina leana

Conrad.
conradi, Ihracia: 1839, BJNH, 2, p. 153, pi. 4, fig. 2 (Chelsea Beach, Mass.).

[Cotypes MCZ 147651.]
consoiidata, Natica: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 89. pi. 3, fig. 14 (from stomachs of

fish taken near Nahant, and off Cohasset, Mass.). [Cotype MCZ 154831.]
costellatus, Trichotropis: 1838, BJNH. 2, p. 108, pi. 3, fig. 2 (from entrails

offish taken between Cape Ann and Cape Cod, Mass.). [Cotype MCZ 154827.]
cyanella 'Couthouy' Gould, Eolis
cucullata 'Couthouy" Gould, Tritonia
decussata, Pleurotoma: 1839, BJNH, 2, p. 183, pi. 4, fig. 8 (from haddock

caught off Barnstable, Cape Cod in about 15 fathoms).
dentatus, Anculotus: 1839, BJNH, 2, p. 185, pi. 4, fig. 7 (rapids, about one

mile above the little falls of the Potomac River, Virginia). [Cotypes MCZ

154626.]
diaphana "Couthouy' Gould, Bulla
di versa, Eolis: 1839, BJNH, 2, p. 187, pi. 4, fig. 14 [not figure 9]. (Chelsea

Beach, Massachusetts Bay, among roots of Laminar ia saccharina.)
eightsii 'Couthouy' Jay, Nucula, 1839, Catalogue of the Shells Contained in

the Collection of John C. Jay, Third Edition, New York, p. 113, pi. 1, fig.

12-13. ( New South Shetland [South Shetland Islands, Antarctic Ocean] ).

The description of this species was read by Couthouy before the Lyceum of

Natural History, New York, but was never published. Credit, therefore, goes

to Jay who first described and figured it.
emersonii. Chiton: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 83, pi. 3, fig. 10 (from stomachs of cod

taken off Cape Ann, Mass.). [Cotype MCZ 154836.]
erosa, Turritella: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 103, pi. 3, fig. 1 (in maws of fish caught

in Massachusetts Bay). [Cotypes MCZ 154832.]
exigua, Jaminea: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 92, pi. 1, fig. 7 (near ferry landing at

Chelsea, Mass.).
fulminatus. Chiton: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 80, pi. 3, fig. 19 (from stomachs of

fishes taken near Cohasset rocks and Cape Ann, Mass.). [Cotypes MCZ

154830.]
glabra, Oxinoe (?): 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 90, pi. 3, fig. 16 (from stomachs of fish

caught off Barnstable, Mass.).
gouldii, Bulla: 1839, BJNH, 2, p. 181, pi. 4, fig. 6 (from stomachs of cod and

haddock taken off Cohasset rocks in about 12 fathoms, and at eastern end

of Nahant Beach, Mass.).
gymnota, Eolis: 1838,'BJNH, 2, p. 69, pi. 1, fig. 3 (tide waters of Charles

River, Mass.).
harpularius, Fusus: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 106, pi. 1. fig. 10 (from cod taken

off Phillips Point, Lynn, Mass.). [Cotypes MCZ 156334.]
hiemalis, Bulla: 1839, BJNH, 2, p. 180, pi. 4, fig. 5 (from codfish taken off

Provincetown, Mass., in about 30 fathoms). [Cotype MCZ 156326.]
incarnatus, Turbo: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 98, pi. 3, fig. 13 (from stomachs of

fish taken between Marblehead and Nahant, alive on shore at Phillips Beach,

Mass.). [Cotype MCZ 154835.]
indolens 'Couthouy' Gould. Peronia
lacinulata 'Couthouy' Gould Bursatella

40 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

lateralis Couthouy' Gould Siphonaria

lineolata. Bulla: 1838, BJNH, 2, pi. 3, fig. 15 [figure only]; ibid., 1839, p.

179 (from stomach of a haddock taken in about 25 fathoms off Race Point,

Cape Cod, Mass.). [Cotypes MCZ 156327].
liratus 'Couthouy' Gould, Fusus
luteola 'Couthouy' Gould, Uoris
lyrata 'Couthouy' Gould, Helix
marginata Couthouy' Gould, Feronia
megalocyathus 'Couthouy' Gould, Octopus
myalis, Nucula: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 62, pi. 3, fig. 7 (from stomachs of cod

taken in Massachusetts Bay). [Cotype MCZ 154834.]
navicularis, Nucula: 1839, BJNH, 2, p. 178, pi. 4, fig. 4 (from stomach of

cod caught off Plymoth, Mass.). [Cotype MCZ 154833.]
novangli, Scalaria: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 96, pi. 3, fig. 5 (from stomach of cod

taken off Cape Ann, Mass.).
obscurus, Turbo: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 100, pi. 3, fig. 12 (from stomachs of fish

taken between Marblehead and Nahant, Mass.). [Cotypes MCZ 154825.]
pleurotomarius, Fusus: 1838: BJNH, 2, p. 107, pi. 1, fig. 9 (from stomach

of cod caught near Lynn, Mass.).
plumulata 'Couthouy' Gould, Doris
praetenuis 'Couthouy' Gould, Sigaretus
pubescens, Cardium: 1838, 2, p. 61, pi. 3, fig. 6 (near Egg Rock, off Lynn,

Mass.).
puniceus 'Couthouy' Gould, Chiton
reynoldsii, Tritonia: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 74, pi. 2, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 (tide water

of Charles River, Mass., at the Bathing House, Cragie's [Craigie's] Bridge).
rhododendron 'Couthouy' Jay, Conus: 1S39, catalogue of the Shells con-
tained in the collection of John C. Jay. Third Edition, New York, p. 121, pi. 7,

fig. 2-3 (Seas of Australasia) [see note under eightsii] [Cotypes MCZ 88299].
sagrinatus, Chiton: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 82 [not figured] (from stomachs of

fishes taken between Cohasset rocks and Cape Ann, Mass.).
salmonacea, Eolis: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 68, pi. 1, fig. 2 (tide water of Charles

River, Mass.).
saxatilis 'Couthouy' Gould, Helix
septentrionalis, Terebratula: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 65, pi. 3, fig. 18 (from

stomach of a haddock taken off Nahant, Mass.). [Brachiopod.]
similis, Thracia: 1839, BJNH, 2, p. 150, pi. 4, fig. 2 (coast of Brazil not far

from Rio de Janeiro).
sordida, Tellina: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 59, pi. 3, fig. 11 (about 2 miles outside

of Boston Lighthouse, Boston, Mass.).
storeria, Marginella: 1837, BJNH, 1 , p. 440, pi. 9, figs. 1, 2 (southern coasts

of the Gulf of Mexico). [Cotype MCZ 161232.]
striatulus, Pyramis: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 101, pi. 1, fig. 6 (from the stomachs

of fish taken off Cape Ann, Mass.). [Cotypes MCZ 125507.]
subulata, Scalaria: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 93, pi. 3, fig. 4 (Massachusetts Bay,

vicinity of Cape Ann).
sulculata 'Couthouy' Gould, Nucula
tenuisulcata, Nucula: 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 64, pi. 3, fig. 8 (from stomachs of

fish taken off Phillips Beach, Mass.). [Cotypes MCZ 152488.]
triticea, Bulla, 1838, BJNH, 2, p. 88, pi. 1, fig. 8 (Massachusetts Bay).
viridulus 'Couthouy' Gould, Chiton

:i5L_^ Occasional Papers On Mollusks

of Com,

, Piihlisliei! by

bKA»<i^ The Department of Mollusks

Museum of Comparative Zoolot^y, Harvaril L'niversity
Cambridjie, Massachusetts

VOLUME 1 FEBRUARY 14. 1946 NUMBER 6

The Egg and Breeding Habits of Oncomelania

quadrasi Mlldff., the Schistosomiasis Snail

of the PhiHppines '

By LIEUTENANT TUCKER AbBOTT H(S), USNR '

Since 1895 when Oncomelania quadrasi from the PhiHppines
was first described by Moellendorff, the egg and egg-laying
habits of this species have remained entirely unknown. The
recent discovery of the egg on Leyte, P. I., has aided further
studies in the natural history, control and taxonomic relation-
ships of this snail. The four-month search was made difficult
by the presence of other egg-laying mollusks and the then un-
known fact that the egg is camouflaged by means of a jacket
of sand.

The natural habitat of Oncomelania quadrasi Mlldff. is al-
ways limited to small, slowly-flowing, fresh-water creeks or
boggy areas which are being constantly supplied with a fresh
flow of water. The snail is amphibious, but never absent from
shady and moist, if not actually flooded, creek beds. It is in
these localities that the females find conditions suitable for
laying eggs. Rotting, water-logged coconut husks, sticks,
boards and dead leaves are the only surfaces on which eggs
have been found.

Eggs are laid singly, and rarely have two been seen side by
side. It is not known at what frequency or how many eggs are

' The opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and are not
to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Navy Department, or
of the Naval Service at large.

-' Malacologist, U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2. Guam.

41

42 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

laid by one female. On a husk bearing 25 eggs it was noticed
that 5 females were present. The greatest concentration of
eggs observed was on a section of coconut husk four square
inches where twelve eggs had been laid.

Adult males and females copulate most frequently during
rainy spells, especially at night or when the sky is heavily
overcast by clouds. The two sexes do not appear to attract
each other from a distance, but once in contact, the female
remains quiescent while the male slides over the back of her
shell. The male plunges its large, extended penis or verge into
the mantle cavity of the female in the region just behind the
head. Copulating pairs have been seen to remain in this inter-
locked position for more than two hours. Mating of pairs un-
der water has never been observed.

Soon after copulation, the female seeks a moist area on the
surface of a coconut husk, usually within an inch of the water
line and there deposits a single, clear, round egg about 0.7 mm.
in diameter. Following this, comes a slow and careful process
of patting down small grains of sand over the egg to form an
agglutinated capsule or jacket. In most cases, the female uti-
lizes its own soft fecal pellets which consist almost entirely of
sand. During this process there is an abnormally large amount
of mucus secreted, probably from the accessory gland, which
aids in cementing the grains of sand into a firm jacket. The
proboscis and foot of the female are used to knead and shape
the capsule. Though expertly camouflaged to match nearby
lumps of mud or sand, the tiny capsule, 1 to 1.5 mm. in diam-
eter (Plate 9, figs. 1,2), can be detected readily with the aid of
a hand lens, because it has an artificial-looking, dome-like out-
line.

Usually the day following its deposit, the egg commences its
first cleavage. Second cleavage occurs about four hours after
the first. During the first week, the embryo, set off to one side
in the clear, colorless egg mass, remains yellow in color and
about 0.1 to 0.2 mm. in diameter. In late cleavage, develop-
ment occurs only in the upper half of the embryo, while the
lower half remains dormant. By the ninth day, the first part
of the apex of the shell appears (fig. 3), followed on the elev-
enth by the appearance of the two black eyes and the thin,
translucent operculum. The shell continues to increase in size

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

43

I.4MM >

SlegMond doyt of grevth

etc COUNT FHOH ONf COCONUT HUSK LCTTt. »HILlPPIHCt

Plate 9. Fig. 1. A cross-section of egg in sand jacket. Fig. 2. Top and bottom
view of jacket. Fig. 3. Nuclear shell whorl 8 days old (animal removed) x50.
Fig. 4. Newly hatched shell (animal removed) x50. Fig. 5. Development of
eyes and tentacles: A, 9 days; B, 11 days; C, 13 days; D, 15 days.

44 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

by the addition of whorls. When the embryonic snail is ready
to hatch, on the fifteenth day, it has produced U to lif whorls
(fig. 4). The development of the snail is graphically repre-
sented in Plate 9, fig. 6.

During early and middle stages of development the embryo
revolves slowly, end over end, in one direction, as is the case
with most gastropod veligers. This action is not continuous,
but more frequent in the final stages and is accomplished by
the action of exceedingly minute cilia on the underside of the
foot.

A few days before hatching, the embryonic snail is restless
and often moves its head and foot in and out of the shell. The
jaws and radula (ribbon of teeth within the proboscis) begin
to function. The sand capsule is usually eaten away when the
young is ready to emerge. Crawling and feeding begin at once
after hatching, and within 12 hours after birth the young snail
will have produced enough fecal material to equal its own bulk.

Motion and a yellowish color are characteristic of life
throughout embryonic development. Dead embryos may be
detected by the absence of motion and the presence of a milky-
white color.

Several eggs in situ on pieces of coconut husk were dried in
the laboratory at room temperature (84° F.) to determine the
effect of desiccation. All of the eggs were alive after a period
of 12 hours. However, under the same conditions, 10 (83%)
eggs were dead after 48 hours of drying. Desiccation for 12
hours under artificial light at a temperature of 108° F. killed
10 (100%) eggs. Direct sunlight would probably kill eggs in
an even shorter time.

Figure 6 graphically represents the results of an inspection
of a coconut husk taken from Gacao Creek, 1 mile southwest
of Palo, Leyte. The husk was found in two inches of water
hidden in the tall, shady grass of the creek bed. All egg cap-
sules were removed, opened, and recorded according to the
amount of embryological development. Of the 100 eggs re-
moved, 14 were found to contain dead embryos. The graph
shows two peaks, one occurring at an early cleavage stage, the
other at a much later stage of development, two or three days
from hatching. Four days previous to taking the husk from
the creek, rains had fallen for 24 hours and the level of the

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 45

water in the creek had risen a foot. This would seem to indi-
cate that soon after the occurrence of a heavy rain and rise in
the level of water, females began to lay eggs more actively.
The second peak represents a much earlier spurt of egg-laying,
approximately 14 days previously. About 20 empty capsules
with their tops punctured were found on the husk. In addition
to this, it was noted that there was an increase in the number
of newly hatched snails in the surrounding colony of snails.
This phenomenon has been observed several times following
a rise in the level of water in the creek and it is likely that the
current of water aids in the release of young snails from the
capsules. This may also account for the drop in the number
of snails in the last stages of development (15 days) shown in
the graph.

Egg counts on sticks, old boards and other coconut husks in
the same creek showed similar peaks but not at the same stage
of development. This is to be expected, since egg-laying is
governed by the amount of water in the immediate area of the
husk, and not directly by the rainfall. In Gacao Creek, the de-
gree of moisture or amount of water varies a great deal even
in spots less than twenty feet apart.

It is quite possible that fully developed embryos ready to
hatch do not break out of their capsules until the arrival of
favorable flood periods which occur two or three times a month
during the summer. Measurements of snails of all ages in a
colony show peaks in the size of individuals in the population
and these peaks indicate that the times of hatching are un-
evenly spaced. Such peaks most likely represent previous
rainy spells that aided hatching.

Seasonal increase in egg-laying on the island of Leyte is as
yet undetermined, but it is likely that during late October,
November and December, when there is an abundance of rain
and overcast skies, there is an increase in mating and egg4ay-
ing.

This type of small, single, sand-jacketed egg is common to
the members of the genus Oncomelania. The egg of O. noso-
phora Robson (syn.: Katayama nosophora yoshidae Bartsch, K.
Hi Bartsch, K.faiisti Bartsch, K. cantoni Bartsch) was first dis-
covered by S. Sugiura (1933) in Japan. Of them Sugiura says,
"The eggs of this snail are usually laid singly and they are en-

46 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

tirely covered with a layer of mud particles, which is inciden-
tally attached to the outer mucous shell-membranes, so that
they look like small grains of mud or sand." His remarks and
clear illustrations parallel our findings in O. quadrasi Mlldff.
of the Philippines.

Fu-ching Li (1934) published a figure of what he then believed
to be the eggs of the ribbed Oncomelania hupensis Gredler of
China. Those were probably the eggs of some Planorbid snail,
for the next year (Li, 1935) he corrected this error and de-
scribed and figured eggs of O. hupensis which are identical to
those of O. quadrasi and O. nosophora. Bartsch in 1936 over-
looked this correction and published the incorrect drawings of
O. hupensis eggs. Li's manuscript drawings of the eggs of
Katayama Hi Bartsch (= O. nosophora) included in the same
paper (Bartsch, 1936) are the same as the eggs of the Japan-
ese and Philippine species.

Under adverse or aquarium conditions Oncomelania will
sometimes lay eggs without adding a sand jacket.

A study of the anatomy, shell characters, ecologic variations
and radulae of living specimens of Chinese, Japanese and Phil-
ippine Oncomelania has led the author to the belief that the
genera Schistosomophora Bartsch and Katayama Robson are
synonymous with Gredler's genus, Oncomelania. All known
species of Oncomelania, including O. formosana Pils. and Hi-
rase, possess a characteristic yellow ''eyebrow" or streak of
yellow color granules embedded in the skin just above the eye.
Nine months' search in the field in the Pacific and China has
failed to bring to light any other freshwater snail with this
character.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 47

New Localities For Oncomelania quadrasi Mlldff.

During the author's four-month survey for snails in the Phil-
ippines, a number of new localities harboring Oncomelania
quadrasi Mlldff. were discovered which seem worthy of re-
cording at this time. In the following list of new Philippine
localities, the percentage of snails infected with the cercariae
of Schistosoma japoniciim Katsurada followed by the number
of snails examined are included in parentheses. In cases where
no figures are given, the snails were not examined for cercariae.

Leyte Island

L San Isidro, 4 miles E.N.E. of Dagami, 2 miles north of the
Binahaan River. June 17, 1945, (lO^c-lO).

2. One mile west of Alangalang, near road. June 10, 1945.

3. Two miles north of Burauan, north side of road. July 4,
1945, (O^r-300).

4. Northern and southern outskirts of Santa Fe. July 24, 1945.

Samar Island

5. Sitio Nadang, 2.1 miles N.E. of Oquendo on Route No. 1.
July 16, 1945, (l^r-363).

6. Western outskirts of Gandara. July 10, 1945.

7. A half mile north of San Miguel, 2 miles south of Gandara
on Route No. 1. July 10, 1945.

8. East side of Cabulaloan Valley, 3 miles west of Bayog, Ca-
tubic River area. July 17, 1945.

9. Barrio of Malijao," 10 miles south of Catarman. July 19.
1945, (O^r-187).

10. Sitio Daganas, 2 miles west of Catarman. July 18, 1945,
(4%-134).

Mindanao Island

11. Kilometer post No. 42, between Tubod and Alegria, Lake
Mainit drainage. August 31, 1945.

48 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

12. One mile N.E. of Mainit, near road, Lake Mainit drainage.
August 31, 1945.

13. Ditch running into Lake Lanao, 2 miles S.E. of Dansalan
City. September 11, 1945.

Though the snail has not been found on any island of the
Philippines other than the four previously known to harbor it
(Leyte, Mindanao, Mindoro and Samar), the new localities re-
cently discovered indicate that there may be a much more
general distribution of this snail than was formerly supposed.
Therefore, it is not unlikely that it will be found on other is-
lands of the Philippines in future surveys.

It is important to note that although no human cases of
schistosomiasis have been reported from Lake Lanao, Minda-
nao, the recent discovery of the intermediate snail host in this
area serves as a warning of possible future outbreaks of the
disease.

Bibliography

Abbott, R. T., 1945. The Philippine Intermediate Snail Host {Schistosomophora
quadrasi) of Schistosomiasis. Occ. Papers on Mollusks, (Museum of Com-
parative Zoology) No. 2, pp. 1-16, 5 plates.

Bartsch, P. 1936. Molluscan Intermediate Hosts of the Asiatic Blood Fluke,
Schistosoma japonicum and Species confused with them. Smiths. Misc. Coll.
95, No. 5, 8 plates.

Li, Fu-ching, 1934. Anatomie, Entwicklungsgeschichte, Oecologie und Ras-
senbestimmung von Oncomelania. ... in China. Trans. Sci. Soc. China, 8,
pp. 104-145. 36 figures.

1935. Beobachtung Uber die Embryonale Entwicklung von Einigen Siiss-
wasserschnecken. The Chinese Journal of Zoology 1, pp. 117-124, 9 figs.

Sugiura, S., 1933. Studies on Biology of Oncomelania nosophora (Robson), an
Intermediate Host of Schistosomum japonicum. Mitt. a. d. Pathol. Inst. Med.
Fakul. Niigata, Japan. No. 31, 18 pp.. 3 plates.

Occasional Papers On Mollusks

^^^m oi r*..,^

Published by V MAR 10 19

The Department of Mollusks ^ '

Museum of Comparative ZoolofjN ,^y^rvarci I'liiversity
Cambridf^e, Massachusetts

. ^O 3 o </

VOLUME 1 MARCH 15. 1946 NUMBER 7

The Poison Cone Shell

Introduction
By William J. Clench

The following report on the Poison Cone Shell was published
originally in The American Journal of Tropical Medicine (Vol.
23, no. 1, January, 1943).^ Interest in this report far exceeded
our supply of reprints and republication seemed necessary.

Three families constitute the sub-order Toxoglossa, the Co-
nidae, Turridae and the Terebridae. So far as known, most spe-
cies in these families are provided with a poison gland. The
radular apparatus is modified and highly specialized as a biting
organ and is utilized to introduce the poison into the soft parts
of its victim, at least among members of the Conidae. No cases
have come to our attention of species in the Turridae or Tere-
bridae inflicting a bite in man. In both the Conidae and Tere-
bridae only the marginal teeth remain and these have become
much elongated and spear-pointed. In certain of the Turridae,
notably Drillia, Pseiidomelatoma, Leiicosyrinx and Ptychosyrinx
the median or rachidian tooth is present. In Drillia, it is much
reduced, and in addition, possesses lateral teeth which are
broad and flat, while, the marginal teeth have become elon-
gated. In Pseudomelatoma, Leucosyrinx and Ptychosyrinx, the

' Permission to republish this paper has been given by Colonel Charles F-
Craig, editor of the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and by B.G.Deighton
of the Williams and Wilkins Company of Baltimore, Maryland, publishers of
this journal. To both of these gentlemen we extend our thanks.

49

50 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

rachidian tooth is large and the marginal tooth elongated.'-
Pelseneer'' has called the marginal teeth in the Toxoglossa
"lateral teeth," but we believe in error. When his treatise
was written, the radula of Drillia was apparently unknown.
The broad and flattened lateral teeth and the elongated mar-
ginal teeth would indicate that the marginal teeth remained
after the loss of either or both lateral and rachidian teeth.

The large species of the Terebridae may very well be as
poisonous as the large species of the Conidae, and extreme
caution should be exercised in their collecting.

There is a very rich field for the investigator in the tropics.
Embryological studies may easily prove the loss, in progres-
sion, of the radular teeth. Observations on the poison, its ef-
fect and its extent in the very many species that make up
these three families is practically untouched as a problem.

Much additional data on the anatomy, especially on the teeth
of many species is given by R. Bergh (1895, Nova Acta der
Ksl. Leop.-Carol. Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher, 65,
pp. 69-214, pi. 1 13).

A great deal of information is given by M. Phisalix (1922,
Animaux Venimeux et Venins, Paris, 1, pp. 470-573) on the
poison glands of gastropods. An extensive bibliography is in-
cluded.

The observation below was kindly supplied by my colleague,
Richard W. Foster.

"A year and a half ago I was able to observe the phenome-
non of poison ejaculation by one of the common Florida cones.

"Mr. and Mrs. L. A. Burry and I were on our way back to
Garden Cove after a two hour collecting trip at Molasses Reef
off Key Largo. Our collections for the afternoon were in a
couple of shallow white enamel trays. The cones formed the
greatest portion of the material. In fact, we had been fortu-
nate in finding twenty specimens of Conus regius Gmelin and
seventy-five of the smaller C. citrinus Gmelin.

"While watching the snails move about and crawl over each

-See J.Thiele, 1929, Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtierkunde, 1, pp.
357-375.

■^ P. Pelseneer, 1906, A Treatise on Zoology, 5, pp. 163-166.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

51

Plate 10. Radula: fig. 1. Ptychosyrinx bisinnata v. Martens.
Fig. 2. Psendomelatoma moesta Carpenter. Fig. 3. Drillia
umbilicata Gray. Fig. 4. Leucosyrinx crispidata v. Martens
(modified, after Thiele).

52 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

other, we teased them with probes in hopes that they would
be incited to strike— but to no avail. Suddenly we noticed the
fleshy proboscis of a little citrinus extend forward and from
it we could see the sharp brown needle of a radular tooth
emerging. The proboscis was raised in the air and then jabbed
forward and downward upon the shell of another citrinus. The
milky white viscous fluid which spurted from the fang formed
a little pool at least one quarter of an inch in diameter. This
seemed like a considerable quantity of poison for a snail no
more than an inch in length to produce. We wondered what
would have happened had our specimen been a large C stri-
atiis Linne."

The report that follows is the same as originally published
in The American Journal of Tropical Medicine. The bracketed
numbers in the text, i.e., [p. 105], refer to the original pages
in that journal. Bracketed numbers on the plates refer to the
plate number in Occasional Papers On Mollusks.

The Poison Cone Shell

By William J. Clench and Yoshio Kondo

[p. 105] During the past one hundred years a few specific cases
of death by the bite of a cone shell (Conus) have been published.
The total list of known cases is not at all impressive and the
danger from such a source may be very minor indeed, but it
is present and constitutes a hazard that should not be over-
looked by the shell collector in the tropics.

In these times when an increasing number of our armed
forces are being sent to the tropics, a surprising amount of in-
terest has developed in the collecting of shells in places where
they are come upon more or less casually, as while swimming.
This report is to focus attention on a potential hazard which
might be encountered, especially in the South Seas, and to serve
as a warning to those who would hardly expect a formidable
danger in the form of a marine snail.

The number of unrecorded deaths from this cause may be
fairly extensive as the original " bite " may not have been no-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 53

ticed, particularly if the collector has suffered the usual cuts
and scratches that one encounters while reef collecting, espe-
cially amoung live coral.

The primary function of the bite of the cone shell is to para-
lyze its prey before feeding upon the immobilized victim^ a
condition strikingly parallel to the use of the poison apparatus
in the rattlesnake. A secondary function, though to a lesser
degree than in the rattlesnake, is that of protection.

All cones, so far as our experience would show, are exceed-
ingly sluggish and when taken from their environment remain
almost completely inactive until they die. However, such cases
of death that are recorded indicate that the fatal bite occurred
during the collecting and shortly after the animal was taken
from the water.

No specific case records are available other than from the
Western Pacific, though the species responsible are widely dis-
tributed in the Indo-Pacific region. However, it would be wise
to consider all cone shells as potentially dangerous. We have
made radular slides of several species and all are equipped with
a rather formidable biting apparatus, though none so far ex-
amined equals in size that of striatus figured in this report.

In March, 1941, during the senior author's visit to the Ha-
waiian Islands, Mr. Clifton Weaver of Honolulu collected a fine
large specimen of Conus striatus off Rabbit Island, Oahu, in
about three fathoms. The junior author dissected the speci-
men and made the drawings that accompany this paper.

The mechanism of the actual delivery of the poison is still
difficult to under- [p. 106] stand. The poison is apparently
not delivered directly by means of the poison gland through
the individual teeth from their base, but possibly after the
wound is made by the tooth and then into the wounded surface,
or perhaps through the hollow tooth after it is ruptured from
the lingual membrane. It would appear that after the tooth has
penetrated the victim a slight retraction would open or rupture
the lower barb (figs. 6 and 7) and thus open up the duct for the
delivery of the poison. This may then open a channel through
which the poison is subsequently ejected by pressure of the
muscular proboscis, the entire process being very rapidly car-
ried out.

The following are the several accounts that we have been

54 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

able to find regarding known cases of poisoning by various spe-
cies of Conus. We have published these in full as the original
records are widely scattered in the various reports and it would
be impossible for most people to obtain them unless ready ac-
cess could be had to large libraries.

Adams, A., 1848, [in] Narrative of the Voyage of the H.M.S. Samarang, 2,
pp. 356-357.

"The animal of Conus aulicus has the proboscis beautifully
varied with red and white, and there is a square and very mi-
nute operculum on the dorsal surface of the hinder part of the
foot. Its bite produces a venomed wound, accompanied by acute
pain, and making a small, deep, triangular mark, which is suc-
ceeded by a watery vesicle. At the little island of Meyo, one of
the Moluccas, hear Ternate, Sir Edward Belcher was bitten by
one of these Cones, which suddenly exserted its proboscis as
he took it out of the water with his hand, and he compares the
sensation he experienced to that produced by the burning of
phosphorus under the skin. The instrument which inflicted the
wound, in this instance, I conceive must have been the tongue,
which in these mollusks, is long, and armed with two ranges
of sharp-pointed teeth."

Gray, J. E., 1853, On the Head of the Genus Conus Linn., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
(2) 12, p. 178.

" Its bite produces a venomed wound, accompanied by acute
pain, and making a small deep triangular mark, which is suc-
ceeded by a watery vesicle. At the little island of Mayo, one of
the Moluccas near Ternate, Sir Edward Belcher was bitten by
one of the Cones, which suddenly exserted its proboscis as he
took it out of the water with his hand, and he compared the
pain he experienced to that produced by the burning of phos-
phorus under the skin. . . . The instrument which inflicted the
wound in this instance was probably the tongue, which in these
mollusks is long and armed with two ranges of sharp-pointed
teeth. (Zool. Voy. Samarang) Mr. Edwards informs me that it
adhered to the hand by its mouth like a leech, as described by
Adanson."

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 55

MacGillivray, J., 1860, Zoological Notes from Aneiteum. New Hebrides, The
Zoologist, 18, pp. 7136-7138.

"On a Poisonous Property attributed to Conus textile. On
my first visit to Aneiteum I was told of a shell-fish which, on
being incautiously handled, is said to eject a poison, causing,
if it comes in contact with the hand, an immediate and peculiar
sensation, then numbness of the hand and arm, followed by in-
tense pain, usually severe illness, and not unfrequently death.
The native name is Intrag, and the mollusk in question is the
well-known Conns textile. Having frequently handled this shell-
fish while collecting on coral reefs in the Pacific, Torres Strait,
and the N.E. Coast of Australia, without having sustained any
injury from it, I was naturally somewhat incredulous in the
matter; yet as the general belief —which is never wholly desti-
tute of foundation— was against me, I yielded to it so far [p. 107]
as afterwards to handle with caution any live specimen I saw.
I was told that the small Intrags and those of certain localities
(one of which is near my present residence) are reputed more
dangerous than others. The Intrag is not usually considered
dangerous unless the animal be touched, which of course no
one here will do, except unwittingly, but some of the natives
say that it can 'blow' the poisonous influence upon the hand
of an intruder from the distance of several inches.

"On June 9th of the present year, about 10 P.M. I had brought
to me a young man, my neighbor Niuenham, who was said to
have recently been poisoned by the Intrag, and appeared to
suffer intense pain. From what I could learn it seems that he
and a companion had been looking for shell-fish by moonlight
about two hours previously. N. had picked up in the shallow
water something he did not see distinctly. Immediately on
touching it, and while his hand was in the water, he felt a sen-
sation as if some very cold water had been "blown" on the palm
of his right hand, and dropped the object, which he saw was
an Intrag. Not long afterwards he went home, and soon began
to complain of a numbness in the whole of his right arm and
hand. This was immediately ascribed to his having touched the
Intrag, and his companion went back to the spot for it. care-
fully picked it up, the shell with the animal retracted, and
eventually it was given to me. A bandage was tied tightly

56 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

around the sufferer's arm at a little below the shoulder, and
when I saw him the arm was cold and much swollen, and the
pulse about 50, and very feeble. I administered an enormous
dose of the solution of muriate of morphia, as he suffered ex-
cruciating pain. A medical man in New Zealand having sug-
gested the experiment of burying the hand and arm affected
in fresh earth, this was done, but the patient could not endure
it long, for he literally writhed in agony while lying on his face
on a mat, with his arm in the ground. Meanwhile a man ex-
perienced in such matters had been sent for. On arrival he
prepared a knife of two strips of bamboo, and made two deep
incisions in the upper part of the arm, one in front, another
behind, below the ligature, which had been slackened. About
half-a-pint of blood was obtained. Next morning at 8 A.M. I
found that the morphia had produced sound sleep during the
night, and that the bandage had been removed according to my
suggestion. The right arm was swollen, and felt rather cold,
but the pulsation was equally strong at each wrist, sixty-three
beats to the minute. Means were taken to assist in restoring
the natural temperature to the arm, and wine was ordered, to
be discontinued on indications of reaction showing themselves.
All pain, except from the incisions, had disappeared, and in
the course of about a week the patient recovered his usual
health. With regard to this case it is right to mention that al-
though satisfied by the circumstantial evidence that contact
with an Intrag had produced extraordinary affects, yet I could
not separate them satisfactorily from those fairly attributable
to the ligature. No pain was felt before the bandage was applied.
''A case which terminated fatally may now be mentioned.
On the 28th of May, 1859, 1 went along with the Rev. J. Geddie
to see a sick woman, who, fourteen days before, was believed
to have been poisoned by her hands having accidentally come
in contact with an Intrag while collecting shell-fish on the reef.
The whole right hand and arm to within a few inches of the
axilla were in a state of gangrene, with the bone exposed in
several places. No haemorrhage, however, had taken place. I
could see that numerous small but deep incisions had been
made in the arm. There was not, I may mention, as with a light
skinned person, the same facility for ascertaining the existence
of a line of demarcation between the living and the dead por-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 57

tions of the body. Apparently, there was sound material enough
to render amputation at the shoulder-joint possible, but unfor-
tunately, on the back of the shoulder, also on the sides of the
chest, there were indications of incipient gangrene in the peel-
ing off of the cuticle, and the formation of vesicles, rendering
the operation unadvisable, because holding out no hope of sav-
ing life. In this case I learned that a tight bandage had been
kept on for several days, probably of itself sufficient to induce
mortification even in a healthy limb.

"These two cases are the only ones of which I can say any-
thing from personal observation, and I shall make no further
comment than merely to observe that as I cannot find any
[p. 108] special apparatus in the animal of Conns textile, or see
any anatomical difference between it and C arenatiis (which
is known to be innocuous) after examining both, I feel great
reluctance in subscribing even to the universal popular belief
on this island of the power of the Intrag to cause injury to man
in the manner ascribed to it. A jet from the siphon of the ani-
mal might partially account for the first sensation experienced.
No puncture or abrasion of the cuticle is ever spoken of, but
in some cases, I have been told, the skin has been discoloured,—
the word used being "emilmat," which means either blue or
green."

Bennett, George, 1860, Gatherings of a Naturalist in Australasia, London,
footnote, p. 382.

"The common Conus textilis of Linnaeus is found at Anei-
teum, and other islands of the New Hebrides group; the animal
is poisonous. On biting its captor, it injects a poisonous and
acrid fiuid into the wound, occasioning the part to swell, and
often endangering the life of the injured person."

Crosse, H. and E. Marie, 1874, Jour, de Conchy. 22, p. 353 (translated by
Joseph Bequaert).

[Under Conns titlipa]

"According to Dr. Marie, the bite of the animal of C. tulipa
is as venomous as that of C. textile. It is by error, however,
that the bite has been blamed on the operculum; it is made by
the armature of the tongue."

58 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

[Under Conns textile Linne]

"This species reaches in New Caledonia a very large size.
The fact, mentioned before by several English naturalists, that
the bite of C. textile is venomous was confirmed in New Cale-
donia. According to an eye-witness a native of Pouebo, after
being bitten on the hand, suffered a considerable swelling of
this hand and the corresponding arm with very sharp pain.
The swelling persisted for some time. However, the mistake
was made in that country of blaming the operculum of the
Conus for what was caused by the teeth of the tongue."

Montrouzier, R. P., 1877, Jour, de Conchy. 25, p. 99 (translated by Joseph
Bequaert).

"We received from Father Montrouzier, our correspondent
in Noumea, a communication which seems to confirm the truth
of the venomous properties of the lingual teeth of species of
Conus, as claimed by some naturalists. Father Montrouzier
writes us that at Mare, one of the Loyalty Islands, Conus mar-
moreus, which is abundant there, cannot be handled carelessly
without the risk of causing accidents through the bite of its
tongue. In the New Hebrides accidents due to the bite of C.
textile are said to be rather frequent."

Garrett, A., 1878, Annotated Catalogue of the Species of Conus, Collected in
the South Sea Islands. Quarterly Jour, of Conchology, 1 , p. 365.

In this list of Conus, Garrett appends notes on the various
species, mainly on their ecology. Under Conus tulipa Linn, he
has the following note:

"Somewhat plentiful; under clumps of coral on reefs. When
collecting at the Puamotus, I found three examples of this spe-
cies, and held them in my hand while searching for other
shells, when one suddenly threw out its long slender proboscis
and punctured one of my fingers, causing sharp pain not un-
like the sting of a wasp."

Cox, J. C, 1884, Poisonous Effects of the Bite Inflicted by Conus geographicus^
Linn. Proc. Linnean Soc, New South Wales, 9, pp. 944-946.

■* geographus is the correct spelling.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 59

The following letter was received by Dr. Cox from Mr. B.
Hinde R. N. of H.M.S. Diamond and published in the above.
We copy in full this letter as well as the appended note by Cox.

[p. 109] "H.M.S. DIAMOND"

"At Sea, Lat. 10° 14' S.. Long. 155" 34' E.

"The following facts which I have learned partly by hear-
say, and partly by personal observation, concerning the shell,
known as Conns geographns, of Linnaeus, may be of interest.

" What first drew my observation to this curious power of
C. geographns was, a native of Nodup, New Britain, an inter-
preter on board H.M.S. Diamond, seeing me with a specimen
of C. geographns in my hand, remarked, 'suppose he bite he
kill man.' Thinking this to be an exaggeration on the part of
the native, but at the same time thinking that he must have
some reason for saying so, I enquired of him more particularly
as to how the shell would harm any one, as at the time I fan-
cied that he meant if the edge of the shell cut a person by ac-
cident it would cause blood poisoning, however, he described
how the fish would bite and that the bite was poisonous, and
that it always killed people if they did not cut themselves to
let the blood run, all round the place bitten, he also promised
to procure me a live specimen and shew me how it bit.

"This promise he carried out as nearly as he could for he
brought me the shell, but said when he went to take it up the
animal had retired or rather, commenced to retire into its shell
when he cut off the head, which he brought me separated from
the shell. The shell he brought was about 5 inches in length.

" Some time afterwards being in conversation with a Mr. R.
Parkinson, a New Britain Cotton Planter, I enquired if he knew
any thing about this man's statement about this Conus. He
told me that he believed it to be perfectly true, and that he
had written about it to some one in Sydney.

"I should have taken no more notice of the statement but
for the fact, that I saw myself, a native, on the Island of Ma-
tupi, Blanche Bay, New Britain, who had been bitten by one,
and who had at once cut small incisions with a sharp stone all
over his arm and shoulder from which the blood had flowed
freely, and he explained to me that if he had not taken these

60 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

precautions that he would have died. He explained to me also
the shell and how he had been bitten (there was a small mark
about the size of a three-penny piece) between his finger and
thumb, but upon close examination there were two small in-
cisions in the centre but from which evidently no blood had
come.

"I may mention that to stop the bleeding of the numerous
cuts in his arm and shoulder, hot wood ashes had been put on
them, and the arm seemed to be stiff and useless for the time.
But whether this was the effect of the bite or the cure I really
am unable to state.

"Many natives whom I questioned, (shewing them the shell
at the same time) said that the bite was deadly.

"Hoping that these few observations may be of use either
as information, or conformation to Conchologists generally.

"Benj. Hugh Hinde, R.N."

"Dr. Cox stated that an instance had been recorded by Mr.
Arthur Adams of a poisoned wound produced by the bite of
Conus aulicus, Linn. The Rev. W. Wyatt Gill had recorded the
fatal effects of the bite of the Conus textilis, Linn., and Mr. Bra-
zier had informed Dr. Cox that he had known severe effects
caused by the bite of the Conus tulipa, Linn. This was the first
instance Dr. Cox had heard of the poisonous effects of Conus
geographicus.''

Hedley C, 1892, [in] British New Guinea, by J. P. Thomson, London, appendix
pp. 283-284.

"The natives are quite aware of the poisonous bite inflicted
by several of the Cones. While collecting on a coral reef, I once
rolled over a boulder and exposed to view a living Conus tex-
tile. Before I could pick it up, one of my coloured companions
hastily snatched it away, and pointing to its "business-end,"
explained with vivid gesticulations its hurtful qualities. He
would on no account allow me to handle the shell, but insisted
on putting it himself into my bottle of spirits."

Ip. 110] Coxen, Mrs. C. 1894, Notes on Poisonous Cones. Proc. Royal Soc.
Queensland. 10, pp. .38-39.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 61

Mrs. Coxen quotes data from earlier reports which we have
republished and adds the following note:

"This account is borne out by a specimen received from
Tanna. My late husband sent £2 to a missionary at Tanna for
shells. In one of those (a Conns) which he received from the
missionary is a memorandum — written, I suppose, by the
sender — stating that the animal sometimes bites its captor,
and injects a fluid poison into the wound which causes death
in a few hours through contraction of the throat."

Corney, R. G.. 1902, Nature 65, p. 198.

The account given below appears to be about the same per-
son mentioned by Cleland, 1912.

'T notice that doubt is cast on the opinion held by some au-
thorities that the bite of certain species of Conns is poisonous;
and as a case has now occurred here in a European subject
whose intelligence places her account of it beyond question, I
think it may be useful to represent the corroborative evidence
thus obtained.

"I should mention, first, that a shell exactly similar to the
one in question was forwarded to the Australian Museum,
Sydney, and that I am indebted to Mr. Etheridge, the curator,
for information on the point and for the identification of the
specimen as the shell of Conus geographiciis.

"The patient, Mrs. B., was fishing from a boat after dark in
the harbour of Levuka (Fiji), and one of the crew handed her
a mollusc he had picked up in shallow water at low tide while
getting bait- a C geographiciis. Mrs. B., being an old resident
in the islands, proceeded to evulse the mollusc with her little
finger, the boy having cracked the shell to facilitate this pro-
cedure. While doing so she received a puncture, and shortly
afterwards felt her hand and fore-arm becoming numb. The
effect quickly extended to the shoulder, and the patient had to
return to the shore and be conveyed home. In an hour or so
she was in great distress, speechless, and paralyzed in most of
the voluntary muscles; a condition which later became inten-
sified and alarming, although the cardiac and respiratory mus-
cles showed no evidence of flagging. The medical man who
attended Mrs. B. likened her condition to that which might
be looked for after poisoning by curare.

62 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

"The puncture was so slight as to be scarcely discernible;
after two days a steady but slow recovery took place, and a
fatal termination was averted.

"During this time the patient did not lose consciousness; but
there was for a while some confusion of ideas, and, chiefly, in
consequence of the loss of power in the muscles concerned in
articulation, she was unable to speak intelligibly, although she
subsequently asserted that she knew quite well what was go-
ing on around her. She underwent an attack of conjunctivitis
a few days later, which she connects with the occurrence; but
it is doubtful whether she is right or not in so believing.

Medical Department, Fiji, September 30. 1901."

Cooke, A. H., 1905, Cambridge Natural History, 5, Molluscs, pp. 65-66.

In this account Cooke states that "The poisonous nature of
the bite of certain species of Conus is well authenticated," and
quotes a few passages from Hinde, MacGillivray, Adams, and
Hedley, which are quoted in full elsewhere in the present
report.

Cleland, G. B., 1912, Injuries and Diseases of Man in Australia Attributable to
Animals (Except Insects). The Australian Medical Gazette, 32, pp. 269-
274; 295-299.

In this report, Cleland has brought together most of the fore-
going cases on mollusks (pp. 272-274) and adds considerable
new data which we publish here. The report of Dr. Hallen
was also republished in the Nautilus, 27, pp. 117-120, 1914.

[p. Ill] " Phyllum Mollusca.

"Bites of Shellfish of the Genus Conus.— Through the kind-
ness of Mr. Charles Hedley, F.L.S., of the Australian Museum,
Sydney, who has kindly placed the following references to
bites from shells of the genus Conus at my disposal, I am able
to submit a number of valuable accounts of the severe effects
produced in man by careless or inexperienced handling of
these animals. Save that one of the implicated species is found
along the Great Barrier Reef, the subject is hardly to be con-
sidered as strictly Australian, but, in view of the interest at-
tached to the observations, it seemed well to take this oppor-
tunity of bringing the references together. I am also much in-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 63

debted to the courtesy of Mr. R. Etheridge, Curator of the
Australian Museum, for permission to use the very valuable
information supplied by Dr. Corney, the original of which is
filed amongst the Museum Records."

"The following report by Dr. A. Herbert Hallen was for-
warded to the Australian Museum, Sydney, by Dr. B.G.Corney,
from Fiji, 10th September 1901. Accompanying it was a shell,
identified as Conns geographns, said to be similar to the one
that inflicted the severe bite described. The following is the
extract from the Government Medical Officer's Report, Levu-
ka, for the month of June, 1901.

'T had under observation the case of a European lady here
who was the subject of a severe form of poisoning by a shell-
fish of the species of which a shell is now sent for identifica-
tion.

"The lady was fishing not far from the shore in the even-
ing, with her family and native servant in the boat. The shell-
fish having been obtained, the boy cracked it to extract the
meat, which was large in quantity for the size of the shell, and
having cracked the shell, handed it to his mistress with the
meat hanging from its internal attachment. To free the flesh
she inserted her little finger towards the upper end, and, she
declares, felt it shoot out a sharp-pointed thing which pene-
trated her finger and caused such a peculiar sensation that
she at once called out that she was bitten and poisoned.

"The poisonous matter is said to be yellow pulpy matter at
the thicker end of the shell; it might of course be merely re-
productive or digestive tissue, or again there might well be a
modification of some secretory gland to form a protective poi-
son gland, and in the latter case, nature would surely provide
along with poison, some mechanical means to promote injec-
tion into the enemy.

"The point of puncture in this case was minute and only to
be seen with great care; indeed, that it was a puncture was
much less readily seen than the local effect of the poison
which caused a bluish discoloration of the surrounding tis-
sues. It was situated at the point of the patient's little finger
near the side of the nail. Through so small a puncture, and in
so short a time as was allowed to its insertion (she did not
unfortunately suck the wound), but a most minute quantity

64 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

of the poison could have entered the circulation, yet the ef-
fects were most grave. Locally a numbness was first experi-
enced. This extended rapidly up the arm, which became par-
alysed and the paralysis spread thence rapidly throughout the
body. It was peculiar that not only was general muscular con-
trol abolished, even so far that the head had to be supported
over the trunk in order that unimpeded breathing might be
allowed to continue; but there was a loss also in a lesser de-
gree (as I think) of sensation, with numbness and ''pins and
needles" beginning in the arm and becoming generalised
through the body, and to a more marked degree there was a
disappearance of muscular sensation and a complete absence
of knee jerks. The patient constantly asked where her limbs
were. Utterance was thick and indistinct. The respiratory
and cardiac muscular apparatus did not at any time partici-
pate to a dangerous degree in the paralysis. The stomach,
however, may have been affected, for I could not induce vom-
iting. When at its worst, some three or four hours after the
poisoning began, the condition distinctly affected the throat,
and a good deal of distress was caused by the difficulty in re-
moving accumulated fluid. The poison seemed to me to clearly
belong to the class of which curare is the type. Of this I felt
assured as soon as I had examined the patient and observed
the freedom of the respiratory and circulatory centers from
its actions compared with the absolute abraga- [p. 112] tion
of voluntary muscular paralysis, so that, the patient weighing
16 odd stone, I felt a good deal of anxiety as to whether the
arms would not dislocate at the shoulder when the body was
lifted in the chair by the hands under the armpits; indeed it
was exceedingly difficult to move the patient, all the parts be-
ing so abnormally yielding. The treatment I adopted was
merely directed to the maintaining of life till the poison should
have been destroyed. The heart and lungs were quite equal
to their work if other circumstances could be kept favorable.
This was done by placing the patient in a semi-recumbent po-
sition in a canvas chair, and by keeping the head in such a
position that breathing and swallowing were facilitated. I
should have liked to relieve the circulation by inducing vom-
iting, but failed to do so. Had I had strychnine with me, I
should have injected it hypodermically, but I did not feel jus-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 65

tified in leaving the patient to get it. The worst was past in
about six hours. The wound was made about 9:30 p.m. Paral-
ysis lasted on with steadily diminishing intensity till late next
day, but the numbness lasted considerably longer in the in-
jured finger, and for a month after the patient experienced
a shock in the little finger on hard impaction — as in playing
the piano. This was the last symptom to clear up, unless the
sore eyes, which began and lasted later, are to be attributed
to this poison as their cause. Though natives declare that re-
covery from fish poisoning is often complicated by sore eyes,
yet I am not aware that the tradition would apply to this kind.
I have heard since of other cases of this kind of fish poisoning,
and among others of a Kadavu woman who died before she
could be got from the shore."

Sugitani, F., 1930, On the Poisoning by the Bite of Conns geographus Linne.
Venus, 2, pp. 151-152.

Written entirely in Japanese. A specific case is given, and
then follows a review of this subject, mainly of the case here-
in given in detail (Cleland, 1912).

Iredale, Tom, 1935, Nautilus, 49, p. 41.

"In June, 1935, a young man examining a cone, apparently
Conns textile, at Hayman Island, Queensland, was bitten in the
hand and died four and a half hours afterwards. This is the
first fatal case in Australian history, though a few cases have
been recorded from the islands to the north and east."

Iredale, Tom, 1935, Jour, of Conch., 20, p. 166.

[Iredale republished his note which was first given in the
Nautilus (above) about the same case and added the follow-
ing, listing the various species of Conus so far known that
have been responsible for such attacks.]

"Apparently he [Charles Garbutt] was handling it when 'a
spike' came out and pierced his hand. He did not complain of
pain until later, when he said his sight was failing and that he
had a burning sensation round the mouth. He grew steadily
worse and died while being taken to a hospital.

66 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Allan, Joyce, 1935, Poisonous Shellfish. The Medical Jour, of Australia, 2, pp.
554-555, 6 text figures.

"It is reported that a young man has died in Queensland
from the effects of the bite or sting of a shellfish. While on a
pleasure cruise through the Whitsunday Group of the Great
Barrier Reef he was handling a prettily marked shell at Hay-
man Island ' when the animal within it pierced his hand. Some
time later serious symptoms developed, the patient was hur-
ried to the mainland, by which time he was unconscious, and
he died on the way to hospital.

"Though this is the first record in Australia of a death from
a bite of a shellfish, or even of an attack of this kind, there are
many instances recorded of similar happenings in the South
Pacific islands. Scientists have known for many years of the
dangerous qualities [p. 113] of certain shellfish and have
therefore handled them carefully when removing them from
the sea.

"The shellfish responsible for the attacks in the South Paci-
fic have in each case been certain species of cone shells, a large
family of brightly coloured shellfish living in warm waters,
and particularly common in the South Pacific islands and along
the Great Barrier Reef. These shellfish haunt holes and fis-
sures of rock and the maze of coral reefs, where they lead a
predatory life, boring into other shellfish and sucking the juices
from their bodies. It is almost certain that the species respon-
sible for the recent death in Queensland is one of the cone
shellfish. No other types of shellfish have as yet been known
to inflict poisonous wounds, though it is suspected that several
may be capable of doing so should the occasion arise.

"In numerous scientific publications references have been
made to the poisonous qualities of the cone shellfish, and in-
stances quoted where people, mostly natives, have been bitten.
These references were given in 1912 by Dr. J. Burton Cleland,
at that time stationed at the Government Bureau of Microbi-
ology, Sydney, in a paper published by him in the Australasian
Medical Gazette, September 14 and September 21, 1912, on
'The Injuries and Diseases of Man in Australia Attributed to
Animals.'

This is, apparently, the same case reported by Iredale above.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 67

"This very important paper records all the cases known of
poisonous bites of shellfish, from the years 1850 to 1911, and,
although at that time there was no record of such an accident
having occurred in Australia, as the shellfish responsible were
in all cases coned shellfish, and as the different species con-
cerned are also found in Queensland waters, the author rightly
considered it advisable to include them in his paper. The re-
cent death has shown that such cases can occur in Australia.

"Shellfish Responsible for Poisoning.

"In all, five different species of cones were responsible for
the bites recorded amongst inhabitants of the South Pacific
islands. The scientific names of these are Conus textile, Conus
tulipa, Conus marmoreus, Conus geographus and Conus auli-
cus, all easily recognized species, Conus textile and Conus niar-
moreus having the most outstanding colour patterning. If a
cone shellfish was responsible for the death in Queensland, it
was quite possibly Conus textile, because that species occurs
so commonly on the Great Barrier Reef, particularly round
the islands included in the Whitsunday Group.''

"The poisonous bites from cone shellfish known to science
occurred in New Guinea, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Ton-
ga, Samoa, Fiji, New Britain, the Carolines, and the Society,
Sandwich and Loyalty Islands. In these places natives were
generally the victims, and one is known to have died from the
effects. The natives are well aware of the poisonous bites some
of the cones can inflict, and have been observed in New Britain
cutting small incisions round the place where they have been
bitten. It is their belief that unless this is done and the blood
is allowed to flow freely, the victim will die.

"In the case at Fiji the victim was a European woman, who
was bitten while extracting the animal from a Conus geogra-
phus, and, although the paralysis which almost immediately
resulted from this bite lasted only until the following day, it
was quite a month before she felt completely recovered.

•' Since this article was written the species responsible for the attack has
been identified as Conus geographus. The actual specimen is now in the Queens-
land Museum.

68 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

"The Manner of Attack.

"The manner in which a shellfish attacks its victim is rather
extraordinary. It is stated earlier that cones are predatory-
animals which prey on other shellfish and suck juices from
their shells. They are able to do this by means of a long, tu-
bular, fleshy structure, known as a proboscis, which can be
retracted at will, but when extended reaches beyond the an-
terior end of the shell. Opening into this tube is a radula-sac
containing roughly two [p. 114] rows of numerous teeth
and a bundle at the end. When grabbing its food, or when op-
posed by any outside agency, such as the hand of a human
being, the cone immediately shoots out this proboscis and the
object is pricked by the sharp points of the teeth, which are
hollow and have a swelling at their bases. The poison reaches
them from a special poison gland.

"The Symptoms of Poisoning.

"The symptoms experienced by a person suffering from this
shellfish poisoning are, after the first pain of the prick from
the sharp pointed teeth, acute pain and considerable swelling,
with local numbness which leads to paralysis extending in
severe cases throughout the body. The tissue surrounding the
minute points of puncture has a bruised appearance, and one
or more tiny punctures may be seen. Muscular control goes,
and even the head has to be supported in such a way to allow
breathing to continue. Speech becomes thick and indistinct,
the throat is considerably affected, the eyesight is dim, and a
feeling of 'pins and needles' extends throughout the body.
Sore eyes appear to be one of the serious symptoms of the
poisoning, and in the case of the European woman who was
bitten at Fiji, this was the last to disappear. Dr. A. H. Hallen,
who described her case in the Government Medical Ofl^cer's
Report, Levuka, June, 1901, states that natives declare that
recovery from shellfish poisoning is often complicated by sore
eyes. Possibly the state of health of the victim at the time of
an attack would either help or hinder his recovery. The
Queensland victim complained of failing eyesight an hour or
so after he was bitten. He became drowsy, as in snake-bite

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 69

poisoning, and later fell into a coma, from which he did not
recover.

"There has, to my knowledge, been no literature published
on the proper treatment for this poison. As a case, with un-
fortunately fatal results, is reported to have occurred in Aus-
tralia, there is ample opportunity for a medical man, interested
in this branch of his science, to investigate the poison of cone
shellfish and its treatment."

Flecker, H., 1936, Cone Shell Mollusc Poisoning, with Report of a Fatal Case.
The Medical Jour, of Australia, 1, pp. 464-466, 2 text figures.

In the above citation. Flecker has reviewed most of the cases
that we have published in detail. We add only the new infor-
mation. The case of "C. H. G." refers again to the paper by
Iredale (herein quoted) but it gives much additional informa-
tion of interest to the medical student. We have not seen the
report by Cleland in the 6th Report of the Microbiological
Laboratory of New South Wales, so we quote this from Fleck-
er's report.

"Professor Cleland quotes the following extract from 'Life
in the Southern Isles,' by the Reverend W. Wyatt Gill. On the
island of Mare (southernmost of the Loyalty Group, immedi-
ately to the east of New Caledonia), in the doubtful light, a
native 'unhappily took a good-sized shellfish (Conns textile)
and put it in his basket. He immediately felt a painful sensa-
tion running up his right arm to the shoulder. He went home.
The pain increased until he writhed in agony. The body
swelled to an enormous size, and by daylight he was a corpse.'

"Of the above cases there were two caused by Conns aidi-
ciis and Conus tulipa respectively, and these appear to be rel-
atively mild; two instances of poisoning by Conus textile, one
mild and the other fatal; and two of Conns geographus, one
perhaps mitigated by treatment by incision and the other
severe.

"Early this year it was decided, at a conference held at
Cairns, to form a Registry of Injuries Caused by Plants and
Animals in Tropical Queensland, and accordingly question-
naires were forwarded to all the medical practitioners practis-
ing in North Queensland. The first case reported was by Dr.

70 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

T. B. Clouston, then at Proserpine, to whom I am indebted for
details of the fatal case here recorded.

"C. H. G., a male, aged twenty-seven years, whilst on a pleas-
ure cruise landed at Haymen Island on June 27, 1935, and
picked up a live cone shell (since identified by Mr. H.A.Long-
man, of the Queensland Museum, as Conus geographus) . Ac-
cording to an eye-witness, it was gripped in the palm of one
hand, with the open side downwards in contact with the skin,
whilst with the other he proceeded to scrape with a knife, the
epidermis, that is, a [p. 115] thin cuticle covering the hard
part of the shell. It was during this operation that he was
stung in the palm of the hand. 'Just a small puncture mark'
was visible. Dr. Clouston did not see the patient until just be-
fore death, but the following details were obtained by him
from the patient's mother, who was present with him. Local
symptoms of slight numbness started almost at once. There
was no pain at any time. Ten minutes afterwards there was
a feeling of stiffness about the lips. At twenty minutes the
sight became blurred, with diplopia; at thirty minutes the legs
were paralysed; and at sixty minutes unconsciousness ap-
peared and deepened into coma.

"No effect was noted upon the skin, lymphatic, alimentary
or genito-urinary systems. Just before death, the pulse became
weak and rapid, with slow, shallow respirations Death took
place five hours after the patient was stung.

"A post mortem examination showed that all the organs,
heart, lungs, et cetera, were quite healthy. Mr. J. B. Henderson,
Government Analyst, reports that no poison was found in the
stomach contents. The victim was prior to the injury in per-
fect physical condition and in training for football.'

"The symptoms resemble much those of curare poisoning
as described in earlier reports. As usual, the puncture was in
the hand and insignificant in size. The most striking difference
was the entire absence of pain, although there was a feeling
of stiffness. This is in contrast to Case I [A. Adams], in which
the pain (Conus aulicus) was compared with the burning of
phosphorus beneath the skin ; Case II [Crosse and Marie] (Co-
nus textile), in which severe pain persisted for some time; Case
III [A.Garrett] (Conus tulipa) /m which there was sharp pain,
not unlike the sting of a wasp; and Case V [G. B. Cleland]

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 71

(also Conns geographus), in which the patient felt a sharp-
pointed thing, which made her call out at once that she was
bitten and poisoned. The victim of the fatal stinging by Conns
textile immediately felt a painful sensation running up to the
shoulder, which increased until he writhed in agony."

Yasiro, H., 1939. Fatal Bite of Conus geographicus, Venus, 9, p. 165-166. [The
Translation ( below ) of this paper appears anonymously in the Proc. Mai.
Soc. London, 1940, 24, p. 32].

"On 29 June 1935 a man 32 years old left home about 10
a.m. for bathing and shell-collecting. Soon after he was in-
fected by the bite of a Conus geographicus. He immediately
felt great pain and scarcely managed to walk home. A doctor
attended promptly; the patient's temperature arose to about
36°C. ( = 113°F), breathing became difficult and his fingertips
went purple. He was soon unconscious and died about three
to four hours after infection. The shell is stated to be about
13.5 mm. long; perhaps this is a misprint for 13.5 cm."

The following citation is added as such published observa-
tions are exceedingly rare. It indicates the protection the bite
affords against an enemy that is quite numerous in ecological
areas where members of Conus are also present.

Cummings, Bruce, 1936, North Queensland Naturalist, 4, Cairns, p. 42: En-
counter Between Cone Shell and Octopus.

"In the course of seeking material for cinematographic
study, a small party set out on the exposed reef at Green Is-
land and came across a small octopus whose tentacles ex-
tended some eight or nine inches from its body. Placing this
in an enamel pail of sea water, a further search resulted in
the discovery of a live cone shell, Conus textile, which was
likewise deposited in the same receptacle, where the cephalo-
pod was swimming about freely.

"It was not long, however, before the latter was aware of
the presence of the cone, and some twenty minutes or so later,
as is usually the case in attacking gastropods, placed one of its
tentacles across the entire length of the narrow opening of the
shell, the tip of the tentacle entering further than the remain-
der. (The mouth of the shell measures two and a quarter inches

72 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

long by about five-sixteenths of an inch wide.) About twenty
seconds later the octopus quickly withdrew its hold waving
its tentacles about with a writhing motion as though violently
agitated.

[p. 116] "Inspection of the shell immediately after the with-
drawal of the tentacles revealed a thin round spike-like object,
evidently the radula being withdrawn. This spike-like radula
was about an inch in length tapering from its proximal ex-
tremity to a point distally, and was bright red in color. A few
minutes later it was noted that the octopus had shed one of
its tentacles, it being detached close to its body.

"The octopus was transferred to a glass tank and although
well supplied with abundant fresh sea water it was found dead
on the following morning. On the other hand the cone shell
did not suffer any apparent injury and is still alive and in ex-
cellent condition ten days later.

"When the radula is protruded, it is seen directly beneath
the syphon, the latter having a red band at its free extremity,
a white ring around its centre and a black band proximally.
The cone itself measures two and a half inches in length and
an inch and three-sixteenths in diameter.

" In view of the reported case of a fatal issue following the
bite of a native of New Caledonia in 1847 from this shell as
well as of similar fatalities from other species of Conus, this
encounter between the two molluscs is interesting. No doubt,
such are of frequent occurrence although rarely observed."

ANATOMY OF CONUS STRIATUS LINNfi

The alimentary canal anterior to the mantle consists of the
oral aperture, vestibule, buccal canal, pharynx, radula sheath,
salivary gland, poison gland, and the oesophagus (crop).

Figure 1 shows the gross external anatomy of the Conus,
the softer parts having broken off during extraction. Figure
2 shows the same with the vestibule and external covering
laid back to reveal the organs in situ. The proboscis, figure
3, consists of a thick, wrinkled outer covering underlaid by a
layer of longitudinal muscles. Below this layer are numerous
retractor muscles. The buccal canal lies therein and consists
of a tough conical anterior portion and a thin but large poste-
rior part separated by a circular muscle bundle. The conical

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

73

^siphon

'^moufh
, *^tentac/a

Fig. J
po/'jon g/and..^

4- cm.

^roJbojc/s

Fig. 2
[Plate 11]
Fig. 1. Anatomy of Conns striatns Linn6
Fig, 2. Fore digestive part in position of Conus striatns

74

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

^pharynx
-poison duct

Fig. 3

posterior crop

^^-poison gland

—buccal canal
^fKcular muscle handle

median crop

. anterior crop

[Plate 12]

Fig. 3. Internal anatomy of proboscis of Conus striatus

Fig. 4. Fore digestive system of Conus striatus

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

po/son auct

'^pharynx

—•rocfu/ a sheath

5 mm

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7 ^•""''

[Plate 13]
Fig. 5. Radular sheath opened of Conus striatiis {iree hand). Fig. 6. Greatly enlarged rad-
ular tooth of Coims striatus. Fig. 7. Greatly enlarged tooth of Conns striattts showing barb.

76

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 1 [Plate 14]
Fig. 1. Conns geogropliHS Linne. Fig. 2. Conits aidicus Linne. Fig. 3. Conns
marmoreus Linne. Fig. 4. Conns titlipa Linne. Fig. 5. Conits textilis Linne.
Fig. 6. Conus striatus Linne.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 77

portion engaged the sharp spear-like tooth and probably is
also a thrusting organ as it is quite tough and filled with nu-
merous bundles of longitudinal muscles. In the crop of our
specimen there was found the remains of a fish together with
a radula tooth.

Figure 4 shows the relationship between the alimentary or-
gans of our specimen. Simroth's Giftdruse, or poison gland, is
quite large. Its vessel, which is 13 cm. long, opens into the
pharynx 2 mm. posterior to the opening of the radular sheath.
It is not certain how the poison is syringed into the hollow
teeth.

Figure 5 is a sketch of the opened radular sheath showing
the arrangement of the teeth. The actual number dissected
out was about 40.

Figures 6 and 7 which are greatly enlarged, exhibit two
drawings of the tooth of C. striatus. The crystalline portion
is 12-13 mm. long, sharply pointed at the apex and bulbous at
its base. To the base is attached a transparent cartilaginous
appendage. The apex of the tooth is armed with three barbs;
the apical, the single small median and the curved posterior.

The pharynx opens anteriorly into the buccal canal by a
narrow aperture, figure 3. Posteriorly it soon bulges out into
two crops which for this paper may be called the anterior and
posterior crops. A short narrow tube connects the two. In the
anterior crop were found the skeletal remains of some small
fish. [p. 120] They appear to be portions of the skull, fin,
and a segment of the vertebra. There were also bundles of
crystalline spicules which could not be identified. In the me-
dian crop or the narrow connecting tube was a well preserved
tooth of the Conus itself, which is without doubt the one used
to kill the now partially-digested prey. In the posterior crop
were found two valve-like objects, perhaps made of horny ma-
terial, which may either be a bivalve eaten prior to the fish,
or a grinding mechanism. What leads us to suspect the object
to be a pulverizing mechanism is that it was deeply embedded
in the wall of the crop (though not attached by muscles) and
that between the valves was a bundle of crystalline spicules
similar to the kind found in the anterior crop.

[end of reprinted paper]

78 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Descriptions

We add the following brief descriptions of the five species
of Conns whose bite is known to be serious. C. striatus Linne
has not been recorded injurious to man.

All of these shells possess a thin brownish periostracum
when collected alive, though upon drying, this usually scales
off. Our plate is based upon shells without the periostracum.

These species of Conns are wide ranging in the Indo-Pacific
region. They are all tropical and do not extend into the tem-
perate portions of this area. They probably occur wherever
coral is to be found. All frequent coral reefs, generally behind
the reefs and under slabs or blocks of dead coral. They are
nocturnal in habit and, with the aid of a flash light, can be
found crawling around in exposed places.

Conus geographus Linne

Plate 14, fig. 1

Shell 3 to 5 inches in length, rather wide, fairly thin in
structure. Color consisting of irregular patches of mahogany
brown with two more or less distinct spiral bands of the same
color over a cream or bluish white ground. Spire depressed
and with a series of small knobs on the shoulder of the whorl.
Sculpture consisting of fine growth lines.

Conus aulicus Linne
Plate 14, fig. 2

Shell 3 to 5 inches in length, slender, rather thin in struc-
ture. Color consisting of numerous white tent-shaped figures
on a dark mahogany background. Spire extended terminating
in an acute apex. Sculpture consisting of fine growth lines
and very fine spiral threads.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 79

Conus marmoreus Linne
Plate 14, fig. 3

Shell 2 to 4^ inches in length, cone shaped, rather heavy in
structure. Color consisting of white and irregular tent-shaped
figures on a chocolate background. Spire depressed and gen-
erally with a series of small knobs on the shoulder of the
whorl. Sculpture consisting of fine growth lines and very fine
spiral threads, somewhat stronger on the lower third of the
shell.

Conus tulipa Linne
Plate 14, fig. 4

Shell 2 to 3 inches in length, fairly wide, rather thin in
structure. Consisting of irregular patches of mahogany brown
with two bands of the same color over a bluish white ground.
In addition there are numerous and fine lengthened dots ar-
ranged in rather close-set spiral lines Spire depressed, gen-
erally smooth over the whorl shoulder. Sculpture consisting
of very fine growth lines.

Conus textilis Linne
Plate 14, fig. 5

Shell 2 to 4 inches in length, somewhat slender, rather heavy
in structure. Color consisting of numerous small, white, tent-
like figures over a yellowish brown ground color. Spire ex-
tended, terminating in an acute apex. Sculpture consisting of
very fine growth lines.

80 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Conus striatus Linne
Plate 14, fig. 6

Shell 3 to 4^ inches in length, rather slender and heavy in
structure. Color consisting of irregular patches of dark choc-
olate brown, more regular in the center and at the base to
form two rather indistinct bands. This color is on a ground of
a pale brownish cream. Spire depressed and having a rather
sharp ridge at the whorl shoulder. This feature produces a
groove between each of two whorls on the spire. Sculpture
consisting of fine growth lines and, in addition, very numerous
and fine spiral threads more or less evenly disposed over the
entire surface of the shell.

>!« ^K ;Ic ^

J. R. le B. Tomlin has published the following catalogue in
which he gives references to all species in this genus, both re-
cent and fossil, that have been described as late as 1936.

Catalogue of Recent and Fossil Cones. 1937, Proceedings of
the Malacological Society of London, 22, pp. 205-330; ibid.
p. 333.

Zoology '*^

JUL 19ism*

Occasional Papers On Mollusks

Published by

The Department of Mollusks

Museum of Comparative Zooloiry, Harvard University
Cambridoje, Massachusetts

VOLUME 1 JULY 20, 1946 NUMBER 8

John Gould Anthony
With a Bibliography and Catalogue of His Species

By Ruth D. Turner

John Gould Anthony, son of Joseph and Mary Gould Anthony
and first assistant in charge of mollusks at the Museum of
Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, was born in Provi-
dence, Rhode Island, May 17, 1804. Regarding Anthony's child-
hood we know very little except that at an early age he devel-
oped an interest in natural history and, while living in Provi-
dence, was mainly interested in marine shells. Although at
the age of twelve he was forced to leave school and earn his
own living, he continued his interest in natural history and
educated himself in the field of mollusks. In 1832 Anthony
married Ann Whiting Rhodes of Providence and two years
later, with other members of the Rhodes family, moved to Cin-
cinnati, Ohio. The records show that Anthony held several
positions while in Ohio, the first with Allen, Rhodes & Com-
pany, Silver Plate Manufacturers. In 1840 he was listed as an
independent accountant. Four years later he was working with
Derby Bradley & Company into which firm he was later taken
as a partner; by 1849 the company was known as Bradley and
Anthony, Booksellers and Publishers. There are several pub-
lished notes to the effect that Anthony worked in a bank but
no definite record of this can be found.

Shortly after Anthony's arrival in Cincinnati he was elected
to membership in the Western Academy of Natural Sciences,
and, throughout his stay in Ohio, he was an ardent supporter
of the struggling young Academy. He held the offices of sec-

81

82 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

retary, librarian, and curator on various occasions and the
meetings were often held at his home.

He soon became the local authority on the fossils of the Blue
Limestone of Cincinnati. The varied forms of our midwestern
terrestrial and fluviatile shells also attracted Anthony's atten-
tion and he rapidly built up a fine collection, specializing first
in the Unionidae and later in the Pleuroceridae. By 1839 he
was carrying on a very active exchange in the hope of as-
sembling a complete collection of North American shells.

In 1847 his health and eyesight were seriously impaired after
contracting scarlet fever from his youngest daughter, then two
years old. His son wrote that "for two years he was unable to
see his hand in front of his face and it was seven years before
he was able to return to business." We have come across nu-
merous references to Anthony's eye trouble as it affected both
his business and scientific life.

In 1849 Anthony sent the descriptions and specimens of six-
teen new species of Melania to Dr. A. A. Gould at the Boston
Society of Natural History for publication in the Proceedings
of that Society. Later, in a notebook containing an annotated
collection of his papers he wrote the following: '' My vision at
that time being very much obscured owing to a disease of the
eyes, could not be fully depended upon for nice discrimination
in regard to species, and Dr. Gould was requested to examine
and compare the specimens forwarded, making such correc-
tions and additions as his better vision and more extended
means of comparison might suggest, so that the descriptions
when published might be as complete and perfect as possible.
To some extent this was done." On the label of the type speci-
men of Melania brevispira, which was described in this paper
Anthony wrote: "determined by touch alone while I was blind."

In June 1853, in an effort to restore his health and to further
his study of fresh-water shells, Anthony made a walking trip
from Cincinnati, Ohio through Kentucky and Tennessee to
Macon, Georgia. Anthony's notes, letters and original labels
have added but little to his published record of the trip and
though several people have tried to follow Anthony's route
it has been practically impossible. The following note given
to me by William J. Clench concerning his attempt to cover
Anthony's route is of real interest here. " During the summer

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

83

oX£j(j^.aia

W^

1804-1877

Plate 15. From an original photograph

copied by F. P. Orchard

84 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

of 1924, P. S. Remington and I attempted to follow the route
of Anthony from Cincinnati, Ohio, at least as far south as
Chattanooga, Tennessee. This, of course, was only part of a
program, outlined by Calvin Goodrich of the University of
Michigan, for a general reconnaisance in Kentucky, Tennessee
and northern Alabama for future river surveys of the mollusks
in these states, mainly for Pleuroceridae. Anthony had left but
little data behind for us to go upon. He had listed his new spe-
cies only by states, and not in the form of specific localities.
Old maps were consulted for roads that may have been fol-
lowed between the larger cities. Our attempt was to collect at
all creeks, rivers and springs along the way. We were fortu-
nate in collecting many of the species of Anthony, probably at
the type localities or at least in the same streams that he had
visited many years before."

Due to lack of proper precautions in caring for his collec-
tions in the field, Anthony, on returning home, apparently had
a rather serious mixture of lots (Goodrich 1931). However, in
going over many of his notes and original labels we have found
references to specific localities as well as discrepancies be-
tween the data given on labels and those published. This ad-
ditional material has been included in square brackets under
the proper species in the catalogue accompanying this paper.

On returning from this trip Anthony was still unable to
work except for occasional bookkeeping, apparently done at
home. This period must have been one of great difficulty for the
Anthony family, for his sons, Thomas and Edward, both left
school in order to help support the family. In a letter to Thomas
Bland, Anthony wrote, " During my troubles my shells were
my mainstay on every occasion. To use my friend's language
... . T had enjoyed the pleasure of collecting my shells, the
satisfaction of looking at and studying them when collected,
and now I am eating them,' which in my case was true, since
when my funds ran low and I could earn nothing I literally
sold my shells to procure bread — and a good source of income
it was too — 2 or 300 dollars at a time did I sell of shells and
fossils — many of my chosen specimens were sacrificed which
I may not soon replace and my library too followed suit. . . ."
However, even this was not enough and in 1856 Anthony wrote
E. R. Mayo that he was "over head and ears in business at last

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 85

trying to make my bread and butter, after so long eating upon
the small stock I had previously made - to tell the truth I had
about found the end of my string and it was a work of neces-
sity to do something more substantial than work over shells
and collect specimens." Anthony was at this time with Taylor
and Anthony, General Insurance Agents. He continued in
partnership with Taylor until he left Ohio to become assistant
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Anthony collected all species in large quantities and ex-
changed with conchologists throughout the world. Many of
his species he named and sent out on exchange before the de-
scriptions had been published. Consequently many of the spe-
cies which appear in Reeve's Conchologia Iconica, though iso-
lated by Anthony, must be credited to Reeve. In most cases
Anthony never did publish descriptions of these species, but
a few species sent to Cuming, Anthony later described and pub-
lished Reeve, however, having access to the Cuming collection
also described them, crediting them to Anthony. Since Reeve's
monograph came out a few months before Anthony's paper,
the credit must go to Reeve who fortunately did not change
any of Anthony's manuscript names. In Brot's catalog of the
Melania (1862) there are two Anthony names which do not ap-
pear elsewhere and which were apparently undescribed species
sent to Brot. This is also the case with Melania obliqua listed
by Try on as a synonym of Melania incisitm Lea. In 1852
Temple Prime wrote Anthony concerning his proposed mono-
graph of the Corbiculidae, asking for material on old and new
species. Anthony immediately responded by sending the de-
scriptions and specimens of several new species of Cyclas and
Pisidiiim which Prime published and credited to Anthony as
was the accepted procedure of the day. However, according
to the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, the per-
son who publishes the species is the one to whom the credit
for the name must go. All species, so far as can be determined,
which have been credited to Anthony but published by others
have been included in the following catalogue.

In many of Anthony's letters he refers to the K K's, very
probably a conchological club, an association of correspondents
with whom he had exchanged through the years. His "King"
of the KK's was Hugh Cuming with whom Anthony had many
profitable exchanges.

86 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

When Spencer F. Baird became Assistant Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution, he immediately tried to build up the
collections and asked all zoologists to contribute. Printed labels
were supplied collectors by the Smithsonian Institution, and
Anthony on receiving those prepared by Lea for the Unios was
incensed. The following quotation is a portion of a letter writ-
ten to Baird in which he complains bitterly concerning the
practice of that time of claiming authorship of a species by
merely changing it to a different genus. Unfortunately this
practice was continued until about 1900.

Office of Taylor & Anthony,
General Insurance Agents,

76 West Third Street,
Cincinnati, July 24th, 1860

Spencer F. Baird Esq.
My dear Sir:

I wrote you respecting labels for the Unio's designed for the
Cabt. of the Smithsonian Institution and have since rec'd a set
of the labels in question, but on examining them I find them
most extraordinarily defective, particularly in regard to species
which I have taken great pains to prepare for the Collection.
About One hundred Names of well known species have been
entirely omitted altho' they are such as generally form the basis
of exchanges & many of them are superseded it seems by
names of Mr. Lea's which are at best only entitled to rank as
synonyms — Now it seems to me that the only fair & honest
way to print a Catalogue of American Unionidae is to adopt
the plan pursued in some other parts of the General list, viz to
include every species published by various Authors leaving
the synonymy to be worked out by each one as he sees fit, or
if there must be an expurgated list, for heaven's sake intrust
it to unprejudiced & disinterested hands to be arranged with
at least the appearance of honesty and justice— If this list is
to be made the Authorised & only Authorised list, why I have
not the slightest hesitation in saying that I for one cannot con-
form to it and if the shells for your Collections must be labelled
by it, some one other than myself must do it, for I cannot rec-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 87

ognize a list so manifestly incorrect and govern myself by it
in naming my specimens— After pursuing the study of Con-
chology for 35 years during all which time I have been engaged
in numerous and large exchanges and for 26 years past having
distributed Annually many thousands of Unio's under their
true names I cannot consent at this late day to abandon them
merely to minister to the inordinate and insane Ambition of
Isaac Lea, to be considered the only American Conchologist—
And how will our transatlantic Naturalists regard such a pub-
lished list purporting to be a Complete list of American Unioni-
dae when they find it ignoring such names as Unio crassus
Say, U. heros Say, U. politus Say, U. lapillus Say, U. cicatri-
cosus Say, U. nexus Say, U. metallicus Say, U. subrostratus
Say, U. glebulus Say, and U. purpureus Say, all well known
names. True Mr. Lea is very careful to include U. complana-
tus Lea which he says is the same as U. purpureus Say, which
name of complanatus he contends should supersede it because
Solander had a "My a complanata" & he endeavors to show
that Mya c. was intended to represent our Unio purpureus
hence he transfers it to ''Unio" & thereupon proceeds to ap-
pend his own Name as author without ever describing it &
robbing thereby both Say and Solander at one Operation. Prof.
Rafinesques Names with the single exception of "Metanevra"
are entirely set aside to make room for Mr. Lea's subsequent
christenings— & such names as "torsus" "costatus" "flavus"
& cardium, with some 30 others must all be passed by as un-
worthy of notice because Mr. Lea affects not to understand
them — Now Mr. Lea May print as many such Catalogues &
synopses as he pleases and every one he has printed has varied
from its predecessor according to his fancy for the time, and
I would say nothing, but I do not like to find the Smithsonian
Institution lending its influence to Circulate any such errors—
I speak freely and warmly too, because I feel it — I have during
the 26 years I have exchanged Unio's distributed more speci-
mens than any other living Man — they are in all the foreign
collections private & public. My names are such as long in-
vestigations proved satisfactory to my mind, and reputation
even as a Nomenclator is dear to me, far too dear, to be taken
away in this manner even by implication. I do not wish to be
forced to speak of this Catalogue to my Correspondents Abroad

88 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

as in justice to myself I shall be compelled to if no correction
is made in it -A supplement should at once be published con-
taining the rejected list of Names & thus some little justice be
done such Authors as Say, Conrad, & Rafinesque who are at
least equal to Lea, however much he may endeavor to produce
a contrary impression.

One other Grand Error in the Catalogue is in the Margari-
tana where Mr. Lea unhesitatingly places his name as author
to 25 out of the 26 species enumerated, while the fact is that
he never described more than 16 of the whole number— how
ridiculous to place his name to a shell which was named al-
most before he was born, as in the case of M. margaritifera—
Mr. Lea's only claim being in Consequence merely of his hav-
ing so placed them in a Catalogue as ''Margaritana" instead
of "Alasmodon" a very cheap way of attaining authorship
truly & tomorrow somebody else may transfer the entire lot
to some other Genus and claim the authorship in like manner
in his turn — how much easier this is than troubling oneself to
describe a species—'' Authorship made easy'' with a vengeance
— Mr. Lea in this way has his name printed as author to one
species which he at the same time confesses he has Never
Seen! ! ! how much further can absurdity go— In Anodonta
Mr. Lea claims two species at least which he never described
viz A. edentula & fluviatilis — the first being Says & the last
Mr. Lea himself states was Lister's "Mya fluviatilis"— Now if
the removal into its proper Genus be a sufficient claim certain-
ly Mr. Say could rightly claim this species since he honestly
described it as A. cataracta" whereas Mr. Lea never described
it at all still claims it by stealing Listers name and clapping
his own at the end as Author— just as he did with Solanders
"complanatus" — If I had time & Patience I could point out
other as glaring errors but I have said enough — excuse my
plainness - - my Quaker blood and training never taught me to
mince matters where injustice was concerned.

Please let me hear from you on the subject.

Very truly yrs

John G. Anthony

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 89

In 1838 Mrs. Thomas Say presented Anthony with two new
species of shells which she had collected at the Falls of Kan-
awha in Virginia. These were given with the distinct under-
standing that one of them should be named after her particu-
lar friend, Dr. J. P. Kirtland, who was also a friend of Anthony.
This he says "accounts for the departure from a long cherished

rule not to name species after individuals thus to propitiate

the inordinate vanity of some ignorant collector." Consequent-
ly Anculosa kirtlandiana and Amnicola say ana are unique in
being Anthony's only patronymics. All other species published
by him have descriptive names. According to Anthony's notes
Mrs. Say illustrated a number of shells for him; among them
were Anculosa kirtlandiana and A. carinata, the two she had
collected.

By 1863 Anthony had published five papers on fossils and
ten on mollusks, several of which were read before the Boston
Society of Natural History, of which Agassiz was a member.
By this time Anthony's correspondence and exchanges had
grown to considerable proportions, and he hoped for a position
in a museum or other institution in which he could earn a liv-
ing while working on shells. At that time the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology at Harvard was four years old and growing
rapidly, and though Agassiz had considerable student help he
was looking for an assistant in Mollusks. Their letters crossed
in the mail — the one Anthony wrote to Agassiz asking for a
position and that of Agassiz offering the position to Anthony.

Louis Agassiz in his annual report of the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology for 1863 writes "It has been my good fortune
to secure the co-operation of Mr. J. G. Anthony, who has been
for nearly forty years one of the leading conchologists of Amer-
ica, and his zeal and activity, as well as his exquisite neatness
in putting up specimens will soon change the whole aspect of
that department of the museum." Thus, in August 1863 An-
thony, at the age of 60, arrived in Cambridge to become a part
of one of the most active and important institutions of its kind
in the new world.

During the fourteen years in which Anthony was Assistant
at the Museum of Comparative Zoology he did much to build
up the Department of Mollusks. It is to him that we must give
credit for the presence in the collection of many of the type

90 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

specimens of the early workers in conchology. At this form-
ative period in the development of malacology, Anthony's in-
terest in the collection was paramount and, because of his
willingness to carry on extensive exchanges with Hugh Cum-
ing, Lovell Reeve, Temple Prime, James C. Cox, H. Dohrn and
others, material poured into the laboratory almost faster than
Anthony was able to absorb it. The Cuming material, especial-
ly that from the Philippines, was an invaluable addition to the
collection as it was composed almost entirely of types. Anthony
also sold his collection to the museum and with it came numer-
ous types which he had previously obtained as well as his large
collection of North American fresh-water shells.

Following the accepted procedure of the day Anthony aimed
to have every species of mollusk on exhibit and consequently
he spent a large part of his time carefully gluing specimens
to slate, glass and wooden plaques. Carefully written, detailed
records were kept of the exact number of specimens mounted
each month. The following excerpt was taken from his annual
report for 1869. " In the past 12 months we have added 9250
tablets to the 17 [thousand] then on hand so that we have 26250
tablets mounted with 67749 specimens. Of this number 22403
tablets have been mounted by the writer during the six years
he has been connected with the museum, and the remaining
3847 tablets have been added by the three female assistants,
who under the policy recently adopted have been mostly em-
ployed in preparing tablets, but who have also occasionally
been allowed to mount the specimens under proper supervi-
sion." Again in. 1870 he wrote "Besides the important addition
of 2417 mounted tablets to our previous number, I have, in the
process of re-arrangement, found it necessary also to remount
a very large number of the species. This has been owing to
the unsatisfactory nature of the cement first used for the pur-
pose, the very dry atmosphere of our exhibition rooms oper-
ating unfavorably upon all the cements known, at the time
when we commenced this mode of exhibiting shells. Much
time and labor has been bestowed upon this problem of the
best cement for the purpose, and I am happy to be able to say
that I have so far succeeded in removing all difficulties that
we may reasonably hope to be spared hereafter the time and
labor of remounting, our present cement seeming to be all
that we could desire or expect."

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 91

With the change in curatorial procedure those who have
followed Anthony have had to spend a great deal of time re-
moving these same specimens from their plaques. The glue
was certainly all that Anthony had hoped it would be I In
working up the Anthony types in our collection we came across
a box of Amnicola cincinnatiensis Anthony containing over
2000 specimens and the following note was left by W.F.Clapp
"These were all glued on tablets, 12 per tablet." Obviously
these could not all have been for exhibit but had probably
been prepared for exchange.

Anthony had an unusually beautiful handwriting, his labels
looked like steel engravings and his notes were so neatly and
perfectly written that one would think that they had been
printed. Agassiz, appreciating this art, often asked Anthony
to copy addresses and poems which were to be presented to
friends and benefactors of the museum. In a letter to his wife
Anthony tells of copying the address written by Oliver Wen-
dell Holmes on the occasion of the dinner given to Agassiz be-
fore leaving on the Thayer Expedition. Holmes also wrote a
poem on this expedition which was presented to the Emperor
of Brasil and again it was copied by Anthony.

In 1865 Anthony accompanied Louis Agassiz and others of
his staff on the Thayer Expedition to Brasil. Anthony's letters
to his wife written during the early part of the trip continually
refer to his improved health and his increased ability to eat,
for he had been suffering for some time with a chronic stomach
ailment. However, despite his improved condition Anthony
did but little collecting for the expedition as he contracted
yellow fever shortly after arriving in Rio de Janeiro and con-
sequently returned to Cambridge. While other members of the
party continued to collect mollusks to some extent there was
no published report made on the material collected on this ex-
pedition.

John Henry Blake became a member of the Museum staff in
1867 and for the next ten years was a close friend of Anthony.
The following notes have been taken from Blake's letter to
William J. Clench in which he gives an informal picture of the
museum's first curator of mollusks as he remembered him.

"From the time I first knew him [Anthony] until his death

92 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

we were the best of friends, although there was friction be-
tween him and others in the Museum.

" I have even thought I was assigned a table next to him,
by Prof. Agassiz, partly because of his disposition to be easily
disturbed.

"The first section of the museum only was then built, and
the accommodations for workers were limited. In this room,
at one time, there were nine or ten persons, and in some places,
the trays of specimens were piled much higher than one could
reach. There were no cases for trays in this room.

''He did not go home to lunch but brought a brown, pint
bottle containing milk, egg and a little brandy which was his
lunch, and he left the museum for the day at 3 o'clock P.M.
Before he left, however, he brushed all his dirt out by my table
and left it there. This act was as regular as the day but I never
remonstrated. When he was sick at his home, corner of Mag-
azine and Green Streets, Cambridgeport, he always wrote to
me and I visited him many times on errands in connection with
his Museum work. If he wanted acid, or chemicals to make
the glue used extensively in his work I would buy it at John
Hubbard's in Harvard Square, on my way to my boarding
place on Mt. Auburn Street.

'T do not remember his writing a scientific paper, not count-
ing his regular annual reports, while at the Museum. His time
seemed to be taken chiefly in preparing specimens for exhibi-
tion or exchanges. He devoted much time in mounting speci-
mens on wood, card, slate and painted glass. He was always
making improvements in his glue as I heard him tell Professor
Agassiz a number of times.

"He was a very steady worker and hardly left his chair from
the time he came 'til he went. He did not attend Prof. Agassiz's
lecture in the next room with the rest of us. These lectures
by Professor Agassiz were very popular. Although they were
regular College lectures I have seen the room crowded, floor
and gallery, extra chairs taken in and yet Mr. Anthony re-
mained at his work.

"He often made puns or played upon words. He liked to tell
a joke but did not like to have a joke played on him. As an
example: One 1st of April Dr. Wilder and I attempted a joke.
We got an old dry "mermaid" from the attic, put it in a box

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 93

and got Mr. Roetter to put on it in German script Mr. Anthony's
address with "you are an April Fool" in the corner. Mr.
Anthony came in saw the box and with some gusto said he
had received a box of shells. He was a little puzzled over the
address so took off the cover, saw the contents and took the
cover to Mr. Roetter to read. Mr. Roetter read it ending with
the "you are an April Fool." Mr. Anthony was so mad he took
the box out of the room, and I have not seen the "mermaid"
since, he never spoke to Dr. Wilder after. I told Mr. Anthony
I was as guilty as Dr. Wilder but he said he could excuse me
as I was young, but Dr. Wilder was too old to play such a joke."

As is evidenced from J. Henry Blake's letter, Anthony's ill
health not only caused his absence from the Museum for long
periods of time, but was no doubt partially responsible for his
lack of research after 1866.

