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HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

LIBRARY

OF THE
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.

0)LcJ^Q^^^JiX£-

Q/iXrU^ /7, i<joio~ £)juui^,r^j€^ IT IVI

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

OF THE

BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF

POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND

NATURAL HISTORY.

VOI^UMK IV.

honoi^ulu, h. i.
Bishop Museum Press.
A 1906-1911

-^■>^c/

<

u

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Albert F. Judd President

E. Faxox Bishop Vice-President

J . M . DowSETT Treasurer

Alfred W. Carter vSecretary

Henry Holmes, Samuel M. Damon, William O. Smith

MUSEUM STAFF

William T. Brigham, Sc.D. (Columbia) Director

William H. Dall, Ph.D. Honorar}- Curator of Mollusca

John F. G. Stokes Curator of Polynesian Ethnology

C. Montague Cooke, Ph.D. (Yale) Curator of Pulmonata

Otto H. Swezey Honorary Curator of Entomology

Charles N. Forbes Curator of Botany

John W. Thompson Artist and Modeler

Miss E. B. Higgins Librarian

John J. Greene Printer

August Perry Assistant Printer

James Kalei Janitor

William Aipu Janitor

COXTHXTS.

Number 1.

Fishes of the vSouth Sea, Ij}- Alvin Scale.

Numbei- ti.

Director's Report for 1907.

A list of Casts of Hawaiian Fishes, made by John \V. Thompson of the Mus-
eum Staff.

Stone Sculpturinj^s in Relief from the Hawaiian Islands, by John F. G.
Stokes.

Some Birds of Molokai, b}- William Alanson Rr3-an.

Niimher .'5.

Director's Report for 1908.

Walled Fish-traps of Pearl Harbor, bj- John F. G. .Stokes.

Some New Hawaiian Plants, hy Charles N. Forbes.

Number 4.

Director's Report for 1909.

Hawaiian Curved Adzes, bj^ William T. Brigham.
Notes on Hawaiian Petroglj-phs, bj- John F. G. Stokes.
New Hawaiian Plants, II, by Charles N. Forbes.

Summary of the Collection of Insects in the Museum, bj' Otto H. Swezej^
M. S.

Number ,">.

Director's Report for 1910.

Notes on the Naturalized Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, b}- Charles N.
Forbes.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

OF THE

BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF

POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND

NATURAL HISTORY.

Vol. IV.— No. 1.

Fishes of the South Pacific.

BY AI,VIN SEAI^E.

honoi.ulu, h. i.
Bishop Museum Press.
— 1906.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Saxkokd B. Dole, LL.D. ..... President

Henky Holmes ...... Vice-President

Alfred W. Carter ...... Secretary

Joseph O. Carter ...... Treasurer

vSamuel M. Damon William O. Smith E. Faxon Bishop

MUSEUM STAFF

WiLLixVM T. Brigham, Sc.D. (Columljia) . . Dire(flor
William H. Dall . . Honorary Curator of Mollusca

. . . . Curator of Ornithology

John F. G. Stokes . . Curator of Polynesian Ethnology
Leopold G. Blackman . . Assistant, and A(5ling Librarian
C. Montague Cooke, Jr., Ph.D. (Yale) . . Assistant
John J. Greene . * . . . . . . Printer

OC ,.,,0

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

OF THE

BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF

POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND

NATURAL HISTORY.

Vol. IV.— No. 1.

Fishes of the South Pacific.

BY AI<VIN SEAI,E.

honolulu, h. i.

Bishop Museum Press.

igo6.

FISHES OF THE SOUTH R\CIFIC.

During the period from November 9, 1900 to September 21,
1903, it was the writer's privilege to make coUecftions of fishes for
the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum in the following islands :
Tahiti and Raiatea, of the Society group ; Tubuai, of the Austral
group; Mangareva, of the Gambier group; Rarotonga, of the
Cook group ; Makatea, of the Paumotu group; Nukuhiva, of the
Marquesas group ; Fate, of the New Hebrides ; Shortland. of the
Solomon group.

A total of 1550 specimens were secured, representing 375 spe-
cies, 33 of which seem to be new to science.

I am indebted to President Jordan for various suggestions and
for the permission to compare my specimens with those contained
in his collections from Samoa and Hawaii.

The nomenclature adopted is essentially that adopted by Presi-
dent Jordan in his forthcoming report on the Fishes of Samoa, in
the preparation of which the present writer has taken part.

Alvin Seale.
Stanford University, Cal.

August 12, 1904.

LIST OF NEW SPECIES, WITH LOCALITY.

-Gymnothorax zonipectis. Tahiti.
Gymnothorax tahitensis. Tahiti.
Gymnothorax marquesensis. Nukuhiva.
Hemirhamphus australensis. Tubuai.
Cypselurus tahitensis. Tahiti.
Sphyraena goodingi. Nukuhiva.

(3)

4 Fishes of the South Pacfiic.

Myripristis sanguineus Jordan & Scale. Tahiti. (Samoa.)
Myripristis phseopus. Nukuhiva.
Upeneus aurautiacus. Tubuai.
Promethichthis pacificus. Nukuhiva.
Epinephelus zapyrus. Tahiti.
Lutianus nukuhivae. Nukuhiva.
lyUtiauus tahitensis. Tahiti.
I^utianus melanesise. Solomon Ids.
Caesio teres. vSolomon Ids.
Abudefduf jordani. Solomon Ids.
Abudefduf caesio. Tubuai.
Scarichthys rarotongae. Rarotonga.
Callyodon waitei. Tahiti.

Callyodon ultramarinus Jordan & Seale. Maugareva. (Samoa.)
Siganus shortlandensis. Solomon Ids.
■ Siganus zoniceps. Solomon Ids.
Monacanthus fatensis. Solomon Ids.
Ostracion dexteri. Society Ids.
Ostracion chryseres. Tubuai.
Ostracion auricauda. Maugareva.
Scorpsenopsis quiescens. Tahiti.
Deleastes daector. Tahiti.
lyCptecheneis flaviventris. Maugareva.
Salarias azureus. Tubuai.
Salarias tubuensis. Tubuai.
Salarias caesius. Tubuai.
Antennarius lutescens. Tahiti.

LIST OF SPECIES.

Family CARCHARIID^.

Carcharias sorrah ]\Iuller & Henle.

One specimen, No. 1284 B. M.' Length 29 inches. From
Shortland Id., Solomons.

Family ELOPID.B.
Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet).

One specimen, No. 741 B. M. From Tubuai, Austral Ids.

'Tlie letters B. M. after a specimen number stand for B. P. Bishop Museum. All num-
bers followed by an * have been duplicated in the manuscript.

Fishes of the South Pacific. 5

Family ALBULID^.
Albula vulpes (Linnaeus).

Depth 5 ; head 3.90 (without flap); eye 4.75 ; D. 17 ; A. 9 ;
scales 79 in lateral line ; interorbital space 3.95.

Body elongate, slightly compressed, scaled, the lateral line
complete ; a row of modified scales down the back ; elongate axil-
lary scales ; head naked ; snout conical, overlapping the small in-
ferior mouth ; maxillar}' short, forming lateral margin of upper
jaw and reaching to below the eye ; jaws, vomer and palatins with
bands of villiform teeth ; broad patches of coarse blunt pavement
teeth on base of tongue and sphenoidal bones ; eye covered with
adipose membrane.

Color in spirits, silvery with about 10 narrow duskj- longitudi-
nal lines above the lateral line and several less distinct ones below;
fins 3-ellowish white, the caudal margined with dusky. Four
specimens, from Tahiti, Nos. 716, 717, 14S9 and 1490 B. M.

Two young specimens were taken at Fate, New Hebrides,
No. 833 B. M.

Family CLUPEID.F:.
Sardinella kunzei (Bleeker).

Two specimens. Nos. 866 and 867 B. M.. from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Three specimens, Nos. 1092, 1093 and 12 14 B. M., from Short-
land Id., Solomons.

Stolephorus delicatulus (Giinther).

One specimen. No. 1199 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Family SYNODONTID.F:.
Synodus varius (Quoy & Gaimard).

One specimen. No. 829 B. M., from Mangareva, Gambler Ids.
Trachinocephalus myops (Forster).

Two specimens, Nos. 1094 and 1153 B. M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

One specimen. No. 1980 B. jNI., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Gaimard).

One specimen, No. 1298 B. M., Shortland Id., Solomons.

Family ANGUILLID.F:.
Anguilla megastoma Kaup.

Depth 2.10 in head; head 2.80 in distance from snout to vent;
length of head 1.75 in distance from gill openings to origin of dor-
sal; eye 2.10 in interorbital; snout from opening of posterior nostril

6 Fishes of the Sotiih Pacific.

is 6 iu head, its width at both nostrils much greater than depth;
origin of dorsal nearer the snout than the tip of tail; the distance
between the origin of anal and dorsal 3 in head; anterior part of
snout and head flat, its width greater than its depth; angle of mouth
3.14 in head; upper jaw with fleshy lobes on sides equal in width
to the eye; lower jaw slightly the longest; anterior nostrils promi-
nent hollow tubes, situated on each side of tip of snout, their length
2 in the distance between their bases; posterior nostrils are two
small round holes diredlly in front of upper part of eye; distance
between round and tubular nostrils equal to the distance apart of
the anterior nostrils; distance between posterior nostrils equal to
interorbital space; gill openings are in front of pectorals, of moder-
ate size, 2 in length of pectorals; mucus pores between nostrils and
on lower jaw prominent; thick bands of small teeth in both jaws
and vomer; no teeth on tongue; no fangs; pectoral fins prominent,
rounded, of about 15 rays, length of the fin 3.20 in head, its base
equal to distance between anterior nostrils; vertical height of dor-
sal slightl}^ greater than vertical height of anal; origin of dorsal .75
of an inch in front of vent in specimen 16 inches long.

Color, a uniform dirty brown, fading into yellowish white on
belly; anal fin a light drab with a broad yellowish white border
which runs out on posterior part of fin, the tip and the tip of caudal
and dorsal being much darker brown.

Three specimens from Tubuai island. No. 787, length 23 in.;
No. 7S8, length, 16 in.; No. 789, length 14 in.

Three specimens from Rarotonga, Cook Ids., Nos. 1953-1955
B. M.

Famii^y MUR^NID.^.

Gymnothorax picttis (Ahl).

One specimen, No. 1159 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

One specimen, No. 2470* B. M., from Makatea, Paumotu Ids.

One specimen (head), No. 804 B. M., from Mangareva,
Gambler Ids.

One specimen, No. 1540 B. M., from Tahiti.

One specimen, No. 1955* B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

Gymnothorax detactus Bryan & Her re.

Ten specimens, Nos. 2389-2392, 2393-2398 B.M., from Nuku-
hiva, Marquesas Ids.

Gymnothorax nebulosus (Ahl).

One specimen, No. 1095 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.
Two specimens, Nos. 2382 and 2383 B. M., from Nukuhiva,
Marquesas Ids.

Gymnothorax rhodocephalus Bleaker,
( GyuniotlioyaA- foniiosiis Bleeker. )

One specimen. No. 1057 B. M., Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

Fishes of the South Pacific. 7

Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider.
{3/i(ra:iia tessellata Richardson.)

One specimen, No. 1079 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Gymnothorax tenebrosus (Richardson).

One specimen, No. 1539 B. M., from Tahiti, Society Ids.

Gymnothorax zonipectis Scale, new species. - ^^r^

Depth 2 in head; head 3.50 in distance between vent and tip
of snout; vent is nearer to tip of snout than to tip of tail by a dis-
tance equal to head; snout rather elongate, 4 in head; eye 2 in
snout; interorbital space slightly greater than eye; tubes of ante-
rior nostrils equal in length to eye; top of head wide and flat; the
middle width and depth of snout equal; the head broadens rapidly
from posterior margin of orbital; lower jaw from tip to angle 2_in
head; the jaw curved and cannot be completely closed; a single
row of sharp pointed teeth in each jaw, 14 on each side of each
jaw; long sharp depressible teeth on vomer; a row of dull blunt
teeth on palate; no scales; no pectoral fins.

Color in spirits, a light bistre brown; two rows oMendritic black
spots along the sides, about 4S of these spots in each row; just
above and below these spots are short black bands which extend
through the fins and connect with its fellow of the opposite side;
head mottled and flecked with white and brown; a white band ex-
tending from lower posterior margin of e3'e to above the angle of
the jaws; another short white line from upper posterior margin of
eye back, and up, over the sides of head; throat and under jaw
with six white cross bands.

One specimen from Tahiti. Length i8in. No. 1362* (Fig. i.)
B. M.

Gymnothorax nubilus (Richardson).

This species has a single series of sharp-pointed flat teeth, 12
on each side of the jaws; a single row of small blunt teeth on pal-
ate, no teeth on vomer or palatine.

Color in spirits, a light bisire brown, with irregular dark brown
blotches more or less confluent into bands which extend upon fins;
no dark spot at gill openings; anal fin with a distinct white band
along the margin, the width of the band being a third of the fin;
angle of mouth with a brown spot, in front of which is a white
blotch; under part of chin whitish.

Two specimens, Nos. 1364 and 1365 B. M., from Tahiti,
Society Ids.

Gymnothorax tahitensis Scale, new species.

Depth 1.50 in head; head 3.20 in length in front of vent; the
length of body less than tail by a distance equal to two-thirds the
length of head; eye 8 in head, 1.75 in snout, it is slightly nearer

o

Ph

Fishes of the South Pacific. 9

the angle of jaws than tip of snout; anterior nostrils tubular, short,
equal to one-half the diameter of eye; posterior nostrils round
holes over anterior half of eye; interorbital 1.20 in snout; a longi-
tudinal groove on top of head; gill openings small, equal to eye;
distance from angle of jaw to tip 2.10 in head; teeth in upper jaw
biserial, the inner row the largest; a group of 9 enlarged canine-
like teeth in anterior third of upper jaw of which three are on
the vomer, the two posterior maxillary teeth are the largest and
closely resemble fangs; a single series of blunt teeth on the palates;
sides of lower jaw with a single series, except at tip where there
are 6 enlarged canines, about 20 teeth on each side.

Color in spirits, a lamp black, lighter on belly which has some
brownish reticulations and black spots; some lighter yellowish
blotches on fins, intermingled with bluish black; head without
markings, the under jaw is a shade lighter in color.

One specimen from Tahiti, No. 1367 (Fig. i) B. M. Length
8.50 in.

Gytnnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson).

One specimen. No. 1037 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.
One specimen, No. 759 B. M., from Tubuai, Austral Ids.

Gymnothorax flavomarginatus (Riippell;.

In life this eel is a pale yellowish, thickly marbled with light
brown, as figured by Bleeker (Atl. Icth. Tab. CLXXVIII, fig. 3)
with a black spot at gill openings. In spirits it becomes a darker
brown, but not densely marbled with black. (Giinth. Cat. Fishes,
Vol. VIII, p. 120.) Teeth are uniserial except vomerine series,
which are forked in front.

One specimen, No. 762 B. M., from Tubuai, Austral Ids.
Length 17 in.

One specimen, No. 1584 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.

Gymnothorax undulatus TLacepede).

Depth 1.80 in head; head 2.25; eye 1.50 in snout, its snout is
midway between snout and angle of jaws; interorbital equal to
middle width of snout; jaws equal, their inner length from tip to
angle 2.15 in head; greatest width of head 3.19 in its length; gill
openings without black spot.

Body elongate, cylindrical; no scales; no lateral line; head
swollen above; the lower jaw slightly curved; teeth in a single
row in jaws; the six anterior teeth of upper jaws enlarged depress-
ible canines, vomer with tw^o or three depressible canines; palate
with a single row of six small but sharp-pointed teeth; posterior
half of upper jaw has about 13 short oblique teeth in each side;
the lower jaw has 21 small sharp teeth in each side, and 4 big
canines in front of these; tongue atrophied; anterior nostrils tubu-
lar, situated on the upper lip; posterior nostrils are circular holes

lo Fishes of the South Paeific.

on top of snout in front of orbit; snout from the anterior margin of
eye 5.50 in head. Fins: no pectoral fins; origin of dorsal is about
the length of snout in front of gill openings; origin of anal directly
posterior of vent, which is slightly nearer the snout than tip of tail.

Color in spirits, very blackish and shading into yellowish gray
below and anteriorly; irregular, vertical white lines, more or less
w^av}' and about a third as wide as interspaces, on side of body the
lines becoming regular and band-like posteriori}-, anteriorl}' the
lines join more or less, forming irregular squares and polygons;
thorax and bell}' yellowish white; snout and anterior half of lower
jaw black; fins colored similar to body, but fewer lines.

One specimen from Tubuai Id., of the Austral group. No.
770 B. M. Length 21 in.

One specimen, No. 1583 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.

Gymnothorax marquesensis Scale, new species.

Depth 10 in total length; head 3 in length anterior of vent;
length of body greater than length of tail b}- a distance equal to
2.50 in head; teeth biserial except in front where there is a group
of about 7 enlarged depressible canines, two of which are on the
middle of the vomer; the inner series consists of about 8 teeth on
each side; teeth of the lower jaw are in a single series with a clus-
ter of canines in front; eye equal to the distance apart of the pos-
terior nostrils; snout 4.70 in head; angle of the jaw 2.30 in head.

Color in spirits, a dull yellowish or gray with blackish irregu-
lar cross bands wider than the interspaces; on the posterior part
of the body and tail these bands are more broken into indistinct
dots; the belh' is powdered with a yellowish spray.

A short, thick moray. Nine specimens, from Nukukiva,
Marquesas Ids., Nos. 2384-2388 B. M. No. 2384 (Fig. i) is tN-pe
of the species.

Gymnothorax chalazius Waite.^

Depth 6 in distance from tip of snout to vent; head 2.50 in the
same distance; eye 7.50 in head, 1.50 in snout; the vent is nearer
tip of snout than tip of tail by about the length of head; middle of
eye is midway between angle of mouth and tip of upper jaw; inter-
orbital space slightlv less than width of snout; anterior no.strils
tubular, short, equal to one-half the width of eye; posterior nos-
trils not tubular, situated above and in line with anterior magin of
eye; teeth in upper jaw in a double series the inner ones the long-
est, 14 on each side; in the front of upper jaw are 8 enlarged de-
pressible canines, 2 on the vomer and 3 on each side, smaller teeth
forming the outer row; a row of blunt teeth on the palate; lower
jaw with a single series of teeth, the 2 or 3 anterior ones in each
side enlarged, depressible canines.

2 The tvpe secured bv Mr. Waite corresponds to the first specimen in the series No.
765 I?. M.

Fishes of the Souf/i Pacific. ii

Body is elongate, cyliudrical; no pectoral fins. The 4 speci-
mens of this species, secured at Tubuai Id., of the Austral group,
form a series which show no structural differences, ^ and in which
the color markings intergrade perfectly.

No. 765 B. M., a female, 11.75 in. in length, has the follow-
ing color markings: In spirits, color dark brown, shading into
black on the posterior half of the body; the body covered with
minute white dots, like pin points, yellow in life, none of the dots
are as large as the head of a pin, these dots very numerous on the
anterior third of body and head, but gradually decreasing in num-
ber posteriorly, until on the posterior half of the body they are few
and widely scattered; belly and throat yellowish white, being
powdered with yellowish dots; in addition to the above there is on
the anterior half of the body a number of round, indistinct black
spots the size of eye, these show a tendency to form imperfect ver-
tical, band-like arrangement; fins colored similar to body, caudal
with a narow white margin.

No. 763 B. I\I., a female, 10 in. long, is colored and marked
exaclily as above, except the dots are a trifle larger, being the size
of pin heads; the yellow coloring on the belly showing a tendency
to become reticulate.

No. 766 B. M., a male, 11.50 in. long, colored and marked as
No. 763 except the dots are larger being the size of the pupil of
the eye, the ground color is a shade less dark, and the anterior
dots show a tendency to become less regular in their roundness.

No. 769 B. M. Length 10 in. Colored as No. 766, except
the dots are still larger, and show a decided tendency to become
reticulate, especially on the anterior part of the bod^^

All of the specimens show the round, indistinct black spots,
the size of the eye on the anterior half of the bod^^

Four specimens, Nos. 763, 765, 766 and 769 B. M., from
Tubuai, Austral Ids.

Another mora v. No. 1566, from Tahiti, was provisionally but
probablv incorre(5llv identified with Rabida viarmorca (Valenci-
ennes) from the Galapagos Ids.

Uropterygius concolor (Riippell).

One specimen. No. 2005* B. M., from Nukuhiva, Marque-
sas Ids.

Scuticaria tigrina (Riippell).

One specimen. No. 1362* B. M., from Tahiti, Society Ids.
One specimen, No. 23S1 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids.

Buropterygius xatithopterus TBleeker).

Three specimens, Nos. 2006-2008 B. M., from Nukuhiva,
Marquesas Ids.

3The male specimen. No. 766. has the head slightly swollen above, a longitudinal
groove divides this swollen portion into two lobes.

12 Fishes of the South Pacific.

Scuticaria marmorata (Lacepede).

Four specimeus, Nos. 2399-2402 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Mar-
quesas Ids.

Family MORINGUID^.
Moringua javanica Kaup.

One specimen, No. 2003* B.M., from Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids.
^Echidna polyzona (Richardson).

One specimen, No. 2001 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids.

^Kchidna amblyodon (Bleeker).

Two specimens, No. 2003* ^^^^1 2004 B. M., from Nukuhiva,
IMarquesas Ids.

Family PLOTOSID^.
Plotosus anguillaris (Lacepede).

Three specimens, Nos. 1256, 1326 and 1327 B. M., from
Shortland Id., Solomons.

Family BELONID.F:.

Tylosurus giganteus (Schlegcl;.
{Beloiie anuulata Cuv. & Val. )

One specimen. No. 747 B. M., from Tubuai, Austral Ids.

Tylosurus choratn (Forskal).

One specimen, No. 1357 B. M., from Tahiti. Length 28 in.
It is referred to this species with some doubt.

Belone platura Bennett.

Three specimens, Nos. 1070, 1071, 1072 B. M., from Fate,
New Hebrides.

Family EXOCCETID.F:.
Hetniramphus australensis vSeale, new species.

Depth 4. 78 in head; head 2.75; beak anterior of the upper
jaw 4.30 in length; eye 7.40 in head, 3.75 in beak; interorbital
space slightly concave with two distinct grooves; D. 16; A. 15;
scales 56.

Body elongate, covered with deciduous scales; the depth but
slightly greater than the width; head with lower jaw prolonged
into a beak; the upper jaw short, its shape like a triangular iiap,
its length equal to its width; the tip of the upper jaw is exacflly
midwa}' between tip of lower jaw and posterior margin of the
opercle; teeth in both jaws in villiform bands; the origin of the

Fishes of the South Pacific. 13

dorsal fin is exacfth- over the origin of the anal and the bases of
the two fins are of about equal length; base of anal equal to dis-
tance from origin of anal to the middle of the ventrals; the origin
of the ventrals much nearer base of caudal than to the posterior
margin of the opercles; length of ventrals 3.50 in head; pediorals
short, equal to the distance from anterior margin of orbit to pos-
terior edge of opercle; caudal forked, the lower lobe much the
longest.

Color in spirits, silvery below, bluish above, a silvery band
along the sides; fins all white.

One specimen. No. 746 (Fig. 2) B. M., from Tubuai, Austral
Ids. Length ii.i in.

Hemiramphus affinis Giinther.

Three specimens, Nos. 851, 842 and 840 B. M., from Fate,
New Hebrides.

Two specimens, Nos. 2489*-2490* B. M., from Makatea, Pau-
motu Ids.

Hemiramphus comimersonii (Cuvier).

Two specimens, Nos. 1331 and 1332* B.M., from Shortland,
Solomon Ids.

Hem.iramphus eclancheri Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Three specimens, Nos. 2121-2123 B. M., from Nukuhiva,
Marquesas Ids.

Hemiramphus platurus Bleeker.

Two specimens, Nos. 1951-1952 B. M., from Rarotonga,
Cook Ids.

Hem^iramphus melanurus Cuvier & Valenciennes.

One specimen, No. 1221 B. M., from Shortland, Solomons.

Cypselurus tahitensis Seale, new species.

Depth 5.50; head 4.20; e3-e 3.10; D. 12; A. 10; scales 43;
interorbital 3 in head.

Body elongate, slightly compressed, covered with large scales,
24 rows between occiput and origin of dorsal; head short and
blunt; the interorbital space concave; snout short, 4 in head;
mandible slightly protruding; villiform teeth in bands on anterior
of jaws and on palatines, in single series along sides of premax-
illary, no teeth on vomer or tongue; gill rakers small; base of dor-
sal fin 1.50 in head, its longest ray 1.70; anal short, the longest
ray 2.10 in head; pedlorals very long, reaching to base of caudal
and used as an organ of flight; origin of the ventrals much nearer
base of snout, they reach to base of sixth anal raj^- caudal forked,
the upper lobe 1.20 in head, the lower lobe about twice as long as
upper.

Fig. 2. — 1162. Abuckfduf jorclaiii .Scale. 783*. v'-^corptenopsis quiescc-ns vSeale.
1347- Anteniiarius lutesctns Scale. 746. ncmirainphus australcnsis Scale.;]

Fishes of the South Pacific. 15

Color in life, blue above, silver}' below: iris yellow and black;
fins bluish, except ventral and anal which are white.

Color in formalin, bluish above, white below; pecftorals a deep
uniform blue; dorsal dusky; ventral and anal white; caudal with
a wash of dusky.

One specimen from Tahiti. No. 1413 (Fig. 3) B. M. Length
13 in.

Bxocoetus volitans Linnaeus.

Exoca'tus evolaus Linn.

Color in life, bluish above, white below, fins white, the pec-
torals with a few round dark spots.

One specimen. No. 1443 B. M., from Tahiti, Society Ids.

Cypselurus oligolepis (Bleeker).

One specimen. No. 1208* B. M., from Shortland Id., Solo-

family atherinid.f:.

Attierina lacunosa Forster.

Ten specimens referred to this species were secured at Short-
land Id., Solomons, Nos. 1280, 1299*, 1309*, 1311, 1316*, 1323,
2226*, 1234, 1246 and 1274 B. M. Four specimens from Fate,
New Hebrides, No. 865 B. M.

These fish swarm in countless millions about the shores of
Shortland Id. during the months of June and July.

Family MUGILID.F:.
Mugil kelaartii Giinther.

Two specimens, Nos. 1341, 1342 B. M., from Tahiti.

Querimana crenilabris (Forskal).

Two specimens, Nos. 702* and 703* B. ]\I., from Tahiti.

Myxus leuciscus (Giinther).

One specimen, No. 2484* B. M., from Makatea, Paumotu Ids.

I/iza waigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard).

Two specimens from Mangareva Id., No. 806 B. M., L. 5.75,
and No. 807 B. M., L,. 6.50 in. These have black pectorals, C.,
A. and V. yellowish; spinous dorsal yellowish; soft dorsal dusky.

One specimen. No. 975 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

One specimen, No. 1131* B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

One specimen. No. 1599 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.

Two specimens, Nos. 1958 and 1959 B. M., from Rarotonga,
Cook Ids.

F/s/ifs of the South Pacific. 17

Mugil cephalus Linnseus.

Two specimens of the common Polynesian mullet, Nos. 1532
and 1523 B. M., from Tahiti.

Two specimens, Xos. 1579* and 159S B. M., from Raiatea,
Cook Ids.

One specimen, Xo. 2264 B. M.. from Xukuhiva, Marquesas Ids.

Two specimens, Xos. i960 and 1962 B. M., from vShortland Id.,
Solomons.

Family AULOSTOMID.E.
Aulostomus valentini (Blecker).

One specimen, a young, length 3 in., Xo. 1406 B. M., from
Tahiti.

Depth 20: head 3: eye 9; snout 4.50 in length; interorbital
10.50 in head; caudal peduncle 2 in snout.

Family FISTULARIID.F:.

Fistularia petimba Lacepede.
{Fistiilaria depressa Giinther).

One specimen from Mangareva Id., Xo. S03 B. M. Length

37 iw-

One specimen, Xo. 10S3 B. M., from Fate, Xew Hebrides.
Color light brown, yellowish below, fins yellowish white.

One specimen, Xo. 1226 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

One specimen, Xo. 1582 B. M.. from Raiatea, Society Ids.

Seven specimens, Rarotonga, Cook Ids., Xos. 1944*, 1945*-
1950 B. M.

Two specimens, Xos. 2281-22S2 B. M., from Xukuhiva, Mar-
quesas Ids.

Two specimens, Xos. 2487*-2488* B. M., from Makatea, Pau-
motu Ids.

Family SYXGXATHID.f:.

Cor3^1iroiclitliys waitei Jordan & Stark's MS.

One specimen, Xo. 1035 B. M., from Fate, Xew Hebrides.
The description of this species will appear in the report on the
fishes of Samoa.

Corythroichthys sealei Jordan & Stark's MS.

One specimen, Xo. 1033 B. M., from Fate. Xew^ Hebrides.
The description of this species will appear in the report on the
fishes of Samoa.

Trachyrhamphus species.

One specimen, Xo. 22S3 B. M., from Marquesas Ids. This
specimen is badly damaged, only the anterior half of the fish re-

OccAsioxAi- Papers B. P. B. M.. Vol. IV.. No. i. — 2.

1 8 • Fishes of the South Pacific.

maining, so the identification is quite problematic. It is allied to
T. longirostris Kaup.

Interorbital space equal to eye, 5 in snout; a distinct ridge
across opercle, with fine radiating ridges; occiput and neck with
a median ridge; body deeper than broad.

This is probably a new species, but with the mutilated speci-
men before me the description could not be complete.

Family vSPHYR.BNID.^.

Spliyraena obtusata Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Six specimens, Nos. 911-914, 10S4 and 1064 B. AL, from Fate,
New Hebrides.

Sphyraena goodingi" vSeale, new species.

Depth 7.S9; head 3 in length; eye 6.20; D. v, 10; A. 10;
scales 127.

Body elongate, rounded; head conical, the sharp point of the
cone formed by the lower jaw; snout 2.30; lower jaw 1.60 in head;
maxillary not quite reaching to anterior line with eye; teeth of
the upper jaw in a single row; teeth of the lower jaw in a single
row of 15 on each side; a pair of enlarged canine-like teeth in
front; a row of large shark-like teeth on palatines; gill rakers
short and tooth-like; opercles with the margin rounded, and end-
ing in an oblique flap, there is an inconspicuous flat spine on the
hardened portion; the upper fourth only is scaled; preopercle en-
tirely scaled, the scales extending to below the eye onto the orbi-
tals and on the base of the lower mandible; spinous dorsal fin, and
the ventrals, are of equal length, 3.75 in head; origin of dorsal is
slightly posterior to base of ventrals, the longest dorsal spine 3.80
in head; the distance between the soft and spinous dorsal 3.75 in
length; last ray of dorsal extending as a short filament equal in
length to width of eye; base of soft dorsal equal in length to base
of anal, the last ray of anal is slightly prolonged; pecftorals reach-
ing to a line with base of dorsal, its length 3 in head; caudal deeply
and evenly forked.

Color uniformly silvery with a slight wash of bluish on the
dorsal surface.

One specimen from Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids. Length 21 in.
No. 2112 (Fig. 4) B. M.

Family POLYNEMID.F:.
Polydactylus plebeius Broussonnet.

Depth 3.90; head 3. 25; eye 4, entirely covered with adipose
membrane; D. viii, 13; A. 11, 12; five pecloral appendages; scales
60; interorbital 4.

■tNanied for Mr. Vie Gooditig- of Tahiti, wltose kind assistance aud interest in my work
was greatly appreciated.

20 Fishes of the South Paefic.

Bod}- elongate, compressed, covered with small ctenoid scales;
lateral line complete; depth of caudal peduncle 2.50 in head; the
head is conical, the snout prominent and pointed, extending be-
yond the inferior mouth; maxillary reaching to posterior of eye,
its length 2 in head; mandible 2.10 in head; lips thin; teeth filli-
form in jaws, vomer, palatine and pterygoids; preopercle serrated;
pecloral appendages long, the longest 2.75 in length of fish, with-
out caudal. Fins: Soft dorsal and anal of about equal length,
their posterior margins emarginate, longest dorsal spine equal to
length of pectorals 1.50 in head; ventrals equal to base of anal,
2.10 in head; caudal deepl)^ forked, the lobes equal.

Color in spirits is yellowish white, with about 8 narrow longi-
tudinal lines on the sides above the lateral line, and 10 below it;
fins dusky, the dorsal, pectoral and caudal tipped with black.

One specimen from Tahiti, Society Ids., No. 1354 B. M.

Three specimens from Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids., Nos. 2274-
2276 B. M.

Family ANOMALOPID.F:.
Anomalops palpebratus (Boddaert).

One specimen. No. 928 B. M.. from Fate, New Hebrides.
One specimen, No. 1995 B. M., from Rarotonga.

Family HOLOCENTRID.E.
Holocentrus spinifer Forskal.

Two specimens, Nos, 955 and 1003 B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

One specimen, No. 1287 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.
One specimen. No. 1619 B. M., from Raiatea, vSociety Ids.

Holocentrus ensifer Jordan & Evermann.

One specimen. No. 818 B. M., from Mangareva, Gambier Ids.,
is referred to this species. Length 13.50 in. Dorsal a uniform
deep crimson.

Holocentrus lacteoguttatus Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Four specimens, Nos. 875, 1006, 1007 and 1008 B. M., from
Fate, New Hebrides, are referred to this species, with some doubt.

Holocentrus praslin (Lacepede).

One specimen, No. 2005* B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Holocentrus tiereoides (Blceker).

One specimen. No. 957* B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.
One specimen. No. 1248 B. M., from Shortland, Solomons.
Seven specimens, Nos. 146 1- 1466, 1493 B. M., from Tahiti.

'V ] I s (

•y.i.j

Fig. 5. — 11S7. Lutianus melanesise vSeale. 1395- Holocentrus rubellio Seale.
2164. Lutianus nukuhivce Seale

2 2 Fishes of the South Pacific.

Holocentrus rubellio vSeale, new species.

Depth 2.75; head 3; eye 3.20 in head; D. xi, 14; A. iv, 9;
scales 4-40-7; interorbital 4.90 in head, 1.40 in eye.

Body compressed, oblong, rather deep; caudal peduncle 1.85
in head, its depth 2 in its length; scales smooth except at edges
which are finely toothed; a row of modified scales on nuchal re-
gion; some enlarged scales at base of anal fin; head compressed,
rather short, its depth 1.15 in length; snout short, straight, the
upper processes of the intermaxillaries end in a line with anterior
margin of orbit; lower mandible two in head; posterior end of
maxillary reaching to anterior edge of pupil; broad bands of villi-
form teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines; gill-rakers rather long,
12 on lower limb; opercles striate and toothed, two flat spines at
angle, the upper slightly the longest; the large spine at angle of
preopercle greater than width of orbit, 2.75 in head; orbital bones
well toothed and spined, a strong spine extending over premax-
illary, another on line with anterior margin of pupil, and 5 smaller
ones between these two. Fins: dorsal spines rather strong, the
fourth the longest, 2 in head; third anal spine very long and strong,
1. 1 9 in head; pecT;orals reaching to line with fifteenth scale of
lateral line; ventrals 1.20 in head; caudal moderately forked, the
lobes equal.

Color in life, pink; fins pink, the webs along the spines a deeper
red, this color becoming wider at the top, giving the appearance
of a deeper red margin to the dorsal.

Color in spirits, yellowish white, with 10 pale yellow longitudi-
nal lines; fins all yellowish white.

One specimen. No. 1395 (Fig. 5) B.M., from Tahiti, Society Ids.

Holocentrus verticalis Stale, new species.

Depth 2.75; head 3; eye 4.50; scales 4-47-S; D. xi, 15; inter-
orbital 7.50 in head, 1.55 in eye.

Body compressed, oblong, deep; caudal peduncle 2 in head,
its depth 1.90 in length. Head compressed, slightly longer than
deep, the upper outline slightly concave; groove for the intermax-
illary reaching to a line with anterior margin of pupil; lips thick;
mandible 1.85 in head; maxillary short, not reaching to anterior
margin of iris; bands of minute teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines;
gill-rakers not long, 10 on lower limb; orbital bones with numerous
spines and teeth; opercle striate and toothed, two rather promi-
nent spines at angle, the upper slightly the longest, 1.20 in pupil;
preorbital well toothed and scaled, the large spine at angle much
longer than diameter of eye, 3 in head; just below this spine are
4 prominent teeth. Dorsal spines rather strong, the third the
longest, 2 in head; rays of soft dorsal 1.90 in head; external rays
of soft dorsal and anal slightly prolonged; third anal spine strong,
2.10 in head; pectorals reaching to a line with thirteenth scale of

1

3-

24 Fishes of the South Pacific.

lateral liue, 1.55 in head; caudal moderately forked, the lobes
equal.

Color in life is bright red, each scale with a silvery vertical
line through the centre; a white line under each eye and posterior
edge of preopercle; dorsal fin uniform deep crimson; crimson in
axis of pectorals; the remaining fins all pink with a wash of orange.

Color in spirits, yellowish white, with 13 darker yellow longi-
tudinal stripes; dorsal fins yellowish, the other fins pinkish white.

Five specimens, Nos. 701*. 1391-1394, B. M., from Tahiti,
vSociety Ids. No. 1394 (Fig. 6) is type of the species.

Holocentrus diadema Lacepede.

Three specimens from Tahiti, Nos. 145S, 1459 and 1513* B. M.
Three specimens, Nos. 879, 878 and 2279 B. M. from Fate,
New Hebrides.

One specimen. No. 2279* B.M., from Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids.

Holocentrus microstotnus Giinther.

Nine specimens, Nos. 1340, 1467-1472 B. M., from Tahiti.

Four specimens, Nos. 160S-1611 B. M., from Raiatea, Society
Ids.

Two specimens, Nos. 732 and 761 B. ]\I., from Tubuai, Aus-
tral Ids.

Two specimens, Nos. 1972-1973 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook
Ids.

Holocentrus tiere Lesson.
{HotocciitniDi poccilopteniui Blccker. )

Four specimens, Nos. 1396-1399 B. M., from Tahiti.

Holocentrus opercularis Cuvicr & Valenciennes.

One specimen, No. 1456 B. M., from Tahiti.

Holocentrus punctatissimus Cuvier & Valenciennes.

{Holoceiitnnii diploxipluis Giinther.)

vSix voung specimens. No. 767 B. M., from Tubuai, Austral
Ids.

One specimen. No. 819 B. M., from Mangareva, Gambler Ids.

Two specimens, Nos. 1969 -1970 B. M., from Rarotonga,
Cook Ids.

Two specimens, Nos. 877, 950* B. M., from Fate, New Heb-
rides.

Two specimens, Nos. 2485*-24S6* B. M., from Makatea, Pau-
motu Ids.

One specimen. No. 1286 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Holocentrus sammara (Forskalj.

Four specimens, Nos. 1457, 1510, 1528 and 1529 B. M., from
Tahiti.

in

n

-, (0:

IT);

- ^^f'

fO

, — i=i

- <M

26 Fishes of the South Pacijie.

One specimen, No. 1328 B. M., Shortland Id., Solomons.

Five specimens, Nos. 1603-1607 B. AI., from Raiatea, Society
Ids.

One specimen, No. 197 1 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

Two specimens, No. 2277-227S B. M., from Nukuhiva, Mar-
quesas Ids.

Myripristis sanguineus Jordan & Scale, new species.

Head 3.4; depth 2.50; eye 2.50 in head; D. x-i, 14; A. iv,
13; scales 4-38-7.

Body elongate, deep and compressed; head blunt, its length
less than its depth; snout short, its length from the upper nostril
equal to pupil; premaxillary slightly protracted; maxillary reach-
ing to a line below the posterior edge of pupil, its distal end broad,
4.50 in head, its lower posterior margin armed with blunt teeth;
lower mandible 1.50 in head; bands of small teeth in jaws, vomer
and palatins; a patch of enlarged blunt outer teeth on each side of
upper and lower jaw; gill-rakers numerous, long and strong; inter-
orbital space 3.85 in head; opercles striate, and denticulate, with
one small spine at angle; scales all striate and toothed; a row of
modified scales over the nuchal region; origin of dorsal about even
with base of ventrals and on line with the third scale of the lateral
line; dorsal spines slender, the first 2.75 in head; the third is the
longest, 2 in head; anterior dorsal and anal rays somewhat pro-
duced, their length i .50 in head; the third anal spine the strongest,
the fourth the longest being equal to orbit; caudal emarginate;
pectoral reaching to the eleventh scale of the lateral line.

Color in life red, a black opercular spot; fins all red, the dorsal
a pale red with the margin a deep crimson; the outer margin of the
soft dorsal and the anal are also a darker red.

Color in spirits, pale yellowish, the fins are a brighter yellow-
ish; a dusky blotch at posterior margin of opercles.

Two specimens, Xos. 1445 (Fig. 7) and 1446 B. M., from
Tahiti, vSociety Ids. Another, the type of the species, was taken
by Jordan & Kellogg at Apia, Samoa.

Myripristis adustus Bkeker.

Two specimens, Nos. 1447 and 1448 B. M., from Tahiti.
One specimen. No. 1195* B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Myripristis murdjan (Forskal).

One specimen. No. 161 8 B. AL, from Raiatea Id., Society Ids.
Two specimens, Nos. 1967 and 1968 B. M., from Rarotonga.
Five specimens, Nos. 1473-1476 and 1538 B. M., from Tahiti.
Four specimens, Nos. 996, 1000*, 982 and 976 B. M., from
Fate, New Hebrides.

r ; vc.^

784

WjS^„

m

^^

wm

^

'f^ - '

1 '
I

2 1

3 i

1 ^ '

Fig. 8.— 783. Salariasazurt-iis Scale. 784. Salarias tubuensis Seale. 785. Salarias casius vSeale.

1903. Scarichthys rarotongie vSeale. 2280. M3'ripristis phaeopus v'^eale.

742. AbudefcUif csesio Seale. 1526. Ostracion dexteri Scale.

28 Fishes of the SoJtih Pacific.

Myripristis microphthalmus Blccker.

Two specimeus, Nos. 937 and 1004 B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Myripristis phaeopus Stale, new species.

Depth 2:70; head 2.10; e}e 2.50; interorbital 3: D. x, i, 16;
A. Ill, 15; lateral line 44.

Body oblong, compressed; caudal peduncle, and the caudal
fin small, the depth of the peduncle being one half of eye; snout
extending somewhat over the mouth, the upper jaw being the
longest; maxillary extending to the posterior margin of iris, its
length 2.10 in head; bones of the head denticulate, the posterior
margin of the opercles and preopercles with small teeth or spines;
modified scales about the eye give the orbital margin a scalloped
appearance; teeth small; the second and third dorsal spines are the
longest, 1 .50 in head; caudal small and short, its longest ray i .50 in
head; second anal spine is the longest, 2.50 in head; ventrals 1.50
in head; pectorals 1.60 in head.

Color in spirits, pinkish white without stripes; spinous dorsal
dusk}-; ventrals broadly tipped with black; soft dorsal anal, pec-
torals, and caudal pinkish white.

One specimen, No. 22S0 (Fig. 8) B. ^\., from Nukuhiva, Mar-
quesas Ids. Length 2.50 in.

Family GEMPYLID.^.

Protnethichthys pacificus Heale, new species.

Depth at origin of dorsal 2.50 in head, at origin of anal and
soft dorsal 2.30, at tenth dorsal spine 2; head 3.75; eye 3.90 in
head; snout 2.76; D. xviii, 20, 11; A. iS, 11; lateral line continu-
ous, with a big oblique curve downwards under the anterior end of
dorsal; interorbital space with membrane, i in ej-e.

Body elongate, slender, covered with delicate scales, the scales
also covering the head including the upper part of snout, maxillary,
chin, and opercles; head compressed, the interorbital space flat,
with a shallow groove; lower jaw extending slightly beyond the
upper; the premaxillary reach to a line with the anterior margin
of iris, the exposed length 3.20 in head, the width of the distal end
is about equal to iris; mandible 1.90 in head; four long fang-like
teeth in the upper jaw% with three smaller depressible ones near
their bases, and a single row of 16 strong compressed triangular
teeth in each side of the upper jaw; lower jaw with a single row
of 10 similar teeth on each side, the two anterior teeth being sepa-
rate, larger and fang-like; no teeth on vomer; a single row of fine
teeth on the palatine; gill-rakers obsolete on anterior half of the
lower limb, but with about 12 small rakers similar to the teeth on
posterior half of the lind); eye large; opercles scaled, but without
spines; origin of the dorsal fin is dire(5lly over the origin of pecto-

30 Fishes of the South Pacific.

rals; leugth of eighth dorsal spine 3 in head; the longest soft dor-
sal ray 2.80 in head; base of anal 2.20 in head; the ventrals are
represented by two minute spines just below the base of the pec-
torals, the length of these spines is less than one-half the distal
width of the maxillary; pectorals 1.75 in head, the upper margin
of their base on plane with the lower margin of orbit; caudal
deeply forked, the lobes equal, their longest ray equal to the
length of the pectorals.

Color, a sepia brown; webs of the spinous dorsal black; soft
dorsal, anal, and caudal yellowish white with a slight wash of
dusky; pectorals yellowish white anteriorly, their tips black.

One specimen, length 24 in.. No. 1358 (Fig. 9) B. M., from
Tahiti.

Family SCOMBRID.F:.
Scomber tnicrolepidotus Riippel.

Two specimens, Nos. 11 30 and 1291 B. M., from Shortland,
Solomons.

Two specimens, No. S49 and 845* B. M. from Fate, New Heb-
rides.

Color in life, silvery, with wash of greenish, and having obso-
lescent refiecflion, about 6 darker greenish or yellowish lines from
head to caudal; top of head green.

Family CARANGID.^.
Scombroides sanctipetri (Cuvitr & Valenciennes).

Two specimens, Nos. 1508, 1509 B. M., from Tahiti.
Klagatis bipinnulatus (Quoy & Gaimard).

One specimen of this species was secured in Shortland, Solo-
mon Ids. Length 23.50 in. No. 1209 (Fig. 10) B. I\I. It is very
common and is much used as food.

Depth 4.90; head 4; eye 6.40; interorbital 3; snout 2.50; D,
VI, I, 25, 2; A. II, 18, 2.

Trachurops crumenophthalmus (Blocli).

One specimen, No. 1378 B. M., from Tahiti.

Seven specimens, Nos. 986, 988, 1031, 1032, 1034, 1058 and
1059 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Four specimens, Nos. 1127, 1128, 1129 and 1292* B. M., from
Shortland Id., Solomons.

One specimen. No. 1992 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

One specimen. No. 2270 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids.

Caranx forsteri Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Two specimens of the common "Ulua," No. 1376-1377 B. M.,
from Tahiti.

a

K

32 Fishes of the South Pae/Jie.

Caranx lugubris Poey.

One specimen, No. 1991 B. M., Rarotonga, Cook Ids.
Four specimens, Nos. 2266-2269 B.M., from Nukuhiva, Mar-
quesas Ids.

One specimen. No. 1274 B. M., from Shortlaud, Solomons.
One specimen, No. 1407 B. M., from Tahiti.

Caranx melampygus (Cuvicr & Valenciennes).

Depth 2.75; head 3.50; eye 4, a posterior adipose lid; scutes
34; D. VII, 22; A. I, 19; interorbital space 3.50.

Body oblong, compressed, the back evenly curved. Head
compressed, mouth low, oblique, the lower jaw slightly projecfting;
maxillary scarcely reaching to below anterior margin of eye; teeth
of upper jaw in villiform bands, with an outer row of larger canine-
like teeth; low^er jaw with a single row of small teeth; teeth on
vomer, palatine, and tongue; breast and cheeks seal}'; lateral
line arched, becoming straight under the fifth dorsal ray; a recum-
bent spine under the skin; soft dorsal and anal fins similar, falcate
in front, the dorsal the highest; pecftorals 3 in length of head and
body; ventrals short, 2 in head; caudal well forked, the lobes
equal.