On October 16, 1877 Anthony, then 73 years old, died at his
home in Cambridgeport of cancer of the stomach. He was
buried at the Swan Point Cemetery in Providence, Rhode
Island.

The year of his death, Alexander Agassiz, then Director of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, paid Anthony the follow-
ing tribute in his Annual Report. ". . . . his time and energies
were given to the department of Conchology with such assid-
uous and entire devotion as is rarely equaled. He had held cor-
respondence and conducted exchanges with almost all active
conchologists and shell collectors of his time, who never failed
to appreciate the remarkable skill in exchanging, the complete
knowledge of the relative value of specimens, and the wide
acquaintance with the traditions of conchology, which were
the fruits of his long experience."

Though a great many of Anthony's species have fallen into
synonymy he made many important contributions to Conchol-
ogy and to the Museum of Comparative Zoology in particular.
The following note by Calvin Goodrich, who today is the man
most capable of judging Anthony's work on the Pleuroceri-
dae.

"I would say that Anthony was of very real importance in
his day in that he made collections when collectors were few
and far apart, that he did this when contacts with other nat-

94 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

uralists were almost non-existent — a very lonesome sort of
career that he made descriptions according to his lights, and
these were no worse, and sometimes better, than those of his
contemporaries. In the end, the collection remained intact,
and available — a thing it would be difficult for us to put too
high a price upon."

Acknowledgments

The author is indebted to Miss Fanny Garrison, grand-
daughter of J.G.Anthony, for much valuable information and
especially for the gift to the Museum of Comparative Zoology
of many of Anthony's letters and unpublished notes. Thanks
are extended to Professor W. B. Hendrickson of MacMurray
College for the loan of material which he had gathered on the
Western Academy of Natural Sciences. For copies of An-
thony's letters and other information on his life we are indebted
to Dr. Harald Rehder, the United States National Museum;
Dr. Henry Vander Schalie, the Museum of Zoology at the Uni-
versity of Michigan; Miss Lillian C. Wuest, reference Librarian
of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio; Miss Ethel
L. Hutchins, Reference Department of the Public Library of
Cincinnati, Ohio; and Mr. George F. Johnson, Deputy City
Registrar, Providence, Rhode Island. Mr. Calvin Goodrich gave
many valuable suggestions, especially on the evaluation of
Anthony's work. Lastly this paper could never have been com-
pleted except for the guidance and encouragement of William
J. Clench.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 95

Bibliography

Anthony, Charles L., 1904, Genealogy of the Anthony Family,
1495 to 1904, Sterling, Illinois.

Binney, W. G., 1863, Bibliography of North American Conchol-
ogy. Part 1, American Authors. Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Collections 5.

Crosse, H., and P. Fischer, 1878, Obituary. Journal de Con-
chyliologie 26, p. 111.

Dall, William H., 1888, Some American Conchologists. Pro-
ceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 4, p. 111.

Goodrich, Calvin, 1931, Some Conchological Beginnings, Naut-
ilus 45, pp. 46-47.

Johnson, Allen, 1928, Dictionary of American Biography 1,
pp. 317-318.

Tryon, G. W., 1862, A Sketch of the History of Conchology in
the United States. American Journal of Science and Arts
33, p. 24.

Tryon, G. W., 1866, Note on Anthony's trip to Brasil and a
photograph of Anthony.- American Journal of Conchology
2, p. 96.

Wilson, J. G. and J. Fiske, 1887, Appleton's Cyclopaedia of
American Biography 1, p. 82.

- — , 1877, October 17, Death notice. Cincinnati Daily Enquirer
p. 5.

96 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Bibliography of J. G. Anthony's works on recent Mollusks:

[No date], List of the Land and Fresh-water Shells found
chiefly in the vicinity of Cincinnati (First Edition). [We have
not seen this publication but Binney lists the species in-
cluded; he, however, could not date it. It appears to be a very
rare publication and is not to be found in any of the large
museums].

1840, September, On the Byssus of Unio, Annals and Maga-
zine of Natural History 6, p. 77.

1840, January, Descriptions of three new species of shells.
Boston Journal of Natural History 3, pp. 278-279, pi. 3, fig.
1-3.

1840, July, Descriptions of two new species of Anculotus. Bos-
ton Journal of Natural History 3, pp. 394-395, pi. 3, fig. 4-5.

1841, Letter synonymizing Anculotus kirtlandianus Anthony
under Melania rogersii Conrad. Proceedings of the Boston
Society of Natural History 1 , p. 5.

1843, January, Catalogue of the Terrestrial and Fluviatile
Shells of Ohio, Second Edition, Cincinnati, Ohio.

1843, March, Letter on Schizostoma, Melatoma and Apella.
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, p. 251.

1850, December, Descriptions of Sixteen new species of Mel-
ania. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History
3, pp. 359-363.

1854, March, Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells of the Ge-
nus Melania Lam. from the Western States of North Amer-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 97

ica. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York
6, pp. 80-130, pi. 1-3.

1855, October, Descriptions of New Species of Ancylns and
Anciilosa from the Western States of North America. An-
nals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 6, pp.
158^160, pi. 5, fig. 20-23.

1860, February, Descriptions of New Species of American Flu-
viatile Gastropods. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, pp. 55-72.

1862, Catalogue of Shells from John G. Anthony, Cincinnati,
Ohio. Fifteenth Report on the Cabinet of Natural History,
Senate no. 116.

1865, February, Descriptions of Two New Species of Gonio-
basis. American Journal of Conchology 1, p. 36, pi. 1, fig.
2 3.

1865, April, Descriptions of New Species of North American
Unionidae. American Journal of Conchology 1, pp. 155-164,
pi. 12-16.

1865, July, Descriptions of Two New Species of Monocondy-
loea. American Journal of Conchology 1, p. 205, pi. 18, fig.
1-2.

1865, July, Descriptions of a New Exotic Melania. American
Journal of Conchology 1, p. 207, pi. 18, fig. 3.

1866, April, Descriptions of New American Fresh-water Shells.
American Journal of Conchology 2, pp. 144-147, pi. 6-7.

1863-1876, Annual Reports of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology at Harvard College.

98 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

A List of Recent Mollusks described by J. G. Anthony with
their original references and type localities.

The initials BJNH refer to the Boston Journal of Natural History, PBSNH
to the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, FANS? to the
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, ALNHNY to
the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History New York, AJC to the American
Journal of Conchology, and MCZ to the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Most of Anthony's species of Pleuroceridae [Melania] which were not figured
with the original descriptions were figured by Tryon from Anthony's specimens
in 1873; Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America, Fart 4, Strepomatidae,
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections no. 253.

All locality data in brackets in this report were taken from the original
labels or Anthony's unpublished notes.

abbreviata, Melania: 1850, PBSNH 3, p. 360 (Maury's Creek, Tennessee)

[Holotype MCZ 50240].
abscida, Melania: 1860, FANSP, p. 56 (Alabama^ [Holotype MCZ 161716].

adusta, Melania: 1860, FANSP, p. 55 (Tennessee) [Holotype MCZ 47368].

altilis, Cyclas: 1844, FANSP 2, p. 161, Ohio [nude name].

altile 'Anthony' Prime, Pisidium: 1852, BJNH 6, p. 353, pi. 11, fig. 10-12.

(Canandaigua Lake, New York and Miami Canal, near Cincinnati, Ohio)

[Cotypes MCZ 154406].
altipeta, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 87, pi. 2, fig. 5a-b (Racoon Creek,

Vinton County, Ohio) [Cotypes MCZ 161755].
amazonica 'Anthony' Prime, Corbicula: 1870, ALNHNY 9, p. 299 (Amazon

River, Brasil - from the stomach of a fish) [Cotypes MCZ 143095].
ambusta Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 94, pi. 2, fig. 13 (Alabama) [Holo-
type MCZ 74191].
ampla, Anculosa: 1855, ALNHNY 6, p. 159, pi. 5, fig. 22-23 (Alabama)

[Cotypes MCZ 161803].
ampla, Gyrotoma: 1860, FANSP, p. 66 (Coosa River, Alabama) [Holotype

MCZ 85803].
ampla, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 93, pi. 2, fig. 12 (Alabama) [Holotype

MCZ 161735].
angulata, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 117, pi. 3, fig. 17 (Tennessee)

[Holotype MCZ 161845].
angusta 'Anthony' Reeve, Melania: 1860, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 48, species

359 (United States) [Types in Cuming Collection].
angustispira, Melania: 1860, FANSP, p. 55 (Tennessee) [Holotype MCZ

161719].

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 99

Apella "Mighels' Anthony:* 1843, PANSP. p. 251. This manuscript name of
Mighels was first introduced by Anthony as a synonym of Schizostotna Lea
1843 {non Bronn 1834; non Schlaeter 1838) in a letter which was published as
above. As Apella 'Mighels' Anthony equals Schizostoma Lea, it is the next
available name for this genus as Schizostoma Lea is a homonym. This will
replace Gyrotoma Shuttleworth 1845, as Apella has two years priority.

arachnoidea, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 95, pi. 2, fig. 14 (small stream
emptying into the Tennessee River near Loudon, Tennessee) [Holotvpe
MCZ 50236].

assimilis, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 60 (Tennessee) [Cotypes MCZ 161827].

athleta, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 83, pi. 2, fig. 1 (Tennessee [Bacon
Creek near Mumfordville, Kentucky] ) [Holotype MCZ 161751].

attenuata 'Anthony' Reeve, Melania: Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 56, species 438
(Cuba [Anthony received this species from Poey] ) [Cotypes MCZ 74771].

baculum, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 98, pi. 2, fig. 16 (Tennessee) [Holo-
type MCZ 161820].

bicincta, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 56 (Tennessee [North Carolina] ) [Co-
types MCZ 161823].

bicolor 'Anthony' Reeve, Melania: 1860, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 38, species 265
(United States).

bicolorata, Melania: 1850, PBSNH 3, p. 361 (Camp Creek near Madison,
Indiana) [Holotype MCZ 161721].

bicostata, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 56 (near Athens. Tennessee) [Holotype
MCZ 161778].

brevis, lo: 1860, PANSP, p. 69 (Tennessee) [Holotype MCZ 50551].

brevispira, Melania: 1850, PBSNH 3, p. 361 (Ohio) [Cotypes MCZ 161690].

brunnea, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 92, pi. 2, fig. 10 (Alabama) [Co-
types MCZ 74208].

bulbosa 'Anthony' Prime, Cyclas: 1853, PBSNH 4, p. 283 (Arkansas) [Co-
type MCZ 19436].

bulbosa, Gyrotoma: 1860, PANSP, p. 65 (Coosa River. Alabama) [Cotypes
MCZ 50661].

canalifera, Anculosa: 1860, PANSP, p. 68 (Dan River. North Carolina) [Co-
types 161791].

carinatus, Anculotus: 1840. BJNH 3, p. 394, pi. 3. fig. 5 (Falls of the Kana-
wha, [West] Virginia, collected by Mrs. Thomas Say) [Cotypes MCZ 143103].

carinifera, Gyrotoma: 1860, PANSP. p. 66 (Coosa River. Alabama) [Holo-
type MCZ 45149].

casta, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 100, pi. 2. fig. 19 (Alabama) [Holo-
type MCZ 74189].

cerinoidea, Helix: 1865, AJC 1, p. 351, pi. 25, fig. 3 (North Carolina).

*This as well as similar cases of manuscript names published in the synony-
mies of described species is covered in Article 25 and Opinion 53 of the Inter-
national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

100 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

chalybea 'Anthony' Brot, Melania: 1862, Catalogue systematique des especes
qui composent la Famille des Melaniens, Geneve, p. 37 [nude name listed
under the synonymy of M. abbreviata Anthony. Its later use by Goodrich
(1940, p. 6) as a synonym of Lithasia obovata Say is untenable as the first
listing of a nude name as a synonym automatically causes that name to take
the description of that species]. (Tennessee) [Cotypes MCZ 156350].

cincinnatiensis, Paludina: 1840, BJNH 3, p. 279, pi. 3, fig. 3 (in canal near
Cincinnati, Ohio) [Cotypes MCZ 142813].

cingenda, Goniobasis: 1866, AJC 2, p. 146. pi. 7, fig. 3 (North Carolina)
[HolotypeMCZ 161807].

cinnamomea 'Anthony' Reeve, Melania: 1861, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 50, spe-
cies 379 (Alabama) [Holotype MCZ 161816].

Clara, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 119, pi. 3, fig. 19 (Alabama) [Holotype
MCZ 72329].

cognata, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 60 (Tennessee) [Cotypes MCZ 161836].

compacta, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 122, pi. 3, fig. 22 (Alabama) [Hol-
otype MCZ 72063].

concavus, Planorbis: 1843, Catalog of the Terrestrial and Fluviatile Shells
of Ohio. (Ohio) [nude name].

concavus "Anthony' Binney, Planorbis: 1865, Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Publication no. 143, Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America Part 2,
p. 133 [nude name listed under the synonymy of Planorbis parvus Say].
[Cotypes MCZ 156352].

concolor 'Anthony' Brot, Anculosa: 1862, Catalogue systematique des espe-
ces qui composent la Famille des Melaniens, Geneve, p. 24 [nude name listed
under the synonymy of Leptaxis Integra Say].

consanguinea, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 125, pi. 3, fig. 26 (Indiana)
[Holotype MCZ 58411].

constricta 'Anthony' Prime, Cyclas: 1853, PBSNH 4, p. 274 ( [Miami Canal
near Cincinnati] Ohio) [Cotypes MCZ 19511].

coracina, Melania: 1850, PBSNH 3, p. 361 (Cany Fork [of Cumberland
River] Tennessse) [Holotype MCZ 161847].

corneola, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p.61 (Alabama) [Holotype MCZ 161822].

coronilla, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 126, pi. 3, fig. 27 (Tennessee) [Co-
types MCZ 50243].

corpulenta, Anculosa: 1860, PANSP, p. 68 ( [Dan River] North Carolina)
[Cotypes MCZ 161800].

corpulenta, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 127, pi. 3, fig. 28 (Alabama)
[Holotype MCZ 161744].

costatus, Anculotus; 1840, BJNH 3, p. 278, pi. 3, fig. 1 (on pebbly shore
[Ohio River] near Cincinnati, Ohio) [Cotypes MCZ 143101].

crebristriata, Monocondyloea: 1865, AJC 1, p. 205, pi. 18, fig. 1 (Pegu,
British Burmah) [Holotype MCZ 161872].

cristata, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 108, pi. 3, fig. 8 (Alabama) [Holo-
type MCZ 47794].

cubicoides, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 60 (Wabash River, Indiana) [Holo-
type MCZ 161696].

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 101

cuspidata, Melania: 1850. PBSNH 3, p. ^62 (Maumee River. Ohio) [Para
types MCZ 79430 J.

curvicostata 'Anthony' Reeve, Melania: 1861, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 58, spe-
cies 462 (Florida, United States) [Types in Cuming Collection].

curvilabris, iMelania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 102. pi. 3, fig. la-b (Tennessee)
[Holotype MCZ 50245].

decapitata, Paludina: 1860, FANS?, p. 71 (Tennessee) [Holotype MCZ
161888].

decorata, Melania: 1860, FANSF, p. 55 (Oostanulla River, Georgia) [Co-
types MCZ 50231].

demissa, Gyrotoma: 1860, FANSF, p. 64 (no locality given [Coosa River,
Alabama] ) [Holotype MCZ 50693].

densa, Melania: 1850, FBSNH 3, p. 360 (Maury's Creek, Tennessee) [Hol-
otype MCZ 161734].

deviatus 'Anthony' Reeve, Unio: 1864, Conch. Icon. 16, pi. 15, species 61
(North America) [Types in Cuming Collection].

deviatus, Unio: 1865, AJC 1, p. 156, pi. 12, fig. 2 (Tennessee) [Holotype
MCZ 161895].

distans, Unio: 1865, AJC 1, p. 156, pi. 13, fig. 2 (Ohio) [Holotype MCZ
146978].

eburnea 'Anthony' Frime, Cyclas: 1853, FBSNH 4, p. 279 (Arkansas) [Co-
types MCZ 19496].

elata, Melania: 1851, FBSNH 3, p. 362 (Maumee River [at Ferrysburgh]
Ohio) [Holotype MCZ 79423].

elatior, Ancylus: 1855, ALNHNY 6, p. 158, pi. 5, fig. 20-21 (Green River.
Kentucky [near Mumfordsville] ) [Cotypes MCZ 161851].

elegans, Anculosa: 1860, FANSF, p. 69 (Alabama) [Holotype MCZ 161798].

elegantula, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 103, pi. 3, fig. 2 (Kentucky)
[Holotype MCZ 50251].

eliminata, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 97, pi. 2, fig. 15 ( near Owenboro.
Kentucky) [Cotype MCZ 161839].

ellipticum 'Anthony' Reeve, Melatoma: 1861, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 3. species
21 (Coosa River, Alabama) [Cotypes MCZ 50669].

excavata, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 99, pi. 2, fig. 18 (Alabama) [Holo-
type MCZ 161738].

exilis, Paludina: 1860, FANSF, p. 71 (Mississippi) [Holotype MCZ 161885].

eximia, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 107, pi. 3. fig. 7 (Tennessee) [Holo-
type MCZ 161759].

fastigiata, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 113. pi. 3. fig. 13 (Tennessee)
[Holotype MCZ 161766].

flava, Anodon: 1865, AJC 1, p. 160. pi. 14. fig. 3 ( Michigan) | Holotype MCZ
161866].

formosa 'Anthony' Reeve, Melania: 1861, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 51. species
387 (Alabama).

fragosa 'Anthony' Reeve, Melania: 1861, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 57, species 543
[453] (no locality given [Alabama] ) [Cotypes MCZ 161739].

102 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

funebralis, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 56 (Tennessee) [Holotype MCZ
161723].

fusco-cincta, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 120, pi. 3, fig. 20 (Alabama)
[Holotype MCZ 74206].

germana, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 61 (Cahawba River, Alabama) [Holo-
type MCZ 72806].

gibbosa "Anthony' Reeve, lo: 1861, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 3, species 17 (South-
ern United States [Tennessee] ) [Holotype MCZ 50558].

glandula, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 60 [new name for Melania glans Anthony ,
non V.d.Busch 1842].

glandulosa, Anodon: 1865, AJC 1, p. 163, pi. 16, fig. 3 (Michigan) [Holo-
type MCZ 161869].

glans, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 123, pi. 3, fig. 23 (Tennessee) [Holo-
type MCZ 161773] [\s Melania glandula Anthony].

glauca, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 57 (Tennessee) [Holotype MCZ 161746].

gloriosa, Melania: 1865, AJC 1, p. 207, pi. 18, fig. 2 (Pegu, [British Burma] )
[Holotype MCZ 74106].

gracilior, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 129, pi. 1, fig. 5 [new name for M.
gracilis Anthony, non Lea 1841] (Congress and Springfield Lakes, Stark
County, Ohio).

gracilis, Melania: ? List of the Land and Fresh-water Shells found chiefly
in the vicinity of Cincinnati (First Edition) [nude name].

gracilis, Melania: 1842, [in] S. S. Haldeman, A Monograph of the Fresh-
water Univalves Mollusca of the United States, Philadelphia, outside of back
cover of no. 4 (Stark County, Ohio) [Holotype MCZ 161731[ [is M. gracilior
Anthony].

gracillima, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 62 (South Carolina) [Cotypes MCZ
161846].

gradata, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 112, pl.3,fig. 12 (Alabama) [Holo-
type MCZ 45375].

grata, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 61 (Alabama) [Cotypes MCZ 36219].

gravida, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 59 (Alabama) [Holotype MCZ 74187].

grisea, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 61 (Tennessee River, north Alabama)

[Holotype MCZ 161741].
grossa, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 59 (Tennessee) [Holotype MCZ 161768].

hastata, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 85, pi. 2, fig. 3 (Alabama) [Holo-
type MCZ 161753].
humerosa, Paludina: 1860, PANSP, p. 71 (Alabama) [Holotype MCZ 72332].

hybrida, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 60 (Tennessee) [Cotypes MCZ 161810].

imbricata, Anodon: 1865, AJC 1, p. 159, pi. 14, fig. 1 (Camp Lake, Michi-
gan) ] Holotype MCZ 161860].

imbricata, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 105, pi. 3, fig. 5 (Alabama) [Holo-
type MCZ 74199].

impressa, Alasmodon: 1865, AJC 1, p. 157, pi. 12, fig. 4 (Tennessee) Hol-
otype MCZ 150666].

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 103

incrassata, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 99. pi. 2, fig. 17 (locality un-
known) [Holotype MCZ 45374].

incurta 'Anthony' Reeve, Melania: 1860, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 41. species 300
( United States) [Types in Cuming Collection].

inemta, Melania: 1850, PBSNH 3, p. 362 (Virginia) [Paratypes MCZ 31065].

inermis, lo: 1860, FANS?, p. 70 (Tennessee) [Holotype MCZ 50228].

infrafasciata, Melania: 1860, PANS?, p. 57 (Tennessee) [Cotypes MCZ
161772].

inornata, Anodon: 1866. AJC 2, p. 145, pi. 7, fig. 1 (Slawson's Lake, Mich-
igan) [Holotype MCZ 161867].

inornata, Melania: 1850, PBSNH 3, p. 360 (Lorrain County, Ohio [Maumee
River, Ohio] ) [Holotype MCZ 161692].

intensa, 'Anthony' Reeve, Melania: 1860, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 49, species
371 (United States) [Types in Cuming Collection].

interlineata, Goniobasis: 1865, AJC 1, p. 36, pi. 1, fig. 3 (Christy Creek,
Indiana [Clifty Creek] ) [Holotype MCZ 161726].

intertexta, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 62 ( [Loudon] Tennessee) [Holotype
MCZ 50235].

iostoma, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 62 (Tennessee) [Holotype MCZ 161756].

iota, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 86, pi. 2, fig, 4 (locality unknown [Ra-
coon Creek, Vinton County, Ohio] ) [Lectotype MCZ 161811].

irisans, Anodon: 1865, AJC 1, p. 163, pi. 16, fig. 2 (Bostwick's Lake [Kent
County] Michigan) [Holotype MCZ 161870].

kirtlandianus, Anculotus: 1840, BJNH 3, p. 395, pi. 3, fig. 4 (Falls of the
Kanawha, [West] Virginia, from Mrs. Thomas Say) [Cotypes MCZ 143104].

lachryma 'Anthony' Reeve, Melania: 1861, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 59, species
473 (United States [Alabama] ) [Cotypes MCZ 161745].

latitans, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 88, pi. 2, fig. 6 (Mammoth Cave.
Kentucky) [Holotype MCZ 161992].

ligata, Anculosa: 1860, PANSP, p. 67 (Alabama) [Cotypes MCZ 161788].

lima, Paludina: 1860, PANSP, p. 70 (South Carolina) [Holotype MCZ
161887].

lurida 'Anthony' Reeve, lo: 1861, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 3, species 20 (Southern
United States [Tennessee] ) [Holotype MCZ 50229].

mcnielii, Anodon: 1866, AJC 2, p. 144, pi. 6, fig. 1 (Michigan [Sand Lake] )
Holotype MCZ 150644].

Melatoma: 1843, PANSP, p. 251, non Swainson 1840. [This name was intro-
duced by Anthony for a genus of the Pleuroceridae under the assumption
that he was dealing with Swainson s genus. Swainsons Melatoma is a ma-
rine genus in the family Turridae,

micans, Anodon: 1865. AJC 1, p. 162, pi. 16, fig. 1 (Texas) [Cotypes MCZ
161856].

napella, Melania: 1851, PBSNH 3, p. 362 (Ohio) [Lectotype MCZ 79431 1.

neglecta. Melania: ALNHNY 6, p. 128, pi. 3. fig. 29 (Great Miami River
near Dayton, Ohio) [Holotype MCZ 161784].

104 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

nigrocincta, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 90, pi. 2, fig. 8 (Tennessee)
Holotype MCZ 74195].

nigrostoma 'Anthony' Reeve, Melania: 1861, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 58, species
463 (Locality unknown [Tennessee] ) [Holotype MCZ 161764].

nucleola, Melania: 1850. PBSNH 3, p. 360 (Tennessee) [Holotype MCZ
72064].

nucula 'Anthony' Reeve. Melatoma: 1861. Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 3, species 19
(Coosa River. Alabama) [Cotypes MCZ 50694]. Anthony says in his notes
that this species was sent to Reeve under the name of M. obliqua. Reeve
changed the name to nucula in publishing.

obesa "Anthony' Reeve. Melania: 1861. Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 59, species 469
(Alabama) [Types in the Cuming Collection].

obliqua 'Anthony' Tryon. Gyrotoma: 1873, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lection no. 253. Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America, Part 4,
Strepomatidae. p. 378 [nude name listed under the synonymy of Schizostoma
incisum Lea] (Alabama) [Cotypes MCZ 50694].

occulta, Melania: 1860. PANSP. p. 57 (Wisconsin [Madison] ) [Holotype
MCZ 79427].

opaca, Melania: 1860. PANSP, p. 58 (Alabama) [Holotype MCZ 161762].

opalina, Anodon: 1865, AJC 1, p. 159, pi. 14. fig. 2 (Shears Lake [Kent Co.]

Michigan) [Holotype MCZ 150633].
opalinus, Unio: 1866, AJC 2, p. 146, pi. 7, fig. 2 (Michigan) [Holotype MCZ

161893]. [This species has been synonymized by Simpson (Catalogue of the

Freshwater Mussels, Detroit, Michigan. 1941, 1, p. 116) under Lampsilis iris

Lea. An examination of the types, however, places opalinus Anthony as a

synonym under L. siliquoidea Barnes and not iris Lea].
ornata, Anculosa: 1860, PANSP, p. 67 (North Carolina) [Cotypes MCZ

161795].
ornatum 'Anthony' Reeve, Melatoma: 1861, Conch. Icon., 12, pi. 2. species 11

(North Carolina. United States) [Coosa River, Alabama] ) [Holotype MCZ

50650].
osculata, 'Anthony' Goodrich, Melania: 1937 Occasional Papers Museum of

Zoology, University of Michigan no. 404. p. 4 [error for M. occulta Anthony].
ovalis, Gyrotoma: 1860. PANSP. p. 65 (Coosa River. Alabama) [Cotypes

MCZ 50662].
pagodiformis, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 106, pi. 3, fig. 6 (Battle Creek,

Tennessee) [Cotypes MCZ 161833].
pallida, Anodon: 1865, AJC 1, p. 162. pi. 15, fig. 3 (Michigan) [Holotype

MCZ 161871].
pallidula, Melania: 1854. ALNHNY 6, p. 115. pi. 3. fig. 15 (Tennessee)

[Holotype MCZ 74193].
papillosa, 'Anthony' Reeve. Melania: 1861, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 59, species

467, fig. a-b (Florida) [Cotypes MCZ 50233 [.
papyracea, Anodon: 1865, AJ 1 , p. 161, pi. 15, fig. 2 (locality unknown

[Potomac River, Virginia] ) [Holotype MCZ 150656].
patula, Anculosa: 1860, PANSP, p. 68 (Tennessee) [Cotypes MCZ 161890].

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 105

paucicosta, Melania: 1860, PANSP. p. 57 (Tennessee) [Cotypes MCZ
161813].

paucicostata 'Anthony" Goodrich. Melania: 1940, University of Michigan,
Occasional Papers Museum of Zoology^ no. 417, p. 14 [error for M. paucicosta
Anthony].

paula 'Anthony' Brot, Melania: 1862, Catalogue systematique des especes
qui composent la Famille des Melaniens, Geneve, p. 40 (no locality given
[Kentucky] ) [nude name].

paula 'Anthony' Tryon, Melania: 1873, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collec-
tions no. 253, Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America, Part 4, Strep-
omatidae, p. 269 [Listed as a synonym of Goniobasis sordida Lea] [Cotypes
MCZ 161713].

peguensis, Monocondyloea: 1865, AJC 1, p. 205, pi. 18, fig. 3 [2] (Pegu
[British Burma] ) [Holotype MCZ 161877].

peguensis, Unio: 1865, AJC 1, p. 351, pi. 25, fig. 2 (Pegu, British Burma)
[Holotype MCZ 161875].

planogyra, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. Ill, pi. 3, fig. 11 (Alabama)
[Holotype MCZ 161776].

planospire, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 123, pi. 3, fig. 24 (Tennessee
[Kentucky] ) [Holotype MCZ 161750].

plebejus, Melania: 1850, PBSNH 3, p. 362 (Saline County, Arkansas) [Co-
types MCZ 161725].

plebeius, Melania: emended ST^eWmgior plebejus.

plena, Melania: 1852, ALNHNY 6, p. 121, pi. 3, fig. 21 (Alabama) [Holo-
type MCZ 161763].

ponderosa, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 59 (Tennessee) [Holotype MCZ
92970].

proscissa, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 109, pi. 3, fig. 9 (Alabama) [Hol-
otype MCZ 51326].

pulchella, Melania: 1851, PBSNH 3, p. 361 (Locality not given [Mad River
near Springfield Clark Co., Ohio] ) [Cotypes MCZ 161728].

pulcherrima, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 58 (North Carolina) [Cotypes MCZ
161830].

pupoidea, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 104, pi. 3, fig. 3 (Alabama) [Hol-
otype MCZ 161714].

quadrata, Gyrotoma: 1860, PANSP, p. 65 (Coosa River, Alabama) [Cotypes
MCZ 50678].

rarinodosa 'Anthony' Reeve, Melania: 1860, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 38 species
268 (United States).

recta, Gyrotoma: 1860, PANSP, p. 64 (Coosa River, Alabama) [Cotypes
MCZ 50685].

recta 'Anthony' Reeve, lo: 1861, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 3. species 18 (Tennes-
see, United States) [Holotype 50554].

rhombica, Alasmodon: 1865, AJC 1, p. 158, pi. 12, fig. 5 (Michigan) | Hol-
otype MCZ 50296].

rhombica 'Anthony' Reeve, lo: 1861, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 3, species 16
(Southern United States [Tennessee] ) [Cotypes MCZ 50557].

106 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

rhombica, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 116, pi. 3, fig. 16 (Alabama

[Tennessee] ) [Holotype MCZ 74185].
rigida, Melania: 1860. PANSP, p. 62 (Tennessee) [Cotype MCZ 161770].

robulina. Melania: 1850, PBSNH 3, p. 363, ( [Cany Fork] Cumberland
River. Tennessee) [Holotype MCZ 51073].

robusta, Gyrotoma: 1860, PANSP. p. 67 (Coosa River, Alabama) [Cotypes
MCZ 50689].

sacculus 'Anthony' Reeve. Unio: 1864, Conch. Icon. 16, pi. 15, species 67
(North America) [Types in the Cuming Collection].

sacculus, Unio: 1865, AJC 1, p. 157. pi. 12. fig. 3 (Tennessee) [Holotype
MCZ 161898].

salebrosa, Gyrotoma: 1860, PANSP, p. 66 (Coosa River, Alabama) [Holo-
type MCZ 50687].

sayana, Amnicola: 1842, [in] S.S.Haldeman, A Monograph of the Fresh-
water Univalve Mollusca of the United States, Philadelphia. On the outside
of the back cover of no. 4 (no locality given [near Cincinnati, Ohio] ) [Co-
types MCZ 142805].

scabrella 'Anthony' Reeve, Melania: 1861, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 51, species
388 (Georgia, United States) [Holotype MCZ 161841].

scissura 'Mighels' Anthony, Apella: 1843, PANSP, p. 251 [nude name].

sphaerica 'Anthony' Prime, Cyclas: 1853, PBSNH 4, p. 275 (Loraine Coun-
ty, Ohio) [Cotypes MCZ 19524].

sphaericum 'Anthony' Reeve, Melatoma: 1861, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 2, spe-
cies 8 (Coosa River, Alabama) [Holotype MCZ 50697].

spirostoma, lo: 1860, PANSP, p. 70 (Tennessee) [Holotype MCZ 50553].

striatella, Helix: 1840, BJNH 3, p. 278, pi. 3, fig. 2 (Cincinnati [Ohio] )
[Cotype MCZ 165522].

striatissimus, Unio: 1865, AJC 1, p. 155, pi. 12. fig. 1 ( [Clinch River] Ten-
nessee) [Holotype MCZ 17356].

subangulata, Anodon: 1865, AJC 1, p. 158, pi. 13, fig. 1 ( [Shears Lake,
Kent County] Michigan) [Holotype MCZ 150645].

subangulata, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 91, pi. 2, fig. 9 (Alabama)
[Holotype MCZ 74203].

subcarinata 'Anthony' Reeve, Melania: 1860. Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 40, spe-
cies 282 (United States) [Cotypes MCZ 161817].

subgibbosa, Anodon: 1866, AJC 2, p. 144, pi. 6, fig. 2 (Black Lake, Mich-
igan) [Holotype MCZ 161854].

sub-inflata, Anodon: 1865, AJC 1, p. 160, pi. 15, fig. 1 (Michigan) [Holo-
type MCZ 161863].

subsolida, Paludina: 1844, PANSP 2, p. 161 (Ohio) [nude name given in
a list of shells presented to the Academy by Anthony].

subsolida, Paludina: 1860, PANSP, p. 71, (Illinois) [Holotype MCZ 161882].

succinulata, Melania: 1850, PBSNH 3, p. 363 (Ohio [Clifty Creek, near

Madison, Indiana] ) [Lectotype MCZ 31066].
sulcosa 'Anthony' Reeve, Anculotus: 1861, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 6, species

44 (Alabama) [Holotype MCZ 73953].

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 107

tabulate, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 118, pi. 3, fig. 18 (Tennessee).

taeniolata, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 59 (Alabama) [Holotype MCZ

161718].
tecta, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 105, pi. 3, fig. 4 ( [Congress Lake]

Ohio) [Cotypes MCZ 161685].
tenebrocincta, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 58 (Tennessee) [Holotype MCZ

161848].
tenera, 'Anthony' Reeve, Melania: 1861, Conch. Icon. 12, pi. 53, species

407 (Alabama) [Cotypes MCZ 36218].
textilosa, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 101. pi. 2, fig. 20 (Georgia) [Hol-
otype MCZ 161740].
torulosa, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 110, pi. 3, fig. 10 [Sinking Spring

near Loudon] Tennessee) [Holotype MCZ 79295].
tracta, Melania: 1851, PBSNH 3, p. 361 (Ohio [Tanner's Creek] Dearborn

County, Indiana] ) [Holotype MCZ 119098].
transluscens, Goniobasis: 1865, AJC 1, p. 36, pi. 1, fig. 1-2 (Canada)

[Holotype MCZ 31068].
turrita, lo: 1860, PANSP, p. 69 (Tennessee) [Holotype MCZ 50555].

undosa, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 124. pi. 3, fig. 25 (Nolen River.

Kentucky) [Holotype MCZ 58407].
valida, Melania: 1860, PANSP. p. 59 (Tennessee) [Cotypes MCZ 161774].

vermetus, Bulimus: 1841, [in] S.S.Haldeman, A Monograph of the Fresh-
w^ater Univalve Mollusca of the United States, Philadelphia. Inside of the
back cover of no. 3 (Ohio near Cincinnati). Binney (A Manual of American
Land Shells, 1885, p. 409) lists vermetus among the spurious species of Bul-
imulus and states "is unknown to me, nor during my intimate acquaintance
with him, lasting for many years, could he ever give me any information
about it." Pilsbry (The Manual of Conchology. 1901, 14, p. 173) states "is a
lost species which American students have not been able to trace." Among
Anthony's unpublished notes is the following "The only Bulimus herein de-
scribed is Bulimus vermetus and it is somewhat doubtful if this is clearly en-
titled to be included in that genus. Its round, continuous aperture, it is true,
would indicate that as its appropriate position but as some of the Limneae
occupy localities nearly or quite as dry as this was found in. and. as but for
its connected aperture, it much resembles L. humilis, it is not improbable
that closer observation may prove it to belong to the later genus. Its unusual
thinness and sharp linear form are more indicative of Limnca than they are
of Bulimus. Only three specimens have as yet been noticed, when numerous
individuals shall have been examined some definite conclusions will no doubt
be arrived at with regard to its generic character."

Anthony never found any more specimens, or if he did his vermetus proved

108 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

to be nothing more than malformed L. humilis and he no longer kept the
specimens separated. We have been unable to find any specimens in the
collection labeled B. veremetus.

versipellis, Melania: 1860, PANSP, p. 60 (Tennessee) [Cotypes MCZ
161809].

vicina, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 114, pi. 3, fig. 14 (Alabama) [Holo-
type MCZ 74201].

virens, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 93, pi. 2, fig. 11 (Alabama [Tennes-
see] [Holotype MCZ 74194].

viridula, Anculosa: 1860, PANSP, p. 68 (Tennessee) [Cotypes MCZ
161789].

viridula, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 84, pi. 2, fig. 2 (Tennessee) [Co-
types MCZ 161780].

vittata, Melania: 1854, ALNHNY 6, p. 89, pi. 2, fig. 7 (Alabama [White
Co., Georgia] ) [Holotype MCZ 50246].

zebra, Anculosa: 1860, PANSP, p. 69 (Alabama) [Cotypes MCZ 161793].

* 'Y^

Anthony's Glue

The following formula was taken from Anthony's unpub-
lished notes. We have not tried it but if this is Anthony's im-
proved formula it will certainly make an effective glue. For-
tunately for us this glue was partially water soluble so that
shells and labels were easily removed from their plaques by
soaking in water.

'' Cut 2 lb Indian Rubber into thin small slices put them into
a vessel of tinned sheet iron and 12 to 14 oz. of Sulphide of
Carbon — place in another vessel heated to 86° fahrenheit
[water bath ?] solution rapid.

To keep liquid add :

Cut 1 lb. Caoutchouc into thin small slices, heat them in a
suitable vessel over a moderate fire until fluid. Add h lb. of
powdered Resin & melt both at moderate heat when fluid add
3 to 4 oz. of spirits of Turpentine gradually in small portions
and stir well."

^^ Zoology 'Vn

' AUG 2 »S48*

Occasional Papers On Mollusks

Published by

The Department of Mollusks

Museum of Comparative Zoolojry, Ha^rvard L'niversity
Cambridjre, Massachusetts

VOLUME 1 AUGUST 2, 1946 NUMBER 9

Anodonta implicata Say

By Richard I. Johnson

Since Thomas Say first described A. implicata in 1829, there
has been much confusion regarding its identity. This was
brought about chiefly by a misunderstanding as to what spe-
cific characters separate this species from the other members
of the Genus Anodonta, and by an absence of good ecologic
data.

The following description and remarks are based mainly on
a rather extensive collection of this species in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology. I wish to express my thanks to Dr. H. A.
Pilsbry of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
and to Dr. H. A. Rehder of the United States National Mu-
seum for the privilege of studying the specimens of this spe-
cies in their collections.

Anodonta implicata Say

Anodonta implicata Say 1829, New Harmony [Indiana] Disseminator 2, no.
22, p. 340 (Pond in Danvers, Massachusetts); Simpson 1914, Descriptive Cata-
logue of the Naiades, Detroit, Michigan, p. 391; Ortmann 1919. Memoirs Car-
negie Museum 8, p. 159, pi. 11, fig. 2-3; Clench and Russell 1940, Biological
Survey of the Connecticut Watershed, Survey Report no. 4, Concord, New
Hampshire, p. 224, pi. 4, fig. 1, 5.

Anodon implicata Gould 1841, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 118, fig. 78;
Edition of Binney 1870, p. 180, fig. 481 (both printed by the State of Massachu-
setts); DeKay 1843, Zoology- of New York, Albany, New York. Part 5. Mollusca
and Crustacea, p. 202.

Anodonta neivtonensis Lea 1838. Transactions of the American Philosophical
Society 6, p. 79, pi. 21, fig. 66 (Newtown Creek, New Jersey, near Philadelphia;
also Schuylkill, at Fair Mount).

109

110 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Anodonta housatonica Linsley 1845, American Journal of Science, (ser. 1)
48, p. 277 (Housatonic [River] at Corum, Connecticut) [nomen nudum];
Gould 1848, ibid, (2) 6, p. 234, fig. 45.

Description. Shell often large, reaching from 130 to 165 mm.,
rather solid and heavy for an Anodonta. Outline elongate-
elliptical to elongate-ovate. Valves quite inflated, somewhat
sub-cylindrical. Anterior end regularly rounded ; posterior end
more acutely rounded, older specimens often becoming sub-
truncated. Ventral margin slightly rounded, becoming straight
or somewhat arcuate in old specimens. Posterior slope slightly
compressed, sometimes elevated and slightly alate at the up-
per posterior angle. Posterior ridge usually well developed and
biangulated. Hinge ligament prominent. Beaks well forward
of the center, slightly swollen and moderately convex, their
sculpture consisting of four or five wavy recurved ridges.
Surface of the shell rather smooth, save for growth lines and
occasional plaiting of the periostracum. The latter is usually
heavy, yellowish brown or greenish brown, sometimes becom-
ing reddish brown or almost black in old specimens. Young
specimens are sometimes greenish and may be obscurely
rayed. Hinge edentulous, forming a moderately curved line.
Beak cavities rather shallow. Muscle scars distinct, well im-
pressed in old specimens. Shell distinctly thickened along the
anterior margin below the pallial line. Nacre dull opalescent,
generally pale copper, pinkish, or more rarely white or bluish
white, usually with a bluish cast toward the margins. There
is a difference in the shape of the shell in the two sexes, but
it is sometimes difficult to recognize with certainty. The fe-
male is usually more swollen than the male in the middle por-
tion of the disk, which tends to make the lower margin more
curved and the shell somewhat shorter and higher than that
of the male.

Length

Height

Width

large (male)

162

77

66 mm. Agawam River, Plymouth, Mass.

male

116

54

45

female

105

60

50

Types. Thomas Say's type of A. implicata does not exist,
nor, strictly speaking, does his type locality, since there are
no ponds in Danvers, Massachusetts today. We hereby select

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

111

Plate 16. Fig. 1 and 2. Ayiodonta i?nplicafa Say. Neoholotype MCZ No.
176769 from the Agawam River, Plymouth, Massachusetts (reduced from
120 mm.) (photographs by F. P. Orchard). Fig. 3. Glochidia, greatly en-
larged (photograph by J. R. Miller).

112 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

as neoholotype MCZ no. 176769 from the Agawam River (out-
let of Halfway Pond), Plymouth, Massachusetts. Neoparatypes
from the same locality. This locality is still relatively close to
Say's and is about in the center of the range of the species.
Dr. Harald Rehder of the United States National Museum has
been unable to locate the holotype of Lea's A nodonta newton-
ensis, therefore we select Lea's paratype USNM no. 86561,
Schuylkill [River, Fair Mount] near Philadelphia, [Pennsylva-
nia], as lectotype. The location of Linsley's type of A. housa-
tonica is uncertain, but it is probably in the A. A. Gould col-
lection, now in the New York State Museum.

Breeding Season. According to Ortmann (1911, p. 303) all
Anodonta are bradytictic, or winter breeders, the marsupia
filling sometime in summer between July and September. The
eggs develop rapidly, and the glochidia are generally fully de-
veloped in September or October. However, they are not then
discharged, but are usually carried through the winter in the
marsupium and are not set free until warmer weather begins,
that is in April, May or June of the following year. I have col-
lected gravid females on May 8, 1943, and on June 9, 1946.

Glochidia. The glochidia are typical of the genus Anodonta,
being rather large, subtriangular, with a spine at the tip of
each valve. According to Coker (1921, p. 144) all hooked glo-
chidia generally, though not invariably, attach to the exterior
and exposed parts of the fish, the fins and scales. The glochidia
of A. implicata have been found, by the author, on the gills of
the host as well as the fins.

Host. The Alewife, Pomolobus pseudoharengus (Wilson) \
which serves as host for the glochidia of A. implicata, ranges
from Nova Scotia to North Carolina. ''The first alewives ap-
pear early in April in the few streams tributary to Massachu-
setts Bay that they still frequent, but are seldom seen in Maine
rivers or in the St. John until late April or early May. There-
after successive runs follow (the last part of May seeming the

Identified by W. C. Schroeder, Associate Curator of Fishes, Museum of
Comparative Zoology.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 113

heaviest) until well into June." - Closely allied to P. pseiidoha-
rengiis is another alewife Pomolobus aestivalis (Mitchell),
whose range overlaps the former's, but extends farther south.
Although this species has not been examined for glochidia, it
might possibly serve as a host to A. implicata.

Distribution. Simpson (1914, p. 391) gives the range of this
species as "St. Lawrence-drainage north to Lake Winnipeg;
south in streams flowing into the Atlantic to Virginia." It is
certain that Simpson did not understand this species. So far
as known, it ranges from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia
south to Virginia, being restricted to ponds and streams near
the coast that are frequented by the alewife.

Ecology. Although often found in relative abundance in
ponds, this species seems to prefer a stream environment, and
it is from a relatively swift stream that the largest examples
have been taken. It is generally found on a sand or gravel
bottom, rarely in mud.

Records. Nova Scotia: Grand Lake, Halifax Co. (MCZ).
New Brunswick: Grand Lake, Queens Co. (MCZ). Maine:
Eastport; St. Georges River, Warren Village; Damariscotta
Pond, Lincoln Co.; Portland (all MCZ). Massachusetts: Mer-
rimac River, Haverhill; Lynn; Horn Pond, Woburn; Upper
Mystic Pond, Medford; Fresh Pond, Cambridge; Whitman's
Pond, Weymouth; Weir River, Hingham; Agawam River.
Plymouth; Snipatuit Pond, Rochester; Silver Lake, Kingston;
Redbrook, Bourne; Megansett; Onset; Harwich (all MCZ).
Rhode Island: Cunliff Pond, Providence; Warwick Pond,
Warwick (both MCZ). Connecticut: Connecticut River
(ANSP); Housatonic River, Corum (Linsley as .4. hoiisatonica).
New York: Troy (MCZ). New Jersey: Millstone River, King-
ston; Outlet of Roosevelt Lake, Metuchen (both MCZ). Penn-
sylvania: Schuylkill River, near Philadelphia (USNM); Dela-
ware River, Torresdale (ANSP). District of Columbia: Po-
tomac River (USNM).

Bigelovv, H. B., 1925, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries 40, pt. 1. p. 109.

114

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

^EAW

Plate 17. Distributional pattern of Anodonta implicata Say in the Northern
Atlantic States. Since the plate was prepared an additional record of this spe-
cies was received from the Potomac River, District of Columbia, which extends
the range about one hundred miles farther south. (Map drawn by R.D.Turner)

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 115

Remarks. Since the original description of this species was
based on an immature specimen (measuring 3.5 by 1.5 inches)
and was not figured, it has often been confused with other
species of Anodonta. Nevertheless, traditionally this is the
species generally accepted as representing Say's description
and to avoid confusion in the future we have selected a neo-
holotype (see under Types) pi. 16, fig. 1-2.

The most reliable and constant feature in identifying adults
of this species is the pronounced thickening of the anterior
margin below the pallial line. This is not always pronounced
in young specimens but may still be detected. In addition, the
dark and usually yellowish or brownish, rayless periostracum
and the pale copper or salmon color of the nacre will ordinarily
serve to distinguish this species from any other Anodonta in
eastern North America.

This species has never been found in any pond or stream
which is not frequented by the alewife. During the last cen-
tury A. implicata was very abundant in Fresh Pond, Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts; but in recent times, since the outlet has
been closed, and the alewife no longer frequents the pond, A.
implicata has become extinct, and today A. cataracta is the
only Anodonta to be found at this locality. At one time A. im-
plicata must have been found in many more localities than it
is today, but the alewife has become more and more restricted
locally in its distribution because of damming and stream pol-
lution, with the result that A. implicata also has become ex-
tinct over portions of its range.

As has been mentioned, Simpson (1914, p. 391) seems not to
have understood this species. Ortmann (1919, p. 161) on the
other hand, even with but little material, has described A. im-
plicata well, and has listed several records from the extreme
coastal region of Pennsylvania, thus indicating he had consid-
erable knowledge of its distribution.

F. C. Baker (1942, p. 75) has erroneously reported this spe-
cies from several ponds in Carroll Co., New Hampshire, claim-
ing that A. implicata and A. cataracta are very variable and
often difficult to separate. He bases his differences on the beak
sculpture and coloration both of which are at best variable
characters. He also claims that the periostracum of A. impli-
cata is often a vivid green near the posterior end. Baker's speci-

116 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

mens were certainly only off-colored A. cataracta. In addition
he has reported A. implicata from Oneida Lake, New York
(1916, p. 253, fig. 41, no. 2). Here again, this is another species
of Anodonta. The figured specimen is not A. implicata and the
locality, as well, is outside of the known range of the alewife.

Bibliography

Baker, F. C, 1916, The Relation of Mollusks to Fish in Oneida Lake. Techni-
cal Publications No. 4, The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse
University.

Baker, F. C, 1942, Land and Fresh Water Mollusca of New Hampshire. The
American Midland Naturalist 27, no. 1, pp. 74-85.

Clench, W. J., and H. D. Russell, 1940, Fresh Water Shells of New Hampshire.
Biological Survey of the Connecticut Watershed, Survey Report No. 4, New
Hampshire Fish and Game Department, Concord, New Hampshire.

Coker, R. E., A. F. Shira, H. W. Clark and A. D. Howard, 1921. Natural History
and Propagation of Fresh-water Mussels. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries
37, pp. 76-181.

Ortmann, A. E., 1911, Monograph of the Naiades of Pennsylvania, Memoirs of
the Carnegie Museum 4, no. 6.

Ortmann, A. E., 1919, Monograph of the Naiades of Pennsylvania, Part 3, Sys-
tematic Account of the Genera and Species. Memoirs of the Carnegie Mu-
seum 8, no. 1.

Simpson, C. T., 1914, A descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades, Detroit, Michigan.

"S'

Occasional Papers On Mollusks

Published by

The Department of Mollusks

Museum of Comparative Zooloijy, Harvard University
Cambridge, Massach^etts

VOLUME 1 AUGUST 10, 1946 ^^ , NUMBER 10

t O ^ O *-4-

A Catalogue of the Genus Liguus with a^^^j^T^tcimS;^
Description of a New Subgenus 'r^ ai|C iq \%^%

By William J. Clench ^..^b^a hj-

Various species and color forms of Ligtnis are found in His-
paniola, Cuba, the Isle of Pines and southern Florida. They
are arboreal in habit, feeding mainly on bark-growing lichens
and descending from the trees only to lay their eggs in the
moist ground. After hatching, the young snails ascend the
trees and generally feed first on the leaf-growing lichens, but
soon start feeding on the twigs and small branches and then
later the lichen-covered bark of the main branches and trunk.

It is possible that this genus may survive on many of the
remote hammocks in the Everglades, at least for a time. I
doubt very much, however, that they can survive indefinitely,
in spite of collecting restrictions, even within a park area.
Drainage and the consequent fires during the dry period will
reduce their numbers until eventually they will disappear.

The situation in Cuba and Hispaniola has a much brighter
outlook, though even on these two islands the same factors
are at work and many colonies which were common a few
years ago are now extinct. The main difference is that here
Liguus is far more extensively distributed even though local-
ized as to colonies. They are not at all coextensive with the
forested areas. ' ' > V

117

118 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Liguus appear to be colonial in habit. This is certainly true
in Hispaniola and Cuba where colonies exist which have very
definite limits in the territory they occupy. In Florida the sit-
uation is different only because there are very specific limits
to the type of habitat they can occupy; i.e., the hammocks or
islands of the Everglades and the hammock land of deciduous
trees which exists along the Miami ridge and on the lower
keys. Liguus in this regard is similar to Cerion in Cuba. A
colony of either may occupy only a small portion of a larger
region of uniform habitat. The flora, general geology of the
terrain and other factors appear to be exactly the same, yet
the snails are found in but a small portion of what appears to
be an entirely uniform ecological situation.

Liguus, in common with many other land shells, possesses
two color phases, exhibited mainly in the embryonic whorls.
In the fasciatus complex, this color occurs on the parietal wall
as well. Thus shells with a similar color pattern will occur
with white embryonic whorls and a white parietal area, or
with a pink spire tip and parietal area. Unfortunately, classi-
fication as to species was arbitrarily made on the basis of white
or pink tipped shells. A yellow banded shell with a pink tip
was called Liguus fasciatus roseatus and a similar yellow
banded shell with a white tip was called Liguus crenatus cin-
gulatus. Though still separated as ''forms" the best grouping
is to consider all under the older species name of fasciatus.
The name crenatus is limited to the white shells in the central
Cuban region that are all apparent albinistic forms of Liguus
fasciatus s.s. This classification is, of course, still highly arti-
ficial but it is far better than the older procedure where the
progeny of a single individual were automatically classified
under two species.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 119

The following abbreviations for serials, museums and mu-
seum publications are used in order to reduce the length of
the references.

ANSP - Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

JANSP - Journal Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

JWAS - Journal Washington [D.C.] Academy of Science.

LFW - In Lower Florida Wilds, by Charles Torrey Simpson, G.P.Putnam's
Sons, New York, 1920, p. 15 - 404, frontispiece.

MCZ - Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

M of C - Manual of Concholog>', Philadelphia (2) 12, p. 160-186.

N - Nautilus, Philadelphia.

NM - Nature Magazine, Washington, D.C.

OPBSNH - Occasional Papers Boston Society of Natural History.

PBSW - Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, D.C.

PUSNM - Proceedings United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.

RSM - Revista Sociedad Malacologica, Habana, Cuba.

USNM - United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.

Under the original reference names (bold face type) the fol-
lowing abbreviations are used for the various name combina-
tions.

L. - Liguus L. b. - Liguus blainianus

L. c. -Liguus crenatus L. f. - Liguus fasciatus

L. fL - Liguus flammellus L. s. - Liguus solidus

The holotypes of the several species described by C.T.Simp-
son are probably in the collection of the University of Miami
(Florida). Those of Ledon and Guitart are in their own private
collections. The location of the remainder, not indicated, are
unknown to us.

The genus Liguus as now understood consists of a multitude
of color forms in five species grouped in three subgenera. Some
of these color forms may well rank as subspecies as outlined
for the Florida groups (Clench and Fairchild 1939, Proc. New
England Zoological Club 17, p. 77-86). As yet no attempt has
been made to group similarly the many color forms existing
in Cuba, particularly those in the fasciatus complex.

120 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

The following outline classification lists only the subgenera
and species, the catalogue lists all of the color forms as well
as the higher groups which have been referred to this genus.

Genus Liguus Montfort

(Genotype, Bulla virginea Linne).
Subgenus Liguus Montfort

(Subgenotype, Bulla virginea Linne).
Liguus virgineus Linne. Hispaniola

Subgenus Liguellus Clench (see p. 123)

(Subgenotype, Achatina vittata Swainson)
Liguus vittatus Swainson. Cuba
Subgenus Oxystrombus Morch

(Subgenotype, Buccinum fasciatum Miiller)
Liguus fasciatus Muller. Florida, Cuba and the Isle of Pines
Liguus blainianus Poey. Cuba
Liguus flammellus Clench. Cuba

Catalogue of the genus Liguus

aguayoi Clench, L.f.: 1934, OPBSNH 8, p. 109, pi. 7, fig. 2 (Punta Roja, Hol-

guin, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 76696].
alternatus Simpson, L.f.: 1920, LFW, frontispiece, fig. 8 (Timb's [Timm's]

Hammock, Dade Co., Florida) [Paratype MCZ 85895].
anais Lesson, Achatina: 1840, Revue Zoologie 3, p. 356 (locality unknown)

[\s fasciatus Muller, Pilsbry 1899, p. 168].
angelae Clench and Aguayo, L.f.: 1934, OPBSNH 8, p. 110, pi. 7, fig. 3

(Punta Roja, Holguin, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 76698].
archeri Clench, L.f.: 1934, OPBSNH 8, p. 106, pi. 7, fig. 5 (Mogote de Ramon

Millo, Vinales, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 80901].
aspirs 'Gmelin' Reed, L. bliananius [sic]: 1946, Mollusca 1, no. 9, no pagi-
nation (Cuba) [nude name; no such name by Gmelin exists. A copy of the

original label has just been received from Mr. Reed. The name ''aspirs"
" is an error for Aspiro, a locality 3 miles north of Santa Cruz de los Pinos,

Pinar del Rio, Cuba].
aurantius Clench, L.c: 1929, N 43, p. 19 (hammock no. 5, Pinecrest region,

central Everglades, Florida) [Holotype MCZ 84624].
austinianus Guitart, L.f.: 1945, RSM 3, p. 27, pi. 4, fig. 1-2 (Lomade la Cruz,

near Sancti Spiritus, Cuba) [Paratypes MCZ 153819 and 153820].

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 121

barbouri Clench. L.c: 1929. X 43, p. 18 (hammock no. 21, Pinecrest region,

central Everglades, Florida) [Holotype MCZ 84527] [is marmoratus Pilsbrv-;

Clench 1939, p. 85].
bermudezi Clench, L.fl.: 1934, OPBSXH 8, p. 122, pi. 6, fig. 2 (Mogote la

Gueca, Vinales, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 80945].
blainiana Poey, Achatina: 1851, Mem. Sobre la Hist. Nat. de la Isla de Cuba

1, p. 206, pi. 12, fig. 4-6 (Loma de Rangel, Pinar del Rio, Cuba) [Cotvpes

MCZ 154122 and 161228].
capensis Simpson, L.c: 1920, PBSW 33, p. 122 (northwest Cape Sable,

Florida) [Paratype MCZ 85892] [is elliottensis Pilsbr>- Clench 1939, p. 82].
carbonarius Clench, L.fl.: 1934, OPBSNH 8, p. 121, pi. 6, fig. 3 (Mogote de

Pita, Vinales, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 80933].
caribaeus Clench, L.f.: 1935, N 49, p. 68, pi. 3, fig. 3 (Monte Dios, Santa

Lucia, north coast of Pinar del Rio, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 109050].
caroli Bartsch. L.c: 1937, JWAS 27, p. 131, text fig. 1, (Isla Turiguano,

north coast of Camagiiey, Cuba) [Holotype USNM 428810].
castaneozonatus Pilsbry, L.f.: 1912, JANSP (2) 15, p. 460, pi. 39, fig. 23-

23a (back of Charles Point, Key Largo, Florida) [Holotype ANSP].
castaneus Simpson, L.f.: 1920, PBSW 33, p. 126 (Cox hammock. Paradise

Keys, Florida [this locality is just west of Goulds, Florida and not in the

region of Paradise Key] ).
cervus Clench, L.fl.: 1934, OPBSNH 8, p. 120, pi. 6, fig. 4 (Mogote de Vigil,

Vinales, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 80935].
Chersina 'Humphrey' Beck 1836: Index Molluscorum, p. 74; non Gray 1831.

[As this subgenus was considered a replacement and completely synony-
mous with Ligiius by Beck himself, it will automatically take the same gen-
otype, namely Bulla virginea Linne. ]
cingulatus Simpson, L.c: 1920, PBSW 33, p. 123 (Brickell hammock,

Miami, Florida).
clenchi Frampton, L.f.: 1932, PBSW 45, p. 56 (hammock no. 46, Pinecrest

region, central Everglades, Florida) [is testudineus Pilsbry-; Clench 1939. p.

85] [Paratypes MCZ 112395].
crassus Simpson, L.s.: 1920, PBSW 33, p. 121 (Watson's hammock. Big

Pine Key, Florida).
crenata Swainson, Achatina: 1821, Zoological Illustrations 1, text and pi.

58, fig. 1-2 (Cuba).
cubensis Clench, L.fl.: 1934, OPBSXH 8, p. 123. pi. 6, fig. 1 (Mogote la

Gueca, Viiiales, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 80951].
deckerti Clench, L.f.: 1935, N 48, p. 122, pi. 7, fig. 4 (hammock no. 55. east

end of Long Pine Key, south central Everglades, Florida) [Holotype MCZ

81549].
delicatus Simpson. L.s.: 1920, PBSW 33, p. 122 (upper end of Lower Mate-

cumbe Key, Florida).
dohertyi Pflueger, L.s.: 1934, N 47, p. 121. pi. 13. fig. 2-3 (Lower Mate-

cumbe Key, Florida) [Holotype MCZ 139000].

122 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

dryas Pilsbry, L.s.: 1932, N 45, p. 106 (No Name Key, Florida); [figured
in Pilsbry 1912, JANS? (2) 15, pi. 37, fig. 16] [Holotype ANSP].

eburneus Simpson, L.c: 1920, LFW, frontispiece, fig. 10 (Timb's [Timm's]
hammock [near Naranja] Dade County, Florida) [is elUottensis Pilsbry;
Clench 1939, p. 82].

elegans Simpson, L.f.: 1920, LFW, frontispiece, fig. 5 (island near and east
of Whitewater Bay, Florida) [Paratypes MCZ 85893] [is lineolatus Simpson;
Clench 1939, p. 84].

elliottensis Pilsbry, L.c: 1912, JANSP (2) 15, p. 447, pi. 37, fig. 3-3b (El-
liott's Key, Florida) [Holotype ANSP; Paratypes MCZ 48154].

emarginata Swainson, Achatina: 1821, Zoological Illustrations 2, pi. 84
(locality unknown [Jacmel, Haiti; is virginetis hinnt; Pilsbry 1899, p. 164] ).

excisus V. Martens, Liguus: 1885, Conchologische Mittheilungen 2, p. 160,

173, pi. 35, fig. 1-2, 4-5 (near Popayan, Colombia) [is in the genus Hemibu-

limus].
fairchildi Clench, L.b.: 1934, OPBSNH 8, p. 117, pi. 7, fig. 4 (road between

Habana and Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 91907].
farnhami Doe, L.c: 1937, NM 29, text fig. 5, no. 6 (Florida) [error for

farnumi Clench].
farnumi Clench, L.c: 1929, N 43, p. 19 (hammock no. 7, Pinecrest region,

central Everglades, Florida) [Holotype MCZ 84586].
fasciatum Miiller, Buccinum: 1774, Vermium Terrestrium et Fluviatilium

2, p. 145 (The Indies) [Pinar del Rio to Camaguey, Cuba].

feriai Clench, L.f.: 1934, OPBSNH 8, p. 108, pi. 7, fig. 6 (La Sierra, Holguin,

Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 72559].
flammellus Clench, L.fL: 1934, OPBSNH 8, p. 119, pi. 6, fig. 7, (Mogote de

Roja, Vinales, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 80924].

floridanus Clench, L.c: 1929, N 43, p. 20 (hammock no. 8, Pinecrest region,
central Everglades, Florida) [Holotype MCZ 84559].

fuscoflammellus Frampton, L.f.: 1932, PBSW 45, p. 55 (Timm's hammock,
mainland ridge, [near Naranja] Florida).

gloria-sylvatica Doe, L.c: 1937, NM 29, no. 2, p. 83, text fig. 3, no. 7 (Flo-
rida) [is marmoratus Pilsbry; Clench 1939, p. 85].

goodrichi Clench, L.f.: 1934, OPBSNH 8, p. Ill, pi. 7, fig. 7 (f mile below
Castillo de Jagua, Cienfuegos, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 59533],

graphicus Pilsbry, L.s.: 1912, JANSP (2) 15, p. 463, pi. 37, fig. 1-la (No

Name Key, Florida) [Holotype ANSP].
guillermi Guitart, L.b.: 1943, RSM 1, p. 83, text fig. (Horno de Cal de Gu-

ara. Pro v. of Habana, Cuba) [Paratypes MCZ 153816].

helianthus Clench, L.f.: 1934, OPBSNH 8, p. 112, pi. 7, fig. 9 (Mogote del
Palmarito, Vifiales, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 80911].

hepatica Roding, Helix: 1798, Museum Boltenianum 2, p. 106, no. 1358 [is
fasciatus Miiller; Pilsbry 1929, p. 141].

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 123

Ilotia Pfeiffer and Clessin: 1881, Nomenclator Heliceorum Viventium. p. 260.
Under the synonymy of Ligims virgitieus Linne, Pfeiffer and Clessin have
listed Ilotia virginea and /. puellaris Bolten [Roding]. Pilsbry (Manual of
Conchology (2) 12, p. 164, 1899) following these two authors, did the same.
'Ilotia Bolten is an error for Plotia Bolten. Later Pilsbry and Bequaert { Nau-
tilus 37, p. 36, 1923) made Plotia lineata Roding (Pyramidellidae) the gen-
otype of Plotia, thus eliminating the possibility that Plotia Bolten could be
substituted for Liguus Montfort. To avoid any later confusion in the use of
the name Ilotia Pfeiffer and Clessin 1881, it is here designated that Bulla
virginea Linne is the genotype, thus making it an absolute synonym of Ligu-
us Montfort 1810 which has the same genotype.

innominatus Pilsbry, L.s.: 1930, N 44, p. 32; figured in the M of C (2) 12,
pi. 59, fig. 97, 1899 (No Name Key, Florida) [Holotype ANSP].

jaumei Clench and Aguayo, L.b.: 1932, N 45, p. 99, pi. 6, fig. 10 (Mangas,
on road between Mangas and Candelaria, Pinar del Rio, Cuba) [Holotvpe
MCZ 91720].

josefae Guitart, L.f.: 1945, RSM 3, p. 29, pi. 4, fig. 3-4 (Cortinas de Coren-
gue, Sierra de Cantu, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba) [Paratypes MCZ 153815; Museo
Poey].

leonorae Pequeno, L.f.: 1938, Memorias Sociedad Cubana Historia Natural
12, p. 347, pi. 26, fig. 1-4 (Monte del Limon, near Cueva de la Pintura, La
Grifa, Guane, Pinar del Rio, Cuba).

lignumvitae Pilsbry, L.f.: 1912, JANSP (2) 15, p. 461, pi. 37, fig. 4-4d (Lig-
num Vitae Key, Florida) [Holotype ANSP; Paratypes MCZ 48153].

Lignus Gray 1834: Proceedings Zoological Society London 2, p. 66 (? Africa)
[genotype, Lignus tenuis Gray, monotypic; non Lignus Nevill 1878. See also
under Pseudotrochus].

Lignus Nevill 1878: Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian Museum 1, p. 200
[error for Liguus; non Lignus Gray 1834].

Liguellus, new subgenus

Shells are characterized by being ovate in shape, somewhat smaller than
other Liguus in size and having moderately convex whorls. The interior of the
aperture is generally pink. The color pattern is in spiral arrangement with no
axial flames.

Subgenotype, Achatina vittata Swainson

This subgenus is closely related to Liguus s.s. It possesses a spiral color pat-
tern and the interior of the aperture is pink. It differs from Liguus s.s. by hav-
ing more rounded whorls, being ovate in outline and being smaller in size. It
does not appear to be closely related to either L. fasciatus or to L. blainianus
in the subgenus Oxystrombus. The number of colors in the spiral pattern is far
more limited in Liguellus, than in Liguus s.s. There is a complete absence of
green, red, and purple; colors which are generally present in L. virgineus, while
L. vittatus possesses only black, brown and yellow.

Only a single species ( vittatus) of Liguellus is known to exist and that is
rather remarkably uniform in shape and color pattern throughout its rather

124 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

limited range in the Province of Oriente, Cuba. It appears to be indifferently
sinistral and dextral, that is, most colonies contain specimens of both forms.
This is not to be confused with the rare examples of sinistral specimens which
may occur sporadically in any color form of the other species of Liguus. A few
such cases are on record.

Liguus Denys de Montfort 1810: Conchyliologie Systematique 2, p. 422 (gen-
otype, Bulla virginea Linne, original designation).

lineata Valenciennes, Achatina: 1827, [in] Humboldt, Voy. Inter. Amer.,
Recueil d'Observations de Zoologie 2, p. 248, pi. 55, fig. 2 (New Spain), non
lineatiis Simpson 1920.

lineatus Simpson, L.s.: 1920, LFW, frontispiece, fig. 3, (Lignum Vitae Key,
Upper Keys, Florida) [Paratypes MCZ 85888] [is simpsoni Pilsbry, non lin-
eata Valenciennes 1827; Pilsbry 1921, p. 140].

lineolatus Simpson, L.f.: 1920, LFW, frontispiece, fig. 2 (Totten's Key, Up-
per Keys, Florida).

livingstoni Simpson, L.f.: 1920, PBSW 33, p. 124, (north end, Brickell ham-
mock, Miami, Florida) [Paratype MCZ 85896] [is roseatus Pilsbry; Clench
1939, p. 83].

lossmanicus Pilsbry, L.c: 1912, JANSP (2) 15, p. 448, pi. 37, fig. 8-8b
(Lossman's hammock [S.W. ] Florida) [Holotype ANSP; Paratypes MCZ
48156].

lucidovarius Doe, L.c: 1937, NM 29, no. 2, p. 82, text fig. 2, no. 6 (Florida)
[\s floridanus Clench; Clench 1939, p. 86].

lutea Anton, Achatina: 1839, Verzeich. der Conchylien., p. 44, no. 1588 [nude
name; non /w/^?/5 Simpson].

lutea 'Anton' Pilsbry, Achatina: 1899, M of C (2) 12, p. 168 [is fasciatus
Miiller; Pilsbry 1899, p. 168].

luteolozonatus Guitart, L.c: 1945, RSM 3, p. 30, pi. 4, fig. 5-6 (Finca Ojo
de Agua, Lomas de Banao, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba) [Paratypes MCZ 153817;
Museo Poey].

luteus Simpson, L.c: 1920, PBSW 33, p. 123 (above Conchtown, Key Vaca,
Florida [Paratype MCZ 85890] [is lossmanicus Pilsbry; Clench 1939, p. 83,
non lutea 'Anton' Pilsbry].

mariae Clench, L.f.: 1936, N 48, p. 123, pi. 7, fig. 3 (Ojo de Agua, near Cayo
Magueyal, Pinar del Rio, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 94224].

marmoratus Pilsbry, L.f.: 1912, JANSP (2) 15, p. 453, pi. 37, fig. 9-9d, 10
(Key Vaca and Chokoloskee, Florida) [Holotype ANSP].

matecumbensis Pilsbry, L.c: 1912, JANSP (2) 15, p. 446, pi. 37, fig. 5-5a
(Upper Matecumbe Key, Florida) [Holotype ANSP].

mcgintyi Clench, L.f.: 1934, OPBSNH 8, p. 116, pi. 7, fig. 10 (Cueva del
Chivo, Mariel, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 47384].

miamiensis Simpson, L.f.: 1920, PBSW 33, p. 124 (Miami hammock [Brick-
ell hammock], Miami, Florida) [is castaneozonatus Pilsbry; Clench 1939, p.
84].

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 125

mosieri Simpson, L.c: 1920, PBSW 33, p. 123 (upper end, Brickell ham-
mock, Miami, Florida) [Paratypes MCZ 85899] [is elUottensis Pilsbry;
Clench 1939, p. 82].

multilineatus Ledon, L.f.: 1944, RSM 2, p. 13, pi. 3, fig. 2 (Monte del Tara-
bico, Hoyo de Padilla, Cienfuegos, Cuba) [Paratypes Museo Poey].

murrea Reeve, Achatina: 1849, Conch. Icon. 5, pi. 7, fig. 22a-b (locality un-
known) [fig. 22a is fasciatHs Miiller, and fig. 22b is L.f. roseatus Pilsbry;
Clench 1932, p. 106].

nebulosus Doe, L.c: 1937, NM 29, p. 82, text fig. 2, no. 4 (Florida) [is

floridanus Clench; Clench 1939, p. 86].
nobilis Clench and Aguayo, L.f.: 1932, N 45, p. 98, pi. 6, fig. 9 (Cayo Juan

Tomas, Cabanas Bay, Pinar del Rio, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 47904].
organensis Clench, L.fL: 1934, OPBSNH 8, p. 124, pi. 6, fig. 8 (Ensenada

del Valle, El Queque, Vifiales, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 80958].
ornatus Simpson, L.f.: 1920, PBSW 33, p. 124 (Paradise Key [Royal Palm

Park] Florida).
Orthalicinus Fischer and Crosse 1878: Mission Scientifique au Mexique Zo-

ologie pt. 7, 1, p. 436 (subgenotype, Orthalicus fasciatiis Miiller, original

designation) [This is a synonym of Oxystrombus Morch; Pilsbry 1899, p. 162].
osmenti Clench, L.f.: 1942, Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club

19, p. 69 (Lower Florida Keys (Pine Islands) Florida) [Holotype MCZ

137792].
Oxystrombus 'Klein' Morch 1852: Catalogus Conchyliorum, p. 21; Morch

1865, Journal de Conchyliologie 13, p. 270 [subgenotype here selected, Buc-

cinum fasciatum Miiller] .
pallida Swainson, Achatina: 1821, Zoological Illustrations 1, text and pi. 41,

fig. 1-2 (locality unknown [Cayo Magueyal, near Cortez, Cuba; Clench

1934, p. 104] ).

picta Reeve, Achatina: 1842, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 10, p. 56 (Cuba [Flo-
rida] ); 1842 Conchologia Systematica 2, pi. 178, fig. 10.

This species very probably came only from Key West, Florida as nothing
approximating this species has since been found in Cuba. As Liguus was known
to occur in Cuba long before any Florida forms were known, unlocalized ma-
terial was assumed to be Cuban. Very probably L. picta was early extermi-
nated. The island of Key West was the only island in the early days that was
readily accessible from the sea among the lower Florida Keys. Wood for fuel
and other uses was at hand but limited so that the hammock land was soon
cleared with a consequent extermination of any Liguus population. Also the
nearest color form to picta is L. solidus solidulus which still exists or did exist
up to a very short time ago on Stock Island, the next island east of Key West.

pilsbryi Clench, L.b.: 1935, N 48, p. 123, pi. 7, fig. 1 (Campo de Tiro. 7 km.

N. of Fierro, Pinar del Rio, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 94213].
pinarensis Clench, L.f.: 1934, OPBSNH 8, p. 115. pi. 6. fig. 9 (Punta del

Este, Isle of Pines, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 58806].

126 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

poeyana Pfeiffer, Achatina: 1857, Malakozoologische Blatter 4, p. 173, pi. 4,
fig. 3-4 (Cabo Cruz, Cuba) [is vittatus Swainson; Clench 1934, p. 102].

pseudopictus Simpson, L.s.: 1920, PBSW 33, p. 122 (upper end of Lower
Matecumbe Key. Florida).

Pseudotrochus 'Klein' Herrmannsen 1847: Indicis Generum Malacozoorum
2, p. 341.

Herrmannsen was the first post-Linnean author to use this old name of
Klein. He lists only two species, namely, Achatinav/i virgineam Linne and Cer-
ithium telescopium Linne. Achat inam virgineam Linne is here designated to be
the genotype, thus making it an absolute synonym of Ligims Montfort which
has the same type designation.

In the M of C (2) 12, 1899, p. 161, Pilsbry clearly indicated Pseudotrochus
as a synonym of Liguus s.s. and credited the genus to Morch 1852. In a later
volume (M of C (2) 16, 1904, p. 219) he overlooked this earlier usage and
dated it from H. and A, Adams 1855 for an African genus. This later use is
invalid under the rules of the International Commission of Zoological Nomen-
clature inasmuch as Herrmannsen's Index and the Catalogue of the Comes de
Yoldi Collection by Morch are accepted publications, and as such, names pro-
posed in them are valid.

Pseudotrochus of authors (non Herrmannsen 1847; Morch 1852; Heilprin
1887; Kittl 1899) will have to take the name Lignus Gray 1834, Proceedings of
the Zoological Society London 2, p. 66, with the genotype, Lignus tenuis Gray
here selected. Gray very probably intended to write Liguus to include this
species, but he did not correct it in any later volumes of the Proceedings and
it is listed in the index as Lignus. Neave (Nomenclator Zoologicus 2, 1939, p.
942) lists it as a validly introduced genus.

puellaris 'Roeding' Pfeiffer and Clessin, Ilotia: 1881, Nomenclator Heliceorum
Viventium, p. 260 (Haiti) [is virgineus Linne, Pfeiffer and Clessin above].

puellaris Roeding, Plotia: 1798, Museum Boltenianum, p. 96 (no locality
given) [is Bulla virginea Linne, Roeding above].

roseatus Pilsbry, L.f.: 1912, JANSP (2) 15, p. 448, pi. 38, fig. 11-llb (Good-
land Point, Marco Island, Lee Co., Florida) [Holotype ANSP].

roseus Pilsbry, L.f.: 1912, JANSP (2) 15, p. 461 [error for roseatus Pilsbry].

russelli Clench, L.fl.: 1935, N 48, p. 125, pi. 7, fig. 2 (Mogote Mina Con-
stancia, Vinales, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 82980].

sanchezi Ledon, L.f.: 1944, RSM 2, p. 11, pi. 3, fig. 3 (Loma de Ponce, pa-
sado el Rio Caburni, Trinidad, Province of Las Villas,* Cuba) [Paratype,
Museo Poey].

sanctispiritensis Guitart, L.f.: 1945, RSM 3, p. 31, pi. 4, fig. 7-10 (Loma
Caja de Agua, Finca Las Delicias, Tuinucu, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba) [Para-
types MCZ 153814; Museo Poey].

* This is the Province of Santa Clara. The name has recently been changed
to Las Villas, a name formerly used for this Province.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 127

septentrionalis Pilsbry, L.c: 1912, JANSP (2) 15, p. 447, pi. 37, fig. 6-6a
(New River below Ft. Lauderdale, Florida) [Holotype ANSP].

simpsoni Pilsbry, L.f.: 1921 N 34, p. 140 [new name for Uneatus Simpson
1920, non Uneatus Valenciennes 1827].

sinistralis 'Maltzan' Crosse, L.: 1891, Journal de Conchyliologie 39, p. 129
(Miragoane, Haiti) [is virgineus Linne].

solida Say, Achatina: 1825, JANSP 5, p. 122 (Florida) [Holotype ANSP].

solidulus Pilsbry, L.s.: 1912, JANSP (2) 15, p. 463, pi. 37, fig. 2a (Big Pine

Key, Florida [also Stock Island, Key West, Florida] ) [Holotype ANSP].
solisoccasus de Boe, L.f.: 1933, N 47, p. 68, pi. 6, fig. &-6 (hammock CC6,

central Everglades, Collier Co., Florida) [is testudineus Pilsbry; Clench 1939.

p. 85] [Paratypes MCZ 40161].
splendidus Frampton, L.s.: 1932, PBSW 45, p. 57 (middle hammock, Lower

Matecumbe Key, Florida) [Paratypes MCZ 80454].
subcrenatus Pilsbry, L.c: 1912, JANSP (2) 15, p. 445, pi. 37, fig. 7-7a

( [east end] Lower Matecumbe Key, Florida) [Holotype ANSP; Paratvpes

MCZ 48155].
sulphurea Morch, L.: 1852, Catalogus Conchyliorum Comes de Yoldi, p. 21

(Cuba) [nude name].
testa-ovi Roding, Helix: 1798, Museum Boltenianum 2, p. 106, no. 1359 [is

fasciatus Miiller, Pilsbry 1929, p. 141].
testudineus Pilsbry, L.f.: 1912, JANSP (2) 15, p. 457, pi. 39, fig. 20-20f

(south side of Miami River [Brickell Hammock] Miami, Florida) [Holo-
type ANSP].
tigre Ledon, L.f.: 1944, RSM 2, p. 12, pi. 3, fig. 1 (Monte de Lewis, San Juan,

Cienfuegos, Cuba) [Paratypes Museo Poey].
torrei Clench, L.f.: 1934, OPBSNH 8, p. 114, pi. 6, fig. 5-6 (Punta del Este.

Isle of Pines, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 58805].
vacaensis Simpson, L.c : 1920, PBSW 33, p. 122 (southwest of Conchtown.

Key Vaca, Florida) [is elUottensis Pilsbry; Clench 1939, p. 82].
versicolor Simpson, L.f.: 1920, LFW, frontispiece, fig. 12 (Big Hammock,

Long Key [Osteen's hammock. Long Pine Key] Everglades, Florida) [Para-
types MCZ 85894].
vexillum Bruguiere, Bulimus: 1792, Encyclopedie Methodique l,pt. 2, p.

362 (Grandes Indes); non vexilliim DeKay [\s fasciatus Miiller; Pilsbry 1899.

p. 167].
vexillum 'Humphrey' DeKay, Achatina: 1843. Natural History of New York.

Mollusca 5, p. 56, pi. 4, fig. 56 (Florida); non vexillum Bruguiere [is virgin-
eus Linne; Pilsbry 1899, p. 164].
vignalensis 'Pilsbry' Richards, L. murreus: 1933, Proceedings Pennsylvania

Academy of Sciences 7, p. 171, [nude name; \s fasciatus Miiller; Clench

1934, p. 102].
violafumosus Doe, L.c: 1937, NM 29, p. 83, text fig. 4. no. 8 (Florida) [is

floridanus Clench; Clench 1939, p. 86].

128 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

virginea Linne, Bulla: 1767, Systema Naturae, ed. 12, p. 1186 (Rivers of
Africa [Hispaniola] ).

viridis Clench, L.f.: 1934, OPBSNH 8, p. 105, pi. 6, fig. 11 (La Caoba, Do-
lores, Central Soledad, Cienfuegos, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 59507].

vittata Swainson, Achatina: 1822, Zoological Illustrations 2, text and plate
84, middle figures (locality not given) [Cabo Cruz, Cuba; Pilsbry 1899, p.
166].

vittata 'Humphrey' Pfeiffer and Clessin, Chersina: 1881, Nomenclator Heli-
ceorum Viventium, p. 260 (Haiti) [is uirgineus Linne; Pfeiffer and Clessin
1881, p. 260].

walkeri Clench, L.f.: 1933, N 46, p. 91, pi. 7, fig. 7-9 (hammock no. 9, Pine-
crest region, central Everglades, Florida) [Holotype MCZ 79299] [is cas-
taneozonatus Pilsbry; Clench 1939, p. 84].

xanthus Clench, L.f.: 1934, OPBSNH 8, p. 113, pi. 6, fig. 12 (between San
Nicholas and Giiines, Havana Province, Cuba) [Holotype MCZ 47380].

Bibliography

Adams, H. and A., 1855, The Genera of Recent Mollusca 2,
p. 135.

Clench, William J., 1932, Nautilus 45, p. 106.

Clench, William J., 1934, Occasional Papers Boston Society
Natural History 8, pp. 101-124, pi. 5-7.

Clench, William J., 1939, Proceedings New England Zoological
Club 17, pp. 77-86.

Pilsbry, H. A., 1899, Manual of Conchology (2) 12, pp. 1-258,
pi. 1-63.

Pilsbry, H. A., 1921, Nautilus 34, p. 140.

Pilsbry, H. A., 1929, Nautilus 42, p. 141.

Simpson, C. T., 1929, Proceedings of the United States National
Museum 73, pp.1-44, pi. 1-4, map.

Occasional Papers On Mollusks

Published by

The Department of Mollusks

Museum of Comparative Zoolojjy, Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts

VOLUME 1 SEPTEMBER 20, 1947 NX'MBER 11

Edward Sylvester Morse
With a Bibliography and a Catalogue of his Species

By Merrill E. Champion

It is often remarked that scientific men nowadays tend more
and more to become specialists, usually in quite narrow fields.
Graduate collegiate degrees are the rule rather than the ex-
ception. Edward Morse, however, was not of this pattern. He
had no college degree and had to educate himself, yet he be-
came outstanding in the fields of zoology, ceramics and eth-
nology; he even got some reputation in astronomy. Four uni-
versities gave him honorary degrees. The brief outline of his
career which follows is intended to focus attention on some of
the accomplishments of this remarkable man.

Edward Sylvester Morse was born in Portland, Maine, June
18, 1838. His father, Johnathan, a partner in a firm dealing in
furs, was a deacon in the church and a rather narrow-minded
individual who failed to understand this son whose interest
centered in the collection and study of mollusks. His mother,
more broad-minded and more perceptive than the father, re-
tained a profound influence over Edward as long as she lived.
The boy had also a friend, of his own age, John M. Gould, of
kindred tastes, who through the many years ahead was a source
of friendship, encouragement and even of financial aid. Many
of Morse's most self-revealing letters were to this friend.

At the age of twenty Edward began a diary which he kept
up all his life. This diary serves as a rich source of informa-
tion about the writer himself, his way of reacting to life, and
the chief events of his career.

129

130 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Young Morse did not take very kindly to the sort of school-
ing then provided in his native Maine. He got expelled from
the Academy at Bridgton and went to work as a draftsman.
Returning to another school— this time at Bethel— he received
encouragement to continue his interest in natural science, an
interest which dated back to his childhood when he had begun
to collect shells at the age of twelve. It was while at school in
Bethel that he found a mollusk new to science which he named
Helix asteriscus and reported to the Boston Society of Natural
History. This was in 1856 when he was eighteen years old.
Two years later he reported another new mollusk to the Bos-
ton Society, which he named, Helix milium.

In spite of this early introduction to science, Morse evidently
failed to get from his early schooling the elementary knowledge
of the humanities which high schools are supposed to impart
to their students. He had to learn by experience and contact
with the world. He did learn and later in life held his own with
the best on three continents. His progress can be gauged by
the entries in his diary and by his letters.

Edward Morse's scientific interest in malacology did not go
unnoticed. Word got round about his cabinet of shells. Judge
Cooper came to look it over. William Stimpson, then at the
Smithsonian Institution, also made a visit. Results of great
import to the future career of Morse followed. First came an
invitation from Stimpson to accompany him on a scientific trip
to Mount Desert. This had to be refused because of the cer-
tain disapproval of the elder Morse. Then there came a letter
from W. G. Binney, at that time an outstanding figure in con-
chology, inviting the young amateur to correspond.

Not long after these events, and following words with his
father, "Ned" Morse went to Boston to take a job as a drafts-
man. This gave him the opportunity of attending the meetings
of the Boston Society of Natural History where he saw Louis
Agassiz. However, after a short time, out of money, he had
to return to Maine.

Up to this point nothing that had happened seemed to give
promise of a permanent career in science. Nevertheless events
were in the making which were to change the complexion of
things for Edward Morse. A visit from another well-known
conchologist was the starting point. In May, 1859, P. P. Car-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 131

1838-1925
Plate 18. From an original photograph

132 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

penter, over from England and working at the Smithsonian
Institution, called on Morse at Portland to see his shell collec-
tion. Not long afterwards a letter came from Carpenter stat-
ing that he had told Agassiz of Morse's interest in shells and
of his drafting ability. Carpenter went on to say that Agassiz
had expressed a wish to see the young conchologist. Morse
started for Boston that night. Next day he saw Agassiz, saw
the Museum of Comparative Zoology with him and was told
to return in the fall as a student-assistant at the Museum.
This he did on November 1, 1859.

Morse began his Cambridge experiences when he was
twenty-one years old. His position was that of student-assistant
at the new Agassiz Museum and his salary was $300 and found.
This was to prove an interesting and formative period in
Morse's life, both because of the educational opportunities in-
volved and because of personal contacts with Agassiz and with
a group of younger men all of whom were to become famous
in later life: Verrill, Hyatt, Packard, Shaler, to mention a few.
Nevertheless after a time dissatisfaction grew on him. He was
not getting all the salary promised him. Agassiz had not paid
him anything for the collection of shells he had made in Maine
and turned over to the Museum. Then there was the unsettled
state of his mind caused by the beginning of the Civil War.
Morse wanted to enlist but was being urged not to do so by
his mother and his fiancee.

Finally at the end of 1861, after two years at Cambridge,
Morse resolved to quit the Museum and go back to Maine in
the hope of making a living as a draftsman and lecturer. He
made a start at this, doing work for Binney, Bland, Prime and
others. Nonetheless the urge to have a share in the Civil War
was still with him and led him to enlist on August 25, 1862.
Rejected on the physical examination, he went to work for the
Portland Cement Company at nine dollars a week. Within a
year he married Elizabeth Owen to whom he had long been
engaged.

In 1864, one of the disappointments which had been at the
bottom of Morse's leaving Cambridge was removed: Agassiz
paid him $250 for the shells given the Museum in 1860. In
March of this same year appeared Morse's first long article
"Observations on the Terrestrial Pulmonifera of Maine, In-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 133

eluding a Catalogue of all the Species of Terrestrial and Flu-
viatile Mollusca known to Inhabit the State." Morse did the
illustrations himself. This scientific effort brought him appre-
ciation and praise from such men as William Stimpson of the
Smithsonian Institution and Isaac Lea, but very little financial
return.

During this period, Morse did a good deal of lecturing at
which he was quite successful. He was a ready speaker and
was able to enliven his talks by blackboard illustrations, using
both hands at once.

Back in Portland, Morse continued his interest in malacol-
ogy. He was made Curator of the Portland Society of Natural
History. However, the fire that ravaged Portland in 1866 de-
stroyed the rooms occupied by the Natural History Society.
Morse and others saved some of the contents but the job of
Curator lapsed for lack of money.

In spite of this setback, the year 1866 saw Edward Morse
started on a permanent career. He went to Salem, Massachu-
setts to make some drawings for a work by Hyatt and Salem
became his home for the rest of his life.

In November of this year 1866 Morse and three of his friends,
A. S. Packard Jr., Alpheus Hyatt and Frederick W. Putnam,
joined in starting a scientific magazine which was given the
name of the American Naturalist. This publication lasted un-
til 1878. Those interested in Morse's early contributions to
malacology have occasion to refer often to the issues of the
American Naturalist. In fact the leading article in the first
number of the new magazine, which is dated March, 1867, was
by Morse on the shells of New England.

A large gift of money by the famous philanthropist George
Peabody made possible the establishment of the Peabody
Academy of Science in 1867 at Salem, Massachusetts. Edward
Morse and some of his former companions at the Museum of
Comparative Zoology became members of the staff, Frederick
W. Putnam being named Director. Morse himself served as a
curator from 1868 to 1871; as Director from 1880 to 1914; and
as Director emeritus from 1914 until his death in 1925.

In 1871 Morse separated himself — temporarily as it turned
out — from the Peabody Academy in order to travel through-
out the United States giving popular lectures on science. At

134 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

the same time research was not neglected, and he lectured on
zoology at Bowdoin, Maine State and Harvard. This period of
the seventies was one of great activity and accomplishment
and included academic recognition of his scientific attainments.
In 1871 Bowdoin College gave him the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy. In 1873 Agassiz invited him to lecture at his Sum-
mer School of Science at Pennikese Island in Buzzards Bay,
Massachusetts. In 1876 he became vice-president (and in 1886,
president) of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science. In 1877, Morse turned down an invitation to build
up a department of science at Princeton.

Dr. Walter B. Cannon in one of his essays discusses that
form of indirection to which the term "serendipity" has been
applied. He quotes Horace Walpole regarding the Three
Princes of Serendip: ''As their highnesses travelled, they were
always making discoveries by accident or sagacity, of things
which they were not in quest of." In 1877 Edward Morse gave
us a beautiful example of serendipity: he went to Japan to
study brachiopods and returned a world authority on Japanese
pottery. It came about in this way.

For years Morse had been interested in the brachiopoda
which, up to his time, had been classified with the mollusca.
Painstaking investigation, however, starting with early fossil
forms, convinced him that the brachiopods belong with the
worms instead of the mollusks. This represents an outstand-
ing piece of research and was recognized as such throughout
the world, drav/ing a letter of praise from Charles Darwin.
Incidentally, the labors that enabled him to write his essay
'The Brachiopoda, A Division of Annelida" (1870) resulted in
his becoming a convinced Darwinian, thus separating him
from the teachings of his old master, Agassiz.

It was these same brachiopods that took Morse to Japan in
1877. Arrived there, he soon made such an impression on the
Japanese authorities that they invited him to organize a de-
partment of zoology at the newly-established Imperial Univer-
sity of Tokyo and to set up a museum of natural history.
Morse agreed to sign a two-year contract. Thus, without know-
ing it, he took the first step on a road that was to lead to fame
in an entirely new field of endeavor.

The lucky accident which initiated this- as given in Dorothy

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 135

Wayman's highly interesting and complete biography of
Morse— happened as follows. Morse was having some trouble
with indigestion in 1878. His Tokyo physician prescribed a
five-mile daily walk and a hobby to make the tramp more in-
teresting. The hobby was found by chance. During one of his
rambles he came upon a saucer in the form of a shell. This
led to a search for similar pieces of pottery. Then his Japanese
friends undertook to improve his taste in this field of art and
he took lessons from the greatest living Japanese expert. On
the death of this expert, Morse became the expert himself.
Ultimately he became consultant on Japanese pottery to the
British Museum, the Royal Museum in Dresden, the Freer
Art Gallery and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Thus it
would seem that Morse as a serendipitist outdid the Princes
of Serendip themselves.

One other incident must be mentioned before taking leave of
Morse's Japanese experiences. Soon after his arrival in Japan,
while travelling by train to Tokyo, he caught sight of some
shells on the railroad embankment near the village of Omori.
These were fossil Area granosa which Morse considered to
be part of a prehistoric kitchen midden. This glimpse into
Japanese archaeology formed the basis of a paper on the Shell
Mounds of Omori and played its part in determining Morse's
relationship to Japan. It is interesting to note that this paper
was the first publication of the University of Tokyo.

Late in 1879 Morse returned with his family to Salem, re-
fusing to renew his contract at the Imperial University. Ap-
parently he had become a bit homesick and besides he wanted
to finish his research on brachiopods and to do some lecturing
and writing. The year following his departure from Japan he
was offered and accepted the directorship of the Peabody Mu-
seum in Salem — a position which he retained until his death.

In spite of his many activities at home, Morse again felt an
urge to visit Japan if only for a short time. This he did in
1883, returning by way of China, France and England.

Pre-eminence in two widely-separated fields of research
would seem to most men enough for one lifetime. But not so
Edward Morse. While in Japan he became interested in the
methods of arrow release of various races. From then on he
spent many years in investigation of this field of ethnology.

136 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

To him, the progress of civilization was reflected in five types
of arrow release. The results of his studies were embodied in
a bulletin of the Essex Institute entitled Ancient and Modern
Methods of Arrow-Release (1885) and a later publication, Ad-
ditional Notes on Arrow-Release (1922).

While president of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, Morse went to England in 1887 as a
delegate to a meeting of the corresponding British association.
After taking part in their proceedings, he travelled for a while
on the Continent, visiting museums in Norway, Denmark,
Sweden, Germany and Switzerland and conferring with men
interested in his own diversified fields. Again in 1888 he visited
Europe, this time as a delegate to the Congress of American-
ists in Berlin. His last visit was in 1889 to perfect his collection
of pottery.

The remainder of Edward Morse's long life— some thirty -five
years — was spent in his native country with Salem, Massachu-
setts as his home base. His amazing diversity of interests con-
tinually led him into new projects and new studies. Not con-
tent with being a specialist in zoology, Japanese pottery and
ethnology, he took up the study of astronomy with Percival
Lowell at the Harvard Observatory. He even wrote a book
called Mars and its Mysteries (1906) which won commendation
from at least some of those qualified to judge.

More significant, however, than his excursion into astrono-
my was the publication of his Catalogue of Japanese Pottery
(1891)— considered to be unique in its field— and of his journal
entitled Japan Day by Day (1917). The journal— in two vol-
umes—not only is a mine of information about Japan but
throws much light on Morse himself.

For the twenty-year period between 1881 and 1901, Morse
published little in the field of zoology; then in 1901 appeared
his Observations on Living Brachiopoda. Other papers followed
dealing with various molluscan species. These continued un-
til the end of his life. His last published paper (in 1925) dealt
with Shell Mounds and Changes in the Shells Composing Them.

On December 20, 1925, Edward S. Morse died at his home
in Salem at the age of 87.

Edward Morse's many-faceted nature and surprisingly var-
ied attainments make it hard to get an adequate picture of

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 137

him. Those in search of "success stories" can find ample ma-
terial in his life. To quote Dorothy Wayman once more:
"Edward Morse, without esthetic culture, without wealth,
without a fully conceived purpose accomplished through his
enthusiasm and appreciation the building of an artistic heritage
for all humanity." His scientific curiosity led him into various
fields of research. Zoology, however, was his lifelong interest.

Morse did not describe many mollusks. His taxonomic re-
searches produced one variety, eleven new species, one sub-
genus, eight genera, and one subfamily. He certainly did not
belong to the race of "splitters" who grasp at every chance to
create new genera, species or subspecies even if it means
merely adding to the synonymy. He quoted with approval
Professor Keith's protest against the newer terminology:
"Cursed be he that removeth his neighbor's landmarks: and
all the people shall say, Amen" (Deuteronomy xxvii: 17). Old
and established names, he thought, ought to be let alone and
what Morse thought he phrased in vigorous language.

As a zoologist, Morse was a careful observer, a good drafts-
man and an indefatigable collector. He wrote well and was
notably successful as a lecturer. In fact it may be said that in
all of his varied activities he showed originality, boundless
energy and enthusiasm, and catholicity of interests. He was
an individual who did things, who questioned where others
only accepted and who left behind him solid and permanent
accomplishments; he was a distinguished scientist and a dy-
namic personality.

Acknowledgments

The data on which this account of Morse's life is based come
largely from Dorothy G. Wayman's highly interesting and
complete biography. Her account has been accepted as the
accurate one where disagreement has been encountered among
those who have written about Morse.

I am indebted to Mr. L. R. Jenkins, Director of the Peabody

138 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Museum in Salem, Massachusetts for interesting information
about his predecessor, Edward Morse and for the opportunity
of looking over material pertaining to Morse.

Finally, I wish to acknowledge with thanks the assistance
of William J. Clench, especially in the matter of decisions re-
garding types.

Bibliography

Ball, William H., 1926, Obituary. Science 63, no. 1623, Feb. 5.

Howard, L. 0., 1935, Biographical Sketch. National Academy
of Sciences, Washington; Biographical Memoirs 1 7, First
Memoir [contains an excellent bibliography].

Johnson, Allen, 1934, Dictionary of American Biography 13,
pp. 242-243.

Johnson, Charles W., 1926, Obituary. Nautilus 39, April, pp.
135-137.

Kingsley, J. S., 1926, Biographical Sketch. Proceedings of the
Academy of Arts and Sciences 61, PP- 549-555.

Wayman, Dorothy G., 1942, Edward Sylvester Morse: Harvard
University Press, Cambridge, Mass. [A complete and ex-
ceedingly readable biography.]

Wilson, J. G. and Fiske, J., 1888, Appleton's Cyclopaedia of
American Biography 4, pp. 422-423.

In addition to the above there is at the Peabody Museum
at Salem, Massachusetts, a manuscript list of 558 titles of the
writings of E. S. Morse, many of them fugitive articles in
newspapers and elsewhere.

Bibliography of Edward S. Morse's Articles on Recent Mollusca

1857, Helix astericus Morse [Description of]. Proceedings of the
Boston Society of Natural History, 1857, 6, p. 128.

1859, Helix milium Morse [Description of]. Proceedings of the
Boston Society of Natural History, 1859, 7, pp. 28-29.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 139

1862, On the relative positions in nature to be assigned to the
Articulata and Mollusca respectively. [Title only. Read Jan.
6, 1862] Proc. Portland Society of Natural History 1, pt. 1,
p. 37.

1862, General Homologies of Mollusca, Report of remarks on,
particularly Cephalopods. Proceedings of the Portland So-
ciety of Natural History 1, pt. 2, p. 98 [date on title page
1869— see next reference].

1862, Excavations at Goose Id., Me., and occurrence of rare
Helices, including H. multidentata, beneath Indian deposits
—Report of account of, at meeting of the Portland Society
of Natural History 1, pt. 2, p. 98 [date on title page 1869; on
p. 60 of the Journal of the Portland Society of Natural His-
tory, date of publication given as 1862].

1862, Report of Description and Illustration of the anatomy of
Margaritana arciiata before meeting of the Portland Society
of Natural History, Jan. 19, 1863. Proceedings of the Portland
Society of Natural History 1, pt. 2, p. 104.

1864, Contributions to natural history. Helix arborea. Northern
Monthly 1, no. 2, April, pp. 118-120, 3 fig.

1864, Contributions to natural history. Variability of Species.
Northern Monthly 1, no. 4, June, pp. 267-270.

1864, Synopsis of the fluviatile and terrestrial Mollusca of the
State of Maine." [Folio sheet, 4 pp., 3 printed.] Published by
Author, Portland, Maine.

1864, Observations on the terrestrial Pulmonifera of Maine, in-
cluding a catalogue of all the species of terrestrial and flu-
viatile Mollusca known to inhabit the State. Journal of the
Portland Society of Natural History 1, no. 1, pp. 1-63, pi.
1-10 [26 figs, on pis. 1 and 2; 104 in text and on pis. 3-10]
Portland, Maine, 1864. Stephen Berry, Printer.

1865, A Classification of Mollusca based on the "Principle of
Cephalization." Proceedings of the Essex Institute 4» no. 6,
pp. 162-180, 2 fig. in text, 1 pi. Also Am. Journal of Sciences
and Arts, 2nd series, 42, pp. 19 33, 2 fig. in text, 1 pi., publ.
1866.

1865, New Locality of Limnaca ampla Mighels. Am. Journal
of Conchology 1 , p. 286.

140 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

1865, Descriptions of new species of Pupadae. Annals of Ly-
ceum of Natural History of New York 8, pp. 207-212, 8 fig.
Also Separate, pp. 1-6.

1867, Report of Remarks on Cephalopods, Essex Institute May
4, 1867. American Naturalist 1, Feb. 1868, p. 680.

1867-1868, The Land Snails of New England. American Nat
uralist 1, March, 1867, pp. 5-16, 1 pL, 13 fig.; April, 1867, pp
95-100, 7 fig.; May, 1867, pp. 150-151, 8 fig.; June, 1867, pp
186-188, 3 fig.; August, 1867, pp. 313-315, 7 fig.; Oct. 1867
pp. 411-414, 6 fig.; Dec. 1867, pp. 541-547, 33 fig.; Jan. 1868
pp. 606-609, 11 fig.; Feb., 1868, pp. 666-672, 28 fig.

1867, Preparation of Snails' tongues as microscopical objects.
American Naturalist 1, p. 326.

1867, Report of Remarks on the principle of cepalization as ap-
plied to the classification of the mollusca. Meeting of Sept.
18, 1867. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural His-
tory 11, p. 287.

1867, Abstract of Remarks on the evidences of great antiquity
in the shell heaps at Goose Island, Me. Meeting of October
2, 1867. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural His-
tory 11, pp. 301-302.

1868, A Stroll by the Sea-side. American Naturalist 2, July
1868, pp. 236-251, 1 pi., 14 fig.

1869, Abstract of answer to criticism in the Zoological Record
concerning a series of articles by himself on the Land Snails
of New England. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Nat-
ural History 12, pp. 318-319.

1869, Report on the Mollusca [including appendix where Cy-
clocardia novangliae Morse (nov. sp.) is described]. First an-
nual Report, Peabody Academy of Science, Jan. 1869, pp. 74-
77, 2 fig.

1869, Evidences of high antiquity in the Kjoekkenmoedden
deposits of New England (Report of remarks on). Canadian
Naturalist (n.s.) 4, p. 329.

1869, Salt and fresh-water clams. American Naturalist 3,
March 1869, pp. 21 27, 1 pi. with 8 fig.

1869, Shell dredging. American Naturalist 3, July 1869, pp..
269 274, 1 pi. with 33 fig.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 141

1869, Our common fresh-water shells (first article). American
Naturalist 3, Dec. 1869, pp. 530-535, 5 fig. in text, 1 pi. with
22 fig.

1869, Vertigo, Generic characters and native species of (Ref-
erence to remarks on). Bulletin of the Essex Institute 1, p.
32.

1869, Local mollusks and development of animals as illustrated
by the common frog. Bull. Essex Inst. 1, p. 90.

1870, Our common fresh-water shells [second article; see above
for first article]. American Naturalist 3, pp. 648-651, 6 fig.
in text, 1 pi. with 27 fig.

1871, On the Adaptive Coloration of Mollusca. Proceedings of
the Boston Society of Natural History 14, pp. 141-145.

1871, On the Relations of Anomia. Proceedings of the Boston
Society of Natural History 14, pp. 150-153, 6 fig. Also,
American Naturalist 5, (Sept. 1871), pp. 533-535. Also Sep-
arate, pp. 1-4.

1873, Relation of Dentalium (Title only). Proceedings of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science 22,
pt. 2, Sect. B, p. 408.

1875, First Book of Zoology. D. Appleton and Co.; 2nd Ed.
(Am. Book Co ) 1877. Also in German (1877 and 1881) and
in Japanese.

1876, On a Diminutive Form of Buccinum iindatiim male:—
Case of Natural Selection. Proceedings of the Boston Society
of Natural History 18, pp. 284-287, 4 figs.

1879, Shell Mounds of Omori. Memoirs of the Science Depart-
ment, University of Tokio, Japan 1, pt. 1. pp. 1-36, 18 pi.

1879, A comparison between the ancient and modern Mollus-
can fauna of Omori. Memoirs of the Science Department,
University of Tokio 1, pt. 1, pp. 23 26 (is part of reference
immediately preceding).

1880, The Omori shell mounds. [Letter from Morse to Charles
Darwin regarding a review of Morse's memoir by Fred V.
Dickins; and letter to Editor of Nature by Darwin]. Nature,
London, April 15, 1880, pp. 561-562.

1880, Report of remarks on the Japanese language, glacial phe-
nomena and mollusca. Bulletin of the Essex Institute 12,
(1880), pp. 169 170.

142 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

1880, The gradual dispersion of certain mollusks in New Eng-
land, Bulletin of the Essex Institute 12, (1880), pp. 171-176,
map, 1 fig. Also Separate, 8 pp.

1881, Worked Shells in New England Shell-heaps [Abstract].
Proceedings of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science 30, August 1881, p. 345. Also, American
Naturalist 15, December 1881, p. 1015; and American Jour-
nal of Science, (3) 22, 1881, p. 323.

1881, Changes in Mya and Lunatia since the deposition of the
New England shell-heaps. [Abstract] Proceedings of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science 30,
August 1881, p. 345. Also, American Naturalist 15, Decem-
ber 1881, p. 1015; and American Journal of Science, (2) 22,
1881, p. 323.

1883, Mya arenaria; its changes in Pliocene and prehistoric
times. (Abstract) Proceedings of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science 32, pp. 361-362.

1896, Review of ''Dispersal of Shells" by Kew. Science, Feb.
28, p. 324.

1899, The Damariscotta Shell heaps [correction of statements
by H. W. Brown attributed to Edward S. Morse in February
Number, p. 34]. Popular Science Monthly 33, April 1899,
p. 95.

1902, Pholas truncata in Salem Harbor, Massachusetts. Nauti-
lus 16, p. 8.

1907, Eyes of Helicodiscus lineatus. Nautilus 21, p. 73.

1909, Shells new to the New England fauna. Nautilus 22, p.
95.

1910, An early stage of Acmaea. Proceedings of the Boston
Society of Natural History 34, pp. 313-323, 8 fig.

1913, Notes on Thracia conradi. Nautilus 27, pp. 73-77, 1 fig.
1913, Observations on Living Solenomya (velum and borealis).

Biological Bulletin 25, pp. 261 281, 22 fig.
1919, New Forms of Caecum in New England. Nautilus 32,

pp. 73 77, 1 pi. with 8 figs. Also Separate, pp. 1-5 and pi.
1919, Observations on living Lamellibranchs of New England.

Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 35,

no. 5, pp. 139 196, 48 fig.

OCCASIOxNAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 143

1919, Observations on living Lamellibranchs of New England.
(Title only) Proceedings, American Academy of Arts and
Sciences 54, p. 392.

1919, A European mollusk Helcion pelhicidiim, never before
recorded in America. Nautilus 32, pp. 77-78.

1920, On the occurrence of Pyramidida rupestris in Maine.
Nautilus 34, pp. 58-59, 3 fig.

1920, On certain fossil shells in the Boulder Clay of Boston
Basin. American Journal of Science 49, pp. 157-165, 3 fig.

1921, Observations on living Gastropods of New England.
Peabody Museum, Salem, Mass., pp. 1-29, pi. 1-9, with 119
sketches.

1922, An abnormal shell of Mya arenaria. Nautilus 36, pp.
28-30, 1 fig.

1925, Shell-mounds and changes in the shells composing them.
Scientific Monthly 21, pp. 429-440, 7 fig.

A List of Recent Mollnsks described by Edward S. Morse
with the original references and type localities.

The initials PBSNH refer to the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Nat-
ural History; JPSNH to the Journal of the Portland Society of Natural Histor\';
ALNHNY to the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York;
ARPAS to the Annual Report of the Peabody Academy of Science; and MCZ
to the Museum of Comparative Zoolog>^

The Museum of Comparative Zoology has the original Morse Collection. It
has also the shells of the Peabody Museum of Salem and types from the New
England (formerly Boston) Society of Natural History, with both of which
institutions Morse was connected for much of his life. Nevertheless it has
been impossible to trace certain of the Morse types.
Anguispira: 1864, JPSNH 1, no. 1, p. 11, new genus.
asteriscus, Helix: 1857, PBSNH 6, p. 128 (Bethel, Maine) [Lectotype here

selected MCZ 17480].
binneyana, Hyalina: 1864, JPSNH 1, p. 13, 61; figs. 25-26; pi. 2, fig. 9; pi.
6, fig. 27 (southern Maine: type locality here restricted to Gorham, Maine)
[Lectotype here selected (label marked "author's type") MCZ 11734].
blandii, Pupilla: 1865, ALNHNY 8, p. 211, fig. 8 (Drift on the Missouri
River, near Fort Berthold [No. Dakota] ). [Lectotype here selected (label
marked "figured specimen") MCZ 13110]. [ste. Pupa blandi W .G.'Qinney,
U.S. Explorations in Nebraska. Ex. Doc. 35th Congress, 2nd Session, Vol. 2,
part. 2, 725 (1859) nude name].

144 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

bollesiana, Isthmia: 1865, ALNHNY 8, p. 209, figs. 4-6 (Orono, Maine).
[Lectotype here selected (from Peabody Museum, label marked "sp. nov."
MCZ 161427].

borealis, Ancylus: 1864, JPSNH 1, p. 45, figs. 103-104 (Patten, Maine)
[Type cannot be located].

corpulenta, Isthmia: 1865, ALNHNY 8, p. 210, fig. 7 (Little Valley, Wa-
shoe Co., Nevada) [Lectotype here selected MCZ 161426].

ferrea, Striatura: 1864, JPSNH 1, p. 17, figs. 36-39; pi. 2, fig. 10; pi. 7, fig.
40 (Maine; type locality here restricted to Gorham Maine) [Lectotype here
selected (label marked "type" and "author's type") MCZ 12007].

Helicodiscus: 1864, JPSNH 1, no. 1, p. 5, new genus.

milium, Helix: 1859, PBSNH 7, p. 28, not figured (Mt. Independence, West-
brook, Maine). [In the Bland Collection at the Museum of Comparative
Zoology there is a specimen from Morse (MCZ 12029), with the author's la-
bel, according to Bland, and marked "author's type" with the locality given
as Gorham, Maine. Morse himself, however, in his original description of
this mollusk, under "distribution" mentions five Maine localities, none of
which is Gorham. Furthermore he says "This little shell I found at Mt. In-
dependence, Westbrook, Me." Westbrook is one of the towns mentioned
under "distribution." The Morse Collection in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology does not contain this type nor can it be found among the Peabody
Museum or the Boston Society of Natural History shells].

novangliae, Cyclocardia: 1869, ARPAS 1, p. 76, 2 figs. (Essex County
[Mass.] ) [Type not located].

nylanderi, Pyramidula rupestris var.: 1920, Nautilus 34, pp. 58-59, 3 figs.
(Riley, Maine). [Two specimens only, found by Morse. These cannot be
located].

ovalis, Ancylus: 1864, JPSNH 1, p. 44, figs. 101-102 (Androscoggin River at
Bethel, Maine) [Type not located].

Pallifera: 1864, JPSNH 1, no. 1. p. 8, new genus.

Planogyra: 1864, JPSNH 1, no. 1, p. 24, new subgenus.

Pseudohyalina: 1864, JPSNH 1, no. 1, p. 15, new genus.

Punctinae: 1864, JPSNH 1, no. 1, p. 27, new subfamily.

Punctum: 1864, JPSNH 1, no. 1, p. 27, new genus.

Striatura: 1864, JPSNH 1, no. 1, p. 17, new genus.

Strobila: 1864, JPSNH 1, no. 1, p. 26, new genus.

ventricosa, Isthmia: 1865, ALNHNY 8, p. 207, figs. 1-3 (throughout Maine;
type locality here restricted to Westbrook, Maine) [Lectotype here selected
(from Peabody Museum label marked "nov. sp.," Westbrook, Me.) MCZ
161429].

Zoogenetes: 1864, JPSNH 1, no. 1, p. 32, new genus.

Occasional Papers On Mollusks

Published by

The Department of Mollusks

Museum of Comparative Zoolojry, Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts

VOLUME 1 SEPTEMBER 22, 1947 NUMBER 12

Lampsilis cariosa Say and Lampsilis ochracea Say

By Richard I. Johnson

Thomas Say described Lampsilis cariosa and Lampsilis och-
racea in the first edition of Nicholson's Encyclopedia which
appeared early in the year 1817. The present paper is an at-
tempt to clarify the position of both species, for although they
are distinct species, they have often been confused. The paper
is based mainly on the extensive collections of both species in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the United States
National Museum. I wish to thank Dr. H. A. Rehder for the
loan of the National Museum material and Dr. H. A. Pilsbry
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and Dr.
J. R. Dymond of the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology for
allowing me to examine their collections. I am also indebted
to Dr. Henry Vander Schalie of the Museum of Zoology of the
University of Michigan for several records; to Dr. Gilbert
Ranson of the Paris Museum for checking the identification
of Lamarck's type of Unio liiteola; and to Mr. H. D. Athearn
for specimens from Massachusetts.

In the text, the initials USNM refer to the United States
National Museum; MZMto the Museum of Zoology of the
University of Michigan; ANSP to the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia; and MCZ to the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology.

Lampsilis cariosa Say

Unio cariosus Say 1817, Nicholson's Encyclopedia [no pagination], pi. 3, tig.
2 (Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers: [Susquehanna River], Wilkesbarre [Penn-
sylvania] ).

145

146 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Unio luteola Lamarck 1819, Animaux sans Vertebres 6, p. 79 (La riviere
Susquehana et celle Mohancks [sic] ).

Lampsilis pallida Rafinesque 1820, Annales Generales des Sciences Physiques,
Bruxelles 5, p. 299 (Hudson River).

Lampsilis ovata Valenciennes 1833, [in] Humboldt and Bonpland, Voyage
des Regions Equinoxiales du Nouveau Continent (2) 2, p. 266, pi. 50, figs, la-c;
non Say 1817.

Lampsilis cariosa Say, Simpson 1900, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 22, p.
528; Simpson 1914, Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades, Detroit, Michigan
1, p. 43; Ortmann 1919, Memoirs Carnegie Museum 8, p. 313, pi. 20, figs. 3-5;
Clench and Russell 1940, Biological Survey of the Connecticut Watershed,
Survey Report no. 4, Concord, New Hampshire, pi. 4, fig. 4.

Description. Shell usually medium in size, about 90 to 100
mm. in length. Outline subovate or obovate, sometimes ellip-
tical; rather short and high, except male specimens which may
be somewhat elongated. Valves usually not much inflated.
Anterior end regularly rounded, posterior end more broadly
rounded and sometimes developed to a distinct blunt point.
Ventral margin slightly curved or almost straight. Posterior
ridge rounded and poorly defined. Dorsal margin straight or
somewhat convex, usually terminating in a blunt angle with
the obliquely descending posterior margin. Hinge ligament
prominent. Beaks moderately swollen but not much elevated
above the hinge line and located at the anterior third of the
shell. The sculpture consists of four or five wavy, recurved
ridges (see Marshall 1890, p. 182, fig. 8). Periostracum smooth
and shining, usually bright wax or straw-yellow, infrequently
greenish-yellow, sometimes becoming a dirty brownish-yellow
or reddish-brown in old specimens. Rays either entirely absent
or, if present, almost always limited to the posterior slope; they
are usually greenish or blackish and form a sharp contrast
against the light background. Hinge well developed. Pseudo-
cardinals usually two in each valve, those in the left valve be-
ing compressed and serrated. The anterior tooth is somewhat
triangular, the hinder one is low and rather long, located di-
rectly under the beak. The anterior tooth in the right valve is
vestigial, the hinder one stumpy, serrated and triangular. In-
terdentum narrow. Two straight or gently curved laterals,
which are somewhat elevated, truncated and raised toward
their posterior ends are located in the left valve. One lateral
tooth in the right valve. Beak cavities moderately deep, con-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

147

Plate 19. Fig. 1. Female Lampsilis cariosa Say. Neoholotype
MCZ 178839 from the Schuylkill River, near Philadelphia. Penn-
sylvania (natural size). Fig. 2. Male Lampsilis cariosa Say. Neo-
allotype MCZ 151644 from the Schuylkill River, near Philadel-
phia, Pennsylvania ( natural size ) ( photographs by F.P. Orchard ) .

148 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

taining dorsal muscle scars. Anterior adductor muscle scars
well impressed, posterior ones not very distinct. Pallial line
distinct. Nacre bluish-white or tinged with salmon. Sexual
differences well marked in the shell. The male shell forms
more or less of a point posteriorly, but the female shell is
swollen in the post-basal area, which renders the posterior
end broadly truncated.

Length Height Width

large (male) 137 87 58 mm. Connecticut River, Hadley, Mass.

male (neoallotype) 73 45 30 Schuylkill River, Philadelphia, Pa.

female (neoholotype) 78 53 35 " " "

Anatomy. Ortmann (1912, p. 353) claims that the anatomy
of L. cariosa is similar to that of Lampsilis ovata ventricosa
Barnes.

Types. As Thomas Say's type of Unio cariosa does not exist,
we here restrict the type locality to the Schuylkill River, near
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and select as neoholotype MCZ no.
178839, a female specimen whose measurements correspond
approximately to those given by Say in the original description.
A male shell from the same locality, MCZ no. 151644 is here
selected as neoallotype. Neoparatypes, United States National
Museum no. 84924. Lamarck's type of Unio luteola is in the
National Museum in Paris. The description and type localities
of this species w^ould place it in the synonymy of L. cariosa.
Lea, however, claimed (1833, Transactions of American Philo-
sophical Society, n.s. 5, p. 91) that the type specimen was iden-
tical with L. siliqiioidea Barnes, and as Dr. Gilbert Ranson of
the Paris Museum assures me that Lea's identification is cor-
rect, it is doubtful if this specimen in question is truly La-
marck's type. The type of Rafinesque's L. pallida is not known
to exist.

Breeding Season. According to Ortmann (1919, p. 315) this
species is probably bradytictic. In Pennsylvania gravid females
have been collected in the month of August.

Host. The specific host of the glochidia of this species is un-
known, but as L. cariosa is restricted in its distribution to
ponds and streams which drain into the Atlantic, it might pos-
sibly parasitize the alewife or some similar migratory fish.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 149

Distribution. Simpson (1914, p. 44) gives the range of this
species as "the Atlantic drainage from Georgia to the lower
St. Lawrence." Ortmann (1919, p 317) questioned the occur-
rence of this species in the lower St. Lawrence drainage, but
specimens from the Raquette River in New York (a stream
which flows into the St. Lawrence River) MCZ no. 97981 seem
to be this species and not the closely related La nips His ovata
ventricosa Barnes. Lachford (1882, p. 50) has reported cariosa
from Black Bay, Eardley, Province of Quebec, and La Rocque
and Oughton (1937, p. 152) have reported it from the Lake On-
tario drainage and the Ottawa River and its tributaries. Hav-
ing seen at least a portion of this material at the Royal Ontario
Museum of Zoology, I am inclined to regard it as misidentified.

Gould (1870, p. 173) reports L. cariosa from ponds in Ply-
mouth County, Massachusetts. The author and H. D. Athearn
have collected in the area over a period of years and have
found only L. ochracea. It is probable that Gould's record was
based on a misidentification. The most southern record from
the Ogeechee River, Georgia is based on a specimen in the
Isaac Lea collection USNM no. 84915. It has a rather peculiar
brownish-yellow periostracum, but it is undoubtedly this
species.

Ecology. In general L. cariosa prefers the swift waters of
larger streams, being found on gravelly bottoms and on sand
bars.

Records. Maine: [Penobscot River], Alton; Seven Tree Pond,
Union; North Pond, Warren; South Pond, Warren; Chicka-
waukie Pond, Rockland; Kennebec River, Augusta (all MCZ).
Massachusetts: Merrimac River, Haverhill; Connecticut
River at Deerfield, Hadley and Chicopee (all MCZ). Connec-
ticut: Connecticut River, Windsor; Housatonic River, Kent
(both USNM). New York: Raquette River, Potsdam; Cham-
plain Canal; Hudson River, Albany; Canal at Troy; Mohawk
River, Mohawk; Eaton (all MCZ). Pennsylvania: Schuylkill
River, near Philadelphia; Delaware River, Bucks County; Ches.
ter Creek, 18 miles south of Philadelphia; Susquehanna River,
Sunbury and Duncannon (all MCZ). District of Columbia:
Potomac River (MCZ). North Carolina: Neuse River, 5 miles

150 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

south of Raleigh (MCZ); Cape Fear River, Cumberland County
(USNM). South Carolina: Congaree River (MCZ); [Savan-
nah River] Edgefield and Abbeville Counties (both USNM).
Georgia: Ogeechee River (USNM).

Remarks. As Ortmann (1919, p. 313) has pointed out, DeKay
(1843, pi. 21, figs. 243, 244) has figured Lampsilis ovata ventri-
cosa and not L. cariosa. Although related to the western L.
ovata ventricosa, L. cariosa is quite distinct from it. In general,
the latter is a smaller, less inflated shell, with hardly a trace
of the posterior ridge which is usually present on the former.
L. cariosa has a distinctive bright yellow, glossy periostracum;
when rays are present they are almost always limited to the
posterior slope. L. ovata ventricosa usually has a duller, oliva-
ceous tint and is more inclined to be rayed over the entire
surface.

Generally L. cariosa has been confused with L. ochracea.
Hartmann and Michener (1874, fig. 183, 184) have figured the
two sexes of L. cariosa, the male as cariosa and the female as
ochracea. Simpson (1895, Nautilus 8, p. 121), trying to clarify
these species, recopied these figures and inadvertently perpet-
uated the error. Gould (1870, fig. 475) has correctly figured a
female specimen of L. cariosa, and though Ortmann (1919, p.
215) thought Gould's figure 476 was a male L. cariosa it is ac-
tually a male L. ochracea, the figure being based on a specimen
in our collection (MCZ no. 89723).

Simpson (1914, p. 43) placed Unio oratus Conrad in the syn-
onymy of L. cariosa, but its type locality, the Flint River,
Georgia, would indicate that oratus is probably close to L. vi-
rescens Lea and not to our Atlantic drainage species.

Lampsilis ochracea Say

Pectunculis Fluviatilibus [sic] Lister 1685, Synopsis Methodicae Conchylio-
rum, pi. 157, fig. 12 ( Virginia ).i

1 Gmelin 1791. Systema Naturae, ed. 13, 1, pt. 6, p. 3359, named a shell from
Europe Mytilus fluviatilis, referring to this figure of Lister as a shell which ap.
proximated the European shell he was then describing. As he did not specifi-
cally apply this name to Lister's figure, the name cannot be used for an Amer-
ican shell. Further, though Conrad (1836, p. 37) considered Lister's figure to
represent Say's L. ochracea, the figure is sufficiently ambiguous so that Isaac
Lea was successful for over fifty years in claiming that M. fluviatilis Gmelin
was Anodonta cataracta Say!

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 151

Unio ochraceus Say 1817, Nicholson's Encyclopedia 2 [no pagination] pi. 3,
fig. 8 (Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers).

Lampsilis rosea Rafinesque 1820, Annales Genirales des Sciences Physiques,
Bruxelles 5, p. 299 (Hudson River).

Unio rosaceus Conrad 1850, Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (2) 1, p.
275, pi. 37, fig. 5 (Savannah River, Georgia).

Unio affinis var. Sowerby 1866, Conchologia Iconica 16, pi. 63, fig. 318 non
Lea 1852.

Lampsilis ochracea Say, Simpson 1900, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 22,
p. 530; Simpson 1914, Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades, Detroit, Michigan
1, p. 49; Ortmann 1919, Memoirs Carnegie Museum 8, p. 318, pi. 20, fig. 6, 7;
Clench and Russell 1940, Biological Survey of the Connecticut Watershed, Sur-
vey Report no. 4, Concord, New Hampshire, pi. 4, fig. 3.

Description. Shell usually rather small, seldom exceeding
70 mm. in length. Rather strong, thin and often translucent.
Outline ovate or subovate. Valves subinflated. Anterior end
regularly rounded; posterior end usually produced to a blunt
point. Ventral margin gently curved. Posterior ridge rounded
and not very distinct. Dorsal margin slightly curved, terminat-
ing in a blunt angle with the obliquely descending posterior
margin. Hinge ligament prominent. Beaks moderately full,
but not much elevated above the hinge line; they are located
slightly more than one third from the anterior end. Their
sculpture consists of several recurved ridges (see Marshall
1890, p. 180, fig. 7). Periostracum smooth or slightly wrinkled,
especially in the post-dorsal region. It may be brownish-olive,
greenish-yellow, brownish, yellow, reddish-yellow, or grayish-
green, and is seldom shiny. Rays may be entirely absent or if
present, are often found over the entire surface of the shell to
a varying degree. They are usually dull green, rather fine, and
often not very distinct. Hinge not well developed. Left valve
with two, in rare instances three, long, narrow, somewhat
compressed pseudocardinals which are located in front of the
beak. Right valve with two triangular, narrow, compressed
pseudocardinals, separated by a deep narrow pit. The more
anterior tooth is the smaller and lower one. They are both al-
most parallel to the hinge margin. Interdentum absent. The
left valve has two thin gently curved, narrow laterals; the
right valve one. Beak cavities shallow, containing dorsal mus-
cle scars well impressed; posterior ones not very distinct. Pal-
lial line not distinct. Nacre silvery-white, bluish-white and iri-

152

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 20. Fig. 1. Female Lampsilis ochracea Say. MCZ No. 159150
from Halfway Pond, Plymouth, Massachusetts (natural size). Fig.
2. Male Lampsilis ochracea Say. Neoholotype MCZ No. 178838 from
the Schuylkill River, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (natural size)
(photographs by F. P. Orchard).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 153

descent; sometimes salmon or pinkish. Sexual differences sim-
ilar to those of L. cariosa Say, but not always so well marked.

Length Height Width

large (male) 98 60 47 mm. Bristol, Pennsylvania

male 65 36 28 Sampson Pond, South Carver, Mass.

female 60 42 26

Anatomy. Reardon (1929, p. 1) has made a rather complete
study of the anatomy of this species.

Types. As Thomas Say's type of Unio ochracea does not
exist, we here restrict the type locality to the Schuylkill River,
near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and select as neoholotype,
MCZ no. 178838, a male specimen measuring 44 mm. in length,
30 mm. in height, and 18 mm. in width. These measurements
correspond closely to those given by Say in the original de-
scription. Neoparatypes United States National Museum no.
84898. The type of Rafinesque's L. rosea is not known to exist.
The figured holotype of Conrad's Unio rosaceus, is MCZ no.
178779. This specimen and nearly all the examples I have seen
from the Savannah River have an attractive rose-tinted nacre.

Breeding Season. Lea (1863, Journal Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia n.s. 5, p. 455) reports this species
gravid in the autumn. I have found gravid females on May 3,
1943 in Plymouth, Massachusetts.

Host. The specific host of the glochidia is unknown, but like
L. cariosa, L. ochracea seems to h^ restricted in its distribution
to ponds and streams which drain into the Atlantic; but unlike
L. cariosa which ascends rivers for a considerable distance,
L. ochracea is restricted to the lower regions of streams. In
view of the fact that it is found only in waters directly con-
nected with the ocean, it may well parasitize the alewife or
some similar migratory fish.

Distribution. Simpson (1914, p. 49) gives the range of this
species, as "the Atlantic drainage from New England to the
Ogeechee River, Georgia." Simpson's record from the Ogee-
chee River was based on Lea's U. crocatiis^Nhich. he placed in
the synonymy of L. ochracea; however as U. crocatus is not

154 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

this species, the most southern authentic record of ochracea is
from the Savannah River, Georgia.

Ecology. UnUke L. cariosa this species prefers ponds, canals
and portions of rivers where the current is not too strong. It
is usually found on a sandy or somewhat muddy bottom.

Records. Maine: Seven Tree Pond, Union; South Pond, War-
ren; Chickawaukee Pond, Rockland (all MCZ). Massachu-
setts: Silver Lake, Kingston; Ashumet Pond, Hatchville;
Wakeby Pond, Mashpee; Sampson Pond, South Carver; Half-
way Pond and South Pond, Plymouth; Middleboro; Monponset
Pond, Halifax (all MCZ). Connecticut: Connecticut River
(ANSP); Housatonic River, Kent (USNM). New York: Cham-
plain Canal; Hudson River, Ulster County (both MCZ); Troy
(USNM). New Jersey: Delaware River at Burlington and
Kaighns Point, Camden (both ANSP); Passaic River (USNM).
Pennsylvania: Schuylkill River, near Philadelphia; Delaware
River, Bucks County; Bristol (all MCZ). Delaware: Seaford,
Sussex County (ANSP). District of Columbia: Potomac
River; Anacostia River (both MCZ). Maryland: Mill Pond,
Radcliff River, Chestertown (ANSP); Susquehanna River,
Havre de Grace (MZM). Virginia: Petersburg; James River
(both USNM); Little Hunting Creek, near Mount Vernon;
Canal, Alexandria; Matapike River, Matapike; York River (all
MZM). North Carolina: Lake Waccamaw, Columbus County
(MCZ); Roanoke River, Weldon (USNM). Georgia: Savannah
River (MCZ and USNM).

Remarks. Though L. ochracea has often been confused with
L. cariosa they are quite distinct. In general L. ochracea has a
thinner, smaller shell and unlike L. cariosa which is rarely
rayed, L. ochracea is often rayed over the entire surface of the
shell and has a rougher, duller, more greenish periostracum.
The hinges are quite different: the pseudocardinals of L. cari-
osa are pyramidal, and a narrow interdentum is present, but
in L. ochracea the teeth are lamellar and almost parallel to the
hinge line and there is no interdentum.

Frierson (1927, p. 68) claimed that DeKay (1843, pi. 19, figs.
237, 238) correctly figured L. ochracea, but I am inclined to

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

155

Plate 21. Distributional patterns of Lampsilis cariosa Say and
Lampsilis ochracea Say in Eastern North America. The circles in-
dicate the distribution of L. cariosa and the triangles the distri-
bution of L. ochracea.

156 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

agree with Ortmann (1919, p. 292) that the figures represent
L. radiata Gmelin.

Simpson (1914, p. 50) placed Unio crocatus Lea in the syn-
onymy of ochracea, but from an examination of the figured
type, USNM no. 84908, here selected as lectotype, it appears
to be closer to Lampsilis constricta Conrad. Frierson (1927, p.
68) points out that Unio troostensis (Conchologia Iconica 1866,
16, pi. 38, fig. 210) non Lea, doss not represent L. ochracea as
thought by Simpson (1914, p. 50) but is Nodularia aegyptiaca
Cailliaud.

Frierson (1927, p. ^'S) places Unio boydianus Lea in the syn-
onymy of Lampsilis ochracea but the figured type, USNM
87126, here selected as lectotype, reveals it to be a young speci-
men of Lampsilis siliquoidea Barnes.

Bibliography

Clench, W. J., and H. D. Russell, 1940, Fresh Water Shells of New Hampshire.
Biological Survey of the Connecticut Watershed, Survey Report No. 4, New-
Hampshire Fish and Game Department, Concord, New Hampshire.

Conrad, T. A., 1835-1840, Monography of the Family Unionidae or Naiades of
Lamarck, of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

DeKay, J. E., 1843, Zoology of New York, Part 5, Mollusca, Albany, New York.

Frierson, L. S., 1927, A Classified and Annotated Check List of the North
American Naiades, Waco, Texas.

Gould, A. A., 1870, Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, Boston,
Massachusetts, Edited by W. G. Binney.

Hartman, W. D., and E. Michener, 1874, Conchologia Cestrica, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.

La Roque, A., and J. Oughton, 1937, A Preliminary Account of the Unionidae
of Ontario, Canadian Journal of Research, Section D, 15, p. 147-155.

Lachford, F. R., 1882, Notes on the Ottawa Unionidae. Transactions of the
Ottawa Field Naturalist's Club 3, p. 48-57.

Marshall, W. B., 1890, Beaks of the Unionidae inhabiting the Vicinity of Al-
bany, New York. Bulletin of the New York State Museum 2, no. 9.

Ortman, A. E., 1912, Notes Upon the Families and Genera of the Najades [sic].
Annals of the Carnegie Museum 7, no. 2.

1919, Monograph of the Naiades of Pennsylvania, Part 3, Systematic Account
of the Genera and Species. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 8, no. 1.

Reardon, Lucy, 1929, A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Anatomy of the
Fresh-water Mussels of the District of Columbia. Proceedings of the United
States National Museum 75, p. 1-12, pis. 1-5.

Simpson, C. T., 1914, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades, Detroit, Michi-
gan.

lUN 22 mSj
Occasional Papers On Mollusks

Published by

The Department of Mollusks

Museum of Comparative Zoolojry, H[arvard University
Cambridge, MassaclTusetts

VOLUME 1 JUNE 22, 1948 NUMBER 13

A Catalogue of the Family Truncatellidae
with Notes and Descriptions of New Species

By William J. Clench and Ruth D. Turner

In this report we consider the genera Triincatella, Geomel-
ania, Blandiella and Taheitia as members constituting the
family Truncatellidae.

The genus Cecina A. Adams, generally considered a member
of the family Truncatellidae, belongs, in our opinion, to the
family Amnicolidae. We have a cotype of Cecina manchurica
A. Adams (MCZ 178837) and this specimen has all of the char-
acteristics of a member of the latter family. It is dark green
in color, devoid of sculpture and is truncated as the result of
corrosion rather than mechanical stress.

The radulae of the genera in the Truncatellidae have a cen-
tral tooth which is triangular, thus differing, so far as we can
determine, from other closely allied groups which usually have
the central or rachidian tooth subquadrate in outline. Also the
adult shell is generally mechanically truncated. This, at first,
may seem a superficial character, but nevertheless it has re-
sulted in a definite pattern of profound structural changes in
the shell. The loss of the early whorls necessitates the forma-
tion of a septum, a rounded and concave plug, in the region of
the mid-whorls. Fracture of the early whorls takes place along
the outer margin of this septum where it joins the side of the
shell. The point of fracture is remarkably constant for any one
species, though the number of whorls remaining may vary
from four to six or seven, depending upon the species.

This is not in any way to be confused with the corrosive

157

158 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

effect of certain environments which causes the loss of a few
of the very early whorls in many freshwater gastropods. This,
of course, stimulates the individual to wall off this area with a
lime deposit to prevent any subsequent exposure of the soft
parts. In the case of members of the Truncatellidae there is a
definite reaction when the animal approaches maturity and at
this time the plug is formed and the subsequent fracture takes
place. It is probably equivalent to the reaction which causes
a gastropod to produce a lip on the adult shell, a reaction re-
markably different from the one that is responsible for the
forward-growing shell structure.

The genus Truncatella is widely distributed in the tropical
and south temperate coastal regions. In a few areas, notably
coastal Europe, it survives beyond these limits. The genus,
however, is not present everywhere within its range even when
ecological conditions appear favorable. It is sporadic in occur-
rence and usually exists in isolated colonies. This is probably
due to the rather hazardous niche in the environment that they
attempt to occupy, namely, the region just below high water
line. Becoming established by means of flotsam, a colony
flourishes for a time, builds up a population and then suc-
cumbs or is scattered by a storm. There appear to be other
limitations to its distribution, principally the ability to survive
a long journey at sea. So far as we can trace it, the genus has
never reached the Hawaiian Islands, nor any other island group
in the central Pacific to the east of the Society Islands.

In the Eastern Pacific, Truncatella has been recorded only
between southern California and Panama. In the Western
Atlantic, it occurs from northern Florida south to Trinidad.
Though an occasional colony has been found north of Florida,
such an occurrence appears to be sporadic.

We are deeply indebted to R. Humes, D. Thaanum, J. R. leB.
Tomlin and T. van der Feen for the gift of much valuable
material in this family. To C. G. Aguayo, J. Armstrong, C. M.
Cooke, C. Guthe and H. A. Rehder we are grateful for the use
of the collections under their charge. These collections com-
bined with our own represent well over 2000 lots, approxi-
mately 75,000 specimens. This has made possible a far better
understanding of the family and its complexities than if we

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 159

had depended only upon our own material and such data as
we could glean from the published record.

Much is still unknown about this family, particularly regard-
ing the genus TriincateUa. Field studies are very important
and attention is directed toward the variation and extent of
costation within single colonies. Nothing, so far as we have
been able to determine from the literature, is known about
their life histories, such as length of life, breeding habits, mode
of dispersal and many other factors that are important to an
understanding of geographical distribution.

Synopsis of the genera and subgenera in the Truncatellidae
Genus Truncatella Risso

Subgenus Truncatella Risso

Subgenus Tomlinitella Clench and Turner

Genus Geomelania Pfeijfer

Subgenus Geomelania Pfeijfer
Subgenus Chittia H. and A. Adams
Subgenus Scalatella von Martens
Subgenus Merrilliana Clench and Turner

Genus Blandiella Gitppy

Genus Taheitia H. and A. Adams

We outline below all the known species in Geomelania and
Taheitia. In Truncatella, only the synonymies of a few of the
Indo-Pacific species are given. We have considered elsewhere
the species occurring in the Western Atlantic {Johnsonia 2,
pp. 149-164, 1948). In the catalogue at the end of this report,
however, are listed all of the published names that we have
been able to trace in the Truncatellidae.

160 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 22. Radulae of the Truncatellidae
Fig. 1. Blandiella reclusa Guppy
Fig. 2. Truncatella pidchella Pfeiffer
Fig. 3. Taheitia arcasiana abbotti Clench and Turner
Fig. 4. Geomelania {Geomelania) minor C. B. Adams
Fig. 5. Geomelania {Merrilliana) elegans C. B. Adams

The radulae of the various generic and subgeneric elements
in this family so far examined are essentially quite similar.
The greatest differences appear to be in the shape of the ra-
chidian teeth and the number of denticles these teeth support
on the mid portion.

Comparisons between the few species that we have examined
in the genus Truncatella show no specific differences in the
structure of the radula (T. pulchella, T. bilabiata and T.
guerinii).

The only radular figures of Taheitia that we have seen are
those of I. Rensch (1937, pp. 627-630). The rachidian teeth are
incompletely drawn and we believe rather inaccurately as to
detail.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 161

.^'plty

5 \^

Plate 22
Drawn by Ruth D. Turner

162 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Genus Truncatella Risso

Acmea of authors, not of Hartmann in Strum's Deutschlands Fauna; Iredale
1915, Proc. Malacological Soc, London 11, p. 332; Pilsbry 1926, Nautilus 40,
p. 32; Keene 1946, Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern California
no. 56, p. 7.

Acmea Hartmann 1821, Neue Alpina 1, p. 204-212. This use of Acmea was
for a Truncatella but was published after his use of Acmea and Acme in Strum's
Deutschlands Fauna for a species which is not in the genus Truncatella.

For a full discussion, see Clench and Turner 1948, Johnsonia 2, p. 151.

Truncatella Risso 1826, Histoire Naturelle de I'Europe Meridionale 4, p. 124;
Gude 1921, Fauna of British India, Mollusca 3, p. 360.

Fidelis Risso 1826, Histoire Naturelle de I'Europe Meridionale 4, p. 121
(genotype, Fidelis theresa Risso, monotypic).

Truncatella Lowe 1832, Zoological Journal 5, p. 300 (genotype, Cyclostoma
truncatulum Draparnaud, monotypic).

Erpetometra Lowe 1832, Zoological Journal 5, p. 300 (genotype, Cyclostoma
truncatulum Draparnaud, monotypic).

Choristoma J. de Cristophori and Jan 1832, Cat. Mus. (Mantissa Test.) p. 3,
non Hartmann 1840. [We have not seen this publication.]

Truncatula Leach 1847, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1) 20,
p. 271 (genotype, Truncatula truncata Montagu = truncatus Montagu = Helix
subcylindrica Linne, subsequent designation, Clench and Turner 1948, Johnsonia
2, p. 152).

Zeanoe Leach 1852, Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain, London, p.
198 (genotype, Turbo nitida Adams, monotypic).

Glaucothoe Leach 1852, Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain, London,
p. 199 (genotype, Glaucothoe montaguana Leach, monotypic).

Herpetometra 'Lowe' Gray 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, p. 22 [error for
Erpetometra Lowe].

Albert isia Issel 1880, Ann. del Museo Civico di Storia Nat. di Genova 15,
p. 275 (genotype, Albertisia punica Issel, monotypic).

Truncatula 'Risso' Caziot, 1910, Etude Moll. Princip. Monaco, p. 450 (error
for Truncatella Risso); non Leach 1847, non Hagenow 1851.

Genotype. Truncatella laevigata Risso, subsequent designa-
tion, Gude 1921 ( = Helix subcylindrica Linne).

Shells small, rarely exceeding 10 mm. in length in the adult
truncated form. The shell has many whorls but most of these
are lost when the animal becomes adult. Sculpture, when
present, consists of rather strong axial costae which may ex-
tend from suture to suture or disappear on the whorl periph-
ery. In a few species or members of a single species this sculp-
ture may be entirely absent. Operculum paucispiral with or
without a thin accessory plate of calcium on its outer surface.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 163

Members of the genus T^-uncatella are prosobranchiate mol-
lusks with the sexes separate, are aquatic or semiaquatic and
live in the vicinity of high water line. They rarely occur where
there is much brackish water. In relationship they are close
to the Bulimidae and Rissoidae.

Subgenus Truncatella Risso

Truncatella Risso 1826, Histoire Naturelle de I'Europe Meridionale 4, p. 124.

Subgenotype, Truncatella laevigata Risso, subsequent desig-
nation, Gude 1921 { = Helix siibcylindrica Linne).

This subgenus is characterized by having shells which may
be smooth or which may exhibit more or less numerous cos-
tae. However, costae are seldom completely absent. Opercu-
lum corneous, with or without a thin calcified plate on its
outer surface.

Truncatella (Truncatella) margin ata Kiister

Truncatella marginata Kiister 1855, Conchy.-Cab. (2) 1, pt. 23, p. 12, pi. 2,
fig. 24-26 (Labuan, Borneo).

Truncatella ceylanica Pfeiffer 1856 [1857] Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 336
(Ceylon).

Truncatella pfeijferi v. Martens 1861, Malak. Blatt. 7, p. 43 (Japan).

Truncatella semicostata Montrouzier 1862, Jour, de Conchyliologie 10, p.
243, pi. 9, fig. 10 (Island of Art and New Caledonia).

Truncatella cerea Gassies 1878, Jour, de Conchyliologie 26, p. 339 (Hot
Koutoumo, He de Pins, New Caledonia).

Truncatella nitida 'Gassies' Garrett 1887, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 300
[nude name].

Truncatella japonica Pilsbry and Hirase 1905, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia 57, p. 707 (Futami Island [Japan] ).

This is a dimorphic species, the extremes being strongly
costate and completely sm^ooth. As a consequence a host of
names have been employed, not only designating these forms
but also as a result of the wide geographic range of this spe-
cies. Differences certainly exist between the two extremes, but
there are often connecting forms in a series from one locality.
For convenience, the name teres Pfeiffer can be retained for
the strongly costate forms, marginata Kuster for those that
are nearly smooth and pelliicida Dohrn for those that are small

164 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

and entirely smooth. Geographically there is a slight size dif-
ference, but from one locality, the specimens are all approxi-
mately the same size. Different localities may show a size
difference of nearly 2 mm.

Truncatella tnarginata form teres Pfeijfer

Truncatella teres Pfeiffer 1856 [1857], Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 336 (Isle of
Mauritius and Trinity Bay, Australia).

Truncatella labiosa Souverbie 1862, Journ. de Conchyliologie 10, p. 242, pi.
9, fig. 9, (Island of Art [New Caledonia] ).

Truncatella scalarina Cox 1867, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 40 (Port Lincoln
[South] Australia); 1868, Monograph of Australian Land Shells, p. 93, pi. 15,
fig. lOa-b.

Truncatella marginata form pellucida Dohrn

Truncatella pellucida Dohrn 1860, Malak. Blatt. 6, p. 203 (Arabia).

Truncatella semicostulata Jickeli 1874, Nova Acta der Ksl, Leop. Carol.
Deutschen Akad. der Naturforschen 37, p. 189, pi. 7, fig. 8 (Dahlak [Daalac,
Eritrea] ).

Truncatella quadrasi v. Mollendorff 1893, Bericht der Senckenbergischen
Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfort, p. 137, pi. 5, fig. lOa-b (Magal-
lanes, Sibuyan, Philippine Islands).

Truncatella (Truncatella) rustica Mousson
Plate 25, fig. 2

Truncatella rustica Mousson 1865, Journ. de Conchyliologie 13, p. 186, pi.
14, fig. 8 (Nucuiona, Uvea [Wallis Island] ),

Truncatella futunaensis Mousson 1869, [in] Museum Godeffroy, Hamburg,
Catalog 4, p. 76 [nude name]; Mousson 1871, Journ. de Conchyliologie 19,
p. 30 (Futuna Island [Home Islands] ).

Truncatella costelUfera Pease 1871, Proc. Zoological Soc, London, p. 468
(Vavau Id. [Tonga Islands] ).

This species is generally very strongly costate and bilabiate.
It would appear to be quite rare even though widely distrib-
uted. See also remarks under T. granum Garrett.

We have seen specimens from the following localities: Uvea
(Wallis Island); New Caledonia; Zanzibar; Mombassa, Kenya,
East Africa.

So far as we can determine, T. futunaensis Mousson is only
a rather large T. rustica.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 165

Truncatella (Truncatella) kiusiuensis Pilsbry
Plate 25, fig. 5

Truncatella kiusiuensis Pilsbry 1902, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences Philadelphia
53, p. 615 (Tane-ga-shima, Hirado Hizen, Japan).

This species is very close to T. rustica Mousson, differing
mainly in that the parietal margin of the lip is in close attach-
ment to the body whorl with no indication of a gap.

We possess specimens from Tane-ga-shima, Awaji and
Tsushima-Iki, Japan.

Truncatella (Truncatella) granum Garrett
Plate 25, fig. 4

Truncatella granum Garrett 1872, American Journal Conchology 7, p. 225
(N. E. end of Taviuni Id., Fiji Islands).

This is a very small species, about 4^ mm. long, possessing
a duplex lip, a rather strong basal ridge and having a very
thin calcareous plate on the operculum. There are about 28
rather narrow and low axial costae on the body whorl.

This species differs quite noticeably from T. rustica Mousson
by its much smaller size, finer and more delicately formed
costae and, especially, in the type of the duplex or bilabiate
lip. In rustica the lip is a simple duplex formation. In granum,
however, it actually consists of a strongly developed outer lip,
and an inner lip consisting of a series of "nested" aperture
margins. This actually causes the aperture to become smaller
during late adult life.

Truncatella (Truncatella) thaanumi, new species
Plate 25, fig. 6

Description. Shell about SV mm. in length. Whorls 4.^ and
moderately convex. Color a pale straw-yellow. Aperture small
but surrounded by an exceedingly thickened duplex lip with
a broad parietal gap. Basal ridge remarkably developed, so
much so that it appears below the aperture and merges into
the duplex lip. Sculpture consisting of about 20 strong axial
blade-like costae which pass over the basal ridge. Operculum
with a rather thin calcareous plate.

166 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

ngth
5.5

width
2.4 mm. Holotype

6.2

2.8 Yap Island, Caroline Islands

5

2.2 Na Islet, Ponape, Caroline Islands

Types. Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology no.
159379 from Ulali Island, Truk Group, Caroline Islands, ex.
D. Thaanum. Paratypes, B. P. Bishop Museum no. 157080 and
Museum of Comparative Zoology no. 157478, from Na Islet,
Ponape Id., Caroline Islands.

Remarks. This species appears nearest in its relationships
to T. granum Garrett. It differs, however, by being larger,
having fewer and more blade-like axial ribs and possessing a
remarkably developed basal ridge.

Range. Known only from the Caroline Islands.

Records. Caroline Islands: Ulali Island, Truk Group
(MCZ); Yap Island (B. P. Bishop Museum and MCZ); Na Islet,
Ponape Island (B. P. Bishop Museum and MCZ); Lele, Kusaie
Island (B.P. Bishop Museum).

Truncatella thaanumi insularis, new subspecies

Description. Shell similar in general outline to thaanumi
with 20-23 blade-like costae on the body whorl. This sub-
species differs, however, in being a little larger and in lacking
the remarkably developed basal ridge. Both this subspecies
and thaanumi have a rather broad parietal gap, much greater
than that existing in T. granum. Operculum may or may not
have a thin calcified plate on a chitinous base.

length

width

6.4

2.3 mm.

Holotype

7.2

2.5

Paratype

Types. Holotype, B. P. Bishop Museum no. 87796 from near
Houma, Tongatabu, Tonga Islands, H. S. Ladd, collector. Para-
types in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Remarks. This subspecies differs quite sharply from the
typical form by the reduction of the basal ridge. Both have

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 167

the sleeve-like type of aperture as discussed under T.granum
Garrett. This subspecies is known only from the type locality.

Truncatella (Truncatella) avenacea Garrett
Plate 25, fig. 3

Truncatella avenacea Garrett 1887, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 301 (Vanua
Levu [Fiji Islands] ).

The B. P. Bishop Museum possesses specimens of this rare
species from Vanua Mbalavu collected by Y. Kondo. This
locality is in the Lau group of islands which lie to the east of
Vanua Levu.

Truncatella (Truncatella) guerinii A. and J. B. Villa
Plate 23, fig. 12-13

Truncatella guerinii A. and J. B. Villa 1841, Conchyliarum Terrestrium et
Fluviatilium, Mediolani [Milan], p. 59 (Bourbon [Reunion Id., Indian Ocean] ).

Truncatella valida Pfeiffer 1846, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie 3, p. 182
(Philippine Islands).

Truncatella aurantia Gould 1847 [1848] Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p.
208 (Mangsi Id., Borneo); Gould 1852, United States Exploring Expedition 12,
p. 110, fig. 125a-b.

Truncatella vitiana Gould 1847 [1848] Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 208
(Fiji Islands); Gould 1852, United States Exploring Expedition 12, p. 109, fig.
126a-b.

Truncatella pacifica Pease 1867, American Journal of Concholog>- 3, p. 230.
pi. 15. fig. 27 (Insula Oualan (Oualau) [=Ovalau, Fiji Islands] ).

Truncatella yorkensis Cox 1868, Monograph of Australian Land Shells, Syd-
ney, p. 93, pi. 15, fig. 11 (Cape York [Queensland] Australia).

Truncatella cristata Crosse 1868, Journal de Conchyliologie 16, p. 177 (local-
ity unknown); Crosse 1871, Journal de Conchyliologie 19, p. 6i6. pi. 3. fig. 11
(Tonga Islands).

Truncatella ferruginea Cox 1868, Monograph of Australian Land Shells. Syd-
ney, p. 94 (Cape York [Queensland] Australia).

Truncatella concinna Pease 1871', Proc. Zool. Society. London, p. 468 ( Apaiang
[Kingsmill Ids.] ).

Truncatella semperi Kobelt 1884, Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozool-
ogischen Gesellschaft 16, p. 52 (Pangongon [?Bohol] Philippine Islands).

Truncatella fasciata Tapparone-Canefri 1886, Annali del Museo Civico Storia
Naturale, Genova 24, p. 193, pi. 2, fig. 24 (Wokan Island [Wokam] Aru Is-
lands).

Description. Shell small, varying from 6 to 10 mm. in length,
generally costate, rather dull and solid. Whorls 4-4 and moder-

168 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

ately convex. Color ranging from dull gray to a dull reddish-
brown. Spire lengthened and truncated. Suture moderately
impressed. Aperture ovate, holostomatous, the inner margin
attached to the parietal wall. Outer lip simple, occasionally
flaring and somewhat thickened. Basal ridge usually well de-
veloped. Shell imperforate or only minutely rimate. Sculpture
consisting of numerous axial costae. There are about 30 costae
on the body whorl. Partially smooth forms are apparently
quite rare. Operculum paucispiral, corneous and generally
with a thin calcareous plate on the outer surface. In young
specimens the first one to one and a half whorls are smooth,
the remaining whorls becoming gradually more strongly cos-
tate.

length width

6.7 2.7 mm. Lectotype

9.8 3.5 Batjan Id., Molucca Islands
7.5 3.3 Boga Id., Fiji Islands

Types. Lectotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology no.
177264 from the Island of Bourbon [Reunion], Indian Ocean,
from Villa in the C. B. Adams collection.

We have examined type material of the following species:
concinna Pease; ferruginea Cox; guerinii Villa; pacifica Pease;
valida Pfeiffer; vitiana Gould; and yorkensis Cox.

Remarks. This is an extremely widespread species in the
Indo-Pacific area. Like most other species of Truncatella, it is
subject to considerable variation in size, shape and sculpture.
This factor has brought about the long synonymy given above.
In a large series of this species we have been unable to sepa-
rate, either as species, subspecies or even valid races, the
many named forms that exist.

It is most unfortunate that the better known name of valida
Pfeiffer must be replaced by guerinii A. and J. B. Villa. The
lectotype of guerinii is smaller than many specimens of the
species that we have seen, but even this size occurs in our
series from other localities in the Indo-Pacific.

Range. Most of Polynesia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Northern
Australia, the East Indies, Philippines, southern Japan and
west to Portuguese East Africa.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 169

Records. Society Islands: Tahiti (MCZ). Mariana Is-
lands: Guam (MCZ). Palau Islands: Koror Id. (D.Thaanum).
Fiji Islands: Mbenga Id. (D. Thaanum); Boga Id. (MCZ). New
Caledonia: Art Island; Noumea (both MCZ). Solomon Is-
lands: Harapa, Shortland Id. (AMNH); Guadalcanar Id
(MCZ). Australia: Somerset, Cape York; Fitzroy Id., Queens
land (both MCZ). Molucca Islands: Batjan (D. Fairchild)
Philippine Islands: Calapan, Mindoro; Catanduanes Id.; Mai
itgog, Leyte; Balabac Id.; Bahia de Ulugan, Palawan (all MCZ)
Japan: Okinawa, LooChoo Ids. (MCZ). India: Pondicherry
(MCZ). Indian Ocean Islands: Nicobar Ids.; Reunion Id
Mauritius (all MCZ). Kenya Colony: Mombasa (MCZ).

Subgenus Tomlinitella, new name

Tomlinella Clench and Turner 3948, Johnsonia 2, p. 159; non Tomlinella
Viader 1938, Bull. Mauritius Inst. 1, p. 6.

Subgenotype, Tnincatella scalaris Michaud, original desig-
nation.

This subgenus is characterized by possessing only a few, but
exceedingly strong, axial costae. So far as known, the costae
are always strongly developed with little tendency toward re-
duction at the periphery of the whorl. These costae seldom if
ever group to form a basal ridge. Lip generally duplex, the
outer generally being an enlargement of the last costa, the in-
ner being a slightly forward development of the body whorl.
Operculum paucispiral and corneous without any accessory
calcified plate so far as known.

Tomlinitella is known to occur only along the tropical and
subtropical coasts of both sides of the Atlantic. Only two spe-
cies and one subspecies are known so far in this subgenus.

Truncatella (Tomlinitella) scalaris Michaud

Rissoa scalaris Michaud 1830, Descr. Genre Rissoa, p. 18 [we have not seen
this paper] (locality unknown); Michaud 1832, Descriptions de Plusieurs Nou-
velles Especes de Coquilles du Genre Rissoa (Freminville) 2nd. ed., p. 21. fig.
31-32.

Truncatella scalaris piratica Clench and Turner

Truncatella scalaris piratica Clench and Turner 1948. Johnsonii 2, no. 25. p.
161, pi. 72, fig. 1-4 (St. George's Causeway, Bermuda).

170 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 23

Fig. 1. Taheitia arcasiana Crosse. Telenaua, near Varawa Bay, south coast

Viti Levu, Fiji Islands (about 5X).
Fig. 2. Taheitia arcasiana abbotti Clench and Turner. Holotype, Lomoloma

Hill, Lautoka, Viti Levu, Fiji Islands (about 5X).
Fig. 3. Taheitia arcasiana cookei Clench and Turner. Holotype, Vuni Vatu,

central Viti Levu, Fiji Islands (about 5X).
Fig. 4. Taheitia soluta Clench and Turner. Holotype, Bavatu, Vanua Mbalavu,

Fiji Islands (about 5X).
Fig. 5. Taheitia porrecta Gould. Tahiti, Society Islands (about 7^X).
Fig. 6. Taheitia tongana Clench and Turner. Holotype, Vaigana, Eua Island,

Tonga Islands (about 7^X).
Fig. 7. Geomelania (Scalatella) greyana C. B.Adams. Lectotype, Yallah's Hill,

Jamaica (about 7^X).
Fig. 8. Geomelania {Merrilliana) elegans C. B. Adams. Lectotype, Jamaica

(about 7^X).
Fig. 9. Blandiella reclusa Guppy. Lectotype, Oropuche Mountains, Trinidad

(about 7^X).
Fig. 10. Geomelania {Geomelania) media C. B. Adams. Lectotype, Jamaica

(about 5X ) = G. jamaicensis Pfeiffer.
Fig. 11. Geomelania (Chittia) sinuosa Chitty. Lectotype, Ashly Hall, Trelawny,

Jamaica (about llX).
Fig. 12. Truncatella guerinii Villa. Lectotype, Island of Bourbon (about 5X).
Fig. 13. Truncatella valida Pfeiffer. Cotype, Philippine Islands (about 5X )

= T. guerinii Villa.
Fig. 14. Geomelania {Merrilliana) haitensis Weinland. South of Coteaux, Dept.

du Sud, Haiti, Hispaniola (about llX).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 171

,1* 2^^

m

" .»■ i^

Plate 23

Photographs hy F. P. Orchard

172 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Truncatella (Tomlinitella) rostrata Gould

Truncatella rostrata Gould 1847 [1848], Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 209
(Rio de Janeiro [Brazil] ); United States Exploring Expedition 12, p. Ill, pi.
8, fig. 128a-b. [This locality is certainly in error, as this species comes from
the west coast of Africa. See Clench and Turner 1948, pp. 162-164, pi. 73].

Truncatella princeps Dohrn 1866, Malakozoologische Blatter 13, p. 134, (Ilha
do Principe [Princes Island, Gulf of Guinea, Africa] ); Pfeiffer 1867, Novitates
Conchologicae 3, p. 317, pi. 76, fig. 10-11.

* ^ Jl< ^K

Comparatively little published material has appeared upon
the genus Geomelania. Very fortunately, Sykes (1925) has fig-
ured most of the species contained in the Chitty collection:
species described by both E. Chitty and C. B. Adams, and a
few species loaned from the Adams collection, then at Amherst
College.

We have attempted to outline the genus and give such syn-
onymies as appear evident from the material at hand which
includes most of the type specimens of the species described
by C. B. Adams. However, far more material must be obtained
for any real taxonomic understanding of this very complex
genus and the distribution of the various specific elements.

Genus Geomelania Pfeiffer

Geomelania Pfeiffer 1845, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, p. 45.

Genotype, Geomelania jamaicensis Pfeiffer, monotypic.

Shells elongate, usually truncated in the adult stage, usually
sculptured. The axial sculpture, when present, in the form of
costae; spiral sculpture seldom present and then consisting
only of very fine threads between the costae. The last whorl
partially free or adnate. Outer margin of the lip straight or
sinuous and sometimes with a small basal extension or with a
partially closed sinus near its upper margin. Operculum may
be with or without a thin calcified plate on the outer face of a
paucispiral chitinized base. In Geomelania s.s., the operculum
is thin, paucispiral and consists entirely of chitin.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 173

Vendryes (1899, p. 605) reports that Geomelania grey ana
C. B. Adams, beardsleana C. B. Adams, and pygmaea C. B.
Adams possess an external, calcified and rugose plate on the
operculum. Vv^e have not seen the opercula of these three
species.

So far as now known, the genus Geomelania occurs in east-
ern Cuba, southwestern Hispaniola, Jamaica and the Cayman
Islands.

The Jamaican species in this genus have been complicated
unduly by C. B. Adams. His collection is now in our possession
and, with few exceptions, most of his species were based upon
very few individuals. He carried to excess the naming of slight
variations, and as few of these forms have ever been figured,
his names have remained more or less unknown for nearly one
hundred years.

Geomelania, particularly the subgenus Geomelania, exhibits
considerable variation in the lip structure, especially in the
formation of the tongue-like process on the outer lip. The dif-
ferences exhibited by many of the specimens named by Adams
are due merely to an age factor. In other words, the older the
specimen, the greater the degree to which the tongue-like pro-
cess has been developed. In addition, the curvature of the sig-
moid outline (in profile) of the lip has been intensified. These
characters were used by Adams to separate individuals into
categories under the heading of different species.

Subgenus Geomelania Pfeiffer

Geomelatiia Pfeiffer 1845, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, p. 45,

Subgenotype, Geomelania jamaicensis Pfeiffer, monotypic.

Shells elongate, truncated in the adult stage. Generally with
numerous strongly developed axial costae. Aperture attached,
flaring and possessing a small tongue-like process on the outer
lip near its base. Operculum thin, paucispiral and chitinous.

174 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Geomelania (Geomelania) jamaicensis Pfeiffer
Plate 23, fig. 10

Geomelania jamaicensis Pfeiffer 1845, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 13, p. 45,
(Savanna la Mar, Jamaica); Pfeiffer 1846, Conchy.-Cab. (1) 19, p. 214, pi. 30,
fig. 19-20; Sykes 1905, Proc. Malacological Soc. London 6, p. 225, fig. 2.

Geomelania expansa C. B. Adams 1849, Contributions to Conchology no. 2,
p. 18 (Jamaica); Sykes 1925, Proc. Malacological Soc. London 26, p. 180, pi.
8, fig. 17.

Geomelania fortis C. B. Adams 1850, Contributions to Conchology no. 6, p.
94 (Jamaica); Sykes 1925, above, p. 180, pi. 8, fig. 12.

Geomelania magna C. B. Adams 1850, Contributions to Conchology no. 6, p.

94 (Jamaica); Sykes 1925, above, p. 179, text figure 2.

Geomelania gracilis C. B. Adams 1850, Contributions to Conchology no. 6, p.

95 (Jamaica); Sykes 1925, above, p. 180, pi. 8, fig. 8.

Geomelania gracilis var. parva C. B. Adams 1850, Contributions to Conchology
no. 6, p. 95 (Jamaica); Sykes 1925, above, p. 180, pi. 8, fig. 9; non parva Chitty.

Geomelania procera C. B. Adams 1850, Contributions to Conchology no. 6,
p. 95 (Jamaica); Sykes 1925, above, p. 180, pi. 8, fig. 14.

Geomelania media C. B. Adams 1850, Contributions to Conchology no. 6, p.

96 (Jamaica); Sykes 1925, above, p. 180, pi. 8, fig. 11.

Geomelania alata "C. B. Adams' Paetel 1889, Catalog der Conchylien-Samm-
lung 2, p. 431 (Jamaica); [nude name].

Geomelania (Geomelania) typica C. B. Adams

Geomelania minor Pfeiffer 1850, Conchy.-Cab. (1) 19, p. 214, pi. 30, fig. 21-
22 (Jamaica); non minor C. B. Adams 1849.

Geomelania typica C. B. Adams 1850, Contributions to Conchology no. 6, p.

95 (Jamaica); Sykes 1925, Proc. Malacological Soc. London 26, p. 180, pi. 8,
fig. 18.

Geomelania typica pygmaea C. B. Adams 1850, Contributions to Conchology
no. 6, p. 96 (Jamaica); non pygmaea C. B. Adams 1845.

Geomelania vicina C. B. Adams 1850, Contributions to Conchology no. 6, p.

96 (Jamaica); Sykes 1925, above, p. 180, pi. 8, fig. 15.

Geomelania conica C. B. Adams 1850, Contributions to Conchology no. 6, p.

97 (Jamaica); Sykes 1925, above, p. 179, text figure 3.

Geomelania (Geomelania) minor C. B. Adams
Plate 22, fig. 4

Geomelania minor C. B. Adams 1849, Contributions to Conchology no. 2, p.
18 (Jamaica); Sykes 1925, above, p. 180, pi. 8, fig. 13; non minor Pfeiffer 1850.

Geomelania minor densecostata H. B. Baker 1935, Nautilus 48, p. 83, pi. 3,
fig. 5 (W. of Marshall Pen and E. of Mandeville-Somerset River (Jamaica).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 175

The species listed below apparently belong in Geomelania
s.s. No specimens remain in the C. B. Adams collection under
these names. The unique type of G. hilliana is in the Chitty
collection.

Geomelania (Geomelania) hilliana C. B. Adams

Geomelania hilliana C. B. Adams 1851, Contributions to Concholog>- no. 9,
p. 159 (Jamaica); Sykes 1925, above, p. 180, pi. 8, fig. 10.

Geomelania (Geomelania) pyramidata C. B. Adams

Geomelania pyramidata C. B. Adams 1851, Contributions to Concholog\' no.
9, p. 159 (Jamaica); Sykes 1925, above, p. 180, pi. 8, fig. 16.

Geomelania (Geomelania) af finis C. B. Adams

Geomelania affinis C. B. Adams 1850, Contributions to Concholog>' no. 6, p.
96 (Jamaica).

Geomelania jamaicensis 'Pfeiffer' C. B. Adams 1849, Contributions to Con-
chology no. 2, p. 18 (Jamaica).

Geomelania jamaicensis 'Pfeiffer' Petit 1851, Journal de Conchyliologie 2, p.
81, pi. 2, fig. 4 (Jamaica).

Geomelania cumingi Dean 1933, Journal of Conchology 19, p. 331, fig. 5-6
[new name for Geomelania jamaicensis 'Pfeiffer' C. B.Adams; non Geomelania
jamaicensis Pfeiffer].

Geomelania (Geomelania) peilei Dean

Geomelania peilei Dean 1933. Journal of Concholog\' 19, p. 333. fig. 7-9
(Montpelier, St. James, Jamaica).

Geomelania (Geomelania) inornata Chitty

Geomelania inornata Chitty 1853, Contributions to Concholog>'. Kingston.
Jamaica, no. 1 [13] p. 5 (Jamaica); Sykes 1925, above, p. 180, pi. 8, fig. 19.

Geomelania (? subgenus) pauperata C.B.Adams

Geomelania pauperata C. B. Adams 1850. Contributions to Concholog\- no. 6.
p. 97 (Jamaica).

This species is not in the Adams collection and apparently
not in the Chitty collection in the British Museum.

176 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 24. Opercula of the Truncatellidae

Fig. 1. Taheitia arcasiana abbotti Clench and Turner

Fig. 2. Truncatella pulchella Pfeiffer

Fig. 3. Geomelania (Merrilliana) elegans C. B. Adams (dotted area indicates
muscle scar).

Fig. 4. Blandiella reclusa Guppy

Fig. 5. Taheitia sohda Clench and Turner (profile view). .

Fig. 6. Taheitia solttta Clench and Turner

There is a calcareous plate on the operculum in many spe-
cies of the Truncatellidae. In Taheitia, the calcareous plate is
greatly developed with an elaborate sculpture and in thickness
may be almost as high as the operculum is long (fig. 5-6).
Blandiella reclusa (fig. 4) also has a thickened calcareous plate
but it does not equal the development of this plate in certain
species of Taheitia. The development of the calcareous plate
varies in Truncatella and is usually thin when present. It has
been reported in certain species of Geomelania.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 177

Plate 24
Draivn by Ruth D. Turner

178 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Subgenus Chittia H. and A. Adams

Chittia 'Livesay' H. and A. Adams 1858, The Genera of Recent Mollusca 2,
p. 647.

Chittya "Livesay' Pfeiffer 1865, Mono. Pneumonopomorum Viventium 3, p.
2 [emendation for Chittia H. and A. Adams].

Subgenotype, Geomelania sinuosa Chitty, monotypic.

Shells elongate, truncated and sculptured with numerous
fine axial costae. Last whorl slightly free near the aperture,
holostomatous and with a reflected lip. Near the upper margin
of the lip there is a well defined sinus which is somewhat con-
stricted at the margin of the lip. Operculum unknown.

Geomelania sinuosa Chitty is the only known species in this
subgenus.

Geomelania (Chittia) sinuosa Chitty
Plate 23, fig. 11

Geomelania sinuosa Chitty 1853, Contributions to Conchology no. 1, [no. 13],
p. 5 (Ashley Hall, Trelawny, Jamaica); H. and A. Adams, 1858, The Genera of
Recent Mollusca 3, pi. 138, fig. 14.

Subgenus Scalatella von Martens

Scalatella von Martens 1860, Die Heliceen, Leipzig, p. 41.

Subgenotype, Cylindrella greyana C. B. Adams, monotypic.

Shells elongate, truncated, sculpture consisting of few but
exceedingly high blade-like costae which may be rounded or
pointed at the whorl periphery. Last whorl attached or very
slightly free at the aperture which is holostomatous. Opercu-
lum unknown to us.

Vendryes reports that G. greyana C. B. Adams possesses a
calcified plate on the operculum.

Geomelania greyana C. B. Adams is the only known member
of this subgenus.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 179

Geomelania (Scalatella) greyana C.B.Adams

Plate 23, fig. 7

Cylindrella greyana C. B. Adams 1850, Contributions to Conchology no. 5, p.
82 (Jamaica).

We here select Yallah's Hill, 20 miles E. of Kingston, Jamaica
to be the type locality. This is based upon the material (lecto-
type, MCZ 177215) from E. Chitty who gave the original speci-
mens to C. B. Adams.

Subgenus Merrilliana,* new subgenus

Subgenotype, Tnincatella elegans C. B. Adams.

Shells elongate, truncated in the adult stage, sculpture con-
sisting of numerous fine axial costae. Spiral sculpture, when
present, consisting of numerous fine threads between the cos-
tae. Aperture holostomatous, ovate, upright to slightly re-
flected. The last whorl attached or slightly free at the aperture.
Operculum thin, paucispiral and chitinous in C. elegans C. B.
Adams. Vendryes reports (1899, p. 605) that G. beardsleana
C. B. Adams and pygmaea C. B. Adams possess a calcified plate
on the operculum, but this we have been unable to confirm.

Various species in this subgenus occur in Jamaica, Hispani-
ola, Cuba and the Cayman Islands. These are as follows:

Jamaica

G. beardsleana C. B. Adams G. parvulina Clench and Turner
G. costitlosa C. B. Adams G. pygmaea C. B. Adams

G. elegans C. B. Adams G. striosa C. B. Adams

G. exilis C. B. Adams G. striosa pumila H. B. Baker

G. jarvisi Sykes

HisPANiOLA Cuba

G. haitensis Weinland G. elongata Pfeiffer

G. lirata Poey

Cayman Islands
G. a lemon Pilsbry

* Named for Dr. Merrill E. Champion. Research Assistant in the Department
of MoUusks, Museum of Comparative Zoology'.

180 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Species of Jamaica
Geomelania (Merrilliana) pygmaea C. B. Adams

Cylindrella (?) pygmaea C. B. Adams 1845, Proc. Boston Society Natural His-
tory 2, p. 14 (Jamaica); non Geomelania pygmaea C. B. Adams 1850.

Geomelania (Merrilliana) parvulina, new name

Geomelania parva Chitty 1853, Contributions to Conchology, Kingston, Ja-
maica no. 1 [no. 13] p. 6 (Peace River, Manchester, Jamaica); Sykes 1925
Proc. Malacological Soc. London 26, p. 180, pi. 8, fig. 4; non parva C. B. Adams
1850.

Geomelania (Merrilliana) beardsleana C. B. Adams

Cylindrella beardsleana C. B. Adams 1849, Contributions to Conchology no. 2,
p. 19 (Jamaica).

Geomelania (Merrilliana) elegans C. B. Adams
Plate 22, fig. 5; Plate 23, fig. 8; Plate 24, fig. 3

Geomelania elegans C. B. Adams 1849, Contributions to Conchology no. 2, p.
18 (Jamaica); Sykes 1925, above, p. 179, text fig. 1.

Geomelania (Merrilliana) striosa C. B. Adams

Geomelania striosa C. B. Adams 1850, Contributions to Conchology no. 6, p.
96 (Jamaica); Sykes 1925, above, p. 180, pi. 8, fig. 7.

Geomelania (Merrilliana) striosa pumila H. B. Baker

Geomelania {Scalatella) striosa pumila H. B. Baker 1935, Nautilus 48, p. 83,
pi. 3, fig. 6 (eastern end of John Crow Mts., near Portland-St. Thomas bound-
ary, Jamaica).

Geomelania (Merrilliana) exilis C.B.Adams

Geomelania exilis C. B. Adams 1850, Contributions to Conchology no. 6, p. 97
(Jamaica); Sykes 1925, above, p. 179, pi. 8, fig. 6.

Geomelania (Merrilliana) costulosa C.B.Adams

Geomelania costulosa C. B. Adams 1850, Contributions to Conchology no. 6,
p. 96 (Jamaica); Sykes 1925, above, p. 179, pi. 8, fig. 5.

Geomelania (Merrilliana) jarvisi Sykes

Geomelania jarvisi E. R. Sykes 1905, Proc. Malacological Soc. London 6, p.
226, fig. 1 (near Albert Town, Trelawny, Jamaica).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 181

Plate 25

Photographs by F. P. Orchard

Fig. 1. Taheitia turricula Mousson. Tuvutha Island, Lau Group. Fiji Islands.

Fig. 2. Truncatella rust tea Mousson. Lejtotype, Uvea (Wallis Island).

Fig. 3. Truncatella avenacea Garrett. Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji Islands.

Fig. 4. Truncatella granum Garrett. Lectotype. Taviuni Island, Fiji Islands.

Fig. 5. Truncatella kiusiuensis Pilsbry. Paratype, Tane-ga-shima. Hirado.
Hizen, Japan.

Fig. 6. Truncatella thaanumi Clench and Turner. Holotype, Ulali Island, Truk
group, Caroline Islands.

(All about 5 X.)

182 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Species of Hispaniola

Geomelania (Merrilliana) haitensis Weinland
Plate 23, fig. 14

Trtmcatella (Blandiella) haitensis Weinland 1876, Malakozoologische Blatter
23, p. 172 (Mts. near Jeremie, Haiti) ; Pfeiffer 1876, ibid., p. 233, pi. 2, fig. 12-14.

So far as we can trace, this species has never been recorded
since the original publication by Weinland given above. The
United States National Museum has several lots, all collected
by C. R. Orcutt. We list the following localities based on this
material. It would appear that this species occurs only in the
"Tiburon" or southwestern peninsula of Haiti.

Mountains near Jeremie (paratypes MCZ no. 90391); Couteau;
Dalmarie; Damassins; Les Cayes; Ravine west of Metesignix;
St. Louis; south of Trou Sardines.

Species of Cuba
Geomelania (Merrilliana) lirata Poey

Truncatella lirata Poey 1858, Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de la Isla
de Cuba 2, p. 25, 89 (Gibara, Holguin, Cuba).

Truncatella ivrighti Pfeiffer 1862, Malakozoologische Blatter 9, p. 127 (Ya-
teras, Guantanamo, Cuba).

Geomelania (Merrilliana) elongata Pfeiffer

Truncatella elongata 'Poey' Pfeiffer 1856, Monographia Auriculaceorum Vi-
ventium 1, p. 193; Poey 1858, Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de la Isla
de Cuba 2, p. 25, 89 (Oriente, Cuba [Gibara, Holguin, Cuba] ).

Truncatella filicosta 'Gundlach' Poey 1858, Memorias sobre la Historia Nat-
ural de la Isla de Cuba, Habana 2, p. 90 (Caimanera, Guantanamo, Cuba).

Species of the Cayman Islands
Geomelania (Merrilliana) alemon Pilsbry

Geomelania alemon Pilsbry 1942, Nautilus 56, p. 3, pi, 1, fig. 9 (Boilers, near
Georgetown, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 183

Genus Blandiella Giippy

Blandiella Gttppy 1871, American Journal of Conchology 6, p. 309.

Genotype, Blandiella reclusa Guppy, monotypic.

Shell elongate, truncated in the adult stage. Sculpture con-
sisting of numerous fine axial costae. Aperture ovate, slightly
reflected, holostomatous. Last whorl free near the aperture
leaving a well defined parietal gap. Operculum paucispiral
with a calcified plate on the outer surface which is ridged, the
ridges cun^ed and emanating from a common center over the
nucleus.

The genus Blandiella is known to occur only on the island
of Trinidad. In relationship of its shell characters, it appears
nearest to the subgenus Merrilliana in the genus Geomelania
but it differs in lacking spiral lirae, a character more or less
developed in nearly all species of Merrilliana. The radula in-
dicates a closer relationship to Truncatella (Plate 22, fig. 1 and
2) than it does to Geomelania (Plate 22, fig. 4 and 5).

Blandiella reclusa Guppy is the only known species in this
genus.

Blandiella reclusa Guppy
Plate 22, fig. 1; Plate 23, fig. 9; Plate 24, fig. 4

Blandiella reclusa Guppy 1871, American Journal of Concholog>- 6, p. 309,
pi. 17, fig. 7-8 (Oropuche Mts., Trinidad).

The following is an outline of the genus Taheitia with a list
of all the known species.

Genus Taheitia H. and A. Adams

Taheitia H. and A. Adams 1863, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 11, p. 19 (Geno-
type, Truncatella porrecta Gould, monotypic).

Tahitia Adams and Angas 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, pi. 2, fig. 2 [error
for Taheitia H. and A. Adams, on plate caption only].

Taheitea Pease 1867, American Journal of Concholog\' 3, p. 229 [error for
Taheitia H. and A. Adams].

Tahetia Tapparone Canefri 1886, Ann. Museo Civico Storia Nat. Geneva
24, p. 198 [error for Taheitia H. and A. Adams].

184 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Genotype, Truncatella porrecta Gould, monotypic.

Shells small, rarely exceeding 10 mm. in length in the adult
truncated form. Sculpture consisting of axial costae which are
seldom rounded but are most frequently blade-like. So far as
known the axial costae always persist over the mid portion of
the whorls. No spiral sculpture present. Lip moderately to
greatly reflected. Operculum paucispiral with a heavy calcified
and rugose plate on the outer surface.

The genus Taheitia is closely related to Truncatella', certain
of its species, such as porrecta Gould and scalariformis Reeve
are very similar to species of Pacific Truncatella. They differ
in being more delicate in structure, having the costae finer
and blade-like and in possessing a very well developed calcare-
ous plate on the outer surface of the operculum. They are
strictly terrestrial in habit, though it is interesting to note that
the species that most closely approximate the species of Trun-
catella are to be found in the lowlands and nearest the sea.
Other species of Taheitia, such as arcasiana Crosse, turricula
Mousson, both from the Fiji Islands, and alata Quadras and
V. Mollendorff from Guam, are quite different from typical
Truncatella. In most cases, these latter species have been
found in the interior of the larger and high islands of the
western Pacific.

From the limited material we have had at hand for study, it
would appear that the various species are somewhat colonial
in habit and scattered in their distribution.

We list all the species that are known or are believed to be
members of Taheitia. It is quite possible that certain species
listed in our catalogue and originally described as Truncatella
may eventually prove to be species in Taheitia.

Taheitia scalariformis Reeve

Truncatella scalariformis Reeve 1842, Conchologia Systematica 2, p. 94, pi.
182, fig. 6 (locality not given); Reeve, 1842 [1843], Proc. Zool. Soc. London
10, p. 197 (Annaa Id. [Tuomoto Islands] ).

Truncatella arctecostata Mousson 1869, Journ. de Conchyliologie 17, p. 68
(lies Paumotou [Tuomoto Islands] ).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 185

Taheitia pallida Pease

Taheitea [sic] pallida Pease 1867, American Journal Concholog\' 3, p. 229
(Tahiti and Huaheine [Society Islands] ).

Truncatella cyiindrica 'Pease' Cuming and H. Adams 1864 [1865], Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, p. 676 [nude name].