Color in spirits, olivaceous, bluish above, opercular spot obso-
lete; caudal, dorsal, and anal tipped with dusky.

Three specimens from Tubuai Ids., of Austral Group, Nos.
742*, 780, 782 B. M.

Two specimens, Nos. 121 2 and 1213* B. M., from Shortlaud,
Solomon Ids.

One specimen. No. 2271 B.M., from Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids.

Three specimens, Nos. 947, 943 and 948 B. M., from Fate,
New Hebrides.

Family PEMPHERID^.

Pempheris mangula Cuvier & Valenciennes.

One specimen. No. 1511 B. M., from Tahiti.

Family APOGONICHTHYID.E.
Atnia amboinensis Bleeker.

One specimen of this species was taken at vShortland Id., Solo-
mons, No. 1307 B. M.

Color in life, pale yellow, with two bright yellow stripes, made
up of round dots, along the sides; four golden dots on opercles;
fins all yellowish; eye blue, with narrow blue line from eye around
tip of snout.

Atnia novemfasciata (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Two specimens, Nos. 985 and 1016* B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Fishes of the South Pacific. 33

Color iu life, silvery, with broad longitudinal streaks of brown
which converge on the caudal; fins pinkish.

Amia aroubiensis (Hombron & Jacquinot).

Two specimens taken on the reef at Papeete, Tahiti. Nos.
1674 and T675 B. M.

Three specimens, Nos. 793, 794, 795 B. M., from Tubuai,
Austral Ids.

One specimen, No. 1306 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

One specimen. No. 2254 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids.

Amia savayensis (Giinther).

The following specimens of this species were secured: —

Nos. 1017 and 1029 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Nos. 1 156*, 1 160, 1 198, 1 145*, 1 186*, 1 153 B. M., from Short-
land Ids., Solomons.

Nos. 1660-1666 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.

Pristiapogon koilomatodon (Bleektr).

Two specimens, Nos. 1191 and 1192 B. M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

Color in life, a pale pinkish with short, dark lines; fins all
pinkish.

Pristiapogon snyderi Jordan & Evermann.

Depth 3; head 2.75; eye 3.75; interorbital 4.5; D. vii-i, 9;
A. II, 8; scales 2-25-5.

Color in spirits, pinkish brown, a brown longitudinal stripe
from snout to caudal, a brown spot on base of caudal peduncle at
base of caudal; fins yellowish, anal with a dusky line at base;
caudal with the outer rays dusky; spinous dorsal with a dusky
line at base; soft dorsal with a dusky line on 1-3 webs; ventrals
with dusky on anterior webs.

Four specimens from Tubuai, Austral Ids. Nos. 776-779 B. M.
Lengths 2.50-5 in.

One specimen, No. 915 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Two specimens, Nos. 1193 ^^d 12S2 B. M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

Two specimens, Nos. 1 667-1 668 B. M., from Raiatea, Society
Ids.

Paramia quinquelineata (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Five specimens, Nos. 1669-1673 B. M., from Raiatea, Society
Ids.

One specimen. No. 2257 B. M., Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids.

Occasional Papers B. P. B. M., Vol. IV., No. i.— 3.

34 Fishes of the South Pacifie.

Family KUHLIID.E.
Kuhlia malo (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Depth 2.85; head 3.30; eye 3; D. x, 11; A. iii, ii; interorbitals
3.50; scales 6-54-14.

Body oblong, strongly compressed, scaled; head compressed;
eyes large; mouth large, protractile, the lower jaw the longest;
nuchal region, cheeks and opercles scaled; snout about equal to
eye; maxillary exposed, without a supplemental bone, its distal
end on a line with anterior of eye; teeth villiform in jaws, vomer,
palatines, entopterygoids and ectopterygoids; six branchiostegals;
pseudobrauchiae present; 24 gill-rakers on lower arch; opercles
with 2 spines; caudal peduncle long, its depth 2 in length. Fins:
dorsal notched, the fifth spine the longest, 3.50 in head; ninth
spine much shorter than tenth; longest ray equal to fifth spine;
base of anal equal to head; pedtorals 1.50 m head; ventrals 1.75 in
head; caudal deepl}' forked, the lobes equal.

Color silvery, the spinous dorsal and caudal tipped with dusky;
the soft dorsal with a dusk}- submarginal patch, and a narrow mar-
gin of white.

Three specimens from Tubuai, Austral Ids., Nos. 737, 736,
73S B. M.

One specimen, No. 1537 B. M., from Tahiti.

One specimen. No. 2471* B. M., from Makatea, Paumotu Ids.

Kuhlia tseniura (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Three specimens, Nos. 870, 871 and 1020 B. M., from Fate,
New Hebrides,

Family SERRANID^.
Cephalopholis argus (Bloch).

Four specimens, Nos. 696*, 697*, 1428 and 1429 B. M., from
Tahiti, Society Ids.

One specimen. No. 773 B. M., from Tubuai, Austral Ids.

One specimen. No. 1998* B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

One specimen. No. 799* B. M., from Mangareva.

Two specimens, Nos. 2165-2166 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Mar-
quesas Ids.

Two specimens, Nos. 123S and 1264 B. M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

These specimens correspond in every respect with the descrip-
tion and with Bleeker's figure, Atl. Icth. Tab. CCCXX, fig. 3.

Cephalopholis urodelus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Color in life, red, with two oblique white bands on caudal.
One specimen shows some indistinct white dots over the body.
No. 835 has a dark spot on the opercles; the others have not.

Two specimens, Nos. 835 and 817 B. M., from Mangareva.

Fishes of the South Pacific. 35

Cephalopholis miniatus (Riippell).

Two specimens, Nos. 1244 and 1265 B. M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

Color in life, red, with blue spots; dorsal, anal and caudal
red, with blue dots; e5'es red.

Variola louti (Forskal).

One specimen, No. 843* B. I\I., irom Fate, New Hebrides.

Paracanthistius maculatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

One specimen, No. 844* B. M. (a head). The fish was 24 in.
in length; D. vii, 11; A. iii, 8.

Color brownish, with ocelli showing darker edges. Fate,
New Hebrides.

Bpinephelus merra (Bloch).

Four specimens from Tahiti, Society Ids., Nos. 1344, 1381,
1382 and 13S3 B. M.

Four specimens, from oSIangareva (Gambler Ids.), Nos. 796

797) 798 ^^d 799* B. M.

Color in life, brown, with hexagonal spots and lines, usually
wnthout distinct markings on pecloral or ventral fins, markings on
ventral surface not distinct.

Bpinephelus corallicola (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

One specimen. No. 1602 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.

Five specimens from Tahiti, Societ}- Ids., Nos. 1350, 1351,
1494, 1495, 1496 B. M.

Six specimens from Shortland, Solomon Ids., Nos. 121 7, 1237,
1259, 1260, 1261 and 130S B. M.

Two specimens from Makatea, Society Ids., Nos. 2468* and
2469* B. M.

Three specimens from Rarotonga, Cook Ids., Nos. 1982-1984
B. M.

One specimen. No. S48 B. ]M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Color in life is brown, with distinct hexagonal lines which
cover the entire fish, including all the fins.

Bpinephelus undulosus (Quoy & Gaimard).

One specimen. No. 1257 B. M., from Shortland Ids., Solomons.

Bpinephelus maculatus r Bloch).

One specimen. No. 1249* B. M., from vShortland, Solomons.
One specimen. No. 2473* B. M., from Makatea, Paumotu Ids.
Color in life is a fine dark brown, with four distinct white
lines along each side of body, and one on the median line of belly;

36 Fishes of the South Pacific.

a white line obliquely down forward from the eye; some slight
white dots on chin; eye golden; fins pinkish, without spots.

^pinephelus pachycentrus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Two specimens, Nos. 1168 and 1169 B. M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

Color in life is brown, with small blue dots on head; fins all
dusky.

Bpinephelus daemelii (Giinther).

Two specimens, Nos. 1163 and 1285 B. M., from vShortland
Id., Solomons.

Color in life, dark brown, covered with hexagonal lines and
spots; a deep bluish-black spot on top of caudal peduncle.

Epinephelus caeruleopunctatus (Bloch).

Two specimens, Nos. 1 157 and 1247 B. M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

Bpinephelus fasciatus (Schlegel).

Depth 3.50; head 2.34; eye 5.10; interorbital equal to eye.
Teeth in bands, the four anterior ones of each jaw enlarged.

Color red, with small bluish white dots; dorsal with a broad
tip of black; a deep red ring about eye. In spirits the white dots
disappear.

Four specimens were secured from Mangareva Id. No. 821
B. M., length 11.50 in. No. 822 B. M., length 10 in. No. 839
B. M., length 7.75 in. No. 840* B. M., length 6.50 in.

Hpinephelus zapyrus Seale, new species.

Depth 3.50; head with opercular flap 2.30; e^^e 6.20 in snout;
D. XI, 16; A. Ill, 8; scales small, 17-100-36; interorbital fiat, slightly
less than eye, equal to length of first dorsal spine, 7.50 in head.

Body elongate, compressed; head compressed, rather blunt,
the lower jaw slightly the longest; mouth big, maxillary with a
small supplemental bone; premaxillary 2.75 in head, their posterior
margin reaching to below anterior margin of eye; lower mandible
2 in head; nostrils conspicuous, a membranous flap over the lower
opening; on the upper part of the snout, midway between the pairs
of nostrils are two grooves; bands of fine short teeth in jaws, vomer
and palatines, the outer ones slightly enlarged, the inner ones de-
pressible; two small canines in each jaw; sphenoid and basi ptera-
goid also armed with fine teeth; gill-rakers rather strong, 13 on
lower limb, their inner side with clusters of short sharp teeth;
opercles scaled, and having a long flap and three flat spines from
posterior part, the upper spine minute, the middle one prominent;
posterior margin of preopercles serrate; cheeks minutely scaled;
dorsal fin continuous, not notched, the rays longer than the spines.

38 Fishes of the South Pacific.

the fourth spiue is the longest 3.90 in head, the longest rz.y is 2.60
in head; base of anal 3.40 in base of dorsal, the third anal spine
1.20 in base of fin; pectorals longer than ventrals, 1.20 in head, a
membraneous covering over the axis; origin of dorsal and pectorals
on a line and slightly anterior of ventrals whose origin is under the
third dorsal spiue; ventrals reaching to vent; caudal square, the
middle ray 2.16 in head.

Color in life, a uniform scarlet vermilion, the fins tipped with
orange, the spinous dorsal with a tip of deep crimson.

Color in formalin, pinkish white, the dorsal with tip of indian
red, a dusky ring around orbit; fins yellowish white.

One specimen, No. 761 (Fig. 11) B. M. Length 12.50 in.
From Tubuai Ids.

Grammistes sexfasciatus (Bloch).

Depth 2.75; head, without flap, 3; eye 4; D. vii, i, 14; A. 11;
scales minute, enveloped in the epidermis; interorbital equal to
snout, 5.50 in head.

Body oblong, compressed, a slight dip in the profile above
orbit; lateral line complete; caudal peduncle very little longer than
deep; head compressed, conical; branchiostegals 7; a rudimentary
barbule under chin; premaxillary reaching past the orbit, its
length 1.90 in head; villiform teeth in jaws, vomer and palatine;
preopercle with a small spine, three larger spines on the opercle;
soft dorsal, anal and caudal fins rounded; pectorals and ventrals
of about equal length, 1.90 in head, and equal in length to mid-
ray of caudal.

Color in spirits, brown, with six yellowish white longitudinal
bands, three of which are especially prominent; fins yellowish
white, except the spinous dorsal, which is dusk3^

One specimen, No. 1343 B. M., from Tahiti.

One specimen, No. 1249* B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

One specimen, No. 2255 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids.

Pharopteryx nigricans Riippcll.

Two specimens, Nos. 1158 and 1201 B. M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

Family PRIACANTHID.F:.
Priacanthus hamruhr (Forskal).

Two specimens, Nos. 1266 and 1267* (Fig. 12) B. M., from
Shortland Id., Solomons.

Priacanthus cruentatus (Lacepede).

Two specimens, Nos. 1415 and 1450 B. M., from Tahiti.

^

40 Fishes of the South Pacific.

Family LUTIANID^.

I/Utianus monostigma (Cuvier& Valenciennes).

One specimen, No. 744 B. M., from Tubuai, Austral Ids.

Two specimens, Nos. 842* and 1077* B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

One specimen, No. 2236 B. M., from Marquesas Ids.

lyutianus fulvus (Bloch).

Two specimens, Nos. 1431 and 1432 B. M., from Tahiti.

lyUtianus nukuhivse Seale, new species.

Depth 2.75; head 2.75; e3'e equal to interorbital, 4 in head;
D. XI, 14; A. Ill, 8; scales small, 73 in lateral line.

Body oblong, compressed, lateral line complete: head conical,
mouth large, maxillary reaching to line with anterior of eye; small
teeth in jaws, vomer and palatines, two small curved canines in
anterior of each jaw; posterior margin of preopercle with fine teeth,
a distinct notch above the angle which receives the large notch of
the interoperculum; no spines on the opercles; cheeks and oper-
cles scaled; fourth dorsal spine the longest, 2.50 in head; ventrals
1.75 in head; pectorals 1.20; caudal emargiuate.

Color in spirits: the anterior two-thirds of the body is dusky
brown, the centre of the scales lighter, giving the appearance of
narrow longitudinal streaks; posterior third of the body, including
caudal, from a line with eighth dorsal ray and third anal ray, yel-
low; spinous dorsal, ventrals, spinous anal and anterior half of the
soft dorsal and anal dusky; pectorals, caudal, posterior two-thirds
of soft dorsal and soft anal yellow: the caudal has a dusky inter-
marginal wash on its upper and lower rays; axis of the pectoral
and a line on its base dusky.

One specimen. No. 2164 (Fig. 5) B. M., from Nukuhiva,
Marquesas Ids.

I/Utianus tahitiensis v'^eale, new species.

Depth 2.75; head 2.75; eye 3.85 in head; D. x, 15; A. in, 9;
scales in lateral line 79: interorbital 4. 85 in head.

Body oblong, compressed, the upper outline quite convex;
scales small, in oblique lines; caudal peduncle 2 in head. Head
compressed, conical, the profile from nuchal region to tip of snout
straight; snout 2.80 in head; lips rather thin; mandibles 2.20 in
head; maxillary not reaching the anterior margin of orbit by the
width of the pupil; all but the tip of the maxillary hidden under
the wide preorbital; teeth in jaw, vomer and palatines; one, some-
times two, recurved sharp teeth on each side of the upper jaw; gill-
rakers rather long, 20 on the lower limb; interopercle with a
prominent knob which fits into a deep notch of the preopercle;
preopercle, both above and below the notch well toothed; dorsal

Fishes of the South Pacific. 41

fin continuous, not deeply notched, the third, fourth and fifth
spines of equal length, 2.90 in head; the second anal spine 2.75 in
head; ventrals 3, caudal deeply emarginate, the middle ray 2.75
in head, the longest ray 1.75.

Color in life, pinkish white, a deeper pink on top of head and
about the mouth. Pectorals pink, with deep red in axis; anal
pink, with a narrow margin of white and a deep red intermarginal
line; ventrals pink, the first ray with a white margin; caudal yel-
lowish with indistinct dusky centre; iris yellow.

Color in spirits, dorsal, caudal, anal, and ventral with inter-
marginal dusk\- areas; a dusky spot in axis.

Three specimens, Xos. 1384, 1390 (Fig. 13) and 1460 B. M.,
from Tahiti, Society Ids.

I/Utianus marginatus (Bloch).

Five specimens, Nos. 952, 953, 1026, 1850* and 841* B. M.,
from Fate, Xew Hebrides.

Three specimens, Nos. 11 84, 1185 and 11 86* B. M., from vShort-
land Id., Solomons.

Two specimens, Nos. 149 1 and 1492 B. M., from Tahiti.

Color in life, silvery, with a wash of pinkish; dorsal pinkish,
tipped with deeper red; caudal deep red, with a white tip; pec-
torals, ventrals and anal bright yellow.

I/Utianus gibbus (Bloch).

Depth 2.60; head 2.75, including flap; eye 5.30; D. x, 15;
A. Ill, 9; scales 11-70-17; interorbital 4.25 in head, 1.75 in snout.

Body compressed, scales ctenoid and of moderate size; a row
of modified enlarged scales over nape; depth of caudal peduncle
equal to width of opercle. Head compresssed, the upper profile
concave; snout slightly elongate; maxillary scarcely reaching to
orbit, all but its tip is hidden under the preorbital; premaxillary
2.75 in head; mandibles equal to length of snout, 2.30 in head;
large curved canine teeth in each jaw; villiform teeth on vomer
and palatine, and on jaws inside the canine teeth; gill-rakers
rather elongate, 22 on the lower limb: vertical limb of preopercle
with a deep notch; above the notch are a few small serrations,
below the notch at angle the serrations are coarse; interopercular
knob large; posterior margin of opercle ending in a sharp point.
Fins: twelfth ray of soft dorsal the longest, but scarcely equal to
sixth ray of anal; third anal spine the longest, 2 in length of pec-
torals, the sixth ray 2.75 in head; base of anal equal to its longest
ra}-; pectorals 1.75 in base of dorsal, 1.75 in head, their tip reach-
ing to a line between vent and origin of anal fin; ventrals 1.75 in
head; caudal rather deeply emarginate, the upper lobe the long-
est, the middle ray is one-half length of longest lower ray.

'JV!7

al '

TJ

saSammammm

Fig. 13.— 997. Monacantlius fatensis vSeale. 1390. Lutianus tahitiensis Scale.

1329. Ciesio teres Scale.

Fishes of the South Pacific. 43

Color pinkish; dorsal, anal and caudal dusky, with a narrow
marginal line of white; pectorals and ventrals yellow white with
dusky tip.

Color in life, crimson, the middle of the scale with a vertical
silvery line; head, belly and thorax deep red, with a wash of
orange which extends over upper jaw, and from notch of preopercle
to axis of pectorals; dorsal red, the lower half of first six webs with
a wash of white near base; soft dorsal tipped with white, the webs
more or less washed with dusk}'; caudal maroon red with a narrow
margin of white; pectoral and ventral red, the webs of pectoral
showing a slight wash of dusky; iris red, with orange blotch on
upper part.

One specimen, No. 1344 B. M., from Tahiti. I^ength i5.5oin.

One specimen, No. 12 15 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Three specimens, Nos. 1024, 1025 and 1049 B. M., from Fate,
New Hebrides.

I/Utianus bohar (Forskal).

One specimen, No. 11 13 B. M., from Shortland, Solomons.

Interoperculum with distinct knob; preoperculum slightly
notched.

Color is brownish with red wash; axis of pectoral, spinous
dorsal anterior margin of soft dorsal; outer rays of caudal and
anterior ravs of anal blackish; numerous indistinct longitudinal
streaks on body.

I/Utianus russellii (Eleeker).

Three specimens, Nos. 11 71, 11 72 and 11 73 B. M., from Short-
land Id., Solomons.

Color in life is light grayish above, with 4-5 3'ellow lines along
the body; dorsal, anal, caudal and base of pectorals with a slight
wash of 3'ellowish.

I/Utianus fulviflamma Forskal.

Three specimens, Nos. 1188, ii8g and 1242 B. M., from Short-
land Id., Solomons.

I<utianus semicinctus Quoy & Gaimard.

One specimen. No. 1170 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Color in life, the upper half of body is pale yellowish, with
six dark half bands; the lower half is pinkish; a dusk blotch on
sides of caudal peduncle; fins all with yellowish wash.

I/Utianus fiiscescens (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

One specimen, No. 1523 B. M., from Tahiti, Society Ids.

I/Utianus melanesiae Scale, new species.

Depth 3; head, including flap, 2.80; eye 4; scales 57; D. x,
14; A. Ill, 8.

44 Fishes of the South Pacific.

Body oblong, compressed; the upper profile is an evenly
rounded curve; teeth villiform in jaws with an outer row of small
canines; valliform teeth on vomer and palatines; premaxillary
reaching to below the middle of eye; preopercle serrated and with
a distinct but not deep notch; opercle wath a single flat spine; pec-
torals 1. 15 in head; ventrals 1.60 in head; caudal emargiuate.

Color in life is a dull silvery white, with about 12 pale yellow-
ish longitudinal lines on sides; a distinct black blotch, larger than
eye, on the lateral line under the anterior base of the soft dorsal
fin; caudal fin, caudal peduncle, and soft dorsal a bright orange;
pectoral, anal and ventral whitish, with a slight wash of orange;
snout and top of head pinkish; a dull, dusky blotch on opercles;
a wash of yellow on lower part of preopercles.

This species is near Lntiamis luelanospilus, but has a shorter
head and the markings are quite different.

One specimen. No. 1187 (Fig. 5) B. M., from Shortland Id.,
Solomons. lycngth 7.50 in.

I/Utianus bengalensis Bloch.

Two specimens, Nos. 957* and loSo* B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Seven specimens, Nos. 2149-2155* B. M., from Nukuhiva,
Marquesas Ids.

Two specimens, Nos. 1430 and 1433 B. M., from Tahiti.

Caesio cserulaureus (Lacepede).

Two specimens, Nos. 11 11 and 1300 B. M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

Caesio teres Scale, new species.

Depth 3.20; head 3.20; eye 4.10; interorbital 3.50; D. x, 15;
A. Ill, II.

Body cylindrical, slightly compressed, scaled; villiform teeth
in jaws, none on palate or tongue; preoperculum entire; mouth
moderate, somewhat protractile, the maxillary reaching to below
the anterior line of eye; dorsal continuous, the spines feeble; cau-
dal deeply forked; base of anal 1.50 in head; pectorals longer
than head.

Color in life, upper two-thirds of the body deep blue; lower
third yellowish white; caudal bright yellow without dusky tip;
pectorals yellow, the upper base with a deep blue spot; ventrals
and anal yellowish; dorsal yellow with the upper half bluish, be-
coming deep blue at tip; a wash of orange on the sides of head;
no bands of color on sides.

One specimen, No. 1329 (Fig. 13) B. M., from Shortland Id.,
Solomons. This species is near C. hniaris, but it is a more cylin-
drical fish, with different markings.

Fishes of the South Pacific. 45

Caesio lunaris (Cuvier & Valenciennes.)

Three specimens, Nos. 1109, 1141 and 1330 B. M., from Short-
land Id., Solomons.

Family H^MULID^.
Terapon jarbua (Forskal).

Four specimens, Nos. 1332*, 1262, 1263 and 1321 B. M., from
Shortland Id., Solomons,

Scolopsis temporalis Cuvier & Valenciennes.

One specimen. No. 1289 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Color in life is silvery white, with 3-4 blotches of brighter
silvery color on each side; a conspicuous bright blue band from
front of eye, over snout to the other eye; this blue line is bordered
above w^th a line of bright yellow; a bright yellow spot with a
wide blue margin just above and behind the eye; a blue line runs
from lower part of eye to maxillary; caudal yellow above, pink
below; pectoral and ventral white.

Scolopsis monogramma Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Two specimens, Nos. 922* and 925 B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Scolopsis trilineata Kner.

Three specimens, Nos. 949, 950* and 1005 B. M., from Fate,
New Hebrides.

Scolopsis trilineata Quoy & Gaimard.

Four specimens, Nos. 859, 981, 847 and 1078 B. M., from
Fate, New Hebrides.

Scolopsis bilineata Cuvier & Valenciennes.

One specimen. No. 11 14 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Gnathodentex aurolineatus (Lacepede).

Depth 3; head, with flap, 3.20; eye 3; interorbital 3; D. x, 9;
A. Ill, 9; snout 2.50.

Body oblong, compressed, scaled; head compressed, conical,
the opercles and preopercles with 4-7 rows of scales; maxillary
reaching to below the anterior nostril, its upper two-thirds with
a prominent serrate ridge; villiform teeth in jaws, with some small
canines, the two outer canines of lower jaw the largest; preopercle
entire; opercle without spines; dorsal spines not strong, the fifth
the longest, but considerably less than the longest ray which is
2 in head; base of anal 2.75 in base of dorsal; third anal spine the
longest, 2.50 in head; pectoral i.ioinhead; ventral 1.20; caudal
well forked.

46 Fishes of the Soiith Pacific.

Color iu life, silvery; 5 broad yellow lougitudiual lines below
the lateral line, and 5 narrow yellow lines above it; a bright silvery
mark in posterior axis of dorsal fin; base of pectoral and the axis
dusky; naked part of head brown: dorsal pinkish white, the mar-
gin brighter red; anal, caudal and pectorals pinkish; ventrals
white.

One specimen from Tubuai Id., No. 735 B. M., length 8.50 in.
Five specimens from Mangareva Id.: No. 825 B. M., length 5.75
in.; No. 826 B. M., length 5.50 in.; No. 827 B. M., length 5.75 in.;
No. 805 B. M., length 5.50 in.; No. 813 B. M., length 6 in.

PentapUS vittatus Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Four specimens, Nos. mo, 1161, 1165, 1175 B. M., from
Shortland Id., Solomons.

Color in life, pale grayish, with a white line on each side of
dorsal; a white line below the lateral line; a blue line over fore-
head in front of eyes; fins white.

Family SPARID^.
Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskal).

Depth 2.30: head 3: eye 3; D. x, 10; A. iii, 9; scales 6-50-14;
interorbital 3.10; snout 2.10.

Body oblong compressed, scaled; depth of caudal peduncle
1.50 in its length; head compressed, rather blunt, very convex
above the anterior margin of eyes: snout straight, its angle about
45; mouth protractile: maxillar\' hidden; mandible 2.10 in head.
Teeth: small conical canines in anterior of jaws, a single row of
molars in sides of jaws; gill-rakers short and blunt, 7 on lower
limb; opercles scaled, without spines or serrations; preopercle
scaled and with fine serrations on the posterior part. The dorsal
is received into a groove; the attachment of the membrane alter-
nates from right to left side of spines: the fifth spine 2.10 in head,
3 in base of fin: the 6-7 dorsal rays the longest, 1.80 in head; base
of anal 2.20 in base of dorsal, its longest ray 2.15 in head; the
third anal spine is the longest, 2.30 in head; pectorals reaching to
above anal fin, their length 1.40 in head; base of dorsal equal to
head: caudal deeply emarginate, the middle ray 2.75 iu outer ray.

Color, silvery, with three white bands over the back, the first
on the nuchal region down the opercles and preopercles: the sec-
ond below the basis of the 1-4 dorsal spines and sloping obliquely
back; the third between the ninth spine and first ray, extending
verticalh' down towards origin of anal; a black spot iu axis of pec-
torals; a black splotch on upper part of eye: the modified scales
on the nuchal region tinted with dusky; dorsal pinkish white, with
a dusk}' margin and a dusky blotch on webs, and at base of an-
terior 5 rays of dorsal: the posterior portion of the soft dorsal and

Fishes of the South Padjic. 47

anal pinkish white; ventrals pinkish, with dusky tip; pectorals
and caudal pinkish white without markings.

One specimen from Tubuai, Xo. 752 B. M., length 8.75 in.

One specimen, No. 13S0 B. M., from Tahiti, Society Ids.

Three specimens, Xos. 1125, 11 26 and 12SS B. M., from Short-
land Id., Solomons.

I/Cthrinus mahsena (Forskal).

Two specimens, Xos. 675* and 843* B. M., from ]Maugareva.

I^ethrinus harak (Forskal).

One specimen, Xo. 951 B. M., from Fate, Xew Hebrides.

One specimen, Xo. 1271 B. M., from Shortland Id., vSolomons.

Color in life, whitish, with a big black blotch on lateral line
below the seventh dorsal spine to third dorsal ray; above each
blotch is an area of yellow: a short bright blue line from e^-e to
lower opening of nostril; eyes yellow; inside of mouth red; fins
pinkish.

I/Cthrinus moensii Blcckcr.

One specimen, Xo. 2160 B. M., from Xukuhiva, Marquesas
Ids.

I<ethriiius leutjanus (Bloch).

One specimen, Xo. 1067 B. M., from Fate, Xew Hebrides.

Family KYPHOSID.F:.
Kyphosus cinerascens (Forskal).

One specimen, No. 1043 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Four specimens, Nos. 11 12, 1318, 1316* and 1320 B. M., from
Shortland Id., Solomons.

Color in life is dusky silvery, sides with long yellowish lines
almost as wide as interspaces, these lines most distinct on the
middle of the body, and becoming indistinct on the lower part; a
yellow line from gape to opercles, another line through the eye;
spinous dorsal bluish; soft dorsal slightly darker; pectorals bluish,
with wash of yellow near base.

Family MULLID.F:.
Mulloides samoensis Giinther.

Nine specimens, Nos. 872, 873, 930, 960, 962, 1018, 852* B. M.,
and five young, from Fate, New Hebrides.

In spirits the dark spot on the lateral line under the 6-7 dorsal
spine shows more distinctly than in life, while the single lateral
stripe seen in larger specimens disappears.

48 Fishes of the South Pacific.

Eleven specimens, Nos. 2136 -2140, 2141*, 2142*, 2143*,
2144*, 2145*. 2146* B. M., from Nukuhiva, Marquesas.
One specimen, No. 1477 B. M., Tahiti.

Mulloides ruber Klunzinger.

Depth 3.55; head 3.10; eye 3.20; D. vii, 9; A. 7; scales 3-42-7;
interorbital 3 in head.

Body elongate, compressed; the under profile of the head
almost straight, the upper is very convex; snout 2.20 in head; lips
moderately thick; length of mandible 2.90 in head; the barbules
very fleshy, granulate, scarcely reaching to below angle of pre-
opercle, their length 1.50 in head; teeth minute, in several rows
in each jaw; no teeth on vomer or palatine; opercle with a minute
flat spine. Fins: base of spinous dorsal slightly greater than base
of soft dorsal; first dorsal spine the longest, 1.30 in head, less than
depth of body by half the width of eye; base of anal 3 in head, its
longest ray 2.10; pectorals and ventrals of equal length, 1.15 in
head; caudal forked, the lobes equal.

Color in life, red above, pinkish below: a yellow line from
posterior part of eye to base of caudal; fins a pale orange, the pec-
torals pinkish; iris yellow; barbules white.

Color in spirits, uniform yellowish white; fins a little lighter.

One specimen. No. 1402* B. M., from Tahiti. Length 9.50 in.

Mulloides auriflamma (Forskal).

Six specimens, Nos. 2143*, 2144*, 2145*, 2146*, 2147, 2148
B. M., from Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids.

One specimen. No. 1478 B. M., from Tahiti.
One specimen. No. 767 B. M., from Tubuai.

Mulloides flammeus Jordan & Evermann.

One specimen, No. 1595 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.
One specimen. No. 1479 B. M., from Tahiti.

Pseudupeneus tnoana Jordan & Seale.
(Upencus trifasciatus Giinther, not Ciiv. & Val. )

Seven specimens, Nos. 718, 719, 720, 721, 1435-1437 B. M.,
from Tahiti.

One specimen, No. 727 B. M., from Tubuai, Austral Ids.

Three specimens, Nos. 811, 834*, 841* B. M., from Mangareva.

Three specimens, Nos. 1963-1965 B. M., from Rarotonga,
Cook Ids.

One specimen. No. 1069 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Three specimens, Nos. 2133-2135 B. M., from Nukuhiva,
Marquesas Ids.

Pseudupeneus aurantiacus Stale, new species.

Depth- 4; head 3.30; eye 6.75; D. viii, 9; A. 7; scales 3-30-6-
interorbital 4.20; snout 1.75.

Fishes of the South Pacific. 49

Body oblong, compressed, scaled; lateral line complete; cau-
dal peduncle rather long, its depth 2 in its length. Head com-
pressed, rather elongate; barbules reaching to below the posterior
margin of preopercle, their length 1.22 in head; opercles and top
of head scaled; a small fiat spine from the posterior margin of
opercle; lips rather thick; maxillary short, scarcely reaching to
the posterior third of snout; teeth small, in a single series in each
jaw, no teeth on vomer, tongue or palatines; gill-rakers many, of
moderate length. Fins: the third dorsal spine is the longest, 3.75
in head, its tip reaching base of soft dorsal; base of soft dorsal
2.20 in head, its longest ray 2.90 in head, its last ray equal in
length to its fourth; base of anal equal to base of soft dorsal, its
height equal to its length, its last ray equal to its fourth ray; pec-
torals 1.50 in head; ventrals longer, 1.30 in head, slightly shorter
than the barbules; caudal well forked, the lobes equal, and equal
in length to ventrals.

Color in life, a uniform bright orange yellow, no saddle of
color on the caudal peduncle; three short blue lines throiigh the
eye, and one very short one just below the orbit; fins and barbules
orange.

Color in formalin, a uniform yellowish white, with a slight
w^ash of orange, the blue lines through eye scarceh- showing;
fins yellowish, the caudal, pectorals and ventrals with a wash of
pinkish.

One specimen, No. 758 (Fig. 14) B. M., from Tubuai, Aus-
tral Ids. Length 10 in.

Pseudupeneus barberinus (Lacepede).

Depth 3.75: head 3 in length; eye 7; D. viii, 9; A. 7; scales
3-31-7; interorbital 4.20 in head, 2.75 in snout.

Body compressed, elongate, scaled; snout convex; lips thick;
mandibles 2.75 in head; premaxillary fan-shaped, its distal end
equal in width to eye; a single row of fine teeth in each jaw; barb-
ules reaching to below pupils, their length 1.55 in head; opercle
with a small spine. Fins; base of soft dorsal equal to base of
spinous dorsal; the third dorsal spine is the longest, being about
equal in length to depth of fish; base of anal 2.75 in head; pec-
torals 1.75 in head; ventrals 1.50 in head; caudal forked, the
lobes equal.

Color in life, white, with a blue tint on back; a dusky spot on
caudal peduncle; a dusk}' line from eye to below posterior margin
of dorsal; three yellow lines from top of head, through eye to half
way down the snout, the interspaces between the lines bluish;
dorsal white, the soft dorsal with yellowish lines; pe(5torals pink-
ish white; anal pinkish white, with three oblique yellow lines;
caudal and its base pinkish; iris yellow; barbules white.

Occasional Papers B. P. B. M., Vol. IV, No. i. — 4.

Fishes of the South Pacific. 51

Color ill spirits, yellowish white, slightly darker above; a
dusky spot ou each side of caudal peduncle, a dusky line from eye
along sides, uniting above the round spot on caudal peduncle; an-
terior third of spinous dorsal with a slight wash of dusky; other
fins yellowish white.

Two specimens from Tahiti: No. 14 10 B. M., length 12 in.;
No. 141 1 B. M., length 13 in.

Two specimens, Nos, 921 and 923 B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Two specimens, Nos. 1227* and 1315 B. M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

Pseudupeneus chryserydros (Lacepede).

One specimen, No. 1036 B. M.. from Fate, New Hebrides.

In life there is a pinkish flush ou lower half of fish; five or six
bright blue lines on side of head, and a yellow saddle over caudal
peduncle.

Pseudupeneus bifasciatus (Lacepede).

One specimen, No. 1966 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.
One specimen. No. 852* B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Pseudupeneus pleurospilos (Bleeker).

Two specimens, Nos. 121 1 and 1240 B. M., from Shortland Id.,
Solomons.

Pseudupeneus porphyreus Jenkins.

One specimen, No. 1594 B. ]M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.

TJpeneus vittatus Cuvier & Valenciennes.

One specimen. No. 1536 B. M., from Tahiti.
Two specimens, Nos. 2141*, 2142* B. M., from Nukuhiva,
Marquesas Ids.

Family GERRID.F).
Xystaema argyreum (Forster).

vSix specimens, Nos. 863, 864, 868, 869, 929 and 932 B. M.,
from Fate, New Hebrides.

Two specimens, Nos. 11 76 and 1268 B. M., from Shortland
Id., vSolomons.

Family CIRRHITID^.
Paracirrhites forsteri (Bloch).

Five specimens, Nos. 2i55*-2i59 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Mar-
quesas Ids.

52 Fishes of the So 21th Pacific.

Family POMACENTRID^.
Pomacentrus pavo (Bloch).

Four specimens, Nos. 1174, 1208*, 12 10 and 1219 B. M., from
Shortland Id., Solomons.

Seven specimens, Nos. 1654, 1640-1645 B. M., from Raiatea,
Society Ids.

Pomacentrus lividus (Forster).

{Pomacentrus cyanospilus Cuvier & Valenciennes. )

Eleven specimens, Nos. 1655-1657, 1646-1653 B. M., from
Raiatea, Society Ids.

Seven specimens, Nos. 2206-2212 B. M., from Nukuhiva,
Marquesas Ids.

Pomacentrus nigricans Lacepede.
(^Pomacentrus scolopsus Quoy & Gaimard.)

Four specimens, Nos. 897-899 and 1030 B. M., from Fate,
New Hebrides.

Two specimens, Nos. 2247-2248 B. M., from Marquesas.

Two specimens, Nos. 11 79 and 1299* B. M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

Two specimens, Nos. 1658-1659 B. M., from Raiatea, Society
Ids.

Two specimens, Nos. 2479*-2476* B. M., from Makatea, Pau-
motu Ids.

Pomacentrus notophthalmus (Bleeker).

One specimen. No. 991* B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Pomacentrus taeniurus Bleeker.

Three specimens, Nos. 1520-1522 B. M., from Tahiti.
One specimen. No. 944 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Pomacentrus tripunctatus Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Two specimens, Nos. 890* and 896* B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Abudefduf ccelestinus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Five specimens, Nos. 1014*, 1021, 1022, 1060 and 1081* B. M.,
from Fate, New Hebrides.

Six specimens, Nos. 1140, 1146*, 1147, 1177, ii78and 1332
B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

One specimen, No. 1636 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.

Ten specimens, Nos. 2237-2246 B.M., from Nukuhiva, Mar-
quesas Ids.

One specimen. No. 15 17* B. M., from Tahiti.

Fishes of the South Pacific. 53

Abudefduf multifasciatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

One specimen, No. 1637 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.
Abudefduf septemfasciatus (Bloch).

Two specimens, Nos. 909, 910 B. M., from Fate, New Heb-
rides.

Two specimens, Nos. 1145* and 1146* B. M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

One specimen. No. 1985 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

Three specimens, Nos. 2474*, 2475*, 2476* B. M., from Maka-
tea, Paumotu Ids.

One specimen. No. 1639 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.

Abudefduf sordidus (Forskal).

Two specimens, Nos. 936* and 968 B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Two specimens, Nos. 2477* and 2478* B. M., from Makatea,
Paumotu Ids.

Abudefduf curagao (Bloch).

Two specimens, Nos. 11 94 and 1303 B. M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

Abudefduf jordani' Scale, new species.

Depth 1.85; head 3.90; eye 3.25: snout 3; D. xvii, 16: A. 11,
16; lateral line 26.

Body compressed, scaled; a single series of flat teeth in each
jaw; margins of the preopercle smooth; the greatest depth of the
interorbital equal to one-half the eye; caudal deeply forked, the
lobes equal; dorsal and anal sharp-pointed.

Color in spirits: thorax, belly and sides of the head yellowish
brown, growing into deep black on the posterior half of the body;
dorsal, caudal and anal black; pectorals yellowish, ventrals yellow-
ish, with dusky wash on outer rays.

Seven specimens, Nos. 1115-1119, 1162 (Fig. 2) and 1302 B.
M. , from Shortland Id. , Solomons. No. 1 162 is the type of species.

Abudefduf behnii (Bleeker).

One specimen. No. 1986 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

Abudefduf caesio Seale, new species.

Depth 2.50; head 3.30; eye 2.75; interorbital 3.50; D. xiii,
13: A. II, 12.

Body compressed, rather short, scaled, the lateral line termi-
nating under the soft dorsal, depth of caudal peduncle equal to its
length; head compressed, equally rounded; mouth small; a single
row of small teeth in each jaw; snout without scales, its length
less than diameter of the eye; preopercle or inferior orbital not

5 Named for President David Starr Jordan of the Leland Stanford Junior University.

54 Fishes of the South Pacific.

denticulate, the posterior limb of the preopercle slanting obliquely
forward so the angle is under the posterior third of eye; base of
dorsal fin 1.75 in length of fish without caudal; the soft ra^'S of
dorsal and anal are of about equal length and longer than the
spines; pecflorals and ventrals are of about equal length, .2 in base
of dorsal; caudal truncate.

Color in life, uniform blue, no black spot in axis or at base of
fins. In spirits the color fades to a dull bluish; the dorsal is
dusky, the webs between the first six spines white; anal and cau-
dal dusky; pecftorals and ventrals yellowish.

One specimen, No. 742* (Fig. S) B. M., from Tubuai, Aus-
tral Ids. Length 2 in.

Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus).

One specimen, No. 613* B. M., from Tubuai, Austral Ids.
One specimen. No. 1139* B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Abudefduf taupo Jordan & Seale MvS.

One specimen. No. 895 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.
The species will be described in the forthcoming report on the
fishes of Samoa.

Abudefduf uniocellatus CQuoy & Gaimard).

Four specimens, Nos. 843*, 900, 1039 and 1040 B. M., from
Fate, New Hebrides.

Color in life, a deep violet blue, no spots on the scales; belly,
thorax and chin a bright yellow; dorsal fin violet, with a submar-
ginal band of yellow which broadens posteriorly until it occupies
the upper half of the soft dorsal; anal 3'ellow, except a violet
blotch on the inner posterior part of the fin; caudal with the basal
half violet, and the posterior half yellow; pectorals yellow, their
base and axis violet; ventrals yellow, the elongate filament of the
outer ray blue.

Abudefduf leucopomus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Color, bluish, a black spot in the posterior axis of the dorsal,
and another distinct larger black spot on the upper part of caudal.

Two specimens, Nos. 2222 and 2223 B. M., from Nukuhiva,
Marquesas Ids.

Three specimens, Nos. 708*, 790 and 791 B. M., from Tubuai,
Austral Ids.

Two specimens, Nos. 1993 and 1997 B. M., from Rarotonga,
Cook Ids.

Abudefduf amabilis (De Vis).

Eight specimens, Nos. 901-906, 1038 and loii* B. M., from
Fate, New Hebrides.

Fishes of flic South Pacific. 55

Abudefduf zonatus (Cuvicr & Valenciennes).

Nine specimens, Nos. 2226-2234 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Mar-
quesas Ids.

Chromis caeruleus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Three specimens, Nos. 11 20, 1121 and 1304 B. M., from Short-
land Id., Solomons.

Chromis axillaris (Bennett).

Three specimens, Nos. 1682-16S4 B. IM., from Raiatea, Society
Ids.

Acanthochroinis polyacanthus (Bleeker).

One specimen, No. 907 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Dascyllus aruanus (Linnaeus).

Two specimens, Nos. 90S, and 1015 B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Three specimens, Nos. 2172-2174 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Mar-
quesas Ids.

One specimen. No. 1305 B. M., Shortland Id., Solomons.

Ten specimens, Nos. 1626- 1635 B. M., from Raiatea, Society
Ids.

Dascyllus melanurus (Bleeker).

Two specimens, Nos. 1122-1123 B. M., from Shortland Id.,
Solomons.

Family LABRID.f:.

Chcerops macrodon (Bleeker).

One specimen, No. 956 B. M. from Fate, New Hebrides.
One specimen, No. 1309* B. M., from Shortland Id., vSolomons.

I<epidaplois axillaris ( Bennett ).

One specimen. No. 1926 B. M., from Rarotonga. Cook Ids.

Bpibulus insidiator (Bloch).

One specimen. No. 1484 B. i\I., from Tahiti.

One specimen, No. 1624 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.

One specimen. No. 971 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch).

Two specimens, Nos. 1182 and 1183 B. M., from Shortland
Id., vSolomons.

Anampses cseruleopunctatus Riippell.

One specimen. No. 726 B. M.., from Tubuai, Atistral Ids.
One specimen, No. 1228* B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

56 Fishes of the Sozith Pacific.

Stethojulis casturi Giinther.

One specimen, No. 1929 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

Halichoeres centiquadrus (Lacepede).

One specimen, No. 1254 B. M., from Shortlaud Id., Solomons.
One specimen, No. 1622 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.
Nine specimens, Nos. 685*. 698*, 699*, 700*, 714, 715, 722,
723 and 1482* B. M., from Tahiti.

Halichoeres trimaculatus (Quoy & Gaimard).

One specimen, No. 15 16 B. M., from Tahiti.
One specimen, No. 768 B. M., from Tubuai, Austral Ids.
One specimen. No. 1625 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.
Three specimens, Nos. 1250, 1251, 1252* B. M., from Short-
land Id., Solomons.

Two specimens, Nos. looi and 1002 B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Halichoeres notophthalmus (Bleeker).

One specimen, No. 1932 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

Halichceres scapularis (Bennett).

Three specimens, Nos. iioi, 1272* and 1319 B. M., from
Shortland Id., Solomons.

General color, bluish and green; the posterior two-thirds of
the body is a bright olive green; anterior of this the body is bluish,
fading into white on lower half of sides and belly; an irregular line
extending back from the eye to the caudal; a yellowish blotch on
opercles; dorsal with pale pink and green wavy longitudinal lines;
caudal tipped with green and having pink and bluish lines an-
teriorly; pectorals and ventrals white.

Halichceres solorensis Bleeker.

Three specimens, Nos. 2261-2263 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Mar-
quesas Ids.

Halichceres modestus (Bleeker).

One specimen, No. 1041 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.
Macropharyngodon meleagris (Bleeker).

One specimen, No. 122S* B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.
Platyglossus marginatus (Riippell).

One specimen, No. 1623 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.

Coris aygula Lacepede.

One specimen, No. 959 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.
One specimen. No. 739 B. M., from Tubuai, Austral Id.
Three .siDecimens, Nos. 705*, 706* and 707* B. M., from Tahiti.

Fishes of the South Pacific. 57

Coris caudimaculatus ( Quoy & Gaimard).

One specimen, No. 1930 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.
Julis pulcherrima (Giinther).

Seven specimens, Nos. 7o8*-7i3 and 1485* B. M., from Tahiti.

Hologymnosus semidiscus (LacepedeJ.
{Coris annulatus Lacepede.)

One specimen. No. 1924 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Id.
Two specimens, Nos. 1482* and 1485* B. M., from Tahiti.

Thalassoma fuscum (Lacepede).

One specimen, No. 731 B. M., from Tubuai, Austral Ids.
Seven specimens, Nos. 1933- 1938, 1943 B. M., from Raro-
tonga, Cook Ids.

One specimen, No. 2491* B. M., from Makatea, Paumotu Ids.

Thalassoma dorsale (Quoy & Gaimard).

Eight specimens, Nos. 1102- 1106, and 1148-1150 B. M., from
Shortland Id., Solomons.

Thalassoma schwanefeldii (Bleeker).

One specimen. No. 1368 B. M., from Tubuai, Austral Ids.

Thalassoma lunare (Linnteus).

Two specimens, Nos. 1102 and 1203 B. M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

Thalassoma punctatum Scale.

Two specimens, Nos. 1939 -1940 B. M., from Rarotonga,
Cook Ids.

Thalassoma duperreyi (Quoy & Gaimard).

One specimen. No. 800 B. M., from Maugareva Id.

Thalassom.a umbrostigma (Riippell).

Four specimens, Nos. 2492*, 2493*, 2494*, 2495* B. M., from
Makatea, Paumotu Ids.

Thalassoma aneitense (Giinther).

Three specimens, Nos. 830, 845* and 810 B. M., from Nuku-
hiva, Marquesas Ids.

Cheilio inermis (Forskal).

Depth 5; head 3; eye 11. 5 in head; D. x, 13; A. iii, 12; scales
5-45-10; interorbital 4.85 in head.