Truncatella cylindracea 'Pease' Nevill 1878, Hand List of Mollusca in the In-
dian Museum 1, p. 253 (Pacific Islands) [nude name].

Taheitia porrecta Gould
Plate 23, fig. 5

Truncatella porrecta Gould 1847 [1848], Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p.
208 (Taheiti. Society Islands); Gould 1852, United States Exploring Expedition
12, p. 110, pi. 8, fig. 127a-c.

Taheitia arcasiana Crosse
Plate 23, fig. 1

Truncatella arcasiana Crosse 1868, Journal de Conchyliologie 16, p. 177
(Viti [Fiji Islands] ).

Description. Shell reaching about 11 mm. in length, trun-
cated, coarsely sculptured, moderately strong and imperforate.
Whorls seven, slightly convex to nearly straight-sided. Color
gray to slightly pale reddish-brown. Aperture holostomatous,
auriculate, white to yellow-ivory in color and with a strongly
reflected lip. Aperture built forward, having a definite gap
between the lip and the whorl above— the parietal gap. Colu-
mella not apparent. Spire extended and abruptly truncated.
Sculpture consisting of strong axial costae with each second
or third costa enlarged and blade-like, particularly below the
periphery. These enlarged costae may extend over the margin
of the suture and encroach somewhat on the whorl below. No
spiral sculpture visible. There are 8 to 11 completed costae on
the body whorl. Operculum unknown. Periostracum decidu-
ous. We have not seen any young specimens of this species.

mgth

width

10.8

3.2 mm.

Viti Levu. Fiji Islands

10.9

3

Near Varawa. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands

9.9

2.8

"

9.3

2.8

186 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Types. The types of this species are very probably in the
collection of the Journal de Conchyliologie. The original type
locality was given only as Viti [Fiji Islands]. We here restrict
the type locality to near Varawa Bay, south coast of Viti Levu,
Fiji Islands.

Remarks. Taheitia arcasiana differs from both cookei and
abbotti by having fewer completed costae on the body whorls
and in addition, the blade-like structures at the base of the
costae are far better developed in T. arcasiana than in either
of the subspecies. T. arcasiana differs from abbotti by having
the whorls more convex and having a proportionally wider
shell. From cookei it also differs by being larger.

Taheitia arcasiana cookei, new subspecies
Plate 33, fig. 3

Truncatella alternans Mousson 1869, [in] Museum Godeffroy, Hamburg,
Catalogue no. 4, p. 76 (Vuni Vatu, central Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. E. Graffe,
collector) [nude name]; non T. alternans Mousson 1874.

Description. Shell about 7.5 to 9 mm. in length, truncated,
coarsely sculptured, rather heavy and imperforate. Whorls six
and moderately convex. Color a rather shiny gray. Aperture
holostomatous, auriculate, whitish in color and having a
strongly reflected lip. Aperture built forward, having a gap
between the inner lip and the whorl above. Spire extended
and abruptly truncated. Sculpture consists of numerous and
fairly uniform axial costae. Every second costa and occasion-
ally every third costa on the body whorl becoming slightly
enlarged and blade-like at the base, the intervening costae not
always extending from suture to suture. There are 11 to 15
completed costae on the body whorl. No spiral sculpture ap-
parent (48x) though the intercostal areas are minutely granu-
lar. Young specimens having the first 2\ to 3 whorls smooth,
the remaining whorls costate. The second to third whorls are
nearly the same size but beyond these the whorls become in-
creasingly larger.

length width

7.5 3 mm. Holotype

8 2.7 Paratype

8.3 3

9.2 3

OCCASIONAL PAPERS OX MOLLUSKS 187

Types. Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology no.
181049, Vuni Vatu, central Viti Levu, Fiji Islands, E. Graffe,
collector, ex Museum Godeffroy. Paratypes, Museum of Com-
parative Zoology and the B. P. Bishop Museum, from 2^ miles
at 2300' and 3^ miles at 2700' southwest of Nandarivatu, Viti
Levu, Fiji Islands, Y. Kondo, collector, 1938.

Remarks. Mousson did not describe T. alternans. He intro-
duced this name in the catalogue of the Museum Godeffroy
and later considered his species to be the same as arcasiana
Crosse. We possess a specimen labeled as a type of Mousson's
alternans, received originally from the Museum Godeffroy. It
is different subspecifically from arcasiana as described by
Crosse. Apparently Mousson had two species, neither of which
was arcasiana. The specimens originally sent out by the
Museum Godeffroy under the name of alternans were quite
different from arcasiana.

T. arcasiana cookei differs from both arcasiana and abbotti
by being smaller, having more convex whorls and by having
the blade-like processes of the costae less developed. Also the
parietal gap is far less developed in this subspecies.

Taheitia arcasiana abbotti, new subspecies
Plate 22, fig. 3; Plate 23, fig. 2; Plate 24, fig. 1

Trimcatella arcasiana 'Crosse' Mousson 1870, Journal de Conchy Hologie 18,
p. 196, pi. 7, fig. 13 (Vuni Vatu, central Viti Levu, Fiji Islands); >w>i arcasiana
Crosse 1868.

Description. Shell about 8 mm. in length, truncated, coarsely
sculptured, structure moderately heavy and imperforate.
Whorls 5^ to 6^ and slightly convex. Color a rather dull am-
ber with the costae whitish. Aperture holostomatous. auricu-
late, yellow-ivory in color, and with a strong reflected lip.
Aperture built forward, having a definite gap between the in-
ner lip and the whorl above. Columella not apparent. Spire
extended, abruptly truncated. Axial sculpture consisting of
numerous, somewhat irregular costae. In general, alternate
costae are much larger and reach from suture to suture. The
smaller costae between start from the superior suture and usu-
ally disappear just before reaching the inferior suture. These

188 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

costae, however, are variable and occasionally there are two
or even three smaller costae between the larger ones. There
are 11 to 15 completed costae on the body whorl. There is no
spiral sculpture discernible. Nuclear whorls smooth with the
first whorl flattened on top. In young specimens the spire is
slightly concave with the last whorl showing a strongly angled
periphery, the costae below being reduced to faint threads.
Periostracum dark amber and deciduous, the shell chalky-
white underneath. Operculum possessing a striated calcareous
plate on a horny base, the calcareous portion being outermost.
The striae radiate from the nucleus which is on the parietal
margin.

length

width

aperture

9

2.5

2X1.7 mm.

Holotype

11

2.8

2.3X1.6

Near Lautoka, Viti Levu, Fiji Islands

7.8

2.9

1.6X1.2

Korovau, Viti Levu, Fiji Islands

Types. Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology 179578,
first gulley from west. North side of Lomoloma Hill, 9 miles
S. of Lautoka, N. W. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands, collected by R. T.
Abbott, Harvard-Archbold Expedition, December 1940. Para-
types from the same locality and from Korovau, Viti Levu,
Fiji Islands, collected by 0. Degener, Harvard-Archbold Ex-
pedition, April 1941, and Sigatoka, Viti Levu, H. S. Ladd, col-
lector. This last locality is based on specimens in the B. P.
Bishop Museum no. 88541.

Remarks. The reference above by Mousson is to this new
form and not to T. arcasiana Crosse as he thought.

T. arcasiana abbotti differs from typical arcasiana in having
the blade-like portion of the costae far less developed and hav-
ing less convex whorls. From T. arcasiana cookei it differs in
being larger, less convex and having a much wider parietal
gap.

Taheitia turricula Mousson
Plate 25, fig. 1

Truncatella turricula Mousson 1869, [in] Museum Godeffroy, Hamburg, Cat-
alog 4, p. 76 (Mango Island [Lau Group, Fiji Islands] ) [nude name]; Mousson
1870, Journal de Conchyliologie 18, p. 196.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 189

This species has rather widely separated and strong costae.
The aperture, though holostomatous, has a very narrow pari-
etal gap.

We have seen specimens from Naiau Island, Navutu Iloma
Island and Mango Island in the Lau Group, Fiji Islands. All
these lots are in the collection of the B. P. Bishop Museum.

Taheitia turricula laddi, new subspecies

This subspecies is rather closely related to T. turricula
Mousson. It differs, however, in its smaller size and much
finer and more closely-set costae. There are 26 costae on the
body whorl of laddi and only 16 on the body whorl of turricula,
and the costae of laddi are more blade-like. Shell white, aper-
ture holostomatous with an exceedingly narrow parietal gap.

length width
7.5 2.5 mm. Holotype

Types. Holotype, B. P. Bishop Museum no. 167165 from the
south end of Yangasa Levu, Lau Group, Fiji Islands. Paratype,
Museum of Comparative Zoology no. 157850, from the north-
east end of Navutu Iloma, Lau Group, Fiji Islands.

Taheitia funiculus Mousson

Trimcatella funiadus Mousson 1869, [in] Museum Godeffroy. Hamburg,
Catalog no. 4, p. 76 (Interieur de Viti Levu [Fiji Islands] ) [nude name];
Mousson 1870, Journal de Conchyliologie 18, p. 197.

There is considerable question as to whether or not this spe-
cies came from the interior of Viti Levu, the largest of the
Fiji Islands. It probably came from one of the islands in the
Lau Group.

This species is very close in its relationships to T. turricula
Mousson and has about the same number of costae on the body
whorl. It differs, however, in having the costae a little more
blade-like, in its smaller size and its somewhat wider parietal
gap.

190 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Taheitia soluta, new species
Plate 23, fig. 4; Plate 24, fig. 5-6

Description. Shell reaching about 9 mm. in length, truncated
and rather coarsely sculptured, rather thin and imperforate.
Whorls six and only slightly convex. Color whitish to gray.
Aperture holostomatous, auriculate to subovate, with a moder-
ately reflected lip. Aperture built forward producing a pro-
nounced parietal gap. Last whorl solute, free for about one
third of a whorl. Sculpture consisting of numerous very thin
blade-like axial costae, all more or less uniform in structure
but varying slightly in spacing, particularly on the mid whorls.
There are 15 costae on the body whorl. No spiral sculpture
visible. Operculum paucispiral with a very strongly developed
calcareous plate. The calcareous portion consists of blade-like
costae all evolving from a common point which is built up as
high as the aperture is wide. The high point is more or less
over the nucleus.

length width

9 2.5 mm. Holotype

9.1 2.6 Paratype

8.1 2.4

Types. Holotype, B. P. Bishop Museum no. 179895, Bavatu,
Vanua Mbalavu, Lau Group, Fiji Islands. Paratypes, Museum
of Comparative Zoology no. 157754 from the same locality.

Remarks. This species is probably distantly related to tur-
ricula Mousson from which it differs by having the costae
blade-like and not rounded and having a larger parietal gap
with a correspondingly greater portion of the last whorl free.

Taheitia tongana, new species
Plate 23, fig. 6

Description. Shell reaching about 8 to 9 mm. in length, trun-
cated, finely sculptured, rather thin and imperforate. Whorls
five and strongly convex. Color yellowish to gray. Aperture
holostomatous, auriculate to subovate, with a strongly reflected
lip. Aperture built forward, having a definite parietal gap.
Spire extended and abruptly truncated. Sculpture consisting
of very fine blade-like axial costae, all being uniform. There

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 191

are 37 to 42 costae on the body whorl. No spiral sculpture
visible. There is a slight tendency toward forming a basal
ridge. Operculum with a calcareous plate, having very strong
curved, radial ridges.

length width

6.8 2.5 mm. Holotype

7.1 2.5 Paratype

7 2.5

Types. Holotype, B. P. Bishop Museum no. 87703, from inland
one half mile from Vaigana, Eua Island, Tonga Islands on cliffs
at 760' elevation, H. S. Ladd and J. E. Hoffmeister collectors,
May 1928. Paratypes from the same locality, Museum of Com-
parative Zoology no. 157757.

Remarks. This species appears to be distantly related to
Taheitia titrricitla Mousson of the Fiji Islands. It differs mainly
by having exceedingly fine and very numerous axial costae.

Taheitia clathrata A. Adams and G. F.Angas

Truncatella {Taheitia) clathrata A.Adams and G. F. Angas 1865, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, p. 54, pi. 2, fig. 2 (Solomon Islands).

Taheitia schneideri Rensch

Truncatella schneideri Rensch 1937, Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte N. F. 6, pt.
4, p. 628, fig. 51-52 (Neu-Pommern Id., Bismark Archipelago),

Taheitia bismarckiana Rensch

Truncatella avenacea bismarckiana Rensch 1937, Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte
N. F. 6, p. 627 (Neu-Lauenburg, Bismarck Archipelago).

Taheitia ultima Rensch

Truncatella ultima Rensch 1937, Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte N. F. 6, pt. 4,
p. 629, fig. 53 (Neu-Pommern Id., Bismarck Archipelago).

Taheitia gracilenta Smith

Truncatella gracilenta Smith 1897, Proc. Malacological Soc. London 2, p. 289.
pi. 17, fig. 16-17 (Andai, New Guinea).

192 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Taheitia wallacei H. Adams

Truncatella ( Taheitia) ivallacei H. Adams 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
416. pi. 21, fig. 13-14 (Waigiou, New Guinea).

Taheitia tessellata Quadras and v. Mollendorff

Taheitia tessellata 'Boettger' Quadras and v. Mollendorff 1897, Nachrichsblatt
Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 29, p. 32 (Bismarck Archipelago),

Taheitia alata Quadras and v. Mollendorff

Truncatella ( Taheitia) alata Quadras and v. Mollendorff 1894, Nachrichts-
blatt Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 26, p. 41 (Mariana Islands).

Taheitia lamelHcosta Quadras and v. Mollendorff

Truncatella ( Taheitia) lamelHcosta Quadras and v. Mollendorff 1894, Nach-
richtsblatt Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 26, p. 41 (Mariana Islands).

Taheitia parvula Quadras and v. Mollendorff

Truncatella ( Taheitia) parvula Quadras and v. Mollendorff 1894, Nachrichts-
blatt Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 26, p. 41 (Mariana Islands).

Taheitia mariannarum Quadras and v. Mollendorff

Truncatellum mariannarum Quadras and v. Mollendorff 1894, Nachrichts-
blatt Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 26, p. 39 ( [Guam] Mariana Islands).

Truncatella subauriculata Quadras and v. Mollendorff 1894, Nachrichtsblatt
Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 26, p. 40 ( [Guam] Mariana Islands).

We have examined cotypes of both of these forms and can-
not distinguish between them.

Taheitia albida v. Mollendorff

Truncatella ( Taheitia) albida v. Mollendorff 1893, Bericht der Senckenber-
gischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt p. 137, pi. 5, fig. lla-b
(Saob, Leyte Id., Philippine Islands).

Taheitia anctostoma Quadras and v. Mollendorff

Taheitia anctostoma Quadras and v. Mollendorff 1897, Nachrichtsblatt Mal-
akozoologischen Gesellschaft 29, p. 31 (Puerto Princesa Id., Paragua [Pala-
wan, Philippine Islands] ).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS OX MOLLUSKS 193

Catalogue of the Truncatellidae

The following catalogue includes all names that we could
locate which referred to species and genera in the Truncatel-
lidae. Cross references are given to many synonyms in the
genus Trimcatella; they are omitted for species in Gcomelania
and Taheitia as these genera are outlined fully in the earlier
portion of this report.

We have used the following abbreviations in order to save
as much space as possible in the catalogue.

Archiv f. Natur. — Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte
C to C — Contributions to Conchology

This pubHcation consisted of twelve numbers under the
editorship of C. B. Adams. It contained original articles by
Adams, Bland and Chitty, as well as the republication of cer-
tain papers by Adams that had appeared elsewhere. It was
published in New York between October 1849 and November
1852. After the death of C.B.Adams, Edward Chitty published
under the same title in Kingston, Jamaica (1853) a continuation
which he called No. 1. This we have indicated in our catalogue
as no. 1 [13] to avoid confusion. No additional numbers were
ever published.

Jahr. Malak. Ges. — Jahrbiicher Malakozoologischen Gesell-
schaft

J de C — Journal de Conchyliologie

Malak. Blatt. — Malakozoologische Blatter

MCZ — Museum of Comparative Zoology

Nach. Malak. Ges. — Nachrichtsblatt Malakozoologischen
Gesellschaft

PZS — Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London

USNM — United States National Museum

Zeit. f. Malak. — Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie

T. — stands for Truncatella: all other genera are written
out in full

194 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

abbotti Clench and Turner Taheitia arcasiana: 1948 (9 miles south of

Lautoka, N. W. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands). This paper, p. 187.
Acme Hartmann: 1821, System der Erd-und Suesswasser Gastropoden

Europa's [in] Sturm's Deutschlands Fauna Abth. 6, Heft 5, pp. 31, 37; is a

synonym of Acmea Hartmann 1821; Pilsbry 1926, p. 32.
Acmea Hartmann: 1821, System der Erd-und Suesswasser Gastropoden

Europa's [in] Sturm's Deutschlands Fauna Abth. 6, Heft 5, pp. 48-49, pi. 1,

fig. 4.

Published previous to Neue Alpina. Is in the family Ac-
midae and not Truncatellidae; Pilsbry 1926, p. 32; Thiele
1929, p. 136.

Acmea Hartmann: 1821, Neue Alpina 1, pp. 204-212.

This name was used for a Truncatella but was published
later than Hartmann's earlier use of the same name, a name
not referring to any species that can be called a Truncatella
(see above); see also Clench and Turner 1948, Johnsonia 2,
p. 151-152 for full discussion of this problem.

acutecostata Mousson T.: 1869, J de C 17, pi. 5, fig. 4 (lies Paumotou

[Tuamotu] ); error on plate caption for arctecostata Mousson.
acutinodosa '?' Paetel Geomelania: 1889, Catalog der Conchylien-Sammlung

2, p. 431 (Jamaica); nude name.
adamsi Pfeiffer T.: 1846 Zeit. f. Malak. 3, p. 119 and p. 189; new name for

T. scalariformis C. B. Adams, non Reeve.
af finis C. B. Adams Geomelania: 1850, C to C no. 6, p. 96 (Jamaica). Lecto-

type MCZ 177212.

Under the listing of this species in this report (p. 175) G.
affinis should have followed G. minor C. B. Adams.

alata 'C. B. Adams' Paetel Geomelania: 1889, Catalog der Conchylien-
Sammlung 2, p. 431 (Jamaica). Nude name; is Geomelania jamaicensis
Pfeiffer; Clench and Turner, this paper, p. 174. Lectotype MCZ 175607.

alata Quadras and v. Mollendorff T. (Taheitia): 1894, Nach. Malak. Ges.
26, p. 41 (Mariana Islands). Cotypes MCZ 21470.

alba Coen T. subcylindrica var.: 1933, R. Comitato Talassografico Italiano,
Venice, Memoria 192, p. 30, 159 (Adriatic).

Albertisia Issel, Ann. del Museo Civico di Storia Nat. di Genova 15, p. 275;
genotype, A. punica Issel, monotypic. Is a synonym of Truncatella, Thiele
1929, p. 151.

albida v. Mollendorff T. (Taheitia): 1893, Bericht der Senckenbergischen
Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt p. 137, pi. 5, fig. lla-b (Saob,
Leyte, Philippine Islands).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 195

alemon Pilsbry Geomelania: 1942, Nautilus 56, p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 9 (Boilers,

near Georgetown, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands).
alternans Mousson T.: 1869, [in] Museum Godeffroy, Hamburg, Catalog 4,

p. 76 (Vuni Vatu, Central Viti Levu, Fiji Islands); nude name; Mousson

1874, Museum Godeffroy, Hamburg, Catalog 5, p. 104. This paper, p. 186.
amnis 'C. B. Adams' Vendryes Geomelania: 1899, Journal Institute of

Jamaica 2, pt. 6, p. 605 (Jamaica); nude name.

This is probably a typographical error for affinis Adams
as this latter name does not appear in Vendryes' list.

anctostoma Quadras and v. Mollendorff Taheitia: 1897, Nach. Malak. Ges.

29, p. 31 (Puerto Princesa Id., Paragua [Palawan, Philippine Islands] ).
antideluviana Deshayes T.: 1881, Description des Animaux sans Vertebres

decouverts dans le bassin de Paris, pour servir ce supplement a la Descrip-
tion des Coquilles fossiles, etc. 2, p. 421, pi. 18, fig. 24-27 (Calcaiae grossiere,

Hondan and Grignon, Paris Basin, France, fossil).
arcasiana Crosse T.: 1868, J de C 16, p. 177 (Viti [Fiji] Islands); non arca-

siana 'Crosse' Mousson 1870, J de C 18, p. 196, pi. 7, fig. 15. This paper, p.

185.
arctecostata Mousson T.: 1869, J de C 17, p. 68, pi. 5, fig. 4. (He Paumotou

[Tuamotu] ). Is scalar iformis Reeve; Mousson 1874, p. 104.
atomus Philippi T.: 1841, Archiv f. Natur. (7) 1, p. 54, pi. 5, fig. 4. Is in the

genus Homalogyra; Jeffreys 1867, p. 69.
atomus 'Shuttleworth' Pilsbry T.: 1920, Manual of Conchology (2) 26, p. 63.

Error for TruncateUina atomus Shuttleworth.
aurantia Gould T.: 1847 [1848], Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 208; Gould

1852, United States Exploring Expedition 12, p. 110, fig. 125a-b (Mangsi

Id., Borneo). Is gnerinii Villa; Clench and Turner, this paper, p. 167.
aurea Prime T.: 1853, List of Shells and Corals collected at Bermuda by

Temple Prince [sic] L.L.B. of New York. [In] The Bermuda Pocket Al-
manac for 1852, p. 55; nude name.
avenacea Garrett T.: 1887, PZS, p. 301 (Vanua Levu [Fiji Islands] ). This

paper, p. 167.
bahamensis Clench and Turner T. bilabiata: 1948, Johnsonia 2, p. 155. pi.

67, fig. 1-5 (Northwest Point, Little Inagua Id., Bahama Islands). Holotype

MCZ 158794.
bairdiana C. B. Adams T.: 1852, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 5, pp.

437, 543 [p. 213 in separate] (Panama). Lectotype MCZ 177110.
barbadensis Pfeiffer T.: 1856 [1857], PZS 24, p. 337 (Island of Barbados,

West Indies). Is bilabiata Pfeiffer; Clench and Turner 1948, Johnsonia, p.

153. Heautotype MCZ 136008.
beardsleana C. B.Adams Cylindrella: 1849, C to C no. 2. p. 19 (Jamaica).

Is a Geomelania. Lectotype MCZ 177224.
bezanconi Cossmann T.: 1892, J de C 40, p. 358, pi. 9, fig. 6. (d'Etampes,

France). Oligocene; probably not a Truncatella.
bilabiata Pfeiffer T.: 1840 Archiv f. Natur. (6) 1, p. 253 (Cuba).

196 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

bismarckiana Rensch T. avenacea: 1937, Archiv f. Natur. N.F. 6, pt. 4, p.
627 (Neu Lauenburg, New Mecklenberg Id., Bismark Archipelago). Is a
Taheitia.

Blandiella Guppy: 1871, American Journal of Conchology 6, p. 309; geno-
type, BlandieUa reclusa Guppy, monotypic. This paper, p. 183.

brazieri Cox T.: 1868, Monograph of Australian Land Shells, Sydney, p. 93,
pi. 15, fig. 12a-b (Miller's Point, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia).

calif ornica Pfeiffer T.: 1857, PZS p. Ill (San Diego, California).

campanella 'Philippi' Paetel T.: 1889, Catalog der Conchylien-Sammlung 2,

p. 432; nude name.
capensis 'Krauss' Kiister T.: 1855, Conchylien-Cabinet (1) 1, pt. 23, p. 13.

Nude name, in the synonymy of T. ventricosa 'Sowerby' Reeve.
capillacea 'Gundlach' Pfeiffer T.: 1859, Malak. Blatt. 6, p. 77 (Caimanera,

Cuba). Cotypes MCZ 178982.
caribaeensis 'Reeve' Pilsbry T. pulchella form: 1948, Land Mollusca of

North America, Philadelphia 2, pt. 2, p. 1071, fig. 572a (Key Largo, Florida).

This large and strongly ribbed form is unquestionably T.
succinea C. B. Adams. It is extremely unfortunate that the
neotypes selected (ANSP 59131, from Grand Bay, Guade-
loupe Island) were not figured but refer to figures based on
specimens from Key Largo, Florida.

caribaeensis 'Sowerby' Reeve T.: 1842, Conchologia Systematica 2, p. 94,

pi. 182, fig. 2 (no locality given). Is pulchella Pfeiffer; Clench and Turner

1948, Johnsonia, p. 156.
caribaeus 'Sowerby' Petit T.: 1856, J de C 5, p. 152 (Guadeloupe) [error for

caribaeensis 'Sowerby' Reeve].
carribeorum 'Sowerby' Gould T.: 1852, United States Exploring Expedition

12, p. 110 [error for T. caribaeensis 'Sowerby' Reeve],
ceilanica 'Pfeiffer' v. Martens T.: 1880, [in] K. Mobius, Beitrage z. Meeres-

fauna der Insel Mauritius und der Seychellen, Berlin p. 207 [error for cey-

lanica Pfeiffer].
cerca T.: 1902 [1903], PZS Index for the years 1881-1890, p. 470 [error

for cerea Gassies].
cerea Gassies T.: 1878, J de C 26, p. 339 (Hot Koutoumo, He de Pins, New

Caledonia). Is T. ceylanica Pfeiffer; Garrett 1887, p. 300.
ceylanica Pfeiffer T.: 1856 [1857], PZS 24, p. 336 (Ceylon).

Chittia 'Livesay' H. and A. Adams: 1858, The Genera of Recent Mollusca 2,

p. 647; genotype, Geomelania sinuosa Chitty, monotypic. This paper, p. 178.
Chittya 'Livesay' Pfeiffer: 1865, Monographia Pneumonopomorum Viventium

3, p. 2; emendation for Chittia 'Livesay' H. and A. Adams.
Choristoma J. de Christophori and Jan: 1832, Cat. Mus. (Mantissa Test.) p.

8: non Hartmann 1840. We have not seen this publication. Is Truncatelia

Risso; Jeffreys 1867, p. 84.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 197

clathrata A. Adams and G. F. Angas T. (Taheitia) : 1865. PZS p. 54, pi. 2,

fig. 2 (Solomon Islands).
clathrus Lowe T.: 1832, Zoological Journal 5, p. 303 (locality unknown);
Reeve 1842. Conchologia Systematica 2, pi. 182, fig. 3. Is T. scalar is Michaud,
Clench and Turner, 1948, Johnsonia, p. 160; Pilsbry 1948, Land Shells of
North America, Philadelphia 2, pt. 2, p. 1069.

Unfortunately Pilsbry has given the date of clathrus Lowe
as 1830. According to Sherborn this part of the Zoological
Journal appeared in July 1832, two years after Michaud had
introduced the name scalaris for this species.

concinna Pease T.: 1871, PZS p. 468 (Apaiang, Kingsmill Ids.). Is T. guerinii

Villa; Clench and Turner. This paper, p. 167. Cotypes MCZ 178650.
concinnum "Scacchi' Philippi Cyclostoma: 1844, Enumeratio Molluscorum

Sicilia 2, p. 133 (Sicily). Is T. truncatiila Draparnaud; Jeffreys 1867, p. 87.
conica C.B.Adams Geomelania: 1850, C to C no. 6, p. 97 (Jamaica). Lecto-

type MCZ 177205.
conspicua 'Bronn' Pfeiffer T.: 1856, Monographia Auriculaceorum Viven-

tium 1, p. 184 (Fiji and Baclayon Id., Philippines). Is T. guerinii Villa.

This name was admitted by Pfeiffer based upon a name
that appeared in a sales catalogue by Bronn.

cookei Clench and Turner Taheitia arcasiana: 1948, (Vuni Vatu, central

Viti Levu, Fiji Islands). Holotype MCZ 181049. This paper, p. 186.
corsulata "Risso' d'Orbigny T.: 1842, Histoire Physique, Politique et Naturelle

de L'lle de Cuba, Paris 2, p. 5 [error for costiilata Risso].
costata 'Benoist' Cossmann T.: 1894 [1895] Association Frangaise pour 1*

avancement des Sciences 23rd Session pt. 2, p. 446, pi. 3, fig. 10-11 (fossil.

Merignac, near Bordeaux, France).

This appears to us to be a synonym of T. tnincatida
Draparnaud.

costata Pfeiffer T.: 1839, Archiv f. Natur. von Wiegmann. 5th year 1, p. 356

(Cuba).
costellaris (?) 'Risso' C.B.Adams T.: 1850, C to C p. 52 (Fiji Islands); nude

name, probably error for T. costiilata Risso.
costellifera Pease T.: 1871, PZS p. 468 (Vavau Id. [Tonga Ids.] ).lsT. rustica

Mousson; Garrett 1887, p. 300.
costulata Risso T.: 1826, Histoire Naturelle L'Europe M^ridionale 4, p. 125,

pi. 4, fig. 57 (Central Europe). Is T. truncatula Draparnaud; Pfeiffer 1856.

p. 189.
costulosa C. B. Adams Geomelania: 1850, C to C no. 6, p. 96 (Jamaica).

crassicostata 'Sowerby' H. and A. Adams T.: 1858, Genera of Recent Mol-
lusca, London 2, p. 311. Nude name.

198 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

cristata Crosse T.: 1868, J de C 16, p. 177 (locality unknown); Crosse 1871,
J de C 19, p. 66, pi. 3, fig. 11 (Tonga Islands). Is T. giierinii Villa; Clench
and Turner, This paper, p. 167.

cumingi Dean Geomelania: 1933, Journal of Conchology 19, p. 331, fig. 5-6.
New name for Geomelania jarnaicensis 'Pfeiffer' C. B. Adams, non Geomelania
javnaicensis Pfeiffer. Holotype MCZ 172231.

cumingiana 'Adams' Gould T.: 1852, United States Exploring Expedition 12,
p. 112; [error for T. cwr^m^/V C.B.Adams].

cumingii C. B. Adams T.: 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 12 (Ja-
maica). Lectotype MCZ 177155.

cylindracea 'Pease' Nevill T.: 1878, Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian
Museum 1, p. 253 (Pacific Islands); nude name. Cotypes MCZ 161490.

Pease sent out duplicates under the manuscript name of
cylindracea Pease, a name which Nevill listed. There are
specimens in the collection of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology from Pease in his own handwriting under this name.

cylindrata Briart and Cornet T.: 1889, Memoires de I'Acad. Roy ale de Sci-
ences, des Lettres et des Beaux Arts de Belgique 47, p. 20, pi. 19, fig. 12a-c
(fossil, Mons, France).

cylindrica "Pease' Cuming and H.Adams T.: 1864 [1865], PZS p. 676; nude
name. Is Taheitia pallida Pease. Cotypes MCZ 181051. This paper, p. 185.

Cuming and Adam were in error in assigning this species
to ''Taheitia'' scalaris Michaud. It is not in any way related
to this Western Atlantic species. It was later named Trunca-
tella pallida by Pease, and is now in the genus Taheitia and
not Truncatella.

debilis Mousson T.: 1873, Malak. Blatt. 21, p. 156; Mousson 1874, Jahr-
bucher Malak. Ges. 1, p. 99, pi. 5, fig. 3 (Rabat, West Morocco). Is T. bi-
labiata Pfeiffer; Clench and Turner 1948, Johnsonia, p. 153.

densecostata H. B. Baker Geomelania minor subsp.: 1935, Nautilus 48,
p. 83, pi. 3, fig. 5 (W. of Marshall Pen and E. of Mandeville-Somerset River,
Jamaica). Holotype ANSP 163726; Paratypes MCZ 100892. Is a synonym of
G. 7/iinor C. B. Adams; Clench and Turner this paper, p. 174.

desnoyersi Payraudeau Paludina: 1826, Catalogue des Annelides et des
Mollusques de I'lle de Corse, p. 116, pi. 5, fig. 21-22 (Gulf of Santa-Manza,
Porto- Vecchio, de Saint-Florent, de Calvi et des etamps d'Orbino). Is T.
truncatula Draparnaud; Pfeiffer 1856, p. 188.

diaphana Gassies T.: 1869, J de C 17, p. 78 (Isle d'Art, New Caledonia).

distensa Cossmann T.: 1888, Annales de la Societe Royale Malacologique de
Belgique 23, p. 199, pi. 8, fig. 1-2 (Chenay, France— fossil. Eocene).

dubiosa C. B. Adams T. ?: 1852, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 5, p. 437
[p. 213 separate] (Panama). Is in the genus Aroapyrgus H. B. Baker.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 199

dubiosa 'Fischer' Paetel Geomelania: 1889. Catalog der Conchylien-Samm-
lung 2, p. 431 (Guadeloupe). Nude name.

We have been unable to trace this name other than its
listing in Paetel. In Beau's list, 1857 [1858] p. 16 Truncatella
dubiosa C. B. Adams is given as occurring in Guadeloupe,
which see.

elegans C.B.Adams Geomelania: 1849, C to C no. 2, p. 18 (Jamaica). Lec-

totype MCZ 177222. This paper, p. 180.
elongata 'Poey' Pfeiffer T.: 1856, Monographia Auriculaceorum Viventium

1, p. 193 (Oriente, Cuba); Poey 1858, Memorias Sobre la Historia Natural de

la Isla de Cuba 2, pp. 25, 89 (Jibara [Gibara], Holguin, Cuba).
Erpetometra Lowe: 1832, Zoological Journal 5, p. 300; genotype, Cyclostoma

truncatulum Draparnaud, monotypic. Is a synonym of Truncatella Risso.
exilis C. B.Adams Geomelania: 1950, C to C no. 6, p. 97 (Jamaica).

exilis Menke T.: 1830, Synopsis Methodica Molluscorum, Pyrmont, p. 44 (no

locality given). Is Paludina desnoyersi Payraudeau.
expansa C.B.Adams Geomelania: 1849, C to C no. 2, p. 18 (Jamaica). Is

Geomelania jamaicensis Pfeiffer; Clench and Turner. This paper, p. 174.

Lectotype MCZ 177209.
expansilabris Quadras and v. Mollendorff T.: 1894, Nach. Malak. Ges. 26,

p. 40 (Mariana Islands).
fasciata Tapparone Canefri T.: 1886, Annali del Museo Civico Storia Natu-

rale, Genova 24, p. 193, pi. 2, fig. 24 (Wokan Island [Wokam] Aru Islands).

Is T. guerbiii Villa; Clench and Turner. This paper, p. 167.
ferruginea Cox T.: 1869, Monograph of Australian Land Shells. Sydney, p.

94 (Cape York [Queensland] Australia). Is T.giicrinii Villa; Clench and

Turner, this paper, p. 167.
Fidelis Risso: 1826, Histoire Naturelle I'Europe Meridionale 4, p. 121; geno-
type, F. theresa Risso, monotypic.
filicosta 'Gundlach' Poey T.: 1858, Memorias Sobre la Historia Natural de

la Isla de Cuba 2, p. 90 (Caimanera, Guantanamo, Cuba). Cotypes MCZ

175605.
filosa J. de C. Sowerby T.: 1838, [in] T. L. Mitchell. Three Expeditions into

the Interior of Eastern Australia 2, p. 190. footnote. (Mitre Lake. Australia);

nude name.
fortis C. B. Adams Geomelania: 1850, C to C no. 6, p. 94 (Jamaica). Lecto-
type MCZ 177214.
funiculus Mousson T.: 1869, [in] Museum Godeffroy. Hamburg. Catalog 4.

p. 76 (Interieur de Viti Levu); nude name; Mousson 1870, J de C 18, p. 197.

Is a Taheitia. This paper, p. 189.
fusca Philippi T.: 1841, Archiv f. Natur. (7) 1, p. 53. pi. 5. fig. 5 (Palermo

[Sicily] ). Is a Palndinella; Pfeiffer 1856, p. 178.
futunaensis Mousson T.: 1869, [in] Museum Godeffroy. Hamburg. Catalog

4, p. 76; nude name; Mousson 1871, J de C 19, p. 30 (Futuna [ (also Fotu-

200 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

na) Home Island] ). Is T. rustica Mousson; Clench and Turner. This

paper, p. 164.
Geomelania: Pfeiffer: 1845, PZS 13, p. 45; genotype Geomelania jamaicensis

Pfeiffer, monotypic. This paper, p. 172.
glabra Risso T.: 1826, Histoire Naturelle I'Europe Meridionale 4, p. 434, pi.

4, fig. 53 [plate caption =T. laevigata Risso]. Is T. trtmcatula Draparnaud;

Pfeiffer 1856, p. 189.
Glaucothoe Leach: 1852, Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain, London,

p. 199; genotype, Glaucothoe montaguana Leach, monotypic. Is Truncatella

Risso; Jeffreys 1867, p. 84.
gouldii 'Bronn' Pfeiffer T.: 1856, Monographia Auriculaceorum Viventium

l,p. 185.

This was a nude name given in a price list of Bronn and
included by Pfeiffer as a synonym of caribaeensis.

gouldii "C.B. Adams' Pfeiffer T.: 1846, Zeit. f. Malak. 3, p. 183. Nude name

as a synonym of caribaeensis Reeve.
gracilenta 'Gould' Binney T.: 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 10,

[errata, no pagination]; nude name. Is T. calif ornica Pfeiffer, Binney 1859,

p. 29; Pilsbry 1948, Land Mollusca of North America, Philadelphia 2, pt. 2,

p. 1073.
gracilenta Smith T.: 1897, Proc. Malacological Soc. London 2, p. 289, pi. 17,

fig. 16-17 (Andai, New Guinea). Is a Taheitia.
gracilis C. B.Adams Geomelania: 1850, C to C no. 6, p. 95 (Jamaica). Lec-

totype MCZ 177223.
granum Garrett T.: 1872, American Journal Conchology 7, p. 225 (Viti Is-
lands, N. E. end of Taviuni Island). Lectotype MCZ 178652; Paratypes Bishop

Museum 2476. This paper, p. 165.
greyana C. B. Adams Cylindrella: 1850, C to C no. 5, p. 82 (Jamaica). Is a

Geomelania. Lectotype MCZ 177215.
guadalupensis Pilsbry T. stimpsoni: 1901, Nautilus 15, p. 83 (Guadalupe

Island [West Mexico] ).
guerinii A. and J. B. Villa T.: 1841, Conchyliarum Terrestrium et Fluviatil-

um, Mediolani [Milan, Italy] p. 59 (Bourbon [Reunion Id.] ). Lectotypes

MCZ 177264. This paper, p. 167.
guerinii 'Parreyss' Pfeiffer T.: 1856, Monographia Auriculaceorum Viven-
tium 1, p. 185. Nude name included in the synonymy of caribaeensis.
haitensis Weinland T. (Blandiella): 1876, Malak. Blatt. 23, p. 172; Pfeiffer

1876, Malak. Blatt. 23, p. 233, pi. 2, fig. 12-14 (Mts. near Jeremie, Haiti).

Cotype MCZ 90391. This paper, p. 182.
hammerschmidti "Charpentier' Ktister T. truncatula: 1855, Conchylien-

Cabinet (2) 1, pt. 23, p. 11, pi. 2, fig. 16-18 (Venedig [Venice] ).

Probably a synonym of T. subcylindrica Linne.

hammersmithii 'Charpentier' Coen T.: 1933, R. Commitato Talassografico
Italiano, Venice, Memoria 192, pp. 30, 159 [error for hammerschmidti 'Char-
pentier' Kuster].

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 201

hermitei Barden T.: 1879, Actes de la Soc. Linneenne de Bordeaux 33,

Comptes-Rendus p. 17 (Genneteil [France] fossil).
Herpetometra 'Lowe' Gray: 1856, PZS p. 22 [error for Erpetometra Lowe.]

hilliana C. B. Adams Geomelania: 1851, C to C no. 9, p. 159 (Jamaica).

Unique type specimen in the Chitty collection, British Museum.
hiusuensis 'Pilsbry' Sykes T.: 1901, Zoological Record — Mollusca — 38, p.

91; [eTXOv for kinsiuensis Pilsbry].
hyalina 'Desmar' Pfeiffer Rissoa: 1856, Monographia Auriculaceorum Vi-

ventium 1, p. 190. Is T. truncatula Draparnaud.
improvisa Monterosato T. truncatula var.: 1919, Bollettino della Societa

Zoologica Italiana (3) 3, p. 13 (Tripoli, Mediterranean).
inornata Chitty Geomelania: 1853, C to C no. 1 [13], p. 5 (Jamaica).

insularis Clench and Turner T. thaanumi: 1948 (near Houma, Tongatabu.

Tonga Islands). Holotype, B. P. Bishop Museum 87796. This paper, p. 166.
Integra Coen T. subcylindrica: 1933, R. Comitato Talassografico Italiano,

Venice, Memoria 192, pp. 30, 159 (Adriatic).
jamaicensis Pfeiffer Geomelania: 1845, PZS 13, p. 45; Pfeiffer 1846, Con-

chylien-Cabinet (2) 1, pt. 19, p. 214, pi. 30, fig. 19-20 (Jamaica, "Savanah

la mar").
jamaicensis 'Pfeiffer' C.B.Adams Geomelania: 1849, C to C no. 2, p. 18

(Jamaica); non jamaicensis Pfeiffer; is Geomelania ciimingi Dean 1933, p.

331.
jamaicensis 'Pfeiffer' Petit Geomelania: 1851, J de C 2, p. 81, pi. 2, fig. 4

(Jamaica); non jamaicensis Pfeiffer; is Geomelania affinis C. B. Adams; Sykes

1905, p. 226.
japonica Pilsbry and Hirase T.: 1905, Proc. Acad. Nat. Science. Philadelphia

57, p. 707 (Futami Island, Japan). Is T. marginata Kiister. This paper, p.

163. Types, ANSP 89942.
jarvisi E. R. Sykes Geomelania: 1905, Proc. Malac. Soc. London 6, p. 226,

fig. 1 (near Albert Town, Trelawny, Jamaica).
juliae deFolin T.: 1872, Les Fonds de la Mer 2, liv. 4, p. 49, pi. 2. fig. 4 (Bi-

dassoa, Hendaye, Dept. Basses Pyrenees, France). Is Odostomia indistincta

Montagu; Jeffreys 1884, p. 354.
kiusiuensis Pilsbry T.: 1902, Proc. Acad. Nat. Science, Philadelphia 53, p.

615 (Tane-ga-shima, Hirado, Hizen, Japan). Paratypes MCZ 134427. This

paper, p. 165.
labiosa Souverbie T.: 1862, J de C 10, p. 242. pi. 9, fig. 9 (Island of Art

[New Caledonia] ). Is T. teres Pfeiffer. This paper, p. 164. Cotypes MCZ

178633.
laddi Clench and Turner Taheitia turricula: 1948 (Yangasa Levu. Lau

Group, Fiji Islands). Holotype, B. P. Bishop Museum 167165, Paratype MCZ

157850. This paper, p. 189.
laevigata Risso T.: 1826, Histoire Naturelle I'Europe Meridionale 4, p. 125.

pi. 4, fig. 53 (Central Europe). Is T. truncatula Draparnaud: Pfeiffer 1856.

p. 189.

202 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

lamellicosta Quadras and v. Mollendorff T. (Taheitia) : 1894, Nach. Malak.

Ges. 26, p. 41 (Mariana Islands).
lineata Held T.: 1848, Wassermoll. Bayerns Jahresh. Landwirth Gewerbe

Schule Muenchen p. 22.

We have not seen this paper. It is Acicula lineata Drapar-
naud according to Pfeiffer 1852, p. 5.

lirata Poey T.: 1858, Memorias Sobre la Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba

2, pp. 25, 89 (Jibara [Gibara] near Holguin, Cuba). Cotypes MCZ 181277;

158267.
littorea 'della Chiaje' Clark T.: 1855, British Marine Testaceous Mollusca

p. 383. Error for littorina della Chiaje.
littorina della Chiaje Helix: 1828, Mem. sulla Storia e Notomia Degli Ani-

mali senza Vertebre del Regno di Napoli 3, p. 225, pi. 49, fig. 36-38 (Naples

[Italy] ). Is a Paludinella.
loevigata 'Risso' Coen T.: 1933; R. Comitato Talassografico Italiano, Venice,

Memoria 192, p. 159; [error for laevigata Risso].
lowei Shuttleworth T.: 1852, Mittheilungen der Naturforschenden Gesells-

chaft in Bern. no. 241-242, p. 146 (Teneriffae Id.).

This species was based on Lowe's Truncatella truncatula
var. B 1832, Zoological Journal 5, p. 302, pL 13, fig. 13-18.
We consider this species to be truncatula Draparnaud.

lubrica Held T.: 1848, Wassermoll Bayerns. Jahresh. Landwirth Gewerbe
Schule Muenchen p. 22.

We have not seen this paper. Is Acicula [Acme] polita
Hartmann, according to Pfeiffer 1852, p. 5.

magna C. B. Adams Geomelania: 1850, C to C no. 6, p. 94 (Jamaica). Lec-

totype MCZ 177200.
marginata Kiister T.: 1855, Conchylien-Cabinet (2) 1, pt.23, p. 12, pi. 2, fig.

24-26 (Labuan, Borneo). This paper, p. 163.
mariannarum Quadras and v. Mollendorff T.: 1894, Nach. Malak. Ges. 26,

p. 39 (Mariana Ids.). Cotypes USNM 302935; MCZ 183768.
media C. B. Adams Geomelania: 1850, C to C no. 6, p. 96 (Jamaica). Lec-

totype MCZ 177213.
Merrilliana: Clench and Turner: 1948, subgenotype. Geomelania elegans C.B.

Adams, original designation. This paper, p. 179.
micra Tennison- Woods T.: 1878, Trans, and Proc. Royal Soc. of Victoria 14,

p. 62 (Brighton, Victoria, Australia).
microlena 'Bourguignat' de Monterosato T.: 1878, J de C 26, p. 321 (Al-

gerie [Algeria] ).

This is regarded by de Monterosato as only a small form
of T. laevigata Risso.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 203

minor C.B.Adams Geomelania: 1849. C to C no. 2. p. 18 (Jamaica). Lecto-

type MCZ 177207; noyi minor Pfeiffer.
minor Pfeiffer Geomelania: 1850. Conchylien-Cabinet (2) 1, pt. 19, p. 214.

pi. 30, fig. 21-22 (Jamaica); non minor C. B. Adams.
minor Brian and Cornet T.: 1889, Memorias de TAcad. Royale des Sciences

des Lettres et de Beaux Arts de Belgique 47, p. 21, pi. 19, fig. 13a-c (Mons,

France, fossil).
minor Nevill T. valida var.: 1878, Hand List of the Mollusca in the Indian

Museum Part 1, p. 254; nude name.
minor 'Issel' Neville T. guerinii var.: 1878, Hand List of the Mollusca in the

Indian Museum Part 1, p. 253; nude name.
minuscula deFolin T.: 1875, Les Fonds de la Mer 2, p. 145, pi. 3, fig. 3.

We have not seen this paper; probably not a Truncatella.

minuta Requien T.: 1848, Catalogue des Coquilles de L'lle de Corse p. 57

(Ajaccio, Corsica).
minutissima 'Parreyss' Paetel T.: 1889, Catalog der Conchylien-Sammlung

2, p. 433; nude name.
modesta C.B.Adams T.: 1850, C to C no. 8, p. 132; 1851, Ann. Lye. Nat.

Hist. New York 5, p. 48 (Jamaica). Holotype MCZ 177159.
montaguana Leach Glaucothoe: 1852, Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great

Britain, London, p. 199 (Coasts of Devon and Cornwall).

Is a substitute name for siibtruncatiis Montagu.

montagui Lowe T.: 1835, Zoological Journal 5, p. 303 (Seas of Britain). Is

subcyiindrica Linne.
moussoni O. Semper Tahitia [sic]: 1874, [in] Museum Godeffroy, Hamburg,

Catalog 5, p. 102 (Maupiti Island); nude name.
nitida "Gassies' Garrett T.: 1887, PZS p. 300; nude name. Is ceylanica Pfeiffer.

Cotypes MCZ 174074.
nitidissima McGillivray Eulima: 1843, A Histor\' of Molluscous Animals of

Aberdeen, Kincardine and Banff, London, p. 142 (Bay of Cruden. Aberdeen.

Scotland); non Turbo nitidissima Montagu 1803. Is T. truncatula Drapar-

naud; Jeffreys 1867, p. 87.
nitidus J.Adams Turbo: 1797, Trans. Linnean Soc. London 3, p. 65 (Pem-

brokshire, England).

We consider this to be T. subcyiindrica Linne.

obesa Menke T.: 1830, Synopsis Methodica Molluscorum. Pyrmont, p. -13
(no locality given); nude name.

According to Menke it is the same as Rissoa tnincata
Hartmann which is Truncatella truncatula Draparnaud.

204 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

obesa Menke T.: 1830, Synopsis Methodica Molluscorum, Pyrmont, p. 137
(Havannam [Habana] Cuba); non Menke 1830, p. 43.

This species is completely unknown to us. It is probably
not a Tnmcatella but some Rissoid.

obscura Morelet T.: 1882, J de C 29, p. 239, pi. 10, fig. 12 (Hot de Dzaoudzi

[Pamanzi Id., Mayotta, Comoro Island] ).
opaca Monterosato T.: 1878, Enumerazione e Sinonimia delle conchiglie

mediterranee, Palermo, p. 27. We have not seen this paper. Cotypes MCZ

158233.
pacifica Pease T.: 1867, American Journal of Conchology 3, p. 230, pi. 15, fig.

27 (Insula Oualan [Ovalau, Fiji Ids.] ). Is T. giierinii Villa. Cotypes MCZ

59799.
pallida Pease Taheitea: 1867, American Journal of Conchology 3, p. 229

(Tahiti and Huaheine). Cotypes MCZ 178657; 178660.
parcicostata Nevill T. valida var.: 1878, Hand List of the Mollusca in the

Indian Museum Part 1, p. 254; nude name.
parisiensis Deshayes T.: 1861, Description des Animaux sans Vertebres de-

couverts dans le bassin de Paris pour servir de supplement a la Description

des Coquilles fossiles etc. 2, p. 422, pi. 18, fig. 28-30 (Calcaire grossier,

Parnes, Paris Basin, France, fossil).
parva C.B.Adams Geomelania gracilis var.: 1850, C to C no. 6, p. 95 (Ja-
maica); non parva Chitty.
parva Chitty Geomelania: 1853, C to C, Kingston, Jamaica no. 1 [13], p. 6

(Peace River, Manchester, Jamaica); non parva C. B. Adams 1850. Lectotype

MCZ 177211.
parvula Quadras and v. Mollendorff T. (Taheitia) : 1894, Nach. Malak. Ges.

26, p. 41 (Mariana Islands).
parvulina Clench and Turner Geomelania (Merrilliana) : 1948. New name

for G. parva Chitty 1853; non parva C. B. Adams 1850. This paper, p. 180.
pauperata C. B. Adams Geomelania: 1850, C to C no. 6, p. 97 (Jamaica).

peilei Dean Geomelania: 1933, Journal of Conchology 19, p. 333, fig. 7-9
(Montpelier, St. James, Jamaica). Holotype in the National Museum of
Wales, paratype MCZ no. 160811.

The earlier portion of this paper was printed (p. 175) be-
fore we had received a paratype specimen of this species from
Dr. C. Matheson of the National Museum of Wales. In our
opinion, G. peilei Dean is a synonym of G. jamaicensis Pfeif-
fer. It is only a very little smaller than the lectotype speci-
men of G. fortis C. B. Adams another synonym of G. jamai-
censis Pfeiffer. The axial costae of both peilei and fortis are
exactly the same and do not differ as stated by Dean.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS OX MOLLUSKS 205

pellucida Dohrn T.: 1860, Malak. Blatt. 6, p. 203 (Arabia). Paratypes MCZ

104560.
pfeifferi v. Martens T.: 1861, Malak. Blatt. 7, p. 43 (Japan). Holotype Rijks-

museum, Leiden, Holland; Paratype MCZ 160359.
piratica Clench and Turner T. scalaris subsp.: 1948, Johmonia 2, p. 161.

pi. 72, fig. 1-4 (St. George's Causeway, Bermuda). Holotype MCZ 178985.
porrecta Gould T.: 1847 [1848], Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 208; Gould

1852, United States Exploring Expedition 12, p. 110, pi. 8, fig. 127a-c (Ta-

heiti, Society Islands). Lectotype MCZ 178662; Paratypes MCZ 178663 and

the USNM.
princeps Dohrn T.: 1866, Malak. Blatt. 13, p. 134 (Ilha do Principe [Princes

Island, Gulf of Guinea, Africa] ); Pfeiffer 1867, Novitates Conchologicae 3,

p. 317, pi. 76, fig. 10-11. Lectotype MCZ 175593. Is T. rostrata Gould; Clench

and Turner 1948, Johmonia, p. 163.
procera C. B. Adams Geomelania: 1850, C to C no. 6, p. 95 (Jamaica). Lec-
totype MCZ 177201.
pulchella Pfeiffer T.: 1839, Archiv f. Nat. von Weigmann (5th year) 1, p. 356

(Cuba); Kiister 1855, Conchylien-Cabinet (2) 1, pt. 23, p. 10, pi. 2, fig. 11-15;

for figure of the radula, see this paper, pi. 22, fig. 2. Lectotype, Museo Poey

181; Paratype MCZ 158170.
pumila H. B. Baker Geomelania (Scalatella) striosa subsp.: 1935, Nautilus

48, p. 83, pi. 3, fig. 6 (Eastern end of John Crow Mts., near Portland-St.

Thomas boundary, Jamaica). Holotype ANSP 163727.
punctata Monterosato T.: 1878, Enumerazione e Sinonimia delle conchiglie

mediterranee, Palermo, p. 27 (Algerie [Algeria] ).

We have not seen this paper.

punica Issel Albertisia: 1880. Ann. del Museo Civico di Storia Nat. di Gen-
ova 15, p. 275 (Megerdah near Utica [Utique] Tunis).

Is in the genus Truncatella.

pygmaea C. B. Adams Cylindrella (?): 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2,
p. 14 (Jamaica); non Geomelania pygmaea C. B. Adams 1850. Is a Geomelania.
Lectotype MCZ 156155.

pygmaea C.B.Adams Geomelania typica: 1850, C to C no. 6. p. 96 (Ja-
maica); non pygmaea C.B.Adams 1845.

pyramidata C. B.Adams Geomelania: 1851, C to C no. 9. p. 159 (Jamaica).

quadrasi v. Mollendorff T.: 1893, Bericht der Senckenbergischen Naturfor-
schenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt, p. 137, pi. 5. fig. lOa-b (Magallanes.
Sibuyan, Philippines).

quoyi Pfeiffer T.: 1846, Zeit. f. Malak. 3, p. 187 (Vanikoro Id.).

This is an absolute synonym of Cyclostoma striata Quoy
and Gaimard. Pfeiffer substituted a new name but gave no
reason for this change.

206 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

reclusa Guppy Blandiella: 1871, American Journal of Conchology 6, p. 309,

pi. 17, fig. 7-8 (Oropuche Mts., Trinidad). Lectotype MCZ 175606. This

paper, p. 183.
rostrata Gould T. 1847 [1848], Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 209 (Rio

Janeiro [Brazil] ); Gould, 1852, United States Exploring Expedition 12, p.

Ill, pi. 8, fig. 128a-b; Clench and Turner 1948, Johnsonia, p. 162. Lectotype

New York State Museum G2541a.
rubra 'Gassies' Paetel T.: 1889, Catalog der Conchylien-Sammlung 2, p. 433

(Noumea [New Caledonia] ); nude name.
rustica Mousson T.: 1865, J de C 13, p. 186, pi. 14, fig. 8 (Nucuiona, Uvea

[Wallis Id.] ). Lectotype MCZ 178651. This paper, p. 164.
samoensis 'Reeve' Paetel T.: 1889, Catalog der Conchylien-Sammlung 2,

p. 433.

No such species exists. Paetel referred to the Journal de
Conchy liologie 1865, 13, p. 186. On this page there is a de-
scription of Melania samoensis Reeve.

scalariformis C.B.Adams T.: 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 12
(Jamaica). Is T. scalaris Michaud; Clench and Turner V^^^, Johnsonia, p.
160; non scalariformis Reeve.

scalariformis Reeve T.: 1842, Conchologia Systematica 2, p. 94, pi. 182, fig.
6 (locality not given); Reeve 1842 [1843], PZS 10, p. 197 (Annaa [Toumoto
Islands] ); non scalariformis C. B. Adams.

scalarina Cox T.: 1867, PZS p. 40 (Port Lincoln, Australia); Cox 1868, Mono-
graph of Australian Land Shells, Sydney, Australia, p. 93, pi. 15, fig. lOa-b.
Cotypes MCZ 159354.

scalaris Michaud Rissoa: 1830, Descr. Genre Rissoa, p. 18 [we have not
seen this paper]; Michaud, 1832, Descriptions de Plusieurs Nouvelles especes
de Coquilles du Genre Rissoa (Freminville) 2nd edition, p. 21, fig. 31-32
(locality unknown). Neoholotype MCZ 165706 (Port Antonio, Jamaica).

scalaroides v. Martens T.: 1864, Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preufs.
Akad. der Wissen. zu Berlin for 1864, p. 119 (Amboina).

Scalatella von Martens: 1860, Die Heliceen, Leipzig p. 41; genotype, Cylin-
drella greyana C. B. Adams, monotypic. This paper, p. 178.

schneideri Rensch T.: 1937, Archiv f. Natur. N.F. 6, pt. 4, p. 628, fig. 51-52
(Neu Pommern Id., Bismarck Archipelago). Is a Taheitia.

semicostata Montrouzier T.: 1862, J de C 10, p. 243, pi. 9, fig. 10 (Island of
Art and New Caledonia). Is T. marginata Pfeiffer. This paper, p. 163. Co-
types MCZ 178620; 178632.

semicostulata Jickeli T.: 1874, Nova Acta der Ksl. Leop.-Carol. Deutschen
Akademie der Naturforscher 37, p. 189, pi. 7, fig. 8 (Dahlak [Daalac, Erit-
rea] Red Sea). Is pellucida Dohrn. This paper, p. 164.

semperi Kobelt T.: 1884, Nach. d. Deutschen Malak. Ges. 16, p. 52 ( Pan-
go ngon, Bohol?, Philippine Islands). Is T. guerinii Villa. This paper, p. 167.

sinuosa Chitty Geomelania: 1853, C to C, Kingston, Jamaica no. 1 [13], p.
5 (Ashley Hall, Trelawny, Jamaica). Lectotype MCZ 165718.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS OX MOLLUSKS 207

solida Menke T.: 1830, Synopsis Methodica Molluscorum. Pyrmont. pp. 43,

137 (locality unknown).
soluta Clench and Turner Taheitia: 1948 (Bavatu. Vanua Mbalavu Id.. Lau

Group, Fiji Islands). Holotype B. P. Bishop Museum 179895; Paratypes MCZ

157754. This paper, p. 190.
spectabilis Held T.: 1848, Wassermoll Bayerns. Jahresh. Landwirth Gewerbe

Schule Muenchen, p. 22. We have not seen this paper. Is Acicida spectabilis

Rossmasseler; Pfeiffer 1852, p. 6.
stimpsonii Stearns T.: 1872, Proc. California Acad. Science 4, p. 249. pi. 1,

fig. 5 (False Bay near San Diego, California).
striata Quoy and Gaimard Cyclostoma: 1832, Voyage I'Astrolabe Zoologie

2, p. 186, pi. 12, fig. 27-30 (Vanikoro Id. [Santa Cruz Ids.] ).

This is possibly a species of Tritncatella, but it is impossi-
ble to determine from the figure just what species it could
be. According to the authors, the original specimens were
lost after the figures had been drawn.

striata 'J- de C. Sowerby* Reeve T.: 1842, Conchologia Systematica 2, p. 94.

pi. 82, fig. 4 (no locality given). Is probably in the genus Coxiella.
striatula Menke T.: 1843, Molluscorum Novae Hollandiae, p. 9 (west coast

Australia).

Is not in the genus Truncatella, but is a Coxiella, in the
family Bulimidae.

strigilata 'Parreyss' Philippi Paludina: 1844. Enumeratio Molluscorum Si-
ciliae 2, p. 133. Is T. tnincatula Draparnaud; Jeffreys 1867. p. 87.

striosa C.B.Adams Geomelania: 1850, C to C no. 6, p. 96 (Jamaica). Holo-
type. British Museum.

subauriculata Quadras and v. Mollendorff T.: 1894, Nach. Malak. Ges. 26,
p. 40 (Mariana Islands). Cotypes USNM 302936; 201189; MCZ 21472. Is a
Taheitia. This paper, p. 192.

subcylindrica Linne Helix; 1767, Systema Naturae 12 ed. 1, p. 1248 (north-
ern Europe). This is often quoted in error as subcylindrica Gray.

sublaevigata 'Potiez and Michaud' Paetel T.: Catalog der Conchylien-
Sammlung 2, p. 433; nude name. Is T. tnincatula Draparnaud. according
to Paetel.

subsulcata Gassies T.: 1878, J de C 26, p. 338 (Lifu Id., Loyalty Islands).

subtruncatus Montagu Turbo: 1803, Testacea Britannica. p. 300, pi. 10, fig.
1 (Southampton, England). Is T. subcylindrica Linne.

succinea C.B.Adams T.: 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 12. (Ja-
maica). Lectotype MCZ 177154.

Taheitia Pease: 1867, American Journal of Conchology 3, p. 229; [error for
Taheitia H. and A. Adams].

208 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Taheitia H. and A. Adams: 1863, Annals and Magazine of Natural History
(3) 11, p. 19; genotype, Truncatella porrecta Gould, monotypic. This paper,
p. 183.

Tahetia Tapparone Canefri: 1886, Ann. Museo Civico Storia Nat. Genova
24, p. 198; [error for Taheitia H. and A. Adams].

Tahitia H. Adams and G. F. Angas: 1865, PZS, pi. 2, fig. 2; [error for Taheitia
H. and A. Adams, on plate caption only].

tasmanica: Tenison Woods T.: 1875 [1876], Proc. Royal Soc. Tasmania, p.
143 (Bass Straits, Tasmania). Is T. scalarina Cox; E. L. May, 1921, p. 57.

tatarica Schrenck T.: 1861, Bull, de I'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de
Saint- Petersburg 4, p. 409 (Bay of Castries, Manchuria [de Kastri, Gulf of
Tatary, Siberia] ); Schrenck 1867, Mollusken des Amur-Landes und des
Norjapanischen Meeres 2, pt. 3, p. 310, pi. 14, fig. 10-13.

We consider this to be Cecina manchurica A. Adams.

terebralis Menke T.: 1830, Synopsis Methodica Molluscorum, Pyrmont, p.
44 (no locality given).

teres Pfeiffer T.: 1856 [1857], PZS 24, p. 336, (Isle of Mauritius and Trinity
Bay, Australia).

tesselata 'Boettger' Quadras and v. Mollendorff Taheitia: 1897, Nach. Ma-
lak. Ges. 29, p. 32 (Bismarck Archipelago). Cotypes MCZ 179585.

thaanumi Clench and Turner T.: 1948 (Ulali Id., Truk Group, Caroline Is-
lands). Holotype MCZ 159379. This paper, p. 165.

theresa Risso Fidelis: 1826, Histoire Naturelle I'Europe Meridionale 4, p.
121, pl. 5, fig. 59 (Central Europe). Is T. truncatula Draparnaud; Jeffreys
1867, p. 87.

Tomlinella Clench and Turner: 1948, Johnsonia 2, p. 159; subgenotype, Trun-
catella scalaris Michaud; non Tomlinella Viader 1938.

Tomlinitella Clench and Turner: 1948, subgenotype, Truncatella scalaris Mi-
chaud. New name for Tomlinella Clench and Turner, non Tomlinella Viader
1938. This paper, p. 169.

tongana Clench and Turner Taheitia: 1948 (one-half mile inland from Vai-
gana, Eua Island, Tonga Islands). Holotype B. P. Bishop Museum 87703;
Paratypes MCZ 157757. This paper, p. 190.

truncata Hartmann Acmea: 1857, Neue Alpina 1, p. 212. Is a synonym of
T. truncatula Draparnaud; Pfeiffer 1857, p. 137.

truncata "Draparnaud' Herrmannsen Cyclostoma: 1849, Indicis Generum
Malacozoorum 2, p. 626; [error for Cyclostoma truncatula Draparnaud].

Truncatella Risso: 1826, Histoire Naturelle I'Europe Meridionale 4, p. 124;
genotype, Truncatella laevigata Risso, subsequent designation, Gude 1921;
equals Helix subcylindrica Linne.

Truncatella Lowe: 1832, Zoological Journal 5, p. 300; genotype, Cyclostoma
truncatulum Draparnaud, monotypic.

Is a synonym and homonym of Truncatella Risso.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 209

truncatulina 'Lowe' Sowerby T.: 1842, A Conchological Manual, London, p.

280; [error for T. truncatula Draparnaud].
Truncatula Leach: 1847, Annals and Magazine of Natural History ( 1 ) 20,

p. 271; genotype, Truncatula truncata Montagu = 7«r^o truncatus Montagu

= Helix subcylindrica Linne; subsequent designation, Clench and Turner,

1948, Johnsonia, p. 152.
Truncatula 'Risso' Caziot: 1910, Etude Moll. Princip. Monaco, p. 450; [error

for Truncatella Risso]; Neave 1940, Nomenclator Zoologicus 4, p. 583; non

Leach 1847, non Hagenow 1851.
truncatulum Draparnaud Cyclostoma: 1805, Histoire Naturelle des Mol-

lusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles de la France, p. 40, pi. 1, fig. 28-31 (coast

of Mediterranean).
truncatus Montagu Turbo: 1803, Testacea Britannica, p. 300, pi. 10, fig. 7

(Southampton and Plymouth. England). Is T. subcylindrica Linne.
turricula Mousson T.: 1869, [in] Museum Godeffroy, Hamburg, Catalog 4,

p. 76 (Mango Id., Lau Group, Fiji Islands); nude name; Mousson 1870. J de

C 18, p. 196. This paper, p. 188.
turrita "Kiister' Coen T.: 1933, R. Comitato Talassografico Italiano. Venice

Memoria 192, p. 159 (Adriatic); nude name.
turrita 'Pfeiffer' Dall T.: 1885, Bull. United States Geological Survey, no. 24,

p. 314; [error for "Testa" not Truncatella].
typica C. B.Adams Geomelania: 1850, C to C no. 6, p. 95 (Jamaica). Lec-

totype MCZ 177208.
ultima Rensch T.: 1937, Archiv f. Natur. N. F. 6, pt. 4, p. 629. fig. 53 (Neu

Pommern Id., Bismarck Archipelago). Is a Taheitia.
valida Pfeiffer T.: 1846, Zeit. f. Malak. 3, p. 182 (Phihppine Islands). Co-
types MCZ 178649. Is T. guerinii Villa. This paper, p. 167.
variabilis Pfeiffer T.: 1846, Zeit. f. Malak. 3, p. 183; nude name included

in the synonymy of T. caribaeensis Reeve.
ventricosa "Sowerby' Reeve T.: 1842, Conchologia Systematica 2, p. 94, pi.

182, fig. 2 (locality not given). Is in the genus Tomichia; Thiele 1929, p. 150.
vicina C. B.Adams Geomelania: 1850, C to C no. 6, p. 96 (Jamaica). Lec-

totype MCZ 156153.
vitiacea 'Gould' Mousson T.: 1865, J de C 13, p. 185: [error for T. vitiana

Gould].
vitiana Gould T.: 1847 [1848], Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 208 (Fiji

Islands); Gould 1852, United States Exploring Expedition 12, p. 109. pi. 8,

fig. 126a-b. Is T. guerinii Villa.- This paper, p. 167. Cotypes MCZ 178664.
wallacei H. Adams T. (Taheitia): 1865, PZS p. 416. pi. 21. fig. 13-14 (Wai-

giou. New Guinea).
wrighti Pfeiffer T.: 1862, Malak. Blatt. 9, p. 127 (Yateras. Guantanamo.

Cuba).
yorkensis Cox T.: 1868, Monograph of Australian Land Shells, Sydney, p.

93, pi. 15, fig. 11 (Cape York [Queensland] Australia). Is T. guerinii Villa.

This paper, p. 167. Cotypes MCZ 159349.
Zeanoe Leach 1852, Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain. London, p.

198; genotype, Turbo nitida Adams, monotypic. Is Truncatella Risso: Jeffreys

1867, p. 84.

210 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Bibliography

Adams, C. B., 1849-1852, Contributions to Conchology, New
York, pt. 1-12, pp. 1-258.

Beau, , 1857 [1858], Catalogue des Coquilles Recueillies a

la Guadeloupe et ses Dependances. Revue Coloniale, pp. 1-27.

Binney, W. G., 1859, Terrestrial Air-Breathing Mollusks of the
United States 4, p. 29.

Chitty, E., 1853, Contributions to Conchology (a continuation),
Kingston, Jamaica, pt. 1 [13], pp. 1-19.

Clench, W. J. and R. D. Turner, 1948, Johnsonia 2, no. 25, pp.
149-164.

Dall, W. H., 1885, Bulletin United States Geological Survey no.
24, pp. 311-314.

Dean, J. D., 1933, Journal of Conchology 19, no. 10, pp. 331-
333.

Garrett, Andrew, 1887, Proceedings of the Zoological Society
of London, pp. 299-302.

Germain, L., 1931, Fauna de France No. 22, Mollusques Ter-
restres et Fluviatiles, pp. 664-667.

Gude, G. K., 1921, The Fauna of British India including Ceylon
and Burma, Mollusca 3, p. 360.

Jeffreys, J. G., 1867, British Conchology, London 4, pp. 43, 69,
83-87.

Jeffreys, J. G., 1884, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London, p. 354.

Kuster, H. C, 1855, Conchylien-Cabinet 1, Abthlg. 23, pp. 1-16,
pi. 1-2

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 211

May, W. L., 1921, A Check-list of the Mollusca of Tasmania,
Hobart, pp. 1-14.

Menke, C. T., 1830, Synopsis Methodica Molluscorum, Pyr-
mont, p. 43.

Nevill, G., 1878, Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, pp. 250-254.

Paetel, F., 1889, Catalog der Conchylien-Sammlung, Berlin 2,
pp. 431-434.

Pfeiffer, L., 1852, Monographia Pneumonopomorum Viventium
1, p. 5.

Pfeiffer, L., 1856, Monographia Auriculaceorum Viventium 1,
pp. 175-199.

Pfeiffer, L., 1857, Catalogue of Auriculidae, Proserpinidae and
Truncatellidae in the Collection of the British Museum, pp.
129-143.

Pfeiffer, L., 1865, Monographia Auriculaceorum Viventium 3,
pp. 3-8.

Pilsbry, H. A., 1926, Nautilus 40, pp. 32-33.

Pilsbry, H. A., 1948, Land Mollusca of North America. Mono-
graphs no. 3, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 2,
pt. 2, pp. 1065-1074.

Reeve, L., 1842, Conchologia Systematica, London 2, pp. 93-94,

pi. 182.

Rensch, L, 1937, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, N.F. 6, Heft 4,
pp. 626-631.

Sykes, E.R., 1905, Proceedings of the Malacological Society
of London 6, pp. 225-226.

212 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Sykes, E. R., 1925, Proceedings of the Malacological Society
of London 16, pp. 179-180, pi. 8.

Thiele, J., 1929, Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtier-
kunde, Jena 1, pp. 151-152.

Vendryes, Henry, 1899, Journal of the Institute of Jamaica 2,
pt. 6, pp. 590-607.

jjc jji :}«

Paetel's Catalogue

Paetel Friedrich, 1887-1891: Catalog der Conchy lien-
Sammlung, Berlin. This molluscan catalogue of Friedrich
Paetel was issued in parts and it appeared between the years
1887 and 1891.

Volume I Lief. 1-8 Pages 1-639+16 Issued 1887-1888
" II " 9-14 " 1-505+12 " 1888-1890
" III " 15-18 " 1-256+23 " 1890-1891

This is not only a list of the species contained in Paetel's
collection, but includes also the names of all species that he
gleaned from the literature. The number of nude names oc-
curring in this list indicates that Paetel probably had access
to museum collections throughout Germany. As a conse-
quence, many manuscript names which he copied from mu-
seum labels were included. References are not always given
nor are they always to the original citation. It is, however,
the most complete list of specific names ever published and it
is very important as a source of information, much of which
could not be located without considerable effort.

Paetel's earlier catalogues, published in 1869, 1873 and 1883,
were much smaller and, of course, completely superceded by
his three volume work.

ijBR*M 'Qccasional Papers On Mollusks

3

0 19^

Published by

The Department of Mollusks

HARVARD ^

iltt¥ERSlTX Museum ot Comparative Zoolojjy, Harvard Lniversity
Cambridge, Massachusetts

VOLUME 1 MARCH 30, 1949 NUMBER 14

Jesse Wedgwood Mighels
with a Bibliography and a Catalogue of His Species

By Richard L Johnson

Although Jesse Wedgwood Mighels was active in conchology
for little more than a decade before the middle of the last
century, he described as new nearly one hundred species of
mollusks, most of them from New England and the Hawaiian
Islands. Through his efforts the Portland Society of Natural
History acquired a collection of mollusks which for some years
had few rivals in the United States.

Mighels was born in Parsonsfield, Maine on July 7, 1795. He
was teaching school by the time he was eighteen. He soon be-
gan the study of medicine under the direction of a local phy-
sician, Dr. James Bradbury. After attending some "medical
lectures" at Dartmouth College, he was awarded the degree of
M.D. in 1823. Three years later, Mighels married Evalina A.
Rust of Norway, Maine. They lived in Minot, Maine for nine
years, then moved to Portland where Mighels won a reputation
in surgery. Mighels began the study of conchology in 1827. and
it is obvious from the annotated remnants of his library (now
in the Portland Society of Natural History) that he spent long
hours mastering this science. When the Portland Society of
Natural History was formed, Mighels was elected correspond-
ing secretary at the first election of oflftcers in December 1843.
He held this position until he moved to Cincinnati, Ohio in
1847.

Even before the Society was founded, Mighels was collecting
shells. At first he valued shells only for their intrinsic be^iuty,

213

214 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

and in accordance with the custom of the time, he wanted
only a pair of each species.

It was not long before a new light began to dawn upon him: for in reply-
to demands for shells made of persons living more or less remote from
Portland he was told that shells of his own neighborhood would be accept-
able in return. The most that he could do was to gather together a dozen
or twenty different kinds of such mean appearance that they did not seem
worth the trouble of collecting, much less worthy of acceptance by persons
owning large collections of splendid shells.

The experiment was made, and the demand came for more. Then, for the
first time, he began to understand that a thorough knowledge of the con-
chology of his own region was an essential step towards acquiring that of
other countries, and it was always the surest and safest method of obtaining
the necessary materials. With a boat and a dredge our [Portland] Harbour
was fully explored and great was the surprise and pleasure manifested in
drawing from their dwelling places numerous living shells of forms and
colors wholly new.*

In 1846 Mighels sold his shell collection to the Portland So-
ciety of Natural History for $1000. It consisted of over three
thousand species and upwards of ten thousand specimens, in-
cluding all of the species known to inhabit the State of Maine,
as well as many "rare and interesting varieties."

A year later Mighels moved to Cincinnati, Ohio where he
became a professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and
children in the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery.
It is mentioned in ''Daniel Drake and his Followers" by Otto
Juetner that in Cincinnati Mighels "wrote good papers on
obstetrics." Since the Cincinnati Natural History Museum was
housed in the old College of Medicine Building, it would seem
natural that Mighels would have become active in the mu-
seum, making the acquaintance of his old correspondent J. G.
Anthony; but strangely Mighels' name does not appear on a
single record of the institution.

It was in Cincinnati that news reached Mighels that on
January 8, 1854 a fire had totally destroyed the collections of
the Portland Society of Natural History. Upon receipt of this
sad news Mighels wrote lugubriously to the Society on Janu-
ary 10:

* Norton, A. H., 1927: Maine Naturalist 7, no. 2, pp. 67-68. From the Port-
land Tri-Weekly Advertiser, February 24, 1854.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 215

1795-1861

Plate 26. Copied from Norton, 1927. p. 65.

Photographed by F. P. Orchard.

216 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Is it possible that my beautiful collection of shells is destroyed? Is it all
ruined? Must I know that I can see that collection no more?

The work of nine years of delightful enthusiastic industry — is it all gone?
. . . Your beautiful collections of shells, and birds, and minerals and fossils —
alas, are they all lost?

. . . When my eye caught that telegraphic announcement, I was almost af-
fected to tears. It cannot all be replaced.

How is it possible to replace the deep water species of Maine and the Gulf
of the St. Lawrence? The species from Europe, East and West Indies, Sand-
wich Islands, from the Nile, India, Africa, South America and Oregon? What
a loss! Money and books and goods and buildings can be replaced but that
collection, I fear never!

... I have but few specimens of anything. There are a few species of Brit-
ish fossils in my possession of much value. To these you are welcome, as
soon as the spring opens.*

Sometime before 1857, when Mighels was leaving a dimly
lighted court room where he had been serving as a witness,
he plunged down an open shaft or stairway and sustained in-
juries from which he never fully recovered.

In 1858 he returned to Norway, Maine, his wife's birthplace,
where he remained until his death on September 16, 1861.

Mighel's first contribution to conchology was a list of the
shells of Maine printed in 1841. Two hundred and seven spe-
cies are enumerated, sixteen of which are nude names. Five
of these were described the following year with C. B. Adams
in the Journal of the Boston Society of Natural History. In this
paper twenty-four species are clearly described and adequately
illustrated with figures drawn by Mighels. It is interesting to
note that in his ''Catalogue of the Shells of Maine" (1843, Bos-
ton Journal of Natural History 4, p. 308), Mighels has dropped
the name of C. B. Adams as co-author, stating, after due thanks
to Prof. Adams that his name had been placed on the paper as
co-author through an error of the editor.

In Mighels' paper describing fifty-one shells, most of them
from the Hawaiian Islands, the descriptions are very brief and
none of the species is figured, with the result that the iden-
tification of some of these species has been difficult or impos-
sible. Where we have had authentic type material a lectotype
has been selected and the lectotypes of those species that were

* Norton, A. H. 1927: Maine Naturalist 7, no. 2, p. 69. From the Portland
Tri-Weekly Advertiser, February 24, 1854.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 217

not figured by Mighels are herein figured. In a few instances,
where no types could be found, neoholotypes have been chosen
on the basis of subsequent identification.

Unfortunately, Mighels' own set of types was destroyed in
the Portland Society of Natural History holocaust of 1854.
Mighels did, however, send types of many of his species to the
Boston Society of Natural History, to Prof. C. B. Adams of
Amherst College, and to J. G. Anthony. All of these types are
now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Mighels sent
types of a few of his species to Dr. J. C.Jay, whose collection
is now in the American Museum of Natural History in New
York. Unfortunately, in a rather extensive search for this ma-
terial we were able to find only one of these type lots. There
are types of some of the Hawaiian species in the Cuming Col-
lection, now in the British Museum, and L. Pfeiffer described
several species which had been sent to Cuming under manu-
script names.

The late Dr. C. M. Cooke, Jr. generously offered the following
notes regarding the localities of Mighels' Hawaiian species:

Undoubtedly Mighels obtained a large part of his Hawaiian material from
the Reverend Edward Johnson, a keen shell collector, who for many years
(from 1837) lived at Waioli near Hanalei on Kauai. Wesley Newcomb and
one or two other authors* also had material from Johnson.

There is a note on page 18 of the B. P. Bishop Museum copy of volume 2
of the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, in the hand of
William Harper Pease which says: "The marine species were from Kauai
without doubt." (Mighels attributes most of them as coming from Oahu).

ACKNOV^^LEDGMENTS

The author is especially indebted to the late Dr. C.M.Cooke,
Jr. of the B. P. Bishop Museum for generously contributing
much information regarding many of Mighels species and for
checking the identification of most of the types of the Hawaiian
species. Thanks are extended to Mr. Ralph Dury, Director,

* C. B. Adams received material from Johnson.

218 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Cincinnati Museum of Natural History; to Miss Ethel L.
Hutchins, Reference Department of the Public Library of Cin-
cinnati, Ohio; and to Prof. W. B. Hendrickson of MacMurry
College for information on the years Mighels spent in Cincin-
nati. Grateful thanks are extended to W. J. Clench, M. E.
Champion and R. D. Turner for many invaluable suggestions
and for material aid during the course of this entire study.

♦ >H ?!< jk

Bibliography

Johnson, C. W., 1924, October, Jesse Wedgwood Mighels. Nauti-
lus 41, pp. 65-69.

Mighels, J. W., 1841, Aug. 3, Letter to J. G. Anthony. Manu-
script in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

- — Three Letters to D. H. Storer. October 21, 1839; June 23,

1845; November 7, 1845. Manuscript letters in the Boston
Society of Natural History.

Norton, A. H., 1927, June, Jesse Wedgwood Mighels. The Maine
Naturalist 7, No. 2, pp. 63-74.

Turner, R. D., 1946, John Gould Anthony With a Bibliography
and Catalogue of His Species. Occasional Papers on Mol-
lusks. Cambridge, Mass. 1, No. 8, pp. 81-108.

♦ JK

Bibliography of J. W. Mighels' works on recent Mollusks

1841, Shells of Portland and Vicinity. Portland Tribune, p. 64.
'The exact date of publication is not given on the clipping,
which was found by Mr. Owen Bryant in an old book pur-
chased in Boston. It probably represents the first catalogue
ever published of the shells of Maine. A few remarks com-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 219

mending the study of conchology, and soliciting exchanges,
are followed by a list, without notes, containing about 154
species, exclusive of the barnacles, etc., arranged according
to the Lamarckian system."*

1841, June, Catalogue of the Marine, Terrestrial and Fluviatile
Shells of Maine. Portland, Maine. [Privately printed by the
author. It consists of a list of 213 shelled invertebrates.]

1842, January, Mighels, J. W. and C. B. Adams. Descriptions
of twenty-four species of the Shells of New England. Boston
Journal of Natural History 4, pp. 37-54, pi. 4. [Also reprinted
with the plate and repaged 1-20.]

1843, April, Catalogue of the Marine, Fluviatile and Terrestrial
Shells of the State of Maine and Adjacent Ocean. Boston
Journal of Natural History 4, pp. 308-345. [Also reprinted
and repaged 1-39.]

1843, October, A Catalogue of the Marine, Fluviatile and Ter-
restrial Shells of Maine and the Adjacent Ocean. Proceed-
ings of the Boston Society of Natural History 1, pp. 117-
118. [Title only, followed by a brief review of the preceding
paper.]

1843, April, Descriptions of Six Species of Shells Regarded as
New. Boston Journal of Natural History 4, pp. 345-350, pi.
16, fig. 1-6. [Also reprinted with the plate and repaged 1-6.]

1843, October, "Dr. Gould presented a paper on behalf of Dr.
Mighels entitled 'Descriptions of Seven [actually six] Species
of Shells regarded as new.' " Proceedings of the Boston So-
ciety of Natural History 1, p. 129. [Short summar\' of the
preceding paper.]

1843, October, "Dr. Gould read a paper entitled 'Descriptions
of twenty-five [actually twenty-four] new species of Shells
by J. W. Mighels and C. B. Adams' of which the following
twenty-one are regarded as new." Proceedings of the Boston
Society of Natural History 1, pp. 48-50 [Short summary of
January 1842 paper]

♦Johnson, C. W., 1905, Nautilus 19, p. 92.

220 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

1844, October,* "Dr. Gould communicated on behalf of Dr.
J. W. Mighels some specimens of shells with descriptions."
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 1, pp.
187-189.

1845, Descriptions of Shells from the Sandwich Islands and
other localities. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natu-
ral History 2, pp. 18-25.

^ ^

A List of the Recent Mo Husks described by J. W. Mighels with
their original references and type localities

The initials BJNH refer to the Boston Journal of Natural
History; PBSNH to the Proceedings of the Boston Society of
Natural History; and MCZ to the Museum of Comparative
Zoology.

J. W. Mighels is the sole author of all names except as other-
wise indicated.

All locality data in brackets were previously unpublished.
(See p. 217 for information on localities.)

accincta 'Mighels' Gould Achatinella: 1852, United States Exploring Expe-
dition 12, p. 89.

Gould claims that A. accineta is a typographical error and
has changed the name to A. accincta. Under the International
Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, Art. 19, this is not advised.

accineta, Achatina: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 20 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).
Cotypes in British Museum, figured 1849, Conch. Icon. 5, Achatina, pi. 19,
fig. 101.

* There is seme confusion among authors regarding the date of publication
of the first volume of the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History.
The title page bears the date 1844. Pages 1-184 (which consist of the meetings
of Jan. 6, 1841 to June 19, 1843) were printed and distributed in October 1843
(see 1844, Amer. Jour. Sci. 46, p. 203 [reviewed]; and 1843, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia 1, p. 303 [listed as having been received at the October 24,
1843 meeting] ). The beginning of the signature on p. 185 bears the date Octo-
ber 1844, and thereafter each signature was dated as it appeared.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 221

acuminata, Pleurotoma: 1845, PBSXH 2, p.23 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).
Lectotype here selected MCZ 176467, pi. 27, fig. 18.

admodesta, Pupa: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 19 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ). Lec-
totype here selected xMCZ 177005, pi. 27, fig. 17.

aeruginosa, Osteodesma: 1844, PBSNH 1, p. 187 (Gulf of St. Lawrence).

anthracina, Paludina: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 22 (Tortola [Virgin Islands] ).

Lectotype here selected MCZ 176985, pi. 27, fig. 12.
antiqua Mighels and Adams Nucula: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 53, pi. 4, fig. 4 (fossil.

Westbrook, in the vicinity of Portland, Maine).
ampla, Limnea: [sic] 1843, BJNH 4, p. 347, pi. 16, fig. 1-lc (Second Eagle

Lake, Maine, N.Lat. 47=).
Apella "Mighels' Anthony: 1843, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 251.

'This manuscript name of Mighels was first introduced
by Anthony as a synonym of Schizostoma Lea 1843 (non
Bronn 1834; non Schlaeter 1838) in a letter which was pub-
lished as above. As Apella 'Mighels' Anthony equals Schizo-
stoma Lea it is the next available name for this genus as
Schizostoma Lea is a homonym. This will replace Gyrotoma
Schuttleworth 1845, as Apella has two years priority" (Tur-
ner, R. D., 1946, Occasional Papers On Mollusks 1, No. 8,
p. 99).

arenaria Mighels and Adams Cingula: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 49, pi. 4, fig. 24

(Casco Bay, Maine).
armatus, Bulimus: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 19 (Hawaii [Hawaiian Islands] ).

Lectotype here selected MCZ 177001, pi. 27, fig. 15.

Dr. Cooke believed that Mighels had a mixed lot of shells
from two islands when he described this species and had
selected a specimen from the island of Oahu for his descrip-
tion. However, the type material in the MCZ is all from the
island of Hawaii and is identical with Auriculella ivester-
lundiana Ancey 1889, also from the island of Hawaii.

baetica 'Mighels' Pfeiffer Achatinella: 1848, Monographia Heliceorum Vi-
ventium 2, p. 235. [Nude name listed under the synonymy of .4. spirizona
Ferussac. ]

caducca, Succinea: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 21 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ). Lec-
totype here selected MCZ 39645. pi. 27, fig. 16.

cancellatus Mighels and Adams Fusus: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 52. pi. 4. fig. 18
(Casco Bay, Maine).

Candida Mighels and Adams Cemoria: 1841, Cat. Shells of Maine, No. 105
[nude name].

Candida, Cingula: 1841, Cat. Shells of Mame, No. 181 [nude name].

222 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 27
Fig. 1. Cypraea semiplota Mighels. Neoholotype (2.4x).
Fig. 2. Cypraea spadix Mighels. Lectotype (2.5x).
Fig. 3. Cypraea insecta Mighels. Lectotype (3x).
Fig. 4. Cypraea unifasciata Mighels. Neoholotype (2.4x).
Fig. 5. Pleurotoma violacea Mighels and Adams. Lectotype (4x).
Fig. 6. Pleurotoma rugosa Mighels. Neoholotype (4.5x).
Fig. 7. Turbo rubricinctus Mighels. Lectotype (6x).
Fig. 8. Achatina turricula Mighels. Lectotype (natural size).
Fig. 9. Partula virgulata Mighels. Lectotype (natural size).
Fig. 10. Achatinella mustelina Mighels. Lectotype (natural size).
Fig. IL Pleurotoma pumila Mighels. Neoholotype (4.5x).
Fig. 12. Paludina anthracina Mighels. Lectotype (4x).
Fig. 13. Bulimulus pumicatus Mighels. Lectotype (3x).
Fig. 14. Achatinella citrina Mighels. Lectotype (natural size).
Fig. 15. Bulimulus armatus Mighels. Lectotype (4x).
Fig. 16. Succinea caduca Mighels. Lectotype (4x).
Fig. 17. Pupa admodesta Mighels. Lectotype (8x).
Fig. 18. Pleurotoma acuminata Mighels. Lectotype (4x).
Fig. 19. Achatinella picta Mighels. Lectotype (natural size).
Fig. 20. Helicina laciniosa Mighels. Lectotype (4x).
Fig, 21. Helicina rotelloidea Mighels. Lectotype (4x).
Fig. 22. Achatinella nubilosa Mighels. Lectotype (natural size).
Fig. 23. Helix tiara Mighels. Lectotype (2.5x).

Photographs by F. P. Orchard

224 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

carinata, Cingula: 1841, Cat. Shells of Maine, No. 180 [nude name]; Mighels
and Adams 1842, BJNH 4, p. 49, pi. 4, fig. 23 (Casco Bay, Maine).

cascoensis, Nucula: 1841, Cat. Shells of Maine, No. 66 [nude name]; Mighels
and Adams 1842, BJNH 4, p. 40, pi. 4, fig. 6 (Casco Bay, Maine).

cingula, Achatinella: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 21 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

Cotypes in the collections of Wesley Newcomb, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York. Types were also placed in
the J. C. Jay collection, but these could not be located.

circumsecta, Pleurotoma: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 24 (Oahu [Hawaiian Is-
lands] ).

citrina 'Mighels' Pfeiffer Achatinella: 1845, Monographia Heliceorum Viven-
tium 2, p. 234 (Molokai, Sandwich Islands [Hawaiian Islands] ). Lectotype
here selected MCZ 156493, pi. 27, fig. 14.

clausinus, Bulimus: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 20 (Hawaii [Hawaiian Islands] ).