Body elongate, slightly compressed; head conical; lips of mod-
erate thickness; mandible 2.5 in head; a single row of short, rather
blunt teeth in each jaw, the two anterior ones of the upper jaw
slightly enlarged; gill-rakers short; opercle and preopercle un-

58 Fishes of the South Paeijic.

scaled, a few scales on the cheeks below the eye; dorsal fiu con-
tinuous, its origin above the origin of ventral, the spines rather
flexible; base of anal 2.75 in length of fish, 1.50 in base of dorsal;
ventrals short, 2 in snout; pectorals 3 in head; caudal rounded.

Color in spirits: a dull gray, with slight wash of green; fins a
little lighter; anal fin with mottlings of lighter lines; a black spot
larger than eye on 11 -14 scale of lateral line, a larger light spot
touching this at the lower anterior margin, and a smaller one
above on its upper anterior margin; a small light dot on the eighth
scale of lateral line; no lateral band; caudal with wash of yellowish.

One specimen. No. 1427 B. M., from Tahiti, length 16 in.

Gomphosus tricolor (Quoy & Gaitnard).

Two specimens. Nos. 809 and 837 B. M., from Mangareva Id.,
length 87.5 inches.

One specimen. No. 1927 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

Ttialliurus chlorourus (Bloch).

Seven specimens, Nos. 801, 815, 824 and 828, S31, 832, 833
B. M., from Mangareva Id.

One specimen. No. i486 B. M., from Tahiti.

Two specimens, Nos. 977 and 920 B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Three specimens, Nos. 1144, 1204 and 12S1 B. M., from Short-
land Id., Solomons.

One specimen. No. 2529 B. M., from Makatea, Paumotu Ids.

General color, greenish, red dots on the cheeks; dorsal fins
mottled with darker green and pinkish; the soft dorsal with pink
on posterior part; lower third of pectoral yellowish.

Cheilinus fasciatus (Bloch).

One specimen. No. 1027 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Two specimens, Nos. 1154 and 1200 B. M., from Shortland
Id., vSolomons.

Two specimens, Nos. 1944* and 1945* B. M., from Cook Ids.

Color in life: the anterior third of the body is reddish, with a
wash of orange, three orange oblique lines extending in front of
eye, five light yellowish lines between the pale green of the body;
some scattered scales of darker green over the body.

Cheilinus digrammus (Lacepede).

Five specimens, Nos. 1099, iioo, 1166, 1167 and 1255 B. M.,
from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Color in life, a pale green, with black oblique lines on the
opercles; fins with small dots, a dash of yellow on the crescent of
caudal fin.

Fishes of the South Pacific. 59

Cheilinus trilobatus (Lacepede).

Two specimens, Nos. 725 and 1369"^ B. M., from Tubuai,
Austral Ids.

Two specimens, Nos. 945* and 941 B. M., from Fate, Xew
Hebrides.

One specimen. No. 823 B. M., from Mangareva Id.

One specimen. No. 1369 B. M., from Tahiti.

Family SCARICHTHYID.F:.

Scarichthys auritus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Two specimens, Nos. 191 7 and 1943* B. M., from Rarotonga,
Cook Ids.

Scarichthys coeruleopunctatus (Riippel).

Two specimens, Nos. 19 iS and 1942 B. M., from Rarotonga,
Cook Ids.

Scarichthys rarotongae vSeale, new species.

Depth 3.50: eye 3.75 in head, i in preorbital portion of head,
and I in interorbital space; D. x, 10; A. iii, 9; scales of lateral
line 24.

Body oblong, compressed; tlie lateral line interrupted, the
tubules two-branched; teeth and nostrils generic; the profile of the
head seems slightly different from other species of Scarichthys,
being slighth' concave above the posterior margin of the eye, and
snout has a slope slightly greater than 45°; caudal peduncle 2.30
in head; the tubules on the orbitals and preopercles are quite promi-
nent; base of anal fin 2.75 in base of dorsal; length of pectorals
1.40 in head; ventrals, 2.

Color in spirits is a dull coppery green without white dots;
there are about five zones of darker greenish on the bod)^ the first
being above the base of the pectorals and over the shoulders, the
second is below the seventh and eighth dorsal spines, the third is
below the first and third dorsal rays, the fourth is below the fifth
and seventh dorsal rays, and the fifth is below the axis of the
dorsal; there is a dark blotch on the base of the pectorals, and
another in the posterior axis of the dorsal; this dark spot occupies
the base of the last four dorsal rays; the dark zones of color on the
bodv, with the exception of the anterior one, invade the basal half
of the dorsal fin; pectorals white, without marks; ventrals with
indistinct darker markings; anal with five bands of dusky; caudal
greenish, the tip white, and a white cross band near the tip.

One specimen, No. 1903 (Fig. 8) B. M., length 4 in., from
Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

Callyodon dubius (Bennett).

One specimen, No. 1375 B. M., from Tahiti.

6o Fishes of the South Pacific.

One specimen, No. 749 B. M., from Tubviai, Austral Ids.
One specimen, No. 1620 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.

Callyodon macrocheilus (Blceker).

Two specimens, Nos. 991* and 992 B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Callyodon pentazonus (Bleeker).

One specimen, No. 1233 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.
Callyodon strongylocephalus (Bleeker).

Two specimens, Nos. 1370 and 1527 B. M., from Tahiti.

Callyodon lepidus (Jenyns).

One specimen. No. 1921 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

Callyodon dimidiatus (Bkeker).

Three specimens, Nos. 1205, 1206 and 1229 B. M., from Short-
land Id., Solomons.

Callyodon cyanognathus (Bleeker).

Six specimens, Nos. 1097, ^098. 1136, 1137, ii39*aud 1243
B. M., from Shortland Ids., Solomons.

One specimen, No. 994 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Callyodon lacerta (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Five specimens, Nos. 1180, 1181, 1235, 1244* 1245 B. M., from
Shortland Id., Solomons.

Callyodon celebicus Bleeker.

One specimen, No. 1919 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

Callyodon bataviensis Bleeker.

One specimen. No. 857* B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Callyodon pyrrhostethus (Richardson).

One specimen. No. 1920 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.
One specimen, No. 1045 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Callyodon tricolor (Bleeker).

Four specimens, Nos. 1131*, 1132, 1151 and 1152 B. IVI., from
Shortland Id., Solomons.

Callyodon balinensis (Bleeker).

Three specimens, Nos. 1096, 1230 and 1231 B. M., from vShort-
laud Id., Solomons.

One specimen. No. 2376* B. M., from Tahiti.

Callyodon waitei vSeale. new species.

Depth 2.80; head 3; eye 9 in head, 4 in interorbital; D. x, 10;
A. II, 10; scales 2-24-7; interorbital spate 3 in head.

n-

o

62 Fishes of the South Pacific.

Body obloug, slightly compressed, covered with large striate
scales; the lateral line is interrupted, the tubules with two or four
branches; depth of the caudal peduncle equal to distance from eye
to the posterior margin of the opercle; cheeks with three rows of
scales, the first and second row with 6 scales each, the third row
with only 3 scales; opercle with 8 large scales; the lower opercu-
lar limb with 7 scales; 7 scales in front of dorsal; upper lip double;
the lip covering about a third of the dermal plate; upper dermal
plate with 2 strong canine teeth on each side at angle of mouth;
lower jaw with canine at angle; base of dorsal fin 2 in length of
fish, without caudal, its longest ray 2.90 in base; base of anal
equal length of pectorals, 1.25 in head; veutrals 1.70 in head;
lobes of caudal much produced, the longest ray equal to distance
from angle of jaws to posterior margin of opercles, the shortest ray
a third shorter.

Color in life, green; chin and margin of lips red; dorsal bluish
green with a margin of blue; a wide blue band around mouth;
upper third of teeth green, the mid third whitish, the lower third
green; teeth in lower jaw entirely greenish blue; inner half of anal
fin red, the outer half bluish green; upper and lower margins of
caudal deep blue, the mid part of fin green.

Color in spirits, dull green; margin of lips 3'ellowish white,
followed posteriorly by a broader green incomplete circle; posterior
of this is another narrow white line; a broad greenish area on chin.

One specimen'^'. No. 1408 (Fig. 15) B. M., length 19.50 in.,
from Tahiti.

Callyodon fasciatus Cuvier & Valenciennes.
{Scams rivulatiis Cuvier & Valenciennes.)

One specimen, No. 972 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Callyodon dussumieri (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Two specimens, Nos. 993 and 995 B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Callyodon quoyi (Bleeker).

One specimen, No. 1314 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Callyodon erythrodon CiTvier & Valenciennes.
[Scams siniibaTvensis Bleeker.)

One specimen, No. 1374 B. M., from Tahiti, Society Ids.

Two specimens, Nos. 1923 and 1924 B. M., fron^ Rarotonga,
Cook Ids.

Two specimens, Nos. 927 and 979 B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

6 1 take pleasure in naming this fine large Srarus for Edgar R. Waite, Zoologist and
Curator of I'"ishes and Mammals at the Sydney Museum, Australia (now Curator of Clirist-
church Museum), in recognition of his important works on Pacific fishes.

Fishes of the Sozith Pacific. 63

Callyodon ultramarinus Jordan & Scale, MS.

Head gibbous, its length less than depth; teeth pea green, the
upper with a strong pointed tooth at angle: lips thin, single and
very narrow, scarcely covering basal third of the teeth; eye small,
8.10 in head: snout from anterior of orbit to tip of teeth, 2 in head;
interorbital space ver}- convex, 2.85 in head; snout with a very
prominent hump; cheeks with three series of scales, the lower
series impinging upon the limb of the preopercle, but covering
only its upper third; the lower limb of opercle with a single series
of scales, gill-rakers very fine and numerous.

Scales of body large, a series of 4 in front of the ventral fins;
the ventrals 1.55 in head, their origin is under the middle of the
base of pectorals; pectorals 1.40 in head, their base is equal to the
angle of the mouth, 2.75 in the longest ray.

Color: the upper half of head from a line with angle of jaws
to lower base of opercular flap, a uniform drab; the lower half and
the thorax are a uniform yellowish white, the line of demarcation
between the two colors is quite distinct; a narrow yellow line
covering lips; pectorals drab, the upper ray the axis and tip of
lower rays yellowish.

One specimen (a head,' length 6 in.), No. 844 (Fig. 16) B. M.,
from Mangareva Id.

This species, of which the type is from Apia, Samoa, will be
described and figured in the forthcoming report of the collections
of Jordan & Kellogg in Samoa.

Callyodon oviceps (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

One specimen, No. 1488 B. M., from Tahiti.

Callyodon moensi (Bleaker).

Three specimens, Nos. 1371-1373 B.M., from Tahiti.
Two specimens, Nos. 983 and 924 B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Family TOXOTID^.
Toxotes jaculator Pallas.

Four specimens, Nos. 1293-1296 B. M., from Shortland Id.,
Solomons.

Family PI.AT.F:id^.
Platax orbicularis Forskal.

Seven specimens, Nos. io86*-i09i and 1155 B. M., from Short-
land Id., Solomons.

"The head, with the pectorals and ventrals of this verj- large Parrot-fish, was brought
me bv a native.

64 Fishes of the South Paeific.

Family CH.ETODONTID.?:.
Forcipiger longirostris (Broussonet).

One specimen, No. 1562 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.
Chsetodon setifer Bloch.

One specimen, No. 740 B. M., length 8.16 in., from Tubuai,
Austral Ids.

Three specimens, Nos. 893, 842*, 945* B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Two specimens, Nos. 1901 and 1902 B. M., from Rarotonga,
Cook Ids.

Chsetodon auriga Forskal.

One specimen, No. 1564 B. M., from Tahiti.
Chsetodon vagabundus Linmeus.

One specimen. No. 978 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

One specimen. No. 1275 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Three specimens, Nos. 1552-1554 B. M., from Raiatea, Society
Ids.
Chsetodon pelewensis Kner.

One specimen. No. 1000* B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.
Chsetodon trifasciatus Bleeker.

One specimen. No. 1558 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.
One specimen. No. 11 90 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Chsetodon lunula Lacepedt.

Three specimens, Nos. 1547-1549 B. M., from Raiatea, Society
Ids.

Three specimens, Nos. 1888-1890 B. M.. from Rarotonga,
Cook Ids.

Five specimens, Nos. 2249-2253 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Mar-
quesas Ids.

Two specimens, Nos. 2481* and 2482* B. M. from Makatea,
Paumotu Ids.

One specimen, No. 1454 B. M., from Tahiti.

Chsetodon flavirostris Gunther.

One specimen. No. 958 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.
Chsetodon lineolatus Cuvier & Valenciennes.

One specimen and young. No. 946 B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Chsetodon ulietensis Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Three specimens, Nos. 1555-1557 B. M., from Raiatea, Society
Ids.

Fishes of the South Pacific. 65

Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch.

Two specimens, Xos. 894 and 936* B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Chaetodon omatissimus Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Seven specimens, Nos. 1891-1897 B. M., from Rarotonga,
Cook Ids.

Chaetodon citrinellus Quoy & Gaimard.

One specimen, Xo. 1075 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Two specimens, Nos. 1559 and 1560 B. M., from Raiatea,
Society Ids.

Two specimens, Nos. 1898 and 1899 B. M., from Rarotonga,
Cook Ids.

One specimen, No. 133S B. M., from Tahiti.

Chaetodon reticulatus Cuvier & Valenciennes.

One specimen. No. 1563 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.
One specimen. No. 1903* B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

Chaetodon ephippium Cnvier & Valenciennes.

Three specimens, Nos. 987, 989 and 990 B. M., from Fate,
New Hebrides,

Two specimens, Nos. 1550 and 1551 B. M., from Raiatea,
Society Ids.

One specimen. No. 1900 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

Chaetodon semeion Bleeker.

One specimen. No. 1324 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Heniochus peitnutatus Cuvier & \'alencienncs.
{Heniochiis chrysostouius C. & V.)

One specimen, No. 1546 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.

One specimen. No. 642 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Holacanthus loriculus Giinther.

One specimen, No. 1455 B. M., from Tahiti.

Holacanthus lineolatus Quoy & Gaimard.

One specimen. No. 1301 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Holacanthus imperator Bloch.

One specimen. No. 1452 B. M., from Tahiti.

Holacanthus flavissimus Cuvier & Valenciennes.
(^Holacanthus cyanotis Giinther.)

One specimens, No. 1074 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Occasional Papers B. P. B. M., Vol. IV. No. :.— 5.

66 /^/s/ics of tJie South Pacific.

Holacanthus diacanthus f Roddaert).

One specimen, No. 1561 B. M., from Raiatea, vSociety Ids.

Family ZANCLID.F:.
2janclus canescens (Linnaius).

One specimen, No. loii* B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.
One specimen. No. 13 13 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.
One specimen, No. 15 15 B. M., from Tahiti.
Three specimens, Nos. 1543-1545 B. M., from Raiatea, Society
Ids.

Family ACANTHURID.^.
Hepatus lineatus (Linnseus).

One specimen, No. 1576 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.

Three specimens, Nos. 974, 1046, 1047 B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Three specimens, Nos. 1416-1418 B. M., from Tahiti.

Hepatus nigricans (Linnaeus).
iyCiurtodon gahhui Forskal. )

Two specimens, Nos. 1501 and 1502 B. M., from Tahiti.
- One specimen, No. 938 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.
One specimen, No. 1108 B. M., from vShortland Id., Solomons.
One specimen. No. 1575 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.

Hepatus achilles (Shaw).

One specimen, No. 1910 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.
One specimen, No. 2460* B. M., from Makatea, Paumotu Ids.

Hepatus olivaceus (Forskal).

Eight specimens, Nos. 1400-1402*, 1403-1406* and 1500 B. M.,
from Tahiti.

Hepatus elongatus (Lacepede).

Depth 1.90; head 3. So; eye 4.20; D. ix, 22; A. iii, 26.

Color in formalin, is a uniform brown, with a black spot in
axis of anal and dorsal fin; fins darker than body.

Two specimens from Tubuai, Austral Ids.: No. 750 B. M.,
length 7 in.; No. 753 B. M., length 2.75 in.

Three specimens, Nos. 883, 967, 1028 B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Hepatus triostegus (I.innceus).

Twelve specimens, Nos. 1419-1426, 1571-1573*, 1517*, 1518
B. M., from Tahiti.

Fishes of the South Pacific. 67

Five specimens, Xos. 884-S86, 940 and 970 B. M., from Fate,
New Hebrides.

Three specimens, Nos. 1904-1907* B. M., from Rarotonga,
Cook Ids.

Twenty-four specimens, Nos. 2175-2177 and 2235 B. M., from
Nukuhiva,. Marquesas Ids.

Hepatus guttatus (Forster).

Four specimens, Nos. 1503-1506 B. AI., from Tahiti.

Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy & Gaimard).

Three specimens, Nos. 1512, 1513*, 1514 B. M., from Tahiti.

Two specimens, Nos. 1580-1581 B. M., from Raiatea, Society-
Ids.

One specimen. No. 1902 B. M., from Rarotonga. Cook Ids.

Three specimens, Nos. 980, 984 and 1048 B. M., from Fate,
New Hebrides.

One specimen, No. 754 B. M., from Tubuai, Austral Ids.

Two specimens, Nos. 13 10* and 13 12 B. M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

ijebrasoma veliferum (Bloch).

One specimen, No. 1507 B. M., from Tahiti.

One specimen, No. 1573* B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.

^ebrasoma flavescens (Bennett).

Three specimens, Nos. 1577-1579* B. M., from Raiatea, Society
Ids.

Acanthurus garretti (Seale).

Three specimens, Nos. i497*-i499 B. AI., from Tahiti.

Two specimens, Nos. 1567-1568 B. M., from Raiatea, Society
Ids.

Three specimens, Nos. i907*-i909 B. M., from Rarotonga,
Cook Ids.

Acanthurus unicornis (Forskal).

Head 3.50: depth 2.10; length of horn measured from the
orbit is slightly greater than width of e3-e.

Color, a uniform light gray; basis of the caudal peduncular
keels blue: dorsal yellowish, with light blue oblique lines.

One specimen. No. 1442 B. M.. from Tahiti.

Two specimens, Nos. 1569- 15 70 B. M., from Raiatea, Society
Ids.

Family SIGANID.F:.

Siganus rostratus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

One specimen. No. 748 B. M.., from Tubuai, Austral Ids.
One specimen. No. 1601 B. M,, from Raiatea, Society Ids.

XJ}

Fishes of the South Pacific. 6 ^i

Oue specimen, No. 1068 B. M. from Fate, New Hebrides.
Four specimens, Nos. 1133, 1134, 1135 and 1241 B. M., from
Shortlaud Id., Solomons.

Siganus striolatus (Giinther).

One specimen. No. 1600 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.

Siganus vermiculatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

One specimen. No. 1277 B. M., Shortland Id., Solomons.

Siganus doliatus (Cuvier).

One specimen. No. 926 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Siganus shortlandensis vSeale, new species.

Depth 2.10: head 2.60; eye 3 in head; interorbital equal to
eye; D. xiii, 10; A. vii. g.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with fine scales; tail not
armed; mouth moderate in size; a single row of fixed, sharp-pointed
teeth, slighth- flattened, 25 on each side; a decided convexity in
the profile just in front of the eye; depth of caudal peduncle about
equal to its length which is equal to the eye; the last dorsal spine
is the longest, 2 in head, the second dorsal spine is equal to ej-e;
the soft rays of both dorsal and anal are longer than the spines;
pectoral 1.16 in head; ventrals 1.75 in head; base of anal 1.75 in
base of dorsal; caudal is rather deeply emarginate, the middle ray
1.50 in the outer.

Color in life, bluish with yellow reticulating lines and dots,
the lines are one-half as wide as the distal end of the maxillary;
blue and yellow lines alternating on the cheeks; spinous dorsal
and spinous anal with a yellowish wa.sh; soft dorsal, soft anal and
caudal with small brown dots.

Color in spirits is a dusky brown, the markings scarceh- show-
ing, the caudal, soft dorsal and anal are blackish, pectorals and
ventrals have a bluish wash.

One specimen. No. 1276 (Fig. 17) B. M., from Shortland Id.,
Solomons.

Siganus zoniceps Scale, new species.

Depth 2.50; head 3.85; eye 3.75; interorbital equal to eye;
snout 2 in head; D. xiii, 10; A. vii, 9.

Body oblong, compressed, wdth fine scales, no spine on caudal
peduncle, no spine on tail; a single row of fine, sharp-pointed
teeth in jaws, about 26 on each side; width of the upper lip at
centre equal to pupil, its distal end 1.50 in pupil; profile not very
convex in front of eye; depth of caudal peduncle 1.50 in its length;
the fifth dorsal spine is the longest, 2.10 in head; second dorsal
spine fully a third longer than width of eye; base of anal 1.70 in

?

'Si

Fishes of the South Pacific. 71

base of dorsal; pectorals 1.20 in head; caudal forked, the middle
ray 2.25 in the outer.

Color in life, bright orange 3'ellow with narrow blue lines and
reticulations; a black band as wide as eye from the top of the
head, through eyes and around the under jaw, small jet-black dots
in the upper half of this band; dorsal, anal, caudal and pectorals
bright yellow; ventrals whitish with a slight wash of yellow; some
blue dots at base of caudal and on shoulders and thorax; snout a
reddish brown.

Color in spirits, a dull grayish, the lower half yellowish, the
upper half witla a bluish wash; narrow bluish lines running longi-
tudinally on the sides, vertically just back of the head, and form-
ing circles on the belh-; a black ocular band through the e^-e and
around under jaw; upper part of head and snout dark; fins yellow-
ish white, with a trace of blue.

Two specimens, Nos. 1207 (Fig. 18) and 1208 B. M., from
Shortland Id., Solomons. No. 1207 is type of species.

Siganus marmoratus (Quoy & Gaimard).

One specimen, No. 1444 B. M., from Tahiti.
Four specimens from Fate, New Hebrides.

I<0 Scale, new genus.

This genus, typified b}- Siganus vidpimis, is characfterized by
greatly produced snout, w^hich forms a short beak. The depth of
the head is also much less than in Sigamis, with which genus
it agrees in general characfters. The name Lo is used for the
species of Siganidcc hx the Samoaus.

1,0 vulpinus (Giinther).

Depth 2.20; head 3.30; eye 4; interorbital equal to eye; snout
2 in head; scales minute; D. xiii, 10; A. vii, 9; V. 1-3-1.

Body compressed, snout produced, mouth small; a single row
of small flat teeth fixed in each jaw^ 12 on each side; opercles stri-
ate; none of the dorsal or anal spines greath' elongate; the dorsal
spines, excepting the short anterior one, are of about equal length,
the longest 2 in head; anal spines similar, the longest 2 in head;
soft rays of dorsal 1.75 in head; ventrals 1.40 in head; caudal
emarginate, the lobes rounded; caudal peduncle short, its depth
equal to the e^-e.

Color in life is a light bistre brown; thorax and first ray of
pectoral deep black; head and shoulders are a deeper brown than
the body; caudal, dorsal and anal are orange; spines of ventrals
and the first ray dusky; pectorals yellowish, with a slight dusky
wash.

o

Is;.

i

4

Fishes of the South Pacific. 73

Color in spirits, a dull grayish brown, thorax and head much
darker; anterior ray of pectoral black; fins yellowish white.

One specimen, No. 1325 (Fig. 19) B. M., from Alu, one of the
Solomon Ids. Length 7 in.

Family BALISTID^.
Xanthichthys rivulatus (Riippell).

One specimen. No. 1085 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

In life the lines marking this species are bluish; in spirits
they become light brownish.

Balistes fuscus Blocli.

Depth 2: head 3; eye 6 in head, 5 in snout, and 2 in interor-
bital space; D. in, 24; A. 23.

Body compressed, deep, covered with roughened scales, some
osseous scutes behind gill openings; caudal peduncle without
spines on its sides, its depth equal to interorbital space; a groove
in front of eye; mouth rather small, teeth large, the anterior ones
almost like canines. Fins: spinous dorsal with its first spine en-
larged, its upper anterior half much roughened, its length 1.80 in
base of soft dorsal; base of soft dorsal equal to head, base of anal
not quite so long; pectorals equal in length to first dorsal spine;
ventrals consisting of a single modified spine and some roughened
corrugations; caudal deeply lunate, the margins greatly prolonged,
the upper much the longest, the outer ray greater than length of
head.

Color in life, blue, with a wash of green; dorsal blue, with a
pink tip.

Color in spirits, uniform greenish brown, the soft fins tipped
with white.

One specimen, No. 1359 B. M., from Tahiti. Length 21 in.

Balistes vidua Richardson.

One specimen, No. 2132 B. M., Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids.

Balistes flavitnarginatus Riippell.

Oue specimen, No. 1290 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Balistes bursa Bloch.

Two specimens, Nos. 2130, 2131 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Mar-
quesas Ids.

Balistes chrysopterus Lacepede.
{Balistes 7iiger Mungo Park. J

Three specimens, Nos. 1076, 1077* and 933 B. M., from Fate,
New Hebrides.

74 Fishes of the South Pacific.

Balistes capistratus vShaw.

Three specimens, Nos. 2124-2127* B. M., from Nukuhiva^
Marquesas Ids.

Balistapus undulatus (Mungo Park).

One specimen, No. 1480 B. M., was taken inside the reef at
Papeete, Tahiti.

Three specimens, Nos. 965, 964 and 1050 B. M., from Fate,
New Hebrides.

Two specimens, Nos. ii4i*and 1164B.M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

Two specimens, Nos. 1588 and 1589 B. M., from Raiatea,
Society Ids.

Balistapus aculeatus (Linnaeus).

One specimen, No. 1336 B. M., from Tahiti. Length 4.75 in.

One specimen. No. 1987 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

Six specimens, Nos. 846, 889, 890*-892, and 936* B. M.,
from Fate, New Hebrides.

Two specimens, Nos. 1586 and 1587 B. M., from Raiatea,
Society Ids.

Two specimens, Nos. 2127* and 2128 B. M., from Nukuhiva,
Marquesas Ids.

Balistapus verrucosus (Linnieiis).

Two specimens, Nos. 1239 and 12 16 B. M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

Balistapus rectangulus (Bloch).

Two specimens, Nos. 876 and 8S2 B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

One specimen, No. 2229* B. M., from Nukuhiva, Marquesas
Ids.

Family MONACANTHID.^.

Monacanthus fatensis vSeale, new species.

Depth 1.75; head 3.25; eye 4 in head; 3.75 in the first dorsal
spine; interorbital very convex, 3 in head; snout i.io in head;
D. I, 34; A. 31.

Body compressed, without scales, velvety to the touch; upper
profile of the snout concave; a single dorsal spine without barbs
and scarcely roughened, its length 1.20 in head; the origin of the
first dorsal spine is anterior of eye; snout somewhat produced,
equal to length of the first dorsal spine; four rather long cutting
teeth in lower jaw, six in the upper; base of soft dorsal 2.60 in
length of fish without caudal; distance between anterior base of

Fishes of the South Pacific. 75

dorsal spine and base of soft dorsal is equal to the base of anal; a
small movable ventral spine present with about two barbs on each
side; depth of caudal peduncle equal to its length.

Color in spirits is a dull brown, without darker mottlings, a
bright blue spot about the vent; soft dorsal and anal yellow, cau-
dal brown, pectorals yellowish, iris yellowish.

One specimen, No. 997 (Fig. 13) B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Monacanthus spilosomus (Bennett).

One specimen. No. 19 16 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

Family OSTRACIID.E.
Ostracion cornututn Linna.i;s.

Two specimens, Nos. 1333 and 1334 B. M., from Tahiti.
One specimen. No. 1156* B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Ostracion dexteri Seale, new species.

Carapace expanded and rounded below; the lower lateral mar-
gin with three spines on each side; a prominent spine over each
eye, another on the middle of the back, flanked on each side by
two others, in all eleven large spines; eye equal to the spine above
it; forehead and iuterorbital space concave.

Color, greenish above, yellowish below. Length i in.

One specimen, No. 1526 (Fig. 7) B. M., from Bellingshausen
Id. of the Society group. Named for the donor. Captain George
Dexter, of Tahiti.

Ostracion chryseres Seale, new species.

Depth 3.75; head 4; eye 3.50 in head, 2.50 in interorbital
space; D. 10; A. 9; P. 10; C. 10; interorbital 1.20 in head; snout
1.50 in head.

Body a four-sided carapace without spines; back rounded; in-
terorbital space slightly concave; ventral ridges more prominent
than dorsal; length of carapace behind dorsal fin 2 in head; a
hump on the snout above the mouth, and a fleshy hump of about
equal size on the under jaw; teeth, 10 in each jaw, these are rather
flat and weak, brownish in color; scutes large, 10 on each side;
base of dorsal fin 2 in its height; base of anal 2.20 in its height;
pectorals 1.20 in head; caudal i.io in head.

Color in life is olive brown, with dark round dots the size of
pupil, in the centre of each scute of the back and the upper row
of scutes of the side; sides of head with yellow margins to the
scutes, some yellow lines back and above the pecl:orals, and a yel-
low line extending back from base of pectorals to the middle of the
body; sides of the caudal peduncle a bright 5'ellow, dusky on top;
base of dorsal black; fins whitish, with dark dots.

C'

Fishes of the South Pacific. 77

Color in spirits is a dull bistre brown, with slightly darker
centres to the scutes; the yellow lines on cheeks and sides fading
to a dull yellowish white; top of caudal peduncle dusky; there is
also a slight wash of dusky on the base of caudal fin and on the
ventral surface of the caudal peduncle; the lower half of dorsal
has a few dark dots, otherwise fins \-ellowish white.

One specimen, No. 772 (Fig. 20) B. M., from Tubuai, Aus-
tral Ids. Length 10.50 in.

Ostracion auricauda Scale, new species.

Depth 3; head 4.50; ventral width 3.28; eye 3.10 in head; in-
terorbital concave, 1.19 in head; snout 1.50; a very prominent
hump above mouth; D. 10; A. 10.

Carapace four-ridged without spines, the lower ventral ridges
most prominent; length of carapace behind dorsal fin 1.75 in head;
depth of caudal peduncle 2 in its length; scutes large, 10 along
upper lateral ridge, 7 from nuchal region to base of dorsal; a rather
prominent convex swelling on carapace just in front of vent; the
anterior tip of carapace at snout forms an angle of 60°; teeth con-
sisting of 10 roundish brown teeth in lower jaw and 8 in upper;
base of dorsal entirely in front of anal; base of dorsal 2.75 in head,
its longest ray i .20; base of anal equal to e^-e, its rays i .45 in head;
base of pectorals equal to eye, its longest ray i.io in head; caudal
slightly rounded, its mid-ray greater than head.

Color in life, a light bistre brown, the plates of the back and
upper row of sides with a single blue, dark-edged spot; caudal
peduncle a bright golden j-ellow, four or five reticulating yellow
lines on sides of head. Fins: all with a wash of orange, the base
of dorsal onh' with a few small black dots.

Color in spirits, light brown, the fins ^-ellowish white: occelli
of back dim and not showing blue centres; caudal yellowish white;
the yellow lines on side of head faded to whitish; dots on base of
dorsal conspicuous.

One specimen. No. SoS (Fig. 21) B. M., from Mangareva Id.
Length 14 in.

Ostracion sebae Bleeker.

One specimen. No. 1073 B. M.. from Fate, New Hebrides.
One specimen. No. 1988 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.
One specimen, No. 1335 B. M., from Tahiti.

Ostracion renardi Bleeker.

One specimen. No. 1996 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.
One specimen, No. 2120B. M., from Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids.

Ostracion tuberculatum Linnaeus.

Two specimens, Nos. 1590 and 1591 B. M., from Raiatea,
Society Ids.

Oi

00
O

Fishes of the South Pacific. 79

Oue specimen, No. 1989 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.
Two specimens, Nos. 2118, 2119 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Mar-
quesas Ids.

Ostracion lentigenosum Bloch & Schneider.

Two specimens, Nos. 969, 1051 B. M., from Fate, New Heb-
rides.

Two specimens, Nos. 21 16, 21 17 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Mar-
quesas Ids.

Family TETRADONTID^.

Spheroides hypselogenion (Bkeker).

One specimen, No. 888 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.
Spheroides oblongus (Bleeker).

One specimen, No. 939 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.
Tetraodon setosus Rosa Smith.

One specimen, No. 836 B. M., from Mangareva Id. Length 9 in.
This specimen is identified with some doubt wdth this species,
which belongs to the Panama fauna.

Tetraodon immaculatus Bleeker.

One specimen. No. 881 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

One specimen. No. 1317 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

In life the specimen is a uniform bright yellow, with black on
basis of the pectorals, a black spot on the upper part of dorsal and
on middle of caudal.

Tetraodon aerostaticus Jenyns.

Oue specimen. No. 1057 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.
Tetraodon lacrymatus (Quoy & Gaimard).

One specimen, No. 1592 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.
Canthigaster compressus (Proce).

One specimen, No. 1065 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.
Canthigaster solandri (Richardson).

One specimen, No. 1593 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.

Family SCORP^NID.F:.

Merinthe haplodactyla (Bleeker).

Oue specimen, No. 1012 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Scorpsena cooki Giinther.

Three specimens, No. 1681 B. M. (young), from Raiatea,
Society Ids.

8o Fishes of the South Pacific.

Scorpaenopsis quiescens Seale, new species.

Depth 3; head 2.50; eye 3.50; D. xiii, 19; A. iii, 5; P. iS,:
V. I, 5; interorbital space concave, equal to the snout.

Body compressed, its greatest depth is between the first and
fifth dorsal spines; lateral line complete, the tubules prominent;
depth of the caudal peduncle equal to the orbit. Head large,
slightly compressed and well armed with spines distributed as fol-
lows: three on the upper rim of orbit, one just above the posterior
rim of orbit, four on the nuchal region , three on a line with the
posterior end of the lateral line, two on the posterior margin of the
opercles, four which constitute the bony stay across the cheeks,
the posterior one of these four is a large one on the preopercle,
and has two spines below it; there is a blunt spine on the sub-
orbital overhanging the premaxillary; there are several dermal
flaps, the largest one is branched and situated over the anterior
nostril; snout short and rather blunt; lips equal; maxillary reach-
ing to below the posterior margin of orbit, 1.90 in head, its distal
end 1.50 in orbit; teeth in villiform bands on jaws and vomer,
none on the palatines. Fins: the notch of the dorsal fin is one-half
the depth of the fin, the fifth dorsal spine is the longest, 2.20 in
head; second anal spine longest and strongest, 1.60 in head; pec-
torals 1.60 in head; length of ventrals and caudal equal.

Color: the fish is mottled all over with yellowish brown, and
white, a dusky clotch on upper part of opercles. Fins colored
like the bod}'.

One specimen, No. 1352 (Fig. 2, No. 783*) B. M., from Tahiti.
Length 3.50 in.

Sebastapistes strongensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Two specimens, Nos. 1054 and 1055 B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides. Doubtfully referred to this species.

Sebastapistes guamensis (Quoj^ & Gaimard).

One specimen. No. 1524 B. M., from Tahiti.

One specimen. No. 2380 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids.

Two specimens, Nos. 1014* and 1016* B. M., from Fate, New
Hebrides.

Two specimens, Nos. 1196 and 1223 B. M., from Shortland
Id., vSolomons.

Sebastapistes baillieui (Vaillant & Sauvage).

One specimen. No. 2379 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids.
Rather doubtfully identified.

Genus Deleastes Seale, new genus.

This genus, typified by D. d(ecto7\ is related to Synanceia, be-
ing distinguished by the much smaller ventrals, situated more

Fishes of the South Pacific. 8i

posteriorly thau in Syna)iceia. The skin is smooth, and apparently
free from dermal flaps and excrescences except at base of dorsal
and anal fin.

Deleastes daector vSeale, new species.

Depth at origin of dorsal 2.45; head 2.20; eye 8.05 in head,
2.20 in interorbital space, 2 in snout; D. xiii, 6; A. iii, 5; inter-
orbital space with a deep fossa, also a deep fossa just posterior of
each eye.

Body compressed posteriorly; no scales and apparently no der-
mal flaps; head monstrous, without spines; mouth large, opening
on the dorsal profile; villiform teeth in both jaws; no teeth on
vomer or palatines; the distal width of the maxillary is slightly
greater than orbit; dorsal fin continuous, its origin diredtly above
the origin of ventrals; the base of the spinous portion of the dorsal
is more than four times as long as the base of the soft dorsal; anal
short, its base 2.10 in head, the spinous portion covered with fleshy
excrescence; the posterior margin of the pectoral is twice the
length of the fin, the upper axis of the fin is exadlly over the middle
of the posterior margin of the fin and its lower anterior origin is in
advance of the origin of ventral, also in front of a line with eye;
the posterior margin of the pectoral is slightly greater than length
of head; ventrals very short, 2.15 in head; caudal small, rounded,
its middle ray equal to length of ventrals; all the fins are fleshy.

Color in life, mottled everywhere with olive brown or dark
green; caudal, pectorals and anal banded with whitish lines.

In this species the ventrals are smaller, and situated more
posteriorly thau in other species of Synanceia, the skin also is much
smoother and is apparently free from fleshy excrescences except at
base of dorsal and anal.

One specimen. No. 1360 (Fig. 22) B. M., from Tahiti. Length
10.5 in.

Synanceia verrucosa (Bloch).

Depth 2.75; head 2.50; eye 9; D. xiii, 6; A. iii, 5; inter-
orbital space 4 in head; snout less than width of the interorbital
space.

Body subcylindrical, covered with lichen-like fleshy excres-
cences and dermal flaps; head monstrous; interorbital space very
concave; a groove on cheeks below the eye and a deep fossa behind
each eye; no spines on the head; premaxillary thin, its length
2.50 in head; distal width of the maxillary slightly greater than
orbit; the anterior extremit}' of the lower jaw is on the dorsal pro-
file; villiform teeth in jaws, none on the vomer or palatine; opercles
without spines; the dorsal fin is continuous, the spinous portion
with much the longest base, the origin of the dorsal is over the

Occasional Papers B. P. B. M., Vol. IV., No. i.— 6.

Fishes of the South Pacific. 83

posterior third of opercle and about on a line with the middle of
the ventrals; anal short, the base is less than length of ventrals,
being 2.10 in head; the pectorals are very long, the lower posterior
border being 1.80 in length of fish without caudal, the upper mar-
gin of fin is 1.50 in head, the upper part of the axis being over the
middle of lower margin of the fin; the origin of the pectoral is an-
terior of the eye, being below the middle of the snout, its tip
reaches to a line with the eleventh dorsal spine; ventral fins are of
moderate size, 1.20 in head, their origin is on a line with the eye;
caudal fin rounded, 2.30 in head.

Color in life, gray, with orange-colored spots on sides of body,
in axis of pectorals, on chin, and a spot below each eye.

One specimen, No. 733 B. M., from Tubuai, Austral Ids.

Amblyapistus taenianotus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

One specimen. No. 1258 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Pterois antennata (Bloch).

One specimen, No. 1566 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.
One specimen, No. 2480* B. M., from Makatea, Paumotu Ids.
One specimen, No. 1531 B. M.; from Tahiti.

Pelor didactylum Cuvier & Valenciennes.

One specimen. No. 963 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Family CEPHALACANTHID^.
Cephalacanthus orientalis (Linnaeus).

One specimen, No. 1361 B. M., from Tahiti.

Family ECHENEIDID^.
I/eptecheneis flaviventris Seale, new species.

Depth 11.50; head 5.25; D.xxiv,34; A. 33; eye 6.75; interorbi-
tals 2.50 in disk; breadth between pectorals 8; disk 4.10 in length
without caudal; width of disk 3 in its length; snout 2.20 in head;
distance from angle of jaw to tip of lower jaw, 2.60 in head; pec-
torals 1. 10; ventrals 1.40; mid caudal ray 1.60; longest anal ray
1.55; longest dorsal ray 1.75; caudal lunate.

Body elongate; head with a disk of 24 lamellje on its dorsal
surface; teeth consisting of bands of small teeth in jaws and pal-
ate; tongue roughened with asperites; pectorals pointed; inner
rays of ventrals narrowly adnate to abdomen; dorsal and anal be-
ginning and ending opposite to each other.

Color, brown, belly and under surface of head yellowish; a
dark stripe around jaws which unites at angle into a single band
as wide as eye and extends to base of pectorals; ventrals yellowish;

84 Fislies of the South Pacific.

anterior base of aual yellowish; the lower part of pectorals and
their axis yellowish; otherwise the fius are uniform with the color
of the body.

This species is allied to Leptccheneis naucrates (Linnaeus), but
is easily distinguished by the yellow color of the belly, the smaller
eye, the greater length of the anal and dorsal rays.

One specimen, Type No. 834* (Fig. 23) B. M., from Manga-
reva Id. Length 24.25 in.

Periophthaltnus barbarus Gmelin.

One specimen, No. 1056 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Bleotris fusca (Bloch).

One specimen. No. 1337 B. M., from Tahiti.

Two specimens, Nos. 743, 745, B. M., from Tubuai, Au.stral
Ids.

One specimen, No. 2363 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Marquesas
Ids.

Gobius ortiatus Riippell.

One specimen, No. 1253 B. M., from Shortland Id., vSolomons.

Family GOBIID^.
Gobius oligolepis (Bleeker).

Three specimens, Nos. 856, 857* and 1080* B. M., from Fate,
New Hebrides.

Mapo soporator (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Three specimens, Nos. 2496*, 2497*, 2498* B. M., from Maka-
tea, Paumotu Ids.

One specimen. No. 1525 B. M., from Tahiti.

Five specimens, Nos. 2374-2376* and 2378 B. M., from Nuku-
hiva, Marquesas Ids.

Coryphopterus criniger Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Two specimens, Nos. 1023, 1678 B. M., from Raiatea, vSociety
Ids.

Odontogobius phalaena Bleeker.

Four specimens, Nos. 854, 1013, 1081* and 1082 B. M., from
Fate, New Hebrides.

Awaous crassilabris (Giinther).

Two specimens, Nos. 1195* and 1207 B. M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

Awaous puntangoides (Bleeker).

One specimen, No. 1283 B. M., from vShortland Id., vSolomons.

86 Fishes of the South Pacific.

Family PI^EURONECTID^.
Platophrys mancus (Broussonet).

One specimen, No. 1353 B. M., from Tahiti.
One specimen, No. 1990 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.
One specimen, No. 2499* B. M., from Makatea, Paumotu Ids.
One specimen, No. 730 B. M., from Tubuai, Austral Ids.
Two specimens, Nos. 1292* and 1218 B. M., from Shortland
Id., Solomons.

Family SOI.EID.E.
Pardachirus pavonius (Lacepede).

One specimen. No. 898* B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Family PTEROPSARID^.
Parapercis xanthozona (Bleeker).

One specimen, No. 1225 B. M., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Family BLENNIID^.

Salarias edentulus (Bloch).

Two specimens. No. 855 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.
One specimen. No. 2502* B. M., from Makatea, Paumotu Ids.
Three specimens, Nos. 2341-2343 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Mar-
quesas Ids.

Salarias meleagris Cuvier & Valenciennes.

One specimen. No. 2338 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Marquesas
Ids.

Eleven specimens, Nos. 2516-2526 B. M., from Makatea, Pau-
motu Ids.

Salarias lineatus Bleeker.

One specimen. No. 1086* B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.
This differs from Bleeker's description in having the orbital
tentacle fringed instead of simple.

Salarias coronatus Giinther.

Two specimens, Nos. 2339-2340 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Mar-
quesas Ids.

Salarias quadricornis Forster.

One specimen. No. 802 B. M., from Mangareva Ids.

Three specimens, Nos. 1998*2000 B. M., from Rarotonga,
Cook Ids.

Fishes 0/ the Sotiih Pacific. 87

Fortj-'Seven specimens, Nos. 2285-2331 B. M., from Nukuhiva,
Marquesas Ids.

Thirteen specimens, Nos. 2503-2515 B. M. from Makatea,
Paumotu Ids.

One specimen, No. 1679 B. M., from Rarotonga, Cook Ids.

Salarias hasselti Bleeker.

One specimen, No. 1063 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Salarias caudolineatus (CTiinlher).

One specimen, No. 2501* B. M., from Makatea, Paumotu Ids.
One specimen. No. 2332 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids.

Salarias marmoratus Bennett.

Five specimens, Nos. 2333-2337 B. M., from Nukuhiva; Mar-
quesas Ids.

Salarias azureus Seale, new species.

Depth 4.50; head 4.30; eye 3.20; D. xii, 24; A. 11, 22; inter-
orbital 2 in e^'e; simple unfringed orbital tentacle slightly longer
than width of interorbital, a similar one on nuchal region; a rather
prominent tentacle at nostril with six fringes; no crest on head.

Body elongate cylindrical, without scales; lateral line strongly
bent, 3.50 in length of fish without the caudal, it ends under the
last dorsal spine; the anterior profile of head is almost vertical;
mouth inferior; teeth numerous, pectinate, no canines; dorsal fin
deeply notched, its origin is direcftly over the origin of the lateral
line, the fin is attached to the caudal by a membrane, the longest
spine is 1.75 in depth of fish; base of anal 1.90 in length of fish,
its longest ray equal to longest dorsal spine; pectorals rounded,
equal to length of head, tips of the rays free; caudal rounded,
equal to the depth of the fish.

Color in life is uniform purplish, with a few scattered darker
blotches.

Color in spirits, a striking livid blue, with six indistinct darker
blue blotches along the back and sides; fins brown, with a slight
wash of bluish; the dorsal with three lines of small brown dots
along the margin and with fine oblique brownish lines on the soft
dorsal; anal with a fine margin of pure white, and with a sub-
marginal area of deep blue, two lines of blue dots along the middle
of the fin; caudal, pe(5loral and ventral without markings.

One specimen, a female. No. 783 (Fig. 8) B. M., from Tubuai,
Austral Ids. L,engtli 4.50 in.

This species is nearly related to 5". qvadricoryiis.

Salarias tubuensis Seale, new species.

Depth 5; head 5; ej-e 3.20; D. xiii, 21; A. 22; a fringed ten-
tacle over nostril, and a simple orbital tentacle, less in length than
width of interorbital space; no nuchal tentacle or crest.

88 Fishes of the South Pacific.

Body elongate, cylindrical, without scales; lateral line but
slightly curved, ending under the ninth dorsal spine, its length
3.50 in total length without caudal; profile and head slanting ob-
liquely back to the inferior mouth, the opening of the mouth being
below the eye; teeth fine, pe(5linate, no canines; dorsal fin deeply
notched, its origin over the posterior margin of the opercles, long-
est dorsal spine 1.40 in head, the longest ray i .20; base of anal
2.55 in length, its longest ray 1.70 in head; ventrals short, equal
to the post ocular part of head; caudal square, equal to length of
the head.

Color in spirits is a light blue, with seven bands of darker blue
about as wide as interspaces, which extend over the back and down
on sides, dividing below the median line into two; dorsal fin white
with some indistinct pale blue spots on rays; anal white, with a
pale blue intermarginal line, and a margin of white; pectorals and
ventrals white.

One specimen. No. 784 (Fig. 8) B. M., from Tubuai, Austral
Ids.

Salarias caesius vSeale, new species.

Depth 5.75; head 5.50; D. xiv, 17; A. 11, 22; eye 3.50; orbi-
tal tentacle wide, with five fringes; its length less than eye; a
dermal crest, the length of which is 2.30 in head.

Body elongate, cylindrical; lateral line short, slightly curved,
ending under the sixth dorsal spine; depth of head equal to its
width, 1 .50 in its length; profile almost vertical, the upper portion
not produced; mouth inferior; teeth numerous, small, pectinate,
no canines; dorsal fin deeply notched, not continuous on to the
caudal, its origin direcftly over the origin of the pectorals, base of
anal 2.10 in length of head; ventrals 1.75 in length of head.