This species has never been recognized.

coarctata, Delphinula: 1843, BJNH 4, p. 349, pi. 16, fig. 6 (Casco Bay, Maine).
coronata, Pleurotoma: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 23 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).
corrugata, Cypricardia: 1844, PBSNH 1, p. 189 (Zanzibar).
costellata, Turritella: 1841, Cat. Shells of Maine, No. 183 [nude name].
costulata, Pupa: 1844, PBSNH, p. 187 (Portland, Maine).

A. A. Gould, who had undoubtedly seen Mighels' speci-
mens, regards this species as identical with Helix harpa Say,
1844, PBSNH 1, p. 189.

costulata Mighels and Adams Turritella: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 50, pi. 4, fig. 20
(Casco Bay, Maine).

crassilabrum, Pleurotoma: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 23 (Oahu [Hawaiian Is-
lands] ).

curta, Schizostoma: 1844, PBSNH 1, p. 189 (Warrior River, Alabama).

C. Goodrich has placed this species in the synonymy of
Gyrotoma incisum Lea (1924, Univ. of Michigan, Mus. of
Zool., Misc. Pub. 12, p. 23).

The locality "Warrior River" given above by Mighels is
in error. The genus Schizostoma { = Apella) is limited in its
distribution to the Coosa River in Alabama.

cyclostomum, Solarium: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 22 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

As this name is a homonym of Solarium cyclostomum
Menke 1830, Philippi 1853, Conchylien-Cabinet (2) 2, pt. 7,
p. 36, has changed the name to Solarium mighelsi.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 225

cylindracea, Schizostoma: 1844, PBSNH 1, p. 189 (Warrior River, Ala-
bama).

C. Goodrich states that this species can not be recognized
with any exactness from the description. (1924. Univ. of
Michigan, Mus. of ZooL, Misc. Pub. 12, p. 28.)

See second note under curt a above.

decollata Mighels and Adams Limnaea: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 45, pi. 4, fig. 13,
13bis (Unity, Maine).

The specimen here selected as lectotype MCZ 176986 is
figured in Baker, F. C, 1911, Chicago Acad, of Sciences,
Special Publication No. 3, pi. 41, fig. 8.

delphinodonta Mighels and Adams Nucula: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 40. pi. 4, fig.

5 (Casco Bay, Maine). Lectotype here selected MCZ 176984.
diluvialis, Nucula: 1841, Cat. Shells of Maine, No. 62 [nude name].

elucens, Tellina: 1844, PBSNH 1, p. 188 (Casco Bay. Maine).

etnarginata, Purpura: 1841, Cat. Shells of Maine, No. 201 [nude name].

filicatus, Sigaretus: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 22 (Zanzibar).

fragilis, Physa: 1841, Cat. Shells of Maine, No. 144 [nude name]; Mighels
and Adams, 1842, BJNH 4, p. 44, pi. 4, fig. 12 (Monmouth, Maine). Lecto-
type here selected MCZ 177004.

glacialis, Area: 1843, BJNH 4, p. 322 (Gulf of St. Lawrence).

gracilentum, Cerithium: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 22 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

hystrix 'Mighels' Pfeiffer Helix: 1846 Symbolae Ad Historiam Heliceorum
3, p. 67 ( [East Maui] Sandwich Islands [Hawaiian Islands]).

This species was first described as H. setigera by A. A.
Gould. Apparently Dr. Mighels suggested to Dr. Gould that
as setigera was a homonym, hystrix be used. It was under
this name that material was sent out and Pfeiffer was the
first to publish its use. See Gould 1852, United States Ex-
ploring Expedition 12, p. 55.

implexum, Solarium: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 22 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

incincta, Bulla: 1844, PBSNH 1, p. 188 (Casco Bay, Maine).

inornata, Achatinella: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 21 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

The cotypes of this species placed in the J. C. Jay collection
could not be located. In the Catalogue of the Shells in the

226 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

J. C. Jay collection, 4th edit., 1850, p. 215 it is listed as iden-
tical with Achatinella turritella Ferussac.

insculpta, Pleurotoma: 1844, PBSNH 1, p. 189 (Key West, Florida).

insecta, Cypraea: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 24 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ). Lec-
totype here selected MCZ 177006, pi. 27, fig. 3.

insignis 'Mighels' Reeve Bulimus: 1850, Conch. Icon. 5, Achatinella, spe-
cies 3 [nude name listed as a synonym of A. virgulata Mighels].

intercarinata, Helix: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 18 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

"Subsequent authors have considered this a synonym of
Endodonta (Thaunatodon) contorta Ferussac. (Cooke).

intermedia, Nucula: 1841, Cat. Shells of Maine, No. 66 [nude name].

jugosa, Helix: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 19 (Waioli [Kauai, Hawaiian Islands] ).

laciniosa, Helicina: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 19 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ). Lec-
totype here selected MCZ 156497, pi. 27, fig. 20.

Dr. Cooke stated that Orobopkana berniceia Pilsbry and
Cooke becomes a synonym of H. laciniosa Mighels by the
identification of the type. This is unfortunate because Miss
Neal (1934, P. B. Bishop Museum Bull. 125, p. 39) recognized
22 varieties of Pleuropoma laciniosa Mighels on the basis of
A. A. Gould's identification of this species, but Gould's ma-
terial was from J.P.Couthouy, collected on the United States
Exploring Expedition, and is not identical with the species
described by Mighels. Therefore, Pleuropoma laciniosa (non
Mighels) Neal becomes a new species with the specific name
chosen from one of the varieties. "The type did not come
from Oahu as stated by Mighels, but came from Kauai, pre-
sumably the north coast near to, if not, Hanalei (Waioli)."
(Cooke).

laciniosum, Cerithium: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 23 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).
lacunatum, Triton: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 24 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

latior Mighels and Adams Cingula: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 48, pi. 4, fig. 22 (Casco

Bay, Maine).
ligata Mighels and Adams Fasciolaria: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 51, pi. 4, fig. 17

(Mingan, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence).
maculosum, Cerithium: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 22 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

Cotypes in the British Museum, figured. Reeve 1865, Con-
chologia Iconica 15, Cerithium, pi. 14, fig. 97.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 227

mainiensis, Cyclas: 1841, Cat. Shells of Maine, No. 42 [nude name].

mendicarius Mighels and Adams Chiton: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 42. pi. 4, fig. 8

(Casco Bay, Maine).
micans, Pleurotoma: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 23 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

minganensis, Mytilus: 1844, PBSNH 1, p. 188 (Mingnan, Gulf of St. Law-
rence).

minimus Adams and Mighels Cyclas: 1841, Cat. Shells of Maine. No. 41
[nude name].

minor Mighels and Adams Cyclas: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 39, pi. 4, fig. 2 (Wey-
bridge, Vermont; Portland, Maine). Lectotype here selected MCZ 19827.

minutissima, Margarita: 1843, BJNH 4, p. 349, pi. 16, fig. 5 (Casco Bay,
Maine).

mustelina, Achatinella: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 21 (Waianai [Oahu, Hawaiian
Islands] ). Lectotype here selected MCZ 156494, pi. 27, fig. 10.

nitida Mighels and Adams Cyclas: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 39, pi. 4, fig. 3 ( Norway,
Maine). Lectotype here selected MCZ 19783.

nodulosa, Cypricardia: 1844, PBSNH 1, p. 188 (Key West, Florida).

Mighels received this species from T. A. Conrad under
the name Carditamera floridana. Apparently unknown to
Mighels, Conrad had published this name in 1838 (Fossils
of the Tertiary Formations of the United States, p. 12).
Therefore, C. nodulosa Mighels is a synonym of C. flori-
dana Conrad.

nubilosa, Achatinella: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 20 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).
Lectotype here selected MCZ 165606, pi. 27, fig. 22.

Pilsbry (1912, Manual of Conchology (2) 21, p. 259) states
that this species is actually from Molokai. There are two
poorly preserved cotypes in the collection of the Portland
Society of Natural History No. 220.

obnubila, Pleurotoma: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 24 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).
obtusa, Thracia: 1841, Cat. Shells of Maine, No. 27 [nude name].

occidentalis Mighels and Adams Trochus: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 47. pi. 4. fig.

16 (Casco Bay, Maine).
occulta Mighels and Adams Bulla: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 54, pi. 4, fig. 11 (fossil.

Westbrook in the vicinity of Portland, Maine). Lectotype here selected MCZ

156452.
patula, Succinea: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 21 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

As this is a homonym of Succinea potitia 'Lamarck' de
Blainville 1827, the first available name is Succinea rotun-
data Gould 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 182.

228 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

pertenius, Bulla: 1843, BJNH 4, p. 346, pi. 16, fig. 2 (Casco Bay, Maine).

picta, Achatinella: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 21 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ). Lec-
totype here selected MCZ 176982, pi. 27, fig. 19.

This species is from Maui. (Cooke).

plicata 'Mighels' Pfeiffer Achatinella: 1848, Monographia Heliceorum Vi-
ventium 2, p. 235 (Molokai [Hawaiian Islands] ).

Cotypes in the British Museum, figured by Reeve 1850,
Conchologia Iconica 6, Achatinella, pi. 6, fig. 44.

porrecta, Paludina: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 22 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).
portlandica, Astarte: 1843, BJNH 4, p. 345, pi. 16, fig. 2 (Casco Bay, Maine).

princeps Mighels and Adams Cemoria: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 42, pi. 4, fig. 9
(75-100 miles off mouth of Kennebec River, Maine, on fishing ground "Mon-
hegan Falls," 40-75 fathoms).

producta, Physa: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 21 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

pumicatus, Bulimus: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 19 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).
Lectotype here selected MCZ 177002, pi. 27, fig. 13.

Undoubtedly from Kauai. (Cooke).

pumila, Pleurotoma: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 23 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

Neoholotype here selected MCZ 176993, pi. 27, fig. 11.
puncto-striata Mighels and Adams Bulla: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 43, pi. 4, fig. 10

(Casco Bay, Maine). Neoholotype here selected MCZ 177003.

Only one specimen was taken by Mighels which was de-
stroyed. The neoholotype is selected from idiotypes in the
C. B. Adams collection.

4 carinata Mighels and Adams Trochus: 1841, Cat. Shells of Maine, No. 172

[nude name].
reticulata Mighels and Adams Turritella: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 50, pi. 4, fig. 19

(Bay Chaleur, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence). Lectotype here selected MCZ

125508.
rotelloidea, Helicina: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 19 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

Lectotype here selected MCZ 156499, pi. 27, fig. 21.

Dr. Cooke said that Pleuropoma hawaiiensis Pilsbry and
Cooke becomes a synonym of Helicina rotelloidea Mighels
by the identification of the type. "The type did not come
from Oahu as stated by Mighels, but came from Kauai."
(Cooke).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 229

rubricintus, Turbo: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 22 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

Lectotype here selected MCZ 177007, pi. 27, fig. 7.
rugosa, Pleurotoma: 1845. PBSXH 2, p. 22 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

Neoholotype here selected MCZ 176992, pi. 27, fig. 6.

As this name is a homonym of Pleurotoma rugosa Lea
1833, (fossil) Iredale and TomHn (1917, Journal of Conchol-
ogy 15, No. 7, p. 216) have changed the name to Lienardia
niighelsi.

scissura 'Mighels' Anthony Apella: 1843, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

p. 251 [nude name].
scutilus, Bulimus: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 20 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

semicostata Mighels and Adams Cingula: not of Montagu 1803 = C/«^/</a

carinata Mighels and Adams.
semiplota, Cypraea: 1845, PBSXH 2, p. 24 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

Neoholotype here selected MCZ 176989, pi. 27, fig. 1.
sinuosa, Pleurotoma: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 23 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

spadix, Cypraea: 1845, PBSNH 2, p.25 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ). Lecto-
type here selected MCZ 176987, pi. 27, fig. 2.
sphaerula, Cypraea: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 24 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

subglobosa, Cancellaria: 1841, Cat. Shells of Maine, No. 188 [nude name].

submeris, Helix: 1844, PBSNH 1, p. 187 (Key West, Florida).

W. G. Binney (1869, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. No. 194, p.
184) places this species in the synonymy of Helix varians
Menke.

subrutila, Helix: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 18 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

H. B. Baker (1940, Bull. B. P. Bishop Mus. No. 165, p. 163)
has chosen a neotype to represent this species.

sulcosa, Phasianella: 1843, BJNH4, p. 348. pi. 16, fig.4 (Casco Bay. Maine).

tenuicostata Mighels and Adams Pectin: 1841. Cat. Shells of Maine, No. 89

[nude name].
tenuicostatus Mighels and Adams Pectin: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 41. pi. 4. fig. 7

(Casco Bay, Maine).

Mighels realized that this species was the young of P.
magellanicus Gmelin (1843 BJNH 4, p. 327).

tiara, Helix: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 19 (Kauai [Hawaiian IslanJs] ). Lectotype

here selected MCZ 176994, pi. 27, fig. 23.
todilla, Pleurotoma: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 24 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

230 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

truncata Mighels and Adams Thracia: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 38, pi. 4, fig. 1
(Casco Bay, Maine). Lectotype here selected MCZ 165595.

Jeffreys (1872, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 238) proposes the
name Thracia septentrionalis for Thracea truncata Mighels
and Adams, non Brown 1827.

turricula, Achatina: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 20 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).
Lectotype here selected MCZ 156495, pi. 27, fig. 8.

Mighels' specimens undoubtedly came from the mountains
back of Waioli, Kauai. (Cooke).

umbilicata, Physa: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 21 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

unifasciata, Cypraea: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 25 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

Neoholotype here selected MCZ 176990, pi. 27, fig. 4.
varicosa Mighels and Adams Margarita: 1842, BJNH 4, p. 46, pi. 4, fig. 14

(Bay Chaleur, Gulf of St. Lawrence).
venusta, Achatinella: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 21 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

"The Portland Society of Natural History possesses three
specimens which had been given by Mighels to J. H. Thomp-
son and by him turned over to the Society. Since the orig-
inal type has been destroyed by fire, we propose to regard
one of these shells (No. 218 Portland Soc. Nat. Hist, coll.) as
the type" (Pilsbry, 1912, Manual of Conch. (2) 21, p. 347).
Not found on Oahu but is from Molokai. (Pilsbry)

vestita, Achatinella: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 20 (Waianai [Oahu] and Hawaii
[Hawaiian Islands] ).

"This species has never been recognized. It could not
have come from both islands." (Cooke). The cotypes placed
in the J. C. Jay collection could not be located. In the Cata-
logue of the J.C.Jay collection, 4th ed., 1850, p. 215, it is
listed as identical with Achatinella decora Ferussac.

violacea Adams and Mighels Pleurotoma: 1841, Cat. Shells of Maine, No.
186 [nude name]; Mighels and Adams, 1842, BJNH 4, p. 51, pi. 4, fig. 21
(Casco Bay, Maine). Lectotype here selected MCZ 165594, pi. 27, fig. 5.

viridans, Achatinella: 1845, PBSNH 2, p. 20 (Oahu [Hawaiian Islands] ).

Cotypes in the British Museum. Figured by Reeve, 1850,
Conchologica Iconica 6, Achatinella, pi. 4, fig. 25. Cotypes
American Museum of Natural History No. 25532, J. C. Jay
collection.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 231

virgulata, Partula: 1845, PBSXH 2, p. 20 (Waianai [Oahu, Hawaiian Is-
lands] ). Lectotype here selected MCZ 177008, pi. 27, fig. 9.

Not found on Oahu, but is from Molokai. (Pilsbry 1912,
Manual of Conchology (2) 22, p. 26.)

Book Reviews

Dall, W. H., P. Bartsch and H. A. Rehder 1938: A Manual of
the Recent and Fossil Marine Pelecypod Mollusks of the
Hawaiian Islands. B. P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 153, 233
pp., 58 plates and 28 text figures.

In this rather important paper on the recent and fossil ma-
rine bivalves of the Hawaiian Islands the authors recognize
187 species of which 135 are described as new. They have also
introduced 23 new genera and subgenera, making the book
indispensable to anyone working on Pacific bivalves. Most of
the species treated are illustrated. There are many keys to
the genera and species which are an aid in identification. Ver\'
long and detailed locality data are given for many of the spe-
cies; comparative remarks, however, are exceedingly limited.
— R. D. Turner

Edmondson, H. H., 1933: Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawaii.
B. P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 22, 295 pp.. 153
figures.

To the ecologist and general collector of Eastern Pacific
marine animals, and especially to those interested in mollusks
and arthropods this book should prove quite helpful. The pur-
pose of the book is to give a picture of Hawaiian sea shore life
and the relative abundance of the various groups represented.

232 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

It covers the principal phyla from Protozoa to the lower Chor-
data with stress on the littoral forms. Edmondson has devoted
ninety-one pages to the mollusks, giving descriptions of the
families found in the Hawaiian Islands and photographs or
drawings of many of the species. Eighty-two pages have been
devoted to the arthropods with many figures, especially of
the crabs.

In the introduction, Edmondson has briefly discussed col-
lecting in the Islands, stressing some of the more accessible
localities and mentioning the groups of animals to be found
in each.— R. D. Turner

Hirase, S., 1934: A Collection of Japanese Shells with Illustra-
tions in Natural Color. Tokyo, Japan, 217 pp., 129 plates.

In this colorful book Shintaro Hirase has produced a guide
that is most helpful, not only to collectors of Japanese mollusks
but to students of Indo-Pacific marine shells in general, for
many of the 1360 species illustrated are found throughout
much of that region. All of the 129 plates are in full color and
though many of the shells were not reproduced natural size,
the measurements of each are given in the plate captions. Il-
lustrations of most of the larger shells are reduced from nat-
ural size. Unfortunately the very small ones are not enlarged
and so they are of little help in identification. This group of
small shells, however, includes only a very small portion of
the total species shown.

The plate captions are given in both English and Japanese.
The book is intended to serve solely as a pictorial guide to
aid in identification, no descriptive remarks or data on the
ranges of the species are given.— R. D. Turner

Occasional Papers On MoliSK/^

Published by -^^^ 20 M^ ]

The Department of Mollusk ; uiDvun

Museum of Comparative Zoolojry, Plarvard L' I'^^^SHjiiirociTV
Cambridge, Massachusetts *"^"SITY

VOLUME 1 JUNE 26, 1950 NUMBER 15

The Western Atlantic Marine Mollusks
Described By C. B. Adams

By William J. Clench and Ruth D. Turner

This present study includes the marine species described by
C. B. Adams from the Western Atlantic. His original descrip-
tions are given exactly as he published them along with any
of his pertinent remarks concerning the various species de-
scribed. No attempt is made to bring his species "up to date"
other than the very few that have been considered in John-
sonia and the work on Vitrinella done by Pilsbry. However,
we have appended after each species concerned the notes
published by H. Krebs in 1866. Henry Krebs had paid a visit
to Amherst prior to this time to see the Adams collection and
his notes add material value to an understanding of a few of
the species no longer existing in the Adams collection. To
modernize the many species described by Adams would call
for a complete revision of several genera and in certain cases,
whole families, a task far beyond the scope of this report.

The purpose of this report is to put on record the material
that Adams described but rarely figured. His collection, which
was at Amherst College for, nearly ninety years, was deposited
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology in 1942.

The collection had suffered but little during the long years
at Amherst. This in itself is remarkable as throughout that
long period those responsible for its care may have had little
interest in it. There are many cases on record of valuable
collections, bequeathed to various institutions, that have de-
teriorated or even entirely disappeared.

233

234 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

A few types, particularly very small specimens, have been
lost. Their exact number will not be known until the last re-
port of his many species has been worked up. This loss was
due mainly to a peculiar defect in housing the collection. Small
specimens were kept in long glass vials, generally with a
rather loose plug of long fibered cotton. These vials were for
the most part free in the drawers. Any movement of the
drawers would cause the vials to roll back and forth. Cotton
plugs of vials with opposing apertures would become entangled
and in time the weaker plug was pulled out. Minute shells
were thus readily lost in the dust and through cracks in the
drawers.

A few genera, such as Eulima ( = Melanella) and Chemnitzia
(=Turbonilla) are completely lacking. These may have been
loaned to others and never returned. No records remain to
indicate their whereabouts nor are there the usual labels and
empty vials which exist for the few lots of known " lost " ma-
terial.

The proper evaluation of the work of C. B. Adams in the
field of mollusks is most difficult. In the short space of 15
years he described about 800 species. His early work on New
England mollusks was carefully done and the species described
were, for the most part, well figured. At the time of his visits
to Jamaica, comparatively little was known about the aston-
ishing richness of the West Indian mollusks. Though much
material had reached Europe, it had been collected mainly by
persons interested in other fields and locality data were both
limited and, in many cases, incorrect. This, of course, compli-
cated his earlier studies of the Jamaican marine mollusks. In
addition, the highly localized nature of the land snail fauna
and, in general, the lack of extreme variation among most of
the colonial elements of this fauna, probably influenced his
point of view regarding the marine species that he described.
At least, he separated many of his marine forms on very triv-
ial characters, which even today would be held as falling
within a normal variation curve.

Adams realized early that the task ahead was a tremendous
one, a task that would take many years to finish. As a conse-
quence, he issued his descriptions of new species briefly with
few or no figures. This procedure he considered a preliminary
one; at a later date a complete monograph of the land, fresh-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS OP I MOftjjjjj^f

iJUN 20 I-

HARVARO
UNIVERSITY

235

-^ ^O Jt~ c^ Oc-'^'--^ ■

1814-1853
Plate 28. Copied from the American GeoloRist. 1903. 32. I'latp 1.

236 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

water and marine shells he had described was to be issued.
His premature death in St. Thomas left only the preliminary
work behind him. This type of work has been most unfortu-
nate as it has added many difficulties to the study of this com-
plex fauna. Even at this date, many of Adams' species remain
completely unknown.

Realizing that a large monograph would be a very costly
undertaking, Adams decided to sell duplicate material in order
to obtain additional money for his publication; to facilitate
this the new species were described. Such collections were
sold to J. G. Anthony, Hugh Cuming, E. Johnson (of Waioli,
Kaui, Hawaiian Islands), H. Krebs, E. C. Layard, M. Largil-
liert, S. Moricand, A. Mousson, R. MacAndrew, T. H. Newton,
W. H. Pease, S. Petit de la Saussaye, Felipe Poey, J. H. Red-
field, R. J. Shuttleworth, Robert Swift, Frederick Sturm, Ben-
jamin Tappan and others.

We list these collectors simply as an aid in tracing the
whereabouts of some of the Adams specimens. All would be
heautotypes and probably most could be considered as para-
types. The collections of many of the people mentioned above
have been donated or sold to various museums in many parts
of the world. Very probably many more names could be added
to this list. Most of the names given above were obtained
from Amherst College. Adams had printed extra copies of his
Catalogue of the Land Shells which inhabit Jamaica (Contribu-
tions to Conchology no. 9, pp. 179-186, 1851) and the index to
his Catalogue of Shells Collected at Panama, 1852. These were
sent to his correspondents who checked their wants and re-
turned them to Adams for pricing.

Specific locality data were seldom given by Adams. This is
difficult to understand in a man who appreciated the remark-
able speciation and differentiation that occur locally in the
Jamaican land snail fauna. Occasionally his labels carry more
information as to locality than his published record, but these
instances are infrequent. Edward Chitty, a student-colleague
of Adams, realized this omission and in the few papers he
published on the Jamaican land mollusks added such data for
the species originally described by Adams.

Another unfortunate practice of C. B. Adams was the send-
ing out of material under manuscript names. Many of these
species were never described as these manuscript names were
discarded for others or were later held to be synonyms of spe-
cies already described. Certain of these names have appeared

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 237

in the published record and much time has been lost in search-
ing the writings of Adams to establish their validity. A classic
example is that of Torinia canalifera 'C. B. Adams' Dall
(Clench 1948, Nautilus 61, p. 104).

Charles Baker Adams

January 11, 1814— January 18, 1853

To the student of West Indian and Panamic mollusks the
name of C. B. Adams is most familiar. Adams was one of that
remarkable group of malacologists interested in the West In-
dies during the middle of the last century. Among this frater-
nity were Thomas Bland, Henry Krebs, F. Poey, J. H. Redfield,
Edward Chitty, Robert Swift, A. H. Riise and others— all men
who have left their stamp on the literature of that region.
However, C. B. Adams was probably one of the most impor-
tant of this group and it has been said that it was his enthu-
siasm and personality that stimulated many of the others.

Charles Baker Adams was born in Dorchester, Massachu-
setts on January 11, 1814. His early life was spent in and
around Boston where his interest in Natural History developed
at an early age. He attended Phillips Academy at Andover,
Massachusetts and in 1830 entered Yale University, New
Haven, Connecticut. In his sophomore year, however, he
transferred to Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts from
which he was graduated with honors in 1834. He then entered
the Theological Seminary at Andover, but soon abandoned this
work to assist on the geological survey of the State of New
York which was directed by Professor Hitchcock under whom
he had studied at Amherst. When Professor Hitchcock gave
up the survey due to ill health, Adams, unwilling to continue
it alone, turned to lecturing on geology at Bradford Academy,
Bradford, Massachusetts, and in October 1836 he accepted a
position as tutor at Amherst College.

In September 1838 C. B. Adams became Professor of Chem-
istry and Natural History at Middlebury College, Middlebury,
Vermont where he immediately began building up a college
museum. This was at the time of the beginning of a nation-
wide interest in state geological surveys and in the spring of
1845, C. B. Adams was appointed head of the survey for Ver-

238 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

mont. For three years he worked on this survey while teach-
ing at Middlebury College, publishing four annual reports on
the work accomplished. In 1847 he accepted a position as pro-
fessor of Zoology and Astronomy at Amherst College where
he was the first strictly biological teacher to serve the college.
As no further money was appropriated by the Vermont legis-
lature for the geological survey and as Adams' interest had
turned elsewhere, the fourth annual report was only a very
small portion of the big work which had been originally
planned.

Taking up his teaching duties at Amherst, Adams appar-
ently dropped his interest in geology and turned his attention
to the study of mollusks. He had been interested in this group
for some time and had collected rather extensively in New
England. He had exchanged with other collectors throughout
the country and had published several papers on New England
mollusks, some of these with Jesse W. Mighels* of Portland,
Maine.

In the winter of 1843-1844 Adams made his first trip to Ja-
maica, in the West Indies. He quickly realized the great pos-
sibilities for research and in 1845 published his first paper on
Jamaican mollusks. Adams returned to Jamaica in 1848-1849
and in 1850-1851 he made a trip to Panama. Again in 1852 he
returned to the West Indies, this time to visit Robert Swift at
St. Thomas, in the Virgin Islands. Here he was stricken with
yellow fever and died on January 18, 1853 at the age of thirty-
nine. He was buried in the public cemetery at St. Thomas
where a gravestone was erected to his memory by his Amer-
ican friends.

Descriptions of the many new species which were found in
Jamaica as well as notes on other West Indian species and
their distribution were published in various journals but prin-
cipally in the 'Contributions to Conchology,' a series privately
published by Adams. In these papers he brought out prelimi-
nary descriptions of the many new species so that he could
exchange and sell material and in this way finance additional
trips to collect material in preparation for a large, illustrated

*For an account of Jesse Wedgewood Mighels see R. I. Johnson 1949, Occa-
sional Papers On Mollusks 1, no. 14, pp. 213-232.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 239

monograph of Jamaican mollusks which he was planning to
write with Edward Chitty. Though Chitty pubHshed one ad-
ditional number of Contributions to Conchology he never
undertook the large monograph on the West Indian mollusks
which had been planned by them jointly.

W. S. Tyler and E. Hitchcock in their histories of Amherst
College gave rather vivid accounts of the personality and char-
acter of C. B. Adams. We quote portions from their books.
The following is from the account of W. S. Tyler.

"He was an intense thinker. He was an intense worker. At
the same time his thinking and working were subjected to the
most rigid, undeviating, unbending system and method. He
seldom smiled, and never laughed. From his external appear-
ance, you would judge him incapable of wit or humor. Yet
ever and anon a flash of dry wit broke from those marble lips
which moved the hearers to laughter and the more irresistibly,
because it produced not the slightest change in the counte-
nance of the speaker.

"His speech and outward action were indicative of imper-
turbable calmness, nay of the coldness of pure intellect with-
out a spark of passion or emotion. But beneath that cold
exterior like the perpetual and unchanging snow and ice of
Hecla, there was a soul of fire— a volcanic intensity of thought
and feeling and action which nothing could chill and nothing
withstand— which made him a man of irresistible power."

President E. Hitchcock wrote: "I never knew a man who
would do as much in collecting, arranging and ticketing speci-
mens as he. He gave his whole time to it, regardless of the
laws of health, which with him was not the most vigorous. So
economical was he of time, that in going from his cabinet to
his meals he had learnt to move upon a trot, and I am afraid
that too many midnight hours saw his lamp burning. He had
two characteristics fully developed, which are indispensable
to form the distinguished naturalist. The one was the power
of giving a logical* attention to minutiae and the other the
power of grasping great principles and using them for the
arrangement of details.

"I think I never saw a man all of whose operations were
such perfect clock-work as those of Professor Adams. He was
rigidly exact in the perfomance of his duties and could tolerate

240 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

no delinquency or irregularity in other. Hence he could not
always get along agreeably when associated with others in a
common enterprise. Toward the close of his life he became
exceedingly tenacious of his own plans, and would rarely sub-
mit to modify them at all, however strongly advised. Knowing
that I had always been his friend, he had in earlier days paid
a good deal of deference to my advice; but not so towards the
close of life."

Concerning his last visit to the West Indies President Hitch-
cock, who had advised against his going, added the following:

"He went and stopping at the hospitable residence of a friend
in St. Thomas was advised to keep within doors till the yellow
fever had subsided. But his love of science set at naught the
suggestions of prudence, with the remark that there was no
fever among the shell fish, and a little exposure brought on
the fever of which he died."

Rather detailed accounts of the life of C. B. Adams have
already been published by Thomas Bland, W. H. Dall, Henry
M. Seely and others so we have reduced this to a brief sketch
and refer those interested to these more complete accounts.

Acknowledgments

Without financial aid from two friends, this present study
would have been impossible, at least in its extended form.
This aid enabled us to photograph individually most of the
specimens on the following plates so as to bring out to the
best advantage the characters of diagnostic value. Harald A.
Rehder and R. Tucker Abbott, both of the United States
National Museum, have given us their hearty cooperation in
many ways, particularly in hunting up early exchange material
of Adams, which is not now extant in the Adams collection.
Such material has been loaned to us for study and use in this
present paper. Lectotypes chosen from this material are, of
course, deposited in the United States National Museum. Our
thanks are due to H. A. Pilsbry for the loan of the original
plate on the species of Vitrinella. These exceedingly small
shells would have been most difficult to photograph. The
present plate is based upon drawings. To Miss Rena Durkan
of Morgan Hall, Amherst College Library, we are indebted

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 241

for her kindness in making available for our study, books,
pamphlets, exchange lists and other data about Adams now
under her care. We are also grateful to Harold B. Hitchcock,
Department of Biology, Middlebury College, who kindly made
the collection in his charge available for our study. To Frank
White, Staff Photographer in the Biological Laboratories, we
owe much for his careful and painstaking work. Minute shells
when greatly magnified are difficult subjects to photograph.

Bibliography

Binney, W. G., 1863, Bibliography of North American Conchology Previous to
the Year 1860. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 5, pp. 4+650, Wash-
ington, D.C.

Bland, Thomas, 1865, Memoir of Charles B. Adams, Late Professor of Zoology
in Amherst College, Massachusetts. American Journal of Concholog>' 1,
no. 3, pp. 191-204.

Carpenter, P. P., 1863 [April 1864], Review of Prof. C. B.Adams' 'Catalogue of
the Shells of Panama' from the Type Specimens. Proceedings Zoological
Society London 1863, pp. 339-369.

Dall, William H., 1888, Some American Conchologists. Proceedings of the Bio-
logical Society of Washington 4, pp. 123-126.

Dean, J. Davy, 1936, Conchological Cabinets of the Last Century. Journal of
Concholog>^ 20, no. 8, pp. 236-237.

Hitchcock, Charles H., 1862, The Adams Zoological Cabinet. The Visitor's
Guide to the Public Rooms and Cabinets of Amherst College, pp. 75-83.

Hitchcock, E., 1863, Reminiscences of Amherst College. Northampton, Massa-
chusetts, pp. 91-98.

Krebs, Henry, 1864, The West Indian Marine Shells with Some Remarks, a
manuscript printed for circulation between collectors. Nykjobing. Falster.
Denmark: ibid. 1947-1948, a republication by W. J. Clench, C. G. Aguayo and
R. D. Turner in Revista de la Sociedad Malacologia (Habana, Cuba) 5, no.
1, pp. 23-40, 5, no. 2, pp. 59-80, 5, no. 3, pp. 91-116, 6, no. 1, pp. 11-43, 6,
no. 2, pp. 45-48. Also issued separately in booklet form.

Krebs, Henry, 1866, Remarks on some Species of West Indian Marine Shells
in the Cabinet of Amherst College, Mass. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural
History, New York 8, pp. 394-398.

Pilsbry, H. A., 1946, The Type Specimens of C. B. Adams' Jamaican Species of
Vitrinella. Notulae Naturae no. 162, pp. 1-5, 1 plate.

Plough, Harold H., 1931, One Hundred Years of Biology in Amherst College.
Amherst Graduates' Quarterly 20, pp. 164-167.

242 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Seely, Henry M., 1903, Sketch of the Life and Work of Charles Baker Adams.
The American Geologist 23, no. 1, pp. 1-12.

Tryon, George W., 1861, List of the American Writers on Recent Conchology
with the titles of their Memoirs and Dates of Publication. Balliere Brothers,
New York, pp. 5-13.

Tryon, George W., 1862, A Sketch of the History of Conchology in the United
States. American Journal of Science and Arts 33, pp. 22-23.*

Tyler, W. S., 1873, History of Amherst College during Its First Half Century
1821-1871. Amherst, Massachusetts, pp. 259, 320, 338, 366.

Whicher, George F., 1927, An Amherst Collector. Amherst Graduates' Quar-
terly 16, no. 3, pp. 189-193.

Bibliography of C. B. Adams' Publications

The following bibliography is complete so far as we have
been able to check the published record. Any of our subse-
quent studies on C. B. Adams will refer back to this list or
references will be given again in brief.

Papers privately published by Adams were limited in the
number of copies and as a consequence are rarely obtainable
today. Complete copies of his ''Contributions to Conchology"
are seldom offered by second-hand book dealers and even odd
numbers of the twelve issued by Adams are infrequently
offered for sale. For this reason, all of the original descrip-
tions of Adams are published in full in this present report,
making it possible for those not in a position to consult the
originals to have at hand the complete story of each species
described as well as figures of the type specimens never pub-
lished by Adams.

February 1839, Observations on some Species of the Marine Shells of Massa-
chusetts, with Descriptions of Five New Species. Boston Journal of Natural
History 2, pp. 262-288, pi. 4.

July 1839, Remarks on some Species of Shells found upon the Southeastern
Shore of Massachusetts. American Journal of Science and Arts 36, pp.
387-389.

July 1839, Shells found at Fresh Pond. American Journal of Science and Arts
36, pp. 392-393.

December 1839, Delphinula minor C. B. Adams and Planorbis corpulentus
Say. American Journal of Science and Arts 38, pp. 193-194.

* In many early publications, this Journal is referred to as Silliman's Amer
ican Journal.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 243

March 1840, [Notice of] Description of two new species of shells obtained by
dredging [nude names], American Journal of Science and Arts 38, p. 396.

September 1840, Descriptions of New Species of Shells. American Journal of
Science and Arts 39, pp. 373-375.

December (?) 1840, Descriptions of Thirteen New Species of New England
Shells. Boston Journal of Natural History 3, pp. 318-332.

December (?) 1840, Description of Tellina tenta Say, and of Helix serpuloides
Montagu, with Remiarks on other Marine Shells of Massachusetts. Boston
Journal of Natural History 3, pp. 332-338.

March 1841, Catalogue of the Mollusca of Middlebury, Vermont and Vicinity,
with Observations. American Journal of Science and Arts 40, pp. 266-277,
and supplement p. 408.

February 1841, Description of a New Species of Pupa [single page] Middlebury
College, Middlebury, Vermont.*

January 1842, Descriptions of Twenty-four Species of the Shells of New Eng-
land. Boston Journal of Natural History 4, pp. 37-53, pi. 4 (with J. W.
Mighels).

March 1842, Note on Mr, H. C. Lea's Paper in the Last Number of this Journal.
American Journal of Science and Arts 42, pp. 392-393.

June 1842, Description of a New Species of Thracia. American Journal of
Science and Arts 43, p. 145, text fig. Also published in Annals and Maga-
zine of Natural History, (1) 10, p. 238, November 1842.

1842, Invertebral Animals of Vermont, Mollusca [in] Zadock

Thompson, History of Vermont, Burlington, pp. 151-169.

October 1843, Descriptions of Twenty-five New Species of New England Shells.
Proc. Boston Society of Natural History 1, pp. 48-50.

[Only 21 species were described here and all these were published earlier
in January 1842, above (with J. W. Mighels) ].

January 1845, Specierum Novarum Conchyliorum, in Jamaica Repertorum.
Synopsis. Proc. Boston Society Natural History 2, pp. 1-17.

1845, First Annual Report on the Geology of the State of Vermont.

92 pages and 6 text figures. Burlington, Vermont.
September 1846, Notice of a Small Ornithichnite. American Journal of Science

and Arts (2) 2, pp. 215-216.

1846, Second Annual Report on the Geolog\' of the State of Ver-
mont, 267 pages, 44 text figures. Burlington, Vermont.

April 1846, Descriptions of Undescribed Species of Shells from the Island of
Jamaica. Proc. Boston Society Natural History 2, pp. 102-103.

♦This is the original publication of the description of Pupa tappaniana
'Ward' C. B. Adams. It has always been credited to Adams in his paper in
Thompson's History of Vermont which appeared a year later.

244 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

July 1846, On the Mollusca of the Island of Jamaica with Remarks on their
Geographical Distribution and Habits. Proc. Boston Society Natural History
2, pp. 132-134.

January 1847, Catalogue of the Genera and Species of Recent Shells in the
Collection of C. B. Adams, pp. 1-32. Middlebury, Vermont.

May 1847, Notice of an Example of Apparent Furrows Dependent on Struc-
ture. American Journal of Science and Arts (2) 3, pp. 433-434.

July 1847, [Notice of] Synopsis of Five New Species of Shells from Jamaica
[nude names]. Proc. Boston Society of Natural History 2, p. 228.

1847, Third Annual Report on the Geology of the State of Vermont,

32 pages, 1 figure. Burlington, Vermont.

January 1848, A Remark on the Geographical Distribution of Species. Ameri-
can Journal of Science and Arts (2) 5, p. 108.

January 1848, On the Taconic Rocks. American Journal of Science and Arts

(2) 5, pp. 108-110.
January 1848, Claystones. American Journal of Science and Arts (2) 5, p. 110.

January 1848, Observations on a Polished Rock. American Journal of Science
and Arts (2) 5, no. 13, p. 110.

July 1848, Notice of a Fractured and Repaired Argonauta argo. American
Journal of Science and Arts (2) 6, pp. 137-138.

July 1848, Description of a Species of Haliotis supposed to be new. American
Journal of Science and Arts (2)6, pp. 138-139.

1848, Fourth Annual Report on the Geological Survey of the State

of Vermont, 8 pages. Burlington, Vermont.

September 1849, Monograph of Stoastoma, a New Genus of New Operculated
Land Shells, pp. 1-16. Amherst, Massachusetts.

September 1849, Descriptions of Forty-four Supposed New Species and Varie-
ties of Operculated Land Shells from Jamaica. Contributions to Conchology
no. 1, pp. 1-14.

September 1849, Catalogue of Operculated Land Shells which Inhabit Jamaica.
Contributions to Conchology no. 1, pp. 15-16.

October 1849, Descriptions of Supposed New Species and Varieties of Helici-
dae from Jamaica. Contributions to Conchology no. 2, pp. 17-32.

October 1849, Descriptions of Supposed New Helicidae from Jamaica. Contri-
butions to Conchology no. 3, pp. 33-38.

October 1849, Catalogue of Species and Varieties of Helicidae which Inhabit
Jamaica. Contributions to Conchology no. 3, pp. 39-41.

October 1849, New Auriculidae which Inhabit Jamaica. Contributions to Con-
chology no. 3, pp. 41-42.

October 1849, Catalogue of the Auriculidae which Inhabit Jamaica. Contribu-
tions to Conchology no. 3, p. 42.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 245

October 1849, Descriptions of Supposed New Species of Freshwater Shells
which Inhabit Jamaica. Contributions to Conchology no. 3, pp. 42-45.

October 1849, Catalogue of Freshwater Shells which Inhabit Jamaica. Contri-
butions to Conchology no. 3, p. 45.

October 1849, Remarks on the Distribution of the Terrestrial and Freshwater
Mollusca which Inhabit Jamaica. Contributions to Conchology no. 3, pp.
45-48.

November 1849, Catalogue of Land Shells which Inhabit Jamaica [includes
also a catalogue of the freshwater shells] Amherst, Massachusetts.

January 1850, Remarks on the Distribution of the Terrestrial and Freshwater
Mollusca which Inhabit Jamaica (continued). Contributions to Conchology
no. 4, pp. 49-50.

January 1850, Remarks on the Weight of the Shells of Certain Species of Col-
imacea. Contributions to Conchology no. 4, pp. 51-53.

January 1850, Description of a Supposed New Species of Columbella. Contri-
butions to Concholog>' no. 4, pp. 53-54.

January 1850, Notes on the Synonymy of Certain Marine Shells. Contributions
to Conchology no. 4, pp. 54-55.

January 1850, Note on Geomelania jamaicensis Pfr. Contributions to Conchol-
ogy no. 4, p. 55.

January 1850, Descriptions of Supposed New Species of Marine Shells which
inhabit Jamaica. Contributions to Conchology no. 4, pp. 56-68. (Continued)
February 1850, C. to C. no. 5, pp. 69-75.

February 1850, Note on Pholas corticaria Sowb. Contributions to Conchology
no. 5, p. 75.

February 1850, Descriptions of Supposed New Species and Varieties of Ter-
restrial Shells which Inhabit Jamaica. Contributions to Conchology no. 5,
pp. 76-84.

February 1850, Monograph of Vitrinella, a new genus of new species of Tur-
binidae, pp. 1-10. Amherst, Massachusetts.

March 1850, Remarks on the Origin of the Terrestrial Mollusks of Jamaica.
Contributions to Conchology no. 6, pp. 85-87.

March 1850, Description of a New Genus of Helicidae from Jamaica. Contri-
butions to Conchology no. 6, pp. 87-88.

March 1850, Description of Jamaicia, a New Subgenus of Cyclostoma. Contri-
butions to Conchology no. 6, p. 88.

March 1850, Notes on Certain Species of the Land Shells of Jamaica. Contri-
butions to Conchology no. 6, pp. 88-90.

March 1850, Descriptions of Supposed New Species of Land Shells which In-
habit Jamaica. Contributions to Conchology no. 6, pp. 90-98.

246 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

March 1850, The Synonymy of Hehx picturata. Contributions to Conchology

no. 6, pp. 98-100.
April 1850, Descriptions of Supposed New Species of Land Shells which Inhabit

Jamaica. Contributions to Conchology no. 7, pp. 101-108.

April 1850, Descriptions of Supposed New Species of Marine Shells which In-
habit Jamaica. Contributions to Conchology no. 7, pp. 109-123.

1850, Remarks on the Distribution of the Testaceous Mollusca of

Jamaica. American Association for the Advancement of Science, second
meeting, Boston, Mass., pp. 147-148.

March 1851, Description of New Species of Partula and Achatinella. Contri-
butions to Conchology no. 8, pp. 125-128. Also published in Annals Lyceum
Natural History New York 5, pp. 41-44, April 1851.

March 1851, Descriptions of New Species and Varieties of Shells which Inhabit
Jamaica. Contributions to Conchology no. 8, pp. 129-140. Also published in
Annals Lyceum Natural History New York 5, pp. 45-56, April 1851.

March 1851, Analysis of the Group of Species of Cyclostoma, which is repre-
sented by C. jamaicensis Chem. Contributions to Conchology no. 8, pp. 140-
148. Also published in Annals Lyceum Natural History New York 5, pp.
56-64, April 1851.

March 1851, Contributions to Conchology no. 1 — [a republication, includes

Cyclostoma chittyi to Helicina albolabris]. The Literary Mirror, Kingston,

Jamaica no. 1, pp. 4-8.*
March 1851, Note on the Genus Stoastoma. Contributions to Conchology no.

8, pp. 148-151. Also published in Annals Lyceum Natural History New York

5, pp. 64-67, April 1851.
April 1851, Descriptions of New Species and Varieties of the Land Shells of

Jamaica, with Notes on Some Previously Described Species. Contributions

to Conchology no. 9, pp. 153-174. Also published in Annals Lyceum Natural

History New York 5, pp. 77-98, May 1851.

April 1851, Descriptions of New Freshwater Shells which Inhabit Jamaica.
Contributions to Conchology no. 9, pp. 174-175. Also published in Annals
Lyceum Natural History New York 5, pp. 98-99, May 1851.

April 1851, Remarks on the Habits of Certain Species of Land Shells. Contri-
butions to Conchology no. 9, pp. 176-177. (with E. Chitty) Also published in
Annals Lyceum Natural History New York 5, pp. 100-101, May 1851.

April 1851, Catalogue of the Land Shells which Inhabit Jamaica. Contributions
to Conchology no. 9, pp. 179-186. Also published in Annals Lyceum Natural
History New York 5, pp. 103-110, May 1851.

April 1851, Catalogue of the Freshwater Shells which Inhabit Jamaica. Con-
tributions to Conchology no. 9, p. 187. Also published in Annals Lyceum
Natural History New York 5, p. Ill, May 1851.

*We have been unable to ascertain whether or not later numbers of Con-
tributions to Conchology were republished in this Jamaican paper.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 247

November 1851, On the Nature and Origin of the Species of the Terrestrial
Mollusca in the Island of Jamaica. Contributions to Concholog\- no. 10, pp.
189-194. Also published in Proc. American Association for the Advancement
of Science 4, pp. 29-32, 1851.

November 1851, Notice of a Reversed Cyclostoma. Contributions to Conchol-
ogy no. 10, p. 194. Also published in Proc. American Association for the
Advancement of Science 4, p. 32, 1851.

November 1851, On the Value of the Shells of Mollusca for the Purpose of
Distinguishing Species and Higher Groups. Contributions to Conchology
no. 10, pp. 194-203. Also published in Proc. American Association for the
Advancement of Science 4, pp. 180-187, 1851.

November 1851, [Additions to] The Catalogue of the Land and Freshwater
Shells of Jamaica. Contributions to Conchology no. 10, pp. 203-204.

November 1851, Remarks on Certain Helices which are Described and Figured
in the Conchologia Iconica for October 1851. Contributions to Conchology
no. 10, pp. 205-206.

1851, Suggestions on Changes of Level in North America During

the Drift Period. Proc. American Association for the Advancement of Science

4, pp. 60-63.

June and July 1852, Catalogue of Shells Collected at Panama with Notes on
Synonymy, Station and Habitat. Annals Lyceum Natural History New York

5, pp. 222-296 (June); pp. 297-549 (July).

October 1852, Hints on the Geographical Distribution of Animals, with Special
Reference to the Mollusca. Contributions to Conchology no. 11, pp. 297-215.

October 1852, Descriptions of New Species of Corbula from Jamaica. Contri-
butions to Conchology no 12, pp. 233-241.

November 1852, Catalogue of Species of Lucina, which Inhabit the West Indian
Seas. Contributions to Conchology no. 12, pp. 242-247.

1853, Elements of Geology, 15+354 pages, 217 text figures. Harper

Brothers, New York (with Alonzo Gray).

1853, [in] Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana in the year

1852 by R. B. Marcy and G. B. McClellan. Senate Document no. 54, Wash-
ington, D.C. Appendix F. Shells, pp. 253-255.

Original Descriptions of the Western Atlantic Marine Molliisks
Described by C. B. Adams

The many descriptions by Adams vary greatly in their com-
pleteness. When several specimens of a species were involved,
he drew upon all of them for his diagnoses. His measurements,
however, were based upon a single specimen. In general, he
measured to one-hundredth of an inch. This is a little difficult

248 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

to understand as no attempt was made to give a range in size
nor to set aside the specimen measured to be the holotype or
"specimen selected" to represent the species. In our selection
of lectotypes* we have attempted to locate the single specimen
that Adams measured. In many of his type lots, no such speci-
men now exists. It would appear that certain of these speci-
mens at least were subsequently sent out on exchange.

Many of the types are imperfect shells. These represent the
single specimens Adams described or the best specimen in a
series of poor and beach rolled material.

The initials C. to C. refer to Contributions to Conchology.
Numbers within brackets in the body of Adams' descriptions
refer to the original pagination. The plate and figure references
given on the same line as the species name refer to the plates
in the present report.

Original figures of Adams are also given on our plates, usu-
ally twice the original size. In most cases these are the only
available figures. Specimens of most of the species described
by Mighels and Adams were not in the Adams Collection.

All species are arranged alphabetically in the body of this
report regardless of the genera in which they were described.
However, as far as possible, species are grouped on the plates
according to the various genera in which Adams had placed
them.

abbreviata Adams, Marginella Plate 32, fig. 8

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 56.

Shell oblong, but much contracted anteriorly: white:
smooth and shining: spire very short: apex rather obtuse:
whorls about three and one-third: labrum incurved and con-
tracting the aperture: varix produced a little way on the
spire: columella with four plaits of which the upper one is
small.

Mean divergence about 90°; length of spire about .04
inch; total length .22 inch; breadth .11 inch.

This shell resembles M lactea Kr., but is much shorter,

* Ledotype — a cotype chosen subsequently to the original description, to take
the place which in other cases a holotype occupies (C. Schuchert and S. S.
Buckman 1905, Science (NS) 21, pp. 899-900).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 249

and is broader at the top of the last whorl; in M. lactea the
varix extends farther on the apex.
Jamaica.

aberrans Adams, Purpura Plate 32, fig. 9

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 58-59.

Shell ovate or subfusiform: white: longitudinally plicately
ribbed; with close-set, well elevated spiral ridges which are
continuous over the longitudinal folds, and are closely and
finely but strongly imbricated, and of which the alternate
ones are often much smaller: apex acute: spire with the
outlines almost rectilinear: v/horls about seven, quite con-
vex, with a rather deep suture: aperture obovate: lip rather
sharp, serrated by the sculpture; labium with a moderate
deposit: umbilicus slight. An old shell is subcanaliculate.

Mean divergence 55^; length of spire .26 inch; total length
.47 inch; breadth .27 inch. Of another specimen, mean diver-
gence GS""; length .46 inch; breadth .3 inch.

This species resembles Murex costellaris Lam., the Pur-
pura costellaris of Reeve.

Jamaica.
[This species is in the genus Tritonalia. — Clench 1947,
Johnsonia 2, p. 90.]

aberrans Adams, Rissoa Plate 33, fig. 10

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 113.

Shell long ovate conic: white: strongly sculptured with
three or four spiral ridges, which are decussated, with nod-
ulous intersections, by transverse ridges, of which there are
about sixteen on each whorl; anteriorly the transverse ridges
are obsolete, and three or four additional spiral ridges are
nodiferous: apex acute: spire with the right side nearly rec-
tilinear and the left quite curvilinear, the axis being curv^ed:
whorls seven, nearly planulate, with a subcanaliculate su-
ture; last whorl rather large: aperture rather small, deeply
notched anteriorly; labrum rather thick and well excurved.
This species connects the genus with those Cerithia, in which
the canal is reduced to a notch.

Mean divergence about 32"; length of spire .1 inch; total
length .165 inch; breadth .08 inch.

Jamaica.

250 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

af finis Adams, Eulima Type lost.

1850, C. to C. no. 7, pp. 110-111.

Shell similar to that of E. conica. but the form is more
slender, the axis scarcely curved, the last whorl less oblique
anteriorly, and the aperture is larger.

[Ill] Mean divergence about 19°; length .09 inch; breadth
.034 inch.

Jamaica.

af finis C. B. Adams, Phasianella Plate 36, fig. 6

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 67.

Shell ovate: with waving or zigzag transverse flames of
brown or red; and very numerous minute well defined dots
of red or brown, with white shadows on their right side,
somewhat in irregular waving or zigzag series, on a whitish
ground: apex acute: spire with moderately convex outlines:
whorls nearly five, moderately convex, a little flattened along
the middle, with a moderately impressed suture: aperture
elliptical: with a small umbilicus and groove issuing from
it, which are sometimes concealed by the labial deposit. This
species was at first mistaken for P. pulla.

Mean divergence about 60°; length of spire. 16 inch; total
length .31 inch; breadth .19 inch.

Jamaica.

af finis Adams, Psammobia Plate 45, fig. 7

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 10.

Praecedenti aflinis [Psammobia purpureomaculata], sed t.

fusca, atropurpureo biradiata, exilissime decussata. Long.

.66 poll.;* alt. .51 poll; lat. .25 poll.
Jamaica.

[This is the common Heterodonax bimaculata Linne. It would
appear that Adams at a later date reconsidered the forms that
he had named as Psammobia ajfinis; P. cerina; P. biradiata and
P. purpureo-maculata as synonyms of P. bimaculata. These
were kept separately in his collection, but all under the name
of bimaculata. —Clench and Turner.]

*poll. (=pollex) Latin, the thumb. Used as a unit of measure in older de-
scriptions. This reference means one inch, i.e., the first joint of the thumb is
approximately one inch in length.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 251

af finis Adams, Rissoa Plate 34, fig. 5

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 6.

Praecedenti affinis [Rissoa albida]; spira graciliore; striis
juxta suturam nullis; costulis ad suturam infra productis.
Forsan var.

Jamaica.

alba Adams, Mangelia biconica var. Plate 32, fig. 1

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 65.

Var. alba, entirely a pure white color.

[See under biconica.]

Jamaica.

alba Adams, Marginella Plate 32, fig. 7

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 56.

Shell obovate, wide: pure opaque white: smooth and shin-
ing: spire concealed, with a shallow pit in its place: labrum
well excurved in its upper part, produced to the summit,
rather sharp edged, thick, smooth within: columella with
four or five plaits, of which the upper one or two are incon-
spicuous.

Length .205 inch; breadth .13 inch.

Jamaica.
[Marginella albida"^ C. B. Ad. and M. nivea C. B. Ad., belong
to the same group as M. apicina Menke.— Krebs 1866, p. 396.]

albella Adams, Pleurotoma Plate 29, fig. 2

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 63.

Shell long ovate-fusiform: opaque snow white in the inter-
costal spaces, otherwise of a chalcedonic white: with strong
wide transverse ribs, about thirteen on each whorl, nearly
in continuous lines from the summit to the last whorl, and
becoming obsolete anteriorly; with one or two raised spiral
lines at the base of each whorl and numerous well rounded
revolving ridges on the anterior half of the last whorl: apex
acute: spire with slightly convex outlines, long and regularly
conic: whorls seven, slightly convex, with a moderately im-

Unquestionably an error by Krebs for alba C. B. Adams.

252 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

pressed suture: aperture nearly in the form of a [see plate
39, fig. 1]; labrum denticulate within; sinus rather wide and
shallow near the upper end of the labrum: canal very short.

Mean divergence about 30°; length of spire .12 inch; total
length .2 inch; breadth .07 inch.

Jamaica.

albicosta Adams, Patella Plate 36, figs. 1, 2

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 8.

P. t. crassa, atro-fusca, costulis 12 elevatis, totidem brevi-
oribus, omnibus albis— instructa; margine pectinato, junio-
rum fusco— et albo-maculato, seniorum albo. Long. .84 poll;
lat. .7 poll.; alt. .41 poll.; dec. ant. : dec. post. : : 4 : 5.

Jamaica.

albicostata Adams, Mitra Plate 36, fig. 11

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 57.

Shell fusiform: dark brown or reddish brown, with whitish
ribs, with a spiral band of a darker shade of the same, which
is scarcely interrupted on the ribs, and a spiral white band
which commences on the last whorl near the summit of the
aperture: with obtuse longitudinal ribs, about 16 on each
whorl, which are nearly obsolete in a broad shallow groove
near the anterior extremity; with spiral striae in the inter-
costal spaces, and a few spiral raised nodulous lines" anterior-
ly, of which the larger is continuous with the upper columel-
lar plait: apex obtuse: spire with the outlines quite convex:
whorls six, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture:
aperture narrow: columella with four plaits, of which the
two lower are small and approximate, and the two upper
are large and distant. This species resembles M.cavea Reeve.

Mean divergence 40°. Length of spire .35 inch; total length
.59 inch; breadth .31 inch.

Jamaica.

albida C. B. Adams' Krebs, Marginella

1866, Annals Lyceum Natural History New York 8, p. 396.

[See Marginella alba C. B. Adams.]

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 253

albida Adams, Pleurotoma Plate 30. fig. 2

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 3.

P. t. parva, albida, linea flavo-fusca decurrente costulis
interrupta; anf. 6, perconvexis, subangulatis, costulis crassis,
et striis profundis decurrentibus minus saepe costulas super-
antibus— instructis; sinu baud profundo; canali subbrevi.
Div. 30"; spirae long. .15 poll.; long. tot. .26 poll.; lat. .11 poll.

Jamaica.
[Pleurotoma albida C. B. Ad., and P. fiisiformis C. B. Ad.,
appear to be synonymes.— Krebs 1866, p. 397.]

albida Adams, Rissoa Plate 34, fig. 2

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 6.

R. t. magna, diaphana, albida; apice acutissimo; anf. 10, a
costulis pluribus exilissimis, ad cujusque inferam partem
obsoletis, et striis exilissimis decurrentibus, eleganter, de-
cussatis; striis juxta suturam profundioribus, anf. angustan-
tibus; labio a labro supra sinu disjuncto. Div. 28"; spirae
long. .2 poll.; long. tot. .31 poll; lat. .11 poll.

Jamaica.
[Is a synonym of Rissoina {Zebinella) decussata Montague.—
M. Desjardin 1949, /oz/r. de Conch. 89, p. 200.]

albo-cincta Adams, Mitra Plate 36, fig. 10

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 2.

M. t. minima, fusiformi; anf. 6, fascia superiore fusca, in-
feriore alba majori ornatis, striis decurrentibus et costis latis
spiralium anfractuum latitudine brevioribus— instructis;
canali brevi. Div. 40°; spirae long. .11 poll; long. tot. .2
poll.; lat. .1 poll. M. savignyi afiinis.

Jamaica.

albo-cincta Adams Pleurotoma Plate 29, fig. 5

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 3.

P. t. parva, rubro-fusca, anf. 6. supra carina albo-tubercu-
lata, infra carina enodi — instructis. mediis striatis. striis
creberrimis subtilissimis decurrentibus; anf. ultimo alteris
carinis tuberculosis, et fascia alba ornato; anf. etiam longi-
tudinaliter costulatis, intersectionibus noduliferis; canali

254 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

brevi. Div. 45°; spirae long. .16 poll; long. tot. .28 poll; lat.
.13 poll.
Jamaica.

albo-maculata Adams Pleurotoma Plate 29, fig. 6

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 3.

P. t. parva, rubro-fusca; anf. 7, infra longitudinaliter tuber-
culatis, supra tuberculis minoribus transversis et striis pluri-
bus granosis decurrentibus— instructis; tuberculis et granu-
lis albis; sinus ostio contracto; canali brevissimo. Div. 35°;
spirae long. .25 poll.; long. tot. .48 poll; lat. .06 poll.

Jamaica.

albo-vittata Adams Pleurotoma Plate 30, fig. 3

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 4.

P. t. parva, flavido-fusca, fascia alba latissima— cincta;
sutura parum impressa; anf. 6, baud multum convexis, sin-
gulatim costis 8 vel 9 latis, et striis creberrimis decurrenti-
bus inequalibus — ornatis; sutura baud multum impressa;
sinu magno; canali brevissimo. Div. 33° ad 23°; spirae long.
.15 poll; long. tot. .25 poll.; lat. .1 poll.

Jamaica.

albovittatum Adams Cerithium Plate 38, fig. 6

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 122-123.

Shell conoid, turrited: light yellowish brown, with a spiral
white band occupying the two lower spiral ridges: with
three spiral ridges, of which the middle one is most [123]
prominent, and on each whorl about sixteen very small
transverse ridges, the intersections forming well developed
nodules; anteriorly with another slightly nodulous spiral
ridge: apex acute: spire with the outlines moderately curvi-
linear: whorls nine, a little convex, with an indistinct su-
ture, last whorl terminating abruptly, concave anteriorly:
aperture suborbicular: canal extremely short, wide, and
straight.

Mean divergence about 24°; length of spire .09 inch; total
length .11 inch; breadth .035 inch.

Jamaica.
[See note under C. gemmulosum C. B. Adams.]

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 255

algicola Adams Cerithium Plate 37, fig. 4

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 5.

C. t. irregulariter albo et fusco-maculata, caerulescente;
varicibus albis vel fuscis, penultimo ab ultimo semi-anfrac-
tum distante, alteris tr anf. distantibus; anf. 10, subangulatis,
striis decurrentibus, pluribus exilioribus 5 majoribus gran-
ulosis, et plicis longitudinalibus— instructis; labio supra uni-
plicato; canali brevi. Div. 35' ad 25'; spirae long. .52 poll.;
long. tot. .73 poll.; lat. .33 poll.

Jamaica.

ambiguum Adams Cerithium Plate 38, fig. 7

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 4-5.

C. lafondii, Kr., af!ine; t. costis plu- [5] ribus, 20 ad 25,
minoribus— instructa, praecipue elatiore minusque robusta.

Div. spirae long. long. tot. lat.

C. lafondii: 23°; .57 poll; .8 poll; .8 poll.
" ambigiiiim: 17°; .65 " .8 " .2

Jamaica.

[Cerithium ambiguum C. B. Ad., is syn. with C. costata Da
Costa (Wood's Ind. Test. pi. 25, fig. 13), and C Petitii Kien.—
Krebs 1866, p. 394.]

[Is a synonym of Cerithidea costata daCosta. — J.C.Bequaert
1942, Jo hnsonia 1, no. 5, p. 2.]

americana C. B. Adams Lucina Plate 46, fig. 1-2

1852, C. to C. no. 12, p. 243.

L. t. Lucinae divaricatae simili; crassiore, majore; striis
profundioribus ornata; lunula minima, elongata, sinuosa;
marginibus exilissime crenulatis, baud serratis. Long. 19.8
millim.; alt. 19.6 millim.; lat. 12.7 millim.

We wish to call the attention of geologists and of others,
who have believed in the great geological antiquity and the
wide geographical distribution of the so-called L. divaricata,
to the just remark of Philippi (Zeit. f. Mai. 1848, p. 151):
"nomine L. divaricatae plures species confusae, omnes di-
varicatim striatae." When the types shall have been prop-
erly distinguished, we believe they will be found to have the
ordinary restriction both in time and in area. The Linnaean

256 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

name should be reserved for the Mediterranean species,
since Linnaeus assigns his shell to a Mediterranean habitat.

L. eburnea Rv., from the west coast of tropical America,
resembles this species more closely than does any other
Atlantic species, but differs in having a more distinct and
cordate lunule, and in having the striae more arcuated. The
beaks of our shell are not oblique as in L. ornata Rv.

Habitat. Coney Is., New York; C. B. A.! and Jamaica;
C. B. A.! St. Thomas; T. H. Newton! in Mus. Amh.[erst].

angulata Adams Monodonta Plate 39, fig. 12

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 7.

M. t. parva, crassa, olivacea, rubescente, maculis parvis
quadratis albidis ornata; spira conica; sutura minime im-
pressa; anf. 7, concavis, singulatim plicis6 decurrentibus—
instructis; anf. ultimo acute carinato, infra plicis 8 cincto;
apertura subquadrata; umbilico angusto, subprofundo. Div.
75°; spirae long. .16 poll; long. tot. .325 poll.; lat. .32 poll.
M. modulo affinis.

Jamaica.
[Modulus perlatus (Wood?), of the collections at St. Thomas,

and of Mr. R. Swift, is Trochus angulatus C. B. Ad.— Krebs

1866, p. 396.]
[Is Modulus carchedonius Lamarck. See Abbott, R. T. 1944,

Johnsonia 1, no. 14, p. 5.]

anomala C. B. Adams Narica (?) Plate 39, fig. 14

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 109.

Shell ovate: white, with a tinge of brown: with, on the
penult whorl four, and on the last whorl eight, stout obtuse
very prominent spiral ridges, which are decussated imbri-
cately by very prominent regular incremental laminae: apex
acute: spire with the outlines rather convex: whorls four,
quite convex, with a rather deep suture; last whorl large
and ventricose: aperture ovate, somewhat effuse and sub-
acute anteriorly: labrum pectinate, rather sharp, thickened
within: columella with a small transverse plait opposite the
umbilicus, expanded and flattened below.

Mean divergence about 67°; length of spire .08 inch; total
length .2 inch; breadth .13 inch.

Jamaica.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 257

antiqua Mighels and Adams Nucula Plate 45, fig. 10

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, pp. 53-54, pi. 4, fig. 4.

N. testa parva, sub-trapeziformi, per-obliqua, transverse
sulcata; dentibus posticis sexdecim, anticis sex; margine
simplici.

Shell white, small, somewhat trapeziform, very in-equilat-
eral, covered with deep transverse sulci; epidermis dark
brown; teeth, sixteen posterior and six anterior to the beaks;
beaks low, approximate; anterior margin abrupt, posterior
regularly rounded, basal margin slightly curved, simple.

Length 7 10 inch; height 11 40 inch; breadth 1/5 inch.

Cabinets of Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., J. W. Mighels, and
C. B. Adams.

Remarks. This species resembles A^. proxima Say, and
A^. tenuis Turton, but differs from both in the number and
[54] arrangement of the teeth, in the deep transverse sulci,
in its length compared with its height and width. It is
scarce.

Fossil, Westbrook, in the vicinity of Portland, Maine.

arcuata Adams Eulima Type lost

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 110.

Shell ovate-conic, turrited: subtransparent, white: smooth
and shining, with a fine impressed spiral line above the su-
ture: apex acute: spire with the axis curved to an extraordi-
nary degree in the upper whorls, with the outlines moder-
ately curvilinear in the plane perpendicular to that of the
curvature: whorls ten, quite convex, with a lightly impressed
suture; last whorl long and fusoid: aperture rather long
ovate: labium with a well defined deposit.

Mean divergence about 25°; length .165 inch; breadth
.055 inch.

Jamaica.
[Eulima arcuata C. B. Ad. We believe this is to be nothing
more than a monstrosity.— Krebs 1866, p. 395.]

arenaria Mighels and Adams Cingula Plate 39, fig. 6

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, p. 49, pi. 4, fig. 24.

C. testa minima, sub-cylindracea, striatula, subplicata;

258 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

spira conica, elongata, anfractibus sex, convexis; sutura im-
pressa; apertura sub-orbiculari, dimidium spirae aequante;
operculo corneo.

Syn. Turbo arenarius Montagu.

Shell minute, white, sub-cylindrical, sub-plicate longitudi-
nally, and minutely striate transversely; spire elongated,
conical; whorls six, convex; suture impressed; aperture sub-
orbicular, half the length of the spire; operculum horny.

Length .10 inch; breadth .05 inch; divergence 30°.

Habitat. Casco Bay, taken from the stomach of a haddock
in the summer of 184L

But few specimens, have been found, which are in the
Cabinet of J. W. Mighels.

armillatus Adams Conus Plate 31, fig. 10

1850, C. to C. no. A, p. 59.

Shell obovate-conic; attenuated anteriorly: white, with
small orange brown square spots, which are more or less
confluent transversely, anteriorly and within the aperture
of a pale purple color, which is interrupted within by a white
fascia below the middle of the shell: solid, with fine revolv-
ing striae on the spire, and on the last whorl with very reg-
ular spiral rather distant minute granulous elevated lines,
which, from the angle above nearly to the anterior extrem-
ity, resemble fine strings of beads, but anteriorly are crowd-
ed, smaller, and are irregularly and feebly granulous: apex
acute: spire with the outlines a little concave: whorls nearly
seven, not coronated: aperture rather open.

Mean divergence 90°; length of spire .2 inch; total length
.59 inch; breadth .32 inch.

Jamaica.
[Is Conus regius Gmelin.— W. J. Clench 19i2, Jo hnsonia 1,
no. 6, p. 3.]

augustae Adams Pleurotoma Plate 30, fig. 1

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 61.

Shell long ovate-fusiform: bright red, whitish on the folds
and anteriorly, with a wide or sometimes a linear spiral band
of brown, which is interrupted by the ribs: with nine broad
longitudinal ribs on each whorl: apex obtuse: spire with the

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 259

outlines nearly rectilinear: whorls six and one-half, a little
convex, with a lightly impressed suture: aperture obovate:
sinus shallow: canal very short, wide, and strong.

Mean divergence 30"; length of spire .48 inch; total length
.74 inch; breadth .27 inch.

Jamaica.
[Pleurotoma Augitstae C. B. Ad., is P. coccinata Rv.— Krebs
1866, p. 397.]

babylonia Adams Chemnitzia Type lost

1845. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 6.

C. t. parv^a, lactea; anf. (apice deflecto excepto) 4, carinis
duabus perelevatis decurrentibus, intervallis concavis — or-
nata; anf. ultimo quadricarinato; labro a carinis pectinato.
Div. 20; spirae long. .05 poll; long. tot. .08 poll; lat. .03 poll.

Jamaica.

barrattiana Adams Corbula Plate 47, figs. 7 8

1852. C. to C. no. 12, pp. 237-238.

C. t. ovato-triangulari, subtenui, [238] inequivalvi, vix in-
equilateral!, postice acuminata, margine ventrali excurvata:
albida: rugis irregularibus parvis concentricis, in lunulam
haud productis, ad valvam magnam haud multum majoribus;
junioribus exilissime radiatim striatis: apicibus parvis, haud
involutis: umbonibus postice acute angulatis: dentibus par-
vis. Long. 8' ' ' .9; alt. 5' ' ' .2; lat. 4' ' ' .3.

Shell ovate-triangular, somewhat thin, inequivalve, slight-
ly inequilateral, posteriorly acuminate, with the ventral
margin well rounded: whitish: with small concentric irreg-
ular ridges, which are a little larger on the large valve, not
produced into the lunule; with minute radiating striae in
young shells: beaks small, not involute: umbones with an
acute angle posteriorly: teeth moderately developed.

Length .35 inch; breadth .26 inch; height .17 inch.

Station.— In mud, in 4 or 5 fathoms water; C. B.A.I

T/^^zY^^. —Kingston harbor, Jamaica; C.B.A.! About 200
specimens were collected, many of which are immature.

bicolor Adams Cerithium Plate 37, fig. 15

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, pp. 5-6.

260 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

C. t. parva, solidiuscula, albida, fascia rubrofusca— cincta;
anf. 15 (?), planulatis, lineis 5 elevatis decurrentibus, supra
(2 exceptis) obsoletis, et lineis elevatis longitudinalibus plu-
ribus, intersectionibus nodiferis— instructis; anf. [6] ultimo
plica fusca cincto; columella uniplicata, plica decurrente;
canali brevi. Div. 15°; aperturae long. .08 poll.; long. tot. .08
poll. ? [sic]; lat. .13 poll.

Jamaica.
[Cerithium bicolor C. B. Ad., is the C. punctatum L., of the

collections at St. Thomas, W. L, and of Mr. Robert Swift of

Philadelphia.-Krebs 1866, p. 394.]

bicolor Adams Perna Plate 48, figs. 6-7

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 9.

P. t. convexa, intus argentea, extra pallii impressionem
aterrima, splendente; impressione musculari bilobata, parte
altera majori suborbiculari, altera cuspidata; ligamentis 7,
robustis. Long. .7 poll; alt. 1 poll; lat. .33 poll.

Jamaica.

biconica Adams Mangelia Plate 32, fig. 2

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 65.

Shell biconic: whitish, with a narrow spiral band of brown
at the summit of the whorls, which is darker between ribs,
and a similar wider band a little anterior to the periphery
of the last whorl; (or some specimens may be described as
pale brown, with a spiral band of white on the periphery of
the whorls, and as white anteriorly): with strong transverse
rounded ribs, about nine on each whorl, and excessively fine
spiral rather distant raised lines, which are obsolete on the
summits of the ribs: apex acute: spire with the outlines
nearly rectilinear: whorls six, subangular, with a moderately
impressed suture: aperture narrow: labrum often much
thickened by the last rib: sinus near the upper extremity
of the labrum, rather large in old shells: canal short.

Mean divergence 45°; length of spire .08 inch; total length
.18 inch; breadth .09 inch.

This species resembles P. symmetrica Rv. and Mangelia
Dysoni Rv.

Jamaica.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 261

bilineata C. B. Adams' Reeve Mactra

1854, May, Conchologia Iconica 8, Mactra, pi. 15, fig. 72.

Jamaica. This was also described by Deshayes 1854 [Feb.
1855] Proceedings Zoological Society of London 22, p. 67.
[A manuscript name of C. B. Adams, never described by
him. Cotypes MCZ 154329.]

biradiata Adams Psammobia Plate 45, figs. 5 6

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 10.

Praecedenti affinis [Psammobia affinis], sed t. anterius
longiore, candidissima, radiis 2 sanguineis latis, brevibus,
ornata. Long. .49 poll; alt. .38 poll; lat. .18 poll.

Jamaica.
[See note under Psammobia affinis C. B. Adams.]

blandiana Adams Corbula Plate 47, figs. 3-4

1852, C. to C. no. 12, pp. 234-235.

C. t. crassa, subrhombica, vix inequivalvi, perinequilater-
ali; margine antice rotundata, aliunde rectilineari, postice
infra acuminata: alba: costis magnis, subacutis, concentricis,
postice minoribus; lineis radiantibus tuberculatis, microscop-
icis; tuberculis deciduis; valvis ambobus similiter insculptis;
apicibus prominulis, vix involutis: umbonibus planulatis,
postice valde angulatis: dentibus parvis. Long. IP ' ' .2; alt.
6' ' ' .6; lat. 4' ' ' .5.

Shell thick, subrhombic, slightly inequivalve, very inequi-
lateral; anteriorly well rounded, with the other margins
nearly or quite rectilinear; posteriorly and inferiorly acumi-
nate: white: with large blunt edged concentric ribs, which
are more slender in the posterior area; with microscopic
radiating lines of deciduous tubercles, which are visible only
under a good magnifier; with both valves sculptured alike:
beaks prominent, slightly involute: umbones flattened, with
a stout posterior angle: teeth rather small. Under a good
• magnifier a crystalline structure is very conspicuous.

Length .44 inch; height .26 inch; breadth .18 inch.

Station. — Muddy bottom, at the depth of 3 or 4 fathoms;
C. B. A.!

Habitat. —Vori Royal, in Jamaica; C. B. A.! 5 specimens
were collected.

262 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

brevis Adams Mangelia Plate 31, fig. 14

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 66.

Shell short, fusiform, orange or wax yellow, white along
the upper part of the whorls and anteriorly: with very strong
transverse ribs, about nine on each whorl, smooth on the
summits, with unequal microscopic spiral elevated lines:
apex subacute: spire with very convex outlines: whorls
about six, moderately convex or subangular, with a lightly
impressed suture: aperture quite narrow: labrum much
thickened by the last rib: sinus rather large: canal very
short.

Mean divergence about 45°; length of spire .065 inch; total
length .135 inch; breadth .07 inch.

Jamaica.

brevis Adams Phasianella Types lost

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 67.

Shell subglobose: with a whitish ground and large spots
of red on the upper part of the whorls; pale red on the an-
terior and middle of the last whorl; with well-defined spots
of dark red sprinkled over the whole surface: with micro-
scopic spiral striae on the upper whorls, otherwise smooth:
apex rather obtuse: spire with very convex outlines: whorls
about four, very convex, with a rather deep suture: aperture
large, ovate-orbicular: umbilicus wanting.

Mean divergence about 80°; length of spire .04 inch; total
length .1 inch; breadth .085 inch.

Jamaica.

canaliculata Adams Odostomia Plate 40, fig. 3

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 109.

Shell conic, turrited: white: smooth: apex acute: spire with
rectilinear outlines: whorls six, planulate, with the suture
in a small spiral channel; last whorl short and abruptly ter-
minating: aperture broadly ovate: columellar plait nearly
transverse.

Mean divergence about 20°; length .12 inch; breadth .045
inch.

Jamaica.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 263

[Odostomia canalicitlata C. B. Ad., and O. solida C. B. Ad.,
are very like each other.— Krebs 1866, p. 397.]

canalifera C. B. Adams' Dall Torinia

Dall. W. H. 1889, Bulletin United States National Museum no. 37, p. 148.

[This was apparently a manuscript name of C. B. Adams
and was never officially described. It was first listed by Dall
in the reference above. See also Clench 1947 [1948] Nautilus
61, p. 104.]

cancellatus Mighels and Adams Fusus Plate 39, fig. 10

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, pp. 52-53, pi. 4, fig. 18.

F. testa subulata, longitudinaliter plicata, transverse stri-
ata: anfractibus septem, convexis: sutura valde impressa;
spira acuminata; apice acuta: apertura sub-ovata; labro
crenato.

Shell rather slender, turreted, with about twenty longitu-
dinal ribs, running a little obliquely to the left, crossed by
numerous transverse, revolving, raised lines, giving the shell
a cancellated appearance; whorls seven, convex; suture well
impressed; spire gracefully tapering; apex acute; columella
slightly arched at the upper part; aperture rather narrow,
subovate; canal short, straight, rather wider at the base;
labrum thin, delicately crenated by the transverse striae.
[53] Length 13/20 inch; breadth 1/4 inch; divergence 22".

Cabinets of Dr. Gould and J. W. Mighels.

Habitat. Casco Bay; taken from the stomachs of haddock
in the summer of 1840. It must be regarded as very rare.

Remarks. This species is very nearly allied to Mitrex
purpureiis Mont., (Turton Conch. Diet. 95) but is distinct in
having a less number of volutions by three or four, by the
direction of the ribs, which are "obliquely to the right," in
M. purpiireiis; Montagu's shell is also described as "rugged,"
"very rough," &c., terms which will not apply to our shell;
it is also said to be "purple," which color is regarded by the
• author as characteristic; our shell is variously colored, some
specimens being tinged with purple, others are white.

candidissima Adams Pleurotoma Plate 30, fig. 5

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 4.

P. t. parva, candidissima; sutura profunda; anf. 5, supra

264 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

subangulatis, singulatim costis 8 vel 9 robustis subcompres-
sis, et striis decurrentibus baud crebris parallelis— instruc-
tis; canali brevissimo. Div. 35°; spirae long. .Ipoll.; long. .19
poll.; lat. .085 poll.

Jamaica.
[Mangelia candidissima C. B. Ad., is a white variety of
Pleurotoma badia Reeve, of the collections at St. Thomas and
of Mr. R. Swift, of Philadelphia. -Krebs 1866, p. 396.]

candidissimum Adams Buccinum Type lost

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 2.

B. t. parvula, alba, solida; anf. 6^, supra striis decurrenti-
bus, costis (anf. cuj usque 7 vel 8) ad suturam supra baud
productis, latis, laevibus— ornatis; labro crassissimo; labio
calloso. Div. 50°; spirae long. .275 poll.; long. tot. .45 poll;
lat. .23 poll.

Jamaica.

carinata Mighels and Adams Cingula Plate 39, fig. 18

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, p. 49.

[See under Cingula semicostata Mighels and Adams.]
cascoensis Mighels and Adams Nucula Plate 45, fig. 13

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, pp. 40-41, pi. 4. fig. 6.

N. testa ovato-lanceolata, sub-inequilaterali, compressa;
postice attenuata; areola valde compressa; natibus parvis;
dentibus anticis decem, posticis duodecim, parvis.

Shell ovate-lanceolate, rather thin, finely striate, slightly
[41] inequilateral; anterior half regularly semi-oval; posterior
half tapering nearly to a point, with an areola well defined,
sharply compressed, with a slight wave below the areola;
epidermis greenish straw-color; beaks small, nearly central
within pearly-white; teeth small, ten anterior, and ten or
twelve posterior, including some very minute ones near the
beaks.

Length, .6 inch; height, .35 inch; width, .09 inch.

Cabinets of G. B. Sowerby, Esq., J. W. Mighels, and C. B.
Adams.

Habitat. Casco Bay. A single specimen was found in the
stomach of a haddock in the spring of 1840. Subsequently

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 265

we have found a single specimen of the above dimensions,
and four or five very small ones.

Remarks. This species is allied to A^. limatula, Say, and
A^. myalis, Couth., but is easily distinguished from both by
the number of teeth, the beaks being nearer the posterior
extremity, and being much more compressed than either. It
more nearly resembles the latter, but is uniformly lighter
colored.

cerina Adams Psammobia Plate 45, figs. 3-4

1845. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 10.

P. t. parva, cerina, tenui, anterius procera et circular!,
posterius angulata (angulo haud multum truncato), concen-
trice exilissime striata; dentibus parvis, prominentibus.
Long. .39 poll.; alt. .31 poll; lat. .17 poll.

Jamaica.
[See note under Psammobia affinis C. B. Adams.]

cerina Adams Thetis Plate 44, figs. 7-8

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 9.

T. t. parva, lineis elevatis concentricis distantibus et striis
radiantibus ornata, cerina; lunula vulvaque transversim
rubro lineatis; umbonibus minimis, acutis, pallide virenti-
bus; margine supra angulato, alibi rotundato; pallii impres-
sione subsinuata. Long. .4 poll.; alt. .39 poll; lat. .21 poll.

Jamaica.
See Gouldia.

chittyana Adams Corbula Plate 48, figs. 4-5

1852, C. to C. no. 12, p. 238.

C. t. Barrattianae simili; sed multum crassiore, latiore, in-
equivalviore; praecipue differt quoad crescendi rationem
duplicem, sicut C. Dietziana. Long. 8' ' ' .6; alt. 5' ' ' .8; lat.
5' ' ' .2.

This species resembles C. Barrattiana, but differs in being
very thick and solid, very wide, and in having two periods
of growth, like C. Dietziana: it is also more inequivalve.

Length .34 inch; height .23 inch; breadth .22 inch.

Station. --In 4 or 5 fathoms water, in a muddy bottom;
C. B. A.I

266 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Habitat— Kingston harbor, Jamaica; C. B. A.! We ob-
tained only 4 specimens of this rare shell.

concinna Adams Cingula (?) Plate 39, fig. 4

1850, C. to C. no. 5, p. 70.

Shell broadly ovate-conic: subtransparent, wax brown,
darker at the sutural ridge: smooth and shining; at the sum-
mit of the whorls with a narrow ridge scarcely elevated, but
separated by an impressed line: apex rather obtuse: spire
with the outlines moderately convex: whorls five, quite con-
vex, with a well impressed suture; last whorl large: aperture
acute above, in the rest regularly ovate: lip a little reflected
on the left side: umbilical region slightly indented.

Mean divergence 53°; length of spire .03 inch; total length
.075 inch; breadth .055 inch.

Jamaica.

concinna Adams Phasianella Plate 36, fig. 4

1850, C. to C. no. 5, p. 69.

Shell broad ovate, or ovate conic: with numerous well de-
fined dots of opaque reddish brown on a subtransparent
ground of very pale red or brown, the dots being less nu-
merous and less uniformly sprinkled on the upper part of
the whorls: surface well polished: apex rather obtuse: spire
with quite convex outlines: whorls four, quite convex, with
a well impressed suture: aperture ovate-orbicular, with its
plane very oblique to the axis of the shell: labrum much
curved: with an umbilical groove parallel to the labrum.

Mean divergence about 60°; length of spire .07 inch; total
length .14 inch; breadth .1 inch.

Jamaica.

concinnum Adams Buccinum Plate 32, fig. 16

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 2.

B. t. parva, nitida, flavo-fusca, fuscomaculata, maculis
plerumque seriatis; anf . 7, costis parvis, et striis decurrenti-
bus; labro solido et albo-varicato, intus 6-denticulato; aper-
tura lacunata. Div. 40°; spirae long. .12 poll.; long tot. .225
poll; lat. .11 poll.

Jamaica.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 267

[This name was changed to Col umbel la decipiens by Adams
in his Contributions to Conchology no. 4, p. 55, 1850, as a new
name in place of Bucinnnm concinniim Dillwyn 1817.]

concolor Adams Phasianella Plate 36, fig. 3

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 68.

Shell rather long ovate-conic: of a uniform glossy brown,
rarely with a sutural band of a deeper shade of the same:
surface highly polished: apex rather obtuse: spire with the
outlines nearly rectilinear: whorls five, rather convex, with
a well impressed suture; last whorl subangular: aperture
ovate: labium with a thick deposit: with an umbilical inden-
tation.

Mean divergence about 35^; length of spire .05 inch; total
length .1 inch; breadth .06 inch.

Jamaica.

conica Adams Cingula (?) Plate 39, fig. 5

1850, C. to C. no. 5, pp. 70-71.

Shell elongated, conic: whitish, with large irregular spots
of wax color, and a wax-colored summit: solid, with three
or four slightly elevated obtuse spiral ridges, and about the
periphery of the last whorl two or three more, all of which
are slightly striated across; on the lower whorls with nearly
obsolete broad ridges; anteriorly smooth: apex acute: spire
with rectilinear outlines: whorls six and one-half, flat, with
a lightly impressed suture; last whorl with a moderately
acute periphery: aperture between quadrate and orbicular,
nearly parallel with the axis of the spire: lip reflected on
the left side and on the adjacent part of the anterior side:
umbilical region moderately indented.

Mean divergence about 32""; length of spire .065 inch; total
length .105 inch; breadth .06 inch.

These last three species we have referred, with some
doubt, to Cingula of Fleming, restricting this genus to the
section in which the labrum is not thickened and the aper-
ture is Turbinoid, and excluding Rissoa in which the aper-
ture is Melanoid and the labrum thickened. C. concinna
however is with difficulty referred to the same generic type
with C solida and C. conica, being eminently distinguished

268 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

by its smoothness and translucency, (in this respect resem-
bling, as also [71] in color, Pupa ovata, P. milium, &c.) and
its broadly ovate form elegantly rounded below and acute
above, with the same beautiful outline repeated in the aper-
ture, as in some Phasianellae. The last two species have a
striking coincidence in the general plan of sculpture, reflec-
tion of the left side of the lip, &c., and evidently belong to
a restricted natural group, which perhaps should be sepa-
rated from Cingula. We have been unable to obtain more
than one specimen of each of these species.
Jamaica.

conica Adams Eulima Plate 36, fig. 7

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 110.

Shell conic turrited: white: smooth and shining: apex
acute: spire with the axis moderately curved throughout
with the outlines rectilinear in the plane perpendicular to
that of the curvature: whorls about eleven, planulate, with
an indistinct suture: last whorl subangular, quite oblique
anteriorly: aperture small, ovate.

Mean divergence about 22°; length .1 inch; breadth .042
inch.

Jamaica.

costatus Adams Chiton Plate 42, fig. 8

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 8.

C. t. albido atroque maculata; areis lateralibus elevatis,
costulis 3 vel 4 papillosis instructis, posterius subspinosis;
areis dorsi mediis laevibus, transversim striatis; inter areas
declivitas est, profunde striata; margine squamoso, alterna-
tim flavido-albo atroque. Long. L35 poll; lat. .75 poll.

Jamaica.

costulata Adams Columbella Plate 41, fig. 3

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 58.

Shell moderately elongated, ovate: whitish, with an ill-
defined spiral band of very pale yellowish brown on the
middle of the whorls, with the same color anteriorly; with
a series of large deep brown spots at the summit of the
whorls and also before the middle of the last whorl: with

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 269

obtuse longitudinal ribs, about twelve on each whorl, and
unequal spiral striae: apex subacute: spire with moderately
convex outlines: whorls about five and one-half, a little con-
vex, with a well impressed suture: aperture small: labrum
with a broad highly polished varix, denticulate within, sin-
uate above.

Mean divergence 40^; length of spire .12 inch; total length
.19 inch; breadth .09 inch.

This species was described in Mss. five years since, but
being informed that it was identical with C pygmaea Soivb.
just published, I suppressed the description and distributed
the shell as C. pygmaea. It proves to be quite distinct.

Jamaica.
[Columbella costulata C. B. Ad., described from a single
specimen from Jamaica, we consider syn. with C obesa C. B.
Ad.— Krebs 1866, p. 395.]

costulata Mighels and Adams Turritella Plate 40, fig. 16

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, p. 50, pi. 4, fig. 20.

T. testa albida; transverse subtilissime striata; anfractibus
decem; superioribus sub-plicatis; duobus ultimis sub-laevi-
bus, ultimo sub-carinato; apertura sub-ovata, anterius pro-
ducta.

Shell whitish, translucent; whorls nine or ten, nearly flat,
or very slightly convex; suture well impressed; last two
whorls nearly smooth; the others longitudinally plicate, with
microscopic transverse striae; last whorl sub-carinate; aper-
ture rather less than one-fourth the length of the shell, sub-
ovate, produced anteriorly.

Length .7 inch; breadth .23 inch; divergence, 22°.

Habitat. Casco Bay; taken from the stomach of a haddock
in the summer of 1841.

Remarks. Although only a single specimen has been ob-
tained, its characteristics are so obvious that we have not
hesitated to describe it. It has no analogue on our coast, to
our knowledge; it, however, resembles a very much enlarged
T: interrupta Totten. It is in the cabinet of J. W. Mighels.

crassicosta Adams Rissoa Plate 34, fig. 6

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 6.

270 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

R. t. magna, crassa, lactea; anf. 7, costulis 11 vel 12, latis,
obliquis, supra suturam profundam trajectis et striis pluribus
exilissimis decurrentibus costulas superantibus— instructis;
labro perincrassato, infra baud sinuato. Div. 35°; spirae long.
.21 poll; long. tot. .3 poll.; lat. .11 poll.

Jamaica.
[Rissoa crassicosta C. B. Ad., one poor specimen from Jamaica

very like a Scalaria crenata L., is certainly not a Rissoa, but

being placed next to the Scalariae a mistake may have arisen.