Color in spirits is a dull drab, with seven darker double bands
which extend over the back and down the sides; three distinct ob-
lique, brown lines on the side of throat; ventral surface with a
slight tint of pale blue; a brown spot on the middle of the base of
caudal, with a bluish band on the fin just posterior of the spot; six
dusky blotches on the spinous dorsal, and four on the soft dorsal,
these lines may extend as dots almost to the top of the fin; the an-
terior dark blotch at the base of first and third dorsal spines is the
most distinct; anal white, with a pale blue intermarginal line;
pectorals and ventrals white; iris blue.

The sexes are similar.

Five specimens, one male and four females. No. 785 B. M.
is type of the species. From Tubuai, Austral Ids.

Alticus saliens (Lac^pede).

Fourteen specimens, Nos. 2349-2362 B. M., from Nukuhiva.
Marquesas Ids.

Fishes of the South Pacific. 89

Petroscirtes rhinorhynchus Bleeker.

One specimen, No. 1066 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.

Petroscirtes tapeinosoma Bleeker.

One specimen. No. 1044 B. M., from Fate, New Hebrides.
One specimen, No. 1677 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.
One specimen, No. 2265 B. M., from Nukuhiva, Marquesas
Ids.

Family ANTENNARID^.

Antennarius lutescens Seale, new species.

Depth 2; head 2.75; eye 8 in head, 3 in interorbital space;
D. i-i, 12; A. 8; P. 12; V. 5; skin rough; interorbital equal to the
first dorsal spine (not tentacle).

Bod}' compressed, caudal peduncle deep, 2.15 in head, its
depth greater than length of the tentacle; head large, the upper
profile roughened and with its anterior tip concave; mouth very
large, wide open the distance between the tips of the jaws is equal
to the length of the head; snout short, less than width of inter-
orbital space; length of maxillary equal to distance from middle of
eye to posterior margin of opercle; width of distal end of maxillary
is greater than orbit; about two-thirds of the maxillar}- is exposed;
length of mandible 1.20 in head, the knob at symphysis prominent;
teeth in the jaws minute, those in the palatine slightly larger; two
patches of cardiform teeth on upper and lower pharyngeals; the
tentacle is of moderate length, 2.30 in head and reaching a little
beyond the first dorsal spine, it has a single fleshy caruncle at the
tip; the first dorsal spine (not tentacle) is equal to interorbital
space and is less than depth of caudal peduncle, its origin is
directly above middle of eye; the second dorsal spine is covered
with a fleshy excrescence; length of the longest dorsal and anal
rays about equal, 2 in head; length of ventrals 2.20 in head; cau-
dal rounded, its length 3.20 in body.

Color in life, a uniform raw sienna yellow, no spots except a
dusk\- blotch on inner side of pecftoral fin.

One specimen. No. 1347 B. M., from Tahiti. Length 5.50 in.

This species is charadlerized by the large mouth, depth of
caudal peduncle, shortness of tentacle, and more posterior location
of the second dorsal spine, and the difference in coloring.

Antennarius commersonii (Lacepede).

One specimen. No. 1220 B. ^I., from Shortland Id., Solomons.

Antennarius hispidus Bloch.

One specimen, No. 1676 B. M., from Raiatea, Society Ids.

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No. 5. Director's Annual Report, 1901, and Index to Vol. I. Illus-

tratit ns of S} erni wh ie ; nd bird groups. Price ,-,0 cents ; postage 4 cents.

Occasional Papers, Vol. II.

No. I. Director's Annual Report, 1902. Noteworthy HavF-iiian
Stone lmp]cni»?nts — Brigh;;m. P'iljres of the Haw -iian Islands — Black-
ni;in. Distribution and Variation of .■\ch tinella multizonata — Cooke.
Monograph of M; reus Island— Bryan. Price $1 ; po.stage 7 cents.

No. 2. Director's Annual Report, 1903. Remirks on Phallic
Stones from Rijp.tniti — J. Iv. V( ung. .Aboriginal Wooden Weapons of
.Austr.lia — Blackm n. Price 40 cents ; post, ge 4 cents.

No. 3. Director's Annual Report, 1904. Australian Bark Canoe
— Brigh m A vStone Digger for Duelling — Brigham. Notes on the
Birds of the Wai n e Mount: ins— liryiu. Additional Notes on the
Nesting Habits of the Hawaii ;n Owl — Ilry n. Description of the Nest
.-nd Kggs of Chkrodrep; nis virens (Gniel.) — Bry^an. Notes on the
.\meric n Birds Collected in the Haw iian Islands by Mi". Gerrit Wilder
— Bryan. A Bird s Ne ;t < f Pele s Hair — Bry n. Two Undescribed Nests
:.nd an Hgg of a II w li; n Bint — Bryi n. Price 50 cents; postage 5 cents.

No. 4. Director's Annual Report, l<"<05. Three New Hawiiian
Irishes — Bryan. Re; ort < f a Visit to Midw y Islrid — Bryan. Nest of
Hawaiian Ilaw'c — Bryan. Price 40 cents; ij.jst.'ige 4 cents.

Occasional Papers, Vol. III. Reprints of Original Descriptions of Achati-
nellui. By Iv W. TJiwing. In press.

Occasional Papers, Vol. 17. r\sbc,i of t!ie South Pacific — vSeale. Price

50 cents; ]jostage 5 cents.
Memoirs, Vol. I. Qu ^rto.

No. I. Hawaiian Feather "Work. By Wni. T. Brigham. Price

fa. 50; postage 14 ccn'.s.

No. 2. Index to the Islands of the Pacific. By Wm. T. Brigham.

Price $1.50; postage accents.

No. 3. Key to the Birds of the Hawaiian Group. By Wm.

Alanson Brj'au. Price ^1.50; postage 13 cents.

No. 4. Ancient Hawaiian Stone Implements. By Wm. T. Brig-

h'm. Price $2.50; postage 20 cents.

No. 5. Supplement to Hawaiian Feather Work, with Index
to Vol. I. By Wm. T. I'.righam. Price 75 cents; postage 8 cents.
Memoirs, Vol. II.

No. I. Hawaiian Mat and Basket Weaving — Brigham. Hawaiian

Nets and Nettings — Stokes. Price J3 ; postage 20 cents.

No. 2. Old Hawaiian CarvingfS — Brigham. Price 50 cents; postage
5 cents.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

OF THE

BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF

POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND

NATURAL HISTORY.

Vol. IV. — No. 2.

Director's Report for 1907.

honolulu, h, i.
Bishop Museum Press.
— 1908.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Henry Holmes President

Albert F. Judd Vice-President and Secretary

Joseph O. Carter Treasurer

Samuel M. Damon, William O. Smith, K. Faxon Bishop

j. m. dowsett.

MUSEUM STAFF

William T. Brigham, A.M., Sc.D. (Columbia) Diredor

William H. Dall, Ph.D Honorary Curator of Mollusca

John F. G. Stokes Curator of Polynesian Ethnology

C. Montague Cooke, Jr., Ph.D. (Yale). . Curator of Pulmonata

Otto H. Swezey Honorary Curator of Entomolog\

Chas. N. Forbes Assistant in Botany

Miss E. Schupp Librarian

John W. Thompson Artist and Modeler

John J. Greene • • • Printer

A. K. Williams Janitor

Moses Kauahi Assistant Janitor

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

OF THE

BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF

POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND

NATURAL HISTORY.

Vol. IV. — No. 2.

Director's Report for 1907.

honolulu, h. i.

Bishop Museum Press.

1908.

TO THE TRUSTEES OE THE BERN ICE PA UAH I
BISHOP MUSE i 7l/.

Sirs: — 1)1 accordance icHh the standing vote of the
Trustees, I submit niv Ainiuai Report on the present condition
of this I\Iuseu7n and tlie 7eor/c done or planned in the various
departments during the year igoy .

\V I LEI AM T. BR Id HAM,

Director op the Musezim.

Honotulu, Eebrnary /y, igoS.

Ordered printed July lo, rgoS.

REPORT

"VVTHILE it is most gratifying to a Director to report substantial
" gains and general prosperity of the institution in his charge,

no such ofificer can escape the general law of changing light and
shade, and he must at times recognize the fact that there are sea-
sons when the results are not in proportion to the labor expended
and not such as each member of the Museum staff has honestly
and industriously striven to attain.

Such has been the \ear just closed. Perhaps of all the few
years of the life of this Museum hitherto the one of which it must
be admitted that we cannot marshal this list of accessions, that
table of attendance, an increased number of workers, better ac-
commodation for the work, or even many additional attractions
for the amusement or instruction of the public.

While Mr. Otto H. Swezey has joined us as honorary Curator
of Entomology, and Miss H. Schupp as Librarian, we have lost
Mr. \V. A. Bryan who, early in the year was reappointed Taxi-
dermist and Curator of Ornithology for six months, this term ex-
piring Jul}- 31st. Both our publications and our exhibition cases
will suffer from the loss, and it will be difficult to fill the place of
so active and successful a worker. Mr. L. G. Blackman, who has
for years been a most acceptable librarian and general assistant,
listened to the lure of his favorite occupation of teaching and left
us to become head master of the recently founded Aliiolani College
in this city. The Museum has lost strength in his departure.
Mr. Hugh F. Sturtevant, who has for several summer vacations

[93] (3)

4 Director's Annual Report.

acted as Assistant, to our great satisfaction, died of typhoid fever
not long after his return to his regular school work on Honokaa ,
Hawaii, and every member of the staff mourns the loss of a col-
league and dear friend.

The Curatorship of Ornithology has not been filled, although
there have been applications for the position, because with the
limited income of the Museum it is impossible to fill all the posi-
tions that should be made in a museum of the size and rank of this
institution, and, as much work had been done on the collection and
preservation of birds until the specimens were very numerous and
the portion of our library devoted to this branch was rich in the
working literature of ornithology, it seemed better to turn our
limited powers to some other department where a skilled worker
was greatly needed, and such an one was unquestionably Botany.
Not only do our valuable collections need the care of an expert,
but they should be so increased that by exchange we could acquire
ample specimens of the Polynesian flora on other groups, such as
New Zealand, Tahiti, vSamoa and Tonga. With the exception of
a good collection of New Zealand ferns we have nothing from the
rest of the Pacific, and as we have few, if any, botanists on this
group, the Director finds great difficulty in answering the frequent
requests for specimens or definite botanical information. With a
competent botanist we could be of no little use to many institu-
tions and botanical workers abroad as well as able to acquire new
material in this line for our herbarium and cases. Our library
should be largely increased in botanical literature, although it is
already not to be despised. Still there are whole families of
Hawaiian plants needing thorough study and illustration, such as
the very remarkable and interesting tree lobelias so important a part
of the Hawaiian flora. I had hoped to take this in hand myself
and had collected much material for illustration and had prepared
a few colored plates, but the pressing work of administration has
hitherto made the prosecution of such a great work impossible for
me, and I had thought perhaps if a suitable botanist and collector

[94I

Director' s Amnial Report. 5

could be obtained, I might attempt to finish this task. Some one
should do this, for at present the family is in sad confusion and needs
ample revision and illustration. It would add greatly to the value
of our publications could a monograph on the Hawaiian Lobeliaceae
be issvied from our press. I have for some months been conducting
negotiations looking to securing such a botanical assistant.

We also greatly need a marine zoologist, not only to work on
our reefs and study the many undescribed or little known species
of marine life, but to complete the grand collection of fishes
which so far as shown in the admirably colored casts prepared by
Mr. J. \\'. Thompson, our artist, greatly interest and delight our
visitors, but more important still add to the known species, and
increase our knowledge of species already named. As a single
instance, during the past year has been added to our collection a
large eel common in Samoan waters, but never before reported from
these islands : nor is this a solitary case ; in many other specimens
in our collection of casts we have either found new species, or old
species for the first time reported from these waters.

If we had the income needed to secure the additional workers
we have not at present, nor do I see any immediate prospect of
securing such conveniences as are necessar}' for their work, let
alone space within the Museum walls for storage of the specimens
they may be expected to add. For months I have endeavored to
formulate plans which could meet the needs of such a museum as
this, and after presenting to the Trustees three successive sets of
plans, the second and third pared down from the preceding until
the attenuation can be carried no farther and leave vitality enough
in the structure to be of real use, still the funds available do not
admit, in the opinion of a majority of the Trustees, of beginning to
build. I do not despair, for the architect who planned the origi-
nal structure of this Museum gave only a closet under the stair-
way (which now hardly suffices for the janitors to store their im-
plements) for all the Museum work. Then came the cellar under
Polvnesian Hall, and at last the temporary wooden buildings,

[95]

6 Director's Annual Report.

several hundred feet away for the Press, Taxidermy, Photography
aud everything else. So in the process of evolution we may attain
even greater helps in our work .

With no suitable workrooms, still less any adequate store-
rooms at present, a condition of things which is I believe admitted
by all the Trustees, the w'orkers in the Museum cannot justly be
blamed if they do not take active measures to increase the collec-
tions when we have nowhere to prepare, exhibit or store them.
When they have not sufficient room apart from the public exhibi-
tion halls to unpack valuable collections already in possession;
when they see valuable specimens fade away to worthlessness in
the exhibition cases because they have no other place safe from
insects in wdiich to store them.

And this brings me to the consideration of one of the most
important objects for which this Museum was founded, — Xhe pre-
scrvation of the objects collected within its walls. We have taken
several important steps in that direction : a durable and essen-
tially fire-proof building ; cases as insect- and dust-proof as they
can be made ; a free use of preservatives, poisons and insecticides.
All this is well but not enough. Certain rare specimens should
no longer be exposed to the intensely actinic light of this climate
but be withdrawn from public exhibition and consequent expos-
ure, and stored for stud>- b>- another generation of scientists instead
of being sacrificed to the idle curiosity or unheeding gaze of the
average visitor.

I had intended to place before 3^ou an analysis of what has
been published by eminent museologists, — Drs. Flower, Goode,
True and others on the side of work and store rooms, but our situ-
ation in the midst of the Pacific is so peculiar that even the gener-
ous allotment of work and store space by all these masters as
distinct from the public exhibition halls of a museum, will hardh-
meet the wants of this Museum in a tropical climate, where w^ork
rooms must not be cramped and heated, and storage must be well

aired and accessible. Our conditions are greatly variant from

[96]

Director's Annual Report. j

those of most large museums in cold climates where they have
need of artificial heat during a portion of the year, and the winter's
cold checks the activities of insect pests, while here pests of that
nature are perennial and far exceeding in variety and abundance.
In spite of the best of cases, collections of birds, insects, plants,
must be frequently inspected, and all museum workers know that
this inspection if properh- done, needs room, it cannot be done in a
public gallery in the presence of careless or inquisitive visitors.

I have harped so often on this string that I refrain from wear}'-
ing you farther with what seems to all of us engaged in museum
work the most important, and sooner or later the surely fatal defect
of the Bishop Museum. I will only say that while this monument
to Mrs. Bishop should be a permanent one there is little permanency
about it except in the stone walls and stone implements, and to a less
extent some of the wooden implements and the shells, corals and
volcanic specimens. I should be recreant to my duty as Director of
this Museum if I did not utter this warning. We have made too
much of present exhibition for vain public gratification and have
provided too little for the permanenc}' of the treasures amassed with-
in the Museum walls, which when perished can never be replaced.

I will not leave this subject with the impression that I do not
believe a museum such as this has a part to fulfil toward the public
in exhibiting to a wise extent, that is so far as by so doing it can
convey instruction and even pleasure to visitors, but there is far
greater good to be done to far greater numbers by such collections
as ours in a very different way. The>- must be studied, here on
the spot, by competent men, and there must be conveniences for
such work. The results thus obtained will reach farther and last
longer than the praises (often unmixed with knowledge) which
fall from the transient visitor, however complimentary, and how-
ever pleasing to one's self-love.

Hawaiian Hall is large enough, if duplicates could be stored
elsewhere, to exhibit all that any visitor of a few hours need know
of Hawaiian life, human, animal, vegetable or mineral, and Polv-

[97]

8 Dhrctor's Atnnial Report.

uesian Hall will do very well under the same conditions if we
could separate and place in another hall somewhat larger the
Papuan portion of our collection. These two halls would amply
accommodate all the material we ought to exhibit or can afford to
exhibit with the present income of the Museum funds. Unless we
have money to buy certain private collections, we cannot get
things from the Pacific desirable for exhibition in the department
of Polynesian Ethnology simpl}- because they do not exist outside
collections made many 3'ears ago, and any proposed ethnological
exploration of the Pacific islands must begin by securing these
private collections which contain far more material for exhibition
purposes than can now be collected on the islands.

I turn to the things in hand, — pleasanter matter for the earn-
est man than the dream of what might be if we were all wise and
had command of sufificient money. We have by no means been
stranded but have gone slowly on with some things to cheer us as
may be seen in the appended lists of accessions. We have secured
the services of a thoroughly competent entomologist in the person
of Mr. Otto H. Swezey, and for the first time the collections of
Mr. R. C. L. Perkins, for which the Museum contributed one-
third of the cost of collecting and more than one-half the expense
of publication, are being utilized and arranged for inspection by
students. Under the unfortunate arrangement for the distribu-
tion of the remarkable collection of Mr. Perkins, the portion com-
ing to this Museum of course could not include any species of
which there were less than three specimens collected and so has
none of the very rare ones, yet it is a sufficiently important collec-
tion to be worth all the care that we can bestow upon it.

We have also been fortunate in securing the services of Miss
E. Schupp, formerly vSecretary in the vSeckenberger Museum at
Frankfurt a/M to take charge of our well-selected and growing
library. Mr. J. V . G. Stokes has not only attended to his work
as Curator of Ethnology, but has been occupied with necessary
work in other departments now without a head, and has done ex-

[9«]

Director'' s Ayimial Report. 9

tensive work on the plans of the ancient heiau made by his own
careful surveys on Hawaii.

Dr. Cooke has continued his good work on the Hawaiian land
shells and has been during the year appointed Curator of Pulmo-
nata. As he has been able to establish his laboratory in his home
he has suffered less than the other workers from insufficient ac-
commodations. He has prepared an account of the Hazcaiian
Helicince which is now in the hands of the Publication Committee.

Mr. J. W. Thompson has continued his admirable casting and
painting of the P'ishes and Fruits until the results are most valu-
able and interesting, and the extent of his work will be judged by
the appended list of casts.

In the Librar}- the binding of more than five hundred volumes
has been completed, adding greatly to the convenience of the
Museum workers, and the increase has been satisfactory as will
be seen b}- the list of accessions. We have also added somewhat
to our exchange list. An additional case has been procured for the
constantly increasing cards of the Concilium Bibliographicum, a
collection very valuable in this place remote from large libraries.

The Museum Press has issued only the Annual Report for
1906, but has been occupied with printing the third part of \'olume
II of the Memoirs, "The Ancient Hawaiian House", by the
Director. It is hoped that this may be completed during the cur-
rent year. Other papers have been prepared but were not ready
for press during the past year.

The Deverill collection of Hawaiian ethnology which has been
stored in the Museum for some time, has been finally purchased
for the Museum by the C. R. Bishop Trust and will soon be incor-
porated with the general collection. If Mr. Deverill could have
lived long enough to write his notes on the articles comprising his
collection its value would have been greatly enhanced, for he was
a careful observer and his knowledge of native ways was unconi-
monh- extensive. It is intended to offer notes on some of the rarer
objects in the Museum publications.

[99]

lO

Director's .{iDiiial Report.

Of the very remarkable colledliou of Hawaiian carviugs and
other antiquities described in the second part of the second volume of
the Museum Memoirs, two-thirds have come into our possession,
that belonging to Mr. Haenisch by gift, the other by purchase, and
the remaining portion is promised to the Museum and will eventu-
ally be placed in its cases. For many reasons this is one of the most
interesting and valuable collec5lions we have lately acquired, and the
interest it has excited among archceologists and ethnologists abroad
is shown by the call for the published account referred to.

The table of attendance of visitors shows a decrease in the
total from last year of 470. The decrease of tourists continues
although little more than half that of last year. The Museum has
been open five more than half the week-days of the year. The
average dail}- attendance has, for the first time since 1902, fallen
below 100. The summary of attendance for igo6 and 1907 is here
given and the full table follows. It may be explained that the
class "others" includes Koreans, Philippinos, Hindus and Negroes.

IHOfi

1!»(I7

Chuniii' froii] last .veiir:

Whites.

Hawaii;!

IIS. IN

Jl-tunilesc

. Chiiipse.

•Taiiaiii-si

. (_)thers.

Totals

4(;.-)9

14!»lt

r.s4

I'lOl

I'L'ti.")

3SG

11,494

412ti

l(iL>l

.-,4s

1s:!4

2.035

360

11.024

—03:!

^Vl-1

— :i(!

— L'()7

-f270

— L'(>

-470

TABLE OF ATTENDANCE.

Open on

Average

t

K

K

S^

Attenilanee.

'{■

=

u

t

'&

X

>.

. 0

0 0

1!M)7.

.H S. t. S,

>

5

0

^

■2

0 ^

da

the
fia

^

X

'-■

~

^

-

''

- 1 C

^

.laiuiarv

2(il

51

22

76

142

17

0

4

20

61

5

569

F<'bruarv

317

120

17

611

366

21

8

6

36

177

6

1452

March

ti4.'>

145

4S

1S4

201

13

11

5

28

110

8

1236

Ai)ril

310
402
307
321

(il
173
122

02

5S
47
42

130
160

OS
()0

156
266
415
240

(
21
50
44

N
11
10

0

3
4

33

54
13
00

S(i ' 1 1
02 i 13
103 I 6

77 1 13

722

Mav

1 069

1043

Jnlv

779

AUKiist

2.SN

SO

67

115

171

26

10

,-,

41

71 8

753

September

33fi

135

45

07

121

44

0

4

14

S5 4

778

October

202

1S3

57

83

116

IS

s

3

20

01 7

749

Novernl)er

401

33K

70

12K

200

37

10

2

3

118 1.5

1183

Deeeiiihcr

24f>

145

14

02

141

53

8

3

12

87 4

691

Totals

41 20

1621

54S

1S34

2535

360

111

48

364

06 S

11,024

[100]

List of Accessions.

DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY.

Gifts.

9066 Phallic female stoue. Molokai. Given by Mr. Bruce Cart-
wright, Jr.

9067, 9068 Two Auniakua. Hawaii. Given by Mr. F. A. Hae-
nisch .

9069 Ipu aiua. Hawaii. Id.

9070 Feather cape fragment. Hawaii. Id.

9071 Wooden funnel. Hawaii. Id.

9100-03 Fishing .stones. Molokai. Given by Mr. James Munro.

9104-06 Ulumaika. Molokai. Id.

9107-10 Adzes. Molokai. Id.

9111-12 Skulls. Molokai. Id.

9114-20,9161,9162 Pol pounders. Hawaii. Given by Mr. C. V.

E. Dove.
9641-46 Ulumaika. Hawaii. Id.

9647 Ulumaika, or bath rubber. Hawaii. Id.

9648 Ulumaika, or polishing stone. Hawaii. Id.

9649 Polishing stone. Hawaii. Id.

9650 Sinker. Hawaii. Id.

9651 Adze, broken. Hawaii. Id.

9652 Poi pounder. Molokai. Given by ]Mr. Levi Mahiai.

9653 "Fe", .stone money. Yap, Caroline Ids. Given by Hon. H.
Nanpei.

Purchased.

8719 Small kuula. Hawaiian Ids.

9072 Wooden figure, Hawaii.

9073 Ipu aina. Haw^aii.

9074 Hair helmet. Hawaii.

9075 Fragment of pottery. Hawaii.

9076 Thirty boars' tusks. Hawaii.

[lOl] (II)

FIG. I. STONE "FE" from YAP (XO. 9653).

List of Accessioyis. 13

9163 Wooden needle. Hawaii.

9164 Olona scraper. Hawaii.
9165-70 Adzes. Hawaii.

91 7 1 Polishing stone. Hawaii.
9172-76 Ulumaika. Hawaii.
9^77. 91 7S Sinkers. Hawaii.

9179 Ivory button. Hawaii.

9180 Pohaku eho. Hawaii.
9181, 9182 Sling stones. Hawaii.

9183 Stone lamp. Hawaii.

9184 D}^ cup. Hawaii.

9185 Hawaiian pillow. Hawaiian Ids.

9186 Lei palaoa. Hawaiian Ids.

9187 Olona cord and fibre. Hawaiian Ids.
9188-90 Fish hooks. Hawaiian Ids.

9 19 1 Spear. Oahu.

Collected.
91 13 Skull. Molokai. By Mr. W. A. Bryan.

DEPARTMENT OF ORNITHOLOGY.

Gift.

4711 Nest of Chlorodrepanis virens (Gmel.). Hawaii. Given by
Mr. G. P. Wilder.

Collected by Mr. W. A. Bryan.

4541, 4542 Gallinula sandvicensis Street.s. Oahu.

4543-49 Fulica alai Peale. Oahu.

4550~52 Gallinula sandvicensis Streets. Oahu.

4553 Actodromas acuminata (Horsf.). Molokai.

4554 Gallinago delicata (Horsf.). Molokai.
4555~66 Himatione sanguinea (Gmel. ). Molokai.
4567-80 Chlorodrepanis kalaana (Wilson). Molokai.
4581-4604 Oreomystis flammea (Wilson). Molokai.
4605-1S Psittirostra psittacea (Gmel. ). Molokai.
4619-26 Vestiaria coccinea Forster. Molokai.
4627-43 Phaeornis rutha Bryan. Molokai.

4644 Carpodacus m. obscurus McCall. Molokai.

[103I

14 Director's Annual Report.

4645-47 Hiinatione sauguinea (Gmel.). Molokai.
4648 Phseoruis rutha Bryan. Molokai.
4649, 4650 Vestiaria coccinea Forster. Molokai.
4651-53 Chlorodrepatiis kalaana (Wilson). Molokai.
4654-57 Oreomystis flamniea (Wilson). Molokai.
4658-61 Asio accipitrinus sandvicensis (Blox. ). Molokai.
4662-81 ^strelata phaeopygia Salvida. Molokai.
4682-89 Himatione sanguinea (Gniel.). Molokai. Nest.
4690-95 Oreomystis flanimea ( Wilson ) . Molokai. Nest.
4696-98 Chlorodrepauis kalaana (Wilson). Molokai. Nest.
4699-4701 Vestiaria coccinea Forster. Molokai. Nest.
4702-08 Nests, unknown. Molokai.

4709 Carpodacus m. obscunis McCall. Molokai. Nest.

4710 Phseornis rutha Bryan. Molokai.

471 1 Chlorodrepauis virens (Crmel.). Molokai.
4712-14 Drepanorhamphus funereus (Newton). Molokai.

DEPARTMENT OF CONCHOLOGY.

Collected by Dr. C. M. Cooke, Jr., and Acquired by Gift.

925 Lot of Puhnouata, comprising 10,000 to 15,000 specimens,
from the whole group, excepting Kahoolawe.

Gifts from the following gentlemen have been acknowledged:
Messrs. I). Thaanum, D. D. Baldwin, A. F. Judd, R. A. Cooke,
W. F. Frear, A. F. Kuudsen, C. Davis, H. Hitchcock, J. F. G.
Stokes, H. M. von Holt, H. Podmore and Fraser.

DEPARTMENTS OF MODELING AND ICHTHYOLOGY.

Fighty casts of fish and twenty-four casts of fruits have been
made, while the bodies of the fish cast have been preserved. A list
of the entire collection of casts is given below.

MARINE ZOOLOGY.

A collection of deep sea corals received from the U.S. National
Museum in exchange.

[104]

List of Accessions. 15

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Accessions denoted by an asterisk were acquired b}- exchange.

*Americau Philosophical Society. — Transactions, vol. xxi, pt. 4.

— Proceedings, vol. xlv., nos. 1S4, 1S5. — The F"ranklin Bicen-
tennial Celebration, 1906.
Anatomy and Physiology, Journal of. — Vol. xli.
Anson, George. — A Voyage Rotmd the World in the years 1740-44.

London, 1749.
*Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. — Journal,

vol. xxxvi.
Anthropological vSociety of London. — Memoirs, vols, i-iii, 1863-69.
Anthropologic, L'. — \o\. xvii, 5, 6.
*Anthropologie de Paris, Revue de I'Ecole d'. — vSeizieme annee,

10-12. Septieme annee, 1-2.
*Anthropologie de Paris, Societe d'. — Tome xvii, fasc. 2-6 ; tome

xviii, fasc. i.
*Archiv ftir Ethnographic. — Band xvi. Leiden, 1904.
*Archivio por I'Anthropologia. — \'ol. xxxvii, pt. 2.
*Asiatic Society of Bengal. — Memoirs, vol, i, pts. 10-19, and vSup-

plement. — Journal and Proceedings, vol. ii, nos. 4-9. — Index

to vol. i.
*Australian Museum. — Nests and Eggs of Birds found breeding in

Australia and Tasmania, by A. J. North, vol. ii, pt. 2. — Scien-
tific Results of H. M. C. S. Thetis, pt. 10.— Records, vol. vi,

pts. 4, 5. — Report for 1906.
Beale, Thomas. — The Natural Hi.story of the Sperm Whale, 1839.
Blair and Robertson. — The Philippine Islands, vols, xlv-li. Given

by Hon. Chas. R. Bishop.
*Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry ( Hawaiian).

vSecond Report. — Bull. 2, Division of Entomology.
*Boston Public Library. — Annual List of New and Important

Books, 1905-6. — Fifty-fifth Annual Report, 1906-7.
*Boston Society of Natural History. — Proceedings, vol. xxxiii,

pts. 5-9.
Bourge, Georges. — Les Nouvelles Hebrides, 1606 a 1906. Paris,

1906.
Brand-stetter, Prof. Dr. J. R. — Ein Prodromus zu einem vergleich-

ender Worterbuch der Malaio-polynesischen Sprachen.

Liizern, 1906. [105]

i6 Director s A^imial Report.

British Museum. — Catalogue of Madreporariau Corals, vols, v, vi.

*Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. — Science Bulletin, vol. i.,
pts. 4-10.

Burkett, Chas. W. — Cotton, Its Cultivation, Marketing, Manufac-
ture, and the Problems of the Cotton World. London, 1906.

*Canterbury (N. Z.) Museum Records, vol. i, pt. i.

Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. — First
Annual Report, 1906.

*Carnegie Institution of Washington. — Year Book, 1906. — Publi-
cations, 47, 48, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59 (pt. I), 60-72, 76-79, 81,
84, 85, 91.

*Carnegie Museum. — Memoirs, vol. ii, pt. 10; vol. iii, pt. i. — An-
nals, vol. iv, pts. 1-2. — Annual Report, 1907.

Census of the Hawaiian Islands, December, 1884. Given by Dr.
Wm. T. Brigham.

Cheeseman, Thomas F. — Catalogue of the Plants of New Zealand.
Wellington, 1906.

Chili, Ministerio de Industria. — La Caza de la Balleua en la Isla
Santa Maria. — El Karri o Eucalyptus diversicolor ila replan-
tacion de los Cerros aridos del Paes. — I Como defendernos
contra los Creces de los Rios ? — La Reproducion Forestale.
Los Servicios de Aguas i Bosques. — V-A Cultivo del Olivo en
Cerros secos.

*Cincinnati Museum Association. — Twenty-sixth Annual Report,
1907.

*Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. — Transactions, vol.
xii, vol. xiii, pp. 1-297.

Department of Commerce and Labor. — Report, 1907. — Documents,
621-623. — vStatistics of Fisheries New P^ngland States.

Dittmar, Wilhelm. — Te Tohunga. — Alte Sagen aus Maoriland.

Dresden. — Bericht iil)er die \'erwaltung und Vermehrung der
Koniglichen vSammluugen fiir Kunst und Wissenschaft.
1904-05.

Erskine, J. Elphinstone. — Journal of a Cruise among the Islands
of the Western Pacific. London, 1853.

Expedition to Torres vStrait. — Vol. ii, pts. 1,2; vol. v.

*Field Museum. — Publications: Botanical, vol. ii, 4, 5 ; Geologi-
cal, vol. iii, 4, 5; Zoological, vol. vi, vii (1-4), vol. viii. —

Report series, vol. iii, i.

[106]

List of Accessions. 17

Fiji. — Official Handbook. 1S92.

Froggatt, \V. \V. — Australian Insects. Sydnej', 1907.

*Geelong Naturalist. — Vol. iii, 1-3.

Geographical Journal. — Vols, xxv-xxviii.

Haack, Dr. Hermann. — Geographen Kalendar, 1907.

Hagen, Dr. B. — Types of Heads and Faces of the East-Asiatic and
of Melanesian people.

*Harvard University Library. — Ninth Report, 1906.

*Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. — Bulletins, 14-15.
— Press Bulletins, 19-20.

Hawaiian Entomological Society. — Proceedings, i, 1-4.

Hawaiian Forester. — Current numbers.

•Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association. — Report and Vear Book,
1906. — Division of Agriculture and Chemistr}- : Bulletin 20,
Circulars 2-5. — Division of Entomology: Bulletins, 3-5, Cir-
culars 2-8. — Division of Pathology and Physiolog}' : Bulle-
tins 4-5, Circulars 5-6.

Hawaiian Tariff. Given by Dr. \Vm. T. Brigham.

Ibis, The. — Eighth Series, vol. v. 1905.

Icones Bogorienses. — III, 2.

*Indian Museum. — Annual Report, 1905-06. — An Account of the
Alcyonarians collected by the Investigator in the Pacific Ocean.

*Instituto Geologico de Mexico. — Boletin 22, 24.

*Italiana d' Antropologia, vSocieta. — Archivios, vol. xxxvii, i.

Jacobson; Edw. and Hasselt, J. H. van. — Die \'erferlegung de
Gong in Semarang.

Jonghe, M. Edouard de. — Le Calendrier Mexicain. Paris, 1906.
Presente par M. le Due de Loubat.

*Johns Hopkins University. — Circular No. 3. — Report of the Presi-
dent, 1906.

Kirkaldy, G. \V. — Leaf Hoppers. Supplement.

*K. K. NTaturhistorische Hofmuseum, Wien. — Annalen, Band xx,
4 : xxi, 1 , 2.

*K6nigliche Zoologische und Anthropologische-Ethnologische
Museum, Dresden. — Band xi, 5.

*Kongl. Vitterhets Historic och Antiq. Akadem., Stockholm.
1903-05. New Series, 1906.

Kotzebue, Otto von. — Voyage of Discovery in the South Sea and
to Behring's Straits in search of a North-east Passage. Lon-
don, 1821. [107]

Occasional Papers B. P. B. M., Vol. IV, No. 2. — 2.

1 8 Di)rctors Animal Report.

Kraslieiiinicoff, E. — Historic cle Kamtschatka, 2 vols.

Maldive and Laccadive Islands, Fauna and Geograph}- of. — Vol.
ii, Supplement 2.

*Manila. — Journal of Science, vol. i, 9, 10; vol. ii, A, 1,2; B, 1-3;
C, 1-3. — Fourth Annual Report of the Superintendent of Gov-
ernment Laboratories. — Fifth ditto, 1906. — Leaflets on Philip-
pine Botany, 1-9.

Manson, Sir Patsoc. — Lectures on Tropical diseases. London,

1905-
*Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. — Journal,

vol. vii, 5; viii, i .
Martini und Chemnitz. — Conchylien Cabinet, 518, 519.
Massachusetts Horticultural vSociety Transactions, 1906, 1907.

Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham.
Mayer, Henri. — Le Monde Polynesien.

Microscopical Science, Quarterly Journal of.— \'ol. 1-li, pt. 3. ■
Minerva, i907-o<S.

*Missouri Botanical Garden. — Eighteenth Annual Report, 1907.
Morehead, W. K. — The Field Diar\' of an Archaeological Collec-
tor. Andover, 1902.
Morgan, Lewis H. — Ancient Society. New York, 1878.
*Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires. — Anales, serie iii, tomo vi-viii.
*Museo Nacional de Rio de Janeiro. — Archivios, vols, xi-xii.
*Museum of Comparative Zoology. — Annual Report of the Curator

of the Museum, 1905-06, 1906-07. — Bulletin, xliii, 5 ; 1,8, 9;

Ii, 1-6. — Memoirs, xxxv, 2.
*Museum of Fine i\rts, Boston.— Annual Report, 1906. — Bulletins.
Mviseums and Lecture Rooms S3'ndicate, Cambridge, England.

— Annual Report, 1906.
Narrative of F'ive Youth from the Sandwich Islands. 18 16.
*Natal Government Museum. — Annals, vol. i, 2. — Second Annual

Report, 1906.
Nature. — Current numbers.
*New South Wales. — Department of F'isheries : Report, 1905;

Fishes of Australia, vSydney, 1906. — Department of Mines:

Annual Report, 1906; Geological Survey, vol. vii, i)t. 3.
*New York Botanical Garden. — Vol. v, 16-17.
*New Zealand Institute. — Proceedings, vol. xx.kIx.
Novitates Zoologicce. — Vol. xii, 4; xiv, i.

[loS]

List of Accessions. 19

*Oahu College. — Catalogue, 1906-07. — vSixty-fifth Animal Report,

1906-07.
*Oberliu College. — Laboratory Bulletin, 13; Wilson Bulletin,

xiii, 4 ; xiv, i .
Ornithologie, Journal fiir. — 1907.
*Peabody Museum of American Archgeology. — Fortieth Annual

Report, 1906-07. — Papers, iv, 2.
Petermann's Mittheilungen. — Vol. Hi, 12 ; liii.
Piette, Edouarde. — Deplacement des Glaces Polaires. — Fibules

Pleistocenes. — Le Chevetre et la Semi-domestication des Ani-

maux au temps pleistocenes. — In Memoriam.
*Polynesian Society Journal. — \o\. xv, 3-4; xvi, 1-3.
^Queensland Museum. — Annals 7. Brisbane.

*Rijks Ethnol. Museum, Leiden. — \'erslag, Oct., 1906; Sept., 1906.
Rogge, H. C. — In Memoriam. Antwerp, 1906.
*Ro3-al Irish Academy. — Section B, 6-8, 10; Section C, 10, 13, 16.

* Royal Society Edinburgh. — Proceedings, vol. xxvi, 1-5.

* Royal Society Queensland. — Proceedings, vol. xx.

*Royal Society South Australia. — Transactions and Proceedings,
vol. XXX. — Index, i-xxiv.

*Royal Society Mctoria. — Proceedings, vol. xix, pt. 2 ; xx, pt. i.

Russier Henri. — Le Partage de POceanie.

Science. — Current numbers. Given by W. T. Brigham.

Simmer, Hans. — Der active \'ulcanismus auf dem Africanischen
festlande uud dem Africanischen Inseln. Miinchen, 1906.

*Smithsonian Institution. — Annual Reports, 1905, 1906. — U. S.
National Museum Proceedings, vols, xxxi, xxxii. — Bulletins
50, 53, pt. 2, 56-58, 60. — Contributions National Herbarium
vol. X, pts. 3-5. — Bureau of American Ethnolog\-: Annual
Reports, 1881-82, 1883-84, 1884-85, 1902-03, 1903-04. — Bul-
letin 30, pt. I .

*Societe Royale des Antiquaires du Nord. Copenhague. — Mem-
oires, 1905-06.

*South African Museum. — Annals, vol. iv, pt. 7; v, pt. i.

*Stadische Museum fiir \'olkerkunde. Leipzig. Heft i.

Steindachner, F. — Uber einige Fischarten aus dem Russe, etc.

Stejneger, Leonard. — Herpetology of Japan and Adjacent Territory.

Stephan, Dr. Emil, and Graebner, Dr. Fritz. — Neu-Mecklinberg.

vStudent. — Current numbers.

[109]

20 Director s Annual Report.

Tier Reich, Dr. Bronne. — Pts. 90-94.

Tryon and Pilsbry. — Conchology, 73-75.

*Ungarischen National Museum. — Auzeiger des Ethnograph-
ischen Abteilung des III Jahrgang. Heft 2.

*United States Agricultural Dept. — Year Book, 1906, 1907. — Bu-
reau of Plant Industry: Bulletin 17.

*United States Fish Commission : Reports, 1902-04. — Bulletins,
1 90 1 -04 .

*United States Geological Survey. — -Twenty-seventh Annual Re-
port.— Bulletin 302. — Series F, Geography, 53.

*Universiteit van Amsterdam. — Aamwansten op het gebied der
Wis-en Natuur-kundige Wetenschappen.

* University of California. — Zoology, vol. iii, nos. 5-14; iv, 1-2.
Physiology, iii, 8-10. — American Archaeology and Ethnology,
ii. 5; iii, 3-4; iv, 5-6; v, 1-2; vii, i. — Chronicle, ix, 1-2
and Supplement. — Botany, ii, 3-16.

*University of Kansas. — Science Bulletins, vol. iv, 1-6.

*University of Pennsylvania. — Catalogue, 1905-06, 1906-07. — Pro-
vost's Report, 1906. — Proceedings, 1907.

Vaughn, T. Wayland. — Recent Madreporaria of the Hawaiian
Islands.

Vavra, W. — Ostracoden von Sumatra, Java, Siam, den vSandwich
Inseln und Japan. Jena, 1906.

Vervaeck, Dr. L. — Le Tatouage en Belgique. 1907.

Victoria Institute. — Journal of Transactions, vol. xxxii, 1898-99.
Given by W. T. Brigham.

Wolf, T. — Beitrage zur Anthropologic des Orbita. Zurich, 1906.

Wright, Sir A. E. — Principles of Microscop}^ being a Handbook
to the Microscope. London, 1906.

Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologic. — Vol. xxxviii, heft. 6; xxxix, 1-5.

Zuccarelli, Angelo. — Gli Uomini Primitivi.

LIST OF EXCHANGES.

Academy of Natural .Sciences of Philadelphia.
American Museum of Natural History. New York.
American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia.
Amherst College Library. Amherst, Mass.
Anthropologischer Gesellschaft. Berlin.
A nth ropologi seller Gesellschaft in Wien.
Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta, India.

[no]

List of Exchanges. 21

Auckland Institute. Auckland. N. Z.

Australian Museum. Sydney.

Boston Public Libran'.

Boston Society of Natural Histon.-.

Brooklyn Institute of Fine Arts and Sciences, ZMuscum of the.

California Academ}- of Sciences. San Francisco.

Canterbun,- Museum. Christclitirch, N. Z.

Carnegie Institution. Washington, D. C.

Carnegie Museum. Pittsburg, Penn.

Columbia University Liljrary. New York.

Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. New Haven.

Dartmouth College. Hanover, New Hampshire.

Ecole d'Anthropologie de Paris.

Field Musetim. Chicago.

Free Museum of Science and Art. Philadelphia.

Geological Survey of New South Wales. Sydney.

Gordon Technical College. Geelong, Australia.

Han-ard UniA^ersity Library'. Cambridge, INIass.

Hawaiian Evangelical Association. Honolulu.

Hawaiian Historical Society. Honoliilu.

Hilo Public Library. Hawaii.

Honolulu Library- Association. Honolulu.

Indian Museum. Calcutta, India.

Jardin Botauiqiie de Buitenzorg. Java.

Johns Hopkins University. Baltimore.

K. K. Naturhistorische Hofmuseum. Wien.

Kongl. Vitterhets Historic och Antiqvitcts Akademien. Stockholm.

Konigliche Ethnographische Museum. Miinchen.

Konigliche Museum fiir Volkerkunde. Berlin.

Konigliche Zoologische und Anthropologisch- Ethnographische Museum.

Dresden.
Leland vStanford Junior I'niversity. California.
Librarj' of Congress. Washington.
Linnean Society of London.

Linnean vSociet}- of New South Wales. Sj-dne}-.
Madras Government INIuscum. Madras. India.

Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Plymouth.
Marj'land Geological Survey. Baltimore.
Mexico Instituto Geologico.
Missouri Botanical Garden. St. Louis.
IMuseo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genoa.
Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires.
Museu Goeldi. Para, Brazil.
Museu Paulista. Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Museum of Comparative Zoology. Cambridge, Mass.
Museum of Fine Arts. Boston.

[Ill]

22 Director' s Annual Report.

Museum fiir Natur-, Volkt-r- und Handelskunde. Bremen.

Museviin National Hongrois. Budapest.

New South Wales Department of F'islieries.

New Zealand Institute. Wellinjiton.

Oahu College. Honolulu.

Peabody Academy of Science. .Salem, Mass.

Peabodj' Museum. Cambridge, Mass.

Philadelphia Commercial Museums.

Philippine Islands, Bureau of Science.

Philippine Islands, Ethnological Survey.

Polynesian Society. Wellington, N. Z.

Public Mu.seum. Wanganui, N. Z.

Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona.

Reale Accademia dei Lincei. Roma.

Rijks Ethnographische Museiim. Leiden.

's Rijks Museum van Naturvlijke Historie. Leiden.

Royal Anthropological Institute. London.

Roj-al Geographical Society. London.

Royal Irish Academy, Dublin.

Roj'al Society of Edinburgh.

Royal Society of New .South Wales. Sydney.

Royal Society of Queensland. Brisbane.

Royal .Society of South Australia. Adelaide.

Royal Society of Victoria. Melbourne.

Smithsonian Institution. W^ashington.

" " Bureau of American P^thnology. Washington.

" " U. S. National Museum. Washington.

Societa Italiana di Antropologia e Etnologia. Eirenze.
Societe d'Anthropologie. Paris.

Societe Royale des Antiquaires du Nord. Copenhague.
.Societe Royale ^lalacologique de Belgique. Bruxelles.
.South African Museum. Capetown.
South Australian Museum. Adelaide.
Stadischen Museum fiir Volkerkunde zu Leipzig.
Tufts College. Mass.
Universiteit van Amsterdam.
University of California. Berkeley, Cal.
University of Kansas. Lawrence, Kansas.
University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia.
U. S. Experiment Station. Honolulu.
U. S. Geological Survey. Washington, D. C.
Wagner Free Institute of Science. Philadelphia.
Yale University Library. New Haven.

[II2]

A List of Casts of Hawaiian Fishes

Made by John AV. Thompson oF the INIuseum vStaFF.

In all cases where possible the original of the cast has been
preserved. A number of casts of fish not yet determined with
certainty should be added to this list in summing up the number.
The figures after the names represent in inches the length of the
cast from snout to tip of tail, and the fish are from Honolulu unless
otherwise noted.

Sphyrna zygaeua (Linn.). Hammer-headed shark. Mano kihi-

kihi. 33.5.
Casts of two young sharks, species not determined. 23, 35.
Stoasodon narinari (Euphrasen). Spotted Sting-ray. Hihimanu.

Body only. 20.5.
Albula vulpes ( Linn.). Bonefish. Oio. 24.
Chanos chanos ( Forskal). Milkfish. Puawa. 28.5.
Trachinocephalus myops (Forster) . Welea. 10.
Saurida gracilis ( Quoy & Gaim.). Ulae. 10.5.
Synodus varius Lacepede. Ulae. 12.
Congrellus (sp. ). Conger Eel. Puhi. 62.
Microdonophis fowleri Jordan & Evermann. 26.
Gymnothorax laysanus (Steindachner ) .
Echidna zebra (Shaw). Puhi. 45.
Sphagebranchus flavicaudus Snyder. 16.
Eleven undetermined species, mainly Gymnothorax.
Aulostomus valentini ( Bleeker ) , three distinct colors. Nunu.

28.5, 22.7, 14.7.
Tylosurus giganteus (Schlegel). Ahaaha. 32.
Athlennes hians (Cuv. & Val.), (2). 41, 44.5.
Euleptorhamphus longirostris (Cuvier). Iheihe. 18.7.

[113] (23)

24 Director' s Animal Report.

P^xocoetus volitaiis Linn.; also young. Flying-fish. Malolo.

12.7, 6.7.
Mugil cephalus Linn. Mullet. Amaania. 20.
Sphyrcena snodgrassi Jenkiu.s. 32.7.

" helleri Jenkins. Kawalea. 17.

Polydactylus sexfilis (Cuv. & Val.) . Moi. 20.
Holotrachys lima (Cuv. & Val.). 5.

Ostichthys pillwaxii (Steindachner), (3). 10, 10.4, 10.5.
Myripristis cliryseres Jordan tS: Kvermann. Pauu. 8.5.
Flanimeo saniniara (Forskal). 8.7.

scythrops Jordan & Hverniann. 8.5.
Holocentrus spinifer (Forskal). 18.5.

" ensifer Jordan & F^verniann. 12.7.

Xiphias gladius Linn, (cast of head only). A'u.
Scomber japonicus Houttuyn.
Auxis thazard (Lacepede). Frigate Mackerel.
Gymnosarda pelamis (Linn.).

" alletterata (Rafinesque). Bonito. Kawakawa. 16.

Gernio germo Lacepede. Albacore. Ahi. 56.
Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco (2). Walu. 44.
Promethichthys prometheus (Cuv. & Val.). 13.4.
Lemuisoma thyrsitoides Lesson. Hauliuli puhi. 37.7.
Scomberoides tolooparah ( Riippell ). Lae. 24.
Seriola (sp. ). 28.

Decapterus pinnulatus (Eydoux & Souleyet). Opelu. 18.
Carangus ignobilis (Forskal). Pauu'u. 36.5.

" elacate Jordan cs: Evermann (2). 32.

melampygus (Cuv. <;t Val.). Oniilu. 15.

" rhalxlotus Jenkins,

helvolus ( Forster ) .
Caranx speciosus (Forskal). Paopao. 21.
Carangoides ferdau (Forskal).

" gymnostethoides Bleeker. 19.

Alectis ciliaris ( Bloch). Ulna kihikihi. 4.5.
Colly bus drachme Snyder. 7.7.

Coryphiena hippurus Linn. Dolphin. Mahihi. 61.
Kuhlia (sp. ).
Amia maculifera (Garrett). ^.7

[■14]

A List of Casts of Hazcaiian Fishes. 25

Amia meuesema (Jenkins). 5.4.

Epinephelus quernvis Seale (2). 11, 5.4.

Odontanthias fuscipinnis (Jenkins). 8.

Priacanthus alalaua Jordan & Evermann. Alalaua. 7.4.

" cruentatus Lacepede. 16.5

" nieeki Jenkins (2). 13.7, 19.2.

Rooseveltia brighami ( Seale). Ukikiki. 16.5.
Aphareus flavivultus Jenkins (2). 19.5.
Aprion virescens Cuv. & Val. Uku.
Etelis marshi (Jenkins), (2). Ulaula. 21.5, 15.
evurus Jordan & Evermann (2). 38, 38.5.
Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskal). Manianui. 9.
Mulloides auriflamma (Forskal). Weke ula. 14.
Pseudupeneus chryserydros ( Lacepede). Moano kea. 10.
nmltifasciatus (Quoy & Gaim.). Moano. 8.
'.' chrysonemus Jordan & Evermann. 7.2.

" porphyreus Jenkins. Kumu. i5.7-

Upeueus arge Jordan & Evermann. Weke. 15.5.
Dascyllus albisella Gill (2). 3.7, 4.
Chromis ovalis (Steindachner). 7.2.
Pomacentrus jenkinsi Jordan & Evermann. 3.5.
Abudefduf abdominalis (Quoy & Gaim.). Maomao. 7.7.

sordidus (Forskal), (2). Ku pipi. 5.
Malacanthus parvipinnis Vaillant & Sauvage. Maka'a. 11.
Eepidaplois albotseniatiis (Cuv. & Val.). A'awa. 5.2.

" strophodes Jordan & Evermann. 4.5.

Verreo oxycephalus (Bleeker). 25.5.

Halichoeres ornatissimus (Garrett). Ohua paawela. 5.2.
Gomphosus varius Lacepede. Aki lolo. 5.

" sandwichensis Giinther. Hinalea iiwi. 6.5.

" tricolor Quoy & Gaim. Hinalea iiwi. 9.

Anampses evermanni Jenkins. Opule lauli. 11.5.
Thalassoma purpureum (Forskal). 14.7.

" fuscum (Lacepede. Awela. 10.5.

" duperrey (Quoy & Gaim.). 9.

" aneitense (Giinther). 5.5.

Julis pulclierrima (Giinther). Hinalea lolo. 8.7.

[115]

A List of Casts of Hazvaiian Fishes. 27

Julis lepomis (Jenkins) . 17.2.

" eydouxii Cuv. & Val. 14.2.
Coris ballieui Vaillant & Sauvage. 9.2.
venusta Vaillant & vSaiivage. 6.2.
Cheilio inermis (Forskal), (4). Kupoupou. 7, 11. 5, 14, 16.
Pseudocheilinus octotaenia Jenkins. Aleihi lakea. 18.7.
Cheilinus hexagonatusGiinther (2). Poou. 12.5,18.2. SeeFig.i.
Novaculichthys woodi Jenkins. 5.7.

" taeniourus (Lacepede). 10.5.

" kallosoma (Bleeker). 4.

Cymolutes lecluse (Quoy & Gaim. ). 6.7.
Iniistius pavoninus (Cuv. & Val.). 4.7.

niger (Steindachner). 5.7.
Xyrichthys niveilatus Jordan & Evermann. 10.5.
Calotomus irradians Jenkins. 19.5.
Three undetermined species.
Scaridea zonarcha Jenkins (2). 9.2, 11. 7.

Callyodon perspicillatus (Steindachner). Uhu uli uli. 18.7.
" jenkinsi (Jordan & Evermann). 14.

" lauia (Jordan & Evermann). Lauia. 9.7.

Two undetermined species.
Forcipiger longirostris ( Broussonet) . 7.
Chsetodon setifer Bloch. 6.7.

lunula (Lacepede), (2). Kikakapu. 2.7, 5.7.
unimaculatus Bloch (2). Kikakapu. 4, 3.5.
punctatofasciatus Cuv. & Val. 3.6.
miliaris Quoy & Gaim. 5.2.
trifasciatus Mungo Park. 5.
ornatissimus vSolander. 4.7.
quadrimaculatus Gray (2). 5.4, 5.
fremblii Bennett. 5.5.
ephippium (Cuv. & Val.). 6.
Microcanthus strigatus (Cuv. & Val.). 5.
Heniochus acuminatus (Einn.). 6.2.
Holocanthus arcuatus Gray. 7.
Zanclus canescens (Linn.). Kihikihi. 6.2.
ruthiae Bryan. 2.7.

[117I

A List of Casts of Haicaiian Fishes. 29

Hepatus achilles (Shaw). Pa kui kui. 7.
dussumieri (Cuv. & \'al.). 17.
xanthopterus (Cuv. & \'al.). Walu. 23.
guttatus ( Bloch & vSchneider). 10.5.
atramentatus (Jordan & Evermann). Maiko. 7.
sand vicensis (Streets). 8.
Zebrasoma veliferum (Bloch). 7.

" flavesceus ( Bennett ). Laipala. 2.3.

Acanthurus unicornis (Forskal), (2). Kala. 25, 8.

brevirostris (Cuv. & Val.), 28.5 to tip of horn, and
young. 8.5, 30.5.
Callicanthus lituratus (Forster). 13.
Balistes nycteris (Jordan & Evermann). 5.7.

vidua Solander (2). Humuhumu uli. 4.5, 10.4.
" bursa Lacepede. Humuhumu lei. 7.5.
Balistapus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider). 8.4.

" aculeatus ( Linn. ) , (2). 4.6, 10.7..

Canthidermis maculatus Bleeker. 11.5. See Fig. i.
Melichthys radula (Solander). Humuhumu eleele. 11.
Cantherines sandwichiensis ( Quoy & Gaim.). 12.
Stephanolepis spilosomus (Lay & Bennett), (2). Oili uwiwi.

2.5, 5-6.
Osbeckia scripta (Osbeck). 25.2.
Tetraodou hispidus Linn. (3). Keke. 4, 10.5, 13.
Two species undetermined.
Canthigaster cinctus (Solander). 4.
Ranzania makua Jenkins. Makua. 23.
Ostracion sebae Bleeker. Moa. 5.4.
Lactoria schlemmeri Jordan & Snyder. 11.5.
Cheilodactylus vittatus Garret (2 ). Kikakapu. 9.5,12.5.
Paracirrhites forsteri (Bloch & vSchneider). Piliko'a. 7.

arcatus, (Cuv. & Val.). Piliko'a. 4.7.
Cirrhitus marmoratus ( Lacepede ) . Oopukai. 10.
Sebastapistes corallicola Jenkins. 4.5.
One undetermined species. 3.
Pterois sphex Jordan & Evermann. 6.
Scorpaenopsis cacopsis Jenkins. 14

gibbosa (Bloch & Schneider). Omakaha. 17.5.
[119I

30 Director's Annual Report.

Iracundus signifer Jordan & Evermami. 4.2.

Peristedion eugyceros (Giinther). 11.5. Lahaina.

Cephalacanthus orieutalis (Cuv. & Val.)- Lolo-oau. 10.5.

Osurus schauinslaudii ( Steindacliuer). 4.6.

Eleotris sandwiceusis Vail. & Sauv.). Oopu. 4.6.

Brotula margiualis Jenkins. 1 1 .

Platophrys pantherinus (Riippel). 7.

One species not determined. 4.6.

Antennarius leprosus (Eydoux & vSouleyet). 4.2.

Two hundred and fifty-three casts in all.

[120]

Stone Sculpturings in Relief Ironi the
Hawaiian Islands.

Bv JoHx F. G. Stokes.

A STONE bearing a remarkable pair of petroglyphs was, a
few years ago, ploughed up at a place called Puu o Ma'o on the
cliff forming the eastern side of Moanalua valley, near Honolulu,
and after being taken to the house of the owner, Hon. S. M. Damon,
was photographed with that gentleman's kind permission.

The .stone is an irregularly shaped piece of rather finely cellu-
lar basalt, measuring 31 inches long, 21 wide and 17.5 thick, the
face of which has been carefully worn down by hammering with a
stone or dull metal instrument, leaving the representations of two
human figures in relief (fig. i , /' and a) the outer surface of which
formed part of the original surface of the stone. The workman-
ship in the two figures differs in regard to care of execution, which
is probably due to the fact that fig. i, a, was nearer completion, and,
being in higher relief than the other, this would allow greater scope
to the dull tools applied. The area enclosed by the bodies, arms
and thighs of both figures and the arm and chin of fig. i, a, is higher
than the surrounding plane. The sculptured surface might thus
be likened to a zincotype well routed out. This would seem to be
due to the deficiencies of the tools used.

The height of relief of fig. i, a, varies somewhat, being at finger
tip I.I inches, between chin and hand .8, chin 1.4, back 1.8, but-
tocks 2, foot .1 to .3, knee 1.3, between knee and elbow .6, belly .8.
The measurement from head to foot is 11.8 inches. In this figure
a piece has been recently broken out of the arm, leaving a scar
running from the finger to the elbow ; but it is still perfectly clear
that the hand had only three fingers. It is also evident that an
attempt was made to represent the junclure of the wrist and hand
by a narrow cross ridge. A comparison with the conventionalized
hands of the Maori carved figures might not be out of place. The
portion representing the face has been symmetrically chipped away
on both sides leaving a blunt ridge running from the forehead to

[121] (30

32 Director s Annual Report.

the upper lip without auy distiucftive mark to indicate the nose.
At the angle of the cheek a piece has been gouged out to repre-
sent the eye. The chin has not been worked down and stands
higher in relief than the upper lip. The mouth has been chipped
at an angle. The head is joined to the shoulder diredlly above
the armpit by a narrow flattened ridge, back of which is a shallow

FIG. I

groove. The portion from the parietal region to the middle of the
back has not been finished, as is apparent from the slope of the
stone and the rough pits remaining (figs, i and 2). The shoulder
is in higher relief than the head. The back as far as finished is
well rounded. The buttocks are curved well under the figure.
There was hardly enough material to carve the whole foot in relief,
but a very prominent heel was left. The length of the foot trace-
able is 2.3 inches. The knee is represented by a straight cut
I inch long. The edge of the belly was finished at a right angle,

[122]

Stone Sci(/ptiiriii^s in Relief from the Haicaiian Islands. 33

probably b}- rubbing. The surface of this figure is as smooth as
the rough lava would permit, and undoubtedly this effect has been
produced by the same process.

Figure i, b, measures 10.2 inches from crowu to toe ; the height
in relief at back is .8 inch, and at belly .5. Unfortunately the
outer part of the head has been recently broken off, but sufficient

FIG.

BACK VIEW OF a.

remains to show that there was no mouth. In contrast with fig. i , a,
this head was set firmly on the body. The chin is very angular.
The hand appears to have only two broad fingers, wide spread,
but probably it is unfinished. The foot is clearly shown in the
photograph and is 2.2 inches long. The edge of the belly was
squared and the other parts rounded. The carving was nowhere
carried under the figure as in a. The surface is rough, and has
probably not been rubbed. No doubt this figure is incomplete.

That the sculptures were made in these islands there can be
little doubt. Though the stone has not been chemically analyzed,

Oc. p. B. p. B. M., Vol. IV., No. 2—3. L ^ -^3 J

34 Director' s Aumial Report.

it is of a kind very common at Moanalua, forming a stratum four
or five feet thick in the cliff of that valley. It might be surmised
that the work was done with stone tools' from the pittings on the
unfinished portions. Even were a dull metal instrument employed,
it might be expected that the pittings would be deeper and that
there would be evidence of an occasional glancing blow. It might
be mentioned that the numerous imitations of stone idols seen in
these days show nothing of the care with which these figures have
been carved. The land where the stone was found was uninhabited
from the middle of last century until about 1891 (when Mr. Damon's
dairy was installed). There is one j^oint yet to be cleared up.
Mr. John Cullen, Mr. Damon's rancher, employed two men to pre-
pare the small piece of land for planting, and a number of stones
were dug up and used to fence the land, the stone in question,
for some reason unknown, being left in the field. These men
have since left the countr}-. After their departure, Mr. Cullen, a
staunch North Briton, seeing the stone in the field and wondering
why it had not been placed in the wall with the others, made
an examination and found the sculpturings. If ever the two
men are heard from, more ma>' be learned concerning the details
of the discovery.

Before accepting the petroglyphs as of Hawaiian conception,
it would be well to consider the carving in profile, the squatting
position and the detail of the limbs, which place these figures in a
class apart from the Hawaiian petroghphs so far discovered. The
native wooden images were carved with a close attention to detail.
The stone idols mostly consist of a crudel}' carved face at the end
of a stone, but on all the Hawaiian idols observed, the nose was
distinct. In fig. a there was sufficient space for the artist to carve
a nose in place of the low ridge by which he indicated the central
line of the face. In this respect fig. a calls to mind the figures on
the Marquesan bone carvings and wooden stilt rests. The Rev.
\Vm. Ellis gives an illustration- of a wooden idol with a longhead
and similar features, which was secured by Rev. John Williams
in Rarotonga. Edge-Partington and Heape^ figure another one,

'An illu.stration of shaping poi pounders by chipjMng with ])fbbles may
be seen in Mem. B. P. B. Mus., vol. i, p. 375, tig. 39.

"Polynesian Researches, London, 1830. \'ol. ii, frontis]:)iccc, up])er right
hand corner.

^Ethnogra])liical .\lbum, hrst series, ])latc 2^, tig. 6.

[124]

Stone Sculpturings in Relief from the Haivaiian Islands. 35

accredited to the same island, biit it is doubtful how much con-
sideration should be given these resemblances.

The carving in profile and position of the limbs of the petro-
glyphs seem to find close analogy to a figure carved on stone and
seen at Orongo, Easter Island, by Mr. W. J. Thompson.-' This
figure was perhaps another form of the god Meke-meke^ which
Mr. Thompson says was the most common figure carved at that part
of the island. However, an examination of the numerous tablets
illustrated in the plates accompanying Mr. Thomp.son's work will
show a character, with variations, closely resembling the former
figure, which, from the freqeucy of its occurrence, might be con-
sidered as a representation of a human form portrayed in various
acts. Among the Maori carvings, birds and lizards are found in
profile, but the conventionalized human figure is always presented
with full face, even when the body is seen in profile.

The squatting position of the figures is not uncommon in Poly-
nesia, as seen in these islands, remarked by the missionaries at
Tahiti,-' by Melville^ at Nukuhiwa, and by Rev. \Vm. Ellis'' at
Huaheiue.

The sculpturing in relief has already been observed on two
Hawaiian stone lamps, one of which was recently purchased by
this Museum with the Deverill collection (fig. 3), and the other,
with a similar figure on one side only, was seen by the writer in
1900 on board a small local steamer which was wrecked a few days
later. However, these figures have no other resemblance to those
at present under discussion. The Bishop :Museum is in possession
of two stone fish gods with carvings of fish in relief. One, from
the Deverill collection, represents a human head, with the face
very well made and the neck shaped like a fish tail, the whole
giving the suggestion of a round-bodied fish. At the back of the
head a smaller fi.sh two-thirds the length of the whole, has been
carved in relief. The length of the idol is 8.5 inches. The second
fish god is a thick stone roughly triangular in plan, with top and
bottom flat and sides perpendicular. The top has been worked

'Te Pito te Heiiua, by Paymaster William J. Thompson, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Report for 1889, p. 481, fig. 7.
'Ibid, fig. 8.

^Missionary Voyage of the Duff, London, 1799, p. 77.
"Typee, New York, 1876, pp. 74 and 257.

^Polynesian Researches, London, 1830, vol. ii, pp. 209 and 210.

[125J

36 Director's Aininal Report.

down at the edges for about an inch, leaving the shape of a deep
flat-bodied fish, nine inches long. The material in both these
specimens is a very hard compact lava.

Returning to the first subject. It is evident that the work
was done here from the fact that it is unfinished, apart from the
improbability of such a heavy .stone being transported in canoes.
The stone is comparatively soft and would not weather well,
though being buried in a comparativel}- dr}- soil, it might last in-
definitely. From its incomplete state and the fact of its burial, it
might be argued that it was being carved at the time of the aboli-
tion of the tabu in 1S19, and that the sculptor hid it for preserva-
tion during the general destrudlion of idols which followed. This
concealment of images by their devoted attendants has been the
means of preserving many valua]:)le specimens to the present day.

vSeeking the significance of the figures — it is not yet under-
stood if the various Hawaiian petroglyphs are to be considered in
the light of a written language. The natives belonging to Moana-
lua now living had not seen the stone, and the best explanation
the oldest inhabitant could give was that the figures represented the
mythical giant lizard, "Moo", which was ever present in native
superstitions. The same suggestion has been made by natives from
other islands of this group, but only from appearances.

A first glance at the figures would suggest two human beings
in the act of prayer, but the older natives consulted, do not associ-
ate this position with that taken by Hawaiians engaged in the old
forms of pra\-ers. They describe several po.stures — depending on
the nature of the prayer — standing, on hands and knees, on elbows
and knees with forehead resting on the hands, sitting with legs
and hands folded, also sitting with legs to one side and hands on
the ground. In all these positions, they say that the head should
be hung. The observant P^llis'^ when at Huahine, noted some of
the positions taken by the .southern Polynesians in prayer, and
remarked: "The petitioner did not address the god standing or
prostrate, but knelt on one knee, sat cross-legged, or in a crouch-
ing position, on a 1>road flat stone, leaning his back against an
upright basaltic column, at the extremity of a smooth pavement,
usually six or ten yards from the front of the idol." A little later

^Polynesian Researches, London, 1830, vol. ii, p. 209.

[126]

Sfo)ie Scu/ptHri)igs hi Relief frovi the Hajcaiian Islands. 37

on,'° referring to his request of an old blind priest at Parea, Hua-
hine, for a repetition of one of the ancient prayers: "After great
persuasion, he consented, and assuming the crouching position, or
sitting as it were on his heels, he commenced . . . • "

The writer is indebted to Dr. Brigham for the suggestion that
the figures represent two people asleep, the position of the head
following naturally the use of a hard pillow.

The idea that the figures represent deities appeals to the writer
more than that of their being intended for mortals, following the
claim of two old natives, who asserted that the figures must be
gods since their faces looked upward. It is not to be expected
that the Polynesian would expend the amount of arduous labor
required to carve these figures so carefully, for any other than a
sacred purpose, and the position of the arms and heads, indicating
the act of eating or drinking, calls to mind the stories told of the
offerings to the gods and spirits of deified ancestors, of food, but
especially drink in the form of awa, which the gods were believed
to have consumed. Were the stone found on the shore instead of
a mile inland, it could be reasonably concluded that the figures
w^ere intended for Kuula, the fish god, and Hina his wife, whose
names are generally linked together. These gods were worshipped
at ever\' fishing ground and in any convenient form, from a shape-
less boulder to a well carved image.

Figure 3 shows a side and two end views of a stone lamp of
basalt (Xo. 9338) purchased from the estate of the late W. E. H.
Deverill, of Kauai. Unfortunately no history of the circumstances
pertaining to its discovery have been preserved, but there are two
recent abrasions on the outer surface, which might well indicate
that the specimen was found when jDloughing — a frequent means
of discovery of many valuable stone implements in these islands.
The upper edge of the lamp has been broken off to a depth vary-
ing from one-half to one inch, but the break is an old one as is
shown by the soot clinging to the broken surface. The inner por-
tion is heavily coated with soot. The Hawaiian lamps have been
described already by Dr. Brigham," but the cup in this lamp differs
from that in other specimens in the Museum both in size and
shape. The usual form has a roughly cylindrical hole, with bot-

'"Ibid. p. 210.

'':Mein. R. P. B. Mus., vol. i, pp. 391-3C

[127]

Stone Sculptiin'ngs in Relief from the Haieaiian Islands. 39

torn more or less flat, sometimes varied with another small pit in
the middle. The cup in specimen Xo. 9338 is ovately conical,
with a diameter of 2.8 to 3 inches at the edge and a depth of 3.5
inches. In this specimen, the greater outside diameter is 7.4,
lesser 6.4 and height 6.6 inches. A raised figure of human form
adorns each end, each 6.3 inches high. The noses are in evidence,
while to represent the e\-es and mouths, there are slight depres-
sions. Small projeclions represent the ears. The legs are very
.short and are without feet. They were gradually worked down
and disappear at the edge of the convex bottom of the lamp. The
lower portion of the arms of fig. e are bent out a little to represent
hands, and are seen more clearly in fig. (/. In fig. e the breadth
of shoulder is 3 inches, and the height in relief .8 inch, while in
fig. e the measurements are 2.8 and .7 respectively.

The use of the human figure in native art as a means of orna-
menting utensils occurred among the higher castes of Hawaiians,
as is evidenced in some wooden bowls and dishes preserved in this
and other museums. In regard to the intention of the carving
being merel\- ornamental, a legend has been handed down with
specimen No. 408 in this Museum to the effect that the figures
supporting the dish represented Kahahana, the king of Oahu (con-
quered and slain by Kahekili of Maui) and his wife Kekuapoi-ula,
who were shown in the carvings in the menial position of offering
food and holding their mouths wide open as salt cellars.'- It might
reasonably be believed that the dish was the work of a Maui artist
with the idea of degrading the memory of the vanquished Oahu
king. The custom of honoring or dishonoring the memory of the
deceased by the use of human teeth and bones inlaid in imple-
ments, has been referred to by Dr. Brigham.'^ We might regard
the figures ornamenting the .stone lamp under discussion as repre-
senting persons in native history destined by the art of the sculptor
to guard the lamp for all time, but whether as an honorable occu-
pation or a menial task, we cannot decide.

This specimen of native stone work is probably unique, the
only other lamp of like workmanship known, having been lost as
before narrated.

"Mem. B. P. B. Mus., vol. ii, p. 162.
"Ibid, pp. 368, 369, pi. xxxi.

[129]

40 Director' s Animal Report.

While the following may not be apropos of the subject of this
paper, it is submitted with the hope that it may be of use in locat-
ing the debated site of the human bone fence or house known as
"Kaualua". There is an old native of Moanalua, aged 88, who
has lived at Kalihi, a neighboring valley, for the past twenty-five
3^ears. From the old man's descriptions and the writer's meas-
urements it appeared that the stone described in the first part of
this article was found immediately near the Kaualua. The coinci-
dence the writer thought might be of value as a clue to the signifi-
cance of the petroglyphs. As the old native was very feeble, the
writer awaited an opportunity when he should feel strong enough
to drive to Moanalua and point out the exact spot where the Kau-
alua stood. This proved to be 700 feet away from the place where
the stone was found, which fact the writer considered was sufficient
to remove any probability of connection between the two. The
native's opinion could not be shaken, and suggestions of other
sites had no influence with him. The surveyors in these islands
have found the Hawaiians invaluable in pointing out old bounda-
ries in the former complicated land system, and it is generally
conceded that the native testimony on land matters is reliable.
The old man's story will be told in its sequence.

Fornander'-t gives the following in connection with the mas-
sacre of the Oahu people b}' Kahekili, king of Maui, after the con-
quest : "It is related that one of the 3tlaui chiefs, named Kalaikoa,
caused the bones of the slain to be scraped and cleaned, and that
the quantity collected was so great that he built a house for him-
self, the walls of which were laid up entirely of the skeletons of
the slain. The skulls of Elani, Konamanu, and Kalakioonui
adorned the portals of this horrible house. The house was called
'Kauwalua', and was situated at Lapakea in Moanalua, as one
passes by the old upper road to Evva. The site is still pointed out,
but the bones have received burial." Fornander's account does
not agree with the story told by the Moanalua natives today, which
is repeated as briefly as possible : "Kalaikoa was chief of the dis-
trict, lived right by the old highway where it crossed the cliff, and
occupied himself by waylaying the travelers and killing them for
the purpose of getting their bones to Ijuild a fence around his
house. He was secv:re from reprisals, as he had a strong bod}- of

'^A. Foniandcr, Polynt^sian Race, vol. ii, IvOiulon, jS8o, p. 226.

[130]

Stone Sndptiirhigs in Relief froDi the Ha^caiian Islands. 41

soldiers at his call. After killin,^ his victims he extra cled the long
arm and leg boues and planted them upright in the ground to
make a low palisade. Retribution overtook the bloodthirsty chief,
for when he had the fence completed, except for the bones of one
man, he died, and his bones were used to fill the gap."

Lapakea is in the valley, about 500 feet away from the cliff.
Were all details known today, the two versions would probably be
found to fit together, except in regard to the bone "house". The
old man's stor}- agrees with the last, except that he says that the
bones of two men were needed to complete the fence when Kalai-
koa died. He had seen the fence, and the following details were
_gleaned on the spot : The fence was composed of the leg and arm
bones placed erect in the ground as close together as the fingers
when relaxed. The}- were not tied. There was a single line of
fence, making a square enclosure, one side of which was fift}' feet
(paced). In this enclosure was a large stone platform on which
the grass house had stood, but there was no house standing when
he first saw the place. Well outside the enclosure, 60 feet to the
south, was a small house, built entirely of stone, into which the
remaining portions of the murdered bodies were put. He had seen
the bones there himself. The house was not an iimi (underground
stone-lined oven) but of proper house shape, large enough for the
body of a man. The road passed between this and the fence.

This house the old man spoke of as a "heiau" dedicated to
the war god Kaili. It had walls three feet high and four feet wide,
with a pitched roof of stone and a door facing the bone fence.
Outside the door was a stone pavement, where the priests gathered.

As pointed out, the Kaualua was in the land of the same
name close to the boundar}- of Puu Kapu. The land of Kaualua
is a small piece on the plateau about 600 feet wide between Puu
Kapu and Puu o Ma'o. The boundaries of the various small
sections were named for the writer's edification as they were
passed. The site of the Kaualua is now occupied by a well built
private road and was found at the place where the road passes over
a subway used as a cattle drive.

The description given by Peter Corney'-^ in iSiS of a bone
fence on Oahu, although not specifying the locality, is probably a

'-Ptter Corncy, Early Northern Pacific Voj-ages. Edited by W. D. Alcx-
iiider. Pp. 114 and 115. Honolulu i T. G. Thrum), 1896.

[131]

•42 Director's Annual Report.

true account of the Kaualua, as there has been no mention of
more than one such place in the islands. "In ni}- tour with Mr.
Manning (Manini), we visited the ruin of a large stone house, or
fort, which had formerly belonged to a great chief ; it had a double
fence of human bones around it ; these w-ere the bones of his ene-
mies killed in the war before the islands were visited by Europeans.
The bones of this great chief are said to be still in the house ; the
natives are afraid to go near it, preferring to go a round of five or
six miles to passing it." The road to Pearl Harbor, whither Cap-
tain Corney was bound, passed through the land of Kaualua at
that time.

[132]

■Ili.xtlh,'

11 •A/

J

if 111 •• '■ '• .■

\^]\n,a/<.

LSS A 9,97

ohfiKiL

h ■/<

IfiilaeliJd

KaJuaU H»r

EASTERN END OF MOLOKAI. FROM GOVERNMENT MAP.

Some Birds of Molokai.

Bv "Wm. Ar^ANSOx Brvax.

With a view to securing suitable material for the series of
Hawaiian bird groups being assembled in the Bishop ^Museum, the
writer spent two months (April 15 to June 15, 1907) colledling in
the mountains of Molokai. The collecting of the skins and the
necessary material required in the Museum's work afforded a favor-
able opportunity for making some detailed field observations on
the nests and habits of many of the birds found on this seldom
visited island. In addition to a general report of the expedition,
the Molokai Olomao (P/ia-om/s nitha) is herein described as new
and shown to be a species closely allied to P. lanaicnsis with
which it has formerly been united.

The popular and, in a large degree, the scientific interest in
the expedition centers about the securing of specimens of the Hoa
or Black Mamo {Drepanorhamplms fuiiereus) which is one of the
rarest of living birds. The search of the forests was made with a
view to securing specimens of this species if possible. As a con-
sequence the collecting of other mountain birds was in a sense
incidental to this main endeavor. Locating the present haunts of
the few remaining examples of the Hoa, made frequent change of
station necessary, and, as a result, practically the whole forest area
of the island was visited before the coveted locality was finally
found. The most extended stay, however, was made at Kamoku
camp, and it was at this place that most of the material here re-
ported was obtained.

Kamoku camp is a shelter cabin belonging to the Molokai
ranch. It is located on the southwest side of Hanakalilolilo moun-
tain, near the head of Waikolu valley, and it is well suited to the
requirements of the collector. It is about 4000 feet elevation and
on the edge of the great bog forest at the head of Waikolu and
Pelekunu valleys. In this vicinity have been secured most of the
specimens of birds of the island, now in museums. The region is
also important as the type locality for the Hoa and certain other
birds peculiar to Molokai.

[133] f43)

44 Director s A)inual Report.

The second camp was at the eastern end of the island near the
mountain Kaunapahu and beside one of the many streams which
unite to pour their waters into the head of Halawa valley. From
this station trails were cut through to Wailau valley and then ex-
tended to the left to reach the centre of the Halawa headwater
country — a region which had never been thoroughly explored.

The third, and in many ways the most successful camp, was
made back of Moanui ranch, near the head waters of the Waialua
stream. The fourth and last station was direclly back of Mapu-
lehu, within a short distance of the pali of Wailau valley. From
all of these stations, as centres, excursions were made in various
directions. By reference to the map it will be seen that the forested
eastern half of the island, which is the portion of greatest interest
to the ornithologist, was accessible from the stations mentioned.
From the different camps referred to I was able at least to visit all
of the favorable localities, while the more important collecting
grounds were very thoroughly explored.

What has been said elsewhere' of the difficulties attending the
collecfting of birds in the mountains of the Hawaiian group is
especially true of the mountains on Molokai. Indeed it is impossi-
ble in a brief description to give an idea of a region so varied and
broken, representing, as it does, all the main features of a wild
semi-tropical forest and a group of volcanic mountains combined.

For various reasons the wet bog forest at the head of Waikolu
and Pelekunu valleys is conceded to be the most difficult colle(5ling
ground in the Hawaiian Islands. It is situated at a sufficient
elevation to be drenched by almost continuous rains, and as a re-
sult the verdure is always most luxuriant. Under foot, at all times,
is a perfect quagmire up to one's knees. Overhead the tangle of
vines, aerial roots, ferns, bushes, and standing and fallen trees — all
completely overgrown with moss and slime — are so woven together
as to produce an almost impenetrable jungle. Great palis drop
down perpendicularly for hundreds of feet. Narrow, fissure-like,
forest-hidden valleys, running in all direcflions, add to the difficulty
of getting about, while numerous vine-covered well-like holes,
often a hundred or more feet deep, play no small part in furnishing

'Notts oil the Hirds of Kauai, Brj-aii and vSealc, Occ. Papers B. P. B.
Mus., vol. i. no. 3. p. 129. Notes on the Birds of Waiaiiae Mountains, Bryan,
Ibid, vol. ii, ]). 2^5, etc.

[134]

Some Birds of Molokai. 45

an ever present source of real, though hidden, danger to one work-
ing in the region. Add to all these and a hundred other material
things the discomforts of the cold drenching rains, the dripping
forests, and the dense — oftimes bewildering — clouds of fog that
envelope ever\'thing, and there would seem to have been little
omitted that would add to the discomfort of the collector.

The Halawa district is even more discouraging to the nat-
uralist. The country — an otherwise sloping plain— is cut into
long sharp ridges by numerous, almost countless, streams and tribu-
tary ramifying valleys, all converging to pour their waters dowai
Moaula and Hipuapua falls, into the beautiful Halaw^a valley.
Throughout this headwater region leie (yFreycinetia) vines run ram-
pant. The trail must be cleared of them at every step. Splendid
trees are so overgrown and completeh' hidden by them that when
one looks over the forest from a point of vantage there is little else
than ieie in sight. The difficulties and mishaps incident to carr}--
ing a gun and working one's way for days through such a snarl
can be better imagined than described. It is not uncommon for
one to be forced to abandon the ground entirely, and to climb for
considerable distances over the bushes and low trees ; often one is
twenty feet or more from the ground, on top of the tangle of vines.
To find the small and inconspicuously colored birds after they have
dropped to the ground through such a maze is a task of no mean
proportion : often hours of fruitless labor can be thus expended.

Though less boggy than Pelekunu, and less overgrown with
vines than Halawa, the stations at Moanui and Mapulehu each
presented physical obstacles to the collector that are, in their waj',
almost as difficult to surmount. Among them might be mentioned
the long narrow ridges and impassable waterfalls at Moanui, and
the precipitous palis of Wailau and Mapulehu.

In general it may be said that the forests of the island are
characteristically timbered with the common native trees of the
group, save for the striking exception of the Koa {Acacia) which
is entirely w^anting in the Molokai mountains. The Ohia {Metfo-
sideros) is everywhere the most conspicuous, and, to the ornitholo-
gist, the most important tree. Wild banana (A/nsa ), several kinds
of the large lobelias, the Kopiko {Sirai^ssia), Olema {Pcrrottctia) ,
and a number of other trees, are common in the higher ranges,
while Kukui {Aleicrites) is an abundant species in the vallevs and

[135]

46 Director' s A^imial Report.

ou the lower ridges, where, as in the valleys on the windward
side, it grows to an immense size.

As elsewhere in the group, the timbered area is now more
limited in extent than formerly. That this redudlion in area has
-worked a hardship on the avifauna throughout the islands is well
known. However, on Molokai more than anywhere else, has the
change in the forest and its inhabitants been allowed to come about
naturally, through causes inherent in the fauna and its habitat.
For this reason, fairly reliable testimony, even of a meagre nature,
concerning the existence and subsequent disappearance of certain
birds, before the introdudlion and spread of foreign plants, animals,
or conditions, is of great interest. It may be regarded as suggest-
ing what would probably have occured in time from innate causes
existing in the fauna or its environment, even though the intro-
duced causes with which we are familiar, had never become active.
As a matter of fact, the impending extermination of certain Molo-
kai birds cannot, in any just way, be attributed to introduced dis-
turbing conditions. In certain other cases, however, it would
seem to be entirely due to conditions brought about since the com-
ing of the white race.

The weather throughout the trip was, I am told, unusually
wet and cold. Heavy rains were of almost daily occurrence, while
cloudy, gloomy weather was almost continuous. This not only
interfered with collecfting, but caused many birds to abandon their
nests — often after they had been completed, and I had marked
them for study.

For much of the success of the trip the writer's, as well as the
Museum's, thanks are due to the directors of the Molokai ranch
for many special courtesies and privileges. I wish personally, to
make especial acknowledgment of the kindness and hospitality
extended by Mes.srs. James Munro, C. C. Conradt, O. Tollefson
and C. 15 . King.

[136]

Some Birds of Molokai . 47

LIST OF BIRDS.

Micranous hawaiiensis (Roths.)-

A few examples were seen at sea off the Wailau side of the
island. There is a cave on the coast between Pelekunu and Wai-
kolu, through which it is possible to row a canoe at low tide, that
is used by this species as a nesting and roosting place. Although
I did not visit the cave, I am reliably informed that the thousands
of little Hawaiian Tern or Noio make this their home.

^strelata sandwichensis Ridgw.

CEsfrelata saiidiL'ic/ieiisis Ridgwa)-, Water B. X. Am., ii, p. 395 (1884).

Although the Uau is to be .seen at the proper seasons on the
channels between the various islands of the group, and has for
generations bpen hunted by the Hawaiians for food, not to men-
tion its having long ago been made to figure in a very popular
legend of the natives, it has continued to remain one of the rarest
of the Hawaiian birds in museum collecftions.

Up to the present, save for an immature specimen in the Bishop
Museum that was colle(5led b}' Mr. Henshaw on the beach at Hilo,
in 1900, the species has been known onlj- from a skin "from the
Sandwich Islands" in the U. S. National Museum (No. 61,259),
colle(5led b}- Mr. V. Knudsen, and a second specimen taken by
him on Kauai, now in the British Museum. It is, therefore, with
considerable satisfac5lion that I report on a fine series of adult
skins which I secured on Molokai during the month of June.

On April 26, while at the residence of Mr. John Walker, in
Pelekunu valley, I was shown, in a cabinet of curiosities, a roughly
mounted specimen of the Uau. The bird had been collected by
Mrs. Walker three or four years before the time of my visit, one
morning, asleep in the long grass on the hills back of the village,
and not far from Mrs. Walker's house. The specimen was kindly
given to me for examination. The following morning, at an early
hour, I heard a solitary bird calling from high up on the cliffs near
the village where I had spent the night. I at once made an effort
among the natives to organize an Uau hunt. The\- all agreed

[137]

48 Director's Annual Report.

that it was not the proper season for securing birds, saying that it
would be useless to make the severe climb up the mountain to
where the birds' nests were. Some weeks later, they assured me,
l^au would be much more plentiful. As it is impossible to find
the birds' burrows without specially trained dogs, which only the
natives have, I was forced to give up the project for the time being.

My next meeting with the Uau was on May 9. I was on a
two day camping trip on the Kaunuohua trail, which leads down
the pali into Pelekunu valley. The object of the trip was to spend
a late evening and early morning in that locality, in the hope of
hearing the call, and, if possible, secure specimens of the Oo, since
the bird, in former times, frequented that seAion. On the way
down, at about a 3500 foot level, I found the bill, wings, feet and
some loose feathers of an ITau that had been killed and eaten by
some animal, presumably a mongoose, not more than the day be-
fore. That night I went into camp beside the trail in a drenching
rain. The camp was not an elaborate affair, simply a few ieie
vines and ferns piled on a narrow shelf on the pali, the ledge being
scarcely wide enough to lie on. The face of the pali was almost
perpendicular for hundreds of feet above and below me. In fact,
it was so steep that it was necessary, as a precaution, to drive
stakes along the lower side of my bed to prevent the possibility of
its slipping off the edge and my rolling off during the night.

Shortly after dark I began to hear the strange, weird cry of
these petrels, as they sailed about the cliffs, evidently attracfted by,
and much exercised over, my campfire. All night long — long
after the fires had died out — they could be heard calling here and
there about my "sv/allow nest" camp. A long drawn out IT-a-u,
suggesting the wail of a lonesome cat, would be answered by
Uau-ka-ka-ka-ka-ka, a note just petrel enough to be recognized
as such, yet combining such a number of other suggestive sounds,
as to render it both indescribable and unforgetable. Though they
frequently flew close to me, there was so much heavy fog that it
was useless to shoot in the dark, besides it would have been almost
impossible to have secured a bird from the precipice below me if
it had been killed by a chance shot. The experiences of the night,
however, were enough to assure me that the petrels were about in
sufficient numbers to warrant an effort to secure specimens, when
I could manage the undertaking.

[■3'^]

Sotue Birds of Molokai . 49

For the next few cla>s following my Pelekuuu experience with
the Inrds, I was camped at Halawa and Moanui. At the former
place, although far from any habitation and in a rugged country,
I did not hear nor see a single Uau. kX. Moanui, on the other
hand, they were seen each evening at dusk flying over the head-
lands close down beside the sea. Three specimens were taketi
June 5 and 6. It is rather curious that all the birds seen flew along
the coast toward the east, against the wind, while later on, on the
windward side of the island, the birds were seen to return to their
rookeries from all directions. A possible explanation would be
that the birds prefer to follow along coast line to their nesting
places on the opposite side of the island, rather than to take the
more direct route over the mountains through the fog.

A favorable opportunity for visiting the nesting colonies of the
Uau did not come until June 14, when I made a trip down into
Wailau — the valley lying next east of Pelekunu — for that especial
purpose. On the way over the pali from Mapulehu, about half
wa}' down the Wailau trail, a half -eaten carcass of one of these
birds was found, under similar conditions to the one noted from
Pelekunu valley.

At Wailau village I rallied a party of these experienced native
bird catchers, with their Uau dogs, for a day's hunt on the almost
vertical cliffs of Olokui. For there, well down towards the sea
end of this great pyramid-shaped mountain, at an elevation be-
tween 3500 and 4000 feet, a colony of these birds have reared their
young each season for generations. Each year, during the sum-
mer months, the natives of the valley have formed hunting parties
and have pre3'ed upon the colony in search of the young Uau,
which are regarded as an especial delicacy by all Hawaiians.

Our start was an early and auspicious one. My men were
each provided with a bag which was held on the back, suspended
from the shoulders, in approved native fashion. Save for \\\\ col-
lecliing gun, we were without firearms and unencumbered. The
day was bright, with occasional showers — just sufflcient to keep
every leaf in the moss-grown forest soaked and dripping. Only
the most hardy and venturesome natives ever attempt this climb.
For four hours we struggled up the steep ascent, cutting the trail
through the tangled undergrowth, helping each other up the cliffs

Oc.P. B. p. B. M., VoL.IV.,No. 2—4. [139]

50 Director's A)uiual Report.

where footholds were wanting, pulling ourselves up by our hands
here, slipping back there, passing the dogs over the dangerous
places, encouraging them over the hard ones, panting, wringing
wet, and all but exhausted, we at last reached the top where the
crest of the ridge slopes down a few hundred feet before it pitches
off for a perpendicular drop to the floor of the beautiful balloon-
shaped valley two or three thousand feet below. The crest of the
ridge, here as elsewhere, is overgrown with the usual jungle of
vines, ferns and trees which hide the steep, broken — often danger-
ous— irregularities of the rocks which it covers.

For the next six hours we ranged over the mountain side, each
of us following as best he could, some one of the dogs. Over the
cliffs and down the valleys they ran in ever>- diredlion, sniffing
here, digging there, until finally on locating a bird they would
bark for help.

Digging out an Uau is not the easy and pleasant task one might
imagine. As a rule the}* make their burrows under the spreading
surface roots of trees — sometimes going back under them several
feet from the mouth of the burrow. Occasionally they select a
crevice in the. broken rock or underneath a boulder that is over-
grown with roots and vines, so as to resemble, in its essential
features, the site just described. Rareh^ — almost never — are they
found nesting on the surface of the ground, even though it be
covered with vines and undergrowth. Having located the burrow
and opened it up for a distance, it is often then difficult to find the
bird, for the holes are usually natural ones that follow the roots in
various directions, and at most are only appropriated by the bird
and modified to its iise. But once the hand touches the bird there
is no further doubt concerning its whereabouts, for on being dis-
turbed they bite with their hooked, pincer-like bills, and kick and
scratch with their feet most savageh-. Once the bird is in hand
it is easily despatched by the native hunter in a neat and efficient
manner. The forefinger is violently forced down the bird's throat.
It is then slightly bent at the first joint so as to catch the heart
and lungs, which are given a slight twist and sharp pull, with the
result that the bird dies instantly, with scarcely a struggle.

One can with practice, imitate the Uau's call very closely.
This ruse w^as continually resorted to by the natives. Their efforts

[140]

Sori/c Birds of Molokai. 51

would occasionally be answered by some unwary bird, thus dis-
closing its whereabouts, but as a rule they failed to respond.
Earlier in the season, during the aclual mating, the call is more
generall}- given and answered by the birds throughout the day, but
by the time of our visit the birds were mated and sitting together
in the burrows. On several occasions two birds were pulled from
the same burrow. Later on, I was informed, when the single
glossy white ^%% is laid, it is a common occurrence to find one or
the other parent birds sleeping outside the burrow, while its mate
sits on the nest within.

July is given as the time when the ^^^ is laid. The young in
the down\- stage, are always taken in late September and October.
October 10 is the day usually selected by the natives as the most
favorable time for coUedting the downy young. These are com-
monly pulled from the holes by means of a stick which is split
at one end. The split end is twisted into the down of the bird
and in this manner it is easily pulled forth. But the adults must
be captured and dragged out by the hand. As has been said,
the young birds are especially prized as food. In former times
they were reserved for the chiefs alone, being tabu to the com-
mon people.

As a result of the day's expedition, twenty-one Uau were taken,
eighteen of which were made into skins. Compared with former
years, this was a very iinsatisfactory bag. In June, 1906. the same
men, with the same dogs, and with much less effort, secured sixty-
three birds. The cause in the decrease in numbers was not far to
seek. Along the trail, as we ascended Olokui, we found the re-
mains of three birds that had been killed and eaten by mongoose.
It was a common thing when following the dogs, to have them
lead us to deserted burrows, the occupants of which had been de-
voured but a few feet from their homes. In one hole we found a
female mongoose with a flourishing famil)' of five little ones, that
had taken possession of an Uau burrow after its occupant had been
killed. From the foregoing data, when taken in conneclion with
the wide distribution of the mongoose in the group, it seems cer-
tain that the I'au is doomed to rapid extermination.

Turning to the series of eight males and twelve females, all
in the full adult plumage, I am impressed by the remarkable

[141]

52

Director's Annual Report.

uniformit}' of color and size exhibited by it. A table showing the
maximum, minimum and average measurements of the series is
given, the measurements being in inches. The culmiuicorn is
measured from the anterior end of the nostril to the tip of the bill.

EIGHT M.\LP:S.

Wins

Tail Tarsus Toe

Culinen

I), of P..

Culinini-

corn

Minimum • • •

• 10.85

5.20 1.30 I

.80

1. 17

•53

.90

Avera.ije

ri.04

5-33 r-.^^4 J

■85

I. 21

•53

.90

MaximiTin • • •

• ii-i.S

5.40 1.40 I

TW]%LVK PKMALl

.90

vS.

1-25

•58

.90

Wing

Tail Tarsus '1

roe

Culi'.ien

D. of B.

Cuhnini-
corn

Minimum • ■ •

11.00

5-25 1-30 I

.70

1. 17

•53

.85

Avera,£^e

• II.I5

5-33 1-34 I

.82

T.2I

•55

.91

Maximum • • •

11.40

5.40 1.40 I

■85

1-25

■57

•95

The average length of both sexes is al)ovit 15.50. A June
female of its nearest relative, ^Estrc/ata p/uropyoia Salvin, from
the Galapagos Ids., in the Museum's colledlion, measures: wing
11.85, tail 5.50, tarsus 1.45, toe 2.00, culmen 1.35, depth of bill .62,
culmiuicorn .96. The measurements of a series of birds from the
Galapagos, as given by Rothschild (Avifauna of Laysan, etc., p.
290), is ''wing from 11.6 to 12.50, averaging from ii.Sto 12 inches,
tail 5.8 to 6.3 and 6.4, metatarsus about r.4 to 1.5."