-Krebs 1866, p. 397.]
[Is Opalia (Dentiscala) hotessieriana d'Orb.— Clench and

Turner 19b0, Jo hnsonia, no. 15 [In press] ].

crassicostata Adams Mangelia Plate 31, fig. 12

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 66.

Shell subfusiform: dark reddish brown, paler about the
apex: with very strong and very prominent transverse ribs,
smooth on the summits, about ten on each whorl, with the
transverse sections of the intercostal spaces almost regu-
larly concave; with a few distant elevated spiral lines, of
which one is on the middle of each whorl, and one is on the
lower half, and the rest are anterior: apex acute: spire with
quite convex outlines: whorls about seven, rather convex,
with a well impressed suture: aperture narrow: labrum
much thickened by the last rib: sinus rather large and deep:
canal very short.

Mean divergence 42°; length of spire .13 inch; total length
.22 inch; breadth .1 inch.

This species resembles Mangelia badia Rv., but that shell
is represented with a smaller spire and more slender ribs.
It may possibly be a variety of M. fusca Ad.

Jamaica.

cumingii Adams Truncatella Plate 40, fig. 10

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 12.

T. t. parva succinea, rubente, scalariformi, decollata; anf.
4 perditis; anf. reliquis 4, singulatim costis 9 robustis acutis-
ornatis; operculo subcorneo. Div. 22° ad 18°; spirae long,
post decoll. .12 poll, antea. .18 poll; long. tot. .17 poll; lat.
.08 poll.

Jamaica.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 271

[Is a synonym of Truncatclla scalaris Michaux. -Clench and
Turner 1948, Johnson ia 2, p. 160.]

cypraeoides Adams Erato (?) Plate 33, fig. 11

1845. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, pp. 1-2.

M. t. solida, alba; anf. infra suturam fusco-canaliculatis;
spira plana, parva; apertura lineari, pro [2] funde emargi-
nata; labro extra crasso, intus exile crenulato; labio per to-
tum transversim exile plicato. Long. .325 poll.; lat. .2 poll.

Jamaica.

dealbatum Adams Cerithium Plate 38, fig. 3

1850, C. toC. no. 7, p. 117.

Shell like that of C. decor atum, but snow white; the out-
lines of the spire are exactly rectilinear; the granules are
less developed; and the canal is nearly straight.

Jamaica.

decorata Adatns Pleurotoma Plate 29, fig. 4

1850, C. to C. no. 4, pp. 62-63.

Shell ovate-fusiform: covered, on a whitish ground, with
a net work of bright brown irregular spots and lines, which
on the upper whorls are less numerous, somewhat regular
and darker: with, on the upper whorls, strong transverse
ridges which become smaller and at length disappear on
the penult whorl; [63] with very close-set rather coarse spi-
ral striae, which are elegantly decussated on the lower
whorls by excessively minute lines of growth: apex acute:
spire with moderately convex outlines: whorls seven or
eight, rather convex, with a well impressed suture: aperture
large: labrum well excurved and produced in its lower half:
sinus rather deep at the upper extremity of the labrum:
canal short and very wide.

Mean divergence 32""; length of spire .27 inch; total length
.55 inch; breadth .2 inch.

This species much resembles P. lymneiforniis Rv., for
which it has been mistaken. It also closely resembles in
form, but not in sculpture, P. patula Rv.

Jamaica.

272 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

decoratum Adams Cerithium Plate 38, fig. 2

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 117.

Shell conic, turrited, sinistrorsal: white, dark reddish
brown anteriorly, with many large rather square irregular
spots of the same: with, on the upper whorls, two, and on
the middle and lower whorls, three nearly equal spiral
ridges, which are nearly concealed by numerous large no-
dules that are produced by the excessive development of
the intersections of twenty-five to twenty-eight small trans-
verse ridges on each whorl; anteriorly with two additional
smaller or less strongly nodulous spiral ridges: apex very
acute: spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear: whorls six-
teen, planulate, with the place of the suture distinguished
by a deeper groove; last whorl terminating very abruptly,
so as to be concave between the periphery and the canal:
aperture ovate-orbicular, modified a little by the penult
whorl: canal strongly bent to the right, closed except near
the extremity. This shell resembles C. ornatum Desk., but
that species has only ten or twelve whorls, its outlines are
quite curvilinear and the last whorl terminates less abruptly.

Mean divergence about 20°; length .29 inch; breadth .085
inch.

Jamaica.

decipiens Adams Columbella Plate 32, fig. 16

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 55.

[New name for Buccinum concinnum C. B. Adams non Dill-
wyn 1817.]

decussatula Adams Tellina Plate 44, figs. 1-2

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 10.

T. t. rosacea, supra albida, iridescente, exilissime decus-
sata; dente sinistra posteriore obsoleta. Long. 1 poll.; alt. .65
poll.; lat. .29 poll.

Jamaica.

delphinodonta Mighels and Adams Nucula

Plate 45, figs. 8-9

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, p. 40, pi. 4, fig. 5.

N. testa parva, solida, trigona, transverse sub-sulcata; an-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

(6

gulis umbonalibus duobus; natibus prominentibus, sub-
terminalibus; dentibus anticis tribus, posticis septem, eleva-
tis, conicis, acutis.

Shell small, solid, very wide, oblique, triangular, trans-
versely ribbed and striate irregularly; anterior margin
nearly straight above, curved below, inferior margin well
rounded, posterior moderately curved, making a right angle
with the anterior; surface divided into three regions by the
umbonial angles which diverge from the beaks; these are
prominent, nearly terminal, often eroded; epidermis green;
seven posterior and three anterior teeth, which are very
long, slender and pointed.

Average length, .13 inch; height, .11 inch; width, .09 inch.

Cabinets of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., J. W. Mighels, and C. B.
Adams.

Habitat. Casco Bay. Several hundred specimens were
taken from the stomach of a single haddock, in the spring
of 1841. At several times subsequently we have obtained
them from the same source, sparingly.

Remarks. This species is allied to A^. proxima, Say, and
A^. tenuis, Turton, but is distinct from both in the number
and arrangement of the teeth; also in respect to form, an-
terior and posterior umbonial angles, and in its greater
width.

densestriata Adams Mangelia Plate 31, fig. 8

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 65.

Shell fusiform: white: with narrow prominent ribs, ten or
eleven on each whorl, and crowded regular excessively fine
deep spiral striae, which cover the entire surface and are
not interrupted in crossing the ribs: apex acute: spire with
rather convex outlines: whorls seven, subangular near the
summit, with a rather deep suture: last whorl long, and
gradually attenuated into a wide canal.

Mean divergence 40"^; length of spire .13 inch; total length
.28 inch; breadth .11 inch.

Jamaica.
[Mangelia densestriata C. B. Ad., is a white variety of Plcii-
rotoma badia Reeve, of the collections at St. Thomas and of
Mr. R. Swift, of Philadelphia. Krebs 1866, p. 396.]

274 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

dietziana Adams Corbula Plate 47, figs. 5 6

1852, C. to C. no. 12, pp. 235-236.

C. t. solida, valde distorta, juniore vix inequivalvi, seniore
perinequivalvi, inequilateral!; margine antice rotundata, ali-
unde rectilineari, postice infra acuminata: albida, radiis ru-
bris, inequalibus, saepe confluentibus, in juniore obsoletis,
ornata: costis magnis, subacutis, concentricis, in seniore ir-
regularibus et in valva parva exilibus: apicibus prominulis,
vix involutis: umbonibus planulatis, postice valde angulatis:
dentibus robustis. Long. 10' ' ' .7; alt. 8' ' ' .4; lat. 9' ' ' .1;
junioris, long. 10' ' ' .1; alt. 6' ' ' .6; lat. 4' ' ' .3.

Shell solid, much distorted, moderately inequivalve in the
first stage of growth, afterwards very inequivalve, inequi-
lateral; anteriorly well rounded, with the other margins sub-
rectilinear, posteriorly and interiorly acuminate: whitish,
with unequal often confluent bright red rays, which are in-
distinct in the first stage of growth: with concentic blunt
edged unequal ribs which are more irregular in the last
stage of growth; with both valves sculptured alike in the
first stage of growth, but in the second, the small valve is
only striated: beaks prominent, slightly involute: umbones
flattened, with a strong posterior angle: teeth rather stout.

Length .42 inch; height .33 inch; breadth .36. The corre-
[236] sponding dimensions of a shell commencing the second
stage of growth are .4 inch; .26 inch; .17 inch.

This species is remarkable for two very distinct stages of
growth, with a very abrupt transition from the first to the
second. Until a little more than half grown, it is very much
like C. Blandiana in the form of the outline, in the sculp-
ture, and in having the valves similarly sculptured, and
nearly equal. In the second stage of growth, the larger valve
increases nearly three times as much as the other, and the
growth is abruptly and strongly directed inwards so as
greatly to increase the breadth of an old shell. The sculp-
ture is more irregular, and on the small valve it is much
finer and is covered with a coarse deciduous epidermis.
Posteriorly the small valve is deeply set into the larger one.
So abrupt is the change from the first to the second stage
of growth, that the edge of the umbonial angle in the first

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 275

makes an angle with the edge in the second of only about
115°, and the general form is made very irregular. It is the
analogue of C. speciosa, which inhabits the west coast of
tropical America.

Station. —Unknown.

Habitat.— Kingston harbor (Jamaica), along "the Pali-
sades," southeast from the city; A. Barratt! C.B.A.! 22 speci-
mens were obtained, of which several were collected by my
companion Dr. Barratt, who kindly gave me nearly all his
specimens of this remarkable shell.

diminuta Adams Pleurotoma Plate 31, fig. 3

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 62.

Pleurotoma quadrata (?) Rv. The figure of this species in
Reeve's Conch. Icon, represents quite accurately a species,
which inhabits Jamaica, but the figure is three times the
linear dimensions of our shell, although it is not said to be
magnified. If our specimens belong to a distinct species, it
may receive the name of P. diminuta.

Jamaica.

dubia Adams Pleurotoma Plate 31, fig. 2

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 4.

Pleurotoma dubia a P. multilineata haud multum differt;
costae angustiores sunt, et ad basim compressae. Forsan
var.

Jamaica.

dubiosa Adams Rissoa Plate 33, fig. 5

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 114.

Shell long ovate conic: white, translucent: with, on each
whorl, nineteen or twenty obtuse ribs, which are produced
on the last whorl to the anterior extremity: apex subacute:
spire with the outlines moderately curvilinear: whorls seven,
rather convex, with a well impressed suture: aperture mod-
erately effuse: labrum well advanced: excurved, moderately
thickened.

Mean' divergence about 28'; length of spire .115 inch; total
length .185 inch; breadth .065 inch.

Jamaica.

276 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

[Is Rissoina chesneli Michaud. — Desjardins 1949, Jour, de
Conch. 89, p. 197.]

effusa Adams Litiopa Type lost.

1850, C. to C. no. 5, p. 71.

Shell elongated, ovate: of a uniform brown wax color, sub-
transparent: apex obtuse: spire with the outlines very con-
vex above, nearly rectilinear in the rest: whorls six, quite
convex, with a well impressed suture: aperture ovate, an-
teriorly produced so as to resemble a very broad short canal:
labrum thin, not very sharp, somewhat reflected: columella
slightly twisted.

Mean divergence about 35°; length of spire .06 inch; total
length .11 inch; breadth .06 inch.

Jamaica.

elatior Adams Pleurotoma Plate 29, fig. 7

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 4.

P. t. minima, subconica, albida, fuscescente, lineis flavido-
fuscis decurrentibus inequalibus acostis interruptis— ornata;
spira elongata; anf. 6, baud multum convexis, singulatim
costis 12 baud robustis, et striis decurrentibus subprofundis,
una profundiore — instructis; sinu minime prof undo; canali
brevissimo. Div. 22°; spirae long. .125 poll.; long. tot. .19
poll.; lat. .075 poll.

Jamaica.

elongata Adams Fissurella Plate 41, fig. 7

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 8.

F. t. elongata, tenui, diaphana, fusca, albido-maculata, cos-
tulis 20 radiantibus, totidem brevioribus alternatim disposi-
tis, et 40 brevissimis marginalibus ornata; incrementi striis
maximis; anterius concava; posterius convexa; intus coeru-
lescente; fissura atro-marginata, media utrumque sinuata.
Lon. .375 poll.; lat. .2 poll.; alt. .11 poll. Dec. ant.: Dec. post.
: : 1 : 2.

Jamaica.

emersonii Adams Cerithium Plate 37, figs. 12-14

1839, Boston Journal of Natural History 2, pp. 284-285, pi. 4, fig. 10.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 277

C. testa parva, conica, elongata, longitudinaliter rugosa,
lineis granulatis cincta; anfractibus septemdecim, planulatis;
apice acuta; sutura sub-impressa, ampla; apertura sub-quad-
rata; labro pectinate; columella in spiram ducta; cauda re-
curvata.

Description. 5/?^// conical, elongate, with a regularly
granulated surface, dark reddish brown; whorls, sixteen to
seventeen, flattened, with two revolving series of prominent
granules at the upper and lower margins, and a middle
series, nearer to the upper than to the lower one, and less
prominent, commencing between the fourth and eighth
whorl from the base, and becoming more distinct as it ap-
proaches the base; in each series the granules are connected
by a rather narrow but very elevated revolving line, which
rises nearly as high as the granules, so that in worn speci-
mens the appearance is of a continuous line moderately di-
lating into granules; the latter are also connected by wrinkles
extending across each whorl; upper side of the whorls with
an acute edged carina; apex acute; suture deeply impressed,
broad; body whorl abruptly terminating with a granulous
carina; aperture sub-rhombic, nearly square, [285] about one
sixth the length of the aperture; labrum pectinated by the
revolving granulous lines; columella spirally twisted; canal
less than half the length of the aperture, recurved.

Length, .45 inch; breadth, .12 inch.

This is the common size; one specimen, however, is about
six tenths of an inch in length.

Inhabits New Bedford harbor on the Fairhaven side, and
Nantucket? [Massachusetts.]

Cabinets of the Boston Society of Natural History, of Geo.
B. Emerson, Esq., of A. A. Gould, M.D., P. G. Seabury Esq.,
of New Bedford, and my own.

Var. a. Granules obsolete, with simple, broad, elevated,
revolving lines, the middle one on several of the lower
whorls as prominent as the outer ones.

Cabinets of William H. Taylor. Esq. of New Bedford, and
my own.

Remarks. This shell was first presented to me in Nan-
tucket, as a native of the island, and a number of individuals
were afterwards given to me by Pardon G. Seabury, Esq. of

278 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

New Bedford, who found them at Fairhaven. From these
specimens, the species and variety were described at a
meeting of the Society in August last. Since then I have
seen an individual of the variety, which was found on an
island in the harbor of New Bedford. At Fairhaven, I have
found several specimens, (none of them living, though some
of them were quite fresh), which had been thrown upon the
beach with the Cerithium reticulatum, Totten. Their station
is yet to be ascertained, but is probably below low-water
mark.

I take pleasure in offering this humble tribute of respect
to George B. Emerson, Esq., President of this Society.
[Cerithium Emersonii C. B. Ad., is very like C. Costata Da

Costa.—Krebs 1866, p. 394.]

[Is Cerithiopsis subulata Montagu.— Johnson 1934, Proc.

Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 40, no. 1, p. 108.]

erythronotus Adams Chiton Plate 42, fig. 5

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 9.

C. t. parva, subelongata, fiavido-alba, irregulariter rubro-
maculata; areis lateralibus costatis, costis nodulosis, areis
dorsi striatis; margine squamuloso. Long. .55 poll.; lat. .3
poll.

Jamaica.

eulimoides Adams Rissoa Plate 33, fig. 9

1850, C. to C. no. 7, pp. 115-116.

Shell elongate conic: white, translucent in a spiral line
below the suture: smooth and shining, with a broad very
obtuse varix on each whorl, forming a slightly oblique line
with the labrum: apex rather obtuse: spire with the axis
moderately curved, convex on the left and rectilinear on the
right side: whorls seven or eight, scarcely convex, with a
lightly impressed suture: aperture scarcely effuse: labrum
well excurved, not advanced, moderately thickened.

[116] Mean divergence about 26°; length of spire .14 inch;
total length .2 inch; breadth .09 inch.

Jamaica.

exigua Adams Mitra Type lost.

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 2.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 279

M. t. minima, ovali-elongata, albida; anf. 6, supra costellis
plurimis et infra costis latis— instructis, supra atropurpureis,
infra fusco-maculatis; ultimo infra sicut supra insculpto;
canali brevi. Spirae long. .075 poll.; long. tot. .13 poll.; lat.
.06 poll.

Jamaica.

exiguum Adams Cerithium Type lost.

1850. C. to C. no. 7, p. 118-119.

Shell long ovate conic, sinistrorsal; wax color: with, on the
middle whorls, two, and on the lower whorls, three spiral
ridges, of which the middle one is more slender, and numer-
ous transverse ridges, the intersections being well developed
nodules; anteriorly with three additional smaller less strong-
ly nodulous spiral ridges: apex very acute: spire with the
outlines most curvilinear along the middle, nearly rectilinear
above and below: w^horls ten, planulate, with the place of
the suture distinguished by a somewhat larger groove; last
whorl much smaller than the penult whorl, gradually taper-
ing to the end: aperture rather small, subrhombic: canal
very short, nearly straight.

[119] Mean divergence as far as the penult whorl about
17^; length .09 inch; breadth .035 inch.

Jamaica.

exile Adams Cerithium Plate 38, fig. 8

1850, C. to C. no. 7. p. 120.

Shell conic, turrited, very slender: brownish red, paler at
the apex, whitish on the nodules: with one slightly elevated
and three well elevated spiral lines, and on each whorl about
twelve rather large obtuse ridges, the intersections being
moderately developed into nodules; with another spiral well
elevated line at the periphery of the last whorl: apex very
acute: spire with the outlines rectilinear: whorls twelve to
fourteen, quite convex, with a well impressed suture; last
whorl terminating abruptly, concave anteriorly: aperture
suborbicular: canal extremely short, reduced behind to a
broad deep- notch.

Mean divergence about 10'; length of spire .085 inch; total
length .1 inch; breadth .03 inch. A fragment consisting of

280 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

the lower five whorls of a larger shell is .04 inch wide.
Jamaica.

exilis Adams Chemnitzia Type lost.

1850, C. to C. no. 5, p. 74.

Shell very slender: white: with about fifteen to eighteen
stout transverse ribs, which terminate just below the con-
vexity of the last whorl; with numerous spiral striae in the
intercostal spaces, but not anteriorly; with the intercostal
spaces on the last whorl anteriorly depressed below the ad-
jacent surface of the anterior region: nucleus with about
one and one-half smooth whorls, nearly at right angles to
the rest of the shell: spire with rectilinear outlines: whorls
ten besides the nucleus, planulate, with a moderately im-
pressed suture: aperture rather short, subelliptical: labium
scarcely thickened: umbilical region scarcely indented.

Mean divergence about 10°; length of spire .145 inch;
total length .165 inch; breadth .037 inch.

Jamaica.
[Chemnitzia exilis C. B. Ad., C. flavo cincta C. B. Ad., C.
laevis (=levis) C. B. Ad., and C. subulata C. B. Ad., are very
like each other.-Krebs 1866, p. 395.]

fenestrata Adams Columbella Plate 41, fig. 2

1850, C. to C. no. 4, pp. 57-58.

Shell much elongated, ovate conic, sub-angular on the mid-
dle of the last whorl: opaque white around the aperture,
with, at the summit of the whorls, a spiral opaque white
band, which is interrupted by the angles of an approximate
series of [58] brown spots, which have the form of the sum-
mits of Gothic windows, and in which the deep brown of
the summit fades in descending to the middle of the whorls,
where the shell is transparent; with three linear spiral series
of alternating white and brown on the middle and anterior
part of the last whorl: with spiral striae anteriorly, other-
wise smooth: apex acute: spire with the outlines nearly rec-
tilinear: whorls eight, nearly plane, with a lightly impressed
suture: aperture in the form of a ^ but rather wider: labrum
thickened and well excurved, smooth within, sinuate above.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 281

Mean divergence 30'; length of spire .16 inch; total length
.25 inch; breadth .08 inch.
Jamaica.

flavocincta Adams Chemnitzia Plate 49, fig. 8

1850. C. to C. no. 5, p. 74.

Shell moderately elongated: white, with a broad spiral
band of yellowish brown along the suture: with about
twenty-eight transverse well rounded rather slender ribs,
which become obsolete on the anterior surface; with exces-
sively minute spiral striae, in the intercostal spaces, coarser
and traversing the ribs on the anterior region: nucleus con-
sisting of about one and one-half smooth whorls, very ob-
lique: whorls eight or nine besides the nucleus, slightly con-
vex below the middle, slightly shouldered, with a distinct
suture: aperture rather small, elliptical: labium moderately
thickened: umbilical region scarcely indented.

Mean divergence about 12'; length of spire .11 inch; total
length .145 inch; breadth .04 inch.

Jamaica.
[See note under C. exilis C. B. Adams.]

flavocincta Adams Pleurotoma Plate 29, fig. 1

1850, C. to C. no. 4, pp. 63-64.

Shell ovate-conic, much elongated: white, with a spiral
band of yellowish brown on the upper and on the lower
parts of the whorls, with spots of the same descending from
the upper band into the intercostal spaces; with linear bands
of the same below the middle of the last whorl: plicately and
transversely ribbed on the middle of the whorls; with a very
broad moderately elevated spiral ridge along the middle of
the whorls; with a slight linear spiral ridge at the summit
of the whorls, and a third spiral ridge of intermediate size
at the lower part of the whorls: apex subacute: spire with
the outlines nearly rectilinear: whorls about seven, scarcely
convex, with an indistinct suture: aperture small, but rather
wide: sinus moderate, near the upper end of the labrum:
canal very short.

Mean divergence about 28^ length of spire .11 inch; total
length .19 inch; breadth .07 inch.

Jamaica.

282 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

flavum Adams Cerithium Plate 37, fig. 11

1850. C. to C. no. 7, p. 122.

Shell conic, turrited: bright yellowish brown: with three
prominent spiral carinae, and about twenty-six less promi-
nent transverse slender ridges, the intersections being feebly
nodulous; anteriorly with an additional slightly nodulous
spiral ridge: apex acute: spire with the outlines nearly rec-
tilinear: whorls about nine, a little convex, with a distinct
suture; last whorl terminating very abruptly, concave an-
teriorly: aperture suborbicular: canal extremely short, very
wide.

Mean divergence nearly 20°; length of spire .12 inch; total
length .15 inch; breadth .045 inch.

Jamaica.

fluctuata Adams Marginella Plate 32, fig. 3

1850, C. to C. no. 4, pp. 56-57.

Shell obovate: whitish, with very narrow longitudinal
strongly waved lines of brown, which extend from the sum-
mit to the anterior extremity, and which, being more con-
spicuous at the summit and at intervals, form spiral series,
a little above and a little below the greatest convexity of
the shell: spire entirely [57] concealed by the last whorl,
with a callus reaching from the lip over the summit: labrum
rather sharp, finely denticulate within: columella with five
plaits, the anterior of which are larger. This species resem-
bles M. frumentum Sowb.

Length .17 inch; breadth .11 inch.

Jamaica.
[Marginella fluctuata C. B. Ad., is very near M chry some-
Una Redf.— Krebs 1866, p. 396.]

fulva Adams Corbula Plate 47, fig. 13

1852, C. to C. no. 12, pp. 240-241.

C. t. ovato-triangulari, crassa, (inequi- [241] valvi?) vix in-
equilaterali, postice subrostrata; margine ventrali excurvata:
fulva, intus roseo tincta: concentrice supra striata, infra
fortiter sulcata: apicibus parvis, baud involutis: umbonibus
perconvexis, postice biangulatis: dentibus mediocribus.
Long. T ' ' .9; alt. 5' ' ' .6; lat. 5' ' ' .1.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 283

Shell ovate-triangular, thick, (inequivalve?) subinequilat-
eral, subrostrated posteriorly; ventral margin excurved: yel-
lowish brown, tinged with red within: striated above, and
strongly furrowed below, concentrically: beaks small, not
involute: umbones very convex, posteriorly biangulated:
teeth moderately developed. It differs from C. Siviftiana in
being less rostrated; it is also shorter than C. Kjoeriana;
and differs from both in color, and in being very strongly
sulcated. We have therefore ventured to describe it from a
single right valve.

Length .31 inch; height .22 inch; breadth .21 inch.

Station. —Unknown.

Habitat.— The specimen (in Mus. Amh.[erst] was said to
have come from the Amazon; but the species is not a Pota-
momya.

fulvo-cincta Adams Eulima (?) Type lost.

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 111.

Shell ovate-conic, turrited: translucent, white, with a spiral
band of bright brown below the middle of the whorls, and
another along the suture, both of which bands are much
and irregularly interrupted; with a few transverse irregular
stripes of the same; smooth and shining: apex rather obtuse:
spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear: whorls seven,
planulate, with an indistinct suture: aperture narrow: colu-
mella subtruncated.

Mean divergence about 20"; length .2 inch; breadth .065
inch.

Jamaica.

fusca Adams Pleurotoma Plate 29, fig. 9

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2,\i.A.

P. t. parva, fusca; sutura profunda; anf. 5, singulatim cos-
tis 8 vel 9, et multis striis decurrentibus inequidistantibus—
instructis; labro expanso; sinuparvo; canali brevissimo. Div.
35" ad 25"; spirae long. .12 poll.; long. tot. .22 poll.; lat. .1
poll.

Jamaica.

fusca Adams Pyramis Plate 38, figs. 20-21

1839, Boston Journal of Natural History 2, pp. 282-284. pi. 4, fig. 9.

284 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

P. testa parvula, conica, decisa; epidermide fusca, nitida;
anfractibus sex, convexis; sutura impressa, sub-duplicata;
apertura ovali, supra angulata, infra rotundata; labro tenui;
columella convexa, reflexa, baud plicata.

Description. Shell conical, rather elongate, subperforate;
spire truncated; epidermis brown, shining, not membranous,
not separable from the shell; whorls about six, not reckoning
those which are lost at the apex, with minute striae of
growth; suture strongly impressed, often double; sometimes
with a revolving line at the upper side of the whorl; aper-
ture about two-fifths the length of the shell, parallel to the
axis, oval, angular superiorly, rounded inferiorly; labrum
not thickened; body whorl entering the aperture in the upper
of the left side, and separating the margins; columella emerg-
ing at the middle of the labrum, convex, reflected, smooth,
without any fold; operculum?

Length, .15 inch; breadth, .07 inch.

Inhabits the harbors of New Bedford [Massachusetts] and
vicinity.

Cabinets of the Boston Society of Natural History, of A.
A. Gould, M.D., George B. Emerson, Esq., and my own.

Remarks. This shell was found after my return from
New Bedford, among a large number of the Turbo obligatus,
and Actaeon trifidus, which were brushed into a box from
wet planks, to which they were clinging, not far above low
water mark. Six specimens were thus found; also four more
with the A. trifidus in a parcel of sand from the harbor of
New Bedford. Since then I have found a single specimen
by dredging a few feet below low water mark in Dartmouth
harbor. The middle of the body whorl and the lower part
of the upper whorls were brown, but the rest was whitish.
I have also received several specimens from P. G. Seabury,
Esq. who found them at Tiverton, R. I., in company with
the Turbo minutus, Totten, in the sand.

It resembles the Jaminia exigua Couthouy, Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist. II. 92, in several important characters but differs
in others. The epidermis is dark brown, close, and shining;
that of the /. exigua is very pale, nearly white, membranous
and loose, and dull; the body whorl in our shell is much less
ventricose and more cylindrical; incremental striae plainly

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 285

visible on the [284] epidermis; aperture less; no fold on the
columella. It approaches nearly to the Tiiritella bisuturalis
Say, which, however, is pellucid, with five whorls, suture
not deeply impressed, is more elongate, and whorls flattened.
This species may perhaps be referred to Brown's genus
Pyramis. Specimens with a revolving line on the upper side
of the whorls, may be regarded as a well marked variety.

fuscocincta Adams Pleurotoma Plate 30, fig. 6

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 62.

Shell clavate pyramidal: pale yellowish white, with a su-
tural line of brown, anteriorly wax yellow with revolving
lines of yellowish white: with a spiral series of large smooth
well rounded nodules, on slightly elevated wide ridges on
the lower half of the whorls; anteriorly with a few spiral
raised lines: apex acute: spire with the outlines rectilinear:
whorls seven or eight, not convex, with the suture not im-
pressed: aperture rather wide: canal very short.

Mean divergence 33°; length of spire .17 inch; total length
.27 inch; breadth .13 inch.

Jamaica.

fusco-lineata Adams Pleurotoma Type lost.

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 4.

P. t. parva, albida, lineis pluribus fuscis irregulariter in-
terruptis cincta; anf. 7, singulatim costis 10 ad 12 et striis
profundis decurrentibus baud costas superantibus— instruc-
tis; sinu minime profundo; canaU brevissimo. Div. 25°; spirae
long. .13 poll; long tot. .2 poll.; lat. .08 poll.

Jamaica.

fusiforme Adams Cerithium Plate 38, fig. 4

1850, C. to C. no. 7, pp. 120-121.

Shell ovate-fusiform: reddish black, [121] whitish at the
apex, darkest on the ridges, paler between them and anteri-
orly: with, on most of the whorls, three spiral ridges, of
which the upper two are nearer together and in the upper
half of the shell are confluent, and of which the upper one
is larger: with numerous scarcely perceptible transverse
ridges, which on the spiral ridges are excessively developed

286 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

into closely set nodules; anteriorly with another subnodu-
lous spiral ridge, and with transverse striae: apex acute:
spire with the outlines curvilinear: whorls eight or nine,
slightly convex, with an indistinct suture; last whorl much
smaller than the penult whorl: aperture suborbicular: labrum
well excurved and advanced, slightly thickened: labium with
a small callus above: canal very short, straight, wide.

Divergence in the upper whorls about 35°; length of spire
.075 inch; total length .1 inch; breadth .04 inch.

Jamaica.
[See note under C. gemmulosum C. B. Adams.]

fusiformis Adams Pleurotoma Plate 30, figs. 7-8

1850, C. to C. no. 4, pp. 64-65.

Shell fusiform: white, with a tinge of brown along the su-
ture and in the intercostal spaces: with large obtuse plici-
form ribs, about nine on each whorl, and numerous unequal
inequidistant spiral raised lines, of which one a little above
the pe- [65] riphery of the whorls is much larger, giving a
subangular aspect to the whorls: apex acute: spire with the
outlines nearly rectilinear: whorls five or six, rather convex,
with a well impressed suture: aperture long obovate: sinus
small: canal wide and short.

Mean divergence 40°. Length of spire .1 inch; total length
.18 inch; breadth .085 inch.

Jamaica.
[See note under P. albida C. B. Adams.]

gemmulosa Adams Odoslomia Plate 40, fig. 1

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 109.

Shell ovate-turrited: white: rather thick; with, on the up-
per whorls, three, and on the lower whorls four stout promi-
nent obtuse spiral ridges, and on each whorl about twenty
to twenty-two transverse ridges, which are continued over
the summits of the spiral ridges with well developed nodu-
lar intersections; anteriorly with five or six similar spiral
ridges issuing from the aperture, and not decussated: apex
subacute: spire with the outlines moderately convex: whorls
seven and one-half, subplanulate, with a canaliculate suture:
last whorl subacute anteriorly: aperture ovate, rather acute

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 287

above, moderately effuse and pointed anteriorly: columellar
plait more prominent than the spiral ridges on the labium
above it.

Mean divergence nearly 20"; length .155 inch; breadth
.055 inch.

Jamaica.

gemmulosum Adams Cerithium Plate 38, fig. 13

1847, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 228 [nude name]; 1850. C. to C. no.
7, p. 120.

Shell conoid, turrited: reddish black, sometimes wax-
colored on the lower part of the whorls: with three spiral
ridges, of which the middle one is more elevated; and on
each whorl about thirty-three small transverse ridges, with
the intersections nodulous; with a fourth ridge which is
slightly nodulous at the periphery of the last whorl, anterior
to which are only incremental striae: apex acute: spire with
the outlines moderately curvilinear: whorls twelve, moder-
ately convex, with a well impressed suture; last whorl
abruptly terminating, concave anteriorly; aperture broadly
ovate: labrum very thin, well advanced along the middle:
canal very short, nearly straight, with a broad deep notch
behind.

Mean divergence nearly 30°; length of spire .17 inch; total
length .21 inch; breadth .08 inch.

Jamaica.

[Cerithium gemmulosum C. B. Ad. There are two different

species in one tube, but the one which we take to be the C.

gemmulosum is closely allied to C iota C. B. Ad., C. albovitta-

tiim C. B. Ad., and C. fusiforme C. B. Ad. -Krebs 1866, p. 394.]

gibberulum Adams Cerithium Plate 37, fig. 3

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 5.

C. t. minima, tenui, nigrescente; anf. 9. singulatim plicis
18, et striis decurrentibus latis 5 vel 6, intersectionibus no-
diferis—instructis; anf. ultimo varice dorsali, plicis obsoletis
et striis minoribus — instructo; apertura emarginata. Div.
30° ad 25°; spirae long. .17 poll; long. tot. .24 poll.; lat. .085
poll.

Jamaica.

288 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

globulosus Adams Pedipes Plate 49, fig. 9

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 12.

P. quadridens ? Pfr. P. t. globulosa, crassa, castanea; lin-
eis elevatis, inequalibus, inequidistantibus, decurrentibus,
ornata; labro acuto, intus incrassato, supra unidentato; labio
supra dente maxima, lamelliformi, transversa, ornato; colu-
mella bidentata; dentibus et columella albis. Div. 90°; spirae
long. .08 poll; long. tot. .19 poll.; lat. .14 poll.

Jamaica.

gouldii 'C. B. Adams' Pfeiffer Truncatella Plate 49, fig. 10

1846, Zeitscrift fiir malakozoologie 3, p. 183 [nude name in the synonymy
of Truncatella caribaeensis Reeve].

[Is a synonym of Truncatella succinea C. B. Adams.— Clench
and Turner 1948, Johnsonia 2, p. 158.]

Gouldia

1847, Catalogue of the Genera and Species of Recent Shells in the collection
of C. B. Adams, p. 29.

Syn. Thetis Ad. This name having been preoccupied by
Mr. Sowerby for the two fossil species in the Green Sand
formation of England, I propose the above in honor of my
friend Dr. A. A. Gould.

gouldii Adams Natica Plate 41, fig. 12

1847, Catalogue of the Genera and Species of Recent Shells in the collection
of C. B. Adams, p. 21.

Syn. N. canaliculata Gould; This name having been preoc-
cupied by Lamarck for another shell, I propose to substitute
for it that of the eminent naturalist who discovered this
species.

gracilis Adams Eulima Type lost.

1850, C. to C, no. 7, p. 110.

Shell ovate-conic, turrited: white, translucent, opaque
along the suture: smooth and shining, with an impressed
spiral line next below the suture: apex acute: spire with the
outlines nearly rectilinear: whorls thirteen, slightly convex,
with an indistinct suture; last whorl gradually tapering an-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 289

teriorly, rather short: aperture rather narrow: labrum much
advanced along the middle.

Mean divergence about 20"; length .24 inch; breadth .06
inch.

Jamaica.

gracilis Adams Marginalia Plate 32, fig. 14

1851, C. to C. no. 8, p. 130.

Shell between fusiform and cylindric, slender: white, with
three spiral bands of orange brown, of which the upper one
appears on the spire, a part of the middle one is seen in the
deflection of the suture in the last part of the penult whorl;
the middle band is sometimes indistinct: smooth and shin-
ing: apex rather obtuse: spire moderately lengthened, with
the outlines quite curvilinear: whorls nearly four, moderate-
ly convex, with the suture not very distinct; last whorl long:
aperture long and narrow; lip moderately thickened, slightly
incurved; varix slightly extended on the penult whorl; with
four very oblique plaits.

Length .26 inch; greatest breadth .09 inch; least breadth
.075 inch; length of aperture .175 inch.

This species resembles M. avena VaL, (M varia Soivb.),
but is much smaller, and much more slender, and has a
longer spire.

Jamaica.

granulosa Adams Lucina Plate 46, figs. 3-4

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, pp. 9-10.

L. t. parva, globulosa, alba, nodulis subquincuncialibus
plerumque ornata; dentibus lateralibus obso- [10] letis, car-
dinalibus robustis. Long. .34 poll.; alt. .31 poll; lat. .35 poll.

Jamaica.

greenii Adams Cerithium Plate 37, figs. 17-18

1839, Boston Journal of Natural History 2, pp. 287-288, pi. 4, fig. 12.

C. testa nigro-rubra, infra cylindraca, supra tereti, rugosa;
spira elongata; anfractibus duodecim; apice laevi, acuta;
sutura sub-duplicata; apertura ovali, parva; columella sub-
spirali; cauda perbrevi.

290 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Description. Shell blackish red, cylindrical in the lower
half, tapering above, thickly and deeply rugose [288] with
three revolving elevated lines, swelling upon the rugae into
granules; the lower series of granules rather larger, and the
upper one less than the middle series; the upper series nearer
to the middle one, and obsolete on the upper whorls; the
lower series appearing first in the progress of growth; spire
elongate; ivhorls about twelve; apicial ones smooth, nearly
white and pearly; suture rather broad, impressed, divided
by a revolving black ridge, which is obsolete between the
upper whorls, and is prolonged around the body whorl, with
two other black ridges emergent from the aperture; aperture
oval, nearly as broad as long, scarcely more than one sixth
the length of the shell; columella rather prominent below,
subspiral; labrum obtusely notched by the revolving lines;
canal very short, not more than one sixth of the length of
the aperture, slightly recurved.

Length about .18 inch; breadth .05 inch.

Inhabits Dartmouth harbor [Massachusetts], and was
found clinging to marine plants, a few feet below low-water
mark, in company with the Cerithium reticulatum Totten,
and Cerithium nigrocinctum Nob.

Cabinet of the Boston Society of Natural History, and my
own.

Remarks. Aug. 29th of the present year I obtained this
species in the harbor of Dartmouth. The seaweed was rinsed
in a bucket of water, by which process a great number of
the C. reticulatum were washed off, among which were found
several specimens of this species and of the C. nigrocinctum.

I take pleasure in dedicating this species to Thomas A.
Greene, Esq. of New Bedford.

[Is in the genus Cerithiopsis. — Johnson 1934, Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist. 40, p. 108.]

helicoidea Adams Vitrinella Plate 35, fig. 1

1850, Monograph of Vitrinella, p. 9.

V. t. discoidea, alba, opaca vel translucente, linea suturali
impressa, et striis transversis inequalibus insculpta: apice
perobtusa: spira convexa, vix elevata: anfractibus quatuor,
subconvexis, valde accrescentibus: sutura vix impressa:

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 291

labio subcrasso: umbilico magno, profundo, carina spirali
instructo.

Discoidal: white, opaque and translucent in transverse al-
ternating lines: with a single impressed spiral line near the
summit of the whorls, and very fine irregular transverse
striae: apex very obtuse: spire slightly and convexly elevated:
whorls four, moderately convex, rapidly increasing, with a
lightly impressed suture; last whorl regularly rounded, a
little compressed beneath. Aperture not modified by the last
whorl: labium with a rather thick deposit: umbilicus large
and deep, with a spiral carina, exhibiting all the whorls.
Mean divergence about 150'; length of spire .01 inch; total
length .03 inch; greatest breadth .075 inch; least breadth .06
inch.

Port Royal, Jamaica.
[This milky-transparent species has been redescribed and
figured by Miss Bush from a slightly larger specimen from
off Cape Hatteras in 16 fathoms.

The "impressed spiral line" mentioned by Adams is the in-
ternal suture, visible by transparence, not external sculpture.
The spiral figure of the suture, in dorsal view, is rather large,
slightly exceeding half of the total diameter. The umbilicus
is like a spiral stair, its side walls vertical, slightly overhung
by the small spiral cord. The columella is a little thickened,
and runs forward near its upper insertion. Growth-striae are
extremely weak, where visible. Diameter 1.75 mm., height 1
mm.; 3i whorls. -Pilsbry 1946, p. 2].

hyalina Adams Vitrinella Type lost.

1850, Monograph of Vitrinella, p. 5.

V. t. globosa, alba, subtransparente, laevi, nitida: apice
obtusa: spira convexa, elevata: anfractibus quatuor, percon-
vexis, sutura impressa, anf. ultimo magno, regulariter rotun-
dato, subtus valde indentato.

Globose: white, subtransparent: smooth and shining: apex
obtuse: spire with the outlines very convex: whorls four,
very convex, with a well impressed suture; last whorl rather
large and regularly rounded: aperture slightly modified by
the penult whorl: umbilical region well indented. Mean di-
vergence about 95'; length of spire .02 inch; total length .05

292 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

inch; greatest breadth .065 inch; least breadth .055 inch.
Port Royal, Jamaica.

[The glass tube which should contain this species had been
shattered before it came into my possession, and the specimen
was not found. In addition to Professor Adams' original label
there is a slip upon which Miss Bush had written: '' not true
Vitrinella = Natica? K.J.B."*— Pilsbry 1946, p. 4.]

imbricatula Adams Lucina Plate 46, figs. 7-8

1845. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 10.

L. pectini affinis, sed t. breviore, crassiore, orbiculari, sub-
equilaterali, costulis valde imbricatis ornata. Long. .9 poll.;
alt. .85 poll.; lat. .5 poll.

Jamaica.

inaequalis 'C. B. Adams* H. and A. Adams Plecotrema

1853 [Nov. 1854] Proc. Zool. Soc, London, p. 122.

[A manuscript name never published by C. B. Adams.]
inequalis Adams Thracia Plate 45, fig. 14

1842, American Journal of Science and Arts 43, p, 145, text figure.

T. testa fragili, per-inequilaterali, per-inequivalvi, irregu-
lariter striata, postice truncata; valva sinistra subplanulata;
altera perconvexa; callo nymphali cochleariformi, anterius
elongato; ossiculo lunato, semicirculari.

Shell white, very thin, broadly and behind narrowly trun-
cate, very inequilateral and inequivalve, much deflected to
the left anteriorly; with the striae of growth unequal, nu-
merous and crowded at the extremities, where, under a mag-
nifier, the surface appears shagreened by minute wrinkles
of the striae; epidermis very thin, brownish, thicker at the
extremities; left valve nearly flat, with flve obtuse angles
radiating from the beak; right valve much larger and very
convex, emarginate in the whole of the posterior truncation,
with a groove and elevated umbonial angle defining the are-
olar region, its inferior margin sinuous; beaks small, pointed,
lamelliform, the right one moderately excavated for the re-
ception of the other; nymphoeal callosities spoon-shaped,

Katherine J. Bush.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 293

very much produced forwards and inwards; ossiculum semi-
circular and lunate, with an impression on the centre of
each side, but much deeper on one side, situated between
the spoon-shaped apophyses and the dorsal margin.

Dimensions.— Length L2 inch; height .75 inch; width .45
inch; length of ossiculum .1 inch.
Cabinet of Middlebury College.
Habitat, Gulf of Mexico.

Remarks.— A single specimen of this interesting species
was presented to the cabinet of this college by the Rev.
Wm. T. Hamilton, of Mobile, Ala. It is remarkable for the
disparity of the valves, the irregularity of its form, and the
sharp lamelliform beaks.

[Thracia inegualis.—We are requested by Prof. Adams to
state, that this shell, which was described in our last July num-
ber, is the Periploma trapezoides, Desh. Consequently the name
of Thracia inequalis must take the rank of a synonym. The
species has recently been found in Mobile Bay. The editors.—
1843, American Journal of Science and Arts 44, p. 420.]

intermedium Adams Cerithium Plate 38, figs. 9, 12

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 119.

Shell conoid, turrited, sinistrorsal: reddish black or dark
brown, with a broad white spiral band on the lower part of
the whorls; white near the apex: with, on the upper whorls,
two, and on the lower whorls, three nodulous spiral ridges,
and anteriorly three additional less strongly nodulous spiral
ridges: apex acute: spire with the outlines rectilinear above,
moderately curvilinear below: whorls about twelve, planu-
late, with the place of the suture distinguished by a rather
deeper groove: last whorl terminating rather abruptly: aper-
ture rather small, obliquely obcordate: canal short, nearly
closed at the origin, much deflected obliquely backwards.
This species is intermediate between C. ornatiDU and C.
modestum.

Mean divergence about 20^; length .2 inch; breadth .07
inch.

Jamaica.

294 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

intermedius Adams Murex Plate 39, fig. 15

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 60.

Shell elongated, ovate fusiform: whitish, with dingy brown
spots behind the varices, and a few dark brown spiral lines
within the aperture, and spots of the same on the labrum:
with six varices on each whorl; with imbricate spiral striae;
with strongly crenulated spiral very prominent ridges, which
are slightly fringed in crossing the varices, and of which the
upper two are approximate, and the next lower one is small:
apex acute: spire with moderately convex outlines: whorls
eight, very angular above the middle, and concave above
the angle, with a deep suture; last whorl with a broad deep
groove anteriorly, which is divided into pits by the varices:
aperture obovate: canal rather short but white.

Mean divergence 43°; length of spire .46 inch; total length
.85 inch; breadth .4 inch.

This species is similar to M. erosus Brod. and M. alveatus
Kr.

Jamaica.
[This species is in the genus Tritonalia. — Clench and
Turner.]

interrupta C. B. Adams' Philippi Littorina lineata var.

Plate 38, fig. 18

R. A. Philippi 1856 [in] Conchylien-Cabinet 2, part 9, p. 24, pi. 3, figs. 14-15
(Jamaica).

[This species was never described by Adams though speci-
mens under this name occur in his collection. We figure a
paratype, MCZ no. 186123, that agrees in all essential details
with the figured specimen of Philippi. The specimen which
Philippi figured is here considered to be the lectotype.]

interrupta Adams Vitrinella Plate 35, figs. 4-5

1850, Monograph of Vitrinella, p. 6.

V. t. globosa, subconica, alba, subtransparente: sulcis ele-
vatis tribus supra, et sulcis minoribus quinque vel sex subtus,
spiralibus insculpta; striis transversis candidis subdistanti-
bus a sulcis interrupts ornata: apice perobtusa: spira elevata,
convexa: anfractibus quatuor, convexis, sutura baud valde

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 295

impressa; anf. ultimo magno, regulariter rotundato, subtus
late et profunde indentato.

Depressed globose conic: white, subtransparent in the last
whorl: with three rather large more or less elevated spiral
grooves above, and five or six of less size beneath; with
somewhat distant opaque white transverse striae, which are
interrupted by the spiral grooves: apex very obtuse: spire
with very convex outlines: whorls four, quite convex, with
a moderately impressed suture; last whorl rather large,
rapidly increasing, well rounded: aperture scarcely modified
by the penult whorl: umbilical region widely and deeply in-
dented. Mean divergence about 100^; length of spire .015
inch; total length .035 inch; greatest breadth .045 inch; least
breadth .038 inch.

Port Royal, Jamaica.
[The nuclear shell, of a trifle over two whorls, is smooth.
With a third whorl, three spiral ridges begin abruptly, their
intervals crossed by axial threads as in the detail finished in
fig. 5. On the last whorl there are about nine spirals, those
above the periphery slightly larger and more widely spaced.
The last spirals, around the um.bilicus, are quite weak, so that
the count of ribs may be a little indefinite, 8 to 10. The larger
of two specimens in the Adams collection is broken, our fig-
ures of it left unfinished except for a detail of sculpture, fig.
5. The two specimens measure:
Diameter 1.2 mm., height 1 mm.; 3i whorls.
Diameter 1.05 mm., height 0.82 mm.

Except by its somewhat smaller size, this species very closely
resembles C. sanibelense Pils. It belongs to a new subgenus of
Cyclostrema to be defined in another place by Mr. McGinty
and the author. C. interrnptum (C.B.Ad.), C. sanibelense Pils.
and C. zacalles Mazyck appear to be three size stages, other-
wise nearly alike.— Pilsbry 1946, p. 5].

[Is Parvittirboides.—ViXshry and McGinty 1950, Nautilus 63,
p. 84.]

iota Adams Cerithium Plate 37, fig. 16

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 5.

C. t. minima, atro-rubra; sutura profunda; anf. 10, plicis
decurrentibus tribus, (anf. ultimi4,) et plicis longitudinalibus

296 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

minoribus, intersectionibus nodiferis — instructis; canali
brevissimo. Div. supra 25°, infra nihil; spirae long. .095 poll;
long tot. .12 poll.; lat. .03 poll.

Jamaica.
[See note under C. gemmulosum C. B. Adams.]

jamaicensis Adams Eulima Plate 36, fig. 5

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 6.

E. t. gracili, lactea, diaphana, fascia alba opaca suturali —
cincta; sutura lineari, subprofunda; anf. 13, planis, laevibus;
apertura minima; labro expanso. Div. 20°; spirae long. .23
poll.; long. tot. .325 poll.; lat. .1 poll.

Jamaica.

jamaicensis Adams Littorina Plate 38, fig. 19

1850, C. to C. no. 5, pp. 71-72.

Shell oblong conic: with transverse somewhat oblique
flames of rusty brown or slate color or black, on a white
ground, which are interrupted on the middle of the whorls
by a spiral slate-colored or black band, which is of unequal
width in different shells and in different parts of the same
shell, but is itself sometimes interrupted by the continuity
of the transverse flames of white and slate color; brown on
the columella; brownish black within, with a spiral band of
white near the anterior extremity: solid, with very deep
rather distant spiral striae, of which there are about eight
on the penult whorl, and which are more crowded anteriorly:
apex very acute: spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear:
whorls seven, convex, with a lightly impressed suture; last
whorl with an angular and subcarinated periphery: aperture
rather broadly ovate: columella arcuate and flattened. The
sculpture of this shell is like that of L. carinata Orb. and
the form is like that of L. lineata Orb. (L. ziczac Desh. et al.)
but is rather more robust, and the shell is more [72] solid.
A variety of coloring has all the shell black except on the
upper third of the whorls and on the anterior part. A variety
of sculpture and coloring has the striae enlarged nearly to
the width of the intervening ridges, and is mostly black with
spirally elongated spots of white on the ridges.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 297

Mean divergence 58^; length of spire .36 inch; total length
.72 inch; breadth .44 inch.

Jamaica.
[Is a synonym of Littorina ziczac Gmelin.— Bequaert 1943,
Johnsonia 1, p. 15].

jamaicensis Adams Natica Plate 41, fig. 11

1850, C. to C. no. 7, pp. 111-112.

Shell obliquely ellipsoidal: pale brown or livid, somewhat
mottled, often with three more or less distinct revolving
series of transverse curved brown flames; with a white spiral
infrasutural stripe; with the umbilical callus and most of the
labial deposit dark brown: with obsolete spiral striae; with
the oblique infrasutural striae quite distinct: apex acute:
spire prominent, with the outlines moderately curv^ilinear:
whorls nearly five, rather convex, with a well impressed
suture: aperture not very wide, ovate but [112] compressed
in the left outline: labial deposit rather thick; umbilical callus
nearly filling the rather narrow umbilicus.

Mean divergence about 120°; length of aperture .42 inch;
total length .53 inch; breadth .43 inch.

Jamaica.

jamaicensis Adams Terebra Plate 38, fig. 22

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 58.

Shell not very slender, regularly tapering above the last
whorl: slate colored, with a series of darker spots on a white
spiral stripe next below the suture; with a white spiral line
emerging from the top of the aperture, and a brown one from
the middle of the same; white between the brown stripe and
the columella: with longitudinal unequal wrinkles, which
extend from the suture nearly to the middle of the whorls;
with excessively minute lightly impressed spiral striae: apex
acute: spire with the outlines almost rectilinear: whorls
twelve or thirteen, nearly plane: aperture long ovate: notch
wide: columella slightly twisted. This species closely re-
sembles the more slender T. stylata Hinds of the Philippine
Islands.

Mean divergence 16"; length 1.9 inch; breadth .43 inch.

Jamaica.

298 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

[The original types of this species are lost. We have selected
a specimen named by C. B. Adams to be a neoholotype.]

jay ana Adams Pleurotoma Plate 30, fig. 4

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 61.

Shell clavate-pyramidal: black, with a broad spiral pale
yellowish nodiferous band, and another of the same color
anteriorly: with a series of broad close-set smooth not promi-
nent nodules on the lower half of the whorls of the spire;
anteriorly with four or five distant raised revolving lines,
which are sometimes granulous, the granules being white:
apex acute: spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear: whorls
eight, planulate above the series of nodules, with a lightly
impressed suture; last whorl subangular: aperture small:
sinus a little below the extremity of the labrum: canal very
short.

Mean divergence 30°; length of spire .31 inch; total length
.5 inch; breadth .24 inch.

This species resembls P. zebra Kr., for which it was for
some time mistaken.

Jamaica.

jayanum Adams Amphidesma Plate 43, figs. 3-4

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 10.

A. t. orbiculari, fiexuosa, baud hiante, lamellis concentri-
cis crebris, interdum obsoletis, striisque radiantibus exilis-
simis ornata; Guniorum intus rubro-maculata; seniorum al-
bidis vel flavis;) interdum rubro-radiata; dentibus 2, magnis,
divaricatis, subremotis. Long. L41 poll.; alt. L36 poll.; lat.
.7 poll.

Jamaica.

kjoeriana Adams Corbula Plate 47, figs. 1-2

1852, C. to C. no. 12, p. 237.

C. t. C. Swiftianae simili; sed posterius vix rostrata, paullu-
lum productiore: rugis concentricis robustioribus, in lunu-
1am productis; valvis ambobus similiter insculptis: angulo
umbonali acutiore, a margine dorsali plus remota. Speci-
minis magni long. 12' ' ^ .2; alt. T ' ' .6; lat. 5' ' ' .2.

This species so closely resembles C. Swiftiana\ that a speci-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 299

fication of the differences will suffice for description. C.
Kjoeriana is not so distinctly rostrated, although usually a
little more elongated posteriorly: the concentric ridges are
stouter, and are continued into the lunule; both valves are
sculptured alike: the umbonial angle is more acute and dis-
tinct, and is a little more distant from the posterior dorsal
margin.

Length of a large specimen .48 inch; height .3 inch;
breadth .26 inch.

Station.— In mud, in 4 or 5 fathoms water; C.B.A.!

Habitat— '^t. Thomas; T. Bland! in sched. in Mus. Amh.
[erst] Kingston harbor, Jamaica; C. B. A.! We obtained 70
specimens, most of which are immature.

Knoxiana Adams Corbula Plate 47, figs. 11-12

1852, C. to C. no. 12, pp. 238-239.

C. t. ovato-rhombica, subcrassa, subequivalvi, vix inequi-
laterali, postice truncata et infra acuminata; margine ven-
trali recta vel baud multum excurvata: albida: rugis concen-
tricis reclivatis acutis regularibus, in speciminibus [239]
magnitudinem variantibus, ad aream posticam crebrioribus:
apicibus parvis, baud involutis: umbonibus subplanulatis,
postice concavis, acutissime angulatis; area postica sulco
bisecta, a labiis angulo disjuncta; dentibus validis, brevibus.
Long. 12' ' ' .7; alt. 8' ' ' .1; lat. 1' ' ' .1; spec, alterius, long.
9' ' ' .4; alt. ? ' ' .9.

Shell ovate-rhombic, moderately thick, subequivalve,
slightly inequilateral, posteriorly truncated, and acuminated
below, with the ventral margin straight or moderately ex-
curved: whitish: with concentric regular acute-edged recli-
vate ridges, varying in size in different specimens, smaller
and more crowded in the posterior area: beaks small, not
involute: umbones flattened, with a very acute much devel-
oped angle, with the posterior area more or less concave and
divided along the middle by a furrow, separated by an angle
from the corselet: teeth short and strong.

Length .5 inch; height .32 inch; breadth .28 inch; another
shell is .37 inch long, and .31 high.

Station.— In mud, in 3 or 4 fathoms water; C.B.A.!

300 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Habitat— Kingston harbor, Jamaica; C.B.A.! We obtained
2 entire shells and 20 odd valves of this rare species. It is an
analogue of C. bicarinata of the Panama zoological province.

krebsiana Adams Corbula Plate 48, fig. 3

1852, C. to C. no. 12, p. 234.

C. t. trigona, perinequivalvi, inequilaterali; valva dextra
rostrata; margine ventrali antice rotundata, postice recta:
albida, supra et antice rubro tincta: valva parva concentrice
striata; valva dextra concentrice sulcata, sulcis crebris, par-
vis: apicibus prominentibus, involutis: umbonibus: convexis:
dentibus parvis. Long. 6.1 millim.; alt. 5.1 millim.; lat. 3.8
millim.

Shell trigonal, very inequivalve, inequilateral, with the
large valve rostrated; with the ventral margin rounded an-
teriorly, nearly straight posteriorly: white, often tinged with
pink on the beaks and umbones except posteriorly: small
valve finely concentrically striated; large finely and closely
furrowed: beaks prominent, much involuted: umbones very
convex; with small posterior angles, one on the small valve
and two on the other: teeth small.

Length .24 inch; height .2 inch; breadth .15 inch.

Probably it resembles C. operculata Phil.

Station.— Mviddy bottom, at a depth of 3 or 4 fathoms;
C.B.A.!

Habitat— In the harbor of Kingston, between K. and Port
Royal; C.B.A.! About 60 specimens were obtained, most of
which are less than .2 inch long.

Jamaica.

laevigata Adams Rissoa Plate 34, fig. 7

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 114.

Shell long ovate conic, rather slender: white, translucent:
smooth: apex acute: spire with the outlines slightly convex:
whorls nearly seven, scarcely convex, with a moderately
impressed suture: aperture moderately effuse: labrum well
advanced and excurved, rather thick.

Mean divergence about 28°; length of spire .08 inch; total
length .12 inch; breadth .045 inch.

Jamaica.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 301

[Is Rissoina hrowniana d'Orbigny.— M. Desjardin 1949, Jour,
de Conch. 89, p. 205.]

laevissima Adams Rissoa Plate 33, fig. 7

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 115.

Shell long ovate conic: dingy white, with a very pale red-
dish brown spiral band on the upper part of the whorls, and
two others on the middle and anterior part of the last whorl;
but these bands are often obsolete, and speedily disappear
in weathering: surface highly polished: apex very acute:
spire with the outlines slightly curvilinear: whorls nine,
slightly convex, with a moderately impressed suture: aper-
ture rather small, very effuse: labrum v/ell excurved and
advanced, very much thickened. Conf. Rissoina Broivniana
Orb. Moll, du Cuba, Tab. XII. f. 33-35.

Mean divergence about 30°; length of spire .13 inch; total
length .2 inch; breadth .09 inch.

Jamaica.
[Is Rissoina browniana d'Orbigny.— M. Desjardin 1949, Jour,
de Conch. 89, p. 205.]

lanceolata Adams Mangelia Plate 31, fig. 9

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 66.

Shell very long, lanceolate: brownish, more or less tinged
with purple, with fine spiral lines of white and of dark
brown, which are more conspicuous on the ribs; with a
darker and wider brown line along the suture: with six very
prominent acute transverse ribs on each whorl, which are
nearly or quite continuous on the successive whorls; with a
spiral elevated line, on the middle of the whorls, which is
obsolete in the intercostal spaces and has nodulous inter-
sections with the ribs: apex acute: spire with rectilinear
outlines: whorls eight, scarcely convex, with a lightly im-
pressed suture: labrum finely denticulate within: sinus shal-
low: canal not very short.

Mean divergence 23°; length of spire .26 inch; total length
.44 inch; breadth .14 inch.

Jamaica.

302 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

latior Adams Chemnitzia Type lost.

1850, C. to C. no. 5, p. 72.

Shell moderately elongated: white: with about twenty to
twenty-four prominent transverse ribs, the ends of which
mostly alternate at the suture, and which are produced on
the last whorl into the umbilical indentation: with numerous
crowded spiral striae, which ascend the sides of the ribs
without being produced over their summits: nucleus con-
sisting of about one smooth globular whorl, with its axis
nearly at right angles to the axis of the shell: spire with the
outlines a little convex: whorls about nine after the loss of
the nucleus, slightly convex, with a distinct suture: aperture
obliquely ovate, acuminate above: labium much thickened:
umbilical region moderately indented.

Mean divergence 22°; length of spire .165 inch; total length
.215 inch; breadth .065 inch.

Jamaica.

latior Mighels and Adams Cingula Plate 39, fig. 2

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, p. 48, pi. 4, fig. 22.

C. testa minima, ovato-conica, laevi, pallida; anfractibus
quatuor, convexis; sutura impressa; spira quam apertura
longiore; anfractu postremo magno; apertura sub-ovata;
operculo corneo.

Shell minute, ovate-conic, smooth, pale horn-color; whorls
more than four, convex; suture much impressed; spire three-
fifths of the length of the shell; last whorl broad, larger than
the rest of the shell; aperture ovate-orbicular, left margin
with a lamina; operculum horny.

Length .08 inch; breadth .05 inch; divergence 60 degrees.

Habitat. Casco Bay; taken from the stomach of a haddock
in the spring of 1841.

It is in the cabinet of J. W. Mighels.

Remarks. This species has a slight resemblance to C.
minuta, Totten, in the absence of sculpture; but the spire is
shorter, more pointed, and its divergence is much greater,
giving a very different form to the shell. It is, moreover, a
much smaller shell. It appears also to be allied to Turbo
reticulatiis Montagu, but is distinct from that species in not
having as many turns by one and a half; it differs, also, in

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 303

not being "" strongly striate, both longitudinally and trans-
versely," and in not having the "aperture thickened by a
rib." It has been found very rarely, usually in company with
C. semicostatiis and C. arenariiis Mont.

latum Adams Cerithium Plate 38, fig. 5

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 122.

Shell conic above, cylindric below: whitish, with a spiral
brown band occupying the suture and the upper spiral ridge,
on which however the granules are white: with three spiral
ridges, of which the lower one is a little larger, and very
small transverse ridges, which are developed on the spiral
ridges into very large nodules; anteriorly with an additional
nodulous ridge: apex acute: spire with the outlines quite
curvilinear in the upper three-fifths: whorls seven, of which
two are nuclear and smooth, slightly convex, with an indis-
tinct suture; last whorl nearly as large as the penult whorl,
terminating rather abruptly: aperture broadly ovate; labrum
well excurved, moderately thickened: canal very short and
wide, nearly straight.

Divergence in the upper whorls about 40"; length of spire
.07 inch; total length .09 inch; breadth .038 inch.

Jamaica.

levis Adams Chemnitzia Plate 49, figs. 3-4

1850, C. to C. no. 5, p. 73.

Shell much elongated: white: with about twenty-eight to
thirty transverse rather stout ribs, which are not produced
below the convexity of the last whorl; without spiral striae;
with the intercostal spaces of the last whorl anteriorly de-
pressed below the surface of the anterior region; with scarce-
ly perceptible lines of growth anteriorly: nucleus consisting
of about one and one-third smooth whorls, quite oblique:
spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear: whorls nine or ten,
scarcely convex, a little constricted above: aperture rhombic
ovate: labium scarcely thickened: umbilical region not in-
dented.

Mean divergence about 10 ; length of spire. 12 inch; total
length .165 inch; breadth ,04 inch.

Jamaica.
[See note under C. exilis C. B. Adams.]

304 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

ligata Mighels and Adams Fasciolaria Plate 38, fig. 16

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, pp. 51-52, pi. 4, fig. 17.

F. testa elongata, fusiformi, crassa, rubro-fusca, transver-
sim costulata; anfractibus sex, convexis: spira acuminata;
sutura valde impressa; apertura ovato-elongata; labro cre-
nato: columella plicis duabus.

Shell elongated, fusiform, rather thick, of a reddish-brown
[52] color, when fresh, covered with a thin and almost per-
fectly transparent epidermis; whorls six, well rounded, and
covered with six or seven equidistant, revolving, thread-like
ribs, with grooves alternating; suture well impressed; spire
regularly tapering, pointed; aperture oblong-oval, polished;
within of a bright reddish-brown color; canal rather narrow,
nearly straight; labrum rather thin, crenulated by the ribs
and grooves; columella arcuated above the middle; two dis-
tinct, oblique, delicate folds above the commencement of
the canal.

Length .7 inch; breadth .3 inch; divergence 45°.

Cabinets of Dr. Gould, J. G. Anthony, J. W. Mighels, and
C. B. Adams.

Habitat. Mingan, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; taken from
the stomachs of cod-fishes, by Mr. Foster, fisherman, in the
summer of 184 L

Remarks. This remarkable and truly beautiful shell is
not very nearly allied to any species with which we are ac-
quainted, unless it be that of F. fusiformis Valenc, from
New Holland. That species, however, is much larger than
our shell, is much less regularly and strongly ribbed, and
has a tooth-like process on the labium, of which our shell is
destitute. We suppose this to be the first and only species
of the genus that has ever been found on our coast.

ligata 'C. B. Adams' H. and A. Adams Mangelia

1853, Genera of Recent Mollusca 1, p. 100.

[So far as we can detect this species was never described
by C. B. Adams. It must be considered a nude name.— Clench
and Turner.]

ligata Adams Scalaria Type lost.

1850, C. to C. no. 4, pp. 67.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 305

Shell rather short, conic: white: varices thirteen on each
whorl, rather strong, well elevated, continuous across the
suture and but slightly depressed by it: whorls five or six,
scarcely contiguous: aperture very slightly elongated ob-
liquely: umbilical region with a small ridge parallel with
the labium.

Mean divergence nearly 50°; length of spire .15 inch; total
length .25 inch; breadth .14 inch.

Jamaica.

livido-maculata Adams Monodonta Plate 39, fig. 11

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 7.

M. t albida, maculis pluribus lividis fuscescentibus, mag-
nis, ornata; sutura profunda; anf. 6, subangulatis, striatis,
striis latis inequalibus decurrentibus; apertura transversa,
ovata; labro infra bi- vel ter-emarginato; umbilico profundo,
bi- vel tri-carinato. Div. 90°; spirae long. .45 poll; long. tot.
.65 poll.; lat. .75 poll; umbilici diam. .14 poll.

Jamaica.

maculata Adams Pleurotoma Plate 29, fig. 3

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 62.

Shell ovate-fusiform: white with a spiral series of large
distant yellowish brown spots on the upper part of the
whorls; anteriorly with a spiral band of very pale yellowish
brown terminating often in a deeper spot on the labrum:
with eleven or twelve transverse ridges on each whorl, which
are decussated by several spiral prominent lines: apex acute:
spire with the outlines moderately convex: whorls seven,
angular, with a well impressed suture: aperture small, nearly
in the form of a ^ [see plate 39, fig. 1]: labrum well excurved,
denticulate within: sinus not very small, near the upper ex-
tremity of the labrum: canal short, turning to the left.

Mean divergence 31°; length of spire .1 inch; total length
.17 inch; breadth .08 inch.

This species has some resemblance to P. qitadrata Rv.

Jamaica.

maculo-striata Adams Monodonta Plate 39, fig. 13

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, pp. 6-7.

306 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

M. t. parva, crassa, intus virescente, olivacea, extra macu-
lis subradiantibus elongatis paucis irregulariter ornata; anf .
6^, striis et lineis elevatis planulatis albo et nigro alternatim
maculatis decurrentibus— instructis [7] labro intus subcren-
ulato, infra bi- vel tri-dentato; umbilico profundo. Operculo
flavo; anf. 15. Div. 100° ad 80°; spirae long. .3 poll.; long. tot.
.48 poll; lat. .5 poll.; umbilici diam. .1 poll.

Jamaica.

megasoma Adams Cerithium Plate 37, fig. 8

1850, C. to C. no. 7, pp. 119-120.

Shell long ovate conic: mostly brownish or reddish black,
white within the aperture: thick, with three small spiral
rather minutely granulous ridges, of which the upper two
are [120] larger and more distant, and intermediary spiral
striae; anteriorly with six or seven additional feebly granu-
lous small spiral ridges; often (?) with one broad varix on
the left side: apex acute: spire with the outlines rectilinear
except in the lower part: whorls about eight (?), a little con-
vex, with a moderately impressed suture; last whorl large
and rather ventricose: aperture subovate, rather acuminate
at both extremities: labrum rather sharp, much thickened
a little behind the edge, feebly striated within: labium with
a small prominent callus above: canal very short.

Mean divergence nearly 40°; length of spire .36 inch; total
length .58 inch; least breadth .25 inch; greatest breadth .3
inch.

Jamaica.
[See note under C variabile C. B. Adams.]

megastoma Adams Vitrinella Plate 35, fig. 2

1850, Monograph of Vitrinella, p. 7.

V. t. depressa, transverse ovata, alba translucente, laevi,
nitida apice obtusa: spira convexa anfractibus tribus, sub-
convexis, sutura conspicua; anf. ultimo prope aperturam
maximo, regulariter rotundato.

Much depressed, transversely ovate: white, translucent:
smooth and shining: apex very obtuse: spire convex, but
little elevated: whorls a little more than three, moderately

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 307

convex, with a distinct suture; last whorl ver\^ large, rapidly
increasing in the last part, well rounded: aperture scarcely
modified by the last whorl: umbilical region very widely
and deeply indented. Mean divergence about 130^; length
of spire .01 inch; total length .033 inch; greatest breadth .06
inch, least breadth .045 inch.

Port Royal, Jamaica-
ns in the genus Teinostoma. The shell is transparent, glassy,
quite thin and globose for Teinostoma, with very large aper-
ture, and a very small, sloping umbilical callus, which is flat
or slightly concave, the base rising around it. The wholly
superficial suture is bordered by a false sutural line by trans-
parence; sometimes this gives the illusion of a deeply impressed
suture. Diameter 2 mm., height 1.2 mm.; nearly 3^ whorls.

This was rather abundant. By the very small umbilical cal-
lus it agrees with Pseiidorotella, as Miss Bush has noted on
the label. The paratype figured is the largest in the lot. Adam's
measurements were apparently from a smaller one. Except in
size, the dozen specimens are all very much alike.— Pilsbry
1946, p. 5].

melanura Adams Cerithium Plate 38, fig. 10

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 117.

Shell like that of C modestiim, but snow white except the
dark brown apex, much more slender, with the outlines less
curvilinear, and the aperture smaller.

Mean divergence about 17^; length .2 inch; breadth .045
inch.

Jamaica.

melanura Adams Rissoa (?) Plate 33, fig. 2

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 116.

Shell conic, turrited: white, subtransparent, with the apex
black: nearly smooth, shining, with some spiral striae, which
are quite distinct anteriorly and at the lower part of the
whorls of the spire, and are obsolete on the upper part of
the whorls: apex acute: spire with outlines nearly rectilinear:
whorls eight, quite convex, with the suture rather deep: aper-
ture scarcely effuse: labrum thin (?), well excurved below
the middle: columella straight, subtruncate. On account of

308 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

the imperfect condition of the labrum in the specimens be-
fore me, it remains doubtful, whether this shell is a Rissoa;
it is evidently kindred to R. tervaricosa Ad., whose generic
character is also doubtful, the labrum being thickened by
the last varix.

Mean divergence about 28°; length of spire .21 inch; total
length .28 inch; breadth .11 inch.

Jamaica.
[See note under R. tervaricosa C. B. Adams.]

mendicarius Mighels and Adams Chiton Plate 42, fig. 6

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, p. 42, pi. 4, fig. 8.

C. testa elongata, in medio longitudinaliter ad latus irreg-
ulariter granulata, cinerea, nubeculata; areis-parum con-
spicuis; margine coriaceo, rubro.

Shell cinereous, with dark clouds, long-oval with obtuse
dorsal ridges, surface with elevated dots or granules disposed
in longitudinal lines, except towards the margin, where they
are irregular and larger; no visible concentric striae; tri-
angular areas very indistinct, outer ones small; margin
coriaceous, red.

Length, 1 inch; breadth, .4 inch; width of margin, .06 inch.

Habitat Casco Bay. This very distinct species was taken
from the stomach of a haddock in June, 1841. Only a single
specimen has been found, which is in the cabinet of J. W.
Mighels.

[This specimen was destroyed in the Portland fire. See R.I.
Johnson 1949, Occasional Papers On Mollusks 1, pp. 213-218.]

minor Adams Pleurotoma Plate 31, fig. 7

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 4.

P. t. minima, solida, flavido-fusca, fasciis albis duabus ali-
quanto interruptis, (altera ad spiram pertinente, altera anf.
ultimum infra cingente,) —cincta; anf. 6, subnodulosis, singu-
latim costis 9 robustis convexis, striis latis decurrentibus—
instructis. Div. 25°; spirae long. .11 poll; long. tot. .16 poll.;
lat. .07 poll.

Jamaica.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 309

minor Adams Rissoa scalaroides Plate 34, fig. 4

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 113.

Variety (?) minor is but .15 inch long.
[Rissoa minor C. B. Ad., R. miilticostata C. B. Ad., R. scala-
rella C. B. Ad., and R. scalaroides C. B. Ad., are syn. with
Rissoina Cateshya [ = catesbyana] d'Orb.— Krebs 1866, p. 397.]

mirabile Adams Cerithium Plate 38, fig. 1

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 118.

Shell ovate conic, turrited, sinistrorsal: white, with a sutu-
ral band of blackish brown, which commences a few whorls
below the light brown apex with an intervening white space:
with a narrow very prominent sutural ridge, on which is
the band of blackish brown, and a stouter strongly nodu-
lous spiral ridge along the middle of the whorls, anteriorly
with one or two additional slightly nodulous spiral ridges:
apex very acute: spire with the outlines rectilinear in the
upper half, quite fusiform in the lower half: whorls about
fifteen, nearly planulate, with an indistinct suture; last whorl
very much smaller than the penult whorl: aperture subor-
bicular, extremely small: with two small canals, which are
deflected nearly at right angles to the axis of the shell, and
are open only at the extremity. This extraordinary species
of subgenus Triphora is remarkable for the minute size of
the aperture.

Mean divergence to the penult v/horl about 20'; length .2
inch; breadth .062 inch; length of aperture only .025 inchi

Jamaica.

modesta Adams Scalaria Plate 49, fig. 6

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 7.

S. t. subcrassa, albida, baud nitente; sutura profunda; anf.
9, costulis 11 robustis acutis retro subreclinibus, et striis
decurrentibus exilissimis baud crebris — instructis; ultimo
anfractu baud carinato. Div. 35°; spirae long. .275 poll.; long,
tot. 4 poll; lat. .175 poll.

Jamaica.

310 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

modesta Adams Truncatella Plate 40, fig. 17

1851, C. to C. no. 8, pp. 132-133.

Shell much elongate, ovate conic: yellowish horn color,
with a white upper margin of the whorls: with about twenty-
one prominent compressed ribs, and numerous spiral striae,
which are interrupted by the ribs: apex truncate with the
loss of whorls: spire with the outlines somewhat curvi-
linear: whorls remaining after truncation seven, moderately
convex, margined above: aperture subovate, slightly angu-
lated anteriorly.

[133] Length (after truncation) .175 inch; breadth .06 inch;
length of aperture .045 inch.

Jamaica.
[This is a species of Turbonilla. — Clench and Turner 1948,
Johnsonia 2, p. 162.]

modestum Adams Cerithium Plate 39, fig. 8

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 117.

Shell conic, turrited, sinistrorsal: reddish black, weather-
ing to a cinereous color: with, on the upper whorls, two, and
on the middle and lower whorls three spiral ridges, which
are of equal size on the lower two-thirds of the shell; and
numerous transverse ridges, the intersections being well
developed nodules; anteriorly with two or three additional
spiral ridges, which are less strongly nodulous, and which
are separated by a broad groove from a small ridge around
the base of the canal: apex very acute: spire with the out-
lines quite curvilinear: whorls about fourteen, planulate,
with the place of the suture distinguished by a somewhat
larger groove; last whorl abruptly terminating: canal short,
slightly turning to the right.

Mean divergence about 23°; length .225 inch; breadth .07
inch.

Jamaica.

monilifera Adams Mitra Plate 36, fig. 9

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 57.

Shell between a fusiform and rhomboidal shape: brownish
black, with a white spiral band which is a little above the

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 311

suture, and which is small and indistinct on the upper
whorls and increases with the progress of growth, and which
is dilated into spots on the ribs; with rather acute longitu-
dinal ribs, about fourteen on each whorl, and numerous ex-
cessively minute unequal raised spiral lines, which are larger
at the anterior extremity, and more nodulous on the ribs;
anteriorly with a broad well impressed groove, which com-
mences in the aperture above the plaits, and contracts the
general form; apex acute; spire with nearly rectilinear out-
lines; whorls eight or nine, rather convex, with a rather
deep suture; columella with four plaits.

Mean divergence 45^; length of spire .38 inch; total length
.74 inch; breadth .36 inch.

This species resembles M. microzonias Lam. in which the
ribs are obtuse, the outlines of the spire are more convex,
and the general form is narrower. It also resembles M.
leiicodesma Reeve.

Jamaica.

monilifera C. B. Adams' Krebs Pleurotoma

1866, Annals Lyceum Natural History New York 8, p. 397.

[Pleurotoma monilifera C. B. Ad., and P. pygmaea C. B. Ad.,
both from Jamaica, are Columella Broderipii Sowb.— Krebs
1866, p. 397.]

[Krebs probably meant Colitmbella monilifera Sowerby.
Pleurotoma pygmaea C. B. Adams is certainly not a Colum-
bella— Clench and Turner.]

multicostata Adams Chemnitzia Plate 49, fig. 7

1850, C. to C. no. 5. pp. 74-75.

Shell moderately elongated; white, or tinged with yellow-
ish brown; with about thirty-four to thirty-eight [75] slender
transverse ribs, which become obsolete on the anterior sur-
face; in the intercostal spaces, with rather coarse distant
spiral raised lines, which traverse the ribs only at their an-
terior extremities on the last whorl; nucleus consisting of
little more than one smooth whorl, ver>^ oblique; spire with
the outlines slightly convex; whorls nine besides the nucleus,
scarcely convex, with a well impressed suture; aperture

312 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

ovate, subacute above: labium slightly thickened: umbilical
region scarcely indented.

Mean divergence about 12''; length of spire .125 inch; total
length .165 inch: breadth .045 inch.

Jamaica.
[Chemnitzia multicostata C. B. Ad., and C. substriata C. B.
Ad., may, when a sufficient number of specimens are at hand,
prove to be synonymes.— Krebs 1856, p. 395.]

multicostatus Adams Chiton Plate 42, fig. 3

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 8.

C. t. praelonga, intus rubella, extus pallide virente, punc-
tis albis et atro-virentibus, lineaque dorsali pallida ornata;
areis lateralibus perelevatis, costatis, costis 6 ad 8 nodosis;
areis dorsi costulis 20 gracilibus, compressis, — instructis;
margine squamoso, alternatim virente alboque. Long. .9 poll.;
lat. .42 poll.

Jamaica.

multicostata Adams Rissoa Plate 33, fig. 4

1850, C. to C. no. 7, pp. 114-115.

Shell ovate conic, turrited: white: with, on each whorl,
about twenty-eight very regular ribs, which are produced
on the last whorl to the anterior extremity, and numerous
distinct spiral striae on the anterior half of the last whorl,
which impress the summits of the ribs; on the rest of the
shell between the ribs are [115] very faintly impressed mi-
croscopic spiral striae: apex acute: spire with the outlines
moderately curvilinear: whorls seven, quite convex, with a
well impressed suture: aperture deeply effuse: labrum much
excurved and very thick. Conf. Rissoina elegantissima Orb.
Moll, du Cuba, Tab. XII. f. 27-29.

Mean divergence about 26°; length of spire .12 inch; total
length .18 inch; breadth .07 inch.

Jamaica.
[Is a Rissoina.— X)es]3x6.\n 1949, Jour, de Conch. 89, p. 194.]

multilineata Adams Pleurotoma Plate 29, fig. 10

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, pp. 3-4.

P. t. minima, flavido-fusca, albo-multilineata; anf. 6, sing-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 313

ulatim costis 8 ad 10 latis, ad basim expansis. et striis creb-
errimis decurrentibus inequalibus— instructis; sutura pro-
funda; sinu magno; canali brevissimo. [4] Div. 35^ ad 25";
spirae long. .11 poll; long. tot. .18 poll.; lat. .08 poll.
Jamaica.

muricoides Adams Fusus Plate 39, fig. 9

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 3.

F. t. parva; anf. 6, singulatim costis 9 vel 10 propinquis,
et striis decurrentibus inequalibus partim granosis — in-
structis; apertura violacescente, angusta; labro crasso, intus
albo-denticulato; labio subrugoso; canali brevi. Div. 40';
spirae long. .32 poll; long. tot. .6 poll; lat. .25 poll.

Jamaica.
[Fusus mimcoides C. B. Ad., is a Ricinula. —Kvebs 1866, p.
396.]

muricoides Adams Mangelia Plate 31, fig. 11

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 65.

Shell fusiform and slender: pure white: with six narrow
subacute prominent ribs on each whorl, which are sinuated
posteriorly on the right side, and which are continuous along
the spire like a Murex; with very numerous microscopic
spiral striae in the intercostal spaces: apex acute: spire with
the outlines nearly rectilinear: whorls six, slightly convex,
with a lightly impressed suture: last whorl gradually atten-
uated below into a wide canal.

Mean divergence 32°; length of spire .09 inch; total length
.18 inch; breadth .07 inch.

Jamaica.

mutabile Adams Cerithium Plate 37. fig. 9

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 5.

C. t .parva, subtenui, nigra, rubescente, irregulariter albo-
maculata; sutura profunda; anf. 9. baud multum convexis,
plicis decurrentibus pluribus, 3 majoribus, et plicis longitu-
dinalibus inequalibus, intersectionibus nodiferis -instructis;
canali brevissimo. Div. 33°; spirae long. .22 poll.; long. tot.
.22 [sic] poll; lat. .15 poll.

Jamaica.

314 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

nanum Adams Cerithium Type lost.

1850, C. to C. no. 7, pp. 117-118.

Shell conic, turrited, sinistrorsal: wax brown, [118] dark
at the apex, sometimes with a white space next below the
apex, followed by a white spiral band: with, on the upper
whorls, two, and on the lower whorls, three nearly equal
spiral ridges, and many transverse slender ridges, the inter-
sections being well developed nodules; anteriorly with two
additional smaller less strongly nodulous spiral ridges: apex
very acute: spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear: whorls
about nine, planulate, with the place of the suture distin-
guished by a somewhat larger groove; last whorl terminat-
ing very abruptly: aperture suborbicular, rather small: canal
short, nearly straight.

Mean divergence about 20°; length .11 inch; breadth .08
inch.

Jamaica.

newtoniana Adams Corbula Plate 47, figs. 9-10

1852, C. to C. no. 12, p. 240.

C. t. obovata-rhombica, tenui, (inequivalvi?) perinequi-
laterali, antice brevissima, antice et postice excurvata; mar-
gine ventrali recta: alba: concentrice irregulariter et exile
striata: apicibus parvis, baud multum editis, baud involutis:
umbonibus subangulatis; dentibus gracilibus. Long. 12' ' ' .7;
alt. 8' ' ' .6; lat. 7' ' ' .9.

Shell between an obovate and rhombic form, thin, (inequi-
valve?) very inequilateral, the anterior part being very short,
anteriorly and posteriorly well rounded; ventral margin
straight: white: with fine irregular striae of growth: beaks
small but somewhat prominent, acute, not involute: umbones
with an obtuse angle extending diagonally through the pos-
terior half of the disk; teeth prominent, not robust.

Length .5 inch; height .34 inch; breadth .31 inch.

Station. — Unknown.

Habitat.—St. Thomas; T. Bland! in sched. in Mus. Amh.
[erst]. We have only 4 specimens of the left valve.

Neritina

All species, originally described by C. B. Adams in this

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 315

genus will be included under land and freshwater genera of
Jamaica.

nigrescens Adams Natica jamaicensis var. Type lost.

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 112.

Variety nigrescens is more concave [than jamaicensis]
around the umbilicus, is rather larger and thicker, and has
the callus and interior of the aperture nearly or quite black.

Jamaica.

nigrescens Adams Pleurotoma Plate 29, fig. 11

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 3.

P. t. parva, atro-violacescente; anf. 8, sulco sinum sequente,
exilissime decussato— instructis, ceterum granulosis, decus-
satis; labro crassissimo; sinu baud multum profundo; canali
brevissimo. Div. 30^; spirae long. .2 poll.; long. tot. .3 poll;
lat. .11 poll.

Jamaica.

nigrocinctum Adams Cerithium Plate 38, figs. 11, 14

1839, Boston Journal of Natural History 2, pp. 286-287. pi. 4, fig. 11.

"C. testa parvula, conico-cylindraca, granulosa, nigro-rubra; anfractibus
tredecim, sinistrorsum volventibus; spira elongata, acuta; sutura subdupli-
cata; apertura subelliptica, parva; cauda recurvata.

"Description. Shell blackish red, conic-cylindrical, with
three revolving series of granules; the middle series equally
distant from the others, and, on the whorls of the lower half
of the shell, of equal size, but diminishing above, and want-
ing on the upper fifth; the upper row is less than the lower
one on the whorls of the upper fourth or fifth part of the
shell, and is wanting upon several of the first whorls; the
lower series is also wanting upon the extreme apicial whorls,
but, in descending from the apex, appears before the others;
the granules are formed by the revolution of two impressed
lines across numerous longitudinal ribs or rugae; spire elon-
gate, very acute; whorls about thirteen; suture rather broad;
impressed, divided by a revolving somewhat granulous black
ridge, which in the progress of growth gradually changes
its situation, and forms the lower side of the last whorls, and
another similar revolving ridge appears in its place; an im-

316 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

pressed line upon each side of the sutural ridge, and two
others emergent from the aperture, are continued around
the lower half of the last whorl; aperture subelliptical, less
than one-fifth the length of the shell; labrum deeply concave;
columella prominent below, black; labium regularly arched,
surpassing the labrum, notched by the revolving impressed
lines; canal recurved, about one third as long as the aperture.

Length, .3 inch; breadth, .08 inch.

[287] Inhabits Dartmouth harbor [Massachusetts], and is
found clinging to sea- weed a few feet below low water mark,
associated with the Cerithium reticulatum Totten, and Buc-
cinum lunatum Say.

Cabinet of the Boston Society of Natural History, of Dr.
A. A. Gould, of Prof. Hitchcock, and my own.

Remarks. July 5th, of the present year, I found an im-
mature specimen of this species in the harbor of Dartmouth,
and at a subsequent visit to the same locality, obtained about
two dozen specimens in various stages of growth.

This species is easily distinguished from Cerithium reticu-
latum, not only by the obvious character of heterostrophy,
but by others more important, and too evident to require
remark. It is more nearly allied to the C. perversum, Lam.,
from which it differs in the black sutural ridge, and in the
middle series of granules, which in the C. perversum is
nearer to the upper than to the lower series. It differs from
the Murex adversus of Montague and Turton, {Cerithium
adversum, Brown,) in having the canal recurved, the whorls
very distinctly defined by the impressed suture, and in the
color, which, in the Cerithium adversum, is opaque light
brown; the figure of Brown differs also in other respects
from our shell.

nitens Adams Fusus Plate 39, fig. 17

1850, C. to C. no. 4, pp. 60-61.

Shell ovate fusiform: white, with spiral series, [61] of more
or less waved transversely much elongated spots of brown;
on the last whorl are two more series of shorter spots of the
same color: with a varicoid rib a little behind the labrum;
with rather coarse revolving striae anteriorly; otherwise

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 317

smooth and shining: apex acute: spire with the outHnes
slightly convex: whorls eight or nine, moderately convex:
aperture rather long, subelliptical, acute above: labrum
sharp: canal very short, and very wide.

Mean divergence 38°; length of spire .29 inch; total length
.57 inch; breadth .24 inch.

Jamaica.
[Fusiis nitens C. B. Ad., described from a single Jamaica
specimen, is not, perhaps, a F/^sz^5.— Krebs 1866, p. 396.]

nitens Adams Tellina Plate 44, figs. 3-4.

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 10.

T. t. nitida, rosacea, zonis pallidis ornata; parte posteriore
elevata, infra angulata; dentibus lateralibus anterioribus
obsoletis. Long. .75 poll; alt. .4 poll.; lat. .17 poll.

Jamaica.

nivea Adams Marginella Plate 32, fig. 13

1850, C. to C, no. 4, p. 56.

Shell obovate, white, translucent, with numerous spots of
opaque white: smooth and shining: apex acute: spire small,
short, vitreous, wholly opaque white: whorls about three and
one-half: aperture long, effuse above: varix stout, produced
to the apex: columella with four prominent plaits.

Mean divergence about 100'; length of spire .06 inch; total
length .37 inch; breadth .22 inch.

This species resembles M. p^niinosa Hinds, but is much
smaller, more regularly obovate, the spire is shorter, and
the coloration is different except in the opaque white spots.

Jamaica.
[See note under M. albida C. B. Adams.]

nodata Adams Pleurotoma Plate 29, fig. 14

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 64.

Shell fusiform, elongated: brown, with white tubercles:
with a spiral series of large obtuse undivided scarcely elon-
gated tubercles, which are connected by a small elevated
spiral line; whorls slightly shouldered; anteriorly with a few
distant elevated spiral lines: apex acute: spire with the out-
lines nearly rectilinear: whorls seven, a little convex, with

318 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

a moderately impressed suture: aperture rather narrow:
sinus rather shallow: canal not very short. This species re-
sembles P. albinodata Rv., which has the tubercles divided
by a deeply impressed spiral line.

Mean divergence 33°; length of spire .2 inch; total length
.31 inch; breadth .1 inch.

nodulosa Adams Purpura Plate 32, fig. 10

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, pp. 2-3.

P. t. solida, parva, rhombica; anf. 5, nodulis seriatis, et
striis subimbricatis decurrentibus, aterrimis, maculis albidis
inter secundae et quartae serierum nodulos— [3] ornatis;
labro incrassato, intus 4-denticulato. Div. 45°; spirae long.
.32 poll; long. tot. .62 poll.; lat. .32 poll.

Jamaica.
[Ricinida nodulosa C. B. Ad., is R. ferruginosa Rv. — Krebs

1866, p. 397.]
[This species is in the genus Sistrum, Clench 1947, Johnsonia

2, p. 91.]

obeliscus Adams Chemnitzia Type lost.

1850, C. to C. no. 5, pp. 72-73.