It will be noted that the Museum's specimens from the Gala-
pagos, with the exception of the tail, falls well within the average,
as quoted from Rothschild. The specimen may, therefore, be taken
as a representative of that series. Since it is a June specimen, it
is specially useful in comparison with the Molokai series.

In comparison, it will be seen that in all maximum dimen-
sions, the Hawaiian birds fall safel\- l)elow the minimum given for
the Galapagos series, but nowhere is this difference more notice-
able than in the size and form of the beak. This difference, though
marked, is difficult to describe, but it may be stated definitely that
in sandzi'ichi'nsis the bill is much more slender, the nail more
strongly defie(5led at the tip, and the nostrils thinner and less promi-
nent. These differences are constant throughout the Molokai
series. The color charadlers are even more obscure. However,
the slatv black terminal bands on three or four of the shorter

[142]

Some Birds of Molokai.

oo

auxiliaries forming a patch on the side of the bod}- under the
wings in Galapagos specimens are entirely wanting in all Hawaiian
specimens in the Museum ; even the immature bird from Hilo
beach. In sandivichensis the white frontal band is wider and the
black bases to the white feathers composing it do not reach to the
base of the beak, as in phtvopygia. The whole back and wings are
blackish slate, with the feathers of the mantle inconspicuousl}-, if
at all, marked, with paler tips (not slate black with conspicuous
whitish terminals as in plueopygia ) . The outer pair of tail feathers,
viewed from above, vary somewhat, but they are always in both
adult and immature birds, strongly mottled with white on their
inner, and to some extent, on their outer w^ebs.

I regard phccopygia and sandiinchensis as distinct, though
closely allied species with the latter possessing characters of color,
measurement and habitat sufficiently marked to distinguish it
from the former in all ages and both sexes. I, therefore, adopt
Ridgway's name as published in the text of the Water Birds of
North America (vol. ii, p. 395, 1884) as the proper designation for
the Uau (not Uuau as sometimes erroneously given), or Hawaiian
Dark-rumped Petrel.

Puffinus newelli Henshaw.

Unfortunately, I did not secure a specimen of this rare bird,
though I had the pleasure of examining one that had been pre-
served by Mrs. Wilson. It had been collecled some years before,
from one of the steep cliffs toward the summit of the mountain
between Pelekunu and Waikolu valleys. The description taken
from it accords exactly with a specimen in the Museum collecflion
from Kauai. The bird is known on Molokai as Ao — the name
being an imitation of its nodlurnal cry. Pelekunu natives in-
formed me that during the "bird season", earh' in October, the
adults and young can be collecled in considerable numbers from
the cliffs. They were quite clear as to the distinguishing char-
acters between the Uau and the Ao ; giving differences which an
unobservant person would have passed over. Therefore, I have
every reason to have confidence in what they told me concerning
their habits. The}- assured me that some birds were seen, or
rather heard, throughout the vear ( ? ) , but that they became plenti-

"[143J

54 Director s Annual Report.

fill about the first of May. From that date on all through the
summer months, they would hear them each night call out "A-o",
as they left their burrows to fly out to sea. They were commonly
found colonized in the steepest parts of the pali. 500 or 1000 feet
or more from the floor of the valley. The Uau as a rule, have
their colonies higher up, seldom less than 1500 feet above the sea.
Occasionally, however, both birds are found in the same colony — on
rare occasions in the same hole. The Wailau natives who accom-
panied me on the Uau hunt just described, verified these state-
ments. They were at some loss to account for the absence of Ao
from among our catch of Uau, since last year, in June, they got
both species. I heard the call of the Ao in the two valleys men-
tioned several times, but am convinced that it is much the rarer
of the two birds.

Phaethon lepturus Lacep. c\: Daun.

From the cliffs at the heads of the principal valleys, in fine
weather, we can always see one, sometimes five or six, of the White-
tailed Tropic Bird or Koae, gracefully floating about the cliffs far
below. While no specimens were secured, I had no difficulty in
satisfying myself that only the white-tailed species frequent the
precipices there. As yet the bird is fairly common, being noted
on a number of occasions, at different places about the island.
However, it has already begun to suffer from the depredations of
the mongoose, which is known to be on the increase everywhere
on the island, especially in such localities as the Koae favors for
breeding places.

Fregata aquila Linn.

The Iwa was seen on two occasions a considerable distance
out at sea. Specimens are shot from time to time when they fly in
close to the beach.

Anas wyvilliana Sclater.

No specimens of the Hawaiian duck were seen, and I doubt
very much if there any now living in the island. Several persons
informed me that some years ago it was always to be seen in the
streams — frequenting the pools high up in the mountains. Lately

[144]

Souie Birds of Molokai. 55

they have disappeared. Doubtless the few pairs that in the past
have found a congenial habitat along the streams at the Halawa
end of the island have been preyed upon by the mongoose.

Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Bodd).

On May 30 I shot an adult male Auku Kohili from a tree be-
side the Honouliwai stream well up into the mountains. The bird
is not conimon at the higher elevations — only two or three being
seen there. But towards dusk, on the beach, especially at Moanui
and Mapulehu, they were common flying from the valleys to fish
from the walls of the mullet ponds along the coast.

Mr. O. Tollefson's son relates that while he was returning from
the mountains one day along the Honouliwai stream, he saw at
some distance ahead of him an Auku sitting on a rock in the
stream, evidently still-hunting for fish. As he was watching the
bird a mongoose came out of the shrubbery along the stream and
pounced on the solitary fisherman. The bird and the animal en-
gaged in a desperate struggle, resulting in the death of the Auku
before the boy could interfere. Although he gave immediate
chase, the mongoose succeeded in dragging its prey from boulder
to boulder out of the stream and into a crevice in the rock}- bank,
from which it was impossible to dislodge the animal.

Gallinula sandvicensis Streets.

This species is common on the island, being seen in the taro
ponds in Wailau, Pelekunu and Halawa vallej'S.

Fulica alai Peale.

I did not find the Alae keokeo, but am told that it is to be seen
on the mud flat at Palaau, a locality I was not able to visit.

Himantopus knudseni vStejn.

The Kukuluaeo or Hawaiian Stilt is a resident species at
Palaau where the voung have been taken in June.

[145]

^6 Director's Annua/ Rcpoii.

lyOphortyx californica (vShaw).

The California Ouail is common, though not abundant, on
Molokai, frequenting the open country on the western end of the
island. The mother birds were being followed by their half-grown
young in May.

Phasianus torquatus Gmel.

The Ring-necked Pheasant is a well established introduced
species on Molokai.

Phasianus versicolor Vieill.

Like the last, the Japanese Pheasant is common on the island.
l'>oth species keep to the open country or the edge of the forests,
seldom, if ever, entering the deeper woods.

Spilopelia chinensis Scop.

The Chinese Turtle Dove is occasionally seen in the deepest
nitive forests, though it is more commonly found nesting in the
i itroduced Algaroba {Prosopis) along the coast about Kaunakakai.
There is but little rice or grain of any kind raised in Molokai,
hence the dove does not find as congenial a habitat there as on
Oahu for examjile.

Asio accipitrinus sandwichensis (Blox.).

In the Dire(5lor's Report for 1904 (Oc. P. B. P. B. Mus., vol. ii,
]). 241 ) I published a note on the nesting habits of the Pueo. To
the data there given I am now able to add a third date for the
nesting period of the Hawaiian Owl. While moving my camp
into the Halawa headwater region, well back of Hipuapua falls, on
May 24. I found a nest of the Pueo, in a swaile which had formerly
been a large wild banana patch, three or four acres in extent.
My guide was in ad\ance and stepped direttly over the mother-
bird without noticing her. Fortunately, the bird did not take
flight, and I was able to catch her in my hand as she crouched on
the nest. The nest contained one recently hatched young, and five
lustreless white eggs, all of which were well advanced in incu1)ation.

[146]

Some Birds of Molokai. 57

The young bird was not more than a da}- old. It was covered
with very short, fine, creamy l)uff down, and looked ver}- helpless
and comical. The nest itself was unpretentious in the extreme,
being simply a few dry spears of grass and a dozen feathers from
the parent's breast, not enough, all told, to keep the eggs off the
wet boggy ground. Beside the nest was a half -eaten rat.

The adult, young and eggs were taken and left that night at
the camp. The following day, during ni}^ absence, a mongoose
found the eggs on top of a wood-pile shelter, where I had left them
temporarily, and destroyed them all. The parent-bird was in verj^
worn plumage, and measured : wing 11.90, tail 4.50, culmen i.io,
tarsus 1.40. The young birds have now l)een taken from the nest
on November 20, 1901, March 6, 1905, and May 24, 1907. These
widel}- separated dates indicate that the Pueo nests at any time
that suits its convenience. It is more abundant in Molokai than
any other island of the group I have visited. In favorable locali-
ties it is to be seen each evening, sometimes as many as half a
dozen at a time, flving about in search of food.

Alauda arvensis Linn.

The Skylark is now common on the grass lands of the island.
Frequently as many as six or eight birds are in sight at a time as
one rides or walks through the most favorable localities. The
mongoose seems not to have interfered seriously with the nidifica-
tiou of this introduced songster, owing, no doubt, to the fact that
it nests in the open field far away from an}- cover that would har-
bor this avowed enemv of all ground nesting birds.

Acridotheres tristis (Linn.).

The Mina is thought to be less numerous than in former years.
If true, it may be due to the dying out of the lantaua on the islands,
since it is known to feed voraciously on the berries of this plant.
Birds were seen about our camp at Kamoku, always keeping to the
open fringing woods. At Halawa, however, they were seen further
into the interior, but at no great elevation. Nowhere were they
observed in conflict with the native birds. Thev are indeed so

[147]

58 Director s A)inual Report.

seldom seen in any numbers in the regions frequented by our native
birds, that they can hardly be said to seriously affect the decrease
or disappearance of the Hawaiian avifauna.

Carpodacus mexicanus obscurus McCall.

The House Finch or "Rice Bird" is common on Molokai.
A nest — one of a number seen — was taken from an Ohia tree grow-
ing near Kamoku cabin at about 4000 feet elevation. It had been
deserted, owing to the heavy late rains. The seeds in the grass,
of which it was composed, had sprouted, some of the sprouts being
two inches long, giving the struc"ture the appearance of a ball of
pale green moss.

Munia nisoria (Temm.).

The "Chinese Sparrow" was occasionally met with in small
flocks on the lower levels about the island.

Drepanorhamphus funereus (Newton).

The Hoa, or "Oo-nuku-umu" as Perkins calls it, is exceed-
ingly rare, so rare, indeed, that seven weeks of continuous field
work in the forests of Molokai, its only habitat, were necessary
before seeing or hearing, let alone securing a single specimen.
The species was brought to our knowledge by Mr. Perkins, who
first secured specimens in the forests at the head of Pelekunu
valley in 1S93. Judging by the number of specimens in the Bishop
Museum, which received one-third of all the specimens he col-
ledled, not more than six birds were secured by him. The follow-
ing year Mr. Theodore Meyer, a resident of Molokai, secured six
specimens from the same locality, in six months of more or less
continuous coUedling. He believed the species to be extinct, as
neither he nor any of his friends from then until now had been able
to find the bird in any locality.

In March and April of the present year, Mr. George Munro
spent four weeks in the type locality, with especial information as
to its habits and calls, furnished him by Mr. Perkins. As Mr.
Munro has had considerable experience in collecting Hawaiian

[14SI

So Die Birds of Molokai. 59

birds, having accompanied Mr. Palmer on his expedition through
the group, the fact that he did not find the Hoa added great
weight to Mr. Meyer's opinion that since 1S94 the bird had be-
come extinct.

After spending three weeks in the woods about Pelekunu,
having had the advantage of Mr. Perkins' notes, and Mr. Munro's
experience, I left the Kamoku camp satisfied that there was
scarcely a hope of finding even a chance specimen in that se(5lion.
It seemed certain too, that unless the birds could be found in some
one of two or three similar localities on the island, there could be
but little doubt but that it had vanished from the Hawaiian forests
forever. During the next ten days especially devoted to a search for
the Hoa and the Oo, in the Halawa mountains — in a seclion prob-
ably never before hunted over, or perhaps never even visited by
white men — under forest and climatic conditions suited to both
species, I was unable to locate either of them, and quit the region
thoroughly discouraged and disheartened.

The next attempt was made at Moanui ranch. vSince it was
here, and here only, that I secured specimens, a fuller account of
the experiences of this part of the expedition will be of interest,
as showing some of the difficulties attending the work in these
mountains, as well as the characler of the country in which a few
Hoa still survive. After settling my camp at the Moanui moun-
tain house on the morning of May 30, I .set off alone up Honoulu-
vvai valley, that being regarded by Mr. Tollefson and his men at
the ranch, as probably the most feasible way of getting back into
the mountains. Xo one, to their knowledge, had reached the head
of the stream ; in fact, the mountainous part of the ranch was
terra incognita to the owner of the ranch, and everyone else, for
its back boundaries had never been surveyed, or even visited.
By picking my way over the boulders in the bed of the stream and
working around the small waterfalls, I made fairly rapid progress
until late in the afternoon, when I came on a small waterfall where
the stream poured over a steep ledge, twenty-five feet or more in
height. On either side of the stream the solid rock ran up almost
perpendicularly for three or four hundred feet. The only way to
proceed seemed either to turn back and leave the stream entirely, or
to scale the falls itself. Judging by the characler of the country and
similar experiences elsewhere, it seemed probable that the stream

[149]

6o Director s Annual Report.

from this point on would be a series of more or less impassable
waterfalls. Desiring to satisfy myself on this important point be-
fore returning for the day, I stripped off all my wearing apparel,
save a stiff-brimmed rain hat, swam across the pool at the foot of
the falls, and started to pick my way up the slippery rock over
which the water poured. When three-fourths of the way up, \\\y
hands and feet suddenh' slipped from under me. Coming down
violently on my arm and side, and falling in such a way as to
strike my head a stunning blow on a projec^ting rock, I rolled back
into the pool of cold mountain water in an almost helpless con-
dition. Fortunately, I was not completely stunned by the blow on
my head, owing to the prote(5lton afforded by the stiff brim of my-
hat. I was severely bruised as it was, but the shock of dropping
backward into the pool revived me sufficiently to enable me to
escape drowning. However, it took some time after I had pulled
ni3'self out of the water, to regain my strength. The mishap was
a sufficient adventure for the day, and an experience that will
never be forgotten.

After a day or so of rest, I had sufficiently recovered from my
injuries to resume the quest. On inquiry, a native boy was found,
who felt sure he had been beyond the falls where my unpleasant
mishap had occurred. He was accordingly engaged as guide.
B}^ nine in the morning, we had arrived at the place wdiere I had
fallen into the pool. Without further delay my boy went two or
three hundred yards down the stream and began to pick his way
with great caution up along the side of the cliff on the Moanui
side of the valley. After great exertion, and wuth much difficulty,
in the time of which my guide got a fall which lamed him con-
siderably, we at last got above the falls, and down into the stream
again. Within ten minutes of the first falls, we found a second
one that had been completely hidden from sight and sound by the
first one encountered. It was seventy-five feet high, and poured
over the ledge at a place that completely blocked the way, making
further progress along the watercourse quite impossiljle. We could
now hear the roar of another and still larger falls, only a little
way on. The only thing remaining for us to do was to turn Ijack
and work our way up the Moanui side of the valley. This was
exceedingly difficult to do. After five hours of the most laliorious
climbing, we at last, by two o'clock, made the crest of the ridge

[150]

So///f Birds of Molokai. 6i

and could look down into the valley below. From where we stood
one could have thrown a stone into the stream we had left, so
nearly vertical was the rock wall we had scaled. From this point
we kept on the ridge, cutting our trail a considerable distance into
the mountains before night came on. On our return to camp late
that night, we abandoned the stream entirely and opened a new
trail down the main ridge.

Owing to the injuries resulting from his fall, my boy was unfit
for duty the following day. In his stead an old, well informed
mountain-going native was engaged. By an earh- hour we were
at the farthest point reached the daj' before. For six hours, in
the rain and fog, through a tangle of ieie and uhi (Smilax) vines,
over, through, and under the moss-covered trees and roots, we
forced our waj^ still further up the ridge into the interior. It was
the most uncomfortable sort of weather, and taken altogether it
was exceeding!}' disagreeable, disheartening work. All day long
we had not seen a single bird that could not have been colledled
in an hour's time by patiently waiting under an}' one of the flower-
ing ohia trees we had passed by in the early morning on our way
up the trail.

In the middle of the afternoon, I took the trail knife to give
the old guide a chance to rest, for he had been chopping on the
path since early morning. We were w^orking in a particularly
dense and unpromising jungle of ieie, when I heard a clear, gentle,
even, inquiringly whistled "H-o-a" called by some bird not more
than fifty yards away. It was a moment of intense excitement.
There was little doubt in my mind but that the note was that of
the bird I had so long sought. Making signs to the native to
hurry to me with the gun, I began to imitate the whistle call as
best I could. To my delight the curious black bird with the won-
derfully curved bill, the object of my seeking, flew down and lit in
a tree within ten feet of me ! It was evident that curiosity aroused
by my chopping had brought the bird to the spot to investigate.

Actively hopping and flitting from limb to limb, scarcely
stopping a second, eyeing me sharply all the while, it persisted in
keeping so close to me that I could not with safety fire even my
auxiliary barrel. Yet the restlessness of the bird made it appar-
rent that I must fire soon or lose my chance, for it the bird got
fifty feet from me in the tangle of trees and vines on the side of the

[151]

'62 Director s Annual Report.

ridge, it would, in all probabilit}' be gone from sight and forever.
I pulled the trigger and, to my consternation my gun missed fire.
It was after all little wonder that gun and ammunition failed me,
for both had been soaking wet for three days. The next few sec-
onds were moments of painful indecision. To break and reload
my gun would surely frighten the bird ; to use the heavy charge
in the left barrel was almost criminal, but my only recourse. With-
out further delay I availed myself of the first opportunity when the
bird was screened by limbs and fired. The feathers flew : my first
Black Mamo had been shot. vShot, but not found. "x\ bird in
the hand" in the Hawaiian forests, is worth several in the bush,
especially the bush in Molokai. Though the bird was not more
than twenty-five feet from me when I fired, and my man and I both
saw it start to fall, we searched for it in vain for three-quarters of
an hour. We looked carefully under the vines and ferns, among
the undergrowth in the trees, in fact everywhere for it, even sein-
ing a pool of water that had coUedted in the rocks a little farther
below, 3^et not a sign of the coveted Hoa could we find. I had
almost given up all hope of finding it, and began to save the few
scattered feathers lying about, feeling that my claim to having
found the rare bird would have to rest on such evidence as they
could furnish.

As the search grew more hopeless, ni}- native, who had assured
me in the morning that he had heard of the Hoa, but had never
seen such a bird as I described it to be, now became more earnest,
as he declared to me that the bird just shot was not the Oo — the
only other black bird known to him. As he was able to give the
points wherein it differed from that now almost equally rare spe-
cies, I felt his remarks were valuable as a convincing commentary
on the scarcity of this bird. Here w^as a native hunter, familiar
with the teachings of his fathers, whose knowledge of the forest
had been gained almost half a century before, who knew not only
the native names and uses of almost every plant we saw, but the
names and habits of all the native birds, save this one, declaring
it to be unknown to him. Yet we who understand something of
Nature's processes, know that the Hoa has been for ages inhabiting
these mountains, not six miles distant from, and in sight of the place
where this man was born., and where he had lived all his life.

So))ic Birds of Molokai . 63

But to return to the search. As a last resort, I climbed up
iuto the tree intending to drop a stone from the place the shot
struck the limb the bird had been sitting on, in the hope of locating
more acurately the spot where it should have struck the ground.
To my joy I found the mangled remains hanging in the tree in a
thick bunch of leaves, six feet or more beyond where it had been
sitting. It was, as I feared, badly mutilated. However, it was
made into a very fair cabinet skin.

Feeling that where one bird had been found others were likely
to be, and being elated at the success of the day, I altered my
plans so as to extend my stay in the localit}-. Accordingl}-, on the
third of June, with my guide I packed my range tent and outfit
into the mountains and established a new camp in the jungle, at
the head of Waialua valley. The country here was so steep and
rugged that it was difficult to find a place seven feet square that
would do to pitch a tent on. I need hardly add that it rained con-
tinuously. The trail was continued along the ridge between Wai-
alua and Honouliwai streams. Early in the afternoon I dismissed
my native and continued on the trail alone. I had covered no
great distance when under circumstances similar to those already
described, I heard the call note "Hoa" again, this time a hundred
yards or so in front of me. My best efforts at imitating it seemed
to have no effect. I whistled and called and hoped. At first the
bird answered my calls, then it failed to respond. I continued
w^histlmg until it seemed certain that it must have gone off in
some diredlion, when, without reason or warning, my second Hoa
flew and lit in a Kopiko tree, not fifty feet away and began to
preen and spread its wings. Catching sight of me it began to
work off through the woods. I fired, and this time had no difficulty
in picking up a perfect adult male .specimen. Though I stayed in
in the vicinity for more than an hour nothing was seen or heard
of its mate.

The following day found me early in the field. Though there
was a steady downpour of cold rain I worked on until three o'clock.
Not meeting with anything to encourage me, I climbed up iuto a
tree preparatory to taking a last survey of the country, if there
should come a rift in the dense fog clouds. Presently I caught a
note entirely different from anv I had yet heard. It was a rollicking

'[153]'

64 Director' s Annual Report.

whistle of five or six clear notes, which I was only partially able
to reproduce. The bird, however, came nearer and finally lit in
the thick branches of a tree fift_y feet or so below me. In ni}- haste
to get down out of the tree I was in, some small limbs gave way.
and I came clattering down quite a distance before I was able to
regain my footing. That the disturbance had frightened the Hoa
I felt quite certain, and was therefore agreeably surprised to find
that through it all it had not moved from the tree where it had
first lit. It seemed to be willing to be studied, an opportunity for
which I was exceedingly grateful.

This bird, as well as the two former specimens, confined its
range to the undergrowtli, several times coming down to within
three or four feet of the ground. At no time did it make a long
flight or alight on the top of the trees. As it was raining all the
while the bird was especially atftive in preening and shaking its
feathers. The trees and vines w'ere everywhere covered with thick
wet moss, and although the bird hopped about from branch to
branch, carefully inspe(5ling each limb, I did not see it catch any
insects, or even probe into the moss. Hopping from tree to tree,
it worked its way around the head of the little side valley, up
which it had come in answer to my call, to where a large purple-
flowered lobelia was in profuse blossom, and began to feed. The
ease and grace with which the feat was acomplished was indeed
interesting, and left no doubt in my mind as to one of the probable
cau.ses of the remarkable development of the tongue and bill.
The tongue was inserted with great precision, up to the nostrils,
in the flower, while the bird balanced itself on the branches, as-
suming almost every imaginable attitude in its operations. In all
three of the birds secured, the crown was smeared with the sticky
purplish white pollen of this lobelia. I had a preconceived idea
that the bird would also feed on the flowers of the wild banana.
This conie(5lure I was not able to prove or disprove by my ob-
servations, further than that in each case no bananas were to be
seen in the valleys below or anywhere in the vicinity w^here the
birds were secured.

The third specimen, like the two preceding it proved to be a
male, in perfect plumage. The bodies of the last two and the
stomach of the first one — its bodv being badly mangled — are pre-

[154]

DREPANORHAMPHUS FUNEREUS.

Some Birds of Molokai. 65

served in alcohol for anatomical stud_v. The series of three, so
far as coloration, cur\-ature of the beak, etc., are concerned, are
identical. Their measurements, carefully taken, are :

Xo.

Sex.

Length.

Winer.

Tail.

Tar.sus.

Toe.

Culnien.

4712

$

9-35(?)

3.8o(?)

3.10

1.20

.90

2.20

4713

$

9-50

3-9°

3.10

1-25

•95

2.10

4714

$

9.40

3-95

2-95

1.20

.90

2-15

The chord of the largest of the curved tubular flowers of the
lobelia on which the birds were feeding, is over two inches in
length. After repeated inquiry among the oldest and best informed
natives on the island, I was unable to find one who knew or had
ever heard of the Black Mamo under the native name "Oo-nuku-
umu." I did, however, find a few who knew of or identified the
bird under the name Hoa.

Vestiaria coccinea Forster.

A series of ten carefully selected birds and three nests of the
liwi were secured, which in themselves form a valuable set.
Taken in conuecl;ion with the Museum's long series they assume
especial interest, making it possible, in another conneclion, to dis-
cuss intelligently from specimens in hand, some of the interesting
problems connedted with the evolution and development of the
species.

Xext to the Apapane and Amakihi, the liwi is the species
most commonly met with on Molokai. They generally frequent
the Ohia forests, but occasionally they will extend their range
down, in certain seasons and under favorable conditions, as in
Wailau and Pelekunu valleys, so as to reach the sea.shore. They
are strong flyers, often mounting high in the air. In small loose
flocks they will thus fly from one valley to another. Their flight
over the tallest forest trees can be heard and easily distinguished,
owing to the whirring noise of their wings, which is supposed to be
produced by the peculiar truncated form of the primaries. Other
species of the family, as the Himationc, having the same shaped
primaries produce a similar though less marked whirring sound.

On June 10, while colle(5ling on Wailau pali, I saw a parent
bird in the brilliant plumage of the adult, feeding an immature

Oc.P. B. p. B. :m., Vol. IV.,Xo. 2— 5. [i55]

ON

SoDic Birds of Molokai. 67

young (Mus. No. 4626). The young bird was sucking the nectar
from the Ohia flowers when the parent bird lit beside it. At this
the young bird opened its beak to receive the food brought by its
parent. The old bird flew away, only to return shortly to repeat
the feeding operation. During the time intervening between the
attentions of the parent, both old and young birds flew aboiit and
fed together. On examining the young bird's crop, several green
looper worms were found.

Of the three well identified nests secured, the best specimen
was one taken on June 4 from fifteen feet up in a Kawau {Byronia)
tree, growing on the crest of the ridge well toward the top of Puu
Ohelo Mountain. Although it was unoccupied it had every appear-
ance of having been used in rearing a brood. Scarlet feathers
from the breast of the parent bird found in the nest left no doubt
of its identity, while from the tree the nest was in I shot a very
young liwi, that presumably had but recently left the nest near by.

The nest (Mus. No. 4699) is mounted on a horizontal fork,
and externally is 4.50 inches across by 2.75 inches deep. The
bowl is 2.50 inches in diameter by 1.50 deep. Externally the
strudfure is composed of the moss so common on the trees in the
higher altitudes. Into this has been worked a few sticks and some
fibre from the dead leaves of the leie vine. The inner lining is
made almost entirely of the black hair-like fibres of dead moss.
General!}' speaking it is a ver}- neat and compact structure.

The second nest (Mus. No. 4701) does not differ much from
the one just described. In size it is a trifle larger, and was located
in a terminal vertical fork of an Ohia tree. The material, especially
the moss, is coarser than in the nest described.

The third nest (Mus. No. 4700) was not quite completed when
colle(5led on Maj' 25 from the thick forests at Halawa. Like the
last, it was placed in an Ohia ten feet or more from the ground.
Wanting the lining, as it does, it might be mistaken as the com-
pleted nest of some other species as the leie fibres used in its con-
struction make a very creditable lining. But a close examination
of the size, shape and material used, so far as completed, shows it
to be substantiall}' the same as the first described. However, the
moss is of a different species and a more liberal use is made of
small twigs in the foundation, while as just said, leie leaf fibre
enters extensively into the secondary lining. Only a few of the

[157]

68 Director s Annual Report.

blackish moss stem fibres mentioned above, have been put in place,
while two or three small wisps of pulu fibre have been woven into
the brim. The eg:s:s of the liwi are as vet undescribed.

-»p>-

Palmeria dolei (Wilson).

I was unfortunate in not securing this species, though five
individuals were seen in one flock at one time, and three at an-
other, flying out over the pali at the head of Pelekunu valley.
It was not seen or heard elsewhere. Mr. Munro, who immediately
preceded me in the same woods, did not see the species at all dur-
ing his month's work about Puualu Mountain. We therefore feel
assured that though the bird is still to be had on Molokai, it is by
no means as abundant as one might conclude from reading Mr.
Perkins' account, published some years ago, where he records that
he "assembled a flock of no less than nine adult birds at the same
time in one small Ohia tree."

Hitnatione sanguinea (Gmel.).

The Apapane is the most abundant species on Molokai. A short
series was taken for comparison with the Museum's material, which
has been collected at the same season on the other islands of the
group. The song and general habits have already been fully re-
corded elsewhere. However, certain observations concerning the
mating performance seem to be new. During the early part of our
stay the Apapane were in the height of the mating season. The
song of both sexes was frequent and varied. Quarrels between
the contesting males were of common occvirrence, and were often
apparently extended into feuds. During the excitement of the
mating period either sex is easily decoyed by imitating the notes
of the opposite sex. The love dance described elsewhere (Oc. P.
B. P. B. Mus., vol. i, no. 2, p. 43) in the series of notes was re-
peatedly witnessed. In addition to the fluttering dance there
described, on one occasion I saw it carried to the extent of the
male bird affiedlionately caressing its mate with the beak. The
whole performance lasted several minutes.

The high palis of the island furnished an excellent opportu-
nitv to observe the Apapane in sustained flight. P'locks of seven

[158I

70 Director s Annual Report.

or eight or ten will, not iufrequentlx', fly from the forests at the
edge of these precipices, thousands of feet above the valley below,
and with little concern, steer a course that will take them in a
direct line as far as the eye can follow them. At nightfall they are
to be seen returning from their feeding grounds lower down on the
mountains or in the valleys flying swiftly and dire(5lly in the higher
altitudes to roost. This daily migration over open land or from
place to place is a very strongly marked characteristic of this bird.

A number of nests — but unfortunately no eggs — were secured.
I am convinced that the nesting season cannot be well defined.
In substantiation of this opinion, I find that in the series of skins
colle(5led, two are immature, while perhaps five times that number
of brownish-colored 3^oung were noted among the hundreds of
adults seen at close range. This fact, coupled with the mating
performances and the enlarged testes and ovaries examined, w^ould
indicate that on this island, at least, an occasional late brood is
reared.

The series of eight nests do not var}' in material or location
from those elsewhere described, to a degree sufficient to warrant
their redescription. However, a deserted nest (Mus. No. 4683)
taken from twenty feet up in a moss-covered Ohia tree which was
growing in the heart of the Puualu forest, is somewhat extraordi-
nary in that it has returned to the original elements of which it
was composed in situ, leaving a replica of itself in living green
moss. The strucfture is of some years standing evidentl5\ Old
enough at least, so that the moss and sticks of which it was com-
posed have had time to almost completely disintegrate. That
portion wdiich remains has, in the meantime, become completely
covered with living moss, so that the shape and general appear-
ance of the nest is retained with just enough of the old structure
remaining to account for its form and history.

Chlorodrepanis kalaana (Wilson).

Without here entering into a discussion of the very minute
characflers that have been used to separate this species from the
very closely allied forms from Maui, Kauai and Oahu, it will be
sufficient to say that the series of seventeen birds secured on Molo-
kai, confirm rather than disprove the conclusions formerly arrived

[160]

HIMATIOXE SAXCxUINEA. (46<S3)

72 Director s A)iuual Report.

at — namely: that kalaana has been separated as a species on char-
acters that are of doubtful sub-specific value. Was it not for the
definite geographical factor which enters in for consideration, the
form would hardly have impressed the original describer as being
worthy of designation as a sub-species.

The Amakihi is the second species in abundance on the island,
and was met with throughout the forested districts generally, often
coming well down to the coast line on the weather side of the
island, where conditions are favorable. The species is sociable by
nature, usualh^ feeding in small companies or at least, never
singly. Their call note is a fine clearly whistled "Tse-et." This
is usually given when for any reason an individual becomes de-
tached from the flock or separated b}^ any distance from its mate.
The call note, as with most all the mountain birds, is given more
frequently during foggy, cloudy weather, for obvious reasons.
The}- are sure to be found where sunny slopes covered with open
woods are interspersed with plenty of bushes and low shrubs.
In such situations, if food is abundant, they become fairly estab-
lished in their habits, often feeding over the same range a number
of times each da}-. Their song on such occasions is usually fre-
quent and identical, I believe, for both sexes. It consists simply
of a repetition of "Ts-chee-chee-chee-chee-chee-chee", trilled
without variation, in a surprisingl}- loud and penetrating voice,
which always impresses one as being forced and metallic in quality.

Though generally favoring woods of the characfter described,
they are to be met with in all sorts of places. I have found them
— usuall}' in isolated pairs, it is true — in the darkest and wettest
parts of the forests, where flowers were almost wholly wanting.
In such places they were feeding on the limbs and leaves of the
trees high over head. At other times, they are plentiful on the
low bushes growing on the sharp, and more or less dr}' and barren
ridges. Or again, they will be met with on the outskirts of the
forest feeding on the flowers and leaves of whatever species of tree
or shrub was at hand, not even shunning the introduced species,
as Lantana and Guava, which crowd well into the edge of the for-
ests in some places. In their feeding, however, there is a prefer-
ence shown for the Ohia both in and out of flower. Lobelias,
especially the flowers, were seldom visited. But the white bloom,

[162]

74 Director' s Annual Report.

as well as the leaves, of the Scsevola, were always carefully in-
spected by them.

The uests of this species, of which three fine specimens were
colledled, are so similar inter se as to be easily distinguished from
nests of the other species on the island. Still they differ consider-
ably, especially in the materials used, from others of the same genus
now in the Museum collection. The most definitely identified, and
best constru(5led nest (Mus. No. 4696) is one taken May 27, about
half way down the Pelekunu pali. It W'as built in a stunted Ohia
tree beside the trail and was poorly, if at all, concealed. It was
placed on a horizontal limb fifteen feet from the ground, which
brought it on a level with the path on the crest of the ridge. Its
external dimensions are 5.00 inches across by 2.25 inches in depth.
The bowl is 2.25 inches across by 1.25 inches in depth. Exter-
nally-, the structure is loosely woven from green moss. Into this
as a secondary lining, is worked some brown fibrous material of
the color of pulu but resembling closely the soft inner bark of the
(3hia. The lining proper is a generous one, composed entirely of
the fibre of the dead leaves of the leie. The nest is a well woven
compact strucfture. When first taken it was strongly scented by
the peculiar drepanine odor, a trace of which still clings to it.
Though no eggs were in the nest the parent bird was on when it
was discovered.

A second nest, taken at Halawa May 24, is a sort of conces-
sion to civilization, being placed in the upright fork of a I^antana
bush that was growing among the Ohia trees, a considerable dis-
tance into the forest. It is substantially the same as the one just
described though not of as high order of workmanship.

Oreomystis flammea ( Wilson ) .

Of this species an excellent select series was colle(5led which
shows the various stages through which the birds of both sexes go
before attaining their adult plumage. In the field the flame-red
males are in a decided minority, occurring in the ratio of about
one in nine. But in my series of study specimens, they are in the
ratio of one to three. This is owing to the tendency in the field
to take the bright colored bird, and not (as might erroneously be
concluded) because they are easier to obtain than the females or

[164I

Some Birds of Molokai . 75

immature. The fully adult male at this season is usually accom-
panied by the female and from two to four parti-colored immature
birds of both sexes. Occasioually young birds that have assumed
more than three-fourths of the red plumage of the adult will be
found in such companies. On the other hand one is rather more
apt to find pairs mated and settled before the male has assumed
one-third of the conspicuous red plumage to which he is heir.

In habits the Kakawahia resembles the species of the genus
to which it belongs, and from which it differs in color so widel}- ,
They prefer to feed over the trunks and branches of the trees.
Here they secure the insects that make up almost the whole of
their diet. However, they will be seen in the tops of the tallest
trees, but apparently paying little or no attention to their flowers.
In short, they are persistent and sturd}- entomologists, always
active "and alert, but strange to S2i\, the}- seldom, if ever, take in-
sects on the wing. At intervals moths are taken of such size they
are compelled to hold them under their feet and pull them to pieces
so as to devour them piecemeal, much after the fashion of the com-
mon chickadee.

When the\' have once settled on a home in the forest they at
once set about to establish their sphere of influence, over which
the}' rule, so far as possible, to the exclusion of every trespasser.
On the approach of some intruder, as a man or a dog, thev will
both set up a scolding "Chirk, chirk", that is no uncertain sound
to one familiar with birds' voices and wa>s. If the alarm chirk is
continued long enough, the nearest neighbors are rarely so far
away that they will not come in to satisfy their natural curiosity
and add the weight of their presence and voice to the protest.

The Kakawahia, like his cousins, is full of curiosit}-. The
sound of one making one's way through the woods is sure to at-
tract the little resident to the scene, when uttering their never-
varied "chirk", they will come close enough to the person to take
in every detail of his makeup in wide-eyed inquisitiveness. Once
satisfied that their show of authority has no intimidating effect,
they will resume their feeding close to the observer. One can thus
study their movements at close range. I have often watched them
under the most favorable circumstances, for an hour or more at a
time, but have never seen them paying the slightest attention to
the nectar-bearing flowers about them. Occasionallv thev go down

[165J

' (-) Director s Ainiual Rcfyort.

iu the shrubs to within a foot or so of the ground, and it is prob-
able that on rare occasions they do alight on the ground, although
I have never seen them do so.

A good series of fairly well identified nests was taken, but the
eggs were not secured and remain as yet unknown. The best
specimen (Mus. No. 4691 ) was secured in the middle of the Halawa
forest on May 27. I had climbed into an Ohia tree to take a sur-
vc}^ of the surrounding country, when my attention was attradled
by the disturbance being made by a fine red male Kakawahia, ac-
companied by its mate and three immature birds. They came up
close to me and were loud and determined in their "chirks". Look-
ing about for the cause, I found it in the shape of a nest but a few
feet from me. It appeared to be just completed. It is made up of
moss neatly woven together, and measures 4.00 inches in diameter
by 2.75 inches deep. The interior is lined with the blackish root-
like stems of dead moss and a few fibres from disintegrated leie
leaves. The bowl is just over 2.00 inches across by 1.50 inches
deep. A horizontal fork of an Ohia limb some fifteen feet from
the ground has been used as the site.

I conclude that the young birds following the adults were from
a late brood of the year before, and doubtless would themselves
not breed until the following fall or spring ; though one of the
5^oung was well advanced in assuming the plumage of the adult.

The second nest (Mus. No. 4694) was also taken from an
Ohia tree. It was colletfted at Mapulehu June 9, and is in every
way similar to No. 4691, except that it was placed in an upright
crotch .

A third nest, in an unfinished condition, was taken on Kilo-
hana in the wet forest on April 30. The old bird was seen carrying
the moss of which the exterior is composed. The site was an up-
right fork of a small Kawau tree about eight feet from the ground.

Psittirostra psittacea (Gmel.).

It is my intention in a separate paper to discuss at some length
the Museum's choice series of almost a hundred skins of the Ou
that have been colletled on the large islands of the group. It is
felt that certain questions that have been raised concerning this
interesting genus can then be cleared up. For the present it is

[166]

yS Director s Annual Report.

sufficient to say that sixteen skins of both sexes, adult and imma-
ture, were secured on Molokai during April, May and June.

The Ou was met with at all the stations visited in the forest
area, in a ratio of about one to twenty, as compared with the Ama-
kihi. Hence it is not, relatively speaking, the abundant species
its size and song would seem to make it, especially when compared
with the much smaller and more obscurely colored Chlorodrepanis.

The Halawa forest makes an ideal home for this leie-loving
bird, since that region, as has elsewhere been mentioned, is a per-
fect tangle of this vine. Along the streams patches of wild banana
are also common, while Olona ( Touchardia) , another food plant of
the species, is met with everywhere in suitable places. As leie
has apparently had much to do in the evolution of its peculiar beak,
the Ou commonly frequents the forests where it is most abundant.
It is, nevertheless, always to be found in the more dense Ohia for-
ests, even though the amount of leie is small, or wanting entirely.
In the heavily wooded localities, it feeds through the tops of the
trees, seldom coming near the ground. At such times there are
usually several birds in the locality scattered about in scout forma-
tion. They seem rarely to alight together in the same tree, yet
they always keep within easy call of each other. The inquiringly
whistled call note "Psweet" is frequently given, and answered by
birds thus deployed, especially during cloudy weather. If the call
is imitated the bird will readily respond a number of times in suc-
cession, often cautiously approaching the ob.se rver to satisfy its
curiosity. The young birds are much easier decoyed in this way
than are the more experienced adults. It is not uncommon to
have the green inconspicuously colored birds an.swer one from a
tree near at hand, several minutes before its whereabouts can be
determined. A number of times during drenching rains, I have
heard the call note plaintively given, and after protra(5ted search
have found the bird .standing motionless in a very deje(5ted attitude,
huddled close against a tree trunk, or stowed away in a thick
bunch of leaves for shelter.

Of Its musical powers much has been written, as it has been
quite commonly given first place among the singing Drepanididae.
The song — which, by the way, it rarely gives in its entirety — is
especially sweet and pleasing, resembling in many respects that of
the canary. Perhaps the favorite place for delivering its song is

[i68]

Sonic Birds of Molokai . 79

from the topmost branch of some dead Ohia tree, standing in an
opening in the dense surrounding forest. From such a station it
will often sing intermittentl}' for an hour or more. It is liable at
an\- time to disappear in the woods, only to return presently to
take up its song again.

The adult male is, l;)y reason of its golden yellow head, a con-
spicuous bird, but with the head has been supplied a large amount
of caution which results in it being much rarer in collections than
would otherwise be the case. The female and the immature of
both sexes are inconspicuously colored, and for that reason are
often passed by the collector unobserved. As is so often the case,
owing to the curiosity and want of fear in the young, more imma-
ture than adult birds are always collected.

The flight of the Ou is rapid, heavy and direct. During their
more extended flights, as from one ridge to another, they are more
often than otherwise in small flocks. Birds of both sexes answer
a decoy whistle frequently, coming within easy range of one, eye-
ing the intruder narrowh- all the while. A sudden motion, or an
unusual noise will invariably put the bird to flight, when they will
dart off without further ado, not infrequently flying half a mile or
more in a direct line. Like the Apapane, I have observed the Ou
making long-sustained flights from the palis of the large valleys,
that carried them readily from one valley to another. At such
times they rarely, if ever, soar or circle about, but set off directly
for the fresher fields with a show of knowledge and determination
that makes them while on the wing, easily distinguished from their
neighbors, as far as they can be seen.

The series of skins give the following maximum, minimum
and average measurements :

FOIR ADULT MALES.

Length Wins: Tail Tarsus Toe Culnien

Minimum 7.00 3.50 2.20 87 90 60

Average 7.06 3.70 2.24 90 97 60

Maximum 7.25 3.80 2.40 92 j.05 60

FIVE FEMALES.

Minimum '6.75 3.50 2.10 87 95 60

Average 7.C0 3.61 2.22 90 95 60

Maximum 7.25 3.70 2.40 92 95 60

FOUR IMMATURE.

^Minimum 6.70 3.50 2.15

Average 6.92 3.59 2.20 •• 95 60

Maximum 7.10 3.65 2.40

[169]

8o Director's Annual Report.

It is remarkable that the nesting habits of this bird, which has
in times past been common on all the islands of the group and has
been so generally colle(5led and studied, should as j-et remain en-
tirely unknown.

Moho bishopi (Roths.).

After two months in the forest of the island, I have no hesi-
tancy in pronouncing the Bishop Oo a very rare bird. During that
time not a specimen was secured, nor was I able to hear so much
as a sound that could be even attributed to it. This is the more
remarkable since we know that its characteristic call can be heard
in the forests, especially in the more favorable districts — as at the
heads of the great valleys mentioned — for a half mile or more.

My disappointment at not securing this species was most keen.
However, as the Museum received but three imperfect specimens
as its third share of the collecftion made by Mr. Perkins, I feel
sure the species was at that time (September and August, 1893) by
no means common. Since the above date it has certainly very ap-
preciably decreased in numbers, as Mr. Munro and I are ready to
testify. The requirements of the Museum's exhibition and study
series, no less than my desire to see and study the l)ird alive, nerved
me to put forth ever}' effort to discover its whereabouts. No pains
were spared in making a thorough examination of every locality
suited to its habits, as well as every place where it had been merely
reported as having been seen in recent times. As a result, the
wildest and most dif^cult parts of the island forests were visited,
not once, ))ut repeatedly. On several occasions a night or more
was spent, sleeping in the open, in the centre of promising locali-
ties not to be reached otherwise, in the hope of hearing, if possi-
ble, the call of the Oo either in the late afternoon or earl}' morning.
Feeding grounds where the bird was reported to have lieen seen
''in small flocks" a few months before, were revisited, usually
accompanied by the persons reporting the observation, with the
uniformly discouraging result. Virgin forest, unfrequented by
man or beast, was traversed to no avail. Many hours were spent
in silently watching and listening in places, where according to
the oldest natives and even those of the present generation, birds
were formerly to be met with, almost always on even the most
casual day's ramble in the woods. Its feeding grounds among the

[170]

Some Birds of Molokai . 8i

Ohia, the bauatias and the lobelias were regularly visited. The
deep gloomy woods, the bright forested ridges, the secluded valleys
were explored from end to end of its habitat, all without seeing so
much as a single sign of the bird to encourage one to further effort.
Nevertheless, since the present species, as well as its cousins
on Kauai and Hawaii are known to be gregarious and nomadic at
certain seasons, it may be that such habits account for its occa-
sional appearance, and more frequent complete disappearance in
certain sedlions. However that may be, of the fact that the Oo is
a rare — indeed an exceedingly rare bird, there seems little ques-
tion. As to its being already extinct, I am not yet convinced, but
that it is ver}- near the verge of extermination, cannot longer be
doubted by any one.

Phseornis rutha, new species.

Type Specimens. Male: B. P. Bishop Museum No. 4631 ; Kilo-
hana Mountain, Molokai; April 30, 1907; W. A. Bryan. Female:
B. B. Bishop Museum No. 4632: Puualu Mountain, Molokai; April
22, 1907; W. A. Bryan. Immature Male: B. P. Bishop Museum
No. 4628; Halawa, Molokai; May 25, 1907; W. A. Bryan.

Habitat. Forest area of the island of Molokai only.

Specific Characters. Similar to lanaie?isis but with the throat
and breast much grayer ; abdomen and under tail coverts whiter;
back darker olive-brown ; size uniformly a trifle larger ; bill aver-
aging longer and slightly broader.

Diagnostic Characters. Uniform in color ; above brown or
hair-brown with an olive wash ; with no conspicuous markings on
the outer tail feathers ; size larger, length (in the flesh) 8.25-8.40,
wing 3.67-3.80, tail 3.10-3.25 ; darker above in adult and imma-
ture, and without any rusty gray cast on the crown and mantle.
Grayer on the throat and breast.

Description of Type. Adult Male : Above inconspicuous dull
brown with dusky olive tinge; head darker colored than the mantle.
The grayish wash of lanaiensis over the head and rump wanting
even in moulting birds. Outer webs of the inner primaries and
most of the secondaries with a blackish patch at their bases, which
is bordered before with a rusty brown patch ; centre tail feathers
like the back ; outer pair paler on their outer webs on the basal

Oc. p., B. p. B. M., Vol. IV, No. 2.-6, [ ^ 7 ^ J

82 Dirccto7-' s Anvval Report. • ■

portion, but not conspicuonsh- so. Lores blackish and gray, gray-
est on the breast and palest on the throat : sides of the body like
the breast. Flanks and thighs rusty olive. Centre of the abdomen
clear white ; under tail coverts ranging from pale buffy cream to
white; lull black, iris brown; feet and tarsus dark brown; soles pale
yellow in life. Length 8.25 (8.3i)-8.40, wing 3.67 (3.73)-3.8o,
tail 3.10 (3.i7)-3.25, tarsus 1.22, toe i.oo. culmen .72.

Adult Female : Similar to the male in color. Length 8.40,
Aving 3.70 (3.72)-3.75, tail 3.05 {3.o9)-3.i2, culmen .70.

Immature Male : Similar to young laiiainisis, but much darker
and less rust}' olive over the back ; under parts uniformly graj'er;
wings and tail longer. Length 8.00, wing 3.65 (3.69)-3.75, tail
3.05 (3.ii)-3.i5, culmen .71.

When studying the material preparatory to writing my Key
to the Hawaiian Birds, in 1899, I was convinced that the Molokai
form would prove distinct from the Lanai form. Since then as the
Museum's series of specimens from the two islands has increased,
evidence has accumulated all tending to substantiate the premise
there expressed (Memoir B. P. Bishop Museum, vol. i, p. 311) until
now, with the additional series of twenty carefully sexed birds in
the colle(5lion just made, there is no reason for hesitating longer
in separating these two closely allied forms. This I have done,
naming the Molokai Olomao in memory of my wife.

That the species from the two islands are very similar is not
surprising, since the islands are only a few miles apart. Yet the
conclusion which has been generally accepted, namely, that the
birds from both islands cross the channel with sufficient frequency
and regularity to keep the individuals of both habitats uniform,
receives a serious rebuttal when we consider that neither Lanai
nor Molokai has, to our knowledge, sent out settlers to the nearby
and larger i.slands of Maui and Oahu, in sufficient numbers, if at
all, to in the least way prevent the genus from disappearing en-
tirely from the last mentioned islands, while they have continued
to remain common on both Lanai and Molokai. A sufficient cause
for their not throwing out stragglers or regular settlers is perfe<?tly
apparent when a close stud}- of the genus is made in the field.

As is well known, all the species of Phcrornis are highly vSylvan,
rarely leaving the deeper woods. Or, if occasionally inhabiting the
more open parts of the woods, they are always of settled habits,

[172]'

Some Birds of Molokai . 83

frequenting the same se(5lions throughout the year. The}- never
seem to range very far from any particular locality where they have
taken up a residence. If they do go afield, it is always by short
covered flights. For the Olomao is by nature a shy, timid bird,
and for that reason, instead of exposing itself in the open it prefers
to proceed from place to place by short low flights, usualh' through
the shade of the forest. Again, a flock of Olomao, even a flock in
the most restricTied sense, has, I believe, never been seen. When
they rove about at all they are alone, or at most in pairs. In my
experience with the genus on Kauai, Molokai and Hawaii, I have
never seen them high up in the air, and sustain a flight of any
distance above the tree tops. Their buoyant spirit not infrequently
lifts them into the air in a prolonged burst of song, but when they
have finished the effort they drop back into cover and if so minded,
work off through the trees to some other favorite retreat. In
marked contrast with the habits of the wide-ranging Apapaue or
liwi, I have never witnessed a bold flight of even a solitary indi-
vidual from the high forest-clad palis where it abounds.

It would be perfe(5tly possible physically for the Olomao to
readily pass back and forth from Molokai to Lanai, or to Maui, or
Oahu, so far as the inter-island distances and its power of flight
are concerned. But I am convinced that its habits are such that
it does not venture voluntarily on such flghts. Furthermore, by
rarely exposing itself in the open or getting far from cover, it re-
duces the possibility of such migrations being accidentally made
through the agencies of wind and weather to the minimum.
Hence it is highly probable that the inter-island migration and
breeding of sufficient numbers of the two forms to influence the
mass of individuals on both islands suf^ciently to keep them breed-
ing to type does not occur.

The general habits of the Molokai species coincide very closely
with those of the other species of the genus. Berries are by far its
commonest food. While insects were found in the stomachs of a
part of the birds examined, the}' occurred in no considerable
quantity in any of them. vSeveral times I came on the birds feed-
ing on berries and had an opportunity to watch their behavior
at close range unobserved. It was thus possible for me to settle
some minor points as to their behavior, particularlv as to the

[173]

84 Director s Anuual Report.

cause of the peculiar trembling motion of the wings which has been
attributed by one or two authors to fear alone.

A bird under close observation flew down to feed on the drupes
of a small Olapa {Chcirodendron). After a few moments it flew up
into a nearby tree, when after deliberately cleaning its bill it broke
forth into its fullest song. Pausing as if to study the effect, or to
see if the melody would be taken up by its neighbors, it would
tremble the wangs and hop idly about from branch to branch.
This program was repeated many times, singing, feeding, and
fluttering its wings alternatively. It is true that the quivering is
more often resorted to under the stress of excitement, but it is
equally certain that it is indulged in at other times quite naturally
and frequently.

As to the song of the Olomao little can be added to the excel-
lent accounts already in print. No one is able to see the singer or
hear its song w^ithout being impressed by its thrush-like character.
The effort is more usually delivered from the topmost branches of
some favorite tree ; although it is to be found frequently singing
joyously in the underbrush. When singing the head is always
thrown well back, the throat full and free, and the wings and tail
are invariably relaxed and drooping. The irregular, at times,
somewhat jerky, though always melodious song is given not once
or twice, but often dozens of times. Once heard its characfter will
live in the memory for years, though its component parts are
wholly inimitable.

Not only does the Olomao sing early and late, but in fine
weather I have heard it far into the night. One of the peculiari-
ties of the song is its ventriloquistic characfter. A bird may be
singing volubly in a tree not twenty yards away, and so varied in
volume and timbre are the notes as the song increases from its be-
ginning of a few low chirping notes to the zenith of its power and
beauty, that even an experienced observer is at times at a loss to
locate the songster. In truth it seems that the whole tree might be
full of song. The voice conies from the centre, from the right, from
the left, from the back and from the top of the tree successively or
simultaneously, seemingly at the pleasure of the musician. So
marked is this power that a bird in plain sight may sing a half
dozen times before the sombre-colored piper will be discovered.
In addition to the song the Olomao has a number of notes and

[174]

XEST OF PH^ORNIS RUTHA. (47 lO)

86 Director s An?iiial Report.

calls. One which is very puzzling, especially to the natives, is a
cat-like cry which is given in an inciuiring intonation from some
hiding place in the undergrowth.

The species, was more abundant at Halawa than at any of the
other localities visited. This was doubtless due to the seclusion
afforded by the untrodden forests of that secftion. A few immature
birds were taken, but the majority of those seen were in the fully
adult plumage. The length of time required for the young to
acquire the adult plumage is apparently more than one year.

On May i I took from thirty feet up in an Ohia tree growing
in the dense woods on the summit of Puualu, a nest which I have
no hesitanc}- in referring to this species. In the locality was a
pair of resident Olomao, evidently the owners of the nest (Mus.
No. 4710) here described. Externally it is over 6.00 inches in
diameter by 3.50 inches deep. Small dead Ohia twigs form the
foundation of the structure. Into this is placed a generous lining
of mo.ss and fine rootlets neatly woven together to form a substan-
tial thrush-like nest. The hollow of the nest is 3.50 inches across
by 1.50 inches in depth. The nest has evidently been used and
deserted, though unmistakably of recent construdlion. It is singu-
lar that as yet nothing is known of the eg^ of any of the species of
the genus, save the reference by Heushaw (Birds of the Hawaiian
Islands, p. 31 ) to the finding of a small fragment of an ^gg shell in
the stomach of a Hawaiian Hawk {Butco solitarius) which he sug-
gests might be a portion of an egg of Pheeoriiis obsciira of Hawaii.

It seems worth while recording that an old native who accom-
panied me on my Moanui trip said that he had heard from his
father "that a long time ago there was on Molokai a small brown
bird that ran on the ground but could not fly," but that they had
all been dead for a long time. He gave its name as Moho {Pcn-
nula). He also said that his father had told him of the Elepaio
{Chasicmpis) being on Molokai in the olden time. Mr. Theodore
Meyer substantiated this report by saing that when he was a boy
it was generally known to the old natives that both the Moho and
Elepaio had been plentiful, but that thev had long ago died out.

[176]

Publications of the Bernice Paualii Bishop Museum

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A Handbook for the Bishop Museum. Oblong cctavo, 94 half-tone illus-
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Nets and Nettings — Stokes. Price S3.'X), postage 20 cts.

No. 2. Old Hawaiian Carvings — Brigham. Price 50 cts., postage 5 c.

No. 3. The Ancient Hawaiian House. By Wm. T. Brigham.
Price $3-00, postage 25 c.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

OF THE

BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF

POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND

NATURAL HISTORY.

Vol. IV. — No. 3.

Director's Report for 1908,

honolui.u, h. i.
Bishop Museum Press.
-. 1909

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

William O. Smith President

E. Faxon Bishop Vice-President

J. M. DowsETT Treasurer

Albert F. Judd , Secretary

Samuel M. Damon, Henry Holmes, Joseph O. Carter

¥

MUSEUM STAFF

William T. Brigham, A.M., Sc.D. (Columbia) Diredlor

William H. Dall, Ph.D. Honorary Curator of Mollusca

John F. G. Stokes Curator of Polynesian Ethnology

C. Montague Cooke, Jr., Ph.D. (Yale). . Curator of Pulmonata

Otto H. Swezey Honorary Curator of Entomology

Chas. N. Forbes Assistant in Botany

Miss E. Schupp Librarian

John W. Thompson Artist and Modeler

John J. Greene Printer

A. K. Williams Janitor

Moses Kauahi Assistant Janitor

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

OF THE

BERNICE PAUAHl BISHOP MUSEUM OF

POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND

NATURAL HISTORY.

Vol. IV. — No. 3.

Director's Report for 1908.

honolulu, h. i.

Bishop Museum Press.

1909

TO THE TRUSTEES OE THE BERN ICE PAl'AHI
BISHC )P MUSE L W.

S/rs : — /;/ accordance 7cith the s/a)id/ng vote of the
Trustees, I sk bin it iiiv Aiiiiual Report on the present condition
of this Ml/ sen in and the general course of 7eork done in the
departments during the year ic^oS.

WHJJAM T. BRJGHAM,

Director of the Museum.
Honolulu , Max /, igog.

Ordered printed /ulv g, rgog.

REPORT

^nr^HE year 1908 has beeu memorable for the retirement of the
■*■ President of the Museum Trustees, Honorable Sanford B. Dole,
from the Board, to the sincere regret of everj- member of the
Museum staff and, it may be added with truth, of all who take
genuine interest in this Museum, for long before Mr. Bishop de-
cided to found the Memorial which bears the honored name of his
wife, Mr. Dole was keen in the belief that such a museum was
needed. His correspondence with me at that time was full of
interest, and when the foundation was decided upon, Mr. Dole
urged the selecftion of a site in town, preferably the old estate of
Paki where Mr. and Mrs. Bishop long made their home a most
hospitable centre.

When the charge of the young museum was transferred from
the Trustees of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Trust to a new board
consisting of these gentlemen and two especial representatives of
the Museum, Mr. Dole, then President of the Republic of Hawaii,
was first named for the position b}" Mr. Bishop, and from that
time, as president of the new board, he has shown his great inter-
est in the affairs of the institution and by this interest has greatly
encouraged all who were striving for the success of the Bernice
Pauahi Bishop Museum in its appointed field.

Mr. Charles Noyes Forbes of the University of California,
warmlv recommended to me by Professor Setchell, has been ap-
pointed Assistant in Botany and he has taken hold of his work
with skill and energ}' since his arrival on June 15th. With the
Direcl^lor he visited the Kilauea region in August and made a valu-
able coUedlion of the plants found there, and he has since explored

the ranges and valleys in the vicinity of Honolulu, extending his

[179] (3)

4 Director's Annual Report.

trips to a camp on the mountains above Punaluu and the heights
of Kaala above Waianae. By his abundant collecftions we have
been able to inaugurate the long promised exchange with the
Botanical Garden at Sydney, N. S. W., and the specimens already
received in the course of exchange from Australia have been very
satisfa(5tory. We hope soon to extend our exchanges to New
Zealand and Fiji. In his work on the Hawaiian Flora he has
described several new species of considerable interest and his de-
scriptions are appended to this Report. We hope to be able to
offer for publication in the Memoirs a decade of little known,
poorly described or unfigured Hawaiian plants of interest, of many
of which we have secured satisfacftory photographs : the series to
be continued from time to time as material accumulates.

While the general activities of the Museum have continued
to be limited by the absence of any sufficient room for work or
storage, those energies not so dependent on the Museum Labora-
tories have progressed satisfadlorily. Mr. J. F. G. Stokes, the
Curator of Polynesian Ethnology, has been able to incorporate
with the general colledlion the Deverill colledlion referred to in the
last annual Report as purchased for the Museum, and a summary
catalogue of the same is appended to this Report. In his investi-
gations of Hawaiian antiquities he, in common with all who have
been compelled to use the valuable work of Fornander on the
Polynesian Race, found great annoyance and unnecessary labor
from the absence of an index to that work which is filled with in-
formation unskilfully arranged and with no key. To make the
path easier for future .students Mr. Stokes has prepared a most
elaborate index extending to eighty-six pages as printed in double
columns, and the Trustees have authorized its printing as an extra
volume not in our exchange series. The edition is limited to two
hundred and fifty copies. Dr. W. D. Alexander, always a friend
to this Museum, has written a biographical sketch of Fornander

and has warmly commended the volume.

[i8o]

Director s Annual Report. 5

The Curator has also made study of the interesting so-called
"shark-pens" near the mouth of Pearl Harbor, which the military
authorities of the United States must destroy in the improvement
of the harbor, and his results are given with this Report.

Dr. Cooke has continued his laborious colleclion and examina-
tion of the minute forms of Hawaiian Pulmonata, and has also
been engaged in cataloguing the important colleAion of the late
M. Ancey, now belonging to this Museum. Mr. J. W. Thompson
has added many casts of fishes, fruits and also of stone imple-
ments borrowed for this purpose, and these have been excellently
colored to correspond with the originals.

A work which enlisted all the forces of the Museum was the
removal of all the collections in Hawaiian Hall from the cases to
permit the repainting of the iron racks and brackets. These had
originally been coated with a bituminous paint which the tere-
binthine exhalation from the white cedar with which the cases are
lined dissolved and made intolerably stick}-. This was entirely
removed from the many hundreds of brackets and racks, which
were repainted with a more suitable material. The removal of
specimens and shelves from sixty-two large cases required great
care as well as labor, but it is hoped such a removal will not again
be needed for a similar cause.

The Director's visit to Kilauea in August and September en-
abled him to complete his notes on the history of that volcano, on
which he has for some time been engaged, and this having been
accepted by the Trustees is now passing through the press, and it
is hoped will be issued in 1909. The extent of this paper (which
will complete volume II of the Memoirs), and the number of the
illustrations have delayed the publication, but it is intended to
conve}' to those who have never visited these Islands some adequate
idea of the appearance and activities of this most wonderful and

accessible volcano : and recall to those who have been fortunate

[iSi]

6 Director' s Anmial Report.

euough to witness its eruptions, the memorable "Pit of Pele" and
the outflow of moUen rivers from Mauna L,oa and Kilauea.

Much work has also been done in the preparation of a volume
on Kapa or Bark-cloth, or more properly paper, primarily of these
Islands but also including the similar work of other Polynesians
and extending through Africa, the Ivast Indies and other coun-
tries where this primitive manufacture was once all-important but
now everywhere disappearing before the cheaper and more durable
product of the loom. With the view of preserving at least the
memory of this fast vanishing product of early ingenuity the
Trustees of this Museum have made generous provision for illus-
trating vafac simile scores of beautiful or interesting colored speci-
mens from the combined collections of this Museum and of the
Director, and these plates are now in the hands of the most com-
petent workmen. It is hoped that the result may be published in
the course of 1910.

TABLE OF ATTENDANCE.

Open on

!»i

Average

£

00

00

a
OS

i

6

S

r'

il

Attendance.

a:

si

w

1908.

>

2

0

0

c

a:

•g

*x "

c

^

X

•-^

c

^

0

>

- 1 -

r-

January

300

140

39

53

239

2.S

10

3

35

75

12

799

Fi'bruar.v

47s

235

46

249

184

18

9

3

26

132

9

1210

March

401

90

7

135

176

12

8

3

59

95

20

821

442

369

104
139

22
44

96
99

122
1.35

11
35

8
9

6
3

119
41

96

87

20
14

887

Mav

821

311
568
324

96
98
74

62
65
43

66
97

81

136
195
172

30
16
31

9

12

9

5
5

7

63
40

55

71
83
74

13

8
S

701

jniv

1039

August

725

Septembei-

408

104

30

108

164

24

9

2

7

92

4

838

October

38.5

108

40

87

177

14

10

6

80

73

13

811

November . . . .

241

104

37

87

104

14

8

4

24

70

6

587

December

245

82

17

50

63

10

7

4

12

65

3

467

Totals

4472

1464

452

1208

1867

243

108

51

561

84.6

11.

9706

[182]

List of Accessions.

DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY.

Collecftion of the late \V. E. H. Deverill of Kauai, purchased
and presented by the Charles R. Bishop Trust. Specimens col-
lected in Hawaiian Islands except where otherwise mentioned.

9 1 92-92 1 6

Umeke.

9217-9220

Pa.

9221

Pa ia.

9222

Ipu kuha.

9223-9244

Squid sinkers.

9245-9247

Squid hooks.

9248-9250

Stone mirrors.

9251-9252

Polishing stones.

9253-9256

Olona scrapers, of pearl shell.

9257-9259

Kapuahi kuni anaana.

9260

Xoa stone.

9261

Kikeula.

9262

Stone end of club.

9263-9265

Adz handles.

9266

Laau melomelo.

9267

Lei palaoa.

9268

38 Bambu kapa markers.

9269

Stone fish god.

9270

Piikoi.

9271-9274

Music sticks.

9275

6 Net menders.

9276-9279

Netting needles.

9280-9281

Spacers.

9282

Tobacco pipe.

9283

Supply of shark's teeth.

9284-9285

Huewai pawehe.

[183]

(7)

8 Dir€cto7-' s Annual Report.

9286 Hinai poepoe.

9287-9289 Hula drums.

9290 Yi Ipu uhane.

9291-9295 Koko puupuu.

9296-9308 Kapa nioe, malo, kihei, etc.

9309 Uluna.

93 1 0-93 1 3 Awa cups.

9314-9333 Adzes.

9334-9335 Hammers.

9336-9337 Flat stone dishes.

9338 Sculptured stone lamp.

9339-9343 Stone lamps.

9344 Polio kui palu.

9345-9350 Poi pounders, common form.

9351-9354 " ri"g form.

9355-9357 " stirrup form.

9358-9360 Pestles.

9361-9372 Ulumaika, disk form.

9373 " spherical form.

9374-9408 Kapa mallets.

9409 Kapa anvil.

9410 " for malo.
9411-9413 Olona boards.
9414-941 7 Spears.

94 1 8-94 1 9 Wood carving tools.

9420-9421 Niho palaoa.

9422 Ivory bead necklace.

9423-9426 Ivory bead bracelets.

9427 Ivory bead.

9428 Tobacco pipe.

9429 Ipu hokiokio.

9430-9435 Fish hooks of pearl, for trolling.

9436 " tortoise shell.

9437 " ivory.

9438 " coconut shell.
9439-9443 " pearl .shell.
9444-9449 " tortoise shell.
9450-9451 " pearl and tortoise shell.
9452-9456 " human bone.

[184I

List of Accessions.

9457-9458

Files.

9466-9467

Pa puaa.

9468

Laau lomilonii, of Kauniualii.

9469

Kapa mallet.

9470

Spear, broken.

9471-9473

Awa cups.

9474

Gourd cup.

9475

Auamo.

9476-9479

Net menders.

9480

Iron fish hook.

9481

Olona.

9482

Ulili.

9483

White kapa.

9484-9489

Shells.

9490-9493

Koko.

9494-9496

Poi pounders, ring and stirrup forms.

9497-9506

Squid sinkers.

9507

Stone hammer.

9508

Stone head of club.

9509-9512

Adzes.

95 1 3-95 14

Pestles.

9515

Mortar.

9516

Crab shell.

9517

Turtle skull.

9518

Piece of drift wood (? idol).

•9459

Ivory charm. Alaska.

9460

Wooden fish hook. Ellice Islands(?).

9461

Stone dish. Nihoa.

9462

Implement of coral rock ; possibly for scaling fish

Xihoa.

9463

Implement of coral rock. Nihoa.

9464

Tapa. Samoa.

9465

Spear. Society Islands.

Gifts.

9653

Stick made from coffee wood. Given by Mr. A. F. Judd

9654

Dancing wand. Given by the Hawaiian Board of Mis

sions.
9655 Dancing mask. New Hebrides. Given by Mr. L. A.

Thurston. [185]

lo Director s Annual Report.

9656-9657 Kapa. Hawaiian Ids. Given by Mrs. W. R. Castle.

9658-9659 Kapa mallet. Hawaiian Ids. Id.

9660 Koko pnupuu. Hawaiian Ids. Id.

9661 Roll of human hair braid. Hawaiian Ids. Id.

9662 Squid hook. Hawaiian Ids. Id.

9663 Pala i e (cup and ball). Hawaiian Ids. Id.

9664 Tail feathers of Phaethon rubricaiida. Id.
9665-9666 Stone implements. Hawaiian Ids. Id.

9667 Fillet. Micronesia. Id.

9668 Stone for trapping birds. Hawaiian Ids. Given by

Mr. E. S. Cunha.

9669 Stone idol. Hawaii. Given by Mr. Jared G. vSmith.
9077-9080 Bundles of bones. Hawaiian Ids.

9081 Mummified baby. Hawaiian Ids.

9530 Umeke. Piorhased.

DEPARTMENT OF CONCHOLOGY.

Number of shells collecled and sent to the Museum for

identification 26,392

Number of shells purchased ( Ancey collecftion ) 14,018

Total 40,410

The number of new catalogue numbers added was 2810.

Shells have been received from Messrs. I. Spalding, E. Davis,
C. S. Dole, C. A. Rice, A. F. Judd, A. F. Knudsen, F. R. Greenwell,
H. Podmore, D. D. Baldwin, P. Deverill, D. Thaanum, J. F. G.
Stokes, G. Fuller, E. Wishard, O. H. Swezey and C. N. Forbes.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Accessions denoted by an * were acquired liv exchange.

*Acadenn- of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. — Proceedings,

Iviii, 3; lix, 1-3; Ix, I, 2. — Journal, xiii, 4. — Annual Report

for 1906 and 1907.
Agardh, J. G. — Species Sargassorum Australice. vStockholm, 1889.
*Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, xviii, vSupplement;

xix, 1-12.
Alexander, W. D.— A Short vSynopsis of the Most Essential Points

in Hawaiian Grammar. Honolulu, 1908.

[186]

List of Accessions. ii

American Academy of Arts and Sciences. — Proceedings, iii-vi.

American Anthropological Association. — Memoirs, ii, 1-3.

American Anthropologist, viii, 4; ix, 1-4; x, 1-3.

American Association for the Advancement of Science. — Proceed-
ings, liv-lvii. Given by Dr. W. T. Brigham.

*Americau Museum of Natural History. — Memoirs, iii, 4; ix, 4;
X, 2; xiv, 2.— Bulletin, xv, 2; xvii, Index; xxv, i. — Anthro-
pological Papers, i, 4-6; ii, i. — Guide L,eaflet, 26, 27. — 39th
Annual Report, 1907. — Journal, viii, 2-8.

*American Philosophical Society. — Transactions, xxi, 5. — Pro-
ceedings, 186-189.

Anatomy and Physiology, Journal of, xli, 3-4; xlii, 1-4; xliii, i.

Andrews, L. — A Dictionary of the Hawaiian lyanguage.

Annals of the Royal Botanical Garden, Calcutta, v, i, 2; vii.

Anthropological Essays presented to Edward B. Taylor. Oxford,
1907.

*Anthropologie de Paris, Revue de I'l^cole d". — Dix-Septieme
Annee, 3-12.

*Anthropologie de Paris, vSociete de. — Bulletins et Memoires,
v. serie, tome huitieme, i, 2, 4-6; tome neuvieme, i, 2.

*Archiv International fiir Ethnographic, Leiden, xvii, 1905 und
vSupplement.

*Australian Museum. — Records, vi, 6; vii, i, 2. — Report for 1907.

Beddome, R. H. — The Ferns of Southern India. Madras, 1863.

The Ferns of British India, i, ii. Madras, 1870.

Berggren, S. — On New Zealand Hepaticse, i. Eund, 1898.

*Bern Historisches Museum. — Jahresbericht fiir 1907.

Blume, C. E. — Flora Javae nee non Insularum Adjacentium, i-iv.

Blume & Rumphius. — Rumphia sive Commentationes Botanicae,
i-iv.

Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry. — Report for
1907.

Boemus, John. — Omnium gentium mores, leges et ritus ex multis
clarissimis rerum scriptoribus. Paris, 1538.

Bonavia, E. — The Cultivated Oranges and Eemons of India and
Ceylon. London, 1888, text and plates.

Borcherding, Fr. — Achatinellen-Fauna der Sandwich-Iusel Molo-
kai. Stuttgart, 1906.

[i«7]

12 Director's An?i7iaf Rep07i.

*Bostou Public lyibrary. — Annual lyist of New and Important
Books, 1906-7. — Fifty-sixth Annual Report, 1907-8.— Bulletin,
i, 2. — Finding lyist of Fairy Tales and Folk Stories. Boston,
1908.

*Boston Society of Natural History. — Proceedings, xxxiii, 3-9;
xxxiv, 1-3.

*Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. — Science Bulletin, i,
1 1 -14. — Report for 1906 and 1907. — Year Book, 1900-1.

Buller, James. — New Zealand, Past and Present. London, 1880.

Byron, Lord.— A Voyage Round the World, in H. M. S. Dolphin.
London, 1767.

*California Academy of Sciences. — Proceedings, i, pp. 1-6; iii,
pp. 1-40.

Cambridge University. — Forty-second Report of the Museums and
Lecture Rooms Syndicate for 1907.

Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. — Second
Annual Report, 1907. — Bulletin No. 2, The Financial Status
of the Professor in America and in Germany. Given by Dr.
W. T. Brigham.

*Carnegie Institution of Washington. — Year Book, 1907. — Publi-
cations, 39, 43, 66, 75, 78, 79, 82, 85, 89, 92-99, loi, 106. —
Hay, O. P.: The Fossil Turtles of North America.— Hodell,
Ch. W.: The Old Yellow Book.— Report of the State Earth-
quake Commission.

*Carnegie Museum. — Annals, iv, 3, 4; v, i. — Annual Report for
1907.

Choris, L. — Voyage pittoresque autour du nionde. Paris, 1822.

Cincinnati Museum Association. — Twenty-seventh iVnnual Report,
1907. Exhibitions of American Art.

Clarke, C. B. — Commelynaceae et Cyrtandraceie Bengalensis.
Calcutta, 1874.

A Review of the Ferns of Northern India. London, 1880.

Colenso, W., and vStephani, F.— Revision of New Zealand He-
paticae. 1892.

*Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. — Transacftions, xiii,
pp. 299-548.

[Cook] Journal of the Resolution's Voyage, also of the Adven-
ture's Voyage. London, 1775.

Cook, Captain James. — Journal of Captain Cook's Last Voyage.
London, 1781. [188]

List of Accessions. 13

Dana, James D. — Corals and Coral Islands. New York, 1872.

de Dalla Torre, C. G., and Harms, H. — Genera Siphonogamarum
ad vSystema Knglereanum conscripta. Leipzig, 1900-07.

Dillon, P. — Voyage aux Isles de la mer du sud, en 1827-28 et re-
lation de la decouverte du Sort de la Perouse. i, ii. Paris, 1830.

Domeny de Rieiizi, G. L. — Oceanie ou cinquieme partie du monde,
i-3. Paris, 1836-37.

Dozy, F., and Molkenboer, J. H. — Bryologia Javanica. Leiden,
1862. 3 vols.

Drabble, Eric. — On the Anatomy of the Roots of Palms. London,

1893-
Eudlicher, St. — Genera Plantarum secundum ordines naturales.

Wien, 1836-40 and 5 Suppl. 1850.
Engelmann, Gg. — Cactacese of the U. S. and Mexican Boundary

Survey. Washington, 1858.
Engelbrecht, Th. — Deutschlands Apfelsorten. Braunschweig,

1889.
Engler, A., and Prantl, K. — Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien.

Leipzig, 1897.
*Field Museum. — -Publications: Botanical, ii, 6; Geological, ii. 10;

iii, 6; Ornithological, i, 1-3; Zoological, vii, 5-6; Report

series, iii, 2.
Forrest, Th. — -A Voyage to New Guinea and the Moluccas. Lon-
don, 1779.
Forster, J. R. and Geo. — Characteres generum Plantarum quas in

itinere ad insulas maris Australis, collegerunt, descripterunt,

delinearunt, 1772-75. London, 1776.
Friederici, Gg. — Die Schiffahrt der Indianer. Stuttgart, 1907.
Geographical Journal, xxix-xxxi.

Grey, Sir G. — Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-
west and Western Australia During the Years 1837-39.
Polynesian Mythology and Ancient Traditional History of

the New Zealand Race. London, 1855.
Griffin, L. E. — The Anatomy of Nautilus pompilius.
Griffith, W. — Palms of British India. Calcutta, 1850.
Grosse, E. — The Beginnings of Art.
Hallier, H. — Neue und bemerkenswerte Pfianzen aus dem Malai-

isch-Papuanischen Inselmeer.
*Harvard University Library. — Tenth Report, 1907.

[189]

14 Director's A}uiual Report.

Hawaiian Entomological Societ}'. — Proceedings, i, 5 ; ii, i. Given

by the Society.
*Hawaiian Historical Society. — Report, 1908. — Papers, 1-14.
Hawaiian Live Stock Breeder's Association. — Proceedings, P'ifth

Annual Meeting, 1907. Given by the Association.
Hawaiian Reports, xv-xviii. Given by the Supreme Court.
Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association. — Report for 1907. Given

by S. M. Damon. — Division of Agriculture and Chemistry:

Bulletins, 21-27; Circular, 9-1 1. — Division of Pathology and

Physiology: Circular 8.
H. W. Henshaw. — The Policemen of the Air. Washington, 1906.

Does It Pay the Farmer to Protect Birds? Washington, 1908.

Popular Fallacies Respedling the Indians. Given b}^ the

author.
Heydrich, P". — Neue Kalkalgeu von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea.
His, W. — Unsere Korperform und das physiologische Problem

ihrer Entstehung. Leipzig, 1874.
Hooker, W. J. — Journal of a Tour in Iceland in the Summer of

1809. Yarmouth, 1811.
Hough, R. B. — Handbook of the Trees of the Northern States and

Canada east of the Rocky Mountains. New York, 1908.
Ibis, The. — Eighth Series, vi, 1906; Ninth Series, i, 1907.
Icones Bogoriensis, iii, 3.

Im Thurn, E. — The Botany of the Roraima Expedition of 1884.
Index Kewensis Plantarum Phanerogamarum. — Supplementum

tertium.
*Indian Museum. — Annual Report, 1906-07. — Records, i, 1-4; ii, i.

— Memoirs, i, i, 2; ii, i, 2.
*Instituto Geologico de Mexico. — Boletin, 23. — Parergones, ii, 1-6.

— El Volcau de Jorullo.
*K. K. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum, Wieu. — Annalen, xxi, 3,4;

xxii, I.
*Kaiserl. Leop. Carol. Akademie der Naturforscher, Ixxxvii, 3.
Kirk, T.— The Forest Flora of New Zealand. Wellington, 1889.
*Konigl. Zoologisches und Anthropologisch-lithnologisches Muse-
um, Dresden. — Abhandlungen und Berichte, xii, i, 2.
Kunth, C. S. — P^numeratio Plantarum omnium hucusque cogni-

tarum secundum P'amilias naturales disposita. .Stuttgart,

1833-50, 6 vols.

[190]

List of Accessions. 15

Labillardiere. — Relation du \'oyage a la Recherche de La Perouse,

fait par ordre de Tasseniblee constituante. Paris, 1791-92.

2 vols, and Atlas.
Laniounette. — L'origine niorphologique du liber interne. Paris,

1891.
Laing, R. M., and Elackwell, E. W. — Plants of New Zealand.

2nd. ed. 1907.
*Leland Stanford Jr. University. — Register, 1907-08.
*L,innaean Society, IvOndon. — -Transactions-Zoolog)', ix. — ^Journal

Botany, xxxvi-xxxvii. — Zoolog}', xxxix. — Proceedings, 1905-

1907.
*Linnaean Society of New South Wales. — Proceedings, xxxii, 1-4;

xxxiii, 1-3.
*Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. — Annals, i; ii, 1-3. —

Memoirs, x-xiii, xv-xxi.
Louisiana State Museum. — Report and Catalogue, 1908.
[Lucett] Rovings in the Pacific. 1851, 2 vol.
*Madras Government Museum. — Bulletin, v, 3.

Maiden, J. H. — The Forest P^lora of New South Wales, 1904-06.

21 parts.
Man, E. H. — The Andaman Lslanders. London.
Maori Congress. Souvenir, 1908.
*Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. — Journal,

viii, 2, 3.
Martini und Chemnitz. — Conchylien Cabinet, 520-532.
Massachusetts Horticultural Society. — Transactions 1907, ii ;

1908, i.
Masters, M. T. — Contribution to the Natural History of the Passi-

floraceae, 1870.
Microscopical Science, Quarterly Journal of, Ii, 4; Hi; liii, i.
Miquel, F. A. W. — Flora van Nederlandsch Indie. Amsterdam,

1855-60. 5 vols.

Illustrationes Piperacearum, 1844.

*Missouri Botanical Garden. — Nineteenth Annual Report, 1908.
*Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires. — i\nales, serie iii, tomo ix.
*Museu Goeldi. — Boletin, v, i.
*Museu Paulista. — Catalogos da Fauna Brazileira, i. — As Aves do

Brazil. — Notas Preliminares, i, i.

[191J

i6 Director's Annual Report.

*Miiseum of Comparative Zoology. — Annual Report, 1907-08. —
Bulletin, xliii, 5-7; li, 7-12; Hi, 1-5; liii, 1-2. — Memoirs, xxvi,
4,6; xxxiv, 2; xxxvi, I.

*Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. — Annual Report for 1907. — Bulle-
tin, vi. 33, 36.

Museum Senckenbergianum. — Abhandlungen, i-iii. 1S34-35.

*Natal Government Museum. — Annals, i, 3.

National Antarctic Exposition. — Natural History, i-iv.

*New South Wales, Department of Fisheries. — Report for 1907. —
vStead: The Edible Fishes of New South Wales.— The Beaked
Salmon. — New Fishes from New South Wales. — Preliminary
Note on the Wafer (Leptaplana australis), a species of Den-
drocoelous turbellarian Worm, Destructive to Oy.sters.

*New South Wales, Department of Mines. — Annual Report, 1907.
— Geological Survey, Palaeontology, 10, 13 — Pitman, Problems
of the Artesian Water Supply. — Mineral Resources, 12.

*Ne\v York Botanical Garden, vi, 19.

New York Zoological vSociety. — Annual Report Div. Aquariums,
1907.

*New Zealand Institute. — Transactions and Proceedings, xl.

Nilson, Arvid. — The Timber Tree of New vSouth Wales. — Sydney,
1884.

Nordstedt, Otto. — P'resh Water Algae in New Zealand and Aus-
tralia.

Nova Guinea. — Zoologie Eivraison v, i; Ethnographic et Anthro-
pologic, iii.

Novitates Zoologicse, xiv, 2-3; xv, i.

*Oahu College. — Catalogue 1907-08.

*Oberlin College. — The Wilson Bulletin, xiv 2-4; xx, 1-3.

Oklahoma Geological Survey. — Bulletin, i.

Ornithologie, Journal, Ivi, 1-4.

Otago Universit}'. — Report for 1906-07.

Paradise of the Pacific, — xx, 12; xxi, 1-12.

*Peabody Museum of x\merican Archccology and Ethnology. —
Memoirs, iv, i. — P'orty-first Annual Report.

Pechuel-Eoesche. — Die Eoango Expedition. Stuttgart, 1907.

Petermann's Mitteiluugen, liv, i-ii.

*Philadelphia Commercial Museums. — Current papers.

Philippine Islands, The. — Blair & Robertson, Iii, liii. Given by
Hon. C. R. Bi.shop. [192]

List of Accessions. 17

Philippine Islands. — Ethnological Survey, v, 1-2.

'- Journal of Science. — A, ii, 3-6; iii, 1-4. B, ii, 4-6; iii, 1-4.

C, ii, 4-6; iii, 1-5.
Leaflets of Philippine Botany, i, 11-16; ii, 17-22.

*Pol3-nesian Society. — ^Journal, xvi, 4; xvii, 1-3.

Post & Kuntze. — Lexicon Generum Phaneroganiarum. — Stutt-
gart, 1904.

Queensland Museum. — Annals 8-9.

*Rautenstrauch - Joest Museum. — Jahresbericht, i-v, 1904-07. —
Fiihrer durch das Museum.

Rawson, G. — Biographia de Doctor. La Plata, 1907. — Given by

the National LTuiversit}-.
*Reale Accademia dei Liucei. Roma. — rMemories, Serie Quinta,

V, 8,9; vi, 11-17. — Atti, Serie Quinta, xv, 1-12; xvi, I. Semes-

tre, 1-4, 6-12; IL Semestre, 1-12; xvii, I. vSemestre, 1-12; II.

Semestre, 1-8.
Rechinger, C. — Vegetationsbilder. Samoa und Neu Guinea.
Botanische und Zoologische Ergebuisse einer wissenschaft-

lichen Forschungsreise nach den Samoanischen Inseln. Wien,

1907.
*Riiks Ethnologisches Museum, Leiden. — Report, 1906-07.
Rogewein. — Histoire de I'Expedition de trois vaisseaux. La Haye,

1739. 2 vols.

*Royal Anthropological Institute. — Journal, xxxvii; xxxviii,
Jan. -June, 1908. — Bibliography of Anthropology^ and Folk-
lore, 1906.

*Royal Geographical Society of South Australia. — Proceedings,
ii-ix.

*Royal Irish Academy. — Proceedings: Section B, xxvii, 1-5;
Section C, xxvii, 1-8, and Appendix.

*Ro3^al Society of Edinburgh. — Proceedings, xxvii, 1-5 ; xxviii,
1-9; xxix, I.

*Ro5'al Society of New South Wales. — Journal and Proceedings,
xxxix-xli.

Oc. p. B. P. B. M., Vol. IV., No. 3—2. [ I 93]

i8 Director's Annual Report.

*Ro3'al Society of vSouth Australia. — Transactions and Proceed-
ings and Report, xxxi, 1907.

*Royal Society of Victoria, — Proceedings, xx, 2; xxi, i.

Schweinfurth, Gg. — Artes Africanae. Leipzig, 1875.

Siebold, Ph. F. — Flora Japonica. 2 vols.

Smith, J. Z. — Die Orchideen von Java. London, 1908.

*Smithsonian Institution. — Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulle-
tin, xxxiii, xxxv. — Annual Report, 1904-05.

United vStates National Museum : Proceedings, xxxiii. —

Bulletin, 61.

United vStates National Herbarium: Contributions, x, 6-7;

xii, 1-4. — Annual Report, 1906-07.

Snellemau, John F. — Industrie des Cafres du Sudest de I'Afrique.
Leyde, 1908.

Snouk-Hurgronje, C. — The Achenese. 2 vols. Leiden.

*Societa Italiana di Antropologia e Etnologia, Firenze. — Archivio,
xxxvii, 1-3; xxxviii, i.

*Societe Royal des Antiquaires du Nord. — Memoires, 1907.

Sonder, W. — Die Algen des tropischen Australiens.

*South African Museum. — Annals, iv, 8; v, 5; vi, i; vii, i. — Re-
port for 1907.

Sparrman, Andre. — \'o>age au Cap de Bonne-Hsperance et autour
du Monde. Paris, 1807. 3 vols.

Spengel, J. W. — Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Fidschi Insulaner.

Eiu Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Polynesier Schadel.

*Stadtisches Museum fiir Volkerkunde, Leipzig. — Jahrbuch, i.
1906.

vStedman, J. G. — Narrative of a Five Years Expedition Against the
Revolted Negroes of Surinam in Guiana, on the Wild Coast of
South America from 1772-77, 2 vols., London 181 3.

Stewart, L., and Brandis, D. — The Forest Flora of Northwest and
Central India. London, 1874.

Thompson, J. A. — Heredity. New York, 1908.

[^94]

List of Acccssio7is. 19

Torres Straits Anthropological Expedition Reports. — Vol. iii, Lin-
guistics; vol. vi, Sociology, Magic and Religion of the East-
ern Islanders.

Try on & Pilsbry. — Manual of Conchology, pts. 76, 77.

United States Agricultural Experiment Station. — Press Bulletin,
21. — Annual Report, 1907.

United States Department of Agriculture. — Year Book, 1907. —
Biological Survey, Bulletin 32. — Farmers' Bulletins, 235, 328,
330, 335. — Forestry Bulletins, 59, 61, 77. — Circulars, 128, 136,
154, 157. — Silvical Leaflets, i, 2, 7, 15, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 27,
28, 30, 32, 38, 40, 41.

United States Department of Commerce and Labor. — Bureau of
Fisheries: Documents 632-638, 640. — Bureau of Manufactures:
Foreign Markets for the Sale of American Cotton Products,
Statistical Abstract, 1907. — Report of the Commission, 1906.
— Bulletin, xxvii, 1908, FLshes of West Virginia.

*United States Geological Survey. — Twenty-eighth Annual Report.
—Bulletins, 309, 316, 319, 321, 322, 324-340, 342-350, 351, 357,
369. — Water Supph- Papers, 207, 209-220, 222. — Professional
Papers, 56, 62. — -Mineral Resources, 1906. — Monograph,
xlix, Ceratopsia.

*Universit5' of California. — Physiology, iii, 11-13; Chronicle, x,
1-4. — Zoology, iv, 3-7 ; vi, i. — ^ American Archaeology and
Ethnolog}', iv, 3-4; vi, i; vii, 2; viii, 1-4. — Botan}-, iii, 1-5.
—Memoirs, i, i.

*University of Pennsylvania. — Catalogue, 1907-08. — Contribu-
tions from the Zoological Laboratory, xiii. — Transactions of
the Dept. of Archaeology, ii, 2. — Physiology and Literature,
xii, 2. — Provost's Report for 1907. — Proceedings of the Com-
mencement, no. 5, pt. 2.

Wallich, N. — Plantae Asiaticae Rariores. London, 1830. 3 vols.

Wallis Islands. — Dictionaire Latin- Uvea par les missionaries
Maristes. Paris, 1886.

*Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologic. — Berlin, xxxix, 6; xl, 1-5.

Zoological Society, London. — Proceedings, 1905, 2 vols; 1906, 2
vols; 1907, 2 vols. [195]

20 Director-' s Aiuiual Report.

LIST OF EXCHANGES.

Adelaide, S. Australia. — -Ro\'al Geographical Society of vSouth Australia.

Royal Society of Sotith Australia.

Sovith Aiistralian Museum.
Amherst, Mass. — Amherst College Library.
Amsterdam, Holland. — Universiteit van Amsterdam.
Auckland, N. Z. — Auckland Institute.
Baltimore, Md. — ^Johns Hopkins University.

Maryland Geological vSurve}-.
Barcelona, Spain. — Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona.
Berkeley, Cal. — University of California.
Berlin, Germany. — Anthropologische Gesellschaft.

Konigl. Museum fiir Volkerkunde.
Berne, Switzerland. — Bern Historisches Museum.
Boston, Mass. — Boston Public Library.

Boston vSociety of Natural History.

Museum of Fine Arts.
Bremen, Germany. — Museum fiir Natur-, Volker- und Handelskunde.
Brisbane, Queensland. — Royal Society of Queensland.

Brooklyn, N. Y. — Museum of the Brookhni Institute of Fine Arts and vSciences.
Brussels, Belgium. — Societe Roj-ale Malacologique de Belgique.
Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic. — Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires.
Buda-Pest, Hungary. Museum National Hongrois.
Buitenzorg, Java. — ^Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg.
Calcutta, India. — Asiatic vSociety of Bengal.

Indian Museum.
Cambridge, Mass. — Harvard University' Library.

Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Peabody Museum.
Capetown, vS. Africa. — South African Museum.
Chicago, 111. — Field Museum.
Christchurch, N. Z. — Canterbury Museum.
Cologne, Germany. — Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum.
Copenhagen, Denmark. — Societe Royale des Antiquaires du Nord.
Dresden, Germany. — Konigl. Zoologisches und Anthropologisch- Rthno-

graphisches Museum.
Dublin, Ireland. — Roval Irish Academy'

[196]

List of Exchanges. 21

Edinburgh, Scotland. — Royal Society of Edinburgh.

Florence, Italy. — Societa Italiana di Antropologia e Etnologia.

Geelong, Vic. — Gordon Technical College.

Genoa, Italy. — Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genoa.

Halle, Germany. — Kaiserl. Leop. Carol. Akademie der Naturforscher.

Hanover, N. H. — Dartmouth College.

Hilo, Hawaii. — Hilo Public Library.

Honolulu, Hawaii. — Hawaiian Evangelical Association.

Hawaiian Historical Society.

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association.

Honolulu Librarj^ Association.

Oahu College.

United States Experiment Station.
Lawrence, Kansas. — University of Kansas.
Leiden, Holland. — Rijks Ethnographisches Museum.

's Rijks Museum van Naturvlijke Historic.
Leipzig, Germany. — Stadtisches Museum fiir Volkerkunde zu Leipzig.
Liverpool, England. — Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.
London, England. — Linnean Society of London.

Royal Anthropological Institute.
Madras, India. — Madras Government Museum.
Manila, P. I. — Bureau of Science.

Ethnological Survey.
Melbourne, Vic. — Royal Society of Victoria.
Mexico. — Mexico Institute Geologico.

Munich, Germany. — Konigl. Ethnographisches Museum.
Natal, S. Africa. — Natal Government Museum.
New Haven, Ct. — Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Yale University Library.
New Plymouth, N. Z. — Polynesian Society'.
New York, N. Y. — American Museum of Natural History.

Columbia University Library.

New York Botanical Garden.
Oberlin. O. — Oberlin College.
Para, Brazil. — Museu Goeldi.
Paris, France. — Ecole d'Anthropologie de Paris.

Societe d'Anthropologie.

[197]

22 Director'' s Anmial Report.

Philadelphia, Pa. — Academy of Natural vSciences of Philadelphia.

American Philosophical Society.

Free Museum of Science and Art.

Philadelphia Commercial Museums.

University of Pennsylvania.

Wagner Free Institute of Science.
Pittsburg. Pa. — Carnegie Museum.

Plymouth, England. — Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.
Rome, Italy. — Reale Accademia dei Lincei.
Salem, Mass. — Peabody Academy of Science.
San Francisco, Cal. — California Academy of vSciences.
Sao Paulo, Brazil. — Mu.seu Paulista.
St. Louis, Mo. — Missouri Botanical Garden.

Stanford University, Cal. — Leland Stanford Junior University.
Stockholm, Sweden. — Kongl. Vitterhets Historic och Antiqvitets Akademien.
Sydney, N. S. W. — Australian Museum.

Department of Agriculture.

Department of Fisheries.

Department of Mines.

Linnean Society of New vSouth Wales.

Royal Society of New vSouth Wales.
Tufts College.— Tufts College, Mass.
Vienna, Austria.— Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Wien.

K. K. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum.
Wanganui, N. Z. — Public Museum.
W^ashington, D. C. — Bureau of American Ethnology.