Shell much elongated: white: with twenty-six to thirty
transverse prominent ribs, which are not produced below
the convexity of the last whorl; with numerous crowded
spiral striae in the intercostal spaces, and a little above the
middle of the whorls a broad smooth depressed spiral line,
and similar lines on the middle and anterior of the last
whorl: spire with the outlines rectilinear: whorls eleven after
the loss of the nucleus, planulate, [73] with a very distinct
suture: aperture ovate-rhomboidal: labium slightly thick-
ened: umbilical region not indented.

Mean divergence about 10°; length of spire .21 inch; total
length .25 inch; breadth .05 inch.

Jamaica.
[Chemnitzia obeliscus C. B. Ad., is described from three
pieces of different and very imperfect individuals. — Krebs
1866, p. 395.]

OCCASIONAL PAPERS OX MOLLUSKS 319

obesa Adams Litiopa Type lost.

1850, C. to C. no. 5, p. 71.

Shell ovate: of a uniform brown wax color, subtransparent:
smooth: apex obtuse: spire with the outlines moderately con-
vex: whorls five, rather convex, with a distinct suture; last
whorl large: aperture large, obliquely subrhomboidal, effuse,
but scarcely produced anteriorly: labrum very thin, retreat-
ing above, scarcely reflected: columella slightly arcuate.

Mean divergence about 55""; length of spire .08 inch; total
length .185 inch; breadth .11 inch.

Jamaica.

obesum Adams Buccinum Plate 32, fig. 11

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 7.

B. t. parva, lata, fusiformi, supra et infra acuminata, atra,
albo-fasciata; anf . 5, costis parvis prominulis, et striis decur-
rentibus baud costas superantibus— instructis; labro incras-
sato sed acuto, intus 6-denticulato, supra sinuato; labio sub-
calloso. Div. 45"; spirae long. .11 poll.; long. tot. .21 poll; lat.
.11 poll.

Jamaica.
[Adams later considered this to be a Columbella. — C to C.
no. 4, p. 55, 1850.]

occidentalis Mighels and Adams Trochus Plate 40, fig. 13

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, pp. 47-48, pi. 4, fig. 16.

T. testa, pallida, imperforata,anfractibus septem,convexis;
carinis pallide fuscis; infra laevi; sutura impressa; columella
callosa.

Shell rather small, somewhat solid, sub-translucent, pale
horn color, with light brown revolving carinae, of which
there are three on the upper whorls, and four to six on the
lower one; whorls seven, convex; suture distinct; spire three-
fifths of the length of the shell; apex acute; last whorl with
a smooth space between the carinae and two or three course
revolving striae around the umbilical region; aperture mod-
erately depressed, transversely ovate; labrum crenulated by
the carinae; columella callous; umbilical region indented.

Height .5 inch; greatest basal diameter .43 inch; diver-
gence 60 degrees.

320 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Cabinets of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., G. B. Sowerby, Mons.
Largillier, J. W. Mighels and C. B. Adams.

[48] Habitat. Casco Bay; taken from stomachs of haddock,
in the summer of 1840, and subsequently.

Remarks. This is the only species of true Trochus that
has ever been discovered on this Atlantic coast. It is not
nearly allied to any species with which we are acquainted,
unless we regard Turbo {Margarita) cinereus, Couth.— Tro-
chus costalis, Loven, as a true Trochus. A careless observer
would be likely to confound them; but besides several other
essential points of difference, our shell is easily distinguished
from all the known species of Margarita, by the absence of
an umbilicus.

occulta Mighels and Adams Bulla Plate 32, fig. 13

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, p. 54, pi. 4, fig. 11.

B. testa parva, ovato-cylindrica: spira occulta: labro supra
elevato, medio recto; apertura sub-angusta, infra lata, ro-
tundata.

Shell small, of a dingy white color, ovate-cylindrical, cov-
ered with very minute transverse striae, and with indistinct
longitudinal striae of growth; spire concealed; labrum ex-
tends a little below the spire, nearly straight above the centre,
regularly rounded below and at the base; aperture narrow
at the upper part; rather broad at the base.

Length 1/5 inch; breadth 3/20 inch.

Cabinets of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Amherst and Middlebury
Colleges, J. W. Mighels, and C. B. Adams.

Remarks. If not identical with, this shell is the analogue

of, B. triticea Couth. It however differs from that species in

being proportionately wider. It is very scarce.

[Fossil, Westbrook, in the vicinity of Portland, Maine. The

lectotype, MCZ 156452, from the Adams collection, is too poor

a specimen to be photographed. We have made a copy of the

original figure.]

ornata Adams Lucina

1847, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 228 [nude name].

[Is a synonym of Lucina antillarum Reeve, non L. ornata

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 321

Reeve 1850 according to C. B. Adams 1852, Contributions to
Conchology no. 12, p. 243 ]

ovalis Adams Pedipes Plate 41, fig. 14

1849, C. to C. no. 3, pp. 41-42.

Pedipes ovalis may be a variety of P. qiiadridens Pfr.; but
when full grown it is oval; the spiral ribs on the last whorl
are broad and approximate, and on the whole shell they are
smooth, without the irregular microscopic granulations of
P. quadridens: [42] the color is yellowish brown or waxen:
the aperture is similar to that of Dr. Pfeiffer's species, but
the tooth of the right side is less conspicuous.

Length .12 inch; breadth .09 inch: of P. quadridens, length
.16 inch; breadth .135 inch.

Jamaica.

ovata Adams Cardita Plate 48, figs. 8-9

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 9.

C. t. ovata, lamellis decumbentibus inequahbus et striis
radiantibus profundis lamellas persecantibus— ornata; lam-
ellis posterioribus baud insectis, striatis; margine vix cren-
ulato.

Jamaica.

ovuloides Adams Columbella Plate 41, fig. 4

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 53.

Shell long obovate: yellowish brown, rarely blackish brown,
irregularly mottled with large angular spots of white, often
with a band of white around the middle of the last whorl,
with the apex white: with numerous fine spiral striae, of
which those that are on the upper part of the whorls and at
the anterior extremity of the shell are coarser; with exces-
sively minute unequal striae of growth: apex acute: spire
with very concave outlines: whorls nine, the penult whorl
only being very convex, with a well impressed suture, which
near the end is rapidly curved upwards towards the apex:
aperture very long and linear: labrum much produced in a
broad [54] curve along the middle, incurved, rather sharp
but stout, denticulate; within: labium with a deposit of mod-
erate thickness: columella somewhat produced.

322 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Mean divergence of the spire 50°; length of the spire .22
inch; total length .7 inch; breadth .26 inch.

Habitat — Bahamas. Fine specimens were collected on
Turks Is. by Dr. A. Barrett of Pittsfield, Mass. This beauti-
ful shell is well known in our collections, but I cannot learn
that it has been described.

ovuloides Adams Odostomia Plate 40, fig. 4

1850, C. to C. no. 7, pp. 109-110.

Shell rather long-ovate: white: smooth and shining, with a
scarcely impressed spiral line next below the suture: apex
subacute: spire with the outlines moderately convex: whorls
five and one-half, slightly convex, with a lightly impressed
[110] suture; last whorl long and fusoid: aperture ovate,
scarcely effuse anteriorly: columellar plait quite oblique.

Mean divergence about 30°; length .115 inch; breadth .055
inch.

Jamaica.

papillosus Adams Chiton Plate 42, fig. 4

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 9.

C. t. minima, lata, virente, albido atroque crebre macu-
lata, papillosa; areis a costula gracili discretis; margine ex-
ilissime squamuloso, alternatim virente albidoque. Long. .21
poll.; lat. .13 poll.

Jamaica.

parva Adams Thetis Plate 44, figs. 5-6

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 9.

T. t. minima albida, lamellis elevatis robustis concentricis
ornata; umbonibus parvis, acutis; margine supra angulato,
alibi rotundato; pallii impressione simplici. Long. .16 poll;
alt. .14 poll; lat. .09 poll.

Jamaica.
See Gouldia.

parvus Adams Triton Plate 40, fig. 12

1847, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 228 [nude name]; 1850, C. to C. no.
4, pp. 59-60.

Shell elongate, subfusiform: dingy white on the spire with

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 323

irregular pale brown stains, on the last whorl pale brown,
with two revolving whitish stripes of which the outer one is
linear; sometimes the shell is wholly brown except the fascia;
with longitudinal narrow rounded ribs, of which there are
10 or 12 on each whorl including the varices, which are not
easily distinguished from the ribs, and which are distant a
little more than a semi-revolution; with numerous spiral un-
equal elevated lines, which are continuous over the ribs, and
of which the anterior ones are larger and granose: apex
acute: spire with slightly convex outlines: whorls seven,
convex, slightly more inflated above the middle, with a well
impressed suture: aperture subelliptical, with a small well
defined gutter posteriorly: labrum crenulate within: labium
a little thickened: canal short, wide, a little recurved: with
an umbilical indentation.

Mean divergence 35^; length of spire .25 inch; total length
.47 inch; breadth .21 inch.

This species was described in Mss. five years since, but
being in- [60] formed that it was identical with T. angulatus
Reeve I suppressed the description. It proves to be quite
different.

Jamaica.

pauperculus Adams Murex Plate 39, fig. 16

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 60.

Shell elongated, obliquely subfusiform: whitish, within the
aperture yellowish: with three not very stout varices on each
whorl, and slender intermediary varicoid ridges; with a few
distant spiral ridges, the intersections being nodulous: apex
subacute: spire with the outlines a little convex: whorls six,
quite convex, with a deep suture: aperture elliptical: canal
short, rather wide and recurved.

Mean divergence 42 ; length of spire .33 inch; total length
.71 inch; breadth .3 inch.

Jamaica.
[This species is in the genus Aspella. —Clench and Turner.]

pectinata Adams Lucina Plate 46, figs. 5 6

1847, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 288 [nude name]; 1852, C. to C. no.
12, p. 245.

324 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

L. t. Liicinae pectini affini, sed perobliqua, postice declivi,
exilissime concentrice striata; costis radiantibus latioribus,
pluribus [246] bi- vel tri-furcatis. Long. 18.8 millim.; alt. 13
millim.; lat. 10 millim.

It must also resemble L. obliqua Reeve, said to have been
collected by Benson at Chusan. But in that shell, the con-
centric and radiant lines are described in the same terms,
and the posterior margin is figured as broadly subtruncate.

Habitat— Jammca; C.B.A.! It is found, rarely among col-
lections of West Indian shells.

pectinella Adams Lucina Plate 46, figs. 9-10

1852, C. to C. no. 12, p. 246.

L. t. suborbiculari, margine dorsali subrecta, marginibus
alteris rotundatis; costis radiantibus planulatis, subapproxi-
matis, nonnullis anguste bifurcatis, ad extremitates nullis;
lineis elevatis concentricis regularibus, costas superantibus;
striis concentricis intermediis microscopicis; lunula con-
spicua, cordata, subelongata; limbo interno a costis pectin-
ato; dentibus lateralibus magnis. Long. 7.8 millim.; alt. 8.1
millim.; lat. 2.8 millim.

Dredged in 4 or 5 fathoms, in soft mud, in the harbor of
Kingston, Jamaica; C.B.A.!

pellucida Adams Lima Plate 43, figs. 8-9

1846, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 103.

L. t. tenuissima, hyalina, costulis quadraginta tenuissimis
instructa.

Long. .41; alt. .63; lat. .25 poll. L. loscombii Sowb., afiinis.
Hab. Jamaica.

pilula Adams Lucina Plate 46, figs. 11-12

1852, C. to C. no. 12, p. 246.

L. t. Lucinae divaricatae affini; sed minore, crassiore, glo-
bosa; apicibus prominentibus, haud obliquis; lunula parva,
subdepressa, subcordata; striis divaricatis crebris, radianti-
bus microscopicis, evanescentibus; limbo crenulato. Long.
10.7 miUim.; atl. 9.9 millim.; lat. 7.3 millim.

The lunule is not elongate as in L. Americana, and the

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 325

marginal crenulations are stronger, and the depressions be-
tween them are prolonged into the interior.

Habitat— \Ye have received 2 specimens from M. Krebs
as West Indian shells.

plicata Adams Pleurotoma Plate 31, fig. 1; Plate 32, figs. 5-6

1840, Boston Journal of Natural History 3, pp. 318-320, pi. 3, fig. 6.

P. testa parva, crassa, ovato-fusiformi, albido-fusca, striis
et plicis decussata; epidermide tenui; anfractibus sex; sutura
valde impressa; apertura ovata; labro arcuato, sinu lato;
Cauda brevi; columella acuta.

[319] Shell small, thick, ovate-fusiform, cinereous brown
through (and light or dark brown beneath) the epidermis;
epidermis membranous, thin, dull, cinereous; whorls six to
seven, convex; suture deeply impressed; spire five-ninths of
the length of the shell, longitudinally and coarsely plicate
below the first or second whorls (which are smooth), decus-
sated by transverse small ribs or coarse striae; body-whorl
larger than the spire, sculptured as the upper whorls, with
10 to 12 longitudinal ribs, extending to the canal, either con-
tinuous or alternating with those on the penultimate whorl,
with 13 to 15 transverse striae on the back of the body
whorl, oblique on the canal, very oblique on its left side;
aperture elongate-ovate, the line of its length at an angle of
about 30' with the axis of the shell four-ninths of the length
of the shell; labrum brown or yellowish-brown internally,
somewhat arcuate, much thickened by the last plication,
beneath which is a groove, reaching from the sinus to the
canal, and sharpening the edge; sinus a little below the junc-
tion of the labrum with the last whorl, rounded and broad
at the bottom, occupying one-fifth of the length of the la-
brum, in mature specimens nearly as deep as broad; canal
short; columella somewhat excurved, acutely terminated;
labium in its upper third arching over to meet the labrum;
umbilicus wanting; operculum unknown.

Average size; length, .5 inch; breadth, .25 inch; largest
specimen, .52 inch by .21 inch.

Cabinets of the Host. Soc. Nat. Hist., of Middlebury College,
of Mr. C. F. Shiverick, of New Bedford, and my own.

326 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

[320] Station. This species lives in mud below low water
mark.

Habitat. Harbour of New Bedford.

Remarks. During the summer of 1839, two dredging ma-
chines were worked in the harbour of New Bedford. This
species was found in the mud thrown up, with several others
rarely or never found above low-water mark. Mr. Shiverick
has found it at Clark's Cove, in Dartmouth. It resembles
Fusus harpularius, but the presence of a very distinct sinus,
as well as the coarseness of the revolving striae, readily
distinguishes it.
[Name changed to Pleurotoma plicosa C. B. Adams.]

plicosa Adams Pleurotoma Plate 31, fig. 1; Plate 32, figs. 5-6

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 54.

Pleurotoma plicata Ad. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. III. p. 318.
pi. 3. f. 6. This name having been pre-occupied by Lamarck
for a fossil shell, my species may take the name of Pleuro-
toma plicosa.

praecognita Adams Nerita Plate 41, fig. 10

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 7.

N. t. crassa, olivacea, albo-marmorata; anf. 3, superioribus
convexiusculis; ultimo costulis rotundatis crebris, striatis,
numerum (a 20 ad 25) et latitudinem in diversis exemplis
disparibus — ornato; labro acuto, a costulis eleganter pecti-
nato, intus juxta marginem polito, interius crasso et crenu-
lato, et supra infraque bituberculato; labio medio excavato
et bidentato, alibi plicato vel noduloso. Operculo pallide
murino, creberrime papilloso. Long. 1.05 poll; lat. 1.3 poll.

Jamaica.

princeps Mighels and Adams Cemoria Plate 38, fig. 15

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, pp. 42-43, pi. 4, fig. 9.

C. testa alba, procera, costulata, rima intus in canalem
producta, fornice obtectus; fornice lateraliter testae alis ad-
juncto; apertura ovata, crenulata.

Shell clear white, elevated, conical, with twenty five to
thirty slight, obtuse ribs, and intervening small ones, the
dividing striae minutely punctured; summit decumbent,

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 327

with a single minute whorl; apex visible on the right side;
anterior slope rectilinear, posterior slope sub-rectilinear;
from the rima within, a narrow groove with callous sides
proceeds anteriorly, covered in part by a flattened arch,
which arises [43] from the summit of the rima, and is
strengthened above by a plate uniting it with the sides of
the shell; aperture ovate, slightly crenate.

Length, .46 inch; width, .33 inch; height, .35 inch.

Cabinets of G. B. Sowerby, J. W. Mighels, and C. B. Adams.

Habitat. This shell was taken from the stomach of a had-
dock, by Mr. Newbegin, a fisherman, in July, 1840, seventy
five to one hundred miles off the mouth of Kennebec river,
on fishing ground called by the fishermen '' Monhegan Falls/'
The water at that place is from forty to seventy five fathoms
in depth.

Remarks. This very singular and truly splendid species
resembles C. noachina Linne, but differs from that shell in
the following characters; in C. noachina the ribs are more
elevated, the corresponding interior sulci are much more
obvious; posterior slope much and regularly curved, shell
smaller; proportionately longer, not so high, interior arch
without wings. Only four specimens have been found.
[Is Punctitrella noachina Linne. — I. P. Farfante 194:7, John-
sonia 2, p. 138.]

princeps Adams Rissoa Plate 34, fig. 1

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 116.

Shell ovate conic, turrited: white: with ver\^ numerous
crowded slender ribs, which become obsolete on the last
whorl, and strong crowded spiral striae, which become larger
on the last whorl: apex acute: spire with rectilinear outlines:
whorls ten, nearly planulate, slightly contracted next below
the suture, which is moderately impressed: aperture very
effuse: labrum very much advanced a little below the mid-
dle, well excurved, moderately thickened. This species re-
sembles R. albida Ad., but that shell is much smaller, and
the outlines of its spire are curvilinear.

Mean divergence about 30 ; length of spire .25 inch; total
length .37 inch; breadth .14 inch.

Jamaica.

328 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

[Is a Rissoina.—M. Desjardin 1949, Jour, de Conch. 89, p.
202.]

producta Adams Jaminia Plate 41, figs. 8-9

1840, Boston Journal of Natural History 3, pp. 322-323, pi. 3, fig. 8.

J. testa parva, albida, cylindracea; epidermide fusca, nitida,
erosa; anfractibus octo; sutura impressa; spira producta,
truncata; apertura sub-ovata, supra contracta, infra late ro-
tundata; columella uniplicata.

Shell small, moderately thick, ashy white beneath the epi-
dermis, conico-cylindric, with fine irregular striae of growth;
epidermis brown, smooth, closely adhering, eroded chiefly
in the incremental striae; whorls eight or eight and a half,
slightly convex; suture very distinct, impressed; spire about
three-fourths of the length of the shell, or slightly more,
truncated at tip; last whorl about one third of the bulk of
the spire; on two or three of the last whorls may sometimes
be seen an indistinct impressed revolving line, just below
the suture, and also more rarely on the middle and lower
part of the whorls; aperture with its plane at an angle of
about 16° with the length of the shell, sub-ovate, contracted
above, broadly rounded below; labrum rather thin, regularly
arched, but more so in the lower half; columella with a sin-
gle, rather obtuse plait; labium with a slight lamina, which
is often obsolete; no umbilicus; operculum very small, thin,
horny, nearly transparent, sub-triangular, apex on one side.

Length, .25 inch; greatest breadth, .07 inch. Of the oper-
culum; length, .033 inch; breadth, .025 inch.

Cabinets of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.; of Middlebury College;
of Dr. A. A. Gould, of Boston; of Prof. Hitchcock, of Am-
herst; and my own.

Habitat. A cove on the east side of Fairhaven. [323] It was
found near high-water mark, on a beach of fine gravel, but,
as most of the shells were destitute of the animal, it may be
doubted whether this is their proper station.

Remarks. This species was discovered in September,
1839, in company with great numbers of the Venus gemma,
Totten, and many of the Jaminia fusca, Nob. It has a strik-
ing resemblance to the latter species, but is much more
elongate, has two more whorls, the body whorl is much less

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 329

inflated, and the suture is rather more deeply impressed.

proxima Adams Natica Plate 41, fig. 13

1850, C. toC. no. 7, p. 111.

Shell obliquely ellipsoidal: mostly fawn color, or livid,
white anteriorly, and on the callus, with an ill defined dingy
white stripe next below the suture; anteriorly with a circle
of transverse curved brown flames; above the middle of the
last whorl, with a narrow pale revolving stripe, on which
are rather distinct sagittate spots of dark brown; sometimes
next below the middle is a similar but more faintly and
closely spotted line: thin, smooth, and shining, with the ob-
lique infrasutural striae rather feeble: apex subacute: spire
prominent, with the outlines moderately curvilinear: whorls
five, quite convex, with a well impressed suture: aperture
not very wide, ovate but compressed in the left outline: labial
deposit rather thick, but subtransparent: umbilical callus
about half filling the umbilicus in the lower and right side:
umbilicus rather narrow, deep, partially concealed by the
labial deposit.

This species resembles the young of A^. canrena, but the
spire is longer; the aperture is narrower, and the form con-
sequently not ovate: the umbilical callus is rather smaller;
the shell is thinner: the plan of coloring, although similar,
is constantly different.

Mean divergence about 120''; length of aperture about .52
inch; total length .7 inch; breadth .6 inch.

Jamaica.

pulchella Adams Lucina Types lost.

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 10.

L. t. parva, subcordata, rubella, albomarginata, striis ob-
liquis parallelis, posterioribus undatis, anterioribus divarica-
tis— ornata; dentibus lateralibus robustis. Long. .28 poll.;
alt. .28 poll; lat. .18 poll.

Jamaica.
[Adam's types are not in existence. This name does not ap-
pear in his catalogue of his collection which he published in
1847. It would appear that he detected that this species was

330 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

a synonym and changed the labels accordingly.— Clench and
Turner.]

pulchellum Adams Buccinum Plate 32, fig. 12

1851, C. to C. no. 8, pp. 130-131.

Shell ovate fusiform: pale yellowish brown, with the spiral
ridges dark reddish brown, ex- [131] cept on the upper
whorls: with twelve spiral prominent cord-like ridges, half
of which appear on the spire, decussated by much less prom-
inent regular transverse ridges, with the intersections well
developed into nodules: apex acute: spire with the outlines
moderately curvilinear: whorls five, rather convex, with the
suture moderately impressed; last whorl but little ventri-
cose: aperture rather narrow and sinuous; lip slightly thick-
ened, not denticulate within, (in old shells?) with the notch
of medium size.

Mean divergence about 40°; length .145 inch; breadth .06
inch; length of aperture .06 inch.

Jamaica.

pulchellum Adams Cerithium Type lost.

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 121.

Shell turrited, conic above, subcylindric in the lower three-
fifths, conic above: snow white, with a spiral band of bright
brown, which commences several whorls below the apex,
and is placed on the inferior spiral ridge: with two spiral
ridges, of which the upper one is larger, and is double on
the lower whorls; with small transverse ridges, which are
developed on the spiral ridges into rather large nodules; an-
teriorly with two other spiral ridges, of which the upper
one is subnodulous: apex acute; spire with the outlines
slightly concave in the upper half and slightly convex in the
lower half, often truncate with the loss of five whorls:
whorls about eleven, a little convex, with a well impressed
suture; last whorl a little smaller than the penult whorl,
terminating obtusely: aperture suborbicular: labrum well
excurved, moderately thickened: canal very short and wide,
nearly straight.

Divergence in the upper whorls about 22°; length of spire
.135 inch; total length .17 inch; breadth .045 inch.

Jamaica.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 331

pulchellus Adams Triton Plate 40, fig. 8

1850, C. to C. no. 4. p. 60.

Shell fusiform: reddish at the apex, pale yellow, with spiral
unequal bands of gray, of w^hich there are two on the whorls
of the spire and two more on the last whorl; with the aper-
ture more or less orange red: decussate with many small
unequal longitudinal and spiral ridges, with unequal nodu-
lous intersections; varices five, last one very large: apex
acute: spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear between the
varices: whorls eight, rather convex, subangular at or a little
above the middle, with a well impressed suture: aperture
subelliptical, somewhat acuminate at both extremities: la-
brum grooved within under the last varix, denticulate on
both sides of the groove: labium transversely wrinkled:
canal moderately bent to the left and upwards.

Mean divergence 45 ""; length of spire .33 inch; total length
.72 inch; breadth .36 inch.

This shell resembles a small and slender T. chrysostoma.

Jamaica.
[Triton pitlchelhis C. B. Ad., is a young T. chlorostomum
Lam.— Krebs 1866, p. 398.]

pulchellus Adams Turbo (?) Plate 40, fig. 9

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 7.

T. t. minima, albida, maculis rubris quadratis inequalibus,
majoribusnigrescentibus, serie decurrente dispositis, ornata;
sutura profunda; anf . 5, mediis carinatis, lineis elevatis pluri-
bus decurrentibus — instructis; labro tenui: umbilico nullo.
Div. 45'; spirae long. .09 poll.; long. tot. .165 poll; lat. .1 poll.

Jamaica.

pulcher Adams Trochus Plate 40, fig. 7

1850, C. to C. no. 5. p. 69.

Shell conical, much elevated: pale claret color, with a dark
brown apex, and large ill defined spots of white; with spiral
series of minute dark red oblong spots, which are propor-
tioned to the size of the spiral ridges on which they are
placed; the ridges of least size are not spotted: solid, with
ten or twelve minute spiral ridges, of which one near the

332 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

base of the whorls is larger, and three are of an intermediate
size, viz., one on each side of the suture and one on the mid-
dle of the whorls; on the lower side of the last whorl are
sixteen or eighteen other minute revolving ridges, of which
every second or third is spotted: apex acute: spire with the
outlines nearly rectilinear: whorls seven and one-half, a little
concave, acutely prominent in the lower part; last whorl
subangular, moderately convex beneath: aperture subquad-
rate, iridescent within: columella subtruncate: umbilicus
wanting. The whorls in this shell have the same form as in
T. jujtibinus, and the general form of the shell is like that
of T. pyramidatus.

Mean divergence 48°; length of spire .26 inch; total length
.38 inch; breadth .27 inch.

Jamaica.

pulchra Adams Rissoa Plate 33, fig. 8

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 114.

Shell subovate, turrited: white, with a pale yellowish brown
spiral band on the upper part of the whorls, and a similar
band anteriorly: with spiral ridges increasing from two on
the upper whorls to four or five on the penult whorl, (of
which the upper one is smaller,) and on the last whorl seven,
which are crossed, with well developed nodulous intersec-
tions, by twenty to twenty-two small transverse ridges; an-
teriorly with three nodiferous approximate spiral ridges,
which are separated from the other seven by a broad groove:
apex acute: spire with the outlines moderately curvilinear:
whorls ten, quite convex, with a well impressed suture:
aperture very effuse: labrum well advanced and excurved,
very much thickened.

Mean divergence about 22°; length of spire .155 inch; total
length .225 inch; breadth .08 inch.

Jamaica.
[Is Rissoina cancellata Philippi. — Desjardins 1949, /owr. de
Conch. 89, p. 204.]

puncta Adams Chemnitzia Type lost.

1850, C. to C. no. 5, p. 72.

Shell much elongated: white: with about twenty-six to

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 333

thirty rather prominent transverse ribs, which are not pro-
duced below the convexity of the last whorl; with numerous
crowded spiral striae in the intercostal spaces, one of which
striae, a little above the middle of the whorls, and another
along the suture are wide and deep, resembling spiral series
of punctures; intercostal spaces depressed anteriorly below
the adjacent anterior surface: spire with the outlines recti-
linear: whorls ten or eleven, after the loss of the nucleus,
scarcely convex, with a distinct suture: aperture ovate,
rhombic: labium scarcely thickened: umbilical region scarce-
ly indented.

Mean divergence about 16''; length of spire .185 inch; total
length .22 inch; breadth .05 inch.

Jamaica.
[Chemnitzia punda C.B. Ad. is described from two miserable
specimens.— Krebs 1866, p. 395.]

puncto-striata Mighels and Adams Bulla

Plate 32, figs. 17-18

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, pp. 43-44, pi. 4, fig. 10.

B. testa alba, solida, eleganter striata; striis crebris, in-
equidistantibus, punctatis; spira occulta; apertura magna.

Shell white, rather solid, ovate, with crowded, inequidis-
tant, distinctly punctate striae; spire concealed; aperture
very large, contracted at the upper third by the intrusion
of the body whorl; labrum rising above the apex, very sharp
and regularly arcuate; labium with a very thin lamina ex-
tending to the apex.

Length, .38 inch; breadth, .24 inch.

Habitat. Casco Bay; taken from the stomach of a haddock;
in the summer of 1841.

Remarks. This remarkable and truly beautiful shell, re-
sembles an enlarged specimen of B. lineolata, Couth., to
which it is allied; but it is easily distinguished by its larger
size, by the elevation of the labrum above the apex, and
above all, by the punctate striae. Only a single specimen has
been found. It is in the cabinet of J. W. Mighels.

puncto-striata Adams Tornatella Plate 40, figs. 5 6

1840, Boston Journal of Natural History 3, pp. 323-324, pi. 3, fig. 9.

334 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

T. testa parva, elliptica, alba, nitida; anfractibus quinque
convexis; sutura valde impressa; anfractu ultimo supra lae-
vi, infra puncto-striato; apertura subovata; umbilico parvo.

Shell small, elliptic, white, glossy, not very thin; whorls
five, convex; suture deeply impressed; spire rapidly attenu-
ated, sub-acutely tipped, four-ninths of the length of the
shell, smooth; body whorl more than three-fourths of the
shell, somewhat shouldered above, smooth on the upper
third, below with impressed, parallel, punctate lines, five or
six of them distant on the middle, either equally or unequally
distant, and six to eight closely approximate on the lower
fourth; one line only appears above the aperture, running
near and at length into the suture of the body whorl; aper-
ture in the same plane with the axis, the line of its length
making with the axis an angle of not more than 10°, five-
ninths of the length of the shell, sub-ovate, contract- [324]
ed above by the intrusion of the body-whorl, regularly but
narrowly rounded below; labrum sharp, prominent, with a
short, abrupt curve above, then straight to the middle,
arched in the lower half; columella with an obtuse fold; la-
bium moderately reflected below; umbilicus small, partly
covered by the reflected labium.

Length, .16 inch; breadth, .095 inch: of a large specimen,
length, .18 inch; breadth, .1 inch.

Cabinets of the Bost. Soc. of Nat. Hist.; of Mr. C. F. Shiv-
erick; and my own.

Station and habitat; the same with Pleurotoma plicata.

Remarks. In 1838 I found two specimens, after a violent
storm, on the shore at New Bedford. Three specimens were
found with the preceding species, and several have been
obtained by Mr. Shiverick.

purpurascens Adams Chiton Plate 42, fig. 2

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 9.

C. t. praelonga, purpureo-rubente concentrice striata; mar-
gine lato, exilissime squamuloso, caerulescente, alternatim
pallidiore. Long. 1.1 poll.; lat. .5 poll.

Jamaica.

purpurascens Adams Columbella Type lost.

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 2.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 335

C. t. parva, pallide purpurea, striis decurrentibus supra
labrum in fauces productis ornata; anf. 5^; apertura elon-
gata; columella supra excavata. Div. 50'; spirae long. .09
poll; long. tot. .27 poll.; lat. .13 poll.

Jamaica.
[Coliimbella piirpitrascens C. B. Ad., is placed next to C.
dormitor Sowb., and is the same species.— Krebs 1866, p. 395.]

purpureo-maculata Adams Psammobia Plate 45, figs. 1-2

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 10.

P. t. brevi, posterius truncata, albida, maculis paucis pur-
pureis coerulescentibus, interdum obsoletis, ornata; liga-
mento brevi, crasso.

Jamaica.
[See note under Psammobia affinis C. B. Adams.]

pusilla Adams Chemnitzia Plate 49, fig. 11

1850, C. to C. no. 5, p. 74.

Shell very slender: white: with about twelve rather stout
transverse ribs, which are not produced below the convexity
of the last whorl; without spiral striae; with the intercostal
spaces on the last whorl depressed anteriorly below the ad-
jacent surface of the anterior region, which is smooth; nu-
cleus consisting of about one and one-half smooth whorls,
very oblique: spire with rectilinear outlines: whorls ten or
eleven besides the nucleus, moderately convex, with a well
impressed suture: aperture ovate: labium not perceptibly
thickened: umbilical region scarcely indented. This species
resembles C levis.

Mean divergence about 8"; length of spire .11 inch; total
length .135 inch; breadth .03 inch.

Jamaica.

pygmaea Adams Columbella

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 58.

[Is a synonym of C. costidata Adams, which see; non C. pyg-
maea Sowerby ]

pygmaea Adams Pleurotoma Plate 29, fig. 13

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 63.

336 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Shell ovate-fusiform, much elongated: with a broad irreg-
ular band of yellowish brown along the upper part of the
whorls and below the middle of the last whorl: with small
transverse approximate ribs, about fifteen on each whorl,
and rather distant spiral elevated lines, the intersections
being developed into large nodules: nucleus smooth and
opaque white: apex subacate [sic]: spire with convex out-
lines: whorls about six, moderately convex, with a lightly
impressed suture: aperture rather narrow: sinus rather large
and deep, near the upper end of the labrum: canal very
short.

Mean divergence 30°; length of spire .075 inch; total length
.13 inch; breadth .055 inch.

Jamaica.
[See note under P. monilifera C. B. Adams.]

quadrilineata Adams Pleurotoma Plate 29, fig. 12

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 64.

Shell clavate-pyramidal: white, with one or two fine spiral
lines of brown along the suture, and four similar lines just
below the periphery of the last whorl, all of which lines are
interrupted by the ribs, and with similar but paler lines at
the upper part of the whorls and anteriorly: with obtuse
moderately elevated transverse ribs, about eleven on each
whorl; with many excessively minute finely granose spiral
elevated lines, which are more conspicuous where colored
as above described, and which are obsolete at the summit
of the ribs: apex acute: spire with the outlines nearly recti-
linear; whorls seven, subangular above the middle, with a
well impressed suture: aperture long-obovate, subacuminate
at both extremities: labrum well excurved: sinus shallow:
canal short.

Mean divergence about 30°; length of spire .12 inch; total
length .21 inch; breadth .08 inch.

Jamaica.

reevii Adams Pleurotoma

1850, C. to C. no. 4, p. 54.

Pleurotoma violacea Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. March
28, 1843. The name of this species was anticipated by me

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 337

in January 1842, for a species which inhabits Maine. Mr.
Hinds' species may therefore take the name of P. Reevii.

reticulata Adams Chemnitzia Type lost.

1850, C. to C. no. 5, p. 75.

Shell moderately elongated: white: with about twenty-six
to thirty rather strong transverse ribs, which become obso-
lete on the anterior surface; with very coarse distant spiral
raised Hues, decussating the ribs: nucleus consisting of a
little more than one smooth whorl, very oblique: spire with
the outlines a little convex; whorls about seven besides the
nucleus, slightly convex, with a well impressed suture: aper-
ture ovate, acute above: labium scarcely thickened: umbili-
cal region not indented.

Mean divergence about 12°; length of spire .09 inch; total
length .125 inch; breadth .04 inch.

Jamaica.

reticulata Mighels and Adams Turritella

Plate 40, figs. 14-15

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, pp. 50-51, pi. 4, fig. 19.

T. testa turrito-subulata; anfractibus duodecim, convexis,
longitudinaliter plicatis, transversim striatis; sutura valde
impressa; apertura sub-orbiculari.

Shell turreted, very slender, of a dingy white or ash color;
whorls eleven to twelve, convex, distinctly, though some-
what irregularly plicate longitudinally, with from three to
five delicate, impressed, revolving striae on the five lower
whorls; from and above the fifth whorl the transverse striae
gradually diminish in number, until they wholly disappear
on the upper two or three whorls. The whole surface of the
shell has a reticulated appearance. Suture well impressed;
aperture sub-orbicular; labrum thin; operculum horny.

Length .7 inch; breadth .2 inch; divergence 20 \

Cabinets of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Dr. Gould, J. W. Mighels,
and C. B. Adams.

[51] Habitat. Bay Chaleur, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence;
taken from the stomachs of cod fishes [Morrhiia americana
Storer,) by Mr. Foster, fisherman, in the summer of 1841,
to whom we are indebted for specimens.

338 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Remarks. This species is allied to T. erosa Couth., but
is easily recognized by the longitudinal ribs, and by its more
slender form.

rosea Adams Pholas

1850, C. to C. no. 5, pp. 75-76.

[This name of Adams is a synonym of P. corticaria 'Gray'
Sowerby 1849, Thesaurus Conchy liorum 2, p. 495, pi. 108,
figs. 94-96. Paratypes MCZ 155633-155634. The lectotype is
the specimen figured in the Thesaurus.]

This species was discovered by me in the bark of a log, on
the shore of the Bay of Port Royal, near Kingston, Jamaica,
in March, 1844. Specimens were distributed with the Mss.
name of P. rosea, subsequently altered to P. corticaria. Some
were sent to the British Museum and to Mr. Cuming's col-
lection, where they were seen by Mr. Hanley, who affirmed
them to be not distinct from a variety of P. pusilla Linn.
In deference to his opinion, the description was suppressed
from my 'Synopsis' of new species from Jamaica. In part X
of Sowb. Thes. Conch. (Dec?) 1849, a description of this spe-
cies is published for the first time, with the name of T. cor-
ticaria Gray, Mss.,' as being in the British Museum, without
indication of habitat. It is said that 'the specimens, having
bored in floating mahogany, have taken a reddish color.'
This color was derived from the bark of the tree. The shells
did not penetrate the wood, and where they were in contact
with it, they were distorted, as if unable to penetrate it.
Mss. names are not quotable as having the value conferred
by authorship, and the name must stand as above. It is un-
fortunate that the descriptions of several of the new marine
species of shells from Jamaica should have been suppressed,
in deference to the eminent authority above mentioned, and
distributed with erroneous names.

rubella Adams Marginella Plate 32, fig. 4

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 1.

M. t. tenui, elongata, fasciis tribus rubellis ornata; anf. 4;
spira vitrea; labro albo, maculis tribus rubellis ornato, aper-
turam supra angustante; columella 4-plicata. Diverg. 100"";
spirae long. .025 poll.; long. tot. .35 poll; lat. .17 poll.

Jamaica.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 339

rugulosum Adams Cerithium Plate 38, fig. 17

1850, C. to C. no. 7, pp. 121-122.

Shell conoid, turrited: white: with one slightly elevated
and three much elevated spiral lines, and on each whorl
about sixteen to eighteen transverse ridges, the intersections
being well developed into nodules, anteriorly with a fourth
spiral nodulous slender ridge: apex acute: spire with the out-
lines nearly rectilinear: whorls about ten, quite convex, with
a well impressed suture; last whorl terminating rather
abruptly, somewhat concave [122] anteriorly: aperture sub-
orbicular: canal reduced almost to a broad deep notch.

Mean divergence about 13°; length of spire .13 inch; total
length .16 inch; breadth .055 inch.

Jamaica.
[See note under C. vicinum C. B. Adams.]

scalarella Adams Rissoa Plate 33, fig. 3

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 6.

R. t. parva, solida, alba; anf. 8, singulatim costis 14 robus-
tis ad extremitatem infra productis— instructis; apertura
infra late baud profunde sinuata; labro valde incrassato.
Div. 22°; spirae long. .1 poll.; long. tot. .15 poll; lat. .06 poll.

Jamaica.
[The following additional note appeared in the Contributions
to Conchology no. 7, p. 114, 1850.]

In the Zeitschrift fur Malac. R. Scalarella is referred to the
genus Rissoina, on account of the presence of a solid calcare-
ous operculum. Some fresh specimens obtained by me near
Kingston in 1844, were found to have a horny operculum.

[See note under R. minor C. B. Adams.]
. [Is Rissoina catesbyana d'Orb. — M. Desjardin 1949, Jour, de
Conch. 89, p. 198.]

scalariformis Adams Truncatella Type lost.

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 12.

T. t. solida, elongata, decollata; anf. 4 vel 5 reliquis, sing-
ulatim costis 10 robustis et striis decurrentibus exilissimis—
ornatis. Div. 20°; long, post decoll. .16 poll.; lat. .08 poll.

Jamaica.

340 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

[Is Truncatella scalaris Michaud.— Clench and Turner 1948,
Johnsonia 2, p. 160.]

scalaroides Adams Rissoa Plate 33, fig. 6

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 113.

Shell long ovate conic: white: with, on each whorl, sixteen
or eighteen stout ribs, which are continued to the anterior
extremity: apex acute: spire with the outlines moderately
curvilinear; whorls seven and one-half, slightly convex, with
a well impressed suture: aperture moderately effuse: labrum
well advanced and excurved, rather thick.

Mean divergence about 27°; length of spire .13 inch; total
length .2 inch; breadth .08 inch.

Variety (?) minor is but .15 inch long.

Jamaica.
[See note under R. minor C. B. Adams.]
[Is Rissoina chesneli Michaud. — Desjardins 1949, Jour, de
Conch. 89, p. 196.]

semicostata 'Montagu' Mighels and Adams Cingula

Plate 39, figs. 7, 18

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, p. 49, pi. 4, fig. 23.

C. testa minima, ovata; anfractibus quinque, convexis, in-
fra carinatis, supra plicatis; spira conica; sutura valde im-
pressa; apertura suborbiculari; operculo corneo.

Syn. Turbo semicostatus ? Montagu.

Shell very small, ovate-conical, of a ferruginous red color,
very thin; whorls for the most part five, convex; with longi-
tudinal ribs on the upper half, and revolving impressed
striae on the lower half; last whorl carinate; spire conical,
obtuse; suture well impressed; aperture nearly orbicular;
labrum thin, sharp; labium smooth; operculum horny.

Length .11 inch; breadth .7 inch; divergence 45°.

Cabinets of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Dr. Gould, Mons. Largil-
lier, J. G. Anthony, and our own.

Habitat. Casco Bay; taken from stomachs of haddock in
the summer of 1841.

Remarks. We offer this with some hesitation, as identical
with T. semi-costatus Mont. If it should finally prove to be
distinct, we would propose to call it Cingula carinata.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 341

seminuda Adams Jaminia Plate 41, figs. 5-6

1839, Boston Journal of Natural History 2, pp. 280-282, pi. 4, fig. 13.

J. testa parvula, acuto-conica, nitida, albida, sub-transluci-
da; anfractibus septem, convexis, decussatim granulosis;
anfractu postremo infra striate; apertura elliptica, basi ef-
fusa; columella reflexa, uniplicata.

Description. Shell, acute-conic, glossy white, diaphanous;
whorls, about seven, convex; upper whorls [281] and upper
half of the body whorl, rugose longitudinally, with three
impressed revolving lines, presenting a decussate or granu-
lous appearance; upon the lower half of the body whorl are
four additional impressed revolving lines, one of which runs
around at the inferior abrupt termination of the rugae, which
are eighteen to twenty; suture broad, divided by an indis-
tinct spiral ridge; apex acute; aperture elliptical, one third
the length of the shell; labriim not thickened, pectinated by
the revolving lines, which are distinctly seen upon the inner
side; inferior margin effuse; columella with a single sub-
oblique fold, arcuate, reflexed; operculum?

Length, .15 inch; breadth, .07 inch.

Inhabits Dartmouth harbor [Massachusetts].

Cabinets of the Boston Society of Natural History, of
William H. Taylor, Esq. of New Bedford, and my own.

Remarks. Of this species I found four specimens only,
which are all that I have seen. They were found in Dart-
mouth, at the village of Ponygansett, four miles southwest
from New Bedford. They were about five feet, perpendicu-
lar depth, below low water mark, upon single valves of the
Pecten concentricus Say, in company with the Nassa hoiata
Say, Columbella avara Say and the Nucula margaritacea Lam.
The valves of the Pecten, on which they were found, were
taken from the bottom by my hands at a venture, when
bathing. A dredge would probably reveal more.

This species probably belongs to Brown's genus Jaminia,
which is nearly allied to his Pyramis, but as descriptions of
these genera are not accessible, it is with some doubt that I
have referred it to Jaminia. It undoubtedly belongs to the
same genus with the Actaeon [282] trifidus Totten, (Am.
Journ. Sc. XXVI, 368) but this generic name is appropriated
to a genus of naked Mollusca.

342 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

In size and form this shell resembles the A. trifldus, but
differs from it in the convex whorls, granulous surface, and
revolving lines which are all very distinct and less numer-
ous, while in the A. trifldus two or three only are distinct,
and the others are nearly obsolete,— in the aperture, which is
not angular superiorly, and is more effuse and less rounded
inferiorly. It is more nearly allied to Turbo spiralis Monta-
gue, Test. Brit. p. 323, but differs in the number of volutions
and in the presence of the revolving lines around the rugose
surface. In the figure the Turbo spiralis is broader in the
middle of its length, but this species is broader below the
middle; the aperture is also shorter.

I take pleasure in affixing the specific name suggested by
Dr. Gould.

servile 'C. B. Adams* Krebs Cerithium

1866, Annals Lyceum Natural History New York 8, p. 394 [nude name].

{Cerithium servile C. B. Ad., is not in the Amherst Cabinet;
perhaps Adams found it to be syn. with his C. ambiguum.—
Krebs 1866, p. 394.]

[This species was never described by Adams. Specimens
may have been sent to Krebs under this name, a name which
was later discarded by Adams.— Clench and Turner.]

solida Adams Cingula (?) Plate 39, fig. 3

1850, C. to C. no. 5, p. 70.

Shell subconic, well elevated: dark brown, with the lip and
apex white: with a few distant subgranular elevated spiral
lines, of which the alternate ones are much more minute;
anteriorly smooth: apex obtuse: spire with the outlines nearly
rectilinear: whorls five, slightly shouldered above, scarcely
convex, with a well impressed suture: aperture orbicular,
parallel with the axis of the spire: lip reflected on the left
side and on the adjacent part of the anterior side: umbilical
region moderately indented.

Mean divergence about 32°; length of spire .05 inch; total
length .085 inch; breadth .045 inch.

Jamaica.

solida Adams Pleurotoma Plate 29, fig. 8

1850, C. to C. no. 4, pp. 61-62.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 343

Shell clavate pyramidal: very dark brown or nearly black,
with the intercostal spaces pale brown: with a very slight
keel on the upper part of the whorls, and a smooth space
below it, and somewhat oblique transverse ribs abruptly
commencing above the middle of the whorls, and spiral
striae in the intercostal spaces; anteriorly with prominent
raised revolving lines decussating the transverse ribs: apex
subacute: spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear: whorls
eight, a little convex, with a moderately impres- [62] sed
suture, which is crenulated by the entrance of the ribs from
above: aperture rather small: labrum produced along the
middle and in dead shells usually broken off: sinus deep, a
little below the extremity of the labrum: canal very short.
This species is allied to P. imicolor Soivb., P. riistica Soicb.,
and P. fiiscescens Gray.

Mean divergence 27'; length of spire .45 inch; total length
.68 inch; breadth .28 inch.

Jamaica.

solidula Adams Odostomia Plate 40, fig. 2

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 110.

Shell cylindrical in the lower half, conic above: dingy
white: thick and smooth: apex subacute: spire with the out-
lines moderately curvilinear: whorls six, moderately convex,
with a distinct suture; last whorl rather long: aperture ovate,
a little effuse and pointed anteriorly: columellar plait stout,
obtuse, quite oblique.

Mean divergence about 20'"; length .11 inch; breadth .04
inch.

Jamaica.
[See note under O. canaliciilata C. B. Adams.]

soror Adams Lucina Plate 45, figs. 11-12

1852, C. to C. no. 12, p. 247.

L. t. suborbiculari; margine superiore antice et postice
declivi, inferiore antice subarcuata; cinereo-albida; micro-
scopice creberrime punctulata; striis concentricisexilissimis
creberrimis; umbonibus prominentibus; apicibus subobli-
quis; lunula minutissima; limbo simplici; dentibus lateralibus

344 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

obsoletis. Long. 19.6 millim.; alt. 18 millim.; lat. 12.7 millim.

Except in form, it resembles L. Janeirensis. It was ob-
tained with L. pectinella.

Dredged in 4 or 5 fathoms, in soft mud, in the harbor of
Kingston, Jamaica; C.B.A.!

squalidus Adams Chiton Plate 42, fig. 7

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 8.

C. t. albida, atro-maculata, maculis maximis, rugosa; areis
a costa robusta discretis; valvis extremis costis 8 ad 10 in-
structis; margine membranaceo, setosa. Long. 1.15 poll.; lat.
.7 poll.

Jamaica.

squatnulosus Adams Chiton Plate 42, fig. 1

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 8.

C. t. olivacea, linea pallide virente dorsali— ornata; areis
lateralibus squamosis inequalibus prostratis—obtectis; areis
dorsi mediis sublaevibus, puncto-striatis; margine exile
squamuloso, alternatim cinereo-virescente viridique. Long.
.7 poll,; lat. .4 poll.

Jamaica.

striosa Adams Rissoa Plate 34, fig. 8

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 116.

Shell ovate conic, somewhat turrited: dingy white or cor-
neous: with, on each whorl, twenty-five to twenty-eight
moderately developed transverse folds, which are obsolete
on the lower part of the middle whorls and on most of the
last whorls; with very numerous crowded deeply impressed
spiral striae; with an infrasutural impressed line larger than
the striae and constricting the whorls: apex acute: spire with
the outlines moderately curvilinear: whorls nine, rather
convex, with a moderately impressed suture: aperture some-
what effuse, large: labrum well advanced, much excurved,
moderately thickened.

Mean divergence about 26°; length of spire .135 inch; total
length .2 inch; breadth .08 inch.

Jamaica.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 345

[Is a Rissoina.—M. Desjardin 1949, Jour, de Conch. 89,
p. 203.]

subangulata Adams Rissoa Plate 34, fig. 9

1850, C. to C. no. 7, pp. 112-113.

Shell long ovate conic: white: with on each whorl, eleven
or twelve rather acute but stout ribs, which spread to their
bases with concave sides, and which on the last whorl are
produced to the anterior extremity; sometimes with very
lightly im- [113] pressed microscopic spiral striae: apex
acute: spire with slightly convex outlines, often with a
curved axis: whorls seven and one-half, quite convex, with
a well impressed suture: aperture moderately effuse and
rather large: labrum well produced and excurved, rather
thick. The name of this species was originally suggested
by specimens, in which the axis is more than usually dis-
torted. Since it has been used in other collections, and in
my printed catalogue of North American shells, I have not
deemed it expedient to substitute a more appropriate name.

Mean divergence about 35^; length of spire .13 inch; total
length .21 inch; breadth .095 inch.

Jamaica.

subcostulata Adams Columbella Plate 41, fig. 1

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 2.

C. t. C. pygmaeae Sowb. affini, exiliore, costis minus ele-
vatis, apertura latiore; fusco irregulariter maculata et retic-
ulata. Div. ib.; spirae long. .165 poll; long. tot. .285 poll.; lat.
.125 poll.

Jamaica.
[Columbella catenata Sowb., and C. subcostata [sic] C. B. Ad.
Specimens with these two names are positively the same spe-
cies.—Krebs 1866, p. 395.]

subglobosa Adams Lucina

1847, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 228 [nude name].

[Is a synonym of Lucina janeirensis Reeve, according to
C. B. Adams 1852, Contributions to Conchology, no. 12, p. 245.

346 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

substriata Adams Chemnitzia Type lost.

1850, C. to C. no. 5, pp. 73-74.

Shell moderately elongated: white, with a slight tinge of
wax color next above the suture: with about twenty-two to
twenty-four transverse rather stout ribs; in the intercostal
spaces and anteriorly with very numerous crowded exces-
sively minute spiral striae, which are scarcely perceptible
under a common magnifier; on the middle of the whorls is
a spiral series of shallow pits in the intercostal spaces; on
the last whorl, with the anterior extremities of the inter-
costal spaces moderately depressed below the surface of the
anterior region: spire with rectilinear outlines: whorls about
eight, planulate, with a distinct suture: aperture rhombic-
ovate: labium scarcely thickened: umbilical region scarcely
indented.

[74] Mean divergence about 12°; length of spire .09 inch;
total length .115 inch; breadth .04 inch.

Jamaica.
[See note under C. multicostata C. B. Adams.]

subulata Adams Chemnitzia Type lost.

1850, C. to C. no. 5, p. 73.

Shell much elongated, subulate: white, or pale brownish
white with two spiral bands of pale wax color, and a third
of the same color anteriorly: with about twenty-eight to
thirty rather prominent slender transverse ribs, which are
not quite obsolete below the convexity of the last whorl; in
the intercostal spaces and anteriorly with numerous exces-
sively fine crowded spiral striae, of which one next below
the suture is larger: nucleus consisting of about one and one-
half whorls, moderately oblique: spire with a slightly curved
axis, with the outlines scarcely convex: whorls ten after the
loss of the nucleus, rather convex, with a well impressed
suture: aperture ovate, acute above: labium slightly thick-
ened: umbilical region slightly indented.

Mean divergence about 11°; length of spire .13 inch; total
length .17 inch; breadth .045. inch.

Jamaica.
[See note under C. exilis C. B. Adams.]

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 347

succinea Adams Truncatella Plate 40, fig. 11

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 12.

T. t. magna, succinea-rubente, decollata; anf. 5 vel 5^ per-
ditis; anf. reliquis 3^ vel 4, costis crebris (ultimi obsoletis)—
ornatis; apertura albida; operculo convexo, calcareo, corneo-
marginato. Div. 22""; spirae long, post decoU. .2 poll; long,
tot. .31 poll.; lat. .13 poll.

Jamaica.

sulphurea Adams Helix Type lost.

1849, C. to C. no. 3, p. 33.

Shell sub-globose, conic above, and a little tapering below;
yellow, nearly transparent; smooth and shining; spire with
the outlines a little convex, well elevated, conic; apex very
small and acute; whorls four, a little convex, with a well
impressed finely margined suture; last whorl very long;
aperture sub-subovate; labrum very thin and sharp; columel-
la much produced, nearly straight; umbilicus none.

Mean divergence 90°; greatest breadth .175 inch; least
breadth .13 inch; height .16 inch.

Perhaps this is a young shell, but probably not of any de-
scribed species.

1850, C. to C. no. 6, p. 98.

On page 33 we described Helix sulphurea as 'perhaps a
young shell.' This opinion was founded on its papyraceous
appearance. Mr. Chitty, from whom the original specimens
were received, has recently furnished a series, which shows
that this shell, with all the generic characters of Helix, is
the last embryonic stage of the West Indian variety of Do-
Hum perdix!

[Is Tonna maculosa Dillwyn.— Turner 19^S, Jo hnsonia 2, p.
169.]

swiftiana Adams Corbula Plate 48, figs. 1-2

1852, C. to. C. no. 12, pp. 236-237.

C. t. subovoidea, solidissima, inequivalvi, vix inequilaterali,
postice acute rostrata; margine ventrali excurvata: albida:
rugis irregularibus et striis concentricis; junioribus exilis-
sime radiatim striatis: apicibus parvis, baud involutis: um.

348 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

bonibus perconvexis, antice subangulatis, postice acute an-
gulatis: dentibus robustis. Long. 10' ' ' .4; alt. 5' ' ' .9; lat.
5' ' ' .9.

Shell subovoid, very solid, inequivalve, slightly inequilat-
eral, acutely rostrated posteriorly, anteriorly well rounded
and glo- [237] bose, with the dorsal margins nearly straight
and the ventral margin well excurved: whitish: with moder-
ately developed concentric irregular ridges and striae; with
the larger valve sculptured more regularly and deeply than
the other; with very minute radiating striae in the young:
beaks small, not involute: umbones very convex, indistinctly
angulated anteriorly, with a sharp but not very prominent
angle posteriorly: teeth robust. It is the analogue of C. na-
suta, which inhabits the Pacific coast of tropical America.

Length .41 inch; height .235 inch; breadth .235 inch.

Station.—Sand, in 3 or 4 fathoms water; C.B.A.!

Habitat—St Thoms; T. Bland! in sched. in Mus. Amh.
[erst]. In the east part of the harbor of Kingston, Jamaica;
C.B.A.! About 250 specimens were collected.

tenera Adams Area Plate 43, figs. 1-2

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 9.

A. t. albida, subtenui, elliptica, decussata, media compres-
sa, umbonibus planulatis, approximatis; costulis radiantibus
crenulatis; striis concentricis pilearibus; dentibus paucis;
hiatu minimo. Long. .8 poll.; alt. .5 poll; lat. .4 poll.

Jamaica.

tenera Adams Patella Types lost.

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 8.

P. t. tenui, fragili, diaphana, albida, fusco-radiata, (radiis
plerumque 8) maculata, vel reticulata, exile decussata, an-
terius et posterius convexa; margine acuto, exile pectinato.
Long. .72 poll.; lat. .53 poll.; alt. .15 poll; alt. exemp. long.
.74 poll.; lat. .55 poll.; alt. .21 poll; dec. ant.: dec. post. : : 5 : 8.

Jamaica.

tenuicostatus Mighels and Adams Pecten Plate 44, fig. 9

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, pp. 41-42, pi. 4, fig. 7.

P. testa parva, tenui, sub-equivalvi; valva superiore pier-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 349

umque rubro-fusca, tenuicostata, costis majoribus 25 usque
ad 30, totidem minoribus; auribus costulatis; valva inferiore
pallida rubro-fusca; extus et intus laevi.

Shell small, sub-orbicular, higher than long, thin, equilat-
eral, sub-equivalve, upper valve a little more convex; with
twenty-five to thirty slender ribs and smaller ones interme-
diate; for the most part reddish-brown; inferior valve smooth,
paler than the upper; ears slightly unequal, those of the up-
per valve delicately ribbed, of the other smooth; color inter-
nally the same as externally; inner surface of the lower
valve smooth, that of the upper grooved.

Length, .5 inch; height, .56 inch; width, .14 inch.

Cabinets of Mons. Largillier, J. W. Mighels, and C. B.
Adams.

Habitat. Casco Bay, taken from stomachs of haddock in
the summer of 1840. We have found but four specimens.

[42] Remarks. This is unquestionably a very rare species.
It does not appear to be very nearly allied to any of the
other species found on our coast. Further research will be
necessary to determine whether or not the specimens already
found are mature. Like most of the Pectens, this shell varies
very much in coloring.

terebellum Adams Cerithium Plate 37, figs. 5-7

1847, Catalogue of the Genera and Species of Recent Shells in the collec-
tion of C. B. Adams, p. 19.

Syn. C. terebrale Ad.; this name having been pre-occupied
by Lamarck for a fossil shell, I propose as a substitute, C.
terebellum.

terebrale Adams Cerithium Plate 37, figs. 5-7

1840, Boston Journal of Natural History 3, pp. 320-321, pi. 3, fig. 7.

C. testa parva, elongata, fusca, saepe albo-cincta; anfracti-
bus duodecim, planulatis, cum quatuor elevatis lineis; spira
elevata, conica; sutura subimpressa; apertura ovata, parva.

Syn. C. Emersonii, var. nov.

Shell small, elongated, brown, frequently with a white
band, with rather slight incremental striae; whorls eleven
or twelve, flattened; spire seven-eighths of the length of the
shell, five-sixths of its bulk, its opposite sides containing an

350 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

angle of about 20°, conic, with four elevated, obtuse, revolv-
ing lines on each whorl, of which the first and second, and
third and fourth are equidistant; the space between the
second and third is obviously less on the upper whorls, but
approaches to an equality with the other spaces, in the
growth of the shell; the first three ridges are equal, and the
fourth small and depressed, [321] so as to lie almost wholly
beneath the first of the succeeding whorl; the suture conse-
quently appears on the upper side of the first ridge, and is
moderately impressed; spaces between the ridges crossed
by more or less elevated irregular lines, or coarse striae of
growth; last whorl on the upper half, sculptured as the spiral
whorls, with a fifth smaller revolving line on the lower part;
aperture ovate, one-eighth of the length of the shell, the line
of its length making an angle of about 25° with the axis of
the shell; labrum thin; canal rather more than a third as long
as the aperture, turning to the left.

Length, .46 inch; width, .13 inch.

Cabinet of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., of Middlebury College, of
Mr. C. F. Shiverick, and my own.

Station. In soft mud, below low water mark.

Habitat. New Bedford and the vicinity.

Remarks. This species was at first regarded as a variety
of C. Emersonii, but the subsequent examination of numer-
ous specimens has satisfied me that the distinctive charac-
ters are constant. It differs from that shell in having a large
elevated ridge in place of the carina on the upper part of
the whorls, and in having three equal ridges in the upper
whorls of the spire. The entire want of granulations distin-
guishes it from the common type of that species. It is dis-
tinguished from the Murex tubercularis of Montagu by the
same character. The latter is said to have but three revolv-
ing ridges, and is also of much less size than our shell. A
number of dead specimens have been obtained by dredging,
and Mr. Shiverick has found a few in a fresh condition.
[Name changed to Cerithium terebellum C. B. Adams, non
C. terebrale Lamarck.]

tervaricosa Adams Rissoa Plate 34, fig. 3

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 6.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 351

R. t. tenui, diaphana, albida, interdum pallide fusco exilis-
sime tessellata; sutura profunda; anf . 9, convexis, singulatim
ter-varicosis, varicibus candidissimus, in seriebus tribus
continuis, et striis exilissimis distantibus decurrentibus —
ornatis. Div. 23"; spirae long. .17 poll; long. tot. .225 poll;
lat. .08 poll.

Jamaica.
[Rissoa tervaricosa C. B. Ad., is syn. with R. melanura C. B.
Ad., and Eulima incerta d'Orb.— Krebs 1866, p. 397.]

tessellata Adams Phasianella"^ Plate 36, fig. 12

1850, C. to C. no. 4, pp. 67-68.

Shell ovate conic: with fine rather distant parallel spiral
lines of brown, which descend more rapidly than the whorls;
with transverse irregular flames of olive brown or red, which
have w^hite shadows on the left side, and which form with
[68] the spiral lines a rather irregularly tessellated arrange-
ment of colors: surface very glossy: apex subacute: spire
with slightly convex outlines: whorls four, moderately con-
vex, with a well impressed suture; last whorl abruptly
rounded or subangular: aperture ovate-elliptical: with a
small umbilicus. A variety from some other West Indian
island is of a nearly olive brown, but without any difference
in the spiral lines of dark brown, which do not appear to be
subject to the variability of coloring which is so common in
this genus.

Mean divergence about ^'^^^\ length of spire .11 inch; total
length .2 inch; breadth .15 inch.

Jamaica.

Thetis Adams

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 9.

G. t. Astarte aflfini, sed dente laterali remota anteriore in

*This name of Adams is both a synonym and homonym of Pliasianella tes-
sellata 'Beck' Potiez and Michaud as well as a similar name by Anton. Refer-
ences are as follows:

Phasianella tessellata 'Beck' Potiez and Michaud 1838, Galerie des Mollusques,
p. 312, pi. 29, figs. 7-8 (Martinique [Lesser Antilles] ).

Phasianella tessellata Anton 1839, Verzeichniss der Conchylien, p. 61 (South
America).

352 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

utraque valva— instructa; pallii impressione vix vel baud
sinuata.

tincta Adams Vitrinella Plate 35, figs. 3, 6

1850, Monograph of Vitrinella, p. 8.

V. t. subdiscoidea: alba, anfractum ultimum rubro tincta,
striis plurimis et carinis duobus parvis cincta: apice obtusa;
spira convexa; anfractibus tribus, valde accrescentibus, su-
tura impressa: umbilico profundo.

Globose discoidal: white, translucent, with strains of red-
dish purple on the last whorl: with numerous spiral striae,
and two small distant revolving carinae on either side of the
periphery of the last whorl: apex obtuse: spire convex, but
little elevated: whorls three, rapidly increasing from the
first, with a well impressed suture; last whorl somewhat
concave beneath the lower carina: aperture scarcely modi-
fied by the last whorl: umbilicus deep, not very wide. Mean
divergence about 135°; length of spire .015 inch; total length
.035 inch; greatest breadth .055 inch; least breadth .045 inch.

Port Royal, Jamaica.
[This species is represented by two specimens. The type
(fig. 6) is badly broken, but has the surface somewhat better
preserved, showing pale brownish vinaceous radial clouds on
the upper surface of the last whorl, which is minutely striate
spirally. The base also has very minute spiral striation. The
shape is depressed subglobose, with low convex spire. Whorls
about 2i to 3, joined by a distinctly impressed suture. The
periphery is flattened and obtusely biangular. The base has a
median angle.

In the second specimen (fig. 3) the " strains of reddish pur-
ple" mentioned by Professor Adams are not visible on the
white surface, which is dull and beachworn, showing spiral
striation only where protected, in the umbilical concavity. The
peristome is thin, and in this shell irregularly broken. The
columella is refiexed, with a median point at the termination
of a strong but narrow spiral cord which contracts the umbili-
cus. The parietal callus is very thin. Diameter 1.1 mm., height
0.7 mm.

The reflection of the columella is somewhat exaggerated by
reason of the broken outer lip, and consequent rolling of the

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 353

shell towards the left, in order to show the full width of the
aperture.

The most remarkable feature of the type specimen of this
species is the color, which suggests Omphaliiis of the fasciatiis
group, which is also somewhat similar in structure of colu-
mella and umbilicus. I have not been able to compare young
Omphaliiis nearly as small as V. tincta, but the smallest seen
do not have the carinate base or such minute striation as V.
fmcta, and the apical whorl seem.s larger, though it is not per-
fect in those compared. Moreover, V. tincta does not appear
to be pearly within. The color variegation is elsewhere un-
known in Vitrinellidae, I believe.— Pilsbry 1946, p. 4.]

trilineata Adams Pleurotoma Plate 29, fig. 15

Plate 49, fig. 5

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 3.

P. t. minim.a, alba, lineis tribus pallide fuscis fasciata; anf.
6i, subangulatis, lineis pluribus elevatis decurrentibus, et
costulis longitudinalibus— instructis; labro crasso; sinu pro-
fundo; canali brevissimo. Div. 25""; spirae long. .1 poll.; long.
.185 poll.; lat. .075 poll.

Jamaica.

truncata Mighels and Adams Thracia Plate 43, figs. 5-7

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, p. 38, pi. 4, fig. 1.

T. testa parva, solida, per-inequilaterali, postice truncata, et striata: callo
nymphali producto.

Shell small, white, rather solid, abruptly truncate posteri-
orly, very inequilateral; surface with three regions; the an-
terior region separated from the posterior by an umbonial
angle, which extends from the beak to the lower extremity,
marked with numerous minute incremental striae; posterior
region with the incremental striae distinct and much crowd-
ed; areolar region narrow, with regular striae of growth;
epidermis thin, of a pale straw-color; beaks small, that of the
right side moderately excavated for the reception of the
left; posterior dorsal margin straight, descending abruptly
to an angle with the anterior, which is also straight, making
an angle with the inferior, which is moderately curved: an-
terior margin regularly rounded; anterior dorsal margin
slightly curved; ligament rather large and prominent; interi-

354 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

or of a clear white; nymphaeal callosity not spoon-shaped,
produced; pallial impression deeper than wide.

Average length, .75 inch; height, .5 inch; width, .29 inch.

Cabinets of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., J. W. Mighels, and C. B.
Adams.

Habitat Casco Bay, Me., obtained in 1840, from stomachs
of haddock.

Remarks. Although this shell is small, its solidity, quite
unusual in the genus, forbids the supposition that it is im-
mature. It is remarkably distinct from other species in the
disparity of the anterior and posterior sides, whose length
are as eight to three. It must be regarded as exceedingly
rare, three or four years exploration having developed only
four or five specimens.

variabile Adams Cerithium Plate 37, fig. 2

1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 5.

C. t. parva, solida, nigra, irregulariter albo-maculata; su-
tura profunda; anf. 9, convexis, striatis, striis creberrimis
decurrentibus; spirae anf. plicis 4 angustis decurrentibus,
et plicis longitudinalibus, intersectionibus nodiferis — in-
structis; labro intus incrassato et crenato; labio supra uni-
plicato; canali brevi. Div. 30°; spirae long. .34 poll; long,
tot. 51 poll.; lat. .2 poll.

Jamaica.
[Cerithium variabile C. B. Ad. We take this to be syn. with

C minimum Gmel. and C. zonale Brug., perhaps also with C.

septemstriatum Say, C. ferrugineum Say, C. megasoma C. B.

Ad., and C nigrescens Menke.— Krebs 1866, p. 394.]

varicosa Mighels and Adams Margarita Plate 36, fig. 8

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, p. 46, pi. 4, fig. 14.

M. testa parva, tenui, conica; anfractibus quatuor, con-
vexis; longitudinaliter costulatis, transverse striatis; sutura
sub-canaliculata; umbilico magno, profundo.

Shell small, thin, low, conical, of a dingy white or drab
color; whorls four, convex, covered with numerous longitu-
dinal, oblique ribs, intersected by a great number of trans-
verse, revolving striae, which are most conspicuous on the
lower part and base of the lower whorl. The striae on the

OCCASIONAL PAPERS OX MOLLUSKS 355

upper part of the whorls can only be seen with a magnifier.
Suture distinct, sub-canaliculate; umbilicus rather large and
deep, bounded by two rather rugged varices, intersected by
the ribs which are continued to the verge of the umbilicus;
aperture circular; labrum simple, sharp; within perlaceous.

Height, .25 inch; diameter of base equal to the height; di-
vergence, 90 degrees.

Habitat. Bay Chaleur; taken from the stomach of a cod-
fish, {Morrhua ame?icana Storer) in the summer of 1841, by
our fisherman, Mr. Foster.

Remarks. Only a single specimen of the above dimen-
sions has been obtained, and one other, much smaller and
somewhat worn. It is easily distinguished from all its con-
geners by the longitudinal, oblique ribs, and the two varices
at the base. It is in the cabinet of J. W. Mighels.

versicolor Adams Cerithium Plate 37, fig. 1

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 119.

Shell ovate conic, turrited; usually mottled irregularly
with reddish black and white, white prevailing on the vari-
ces and on the upper whorls, and the black on the lower
whorls and especially on the granules; sometimes mostly
white; sometimes mostly black: with numerous transverse
ridges, which are prominent on the upper whorls; with, on
most of the whorls, three spiral ridges, the intersections
being developed into very prominent subacute nodules; and
a fourth smaller spiral ridge in the suture of the last whorl;
with intermediate spiral striae; anteriorly with four addi-
tional smaller less strongly nodulous spiral ridges and inter-
mediary striae; with rather less than two irregular varices
to each whorl: apex very acute: spire with the outlines
slightly curvilinear: whorls ten or eleven, a little convex,
with a well impressed suture: aperture subovate, rather
acuminate at both extremities: labrum rather sharp, very
much thickened both externally and internally a little be-
hind the edge, deeply striated within: labium with a small
callus on the upper part: canal very short, rather wide, much
defiected to the left.

Mean divergence about 26 ; length of spire .42 inch; total
length .57 inch; breadth .2 inch.

Jamaica.

356 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

vicina Adams Mangelia Plate 31, fig. 13

1850, C. to C. no. 4, pp. 66-67.

Shell fusiform, moderately elongated: dull brownish red,
white along the upper part of the whorls and anteriorly:
[67] with strong transverse ribs, smooth on the summits,
about ten on each whorl; with unequal spiral microscopic
striae: apex acute: spire with rather convex outlines: whorls
about six, moderately convex, with a distinct suture: aper-
ture rather narrow: labrum well thickened by the last rib:
sinus rather large: canal very short. Similar to M. brevis.

Mean divergence about 40°; length of spire .1 inch; total
length .17 inch; breadth .08 inch.

Jamaica.
[Mangelia vicina C. B. Ad., very likely is Pleurotoma badia
Rv.-Krebs 1866, p. 396.]

vicinum Adams Cerithium Plate 37, fig. 10

1850, C. to C. no. 7, p. 122.

Shell similar to C. rugulosum, but in place of the spiral
lines are spiral ridges, and in place of the transverse ridges
are slender transverse elevated lines, the proportion of size
being reversed; whorls about eight or nine; the canal is a
little more developed.

Mean divergence about 11°; length of spire .09 inch; total
length .12 inch; breadth .04 inch.

Jamaica.
[Cerithium vicinum C. B. Ad., and C. rugulosum C. B. Ad.,
we take to be synonymes.— Krebs 1866, p. 394.]

violacea Mighels and Adams Pleurotoma Plate 31, figs. 4-6

1842, Boston Journal of Natural History 4, p. 51, pi. 4, fig. 21.

P. testa atro-purpurea, longitudinaliter sub-plicata, trans-
verse striate; anfractibus sex, ultimo supra carinato, plicis
in medio evanescentibus, alteris medio carinatis; spira acuta;
apertura angustata; cauda brevi.

Shell small, of a blackish purple color, ovate, with a pale
brown epidermis irregularly sub-plicate, with numerous
faint revolving striae decussating by the incremental striae;
whorls six; whorls of the spire carinate in the middle; last

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 357

whorl shouldered by a continuation of the same carina, with
the plications terminating on its convexity; spire acute,
conic; suture distinct; aperture narrow, rather less than half
the length of the shell; labrum simple, sharp, regularly
curved, with the sinus at the extremity; canal short, wide.

Length .3 inch; breadth .15 inch; divergence 40"^.

Cabinets of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., G. B. Sowerby, J. W.
Mighels, and C. B. Adams.

Habitat. Casco Bay; found without the animal, at low-
water mark, in the summer of 1840, and subsequently in
the stomachs of haddock.

Remarks. This species is remotely allied to P. decussata
Couth.; our shell, however, is always longer, aperture nar-
rower, and the sculpture less regular and distinct; but it is
especially characterized by having the spiral carina far be-
low the suture.

vitrea Adams Rissoa Plate 33, fig. 1

1850. C. to C. no. 7, p. 115.

Shell ovate conic, turrited: with a scarcely perceptible
bluish tinge, opaque white at the suture and in the thicken-
ing around the aperture; in the rest transparent as glass,
and clearly exhibiting the internal structure: highly polished,
with some scarcely perceptible microscopic striae of growth,
and a fine impressed spiral line very near and next below
the suture: apex very acute: spire with the outlines moder-
ately curvilinear: whorls nearly ten, slightly convex, with a
distinct but moderately impressed suture: aperture very ef-
fuse and angular anteriorly: labrum very much excurved
and advanced, moderately thickened.

Mean divergence 26"; length of spire .19 inch; total length
.29 inch; breadth .105 inch.

Jamaica.
[Is a Rissoina — M. Desiard'm 1949, Joitr. de Conch. 89, p.
207.]

Vitrinella Adams

1850, Monograph of Vitrinella, pp. 3-4.

Testa turbiniformi, minima, vitrea; apertura maxima, or-
biculari, subtus valde indentata, vel umbilicata.

358 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Shell turbiniform, vitreous, minute, with a large orbicular
aperture, either umbilicated or with the umbilical region
deeply and widely indented.

The form of the aperture would place these shells in
Turbo or Margarita. The want of an umbilicus excludes
three of the species from the latter. The operculum is un-
known; but as it is extremely improbable that thin vitreous
almost transparent shells should have solid calcareous oper-
cula, we may assume it to be horny, which will exclude the
species from Turbo, regarding this genus as best charac-
terized by the operculum. The most widely umbilicated
species approximates in form to Skenea, and might be mis-
taken for a depressed umbilicated species of Helix. In tex-
ture, the nearest approach among the kindred genera is in
Margarita arctica Leach. From all the Turbinidae known to
us, they are however well distinguished by their vitreous
texture and rapid enlargement of the whorls, which last
character produces a large aperture. The variation [47] in
respect of an umbilicus is parallel with the similar variation
in Turbo. They are not the young of any larger species, for
the first one or one and one-half whorls are distinguished
from the following whorls by nuclear peculiarities, as want
of sculpture, &c. We are acquainted with the young of all
the larger species which inhabit the same localities, and
none of them resemble these shells.

Most of the specimens were obtained from a pint of sand,
which contained 110 species of shells, and which was taken
from a surface of three or four square yards of sand beach
in a little cove near Port Royal, Jamaica, on the outside of
the peninsula. A few were found on the inside of the penin-
sula. Of V. megastoma and V. interrupta we obtained sev-
eral specimens: of the other species,— one to four of each.
Probably all the species are rare.

[Genotype, Vitrinella helicoides Adams. Subsequent desig-
nation, K. J. Bush 1897, (Trans. Connecticut Academy 10, p.
106) .]

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 359

The following is a list of the various species described by
C. B. Adams. They are grouped under the genera to which
they were originally assigned. Subsequent generic changes
for a few of the species are indicated in the main body of this
report.

Amphidesma: jayanum.

Area: tenera.

Buccinum: candidissimum; concinnum; obesum; pulchellum.

Bulla: occulta; puncto-striata.

Cardita: ovata.

Cemoria: princeps.

Cerithium: albovittatum; algicola; ambiguum; bicolor; dealba-
tum; decoratum; emersonii; exiguum; exile; flavum; fusi-
forme; gemmulosum; gibberulum; greenii; intermedium;
iota; latum; megasoma; melanura; mirable; modestum; mu-
tabile; nanum; nigrocinctum; pulchellum; rugulosum; ser-
vile; terebellum; terebrale; variabile; versicolor; vicinum.

Chemnitzia: babylonia; exilis; flavocincta; latior; levis; multi-
costata; obeliscus; puncta; pusilla; reticulata; substriata;
subulata.

Chiton: costatus; erythronotus; mendicarius; multicostatus;
papillosus; purpurascens; squalidus; squamulosus.

Cingida: arenaria; carinata; concinna; conica; latior; semicos-
tata; solida.

Columbella: costulata; decipiens; fenestrata; ovuloides; pur-
purascens; pygmaea; subcostulata.

Conns: armillatus.

Corbula: barrattiana; blandiana; chittyana; dietziana; fulva;
kjoeriana; knoxiana; krebsiana; newtoniana; swiftiana.

Erato: cypraeoides.

Eulima: affinis; arcuata; conica; fulvo-cincta; gracilis; jamai-
censis.

Fasciolaria: ligata.

Fissurella: elongata.

Fusiis: cancellatus; muricoides; nitens.

Goiddia.

360 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Helix: sulphurea.

Jaminia: producta; seminuda.

Lima: pellucida.

Litiopa: effusa; obesa.

Littorina: interrupta; jamaicensis.

Liicina: americana; granulosa; imbricatula; ornata; pectinata;
pectinella; pilula; pulchella; soror; subglobosa.

Mactra: bilineata.

Mangelia: alba; biconica; brevis; crassicostata; densestriata;
lanceolata; ligata; muricoides; vicina.

Margarita: varicosa.

Marginella: abbreviata; alba; albida; fluctuata; gracilis; nivea;
rubella.

Mitra: albicostata; albo-cincta; exigua; monilifera.

Monodonta: angulata; livido-maculata; maculo-striata.

Murex: intermedius; pauperculus.

Narica: anomala.

Natica: gouldii; jamaicensis; nigrescens; proxima.

Nerita: praecognita.

Neritina: All species, originally described by C. B. Adams in
this genus will be included under land and freshwater gen-
era of Jamaica.

Nucula: antiqua; cascoensis; delphinodonta.

Odostomia: canaliculata; gemmulosa; ovuloides; solidula.

Patella: albicosta; tenera.

Pecten: tenuicostatus.

Pedipes: globulosus; ovalis.

Perna: bicolor.

Phasianella: affinis; brevis; concinna; concolor; tesselata.

Pholas: rosea.

Plectrotrema: inaequalis.

Pleurotoma: albella; albida; albo-cincta; albo-maculata; albo-
vittata; augustae; candidissima; decorata; diminuta; dubia;
elatior; flavocincta; fusca; fuscocincta; fusco-lineata; fusifor-
mis; jayana; maculata; minor; monilifera; multilineata; ni-
grescens; nodata; plicata; plicosa; pygmaea; quadrilineata;
reevii; solida; trilineata; violacea.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 361

Psammobia: affinis; biradiata; cerina; purpureo-maculata.

Purpura: aberrans; nodulosa.

Pyramis: fusca.

Rissoa: aberrans; affinis; albida; crassicosta; dubiosa; euli-

moides; laevigata; laevissima; melanura; minor; multicosta-

ta; princeps; pulchra; scalarella; scalaroides; striosa; sub-

angulata; tervaricosa; vitrea.
Scalaria: ligata; modesta.
Tellina: decussatula; nitens.
Terehra: jamaicensis.
Thetis: cerina; parva.
Thracia: inequalis; truncata.
Torinia: canalifera.
Tornatella: puncto-striata.
Triton: parvus; pulchellus.
Trochus: occidentalis; pulcher.
Truncatella: cummingii; gouldii; modesta; scalariformis; suc-

cinea.
Turbo: pulchellus/
Turritella: costulata; reticulata.
Vitrinella: helicoidea; hyalina; interrupta; megastoma; tincta.

Addenda

After the first portion of this paper had been printed, the
following paper by Max Desjardin was received. This paper
was based in part upon photographs made of the C.B.Adams
types. References have been made to this work throughout
our report under the various species except for Rissoa affinis
which was printed at that time.

Desjardin, Max, 1949, Les Rissoinade Tile de Cuba. Journal
de Conchyliologie 89, pp. 193-208, pis. 9-10.

Under Rissoa affinis, p. 251 add:

Is Rissoina striatocostata d'Orbigny— M. Desjardin 1949,
Jour, de Conch. 89, p. 201.

362

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 29

Fig.

1.

Fig.

2.

Fig.

3.

Fig.

4.

Fig.

5.

Fig.

6.

Fig.

7.

Fig.

8.

Fig.

9.

Fig.

10.

Fig.

11.

Fig.

12.

Fig.

13.

Fig.

14.

Fig.

15.

Plate

Pleurotoma flavocincta Adams. Holotype MCZ 155917 (lOx).
albella Adams. Holotype MCZ 186006 (lOx).
maculata Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177376 (lOx).
decorata Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177371 (4x).
albodncta Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177356 (6x).
albomaculata Adams. Holotype MCZ 186024 (3x).
elatior Adams. Holotype MCZ 155923 (lOx).
solida Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186005 (3x).
fusca Adams. Holotype MCZ 177044 (lOx).
multilineata Adams. Holotype MCZ 177030 (lOx).
" nigrescens Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177354 (6x).

quadrilineata Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186007 (lOx).
pygmaea Adams. Holotype MCZ 155918 (lOx).
nodata Adams. Holotype MCZ 186004 (6x).
trilineata Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177361 (lOx). (See also
49, fig. 5.)

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 363

I'latc 2:)

364

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 30

Fig. 1. Pleur

otc

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7-8.

8, about 10:

0

augustae Adams. Holotype MCZ 177375 (4x).
albida Adams. Holotype MCZ 177360 (lOx).
albovittafa Adams. Holotype MCZ 177358 (lOx).
jayana Adams. Holotype MCZ 156157 (4x).
candidissima Adams. Holotype MCZ 186002 (lO^x).
fuscocinda Adams. Holotype MCZ 155958 (lOx).
fusiformis Adams. Holotype MCZ 177379 (Fig. 7, 8x; Fig.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 365

Plate 30

366 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 31

Fig. 1. Pleurotoma plicata Adams {=P. plicosa Adams). Lectotype MCZ

155921 (about 6x). (See also Plate 32, fig. 5-6.)
Fig. 2. Pleurotoma dubia Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177031 (about 6x).
Fig. 3. " diminuta Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186148 (about 6x).

Fig. 4. " violacea Mighels and Adams, Lectotype MCZ 165594

(about 4x).
Fig. 5-6. Pleurotoma violacea Mighels and Adams (enlarged from original

figures).
Fig. 7. Pleurotoma minor Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186122 (about lOx).
Fig. 8. Mangelia densestriata Adams. Holotype MCZ 177027 (lOx).
Fig. 9. " lanceolata Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177380 (lOx).

Fig. 10. Conns armillatus Adams. Holotype MCZ 154005 (2x).
Fig. 11. Mangelia muricoides Adams. Holotype MCZ 177378 (lOx).
Fig. 12. " crassicostata Adams. Holotype MCZ 155933 (lOx).

Fig. 13. " vicina Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177374 (lOx).

Fig. 14. " brevis Adams. Lectotype MCZ 155934 (lOx).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 367

Plate 31

368 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 32

Mangelia biconica alba Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186008 (lOx).

biconica Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177377 (lOx).
Marginella fluctuata Adams. Holotype MCZ 186047 (lOx).

rubella Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186143 (3x).
Pleurotoma plicata Adams (enlarged from original figures). (See
ate 31, fig. 1)
Marginella alba Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186032 (lOx).

abbreviata Adams. Holotype MCZ 186003 (6x).
Purpura aberrans Adams. Holotype MCZ 177956 (3x) .

nodulosa Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177045 (2fx).
Buccinum obesum Adams. Lectotype MCZ 156016 (7x).

pulchellum Adams. Holotype MCZ 186110 (about lOx).
Marginella nivea Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186053 (4x).

gracilis Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186119 (about lOx).
Bulla occulta Mighels and Adams. Lectotype MCZ 156452 (enlarged
from original figures). *
Fig. 16. Buccinum concinnum Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186112 (4x).
Fig. 17. Bulla punctostriata Mighels and Adams. Neoholotype MCZ 177003

(3x).
Fig. 18. Bulla punctostriata Mighels and Adams (enlarged from original fig-
ures).

Fig.

1.

Fig.

2.

Fig.

3.

Fig.

4.

Fig.

5-6.

alsoP

Fig.

7.

Fig.

8.

Fig.

9.

Fig.

10.

Fig.

11.

Fig.

12.

Fig.

13.

Fig.

14.

Fig.

15.

This was given in error as fig. 13 in the text.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 369

Plate 32

370

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 33

Fig.

1.

Fig.

2.

Fig.

3.

Fig.

4.

Fig.

5.

Fig.

6.

Fig.

7.

Fig.

8.

Fig.

9.

Fig.

10.

Fig.

11.

Rissoa vitrea Adams. Holotype MCZ 155418 (15x).

" (?) melanura Adams. Holotype MCZ 156424 (lOx).

" scalarella Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177102 (17x).

" multicostata Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177098 (lOx).

" dubiosa Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177097 (lOx).

" scalaroides Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177103 (lOx).

" laevissima Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177094 (lOx).

" pulchra Adams. Holotype MCZ 156423 (lOx).

" eulimoides Adams. Holotype MCZ 156416 (lOx).

" aberrans Adams. Holotype MCZ 156426 (lOx).
Erato (?) cypraeoides Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186065 (4x).

Plate 33

372

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 34

Fig. 1. Riss

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Rissoa princeps Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177093 (lOx).
" albida Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177099 (lOx).
" tervaricosa Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177096 (lOx).

scalaroides minor Adams. Holotype MCZ 156425 (about Six).
" afftnis Adams. Holotype MCZ 156411 (lOx).

crassicosta Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186174 (about 4x).
" laevigata Adams. Holotype MCZ 156414 (lOx).
" striosa Adams. Lectotype MCZ 156431 (lOx).
" subangulata Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177095 (lOx).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 373

Plate 34

374 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 35

Fig. 1. Vitrinella helicoidca Adams. Lectotype MCZ 156271 (17^x).
Fig. 2. " megastoma Adams. Lectotype MCZ 156269 (21x).

Fig. 3,6. " tinda Adams. Lectotype MCZ 156257 (25Ax).

Fig. 4, 5. " interrupta Adams. Holotype MCZ 156270 (25x).

We are indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry for the loan of this plate. It appeared
originally in Notulae Naturae, no. 162, January 18, 1946.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 375

Plate 35

376 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 36

Fig. 1. Patella albicosta Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186033 (about 3x).

Fig. 2. " fl/^/cos/fl Adams. Paratype MCZ 156462 (about 3x).

Fig. 3. Phasianella concolor Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186022 (15x).

Fig. 4. " concinna Adams. Lectotype USNM 54766 (4x).

Fig. 5. Eulima jamaicensis Adams. Lectotype MCZ 156355 (about 8x).

Fig. 6. Phasianella affinis Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186020 (8x).

Fig. 7. Eulima conica Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186183 (12x).

Fig. 8. Margarita varicosa Mighels and Adams. Types lost. (Enlarged from

original drawing.)

Fig. 9. Mitra monilifera Adams. Holotype MCZ 186093 (2ix).

Fig. 10. " albocinda Adams. Holotype MCZ 177080 (3x).

Fig. 11. " albicostata Adams. Holotype MCZ 177083 (3x).

Fig. 12. Phasianella tesselata Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186067 (lOx).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 377

Plate 36

378

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 37

Fig. 1. Cerithium versicolor Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186054 (4x).

Fig. 2. " var labile Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186056 (4x).

Fig. 3. " glbberulum Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186078 (6x).

Fig. 4. " algicola Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186026 (3x).

Fig. 5. " terebrale Adams. Lectotype MCZ 156200 (2Jx).

Fig. 6,7. " " " (enlarged from original figures).

Fig. 8. " megasoma Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186096 (2^x).

Fig. 9. " rnutabile Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186094 (3x).

Fig. 10. " vicinum Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186155 (about 3x).

Fig. 11. " flavum Adams. Holotype MCZ 186114 (about lOx).

Fig. 12. " emersonii Adams. Lectotype MCZ 156201 (3:}x).
Fig. 13, 14. " " " (enlarged from original figures).

Fig. 15. " bicolor Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186057 (6x).

Fig. 16. " iota Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186115 (about lOx).

Fig. 17. " greenii Adams (enlarged from original figure).

Fig. 18. " greenii Adams. Lectotype MCZ 156202 (about 12x).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 379

380

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 38

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 16.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 18.

MCZ
Fig. 19.
Fig. 20.
Fig. 21.
Fig. 22.

2ix).

Cerithium mirabile Adams. Lectotype MCZ 154353 (12x).

decoratum Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186178 (16x).

dealbatum Adams. Holotype MCZ 186179 (7x).

fusiforme Adams. Holotype MCZ 186127 (about lOx).

latum Adams. Holotype MCZ 186134 (about lOx).

albovittatum Adams. Holotype MCZ 156142 (lOx).

ambiguum Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186025 (3x).

exile Adams. Holotype MCZ 177150 (lOx).
" intermedium Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186161 (7Ax).

melanura Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186159 (7x).

nigrocinctum Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186157 (lOx).

intermedium Adams. Heautotype MCZ 186162 {7hx).

gemmulosum Adams. Holotype MCZ 186075 (lOx).

nigrocinctum Adams (enlarged from original figure).
Cemoria princeps Mighels and Adams (enlarged from original figure).
Fasciolaria ligata Mighels and Adams (enlarged from original figure).
Cerithium rugulosum Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186153 (about 14x).
Littorina lineata var. interrupta 'C. B. Adams' Philippi. Paratype
186123 (about 2 Vx).
Littorina jamaicensis Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186133 (2^x).
Pyramis fusca C. B. Adams (enlarged from original figure).

" Lectotype MCZ 156006 (lOx).
Terebra jamaicensis C. B. Adams. Neoholotype MCZ 186151 (about

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 381

^'^S^ - U

Plate 38

382 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 39

Fig. 1, Copy of Adams' symbol used in several descriptions.

Fig. 2. Cingula latior Mighels and Adams. Type lost (enlarged from original
figure).

Fig. 3. Cingula (?) solida Adams. Holotype MCZ 186083 (15x).

Fig. 4. " " concinna Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186084 (15x).

Fig. 5. " " cow/cfl Adams. Holotype MCZ 186082 (15x).

Fig. 6. " arenaria Adams. Type lost (enlarged from original figure).

Fig. 7. " semicostata 'Montagu' Mighels and Adams. Type lost (en-

larged from original figure).

Fig. 8. Cerithium modestum Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186180 (13x).

Fig. 9. Fusus muricoides Adams. Holotype MCZ 186092 (2^x).

Fig. 10. " cancellatus Mighels and Adams. Type lost (enlarged from
original figure).

Fig. 11. Monodonta lividomaculata Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186061 (2x).

Fig. 12. " angulata Adams. Lectotype MCZ 149300 (2ix).

Fig. 13. " maculostriata Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186070 (2x).

Fig. 14. Narica (?) anomala Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186034 (lOx).

Fig. 15. Murex intermedius Adams. Lectotype MCZ 156123 (about 2|x).

Fig. 16. " pauperculus Adams. Lectotype MCZ 156124 (about 2ix).

Fig. 17. Fusus nitens Adams. Holotype MCZ 186191 (about 2^x).

Fig. 18. Cingula carinata Mighels and Adams. Lectotype MCZ 185255 (16x).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 383

Plate 39

384 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 40

Odostomia gem'Mulosa Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186076 (15x).
solidula Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186037 (15x).
canaliculata Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186101 (lOx).
ovuloides Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186130 (about lOx).
Tornatella pundostriata Adams. Holotype MCZ 155925 (7x).

pundostriata Adams (enlarged from original figure).
Trochus pulcher Adams. Holotype MCZ 156356 (2.\x).
Triton pulchellus Adams. Holotype MCZ 186135 (about 2ix).
Turbo (?) pulchellus Adams. Lectotype MCZ 156358 (about lOx).
Truncatella curningii Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177155 (6x).
sucdnea Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177154 (5x).
Triton parvus Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177283 (2Ax).
Trochus occidental is Mighels and Adams. Type lost (enlarged from
original figure).
Fig. 14. Turritella reticulata Mighels and Adams. Paratype MCZ 185254

(about 2|x).
Fig. 15. Turritella reticulata Mighels and Adams (enlarged from original

figure).
Fig. 16. Turritella costu lata Mighels and Adams (enlarged from original fig-
ure). Idiotype MCZ 165598.
Fig. 17. Truncatella rnodesta Adams. Holotype MCZ 177152 (13x).

Fig.

1.

Fig.

2.

Fig.

3.

Fig.

4.

Fig.

5.

Fig.

6.

Fig.

7.

Fig.

8.

Fig.

9.

Fig.

10.

Fig.

11.

Fig.

12.

Fig.

13.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 385

Plate 40

386 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 41

Fig. 1. Columbella subcostulata Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186039 (6x).

Fig. 2. " fenestrata Adams. Holotype MCZ 186009 (7x).

Fig. 3. " costulata Adams. Holotype MCZ 186108 (4x).

Fig. 4. " ovuloides Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177372 (about 2ix).

Fig. 5. Jaminia seminuda Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186052 (lOx).

Fig. 6. " " " (enlarged from original figure).

Fig. 7. Fissurella elongata Adams. Lectotype MCZ 155533 (4x).

Fig. 8. Jaminia produda Adams. Lectotype MCZ 156158 (7x).

Fig. 9. " " " (enlarged from original figure).

Fig. 10. Nerita praecognita Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186194 (slightly enlarged).

Fig. 11. Natica jamaicensis Adams. Lectotype MCZ 156166 (3x).

Fig. 12. " gouldii Adams. Lectotype MCZ 151080 (about L\x).

Fig. 13. " proxima Adams. Lectotype MCZ 155931 (about 2x).

Fig. 14. Pedipes ovalis Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177349 (8x).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 387

IMate 41

388 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 42

Fig. 1. Chiton squamulosus Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186080 (2x).

Fig. 2. " purpurascens Adams. Holotype MCZ 155962 (3x).

Fig. 3. " multicostatus Adams. Lectotype USNM 64425 (2x).

Fig. 4. " papillosus Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186100 (5x).

Fig. 5. " erythronotus Adams. Holotype MCZ 155960 (about 2ix).

Fig. 6. Chiton mendicarius Mighels and Adams. Type lost (enlarged from

original figure).

Fig. 7. Chiton squalidus Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186099 (natural size).
Fig. 8. " costatus Adams. Holotype MCZ 156026 (about natural size).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 389

Plate 42

390 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON. MOLLUSKS

Plate 43

Fig. 1-2. Area tenera Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177060 (2ix).

Fig. 3-4. Amphidesma jayanum Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186109 (slightly en-
larged).

Fig. 5. Thracia trimcata Mighels and Adams (enlarged from original fig-
ure).

Fig. 6-7. Thracia truncata Mighels and Adams. Lectotype MCZ 165595 (3k)

Fig. 8-9. Lima pellucida Adams. Lectotype MCZ 155585 (3x).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 391

n

Plate 43

392 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 44

Fig. 1-2. Tellina decussatula Adams. Lectotype MCZ 156459 (2ix).
Fig. 3-4. " nitens Adams. Holotype MCZ 155606 (3x).

Fig. 5-6. Thetis parva Adams. Paratype USNM 64072 (8^x).

[Lectotype MCZ 186267. The original lot of C. B. Adams was misfiled and
was not located until after the plate had been made up so we give only the
MCZ number here].

Fig. 7-8. Thetis cerina Adams. Lectotype MCZ 155584 (2ix).
Fig. 9. Pecten tenuicostatus Mighels and Adams. Type lost (enlarged from

original figure).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 393

Plate 44

394 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 45

Fig. 1-2. Psammobia purpureo-maculata Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186069 (2x),

Fig. 3-4. " cerina Adams. Holotype MCZ 177057 (3x).

Fig. 5-6. " biradiata Adams. Holotype MCZ 177056 (2x).

Fig. 7. " a#w/s Adams. Holotype MCZ 186074 (2x).

Fig. 8. Nucula delphinodonta Mighels and Adams (enlarged from original
figure ) .

Fig. 9. Nucula delphinodonta Mighels and Adams. Lectotype MCZ 176984
(8x).

Fig. 10. Nucula antiqua Mighels and Adams. Type lost (enlarged from orig-
inal figure).

Fig. 11-12. Lucina soror Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177059 (2x).

Fig. 13. Nucula cascoensis Mighels and Adams. Type lost (enlarged from
original figure).

Fig. 14. Thracia inequalis Adams. Type lost (enlarged from original fig-
ure).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 395

Plate 45

396 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 46

Lucina americana Adams. Holotype MCZ 177064 (2x).
granulosa Adams. Lectotype MCZ 155587 (2^x).
pedinata Adams. Lectotype MCZ 155996 (2x).
imbricatula Adams. Idiotype MCZ 177018 ( slightly enlarged )
from St. Johns, Virgin Islands.
Fig. 9-10. Lucina pedinella Adams. Lectotype MCZ 155597 (about Six).
Fig. 11-12. '' pilula Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177058 (about 2x).

Fig.

1-2.

Fig.

3-4.

Fig.

5-6.

Fig.

7-8.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 397

Plate 46

398

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 47

Fig.

1. Corb

Fig.

2.

Fig.

3-4.

Fig.

5-6.

Fig.

7.

Fig.

8.

Fig.

9.

Fig.

10.

Fig.

11.

Fig.

12.

Fig.

13.

Corbula kjoeriana Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186105 (3x).
Paratype MCZ 155603 (3x).
blandiana Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177062 (3x).
dietziana Adams. Lectotype MCZ 155604 (3x).
barrattiana Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186107 (3x).
Paratype MCZ 155605 (3x).
newtoniana Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177063 (2ix).
Paratype MCZ 155607 (2ix).
knoxiana Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186106 (2U).
Paratype MCZ 155608 (2^x).
fulva Adams. Holotype MCZ 155609 (3x).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 399

I Mate 4;

400 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Fig.

1.

Fig.

2.

Fig.

3.

Fig.

4-5.

Fig.

6-7.

Fig.

8-9.

Plate 48

Corbula swiftiana Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186103 (3x).
Paratype MCZ 155602 (3x).

krebsiana Adams. Lectotype MCZ 155611 (4x).

chittyana Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177065 (3x).
Perna bicolor Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186081 (2x).
Cardita ovata Adams. Holotype MCZ 155984 (2x) .

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 401

Plate 48

402 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 49

Fig. 1. Pleurotoma candidissima Adams (greatly enlarged to show sculpture).

(See also Plate 30, fig. 2.)
Fig. 2. Pleurotoma albida Adams (greatly enlarged to show sculpture). (See

also Plate 30, fig. 5.)
Fig. 3. Chemnitzia levis Adams. Lectotype USNM 94806 (about 8^x).
Fig. 4. " " " Paratype USNM 90614 (13x).

Fig. 5. Pleurotoma trilineata (greatly enlarged to show sculpture). (See also

Plate 29, fig. 15.)
Fig. 6. Scalaria modesta Adams. Lectotype MCZ 186168 (about 8x).
Fig. 7. Chernnitzia rnulticostata Adams. Lectotype USNM 90612 (13x).
Fig. 8. " flavocincta Adams. Lectotype USNM 90613 (13x).

Fig. 9. Pedipss globulosus Adams. Lectotype MCZ 177347 (5x).
Fig. 10. Truncatella gouldii 'Adams' Pfeiffer. Cotype MCZ 177113 (5x).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 403

uo

IMate 49

404 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Book Review

Baba, Kikutaro 1949: Opisthobranchia of Sagami Bay Col-
lected by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, Published by
Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo, Japan. Japanese text 117 pages; Eng-
lish translation 68 pages; 50 plates and 161 text figures. The
text figures are included in the Japanese text. Indexed in both
Japanese and English.

This is an excellent piece of work. The species are beauti-
fully illustrated in color from paintings by Sanada and Kato.
The text figures consist of many detailed drawings of the
radulae, jaws and portions of the soft anatomy. These line
drawings are captioned in both Japanese and English. A total
of 155 species of Opisthobranchia are considered, and of this
number 55 are described as new by Baba.

The present work has far greater value than would be in-
dicated by the limited area covered. Sagami Bay is located on
the east coast of south central Japan, just south of Tokyo.
The bay is very wide and open to the south and greatly in-
fluenced by the warm Japanese current. Consequently many
of the species occurring here have a wide distribution in the
tropical portions of the western Pacific and therefore this re-
port may well serve as a handbook to workers throughout
that region.

Unfortunately only a few original citations are given though
there is a bibliography included, and most of the species cov-
ered in the text are to be found in the various works cited. ^
W. J. Clench

Occaslor(«*EiGtafDers On Mollusks

Published l)y

The Department of Mollusks

Museum of Comparative Zoologry, Harvard University

Cambridire. Massachusetts

VOLUME 1 JULY 11, 1951 NUMBER 16

Busycon coarctatum Sowerby

By William J. Clench

For the past 100 years Busycon coarctatum Sowerby has been
considered a "lost" or even an extinct species. This in spite of
a very excellent colored figure of a live specimen by Petit de
la Saussaye.

Through the kindness of Mrs. Hugh Branham of Fort My-
ers Beach, Florida, we have received two fine specimens of
this species. These specimens, and others in the National Mu-
seum, were obtained by the shrimp fishermen off the coast of
Yucatan, Mexico, on the Campeche Bank which extends north
into the Gulf of Mexico from the Yucatan peninsula.

In the year 1825, George B. Sowerby published a catalogue
of the shells contained in the collection of the Earl of Tanker-
ville. This was a list of all the species, some 2500, which were
to be sold to settle the estate of the late Earl. In addition to
the list of known species, Sowerby described nearly 100 new
species, only a few of which were figured. Unfortunately
Busycon coarctatum was one of the unfigured species. Just how
the Earl of Tankerville obtained this rare shell is not known.
No locality was given.

In 1852, Petit de la Saussaye published a note on two addi-
tional specimens, one in his own collection which he figured
and one contained in the collection of Largilliert. It is quite
possible that both specimens came originally from Largilliert,
as he was in Central America about 1842 and made extensive
collections during his trip which included the Peninsula of
Yucatan.

405

406 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

It is quite apparent from their notes that neither Tryon nor
Dall ever saw specimens of this species and Johnson believed
it to be extinct.

During the past winter there has been extensive fishing for
shrimp on the Campeche Bank in the Gulf of Mexico by Amer-
ican fishermen. These boats put into Gulf coast ports to sell
their cargo and replenish supplies. Interest on the part of en-
thusiastic shell collectors has stimulated these fishermen to
bring in and sell the shells that come up in their trawls. Thus,
this present species was obtained along with many other rare
and interesting specimens.

The Tankerville Catalogue is a very rare publication, and
as a consequence we include a copy of the original description
of Sowerby at the end of this report.

Busycon coarctatum Sowerby

Plate 50

Pyrula coardata Sowerby 1825, Catalogue of the Shells Contained in the Col-
lection of the Late Earl of Tankerville, London, appendix p. XVII (locality not
given).

Pyrula coardata Sowerby, Petit de la Saussaye 1852, Journal de Conchyliolo-
gie 3, pp. 145; 155-157, pi. 7, fig. 3 (Les Cotes de la Florida ?).

Pyrula coardata Sowerby 1880, Thesaurus Conchyliorum 4, Pyrula, p. 106,
pi. 5, fig. 40 (Gulf of Mexico).

Fulgur coardatus Sowerby, Tryon 1881, Manual of Conchology (1) 3, p. 142,
pi. 57, fig. 393 [copied from Petit de la Saussaye] (said to occur in Florida).

Fulgur perversa coardata Sowerby, Dall 1889, Bulletin 37, United States
National Museum, p. 112 (? West Florida).

Busycon coarctatum Sowerby, Johnson 1934, Proc. Boston Society Nat. Hist.
40, no. 1, p. 126 (Gulf of Mexico "Sowerby").

Description. Shell dextral, imperforate, reaching at least 138
mm. (7i inches), rather solid, globose but with a much extended
siphonal canal. Color consisting of axial stripes of dark ma-
hogany-brown, irregular in both intensity of color and width
of stripes. Whorls 6 to 6i, strongly convex and having a supra-
peripheral ridge which supports a series of low blunt spines.
Spire sub-depressed, obtuse, forming an angle of 125°. Aper-
ture subovate, lengthened below into the long siphonal canal,
colored a yellowish-brown within and ridged within with nu-
merous and well developed spiral cords or ridges on the pala-
tal side. These cords end a little below the sharp edge of the

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 407

Plate 50

Busycon coarctatum Sowerby (natural size).

Campeche Bank, Yucatan. Mexico.

408 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

outer lip. Parietal area thinly glazed. Columella twisted within,
arched, thickened near the base of the aperture and extending
below forming the parietal margin of the siphonal canal. Sculp-
ture consisting of numerous and somewhat wavy spiral threads
crossed by fine axial growth lines. There is a subperipheral
area where the spiral threads and the axial color stripes are
both weak. These spiral threads extend down on the siphonal
canal where they appear to be somewhat stronger. Micro-
sculpture consisting of exceedingly fine spiral threads. Nu-
clear whorls mammilliform, white and rather small. Opercu-
lum corneous, thickened and unguiculate.

Length

Width

Whorls

138

71 mm.

61

MCZ

117

53

6

MCZ

120

56

6i

USNM

115

55

6

Branham Collection

Types. So far as now known, the original specimen described
by Sowerby is lost. We suggest that the figure of Petit de la
Saussaye (Jour, de Conchy. 3, pi. 7, fig. 3) be accepted as the
type figure to represent this species, and the type locality to
be Campeche Bank, Yucatan, Mexico. One of three specimens
in the National Museum possesses the specific data as follows:
North Lat. 21°30'; West Long. 90°20' in 16 fathoms, received
from Mrs. Gladys Sennott.

Remarks. This species shows distant relationships to both
Busycon perversum Linne and B. pyrum Dillwyn. To B. per-
versum, its relationship is indicated by a similar type of axial
coloration, the possession of the fine spiral ridges, the sub-
peripheral band and the internal ridges on the outer lip. The
coloration and the outer and inner ridges are usually lost in
adult specimens of B. perversum. Busycon coarctatum differs
from B. perversum by being dextral and by having the whorls
very globose and possessing the long and exceedingly narrow
siphonal canal. In addition, the shoulder spines or knobs in
coarctatum are usually much smaller. B. pyrum and B. coarc-
tatum are related by the presence of the outer and inner ridges,
and a somewhat similar type of axial coloration. They differ
mainly in the area of the siphonal canal which is generally
very broad in B. pyrum and very narrow in coarctatum.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 409

The following is the original description of Busycon coarc-
tatum Sowerby (A Catalogue of the Shells Contained in the
Collection of the Late Earl of Tankerville, London, 1825, ap-
pendix, p. 17).

"1629. PYRULA COARCTATA.

"P. testa pyriformi, transverse striata, albida, longitudinaliter
strigis aurantiaco-brunneis ornata; anfractu ultimo ventri-
coso, ad basim subito coarctato, in canalem longam decur-
rente, superne noduloso-carinato; spira depressiuscula, apice
mammillari; apertura intus sulcata; columella obliquissime
uniplicata; long. 3.70 unc. lat. 1.85 unc.

"Obs. This elegant shell very nearly resembles the Pyrula
Spirillus, Lam. in general form, the fold at the base of its colu-
mella is, however, much more oblique, and its mammillary
point much smaller; it is, moreover, differently marked. A
reverse specimen of the same species is numbered 1630."

410 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Book Reviews

Yonge, C. M., 1949. The Sea Shore. Collins, London, 311
pages, 88 text figures, 40 colored plates and 32 black and white
plates.

This is probably the most important general book on the
ecology of the sea shore that has appeared in recent years.
Though restricted in its scope to the shores of Great Britain,
the principles discussed and illustrated apply throughout the
world. C. M. Yonge, with his wide field experience and his
great interest in physiology has given a breadth of interpre-
tation to conditions existing along the British shores which
makes the book of first importance to all students of marine
ecology.

The introductory chapters discuss briefly the history of ma-
rine ecology in the British Isles, the plants and animals which
inhabit the sea shore, the ocean as a background to life along
the shore and the physical nature and formation of the shore.

The remainder of the book is devoted to a study of the
plants and animals of various ecological habitats, their meth-
ods of feeding, survival and reproduction. The selective effect
of the environment on the species which can exist within a
given locality and the inter-relationships of these species are
the dominant themes throughout the book. This may be illus-
trated by quoting a few of the chapter titles: "Zonation on
Rocky Shores; The Intimate Fauna of Weed and Rock; Sandy
Shores; Muddy Shores; Borers into Rock and Wood; Life in
Estuaries; and Barnacles and Molluscs of Rocky Shore." Mol-
lusks being one of the dominant groups of marine animals,
much of the book is devoted to this phylum.

The illustrations in this book are unsurpassed, the forty full
page colored plates are beautifully produced. The many black
and white plates, text figures, graphs and diagrams are a con-
stant aid in readily understanding the material in the text.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 41 1

Although this is not a book for the beginner in zoology, he
would glean much from its pages. The factual data, though
briefly stated, represent years of study by biologists in all
portions of the world. Dr. Yonge gives constant reference to
the researches of others and has an interesting way of pre-
senting personalities concerned in this research in the history
and development of the natural sciences and the growth of
the science of Oceanography and Ecology, particularly in the
British Isles.— RuTH D. Turner.

MacGinitie, G. E. and Nettie MacGinitie 1949, Natural His-
tory of Marine Animals, McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.,
New York, 473 pages, 282 figures.

For one seeking acquaintance with the varied fauna of the
sea shore this book should be a real help. It is essentially an
introductory text book surveying the phyla from a natural
history point of view, stressing the habits and relationships of
the animals rather than their anatomy. As much of the book
is based on the personal observations of the authors it is writ-
ten with a stimulating enthusiasm. Though most of the ani-
mals considered are from the Pacific coast of North America,
the habitats and habits of closely related forms may be suffi-
ciently close so that the book can serve as a guide elsewhere.
The many hints regarding methods and techniques of obser-
vation are also helpful.

The first twelve chapters are devoted to generalized discus-
cussions of such subjects as Food, Sense Organs, Lumines-
cence, Marine Animal Habitats, Variation and Succession, and
Relationships. The remaining chapters are devoted to a sur-
vey of the phyla, the length of each chapter depending on the
size of the group, its importance and interest.

The illustrations in the book though of excellent choice as
to subject matter are often rather poorly executed, especially
some of the half-tones. The line cuts as a whole are good.

412 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

The chapter on mollusks in which we were particularly in-
terested covers 74 pages and in general is a good survey of the
group from the limited point of view of the littoral marine
habitat. It gives an excellent picture of their general struc-
ture, function and mode of life, without being burdened by an
enormous number of details and complicated terms. There
are, however, several rather basic errors which we believe
should be noted. In discussing the structure of the shell the
authors speak of a "middle lusterless thick limey layer and an
inner pearly lustrous layer of nacre." Both the middle and
inner layers are of calcium. The middle layer should be re-
ferred to as the prismatic layer as in this layer the calcium is
laid down in prismatic crystals. The inner layer should be
referred to as the laminated layer because here the lime is
laid down in thin layers and may or may not be nacreous.
This explains why most shells lacking luster, cannot produce
valuable pearls. They also state that ''cowries and related
species dissolve the columella or central column of the shell
and thus leave a single large cavity without spirals." No group
of mollusks completely dissolves the internal whorls: the col-
umella must remain for the attachment of the columella mus-
cle. So far as we know, most if not all members of the Conidae
possess opercula. We wonder where the figures on weights
for the Giant Squid were obtained; they seem to be tremen-
dously over-estimated. From the specimens of the Teredinidae
which we have examined, the siphons are not long proportion-
ately as they extend out only a short distance from the base
of the pallets.

The authors state that they have purposely left out refer-
ences to the papers of other research workers from which
they have drawn information. This is to be regretted. The
bibliography at the end of the book is exceedingly brief and
general and it would be a most difficult task to locate the
original work if one was interested in so doing.

—Ruth D. Turner.

Y\; -^

1AR 2 7 1952

uufuini

Occasional Raipeir? Cjn Mollusks

Published by

The Department of Mollusks

^Cuv^l Museum of Comparative Zoolotry, Harvard University

Cambridge, Massachusetts

VOLUME 1 NLARCH 27, 1952 NUMBER 17

The Scalarinum Species Complex (Umbonis)
in the Genus Cerion

By William J. Clench and C. G. Aguayo

The present study covers only a few species in this remark-
able genus. Members of this complex constitute the subgenus
Umbonis Maynard and represent a divergent element, rather
strikingly different from other members of the genus Cerion.
So far as now known, they occur on the north coast of Cuba and
on a few of the islands composing the Bahama Archipelago.

The origin of the species in this subgenus was probably the
coastal area of Oriente in eastern Cuba. From here they spread
west to Pinar del Rio and north into the Bahamas. Their dis-
tribution is sporadic and in many cases there are wide areas
between species. The habitat they occupy is a precarious one,
the upper strand line in the scrub growth, particularly among
sea grapes and other associated plants. Their distribution is
probably entirely by hurricanes or other severe storms, either
by drift or even possibly on wind-blown debris. Similarly to
other mollusks that live in this general environment, when
established they may flourish for a shorter or longer period of
time and subsequently be destroyed by storms. Debris from
such a storm may move many miles along a coast or even out
to sea, later to be cast ashore elsewhere. Cerion, drifting with
this debris, may become established in a new area.

We are indebted to Dr. H. A. Rehder for the loan of material
from Great and Little Inagua Islands, Bahama Islands.

Genus Cerion RikliiiM

Cerion Kuding 1798, Museum Boltenianum. p. 90.

ii:^

414 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Subgenus Umbonis Maynard

Umbonis Maynard 1896, Contributions to Science, Newtonville, Massachu-
setts 3, no. 1. p. 28.

Subgenotype, Strophia scalarina Pfeiffer and Gundlach,
monotypic.

Shells usually more or less tapering from the fourth whorl
above the aperture to the apex. Umbilicus rimately formed and
usually very shallow. Sculpture consisting of rather irregular,
strong to weak, axial costae with spiral sculpture of numerous
incised lines which cut into the shell in many cases even over
the axial costae. Many members of this complex agglutinate
small grains of calcareous sand to areas on the outside of the
shell, especially in the umbilical region. Live specimens in
many of the species possess exceedingly fine powdery or scale-
like sculpture which is most apparent on the later whorls and
along the margins of the incised lines.

Cerion (Umbonis) scalarinum Pfeiffer and Gundlach
Plate 51, fig. 3-4

Pupa scalarina Pfeiffer and Gundlach 1860, Malakozoologische Blatter 7, p.
19 (Gibara, Cuba); Pfeiffer 1867, Novitates Conchologicae 3, p. 367, pi. 84,
fig. 16-17.

Cerion scalarinum Pfeiffer and Gundlach, Pilsbry 1902, Manual of Conchology
(2) 14, p. 223, pi. 29, fig. 65-66.

Description. Shell about 25 mm. in length (1 inch), rimately
perforate, attenuate, with a tapering spire, rather light in struc-
ture and very strongly sculptured. Color a dull gray, the axial
costae being the same color. Whorls 10, moderately convex,
the nuclear whorls opaque, somewhat glass-like in appearance
and very faintly axially costate. Spire extended, forming an
angle of 20° to 25°, usually tapering slightly from the body
whorl to the summit. Occasional specimens not tapering be-
fore the fourth whorl above the aperture. Aperture subquad-
rate to subovate. Outer lip reflected and slightly thickened.
Parietal ridge strongly developed, making the aperture holo-
stomatous. Parietal tooth small, short and centrally located.
Columellar tooth small, centered and extending within for a
full whorl. Columella short and slightly arched into the pari-
etal area and the base of the aperture. Umbilicus rimate, small

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 415

I'latc r.i
Fig. 1-2. Ci'iion scalarinitm siayrasi Pilsbry and Vanatta.
west side of Bahia de Sama. Banes, Cuba {3\\). Fig. .'{-I.
Cerion scalarinitrn Gundlach. I'linta Barril. (iihara. Cuba
(3'.x).

416 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

and very shallow. Suture moderately impressed. Sculpture
consisting of numerous, somewhat irregular, robust, axial cos-
tae which number 12 to 15 on the body whorl. Spiral sculpture
consisting of numerous deeply incised lines or threads which
are cut into the shell, even over the axial costae. On live shells
the surface is usually powdered with an exceedingly fine ele-
ment of shell structure which lines up along the incised lines.
In addition there are numerous, fine grains of shell sand which
are cemented to the shell. Dead and worn shells are generally
destitute of the agglutinated grains of sand.

ength

width

whorls

24.6

9.4 mm.

11.^

Gibara, Cuba

25

11

10^

"

24

9.9

12

"

Types. At this writing the whereabouts of Pfeiffer's types
is unknown. They were presumed to be in Stetten, Germany
until the war in 1945. The type locality is Gibara, Oriente,
Cuba.

Remarks. This species was fairly abundant near Gibara dur-
ing the early days of Gundlach's trip but it has since become
very rare at this locality. Probably much of the vegetation
near the town had been destroyed rather early.

The spire tapers from the body whorl to form a rather acute
apex.

Records. Gibara; N.W. of Gibara; Punta Barril, 1 km. N. of
Gibara and Punta Goicuria, S^ km. N.W. of Gibara.

Cerion scalarinum sueyrasi Pilsbry and Vanatta
Plate 51, fig. 12

Cerion sueyrasi 'Blanes' Pilsbry and Vanatta 1898 [1899], Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sciences, Philadelphia, p. 477, text fig. 6 (Port of Vita, Cuba); Pilsbry 1902,
Manual of Conchology (2) 14, p. 222, pi. 29, fig. 68.

Description. Shell reaching about 26 mm. (1 inch) in length,
rather solid, rimately perforate and strongly sculptured. Color
a dull gray including the axial costae, occasional specimens
blotched with brown. Whorls 10 to 10t\, slightly convex, Nu-
clear whorls very finely costate. Spire extended, the cone taper-
ing from the fourth whorl above the aperture, the angle pro-

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 417

duced at about 65\ Aperture subovate. Outer lip well-reflected
and thickened. Parietal ridge well-developed, making the aper-
ture holostomatous. Parietal tooth centered and well-developed.
Columellar tooth small and extending withm for nearly a
whorl. Columella short. Umbilicus rimately produced and gen-
erally quite shallow. Suture moderately impressed. Sculpture
consisting of numerous somewhat irregular, strongly devel-
oped axial costae with 15 to 18 on the body whorl. Spiral sculp-
ture consisting of numerous and fine incised lines which cut
into the shell even over the costae.

length width whorls

26.3 10 mm. 10.^ Bahia de Sama. Cuba

23.5 12 10 " "

23.6 10.8 10 " *'

Types. Holotype in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phil-
adelphia from the Port of Vita, Cuba, collected originally by
F. E. Blanes.

Remarks. This species is stouter than scalarinitm, the sum-
mit tapering from 4 to 5 whorls above the aperture.

At Bahia de Sama we found this species rather rare. They
ascend the trees to a height of about 8 feet, seldom more than
4 to 5 specimens on any one tree.

Records. Cuba: Port of Vita (Pilsbry); Puerto de Sama; west
side of Bahia de Sama (both C. G. Aguayo, W. J. Clench and
A. Quiiiones); La Caletica, Puerto Sama; Punta de Manglito,
Peninsula del Ramon, Antilla (both Quinones).

Cerion (Umbonis) victor Torre
Plate 52, fig. \2

Cerion victor Torre 1929, Nautilus 42, no. 3. pi. 4, fig. 12-13 [no description]
(Caleta de Ovando, Oriente, Cuba).

Description. Shell extended, reaching 30 mm. (about \\ inch)
in length, rimately umbilicate and coarsely sculptured. Color
a dull gray. Whorls 10 to \2\ and moderately convex. Spire
attenuate and tapering from the body whorl to form an acute
cone. The spire is produced at an angle of 22^ to 25 . Aper-
ture subcircular. Lip expanded and reflected but not turned
back. It is attached on the parietal area but generally built

418

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 52
Fig. 1-2. Ccrion victor Torre, Caleta de Ovando, Baracoa, Cuba, paratypes
(3^x). Fig. 3-4. Cerion acuticostatum Sanchez Roig, north coast of Cayo Meg-
ano Grande. Camaguey, Cuba, paratypes (3^x). Fig. 5-6. Cerion palmer i San-
chez Roig, Cayo Romano, Camaguey, Cuba, paratypes (3^x).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 419

forward enough to make the aperture holostomatous. Colu-
mella short. Parietal tooth centered, rather prominent and ex-
tending back for less than { whorl. Columellar tooth small and
weak, extending back for nearly h whorl. Columella short and
somewhat arched. Umbilicus rimately formed and shallow,
extending within hardly more than I whorl. Suture well de-
fined but only slightly indented. Sculpture consisting of nu-
merous and well-developed axial costae numbering 10 to 13
on the body whorl. Spiral sculpture consisting of numerous
incised lines which pass over the axial costae. Surface with
the peculiar powder-like element. Agglutinated sand grains
rare.

length width whorls

30 11 mm. 12 Paratype

28.2 10.3 12.1

27.2 10.5 111

Types. Paratype specimens are in the Museo Poey, Museum
of Comparative Zoology no. 128975 and 181757, and in the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia from Caleta de
Ovando, Maisi, Baracoa, Cuba. Additional paratypes are in
the Museo Poey and the Museum of Comparative Zoology
from La Gata, Punta Negra, Maisi and Los Indios, Maisi, all
in the immediate vicinity of the Caleta de Ovando, from the
C. de la Torre collection.

The holotype was not indicated by de la Torre but is here
selected to be the specimen figured as no. 13, plate 4, Nautilus
42, 1929, now in the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia.

Remarks. This species is closely related to C. scalcuinnni,
differing mainly in being larger and tapering more acutely.

Cerion (Umbonis) johnsoni Pilsbry (uid VcDiattu
Plate 55, fig. 1-2

Cerion {Maynordia) johnsoni Pilsbry and Vanatta 1895, FVoc. Acad. Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia 47, p. 207 (locality unknown).

Cerion faxoni Maynard 1896, Contributions to Science, Newtonville. Massa-
chusetts 3, p. 32, pi. 7, fig. 1-2 (Cuba).

Cerion johnsoni Pilsbry and Vanatta 1896, Proc. Acad. Natural Sciences.
Philadelphia 48, p. 322. pi. 11, fig. 30 (Cuba): Pilshrv 1902. Manual of Con-
chology (2) 14, p. 223, pi. 29, fig. 69-70.

420 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Description. Shell attenuate, acute, reaching 38 mm. (U
inches) in length, rather strong, rimately perforate and heavily
sculptured. Color a dull grayish-white. Whorls 12 to 13,
strongly convex. First two nuclear whorls smooth, third whorl
finely costate, the costae being far more numerous than on the
later whorls. Spire attenuate and acute, forming an angle of
30° to 40°. Aperture subovate. Parietal wall with a well-
developed and well-formed tooth. Columellar tooth very small
and weakly defined. Palatal lip expanded and slightly reflected.
Columella short and nearly straight. Umbilicus rimate with
but an exceedingly small perforation. Suture deeply indented.
Sculpture consisting of well-developed axial costae numbering
11 to 12 on the body whorl. In addition, there are numerous
fine, spiral, incised lines that are irregularly spaced. On fresh
specimens, these lines may be filled with a fine shelly scale or
powdery element, a character commonly observed in this spe-
cies complex.

length width whorls
29 14 mm. 12 Cueva del Chivo, Mariel, Cuba

37.2

16

12

" " " *

39

14

12^

" " '• "

33

12.5

13

li miles E. of the ligl

31

10.9

12^

" " "

30.5

11.5

\2h

U .i ..

32

11

n\

Holotype of johnsoni

29

11.5

11

Holotype of /axon i

Types. The holotype of Cerion johnsoni Filsbry and Vanatta
is in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. A series
of three specimens was received by the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology several years ago from the Boston Society of
Natural History, originally from Mr. Johnson and probably
from the original lot. The holotype of Cerion faxoni Maynard
is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, no. 184649, and a
single paratype, no. 10363. The original locality for johnsoni
was unknown, then later it was given as Cuba. We here limit
the type locality to the coastal area 1^ miles east of the light-
house at Mariel, Cuba. Specimens from this locality approxi-
mate the size and shape of the original specimens of johnsoni
and faxoni.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 421

Remarks. There seems to be little question that johnsoni
Pilsbry and faxoni Maynard are the same species and very
probably from the same original lot of material.

This species lives mainly in open and rather exposed places
on the low vegetation growing among rocks just above and
beyond the high tide area. Occasionally a few specimens work
back into the higher scrub growth and the sea grape area.

It is very possible that the type specimens were collected in
Habana from sand originally from the Mariel region. Sand
for building purposes is a rare commodity in Cuba and much
of it is gleaned from the upper strand line along the Cuban
coast. Consequently, much Cerion territory is being destroyed
in the vicinity of small towns and at a considerable distance
from the large coastal cities of Cuba. Areas much nearer the
lighthouse from which we collected C. johnsoni 20 years ago
are now destroyed and this form has nearly disappeared from
this region. However, a rather vigorous colony still occurs on
the west side of the Rio Mosquito, in an area of fair extent,
sea grape covered and with much coral rock.

Cerion (Umbonis) acuticostatum Sanchez Roi^r
Plate 52, fig. 3 4

Cerion scalariuum acuticostatum Sanchez Roig 1948, Revista de la Sociedad
Malacologica "Carlos de la Torre" 6, p. 68. pi. 1. fig. 5. (North coast of Cayo
Megano Grande, north of Camagiiey, Cuba).

Description. Shell reaching about 23 mm. (about 1 inch) in
length, rather light in structure, nearly imperforate and
strongly sculptured. Color a dull gray. Whorls 11 slightly con-
vex. Nuclear whorls glass4ike and very faintly costate. Spire
extended forming a cone which extends to the summit from
the body whorl. It is produced at an angle of 18 to 20 . Aper-
ture subcircular to subovate. Outer lip thin and reflected.
Parietal ridge very weak and not elevated but rather flattened
on the parietal wall. Parietal tooth centered and rather small
and extending back for nearly a full whorl. Columellar tooth
rather small and extending back for at least a full whorl. Col-
umella short. Umbilicus rimately formed but exceedingly
shallow. Suture moderately indented. Axial sculpture consist-
ing of numerous and irregular costae which number 12 to 14

422 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

on the body whorl. Spiral sculpture consisting of numerous
incised lines which cut into the shell. This is somewhat vari-
able, certain specimens are lacking these incised lines. Surface
powdered with a fine shell material which usually lines up
along the incised lines. Agglutinated sand grains present on
Jive shells.

ength

width

whorls

22.8

7.5 mm.

11 Cayo Megano Grande, Camagiiey, Cuba

22.5

8.0

lO.L

Types. The holotype of this species is in the collection of
Dr. Sanchez Roig, no. 1001 from the north coast of Cayo Meg-
ano Grande, Camagiiey, Cuba. Paratypes are in the Museo
Poey and the Museum of Comparative Zoology, no. 187375.

Cerion (Umbonis) rehderi, new species
Plate 57, fig. 2

Description. Shell cylindric, rather small, reaching 16 mm.
(a little over h inch) in length, rimately perforate and finely
costate. Color a dull uniform gray, interior of aperture being
a dull, creamy-brown. Whorls 9 to 10 and slightly convex. Spire
extended, last 4 whorls nearly straight-sided, early 5 whorls
forming a slight convex cone, the conic portion forming an
angle of about 45°. Aperture subquadrate. Outer lip reflected
but not turned backward. Columella short and straight. Pari-
etal tooth centered, low and short. Columellar tooth low and
extending back for nearly a full whorl. Umbilicus rimate, small
and shallow. Sculpture: first 2 whorls glass-like and smooth,
remaining whorls finely and axially costate, the costae num-
bering 20 to 25 on the body whorl. Spiral sculpture consisting
of numerous and fine incised lines which do not cut into the
crests of the axial costae. These spiral lines are generally finely
powdered. There are a few agglutinated sand grains.

length width whorls

26.3 5.9 mm. 10 Holotype

24.7 6.1 9 Paratype

23.5 5.9 9 Paratype

Types. Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology, no.
189032, from Jackline, 1 mile west of Conch Shell Point, Great
Inagua, Bahama Islands. Paratypes, Museum of Comparative

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 423

Zoology, no. 189033; Museo Poey, Universidad de la Habana;
United States National Museum; and the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, from the same locality.

Remarks. In relationship, this species is nearest to C. aciiti-
costatum Sanchez Roig from Cayo Megano Grande, Camagiiey.
on the north coast of Cuba. It differs from this species in being
far less conic (from the body whorl), and by possessing more
numerous costae. It does not appear to be closely related to
C. tiinierac Clench and Aguayo from the north coast of Great
Inagua. This last species is a little smaller, has more globose
whorls and much fewer costae.

C. rehderi, so far as now known, is limited to this single
locality on the south shore of Great Inagua. It was found as-
sociated with C. dalli Maynard, with no indication of any hy-
bridization between the two species. In fact, this is one of the
few known cases in which two separate elements of Ccriofi
are known to exist in the same area without crossing.

This species is named for H. A. Rehder, Curator of Mollusks
in the United States National Museum.

Cerion (Umbonis) turnerae, new species
Plate 53, fig. 4^7

Description. Shell small, reaching about 15 mm. (about 3 5
inch) in length, solid, minutely perforate or rimate, strongly
axially ribbed and finely threaded with spiral ridges. Whorls
8i to 9 slightly shouldered and moderately convex. Nuclear
whorls smooth and then finely ribbed and with a little trace of
spiral sculpture. General color a dull gray to faintly purplish,
both axial ribs and minute spiral ridges whitish. Early three
whorls forming an angle of 44' , later whorls nearly straight-
sided. Aperture subcircular, holostomatous and more or less
evenly flaring and slightly projecting beyond the body whorl.
Mid-parietal wall supporting a well-defined tooth, columellar
tooth absent. Lip flaring, simple and not developed into a col-
lar. Suture indented but not well-defined. Axial sculpture con-
sisting of strong costae, about 10 to 11 on the body whorl.
Spiral sculpture consisting of 25 to 30 fine, blade-like ridges
that are best developed on the forward side of the axial costae.

424 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 53
FiK. 1-3. Cerion Stevenson/ Dall, Wemyss. southeast of Simms I ong
Island, Bahama Islands (about 3x). Fig. 4-7. Cerion tHrn erne Clench and
Aguayo. Lydia Point, Great Inagua, Bahama Islands, holotype fig 5
(all about 2^x). ^'

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 425

length width whorls

14 6 mm. 9 Holotype
14.5 5.9 9A Paratype

15 6.5 9\ Paratype
12.5 5.9 8 Paratype

Types. Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology, no.
184623 from Lydia Point, Great Inagua Island, Bahama Is-
lands. R. A. McLean and B. Shreve collectors, July 1938. Para-
types in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, United States
National Museum and the Museo Poey from the same locality
and from Calm Cove and Canfield Bay collected by McLean
and Shreve and a large series from south of North East Point
and east of Salt Lagoon at deserted house collected by P.
Bartsch, August 1930.

Remarks. This is the smallest species so far known in this
group. It was very abundant at Lydia Point and at Ocean
Bight near the Salt Lagoon. McLean, Shreve and Bartsch
found it along about a 12 mile stretch of coast from Canfield
Bay to near North East Point.

In general structure it appears to be nearest in relationship
to C scalariniim Pfeiffer from Gibara, Cuba. It does not ap-
pear to be at all closely related to C. rehderi Clench and
Aguayo, the only other member of the subgenus Umhonis on
Great Inagua.

This species is named for Ruth D. Turner, Research Assist-
ant, Department of Mollusks, Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Cerion (Umbonis) paucisculptum, new species
Plate 54, fig. 1 2

Description. Shell rimately perforate, strong, but rather light
in structure, elongate, sculptured and reaching about 25 mm.
(1 inch) in length. Whorls 10 to 101, and only moderately con-
vex. Color a dull gray to flat white. Spire conic and acutely
convex, variable and produced at an angle of about 75 . .Aper-
ture subcircular. Parietal tooth small, centered and positioned
well within the aperture. Columellar tooth small and also po-
sitioned well within the aperture. Outer lip reflected though
not carried back as a collar. Parietal lip or ridge straight and
well-developed in adult specimens. Suture but slightly in-

426 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 54
J'^^T'^f'^J"" P'"'"'"''P""« Clench and Aguayo, Punta de Musi-

C^ Island rL^, fT"-^"'" P''«bryand Vanatta. Turtle Cove,
cat Island, Rahama Islands (3x).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 427

dented. Sculpture consisting of numerous axial costae, variable
as to height and number. There are 20 costae on the body
whorl of the holotype. On certain specimens these costae are
nearly obsolete on the last or body whorl. Spiral sculpture
consisting of numerous fine and incised spiral grooves. Early
2.T whorls very finely and axially costate.

length width whorls

24.8

11.5

mm.

101

Holotype

25

9.5

10 A

Para type

24

8.5

10 .V

23

9.0

10

"

22.3

9.0

10

"

Types. Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology, no.
192204, from Punta de Musica, Bahia de Sama, Banes, Oriente,
Cuba, A. R. Quinones, collector, 1947. Additional paratypes in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the Museo Poey. no.
12905, the United States National Museum and the Museum
of Zoology, University of Michigan and the collection of A. R.
Quinones.

Remarks. This species is related to both scalariniim and
scalarinum sueyrasi. It differs from scalariniim in being far
less conic and from both by having a material reduction in
size and coarseness of the axial costae.

It is known only from the type locality.

Cerion (Umbonis) sisal, new species
Plate 57, fig. 3

Description. Shell about 32 mm. (1 1 inches) in length, cylin-
dric, with a short tapering spire, rather heavy in structure and
strongly sculptured. Color a dull light-gray, the costae being
the same color. Whorls 11, slightly convex, the nuclear whorls
opaque, somewhat glass-like in appearance and faintly axially
costate. Spire extended, parallel-sided for about four whorls
above the aperture, then conic to the summit. It is produced
at an angle of about 80 . Aperture subguadrate in outline and
somewhat flaring. Outer lip reflected. Parietal ridge well-
developed making the aperture holostomatous. Parietal tooth
centered, small and short. Columellar tooth small and rela-
tively inconspicuous. It extends backwards for about one

428 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

whorl. Columella short and nearly straight. Umbilicus rimate
and rather shallow. Suture moderately impressed. Sculpture
consisting of numerous, somewhat irregular, robust, axial cos-
tae which number 13 to 17 on the body whorl. Spiral sculp-
ture consisting of numerous deeply incised lines or threads
which are cut into the shell even over the axial costae. In the
present series which were collected alive, there is no trace of
the powdered element nor the tendency to agglutinate minute
sand grains to the shell.

length width whorls

32 14 mm. 11 Holotype

32.5 14 11 Para type

31.5 13.6 11

29.5 14 11

Types. Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology, no.
181992, from east side Boca de Mosquito, Mariel, Pinar del
Rio, Cuba. Aguayo, Clench, Howell and Turner collectors,
June 1949 and again in July 1950. Paratypes in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Museo Poey, United States National
Museum and the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan.

Remarks. This species is remarkably uniform in both shape
and size. It is very possible that it is a hybrid element which
has reached some sort of stability in both form and structure.
The differences are rather marked between this form and
johnsoni which exists on the opposite side of Boca de Mosquito.
It is possible that repeated introductions of johnsoni have
brought about profound changes in the original Cerion stock
at this limited locality. To the east of Boca de Mosquito the
johnsoni characters become less and less pronounced, partic-
ularly in the reduction and extent of the incised lines and the
less straight-sided appearance of the early whorls.

Cerion (Umbonis) asperum May nard and Clapp
Plate 56, fig. 12

Stf'ophiops aspera Maynard and Clapp 1920, Appendix to Records of Walks
and Talks with Nature, West Newton, Massachusetts, 10, p. 116, pi. 1, fig.
9-10 (southern end of Great Guana Cay [Exuma Group] Bahama Islands).

Strophiops scalariformis Maynard and Clapp 1920, Appendix to Records of
Walks and Talks with Nature, West Newton, Massachusetts, 10, p. 116, pi.
1, fig. 5-6 (south end of Great Guana Cay [Exuma Group] Bahama Islands).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

429

^*i^-ijlai II "^

Plate 55
Fig. 1. Cerion jolimoni Pilsbry. 11 miles east of the lighthouse. Mariel. Cuba
(about 2.4x). Fig. 2. Cerion faxoni Maynard, Cuba ( = C. johnsoni Pilsbry ) para-
type (about 1.8x). Fig. 3. Colon perantiquuyn Maynard and Clapp. south end
of Great Guana Cay, Fxuma Group. Bahama Islands, holotype (about 2.3x).

430 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Description. Shell about 30 mm. (about \\ inches) in length,
attenuated with a tapering spire, rather light in structure and
strongly sculptured. Color a uniform dull grayish-white.
Whorls 12, moderately convex, nuclear whorls opaque, glass-
like; first H smooth, the next H with fine and numerous axial
costae. Spire extended and tapering from the body whorl. It
forms an angle of about 27°. Aperture subcircular to subquad-
rate. Parietal lip nearly straight and appressed to the body
whorl, occasionally built forward making the aperture holo-
stomatous. Parietal tooth centered and rather large, though
not extending within the aperture. Columellar tooth very in-
conspicuous but extending within for nearly a full whorl. Pala-
tal lip reflected and usually duplex. Columella short and
arched. Umbilicus subcircular and open for a short distance
within. Suture rather well-defined. Sculpture consisting of
numerous and coarse axial costae, numbering 10-12 on the
body whorl. Spiral sculpture consisting of numerous fine, in-
cised striae or lines which in addition possess the fine pow-
dered appearance. Nuclear whorls opaque, smooth and glass-
like.

length

width

whorls

25

11 mm.

12

Holotype of asperum

28.5

11

13

Paratype of asperum

30

12.3

12

Holotype of scalariforme

27

11.5

12

Paratype of scalariforme

Types. Holotype of C. asperum Maynard and Clapp, Museum
of Comparative Zoology, no. 76176 and the holotype of C. scal-
ariforme Maynard and Clapp, Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy, no. 76180, both from the south end of Great Guana Cay,
Exuma Group, Bahama Islands, C. J. Maynard, collector.

Remarks. Both asperum and scalariforme are but separate
colonies of the same species. Maynard (loc. cit.) described
several species of Cerion from the southern end of the Great
Guana Cay, Exuma Group, Bahama Islands. Many of these
show hybrid elements and completely intergrade.

In relationship this present form is nearest to Cerion victor
Torre, a species occurring at the extreme eastern end of Cuba
near Cabo Maisi. They differ in that C. victor is somewhat
larger and lacks the duplex character of the palatal lip which
is usually present in asperum.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 431

Cerion asperum processum Maynani and Clapp
Plate 56, fig. 3 4

Strophiops processa Maynard and Clapp 1920, Appendix to Records of Walks
and Talks with Nature. West Newton, Massachusetts. lO, p. 116. pi. 1. fig. 7-
8 (south end of Great Guana Cay, Bahama Islands).

Strophiops intentata Maynard and Clapp 1920. Appendix to Records of Walks
and Talks with Nature, West Newton. Massachusetts, 10, p. 118, pi. 2, fig. 6-
7 (south end of Great Guana Cay, Bahama Islands).

Description. Shell reaching about 24 mm. (1 inch) in length,
rather solid, strongly sculptured and umbilicate. Color proba-
bly a dull white. Whorls 10^ to 11, moderately convex, the
first 8 whorls forming a convex summit. Spire extended, the
convex summit forming an angle of about 55 \ Aperture sub-
quadrate to subcircular. Outer lip reflected, thickened and
slightly duplex. Inner lip nearly straight and built forward to
form a ridge. Columella short and arched. Columellar tooth
small but well-developed and extending back for a full whorl.
Parietal tooth centered and large but rather short. Suture
slightly indented. Sculpture consisting of rather coarse axial
costae which number 14 to 18 on the body whorl. Spiral sculp-
ture of exceedingly fine incised lines. Agglutinated sand grains
present, though rare. Nuclear whorls glass-like and smooth
for the first U whorls then finely costate for the next whorl.

jngth

width

whorls

20

8.8 mm.

m

Holotype, intentatum

24.2

9.8

101

Holotype, procession

22

9.2

lOA

Paratype. intentatum

19.5

8.8

10

Paratype, procession

Types. Holotype of C. intentatunh Museum of Comparative
Zoology, no. 76305; holotype of processum, Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, no. 76148. The type locality is the south end
of Great Guana Cay, Exuma Group, Bahama Islands. Addi-
tional paratypes in the Museum of Comparative Zoology and
the United States National Museum.

Remarks. Both these forms were found in closely adjoining
territory. They appear to be a hybrid element exhibiting well-
developed characters of the scalarinitm complex. All speci-
mens contained in these two colonies were collected dead.

432

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 56
Fig. 1. Ccriou asl)cn<)n Maynard and Clapp, south end of Great Ciuana Cay,
Exuma Group, Bahama Islands, holotype (2x). Fig. 2. Cerioti scalar ifonnc
Maynard and Clapp, south end of Great Guana Cay, Exuma Group, Bahama
Islands, holotype (1.8x). F'ig. 3. Cerion procrssurn Maynard and Clapp, south
end of Great (Juana Cay, Exuma Group, Bahama Islands, holotype (2x). Fig.
4. Cerion intentatum Maynard and Clapp, south end of Great Guana Cay, Ex-
uma Group, Bahama Islands, holotype (2x).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 433

Cerion (Umbonis) mutatorium May fiarcl and Clapp
Plate 57, fig. 1

Strophiops mutatoria Maynard and Clapp 1920. Appendix to Records of
Walks and Talks with Nature, West Newton. Massachusetts, 10, p. 116. pi. 1.
fig. 3-4 (south end of Great Guana Cay [Exuma Group] Bahama Islands).

Description. Shell rather solid, reaching about 26 mm. (1
inch) in length, rimately perforate and rather weakly costate.
Color probably a dull white or gray (all specimens were dead
when collected). Whorls 10^ to 12, slightly convex and slightly
offset. Spire extended, the last three whorls being nearly
straight-sided, the early whorls forming a somewhat convex
cone which is produced at about 39'. Aperture subcircular.
Outer lip reflected and slightly turned backward. Parietal lip
straight, thickened, but not built forward materially. Colu-
mella short and arched. Parietal tooth centered, fairly large
but short. Columellar tooth small and very short. Umbilicus
rimately formed, short and shallow. Suture well-defined but
shallow. Sculpture: first H to 2 whorls glass-like and smooth,
remaining whorls faintly and irregularly costate with a few
specimens showing fairly strong costae on the body whorl.
These number about 17 on the last whorl, though in many
specimens they are very irregular and number far less. Spiral
incised lines numerous. Nuclear whorls 2.V, smooth and glass-
like.

ength

width

whorls

25.5

9.2 mm.

12

Holotype

24.9

8.4

10 i

Paratype

25.2

9.4

11 A

"

22.5

8.5

11

Types. Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology, no. 76234
from the south end of Great Guana Cay, Exuma Group. Ba-
hama Islands. Paratypes from the same locality in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, the Museo Poey and the United States
National Museum. C. J. Maynard, collector.

Remarks. In this form there has been a material leduction
in the axial costae, certain specimens being nearly smooth. In
a measure this species simulates C. pahncri Sanchez Roig
from the north coast of Cayo Romano. Camagiiey. Cuba, which
has no axial costae at all and yet is probably a derivative of

434 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

C. scalarimim Pfeiffer and Gundlach from the Cuban coast, as
mutatorium Maynard and Clapp is from asperum Maynard
and Clapp from Great Guana Cay.

Cerion (Umbonis) felis Pilsbry and Vanatta
Plate 54, fig. 3-4

Cerion {Maynardia) /e//s Pilsbry and Vanatta 1895, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences,
Philadelphia, p. 206 (Cat Island, Bahama Islands).

Cerion (Strophiops) felis Pilsbry and Vanatta 1896, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences,
Philadelphia, p. 322, pi. 11, fig. 29.

Cerion felis Pilsbry and Vanatta 1902, Manual of Conchology (2), 14, p.
221, pi. 44, fig. 72-73.

Description. Shell reaching 30 mm. (about Ij inches) in
length, rather solid, rimately perforate and strongly sculp-
tured. Color a rather dark gray, the axial costae being some-
what lighter. Whorls 11, moderately convex. Spire extended,
cylindric to about the fourth whorl above the aperture, then
convexly conic to the apex and produced at an angle of about
55°. Aperture subquadrate. Outer lip reflected, somewhat ex-
panded and rather thin. Parietal ridge strong and nearly
straight making the aperture holostomatous. Parietal tooth
centered and extending back for a very short distance. Colu-
mellar tooth small, relatively inconspicuous and extending
back for nearly a full whorl. Columella short and nearly
straight. Umbilicus rimately formed and shallow. Suture
moderately impressed. Sculpture consisting of numerous, ir-
regular axial costae numbering 14 to 18 on the body whorl.
Spiral sculpture consisting of numerous incised lines which
cut into the shell, even over the axial costae. Nuclear whorls
very finely costate. Powdered element light and seen best along
the edges of the incised lines. Agglutinated sand grains present
though mainly restricted to the umbilical area.

Turtle Cove, Cat Island

Types. The type series of this species is in the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia from Cat Island, Bahama
Islands.

length

width

whorls

30

12.5 mm.

11

29.5

12.7

10.!

27

13.1

101

23.2

10.8

10

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 435

Remarks. Cerion felis appears to be nearest in its relation-
ship to C. stevensoni Dall from Long Island. See remarks
under this latter species.

Cerion felis is probably a hybrid element that has retained
most of the general characters of the scalarinnm complex and
yet shows certain characters of C. glans, many colonies of
which exist on Cat Island.

Records. Bahama Islands: Turtle Cove, 4 miles iN.N.L. of
The Bight, Cat Island, Bahama Islands (MCZ).

Cerion (Umbonis) stevensoni Dall
Plate 53, fig. 13

Cerio7t stevensoni Dall 1900, Nautilus 14, p. 65 (Long or Berry Island, Ba-
hama Islands); Pilsbry 1902, Manual of Conchology (2) 14, p. 220. pi. 44, fig.
70-71; Dall 1905 [in] The Bahama Islands, Geographic Society Baltimore, p.
40 (Rum Cay not Long Island); Clench 1934, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. -40.
p. 209; Clench 1937, Nautilus 51, p. 23, pi. 3, fig. 8-10; Clench 1940, Mein-
orias Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. 14, p. 12.

Description. Shell rather short and stout, reaching about 29
mm. (about 1 inch) in length, umbilicate and coarsely sculp-
tured. Color a dull somber gray. Whorls 91 to 10, nearly
straight-sided and irregular. Spire extended, the last 4 whorls
of nearly equal width, the earlier whorls abruptly tapering to
form an irregular cone, the conic portion produced at an angle
of about 90 \ Aperture subquadrate and holostomatous. Outer
lip thin and reflected but not turned back. Parietal area nearly
straight and continuous as a thin reflected lip, not thickened
as a parietal ridge. Columella short and arched. Parietal tooth
centered, well-developed and short, columellar tooth incon-
spicuous; neither follows back for more than one-fourth of a
whorl. Umbilicus fairly large and deep. Suture very shallow
and not well-defined. Sculpture: nuclear whorls smooth, white
and opaque, next 3 to 4 whorls finely costate, remaining whorls
strongly costate, the costae numbering 12 to 13 on the body
whorl. Spiral sculpture consisting of numerous and rather tine
incised lines that cut in even over the crests of the costae.
Surface powdered, particularly along the edge of the incised
lines. Agglutinated sand grains numerous and occasionally
incorporated into the body of the shell.

436 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

length width whorls

29 15 mm. 10 Wemyss, Long Island, Bahama Islands

25.1 15.4 9

24.7 15.5 10

Types. Holotype, United States National Museum, no. 107833,
from Long Island, Bahama Islands. Type locality selected
(Clench 1940, p. 12) Wemyss, Long Island, Bahama Islands. In
the references above (1905, p. 40) Dall changed the locality
from Long Island to Rum Cay but this was in error.

Remarks. This is a rather short and stout species possessing
very coarse sculpture. In relationship it appears nearest to C.
felts Pilsbry and Vanatta from the central area of Cat Island.
From felts, this present form differs by being proportionately
wider, having coarser sculpture and being openly umbilicate.

Records. Bahama Islands: Wemyss, 7 miles S.E. of Simms,
Long Island (MCZ).

Cerion (Umbonis) shrevei, new species
Plate 57, fig. 4

Description. Shell rimately perforate, solid, elongate, sculp-
tured and reaching about 33 mm. (Ij inches) in length. Whorls
10 to 11, moderately convex and slightly angled. Color a dull
gray. Spire broadly conic, moderately convex at the summit,
variable, and produced at an angle of about 70°. Aperture sub-
circular to subovate. Parietal tooth rather large and centrally
located. Columellar tooth small and positioned well within the
aperture. Outer lip reflected backwards, though only shortly
so. Parietal or inner lip consisting of a strongly developed
straight ridge. Suture but slightly indented. Sculpture con-
sisting of numerous and fine axial costae, variable as to their
development and number. There are 65 on the body whorl of
the holotype. Spiral sculpture consisting of numerous and fine
incised lines; though variable they generally cut through the
axial costae. First whorl smooth, the next finely axially cos-
tate, the following whorls more strongly axially costate.

length

width

whorls

28

12.8 mm.

10.1

Holotype

31

12

10'.

Paratype

33.2

13.5

11

"

27.1

12.5

10.',

"

25.5

12

10

"

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

437

^

«^V<<|^

Plate 57
Fig. 1. Cerion mutatoriiim Maynard and Clapp, south end of Great Guana
Cay, Exuma Group, Bahama Islands, holotype (2x). Fig. 2. Cerion rchderi
Clench and Aguayo, 1 mile west of Conch Shell Point, Great Inagua, Bahama
Islands, holotype (2.8x). Fig. 3. Cerion sisal Clench and Aguayo, east side of
Boca de Mosquito, Mariel, Cuba, holotype (1.8x). Fig. 4. Cerion shrevei Clench
and Aguayo. Northwest Point. Little Inagua, Bahama Islands, holotype (1.8x1.

438 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Types. Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology, no.
192287, from near Northwest Point, Little Inagua Island, Ba-
hama Islands. R. A. McLean and B. Shreve, collectors, 1938.
Additional paratypes in the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
the Museo Poey, the United States National Museum and the
Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan.

Remarks. This species does not seem to be closely related
to any other in the scalarinum complex. The axial costae are
fine and numerous, the spiral incised lines are coarse and
rather deeply cut into the shell. It is, perhaps nearest to C.
palmeri Sanchez Roig, at least in its shell characters. It differs
in being less attenuate and in having both the axial costae and
incised lines much stronger.

Records. Bahama Islands: near Northwest Point, Little
Inagua (MCZ); Northwest Point and halfway between West
and South Points, Little Inagua (both USNM).

Cerion (Umbonis) palmeri Sanchez Roig
Plate 52, fig. 5-6

Cerion palmeri Sanchez Roig 1948, Revista de la Soc. Malacologica "Carlos
de la Torre" 6, p. 69, pi. 1, fig. 6 (Cayo Romano (22°24' N.; 76°6' W.) [Cama-
giiey] Cuba).

Description. Shell rather small and narrow, reaching 19.3
mm. (about f inch) in length, rimately perforate, rather light
in structure and finely sculptured. Color a dull and uniform
grayish-white to a light straw-yellow, sometimes mottled or
marbled. Whorls 10^ and slightly convex. Spire extended,
tapering moderately from the body whorl to the first three
whorls, these latter forming a rather rounded summit. Aper-
ture subquadrate. Outer lip slightly expanded. Inner or pari-
etal lip straight and thickened slightly to form a very low
ridge. Columella short and straight. Parietal tooth centered,
low and short. Columellar tooth small and rather inconspicu-
ous, extending within for a full whorl. Umbilicus rimately
formed and very small. Suture slightly indented. Sculpture:
first 1' whorls smooth, remaining whorls with numerous,
exceedingly fine and slightly oblique costae which become
rather obscure on the bjdy whorl. Spiral sculpture consisting

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 439

of numerous, fine, incised lines. Live specimens show the fine
powdered element to be present but not abundant.

length width whorls

16.3 5.4 mm. — Holotype

19.3 6.5 — Paratype

18 5.8 10.^

Types. Holotype, collection of M. Sanchez Roig, no. 1002.
Paratypes in the Museo Poey and the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, no. 128779 and 192167 from Cayo Romano, Camagiiev,
Cuba (N. Lat. 22^24'; W. Long. 76^60; collected by R.H.Palmer.

Remarks. This is the most diminutive species in Umbonis
on the Cuban coast. It represents a reduction in size and in
all sculptural characters.

In relationship it is probably closely allied to C. aciiticostatiini
Sanchez Roig, the relationship being more real than apparent.
Cerion acuticostatnm is a strongly and axially costate shell
while pahneri is nearly smooth.

Notes

The two following species are not members of the subgenus
Umbonis but are included here as both possess the spiral in-
cised lines. This may have resulted from hybridization with
elements in the scalarinum complex at some time in the past.

Cerion glans scalarinoides Plate

Cerion glans scalarinoides Plate 1907. Archiv fiir Rassen-und Gesell. BioloKie
4, p. 595, pi. 4, fig. f (Green Cay, Tongue of the Ocean, Bahama Islands ( N.
Lat. 24°2'; W. Long. 77'11'].

Remarks. This species is in the glans complex but does
possess a series of rather deeply incised spiral lines. In this
case it may mean that there has been an introduction of some

440 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

scalarinum element, possibly from Great Exuma Island, which
has completely integrated with the original Cerion on Green
Key, the evidence remaining being these incised lines. This
same possibility has apparently produced the occurrence of in-
cised lines on two Cuban species which exist in the vicinity
of scalarinum elements.

Cerion perantiquum Maynard and Clapp
Plate 55, fig. 3

Strophiops perantiqua Maynard and Clapp 1920, Records of Walks and Talks
with Nature, West Newton, Massachusetts, 10, appendix p. 115, pi. 1, fig. 1-
2 (south end of Great Guana Cay, Bahama Islands).

Remarks. This species was based upon a series of "fossil"
shells. According to Maynard, he collected these in the red
earth of a cultivated field and all may be quite recent. Two
specimens show traces of spiral lines. Very probably these are
the remnant of a hybrid colony, possibly a cross between the
scalarinum element and a member of the glans complex. All
of the specimens are in very poor condition.

length width whorls

31.8 15 mm. 11 Holotype

Types. Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology, no.
187537, from the south end of Great Guana Cay, Exuma Group,
Bahama Islands. Additional paratypes (all broken or worn) in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the United States
National Museum.

Occasional Papers On Mollusks ^•^^\^^^,

LiuRi

Publislied by

The Department of Mollusks

Museum of Comparative Zoolojjy, Harvard University
Cambridjfe, MassachTTsetts

:u'B 1

VOLUME 1 AUGUST 14, 1954 N'UMBER 18

Review Number and Index

The following pages contain additional information for sev-
eral of the numbers in this volume. Certain of these data had
been overlooked at the time the original studies were made.
Other data, however, such as the many names in Ligiais have
been published since our catalogue on this genus appeared.

Supplement to Joseph Pitty Couthouy

(Occasional Papers, no. 5)
By Richard I. Johnson

Since the publication of the above paper, the following names
employed by Couthouy have been uncovered. All except the
one described by Gould appear to be nomina nuda. The initials,
PBSNH, refer to the Proceedings of the Boston Society of
Natural History.

erosa, Littorina: 1844, PBSNH l,p. 52 (Terra* del Fuego) [nomen nudum].

fucicola, Gaimardia: 1844, PBSNH 1, p. 26 [nomen nudum].

keraudrenii, Cyrena: 1844, PBSNH 1, p. 26 [nomen nudum].

lirata, Helix: 1844, PBSNH 1, p. 52 (Terra del Fuego) [nomen nudum].

pileiformis, Siphonaria: 1844, PBSNH 1, p. 26 (Terra del Fuego) [nomen
nudum].

ruivensis 'Couthouy' Gould Vitrina: 1846, PBSNH 2, p. 80.

rupium, Helix: 1844, PBSNH 1, p. 52 (Terra del Fuego) [nomen nudum].

variabilis, Chiton: 1844, PBSNH 1, p. 26 (Terra del Fuego) [nomen nudum].

We have located an original oil painting of J. P. Couthouy

* Tierra del Fuego.

441

442 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

which hangs in the Boston Athenaeum, lOi Beacon Street,
Boston, Massachusetts.

Supplement to John Gould Anthony

{Occasional Papers, no. 8)
By Ruth D. Turner

Anthony sent shells in exchange to people all over the world
and often these were labeled only with manuscript names,
many of which he never published. Unfortunately several of
these names, credited to Anthony, have appeared in various
catalogues by other authors. The following are such nomina
nuda that have come to our attention since the publication of
the paper on Anthony.

altilis 'Anthony' Tryon Gyrotoma: 1873, Land and Freshwater Shells of
North America, Part 4, Strepomatidae. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collec-
tions, no. 253, p. XV [nomen nudum].

concolor 'Anthony' Jay Melania: 1850, Catalogue of the Shells Contained in
the Collection of John C. Jay, New York, 4th ed., p. 276 [nomen nudum]. In
Occasional Papers, no. 8, this was given as 'Anthony' Brot 1862, but it was
actually published much earlier by Jay.

crassa 'Anthony' Tryon lo: 1873, Land and Freshwater Shells of North Amer-
ica, Part 4, Strepomatidae. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, no. 253,
p. 3 [nomen nudum, listed as a variety of lo spinosa Lea].

heterostropha 'Anthony' Jay Paludina: 1850, Catalogue of the Shells Con-
tained in the Collection of John C. Jay, New York, 4th ed., p. 280. [This is
probably an error for Paludina heterostropha Kirtland.]

monilifera 'Anthony' Tryon Melania: 1873, Land and Freshwater Shells of
North America, Part 4, Strepomatidae. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collec-
tions, no. 253, p. 157 [Tryon refers this name to the Jay Catalogue, 4th ed.,
but we have been unable to locate it].

sayanum 'Anthony' Jay Cyclostoma: 1850, Catalogue of the Shells Contained
in the Collection of John C. Jay, New York, 4th ed., p. 259 [nomen nudum].

Supplement to the Catalogue of the Genus Liguus

{Occasional Papers, no. 10)
By William J. Clench

Since the publication in this series of the Catalogue on Liguus
in 1946, several more descriptions have appeared. Most of
these deal with new color races that occur in Cuba.

The abbreviation Rev. Soc. Mala, refers to Revista de la

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 443

Sociedad Malacologica 'Carlos de la Torre,' Museo Poey, Uni-
versidad de la Habana, Cuba.

achatinus Clench, Liguus fasciatus: 1934, Occasional Papers, Boston So-
ciety of Natural History 8, p. 107, pi. 7, fig. 1 (Los Arroyos, Holguin, Oriente,
Cuba). Holotype no. 58803, Museum of Comparative Zoology.

alcalde! Sanchez Roig, Liguus fasciatus: 1951, Rev. Soc. Mala. 8, p. 23, pi.
4, fig. 1 (Gallo, Jaguey Grande) [Matanzas] Cuba). Holotype, collection of
Sanchez Roig.

anei Sanchez Roig, Liguus fasciatus: 1951, Rev. Soc. Mala. 8, p. 34, pi. 5,
fig. 7 (finca Las Vueltas, Alonso Rojas, Pinar del Rio, Cuba). Holotype, col-
lection of Sanchez Roig; paratypes in the Museo Poey.

arenarius Sanchez Roig, Liguus fasciatus: 1948, Rev. Soc. Mala. 6, p. 69,
pi. 1, fig. 1 ( Monte Macuto, Camagiiey, Cuba) . Holotype, collection of Sanchez
Roig; paratypes in the Museo Poey.

barretoi Sanchez Roig, Liguus fasciatus: 1951, Rev. Soc. Mala. 8, p. 32, pi.
4, fig. 6 (Monte de Barreto, Miramar, Marianao [Habana] Cuba). Holotype,
Sanchez Roig collection.

candelariae Sanchez Roig, Liguus fasciatus: 1951, Rev. Soc. Mala. 8, p.
33, pi. 5, fig. 8 (SaltodeManantiales, Candelaria, Pinar del Rio, Cuba). Holo-
type, collection of Sanchez Roig.

cayajaboense Sanchez Roig, Liguus fasciatus: 1946, Rev. Soc. Mala. 6, p.
71, pi. 1, fig. 3 ("Mercedes" farm, Cayajabos, Pinar del Rio, Cuba). Holotype,
collection of Sanchez Roig; paratypes in the Museo Poey.

doanensis Sanchez Roig, Liguus fasciatus: 1951, Rev. Soc. Mala. 8, p. 28,
pi. 5, fig. 4 (Cayo Doan, opposite Cayo Chalupa, Cardenas, Matanzas, Cuba).
Holotype, Sanchez Roig collection.

floridus Sanchez Roig, Liguus fasciatus: 1951, Rev. Soc. Mala. 8, p. 29, pi.
4, fig. 3 (Campo Florido, Habana, Cuba). Holotype, Sanchez Roig collection.

giganteus Sanchez Roig, Liguus murreus: 1951, Rev. Soc. Mala. 8, p. 30,

pi. 4, fig. 5 (finca Sotolongo, Guira de Melena; La Habana, Cuba). Holotype.
Sanchez Roig collection.

helenae Sanchez Roig, Liguus fasciatus: 1951, Rev. Soc. Mala. 8, p. 27, pi.

4, fig. 1 (finca Santa Elena, Zaza del Medio [Las Villas] Cuba). Holotype.
Sanchez Roig collection.

howelli Clench, Liguus nobilis: 1951. Rev. Soc. Mala. 7, p. 93, text figs. 1-4
( Rio Dominica, about 10 miles west of Mariel, Pinar del Rio, Cuba ) . Holotype,
Museum of Comparative Zoology, no. 187133; paratypes in the Museo Poey
and the United States National Museum.

husilloensis Sanchez Roig, Liguus murreus: 1951, Rev. Soc. Mala. 8, p. 32

[nomen nudum].

444 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

letranensis Sanchez Roig, Liguus fasciatus: 1951, Rev. Soc. Mala. 8, p.23,
pi. 15, fig. 2 (around the baths, San Juan de Letran, Trinidad [Las Villas]
Cuba). Holotype, Sanchez Roig collection.

martii Sanchez Roig, Liguus fasciatus: 1948, Rev. Mala. Soc. 6, p. 71, pi.
1, fig. 4 (El Jobo de Marti, Jiguani, Oriente, Cuba). Holotype, Sanchez Roig
collection; paratypes, Museo Poey.

minutus Sanchez Roig, Liguus murreus: 1951, Rev. Soc. Mala. 8, p. 32
[nomen nudum].

paredonis Sanchez Roig, Liguus fasciatus: 1948, Rev. Soc. Mala. 6, p. 69,
pi. 1, fig. 2 (North coast of Cayo Paredon Grande [Camaguey] Cuba). Holo-
type, Sanchez Roig collection; paratypes, Museo Poey.

pazensis Sanchez Roig, Liguus fasciatus: 1951, Rev. Soc. Mala. 8, p. 29,
pi. 4, fig. 2 (Vegas, Nueva Paz, Habana, Cuba). Holotype, Sanchez Roig col-
lection.

picturatus Sanchez Roig, Liguus murreus: 1951, Rev. Soc. Mala. 8, p. 32
[nomen nudum].

poncianus Sanchez Roig, Liguus fasciatus: 1951, Rev. Soc. Mala. 8, p. 26,
pi. 5, fig. 3 (Ciego Ponciano, between Banao and Trinidad, Las Villas, Cuba).
Holotype, Sanchez Roig collection.

regina 'Ferussac' Bowdich Helix: 1822, Elements of Conchology, Paris, pi. 8,

fig. 26.

This was a curious error by Bowdich. He had copied one of Ferussac's
figures of [Liguus] virginea but applied the name of Helix regina Ferussac,
a name which was on the previous plate in Ferussac.

roseoviridis Sanchez Roig, Liguus fasciatus: 1951, Rev. Soc. Mala. 8, p.
35, pi. 5, fig. 1 (Central Jaronu, Camaguey, Cuba). Holotype, Sanchez Roig
collection.

sanctamariae Sanchez Roig, Liguus fasciatus: 1951, Rev. Soc. Mala. 8,
p. 23, pi. 5, fig. 5 (South coast of Cayo Santa Maria, Caibarien, Las Villas,
Cuba). Holotype, Sanchez Roig collection.

scissilabre Nodal, Liguus fasciatus: 1947, Rev. Soc. Mala. 5, p. 84, text
figure (near Nuevitas, Camagiiey, Cuba). Holotype, Nodal collection; para-
types, Museo Poey.

victoriae Sanchez Roig, Liguus fasciatus: 1951, Rev. Soc. Mala. 8, p. 36,
pi. 5, fig. 6 (Victoria de las Tunas [Oriente] Cuba). Holotype, Sanchez Roig
collection.

waltoni 'Torre' Pilsbry, Liguus fasciatus: 1946, Land Mollusca of North
America, Monographs, no. 3, Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia 2,
pt. 1, p. 84 [nomen nudum].

wintei Humes, Liguus fasciatus, form: 1954, Gastropodia 1, no. 2, p. 10,

text figs. 1-2 (hammock north of Long Pine Key, Dade Co., Florida. [This
form appears to be an absolute synonym of L. f. castancus Simpson.]

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 445

Supplement to the Catalogue of the
Family Truncatellidae

(Occasional Papers, no. 13)
By William J. Clench and Ruth D. Turner

hammerschmidtiana Charpentier' Mousson Truncatella: 1854. Mittheilun-
gen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zurich 2, p. 398 (near Saide, Syria)
[nomen nudum].

Apparently this was a manuscript name until 1855 when
the species was formally described by Kiister as hammer-
schmidti (see page 200).

insularis Clench and Turner, Truncatella thaanumi: 1948, Occasional
Papers On Mollusks 1, no. 13, p. 166 (Houma, Tongatabu, Tonga Islands).

We here figure this subspecies (Plate 58, fig. 3) as the il-
lustration was omitted in our original description; Holotype
B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Paratypes, Museum of
Comparative Zoology, no. 183889.

manchurica A. Adams Cecina: 1861, Annals and Magazine Natural History
(3) 8, p. 308; Sykes, E. R. 1901, Journal of Malacology 8, p. 60, fig. 2.

We figure this species (Plate 58, fig. 2) because a synonym
of it, T. tatarica Schrenck, was considered originally a Trun-
catella. Sykes, as noted above, made a small pen drawing of
this species but we are able to figure a cotype specimen from
A. Adams. It is certainly not a Truncatella or even a mem-
ber of the family, but is probably in the family Hydrobiidae.

microglypta Pilsbry and Brown Geomelania (Scalatella): 1910, Proceed-
ings Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, p. 532. text fig. 13 (near
Mandeville, Jamaica).

parvula Pilsbry and Brown Geomelania: 1911 [1912], Proceedings Academy
Natural Sciences Philadelphia, p. 587 [ new name for Geomelania parva Chitty.
non G. gracilis parva C. B. Adams].

We overlooked this change of name by Pilsbry and Brown
which appeared in a footnote. This will replace parviilina
Clench and Turner which was proposed to replace the same
homonvm.

446

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Plate 58

Fig. 1. Achatinella viridans Mighels. Lectotype, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands

(about 4x). Fig. 2. Cecina manchurica A. Adams. Cotype (7x), Fig. 3.

Truncatella thaanumi insularis Clench and Turner. Holotype from Houma,

Tongatabu, Tonga Islands (7x).

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 447

Supplement to Jesse Wedgwood Mighels

(Occasional Papers, no. 14)
By Richard I. Johnson

Since the publication of the above paper we have been for-
tunate in obtaining a cotype of Achatinclla viridans Mighels
from the lot in the J. C.Jay collection in the American Museum
of Natural History. This specimen, MCZ 188052, is here se-
lected as lectotype and is figured on pi. 58, fig. 1 (see p. 230).

Supplement to Western Atlantic Marine Mollusks
Described by C. B. Adams

(Occasional Papers, no. 15)
By William J. Clench and Ruth D. Turner

krebsii 'C. B. Adams' Krebs Pholas: 1864, The West Indian Marine Shells
with Some Remarks, Nykjobing, Denmark, p. 113 [nomen nudum].

A manuscript name of C. B. Adams which was never pub-
lished by him.

nivea 'C. B. Adams' Arango Crepidula: 1879, Contribucion a la Fauna Mal-
acologica Cubana, Habana, p. 227 [nomen nudum].

A manuscript name of C. B. Adams which was never pub-
lished by him.

448 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

Book Reviews

Dakin, William J. 1952, assisted by Isobel Bennett and
Elizabeth C. Pope: Australian Seashores; A Guide for the
Beach-lover, the Naturalist, the Shore Fisherman and the Stu-
dent Angus and Robertson, Sydney and London. 1st edition,
1952; reprinted 1953. 372 pp., 99 pis., 23 text figures.

This book is the first of its kind to be written about Austra-
lian seashores, although a number of earlier works have simi-
larly described the shores of North America and England. It
is the product of many years of work on marine animals, and
particularly those of the seashore, by the late W. J. Dakin,
Emeritus Professor of Zoology at the University of Sydney.
In this work he was ably assisted for many years by his col-
leagues, Isobel Bennett and Elizabeth Pope, upon whom fell
much of the burden of producing the completed volume, and
to whom full credit must be given for its excellence.

Although the subject matter is designed to meet the needs
of the many people whose interests draw them to the seashore,
students of Australian malacology will find much to reward
them in this book. Mollusks were Professor Dakin's first love,
and of the last section of the book which describes the animals
and plants of the seashore, no less than 96 pages and 29 plates
are devoted to the common species of mollusks. Those of the
Victorian and New South Wales coasts are emphasized, and
most are illustrated by superb photographs, together with de-
tailed and accurate information on their distinguishing char-
acters, distribution, and habits.

The second printing corrects the few errors which were
found in the first edition. Malacologists may consider it un-
fortunate that the authorities are not given for species names.
However, adequate references are given and the book is not
meant to be a systematic handbook. The wealth of detail about
the ecology, habits and importance of the Australian mollusks
makes it a valuable reference for students, both amateur and

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 449

professional; all will find much pleasure and knowledge in
Dakin's delightful descriptions of the seashores which he knew
and loved so well.

Donald F. McMichael

The Australian Museum,
Sydney

Lange de Morretes, Frederico, 1949, Ensaio de Catdlogo
dos Moluscos do Brasil Arquivos do Museu Paranaense,
Curitiba, Parana 7, pp. 5-216.

This report is particularly important in that it is the first
attempt to bring together in a single catalogue the entire mol-
lusk fauna of Brasil. The catalogue is arranged systematically,
giving the date of publication for each species and the known
distribution. No references are given under the species but
the date following the author's name allows one to find the
original description by referring to the excellent bibliography.
The author appears not to have seen most of the recent papers
as the date of the latest paper listed is 1940. This, of course,
means that many additions and corrections are necessary on
the basis of more recent work. However, this is usually the
case when a work of such scope is undertaken for the first
time.— R. D. Turner.

450 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

INDEX

The index that follows does not include all of the names
covered in this volume. All such names are easily found in the
various numbers which are in alphabetical arrangement and
are thus self-indexed. These numbers are:

Couthouy, Joseph Pitty, listing all names of mollusks au-
thored by him, pp. 38-40; 441.

Anthony, John Gould, listing all names of mollusks authored
byhim, pp. 98-108; 442.

Liguus, listing all species and subgenera included in this
genus, pp. 119-128; 442-444.

Morse, Edward Sylvester, listing all names on mollusks au-
thored by him, pp. 143-144.

Truncatellidae, listing all genera, subgenera and species in-
cluded in this family, pp. 193-209; 445.

Mighels, Jesse Wedgwood, listing all names on mollusks
authored by him, pp. 220-231; 447.

Adams, Charles Baker, listing all names of Western Atlantic
Marine mollusks authored by him, pp. 248-361; 447.

Abbott, R. T., 1-4; 5-16; 41-48 asperum, Cerion, 428

abbotti, Taheitia, 187 aulicus, Conus, 54; 60; 67; 69; 70; 76;
acuticostatum, Cerion, 421 78

Adams, Charles Baker. With a re- Baba, Kikutaro, 404

pubHcation of his species and gen- Bartsch, P., 231

era of Western Atlantic marine bisinuata, Ptychosyrinx, 51

mollusks arranged alphabetically, Blandiella, 159; 183

and with figures of the types, 233- bonnei, Indopyrgus, 1-4

403; 447 borneensis, Indopyrgus, 1; 4

aestivalis, Pomolobus, 113 boydianus, Unio, 156

Aguayo, C. G., 413-440 Buccinum, 359

alata, Mactra, 32 bullata, Fulvia, 29

Allopeas, 15 bullatus, Solen, 29

Anculosa, 98-108 Busycon, 405-409

annettae, Lophocardium, 32 cantoni, Katayama, 45

Anodon, 109 cariosa, Lampsilis, 145-150; 155

Anodonta, 109-116 cataracta, Anodonta, 115

Anthony, John Gould, with all names Cecina, 157

on mollusks authored by him, 81- Cerion, 413-440

108; 442 Cerithium, 359

Apella, 99 Champion, Merrill E., 129-144; intro-
apertum, Cardium, 29 duction

arenatus, Conus, 57 Chemnitzia, 359

aspera, Strophiops, 428 Chiton, 359

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

451

Chittia, 159; 178

cicatricosum, Phalium, 26

Cingula, 359

citrinus, Conus, 50; 52

Clench, WJ., 17; 49-80; 117; 157-212;

233-403; 404; 405-409; 413-440;

442-447
coarctata, Pyrula, 406; 409
coarctatum, Busycon, 405-409
coarctatus, Fulgur, 406
Columbella, 359
constricta, Lampsilis, 156
Conus, 47-80; 359
Cooke, C. M., 217
cookei, Taheitia, 186
Corbula, 359
Couthouy, Joseph Pitty, with all

names on mollusks authored by

him, 33-40; 441
crispulata, Leucosyrinx, 51
crocatus, Unio, 153; 156
Cuming, Hugh, 17-28
cumingii, Cardium, 31
cumingii, Lophocardium, 31
cumingii, Protocardia, 31
Dakin, W. J., 448
Dall, W. H.,231
darwini, Cardium, 31
Drillia, 49-51
Edmondson, H. H., 231
erinaceum, Cardium, 30
Eulima, 359
fausti, Katayama, 45
faxoni, Cerion, 419
felis, Cerion, 434
formosana, Oncomelania, 46
Fusus, 359

geographicus, Conus, 58; 60-61
geographus, Conus, 58-59; 63; 65; 67;

69-71; 76; 78
Geomelania, 159; 172
gracilis, Lamellaxis (Allopeas), 15
Gyrotoma, 98-108
hians, Cardium, 29; 31
Hirase, S., 232
housatonica, Anodonta, 110
hupehensis, Oncomelania, 12; 46
Hydrobiinae, 1

hydrobiopsis, Oncomelania, 6; 13
hydrobiopsis, Schistosomophora, 6
implicata, Anodonta, 109-116
indicum, Cardium, 31
Indopyrgus, 1

insularis, Truncatella, 166; 445
intentata, Strophiops, 431
japonicum. Schistosoma, 3; 13
japonicum, Schistosomophora, 5; 47
Johnson, R. I., 33-40; 109; 145-156;

213-231; 441; 447
johnsoni, Cerion, 419
Katayama, 1; 11-12; 45-46
Kondo, Yosio, 52-80
lacrativa, Xenogalea, 26
laddi, Taheitia, 189
Lamellaxis, 15
Lampsilis, 145-156
Lange de Morretes, P., 449
Leucosyrinx, 49; 51
Liguellus, 120; 123
Liguus, a list of all known species in

this genus, 117-128; 442-444
lii, Katayama, 45-46
Lucina, 360

luteola, Unio, 145-146; 148
manchurica, Cecina, 157; 445
Mangelia, 366
Marginella, 360

marmoreus, Conus, 58; 67; 76; 79
Maynardia, 419
McMichael, D. P., 448
Melania, 98-108
Merrilliana, 159; 179
Microcardium. 32
Mighels, Jesse Wedgwood, all names

on mollusks authored by him. 2 13-

231; 447
moesta, Pseudomelatoma, 51
Monodonta, 360
Morse, Edward Sylvester, with all

names on mollusks authored by

him, 129-144
moussoni, Indopyrgus, 1; 4
mutatoria, Strophiops, 433
mutatorium, Cerion, 433
Natica, 360
Neritina, 360

452

OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS

nevilli, Indopyrgus, 1; 4
newtonensis, Anodonta, 109
nosophora, Katayama, 12-13; 45-46
ochracea, Lampsilis, 149-156
Odostomia, 360
Oncomelania, 6; 11-12; 41-48
oratus, Unio, 150
ovata, Lampsilis, 146; 149
Oxystrombus, 120
Paetel; Friedrich, 212
pallida, Lampsilis, 146; 148
pallidum, Cardium, 30
palmeri, Cerion, 438
Papyridea, 32

paucisculptum, Cerion, 425
perantiqua, Strophiops, 440
perantiquum, Cerion, 440
Phasianella, 360
Pleurotoma, 360
Pomolobus, 112-113
Potamopyrgus, 1
processa, Strophiops, 431
processum, Cerion asperum, 431
Psammobia, 361
pseudoharengus, Pomolobus, 112-

113
Pseudomelatoma, 49; 51
Ptychosyrinx, 49; 51
quadrasi, Blanfordia, 6
quadrasi, Oncomelania, 6; 41-48
quadrasi, Prososthenia, 5; 13
quadrasi, Schistosomophora, 5-16
rackettii, Cardium, 30
radiatum, Cardium, 30
recurvirostrum. Cassis, 26
regius, Conus, 50
Rehder, H. A., 231
rehderi, Cerion, 422
Rissoa, 361
rosea, Lampsilis, 151
rugatum, Cardium, 29
scalariformis, Strophiops, 428
scalarina. Pupa, 414
scalarinum, Cerion, 414
scalarinoides, Cerion glans, 439
Scalatella, 159; 179

Schistosoma, 13

Schistosomiasis, 5

Schistosomophora, 1; 5; 46

Schizostoma, 99

shrevei, Cerion, 436

siliquoidea, Lampsilis, 148; 156

sisal, Cerion, 427

Smith, L. C, 29-32

soluta, Taheitia, 190

spinosa, Acanthocardia, 30

spinosum, Cardium, 30

stevensoni, Cerion, 435

striatus, Conus, 52-53; 72-78; 80

sueyrasi, Cerion scalarinum, 416

Taheitia, 159; 183

Tankerville Catalogue, 406

tenerum, Cardium, 29

tenuicostata, Fulvia, 30

tenuicostatum, Cardium, 30

textile, Conus, 55-58; 60; 65-70; 76;
79

thaanumi, Truncatella, 165; 181

Tomlinella, 169

Tomlinitella, 159; 169

tongana, Taheitia, 190

troostensis, Unio, 156

Truncatella, 159; 162; 361

Truncatellidae, an alphabetical cat-
alogue of all genera and species in
this family, 157-212; 545

tulipa, Conus, 57-60; 67-70; 76; 79

Turner, Ruth D., 81-108; 156-212;
231; 232; 233-403; 410-412; 442;
445-447; 449

turnerae, Cerion, 423

umbilicata, Drillia, 51

Umbonis, 414

ventricosa, Lampsilis, 148-150

vermetus, Bulimus, 107

victor, Cerion, 417

virescens, Lampsilis, 150

virgineum, Cardium, 29

viridans, Achatinella, 447

Vitrinella, 361

yoshidae, Katayama nosophora, 45

Harvard MCZ Library

3 2044 066 302 845
Date Due

mi — ^9^

,IAN P

FE&281982

t382