Carnegie Institution.

Library of Congress.

Smithsonian Institution.

United States Geological Survey.

United States National Museum.
Wellington, N. Z. — New Zealand Institute.

[198I

Walled Fish Traps of Pearl Harbor.

Bv John F. G. Stokes.

Among the few remaining evidences of early Hawaiian life
are the walled fish traps, pounds or weirs at the entrance to Pearl
Harbor, Oahu. They are particularly interesting as not occurring
elsewhere in the group, probably for the reason that conditions
favorable to their operation are only to be found at this one place.

The Hawaiians have had for many years a system of raising
fish for food within ponds and walled enclosures, called loko, ad-
jacent to the sea, the varieties being confined to such shore fishes
as amaama {Mugil cephalus Linnaeus), and azca {Chanos chanos
Forskal), and an occasional moi {Polydadyhis sexjilis Cuv. & ^'al.),
kak2i {Sphyrcena snodgrassi Jenkins), or oopichue {Tetraodon sp.)
which may have entered the pond when young. The system is still
in use in all the islands, more particularly on Molokai' and Oahu,
and has already been referred to by Dr. J. X. Cobb.- There was also
a method of taking fish in weirs in the mountain torrents, in which
the stream was dammed with a transverse wall just above the
rapids and conducted by means of a canal over a horizontal sieve
of long slender sticks lying parallel and close together. During
floods, when the waters of the stream were rendered muddy, great
quantities of oopu (fresh water gobies) were caught in these weirs.

The Pearl Harbor fish traps on the other hand were used for
the purpose of taking the ocean fishes which had entered the har-
bor, the principal being the akzile ( Trachurops crunicnophthalma
Bloch), oio {Albula vulpcs Linnaeus), iceke (Mulloidcs and Pscudu-
peiieiis sp.), 2.\\A pualu (Hepafiis gimthe?'i ]en\;.ms) , and the maki-
awa {Etrumeus microptis Schlegel) . Occasionally other fishes were
taken in small numbers such as kaicakazi^a and aku {Gymnosarda
sp.), opelu {Dccaptcrus pinnulaius Eyd. & vSoul.), sharkskin fact

' On this island, use was made of yen' large ponds, in the walls of which
were numerous entrances and exits — the fish being netted while attempting
to pass through. It is hoped to illustrate these structures at a later date.

^U. S. Fish Commission Bulletin, vol. xxiii, pt. 2, p. 746.

[199] ^23)

] Willed Fish Traps of Pearl Harbor. 25

one trap known as Pakule is claimed by older Hawaiians to have
been entered by every fish except the whale ( I ) and to have retained
every kind except the amaama, which latter could find its way out
over the walls.

Three traps now remain, the largest called "Pakule" (origi-
nally without doubt Pa akuh\ the akule pen, since the akule was
the most important fish taken therein) on the west bank of the
channel at Hammer Point. In this trap (Fig. i ) were caught all
the fishes just mentioned except the makiawa. In modern times
sharks have been captured within its confines, and it now goes b}'
the name of "The Shark Pen" among the white residents. The
other two traps (Figs. 2 and 3) are called "Pa makiawa" and are
situated, one on the west of the channel at the point called Puleou
and now sometimes misnamed Pookala (which was formerly the
name for Waipio Point), and the other on the east of the channel
between the place called Keanapuaa and Awaawaolohe bay. In
these the makiawa was taken. Formerly there was another trap on
the east bank of the channel at Bishop Point, which has been in
ruins as far back as any modern native can remember ; it has been
removed and the stones used to build a small pier near the point.
From descriptions it has been gathered that the shape, position
and use were the same as the pa makiawa at Keanapuaa.

The general shape of the three fish traps is alike. A heavy
ourved wall following generally the direction of the shore was built
in the deeper water, and, turning back for about one-third of the
distance, formed a pocket and acted as one side of the entrance.
From the turn another wall ran out to deep water as a leader.
From the shore side of the entrance a wall was constructed, first
parallel with and then directly to the shore, diminishing in size as
the water shoaled. The rear end of the outer wall and the beach
were joined by another wall. The walls varied in width from a
single line of stones near the shore to from three to six feet in
the deepest part, and were built of blocks of coral reef rock
averaging in size eighteen by fifteen by six inches.

On the walls of the Pakule running shorewards were many
pieces of dark basalt and of a curious black indurated mud
resembling adobe. At several places along the bank of the
channel a stratum of the latter substance crops out between two
strata of reef rock, and at Keanapuaa this sedimentar}- deposit

[201]

26

Director's Anymal Report.

is two feet deep. The basaltic pieces, however, must have been
brought from a distance of several miles. Tradition has it that all
the stones for the walls were brought from a hill in Ewa, Oahu,
called "Puuopalalii" which is of volcanic origin ; the earliest ac-
count must have related to these few lava rocks. The dark stones
were more numerous along the north wall than on the south, and
those found in position were about thirteen feet apart. The natives

Sot,nc/,not //7

PA M/fKIAtV/l

<?/ PULEOU

PEARL HARBOR

Sca/e of fee/-

RAMAK/AiV/i
near AWAAfV/fOLOHL
PEARL HARBOR

Sc^/e c/'/ee/

/tW»'

,enJ'

,/<^'-

FIG.

2. PLAN OF PA MAKIAWA
AT PULEOU.

Fig. 3. PLAN OF PA MAKIAWA
NEAR KEANAPUAA.

called them "men" who drove back the fish attempting to pass
over the wall. When newh' laid, the dark stones would have con-
trasted very strongly with the light color of the coral rock, and
undoubtedly fulfilled their purpose then, but when seen, they were
so thickly covered with mollusca and barnacles as to be well nigh
indistinguishable from the rest. It has been claimed that the dark
stones had been worked by hand to resemble sharks' heads, but
an examination showed them to have been the result of natural
cleavages, and their shape undoubtedly influenced the builders in
their selecftion. The best shaped specimen of each kind of .stone

[202]

Walled Fish Traps of Pearl Harbor.

27

is shown in Figs. 4 and 5: A is a piece of indurated mud ; c, a laj'er
of the marine growth above mentioned, one and one-eighth inches
thick which has fallen from A since its removal from the water,
while B is a piece of basalt nineteen inches high. The dark stones
are indicated by arrow points in Fig. i.

At the north end of the leader wall is another dark stone
about four and one-half feet long and one foot wdde and thick.

A AND C B

Fig. 4. DARK STONES ON WALLS OF PAKULE.

It was lying on the bottom of the water when seen, but formerly
stood erect. Its name was "Kuula," the Hawaiian fish god.
Kuula was a noted fisherman in early days, who has since been
deified and is still worshipped on all the coasts of these islands in
the shape of stones, sculptured and rough, and in small walled
enclosures. His wife Hina is sometimes with him, and in the
Pakule she is to be found as a roughly pentagonal slab of coral
rock about two and one-half by two feet by eight inches in size,

[203]

28

Director' s Annual Report.

and her position is on the south end of the outer wall standing
erect and facing the open sea.

Running out into deeper water from Kuula and in the same
dire(5lion as the leader, there formerly stood a row of twelve
ohia tree stems about six fathoms high and three feet apart. It

C A B

Fig. 5. DARK STONES ON WAIJ.S OF PAKULE.

was called "Pa Ohia," and some of the trees were seen in place ten
years ago. It is probable that the other fish traps were similarly
provided.

The walls of the Pakule are approximately^ nine inches above
water at low tide, and the height of the tide averages one and
one-half feet. The walls of the two pa makiawa are just covered at
low tide, but were probably a little higher, as they are not so well
preserved as those of the Pakule. The two former pens, judging

[204]

Will led Fish Traps of Pearl Harbor.

29

from the marine growth, are much older than the latter. On the
walls of the pa makiawa at Puleou, no dark stones were observed,
but a few were seen on the outer wall of that at Keanapuaa, and
none on the side walls.

From rough soundings made, it was observed that the corre-
sponding depth of water inside and outside of the fish traps did
not appreciably differ. In the plans, the depth at low tide is
marked in feet. Some months ago when sections of the north and
south walls of the Pakule were removed (as seen in Figs. 7-10) it

Fig. 6. THi'; pakllk, western hai^ic.

was found that the stones were lying on top of the sand bank and
that conditions were the same as at the time of building. The
writer is waiting to watch the removal of the heavier outer wall.

It is interesting to note w^hat advantage of natural conditions
was taken b}' the early fishermen in constru(5ling their traps on
the banks jutting out into the channel. In referring to the map,
it should be remembered that the pa makiawa at Bishop Point
was merely drawn in from description. The natives say that
the incoming tide flows more strongly against the east side of the
channel, while the west side bears the heavier proportion of the ebb.
To reap the full benefit of this condition, the entrances of the pens
were built opposed to the stronger current.

[205]

30 Director's A?niua/ Report.

Ill landing the catch, the shoal was allowed to enter the pen,
when the fish, probably finding themselves entrapped, congregated
in the deep water of the pocket. Soon, no doubt following the
tide, they moved toward the closed side of the pen, when a small
seine was drawn across the entrance from a point about the middle
of the outer wall and their return to deep water barred. Thej^
were then drawn ashore through the shallow water.

The name of the builder of the fish traps has not come down
to us, but the natives living thereabout say that the Pakule was

Fig. 7. THE PAKULE, E.A.STERN HAI.E.

built in one night by the Menehune — gnomes — many years ago.
The Menehune belief is frequently met with on these islands, and
to the constru(5live ability of these mythical people is attributed
today many of the earlier works of the Hawaiians. Ancient Ha-
waiian history records little more than the genealogies and wars,
but Fornander^ mentions that an enterprising Kwa chief, Keaunui,
son of Maweke, about twent3'-six generations ago, accomplished
the task of widening and deepening the channel of the harbor,
which was without doubt no mean undertaking. To such a chief
might perhaps be given credit for the ingenuit}' exercised in build-
ing the.se weirs. The writer is inclined, however, to surmise the

^Polynesian Race, vol. ii, p. 4S.

[206]

IWillcd Fish Traps of Pearl Harbor. 31

date as about thirteen generations ago, when the building of the
walled fish ponds must have been sufficiently novel to the native
chronicler for the fact to be recorded. Then it was that Kalai-
manuia,-* queen of Oahu, was accredited with the building of three
fish ponds in Pearl Harbor, Kapaakca in Waimalu, and Opic and
Paaiau in Kalauao, and her son Kaihikapu is mentioned as con-
strudling two more in Moanalua near b}-. As to whether the fish
ponds or the fish traps took precedence in time in these islands is
an open question. Under ordinary circumstances it might easily

FIG. 8. .siJl TH UAl,], ui<' I'AKULE, LOOKING WEST.

be conceived how fishermen observing the assi-stance given b}- a
natural wall or bank in the water and channels in the reefs, when
surrounding their prey, would construct artificial walls to assist in
driving the fish, and the walled fish trap as here illustrated might
follow as a natural development. Ethnology teaches us that the
rearing of animals denotes a higher civilization than the hunting
of the same, and it is reasonable to admit that the growing of fish
in the ponds and their conservation for future needs is an advance
on the method of capturing supplies to fill immediate demands.

The original fish pond was probably a fish trap in which a
larger supply than needed was taken at one time and the fish re-

" Polynesian Race, vol. ii, p. 269.

[207]

32

Dij^edor' s Annual Report.

taiued therein until used. This advantage of a supply on hand
might well have suggested the enlargement and alteration of the
shape of fish traps for use as fish ponds, the present simple walled
structure constituting the latter, being the natural result of economy
of labor. However, this explanation drawn from local conditions
can hardly be taken as a guide to priority of age of the fish traps
now remaining at Pearl Harbor in comparison with the fish ponds
of these islands, as both are well developed forms fully adapted for

Fig. 9. OUTER WALL OF PAKILE, LOOKING SOUTH.

their respective uses, and existed in full operation at the same
time side by side. It is not improbable that they owe their origin
to a time prior to the advent of the Polynesians to these islands, and
it would be interesting to observe what advances in these directions
the southern Polynesians had made. The similarity of type of the
fish traps at Pearl Harbor seems to indicate a familarity with some
previously known form, though they may also have been copied
from one original in Pearl Harbor, in which case that on Bishop
Point was probably the first, followed in order of time by those at
Puleou, Keauapuaa and Hammer Point, judging from the marine

growth and condition of the walls.

[208]

Walled Fish Traps of Pearl Harbor.

33

It is among the fisherfolk that we find superstitions most preva-
lent today, and many Hawaiian fishermen are still as punctilious in
the offerings of "first-fruits" as they were formerly. When a Ha-
waiian makes a new net, the first object drawn up, be it fish, sea-
weed or pebble, is offered to Kuula with a prayer to insure the luck
of the net. Formerly, and in isolated cases today, the first fish of
the catch was brought ashore and dedicated to Kuula, the ceremony
as now observed being a simple offering generally accompanied by
a prayer and varying according to the locality and the individual.

FIG. lO. NORTH WALL OF PAKTLE, LOOKING WEST.

At Hammer Point above the beach and in line with the north
and south walls of the Pakule is an iimi or underground oven
called "Koa" (Figs, i and 1 1 ) . Koa is the name of a small walled
enclosure or platform, numerous examples of which are scattered
around the coasts of these islands, where the fish are offered to
Kuula. This Museum is fortunate in having in its emplo}^ as a
janitor a Hawaiian fisherman who lived for many years near
Puuloa, and through him mo.st of the native information was
gleaned. The Pakule and the land at Hammer Point enclosed
by the fence and the house (see Fig. i ) were tabu to Kuula and

Oc. p.. B. p. B. M.. Vol. IV, No. 3.-3. [2O9]

34

Difcdof's Annual Report.

watched over by his kaJnuia or priest, who lived in the house
and drew the fish into the trap b\- means of invocations to his
deity. It would seem that the ceremonies connected with this
Pakule were to be stringently observed, as, if a kahuna in his
incantations even misplaced a word, the ceremony would be of
no effect and the kahuna would die. The priest was believed to
have the power to draw into the trap at will any variety of fish
desired, and for his services he received payment in advance from
the fishermen who expected to benefit from the catch. It was

Fig. II. KOA.

believed that when invoked, Hina enticed the variety of fish
desired into the harbor from the sea. On the return of the fish to
the ocean, they perceived Kuula hiding behind the wall and fear-
ing to pass him, attempted to make their way over the bank, where
they were stopped by the men on the walls (represented by the
black stones). Threatened on both sides, they entered the trap.
Mr. Bruce Cartwright Jr. found on top of the wall near Hina a
colle(5lion of four or five small pieces of basalt; the largest, under
seven inches long, was preserved and shown to a native, who said
it represented a certain fish. It may be that the kahuna, who
believed in his power as thoroughly as ditl his customers, desig-

[210]

Walled Fish Traps of Pearl Harbor. 35

Dated to the goddess the variety of fish he prayed for, by means
of such stones placed where described.

Piopio is said to have been the kahuna until 1882 or 1883,
followed by Kaanaana until 1889. Then Kimona took charge and
operated the Pakule until i8gi when he left to live at Moanalua.
Several attempts to resuscitate the fishing have since failed, in
1907 no less than three kahunas being called in at different
times, and the natives have observed that these three priests have
died since their failure, and the man employing them has lost
his position 1

The janitor was once a participant in a catch of fish, when
several fishermen asked the kahuna to call in a certain variety.
The}' were told to return the following morning. On their return,
the fish were waiting and while the kahuna uttered his praj-ers
by the heating imu, the fi.shermen surrounded the shoal; leaving
the catch in the water inside the net, they brought one fish — the
first — to the kahuna who offered it to Kuula and cooked it in
the oven, all the while mumbling his prayers, which the janitor,
who was desirous of learning how to do it, could neither hear
clearly nor understand. When cooked the fish was partaken of
by ever}' one present, and all the remains buried in the oven.
Mr. Cartwright has lately informed the writer that there are
certain holes in the ledge of rock at Puleou in which, it was said,
the fish were cooked, and it is more than probable that similar
customs prevailed at the other fish traps, the cessation of the
same being due to the overshadowing influence of the larger
and better situated Pakule, which is also, as before remarked,
probably the most recent.

The walls of the Pakule and the fenced ground have been
refered to as tabu to Kuula. Males and unmarried girls were per-
mitted to pass along the walls and through the enclosure, but if
any married woman were to trespass in these sacred precincts, a
sickness would attend her which would end her life unless cured by
Kuula 's kahuna. Another version is that both the woman and
the kahuna would die. It might be mentioned that from the walls
of fish ponds women were debarred during the period of their
menses, the belief being that the fish in the pond would become
poor and thin, and the consequences to the woman, a serious

[211]

3 6 Director' s An?mal Report.

illness or eveu death. Any explanation of this and the foregoing
beliefs the writer has been unable to obtain.

The janitor had observed that during the incumbency of the
various kahuna sharks were never known to have entered the
trap, but since the Pakule has been unguarded these fish have
often trespassed. An evidence of this is the curious fact that
today the Pakule is known to the white population as "The Shark
Pen," and the belief is general among others than the aborigines
that it was built for the purpose of entrapping sharks.

These walled fish traps, being in the line of the channel
planned by the United States naval authorities, will probably
cease to exist within the next twelve months.

[212]

Some New Hawaiian Plants.

By CHARLES N. FORBES.
April, 1909.

The English system of measurement is retained in the Eng-
lish descriptions to facilitate comparison with descriptions of the
Hawaiian plants. The line is one-twelfth of an inch.

[213]

38 Director' s Ayinual Report.

l^uphorbia Rockii, sp. nov.

Arbor 1-3.5 ™- alta, foliis oppositis, obovato-oblongis, inequalibus, ob-
tusatis, basi rotundatis, 8-12X2.5-3 cm. brevissime petiolatis vel sessilibus;
cymis axillaribus 3-4 cm. longis, pedicellis 5 mm. longis ; involucri campanu-
lati, lobis minimis, lanceolatis, acutis, glandulis transverse oblongis; capsulae
hexagono-obovatis, glabris, 2X2.2 cm.

Type locality, Punaluu Mountains, Oahu, H.I. Forbes &
Rock, Sept. 14-21, 1908.

An erect shrub or small tree four to twelve feet high. Leaves
opposite, obovate-oblong, obtuse, uneven-sided with a clasping
base, nearly sessile, 3-4.5 X 1-1.25 inches. Flowers in open axil-
lary cymes, 15-18 lines long. Involucre campanulate, minutely
hairy or glabrous on the outside, pubescent on the inside, lobes
ovate, minute, glands transversely oblong not appendiculate.
Style branches short, nearly free. Capsules large 9X12 lines, on
nodding peduncles.

This tree was discovered by Mr. J. F. Rock some two months
before the gathering of the type material. The tree is distin-
guished by its large pink fruits, nearly sessile leaves and by its
open cymes.

[214]

EUPHORBIA ROCKII FOKBKS.

40 Director's Animal Report.

Viola oahuensis, sp. nov.

Caule erecto 15-45 cm., foliis ovatis, serratis, acutis. basi acuminatis,
12-13 X 5-5.5 cm., petiolis pennatis 2.5 cm.; stipulis lanceolatis, acuminatis,
glandular -serratis, 1.5-3 cm.; scapis umbellato biflores. Sepala lanceolata
8 mm. Petala oblonga vel orbicula, 16 mm. inferiore saccato. Capsula
I cm. longa.

Type locality, Punaluu Mountains, Oahu. Forbes & Rock,
Punaluu Mountains, Sept. 14-21, 1908.

Stem erect, simple or sparingly branched, 6 inches to i foot
high. Leaves 4.5-5X2-2.25 inches, ovate, uneven-sided, glandu-
lar-serrate, acute, base acuminate drawn out into a winged petiole
of I inch. Stipules lanceolate, glandular-serrate, acuminate, 7-14
lines. Scapes or peduncles one to three on a stem, 9 lines long,
with two narrow acute bracts and a reduced leaf, bearing two
flowers on peduncles of nearly equal length, about 2 inches, these
bracteolate and often with a reduced leaf. Sepals lanceolate,
faintly puberulent, 3 lines long. Petals about twice as long, white,
broad, oblong to orbicular, the lower saccate, not bearded. Capsule
a little over 5 lines long, glabrous.

[216]

VIOLA OAHUEXSIS FORBES.

42 Director s Annual Report.

Viola Helena, sp. nov.

Caule erecto 3-6 cm., foliis laticeolatis 7.5- 11.5 X 1.5-2 cm. dentibus
glanduliferis stipulis lineari-lanceolatis, serratis, 8 mm.; scapis bibracteatis
umbellate biflores. Sepala lanceolata 4-5 mm. Petala alba, inferiore latis-
sime saccato. Capsula i cm. longa, glabra.

Type locality, Wahiawa Mountains, Kauai, H. I. J. M.
Lydgate, May, 1908.

Plant one to two feet high. — Lydgate. Leaves lanceolate,
tapering at both ends, glandular serrate, 3-4.5 inches long by
7-9 lines wide, with petioles of 2-3 lines. Scapes or peduncles
one or two on a stem, 2-3 lines, with two to three linear bracts,
bearing an umbel of two flowers on pedicels of 10-14 lines
which have bractlets of about i line. Sepals lanceolate, 2 lines.
Petals a little more than twice as long, the lower saccate, white,
or pale lavender, lower and lateral ones bearded. Capsule gla-
brous, 7 lines long.

The species is named by Mr. Lydgate for his wife.

[218]'

VIOLA. HELENA FORBES & LVDGATE.

44 Director's Annual Report.

Hesperomannia Lydgatei, sp. nov.

Arbor 2-3 m. alta; foliis spathulo-ovatis, acutis, basi acuminatis, glabris,
10-22.5 X 2.5-5.4 cm., petiolis .8-2.5 cm. Capitulum 4-8. 5 cm., pedunculibus
attenuatis 3.5-4 cm. Involucrum campanulato - turbinatum, interioribus
lineari lanceolatis 4-4.5 cm., exterioribus ovato-lanceolatis, brevioribus.
CorollEe 2-2.5 cm. Stylus 6-7 cm.

Type locality, Wahiawa Mountains, Kauai. J. M. Lydgate,
May, 1908.

Six to nine feet, lobelia habit of growth. — Lydgate. Leaves
4-9X1-1.5 inches with petioles of 6-12 lines, spathulo-ovate to
oblong, acute, acuminate at the base, entire, glabrous. Heads
2-3 inches high, four or five in a terminal cluster, on slender ped-
uncles of 1.5 inches. Involucre about 2 inches high, bracts in
four to eight rows ; outer bracts ovate-lanceolate, inner bracts
much longer, linear-lanceolate. Corolla 12 lines, split to near the
middle. Anthers 3 lines. Achenes (not mature), pappus pinkish,
a little over 9 lines long.

This species is easily distinguished from the other species of
Hesperomannia by the long slender peduncles, and by the shape
of the leaves which are not dentate.

[220]

HESPEROMANNIA LYDGATEI FORBES.

46 Director's Annual Report.

Lysimachia longisepala, sp. nov.

Folia ovata, acuminata, 1 1.5- 15 X 5-6.5 cm., basi acuminata; petiolus
tomentosus, 2-3 cm. longus. Flores 2-3, auxiliaries ; pedunculi tomentosi,
2-3 cm. longi ; calyx lobis 6-8, lanceolatis, 2.5 cm. longis ; corolla ovato-
lanceolata, i cm. longa, filamenta basi dilata, subconnata. Capsula Crus-
tacea, 16 X 10 mm.

A suffruticose plant .six inches to three feet in height, usually
unbranched, the new growth being tomentose with purplish hairs,
becoming glabrous with age. Leaves very dark green above,
paler beneath, ovate, acuminate, 4.5-7.5X2-3.5 inches, the base
narrowing into a tomentose petiole of 22 lines. Flowers pendu-
lous, one to three in the axils of the upper leaves, on tomentose
peduncles 9-14 lines long. Calj'x green, marked with deep purple
veins, and tomentose on the back with purple hairs, its deeply
parted seven (6-8) lanceolate lobes longer than the corolla, 11
lines. Corolla colored as the calyx, its lobes ovate lanceolate,
minutel}' serrate, 5 lines long. Stamens less than one half the
length of the corolla, filaments dilated at the base, sub-connate.
Style about the length of the corolla. Capsule bottle-shaped,
thick, crustaceous, 8 lines long, 5 lines in diameter, tipped by the
style of 8 lines in length.

Flowering specimens were first collected when in the companj-
of Mr. J. F. Rock during September, 1908, and eight months later
fruiting specimens were collected in the company of Dr. CM.
Cooke and Mr. C. L,. Thompson. The plant occurs in wet woods
of the Ptinaluu Mountains, Oahu. Elevation about 2,300 feet.

The difference between this species and the other Hawaiian
Lysimachias seems almost generic. It is unique among our species
for having a longer calyx than corolla, and otherwise differs in its-
more cylindrical flowers which are twisted tighter in the bud, and
in its much larger leaves.

May, 1909. [222]

I,VSIMACHIA LONGISEPALA FORBES. FRUITING STAGE.

PUBI^ICATIONS OF THB BBRNICB PAUAHI
BISHOP MUSEUM

(All previous price lists are hereby cancelled.)

A Handbook for the Bishop Museum. Oblong octavo, 94 half-tone illus-
trations. Price 25 cts., postage 9 cts.

Index to Abraham Pomander's "Polynesian Race." By John F. G.
Stokes. Price $1.75, postage 5 cts.

Occasional Papers, Vol. I. Octavo.

No. I. Director's Report, 1898. Visits to Ethnological museums
in a journey around the world. [Out of print.]

No. a. Director's Annual Report, 1899. Mat Sails of the Pacific
— Stokes. Ray-skin Rasps — Walcott. Notes on the Birds of Oahu — Seale.
Price 50 cts., postage 4 cts.

No. 3. Director's Annual Report, 1900. Visit to the American
museums — Stokes. Mission to Guam — Seale. Notes on the Birds of
Kauai — Br3''an and Seale. Price f r.oo, postage 8 cts.

No. 4. New Hawaiian Pishes — Seale. Price 25 cents; postage 2 cts.

No. 5. Director's Annual Report, 1901, and Index to Vol. I. Illus-
trations of sperm whale and bird grovips. Price 50 cts., postage 4 cts.

Occasional Papers, Vol. II.

No. I. Director's Annual Report, 1902. Noteworthy Hawaiian
Stone Implements — Brigham. Fibres of the Hawaiian Islands — Black-
man. Distribution and Variation of Achatinella multizonata — Cooke.
Monograph of Marcus Island — Bryan. Price f i.oo, postage 7 cts.

No. 2. Director's Annual Report, 1903. Remarks on Phallic
Stones from Rapauui — J. L. Young. Aboriginal Wooden Weapons of
Australia — Blackman. Price 40 cts., postage 4 cts.

No. 3. Director's Annual Report, 1904. Australian Bark Canoe
— Brigham. A Stone Dagger for Duelling — Brigham. Notes on the
Birds of the Waianae Mountains^ — Bryan. Additional Notes on the
Nesting Habits of the Hawaiian Owl — Bryan. Description of the Nest
and Eggs of Chlorodrepanis virens (Gmel. ) — Bryan. Notes on the
American Birds Collected in the Hawaiian Islands by Mr. Gerrit Wilder
— Bryan. A Bird's Nest of Pele's Hair— Bryan. Two Undescribed Nests
and an Egg of a Hawaiian Bird — Bryan. Price 50 cts., postage 5 cts.

No. 4. Director's Annual Report, 1905. Three New Hawaiian
Fishes — Brj^an. Report of a Visit to Midway Island — Br^n. Nest of
Hawaiian Plawk — Brj'an. Price 50 cts., postage 4 cts.

No. 5. Director's Annual Report, 1906, and Index to Vol. II.

Dr. Cooke's Report on Types of Hawaiian Land Shells. Price 20 cts.,
postage 2 cts.

Occasional Papers, Vol. III.

No. I. Reprint of Original Descriptions of Achatinella. By E. W.
Thwing. Price fi.50, postage 9 cts.

No. a. Notes on Hawaiian Land Shells — Pilsbry and Cooke. Price
25 cts., postage 2 cts.

( OVRR )

PUBI^ICATIONS— Continued.

Occasional Papers, Vol. IV.

No. I. Fishes of the South Pacific — Scale. Price fr.oo, postage 5 cts.

No. z. Director's Annual Report, 1907. Casts of Hawaiian Fishes,
made by John W. Thompson. Stone Sculpturings in Relief — Stokes.
Some Birds of Molokai — Bryan. Price 75 cts., postage 5 cts.

No. 3. Director's Annual Report, 1908. Walled Fish Traps of
Pearl Harbor — Stokes. Some New Hawaiian Plants — Forbes. Price
40 cts., postage 3 cts.

Memoirs, Vol. I. Quarto.

No. I. Hawaiian Feather Work. By Wm. T. Brigham. Price
I2.50, postage 14 cts.

No. 2. Index to the Islands of the Pacific. By Wm. T. Brigham.

Price f 1.50, postage 20 cts.

No. 3. Key to the Birds of the Hawaiian Group. By Wm.

Alanson Brj^an. Price I1.50, postage 13 cts.

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Memoirs, Vol. II.

No. I. Hawaiian Mat and Basket Weaving — Brigham. Hawaiian
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No. 3. The Ancient Hawaiian House. By Wm. T. Brigham.
Price $3.00, postage 25 c.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

OF THE

BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF

POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND

NATURAL HISTORY.

Vol. IV.— No. 4.

Director's Report for 1909.

HONOIvULU, H. I.

Bishop Museum Press.
- 1910

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

AivBERT F. JuDD President

E. Faxon Bishop Vice-President

J. M. DowsETT Treasurer

Alfred W. Carter Secretarj-

Henry Holmes, Samuel M. Damon, William O. Smith

MUSEUM STAFF

WiLLiABi T. Brigham, Sc.D. (Columbia) Diredlor

William H. Dall, Ph.D. ...... Honorar)- Curator of Mollusca

John F. G. Stokes Curator of Polynesian Ethnology

C. Montague Cooke, Ph.D. (Yale) Curator of Pulmonata

Otto H. Swezey Honorary Curator of Entomology

Charles N. Forbes Curator of Botany

John W. Thompson Artist and Modeler

Miss E. Schupp Librarian

John J. Greene Printer

August Perry Assistant Printer

Moses Kauahi Janitor

James Kalei Assistant Janitor

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

OF THE

BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF

POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND

NATURAL HISTORY.

Vol. IV.— No. 4.

Director's Report for 1909.

honolulu, h. i.

Bishop Museum Press.

1910

To the Trustees of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum.

Sirs: — In accordance with the standing vote of the
Trustees, I submit my annual report on the present con-
dition of this Museum and the general course of work
done in the year 1909.

William t brigham,

Diredor of the Museum.
Honolulu, April 13, 1910.

Ordered printed August 2, 1910.

REPORT

THE year 1909 has been one of progress in this Museum,
but still more one of preparation. After some years of great
inconvenience and repression from want of workrooms and
of safe storerooms, towards the end of the 3ear arrangements were
made to build a Laboratory commensurate with the needs of such
a museum as this has become in the twenty 3ears of its existence,
and probably before the end of another year this long desired
building will be ready for use.

For more than a year the Museum staff has been insufficient
for the work to be done, and our laboratory space precluded the
employment of additional specialists, but the spirit of loyalty to
the best interests of the Museum has animated our little company
to efforts that seemed almost impossible in our limited and incon-
venient quarters. We have been scattered : one department work-
ing in Manoa Valley, another in Nuuanu Valley, while a third
has operated in the midst of the fish market region. Such segre-
gation has somewhat lessened the resulting accomplishments, and
the prospect of a new portion of the building where all depart-
ments have their own quarters within reach of the colle(5lions and
the working library is a most agreeable one.

It has not seemed well to recommend the appointment of a
marine zoologist for the staff because we had no suitable place
for the preparation and study of specimens of the wonderful marine
life to be found on our reefs at all seasons of the year. Not a day
of the three hundred and sixty-five when fear of malaria haunts
the shore or a low temperature checks the life current of the coral
polyp or any other of the (often undescribed) inhabitants of the

clear waters that surround these islands. In no marine zoological

[227]

4 Director's Annual Report.

station already established are there such ideal conditions for
study, and should it be announced that we desired a marine zoolo-
gist many would be the applicants for such a chance for original
investigation. To those who rate highly the discovery of new
species our reefs offer a rich field, for in the colledlions made in
three days by the members of the present staff on this island
and on Molokai, none of them specialists in marine zoology, Dr.
Vaughn, of the United States National Museum, found a dozen
new species, some of great interest. Surely this mine is not yet
worked out; it is easily accessible and vastly attra(5live. But to
those who desire to know more of the structure and life histor}^ of
the reef-dwellers a more convenient place for study can hardly be
desired than here found on our reefs.

In the deed which established the Bernice P. Bishop Museum
as an independent institution, definite reference was made by the
founder to the possible establishment, under the auspices of this
museum, of a Marine Aquarium for the stud}- of life on our reefs
and the public exhibition of their most interesting inhabitants in a
living condition. While the funds are not at hand for such an
establishment as should be on this island, much can be done with
the conveniences of the new laborator}^ to collect and study the
smaller "Harvest of the Sea," and it is hoped that another year
may see the department of Marine Zoology inaugurated.

It would be pleasant to anticipate some of the many advan-
tages to accrue from the possession of suitable work- and store-
rooms, but it is perhaps wiser to wait until we move into and try
our new domain, and are able to install the apparatus brought
from Berlin fourteen years ago. After such an interval we can
surely wait another twelvemonth.

From the things that may be in the future we turn to some of
those in hand, and it is pleasant to call attention to the gift by the
Hon. Wm. R. Castle of perhaps the most valuable single collection
we have received by gift. I had been in correspondence with one

of the Australian pioneers, Mr. J. F. Connellv, a surveyor who

[22S]

Director' s Anmial Report. 5

had explored extensive!}' iu western Australia for mauy years.
He had collecled from the natives among whom his profession
led him, a fine series of implements of peace and weapons of war,
which he wished to dispose of. We had no funds and it seemed
impossible to save these treasures, when Mr. Castle came to our
aid and purchased for us the collecliou which is now in our cases
and has more than doubled our former colledlion of Australian
specimens. The list given by Mr. Stokes shows the extent, but
it would take much more space to tell its great value. With more
of such friends it would be quite possible to make this Museum a
great one, greater than any expensive exploring expeditions could
achieve so far as specimens go, for no longer are these things to
be had among the peoples who made and used them. Only in a
few private colle(5lions made years ago exist the desiderata for our
shelves. I am following many of these with anxious eye, but
have not the funds needed to acquire them, and they will probabl}-
go to the rich museums of Europe that have a Government
treasury behind them.

The accessions to the Library continue both as the result of
exchange of publications and the purchase of books. In all cases
the purchases are limited to the most pressing demands of a
"working library" in a region so remote from scientific libraries.
It will not be long before our library, now quartered in the upper
gallery of Hawaiian Hall will require additional accommoda-
tion, all the cases made for books being now full to their utmost
capacity. Neither will it be long before the opening of this upper
gallery to the public must be considered, for the cases iu the first
gallery are nearly full. Closely connected with our library is the
Museum Press soon to move into new and spacious rooms.
The publications during 1909 were the Index to Fornander's
Polynesians, by Mr. Stokes, issued as a special volume in small
edition and not on our exchange list ; this is considered a good

example of indexing, and has proved of great use to many who

[229]

6 Director s An7iual Report.

have used it. This was followed by the Annual Report, and the
year closed with the publication of the fourth and last part of
Volume II of the Memoirs, a brief history of the volcanoes Kilauea
and Mauna Loa on Hawaii. Of course there has been the usual
large amount of label work and the miscellaneous printing the
Museum requires. It has been a great hindrance having the
presswork done in town, and it will be a matter for early consider-
ation whether we should not make better work in the new printery
on a hand press ; if the work is to still be done in town a much
larger font of type should be provided, as forms are locked up and
delayed in town beyond reasonable measure. Lest this should
seem a reversion to ancient methods, let us remember that the
finest work has always been done on the old hand press, and this
is universally used for the proofs of the half tone engravings which
form so large a part of modern illustration. The printing of a
volume on Kapa-making has already been arranged, and it is
thought that this will be ready during 19 lo as Volume III of the
Memoirs. The illustrations have many of them been made in
Vienna in color and are faithful reproducflions of the beautiful
kapi still existing in this Museum and in the Director's private
coUecftion, which includes most of those Cook brought home.
Unfortunately under the tariff these plates which will cost nearly
five dollars a set, are subject to a dut\- of 259^, although the}'
could not be made of such quality in America at present.
Dcpart))icnt of lithnolooy .

In the Department of Polynesian Ethnology Mr. J. F. G.
Stokes, the Curator, has continued his studies of the curious
Hawaiian fish-traps and conservation ponds and his results appear
later in this series. Mr. Stokes has also spent some time on
Molokai surveying the remains of the ancient hciaxi or temples,
and while thus engaged found time to make colleclious of great
value, among them a collecflion of plants and the curious and little
known Kalaina wawae, specimens of which, given hy Mr. George

[230]

Direcfo7-'s A7i?itial Report. 7

P. Cooke, are now in the Museum and will be described later.
Some other gifts have been received and are acknowledged in the
list of accessions given below.

Departinoit of Pulmonata.

Dr. C. M. Cooke, the Curator of Pulmonata, has made very
extensive coUedlions in his department and has spent much time
on the Ancey collecftion. He reports: "Number of specimens
coUecled or sent to the Museum for identification, 27,333. Cata-
logue numbers, 1347. The Thwing collection, numbering nearly
40,000, was purchased by the Trustees. It is hoped that the cata-
loguing of this magnificent collection will be finished during 1910.

"Specimens have been received from Messrs. I. Spalding,
C. N. Forbes, A. F. Knudsen, H. Podmore, W. H. Rice Jr.,
Judge C. S. Dole, A. F. Judd. C. H. Cook, E. Deverill, F. W.
Terry and Dr. H. E. Crampton."

Dcpartmeyii of Botaiiy .

Mr. Charles X. Forbes has continued his good work in this
Department of which he has now been appointed Curator, and
this ma}' be partly seen in his report. He also has an account of
a new Hawaiian plant. His report is as follows: — "An excur-
sion for the purpose of collecting and studying the vegetation of
Kauai was made during the months of July, August and September.
Four bases were established as follows : Hanalei, from which the
region Kalalau and the power line trail was gone over : Lihue,
from which the surrounding region was slightly covered ; the
McBryde mountain house and Mr. Gay's mountain house. Side
trips were taken up Hauapepe and Olokele vallej'S. In covering
so large a region in so short a time hardly more than a superficial
surv^e}' could be made of any one place. About 500 different varie-
ties were collected, and a good preliminar\- knowledge of the
vegetation of the island was acquired A large part of the success
of the trip was due to the friendly interest .shown b}' many of the
people of Kauai, and especial thanks are due to Rev. J. M. Lj'dgate,

[231]

8 Dij'edor's Anynial Report.

Judge C. S. Dole, Mr. Francis Gay and Mr. E. G. K. Deverill.
The exploration of Oalm has been continued, essentially the same
regions being covered as given in the last report.

"Most of the loose and unmounted material has been classified
and incorporated into the Herbarium. Much trouble has been
occasioned by small mites; and besides the preliminary fumiga-
tion which every specimen receives before being placed in the
cases, the whole herbarium has been fumigated three times, twice
with carbon disulphide and once with hydrocyanic acid gas, the
latter method only proving effective. As the two rooms where the
Herbarium is stored are small and tight, this method can be fol-
lowed easily and with little danger.

"The Herbarium contains specimens of nearly every species so
far reported from these islands, but contains no series illustrating
the variations which are so striking on this group, and which are
of the greatest importance to the modern botanist. Many of our
specimens lack the exact localities from which they were taken,
which are now recognized as of the utmost importance. For these
reasons it would be advisable to increase our collections as rapidly
as possible. The Herbarium consists of: —

The Mann & Brigham Herbarium 1864-5 (all groups) 909
The General Herbarium: —
Higher Plants.
Hawaiian :

Edw. Bailey Collection 267

A. A. Heller Collection 317

Other sovirces 287 1780

Duplicates and unmounted material 5000 5000

Exotics :

New Zealand 183

Australia 300

Other Pacific Islands 349

Miscellaneous 380 1304

Thallophytes (not yet arranged):

Hawaiian 1 991

Exotic 480 2471

INIaking a total of itJ.555

[232]

Director' s Annual Report. 9

"The Director started an exchange with the Australian Botanic
Garden in Sydney last year, and we have already exchanged 300
specimens. It is hoped that visits may be made to the other
islands of this group, if for no other purpose than to keep up this
valuable exchange. It would also be of advantage to extend
these exchanges.

"Accessions during the year. — The following gentlemen have
added specimens to the Museum: Dr. \V. T. Brigham, 30 speci-
mens, Maui; Dr. C. M. Cooke, i specimen, Oahu ; Albert F. Judd
Esq., 3 specimens, Hawaii: Rev. J. M. Lydgate, 78 specimens,
Kauai; Mr. J. F G. Stokes, 126 specimens, Molokai ; Mr. C. B.
Thompson, 5 specimens, Oahu: Mr. J. W. Thompson, 2 speci-
mens, Oahu, I specimen, Molokai: Dr. E. V. Wilcox, 2 speci-
mens, Oahu."

Mr. J. W. Thompson has continued his good work in making
casts of the fish found in the Honolulu waters, and we have now
over three hundred accurately colored casts. As may be supposed,
the new fish are less and less frequent, and it will soon be neces-
sary for our artist to visit the other islands of the group to obtain
those specimens of the Hawaiian fish fauna that are peculiar to
each of the islands.

The attendance of visitors during the year is shown in the
table ; there is a total attendance of visitors exceeding that of 1908
by 1940. When we examine the table by nationalities we find an
increase of white visitors of 251, and of Japanese of 2133, the
latter due to the presence of a training ship of that nation, when
it seemed that nearly all both officers and men came to the Muse-
um ; of Hawaiians 246 less than the previous year.* The Trus-
tees found it necessary to forbid the admission of children under
five 3-ears of age, as women brought man}- babes in the arms and
children too young to go alone, and spent the day, until the

*The small attendance during February' was due to closing the Museum
on account of oiling the roads in the yard ; only those with permits- from the
office were admitted.

[233]

lo Director' s Annual Report.

nursery noises and operations became a great nuisance, and the
enforcement of the rule has been a great relief to visitors as well
as to the staff; probably several hundred babies have been ex-
cluded, although cases have occurred where oriental mothers have
claimed that unweaned babes were over five years old.

Table of Attendance.

oj

Ci

ja

h^

O'

Open on

X5 CD

g, Average
S^ I Attendance.

>.

tS

January .
February
March . . .

April

May

June

July

AugUKt . . .
September
October .
November
December

Totals .

473
137
356
453
666
292
525
449
317
387
344
324

132

2

65

247

150
93
65
69
84

124
99

9

164

104

74

53

138

106

178

61

89

198

18

529

490

1297

662

ni

92
164

385
54

139
223
372
81
40
68
39
28
47
23

62
123
141
220
127
104

70

89
112

73

1153

139

469

1475

1492

1796

1340

871

662

942

918

589

11,846

L234]

List of Accessions.

ETHNOLOGICAL.

Gifts.

The Connelly collection of Australian material, presented to the
Museum by the Hon. W. R. Castle of Honolulu. Made b}- Mr.
John F. Connelly of Melbourne, Australia: —

9721-9755 Boomerangs, from all the states.

9756-9760 Coolardie or whirlers. Western Australia.

9761 Yinmarrie, ceremonial stick. Western Australia.

9762 Churinga, ceremonial stick. Western Australia.

9763 Dowak-mero, ceremonial stick. Western Australia.

9764 Mero, spear-thrower. Western Australia.

9765 Yinmarrie. Western Australia.

9766 Dowak-mero. Western Australia.
9767-9776 Mero. Western Australia.

9777 Stone club. New Guinea.

9778-9789 Clubs, Coondie and Nulla. Western Australia and

New South Wales.

9790 Gin's club or yam stick, Wannah. Queensland.

9791-9792 Tomahawks. Western Australia.

9793-9794 Shields, Woondah. Western Australia.

9795 Shields, Helimon. New South Wales.

9796-9798 Wooden bowls, Coolamon. West and South Australia.

9799 Walking staff. New Zealand.

9800 Bead bracelet. Solomon Ids.

9801 War dress. Northern Australia.
9802-9813 Dresses and ornaments. Western Australia.
9814 Circumcision knife. Western Australia.

98 1 5-98 1 6 Stone chisels. Western Australia.

9817 Implement (? saw). New South Wales.

9818 Surgical implement. New South Wales.

9819 Skin dresser or burnisher. New South Wales.

9820-9822 Mill stones. New South Wales.

[235]

(II)

12 Director s Annual Report.

9823 Ax or adz head. New Guinea.

9824-9825 Mill stones. New South Wales.

9826 Adz or chisel. New Zealand.

9827-9828 Mill stones. New South Wales.

9829 Native cement. Western Australia.

9830 Tomahawk. New South Wales.

9831 Phallus or pestle. New South Wales.

9832 Pounding stone. Victoria.
9<'^33~9^35 Chisels. New Zealand.
9836-9837 Tomahawks. New vSouth Wales.

9838-9839 Pounding or husking stones. New South Wales.

9840 Native paint, Wilgie. New South Wales.

9841 Pounding or husking stone. New South Wales.

9842 Native paint. Western Australia.

9843 Native flints. New South Wales.
9844-9851 vStone spear heads. Western Australia.
9852-9855 Glass spear heads. Western Australia.
9856 Spear thrower. Western Australia.
9857-9858 Jab sticks. Western Australia.
9859-9860 Boolyah stones. Western Australia.

9861 Kangaroo sinews. Western Australia.

9862 Native cement. Western Australia.
9863-9864 Message sticks, Wongi. Western Australia.

9865 Native paint. Western Australia.

9866 vSpear thrower, Womerah. Queensland.

9867 Police baton. Western Australia.
9868-9893 Spears. Western Australia.
9894-9901 " South Australia.
9902-9904 " Queensland.

9698 Noa stone. Oahu. Given h\ Dr. C. Montague Cooke.

9699 Grindstone fragment. Molokai. Id.

9701 Hammer. Molokai. Id.

9702 Hammer. Oahu. Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham.
9708 Hammer. Molokai. Given by Mr. G. P. Cooke.
9917 Mat. New Zealand. Given by Miss Ellen Sobey.

9921 Sinker for upena uhu. Molokai. Given by A. F.

Judd, Ksq.

9922 Hammer. Molokai. Id.

[236]

List of Accessions. 13

9923 Fish hook. Molokai. Given by Mr. James Munro.

9924-9927 Small adzes. Molokai. Id.

9928-9929 Shell beads. Molokai. Id.

9931 Wand. Molokai. Id.

9935-9937 Sections of Kalaiua wawae. ]\Iolokai. Given by Mr.
G. P. Cooke.

Purchases.
9670 Feather Cape.

Exchanges.

9905 Arm ring. Fiji.

9906 Girl's necklace. Fiji.

9907 Whale's tooth ornament. Fiji.

9908 Wooden bolt. Fiji.

9909 Cannibal fork. Fiji.

9910 Roll of sennit. Fiji.

991 1 Fly Whisk. Fiji.

9912 Whale's tooth bolt for "Tiqua". Tonga.

9913 Breast ornament. Tonga.

9914 Fish hook. Tonga.
9915-9916 Dilly bags. Australia.

Collected.

9703 Offerings from a fish altar. Molokai.

9707 Offerings from Kaliuwaa gulch. Oahu.

9918 Carved stone. Molokai.

9932 Ulumaika. Molokai.

9933 Polishing stone. Molokai.

9934 Squid sinker. Molokai.

GEOLOGICAL.

9671-9685 Well borings. Honolulu. Given by Mr. J. E. Ward.
9686-9690 Lava stalagmite. Kilauea. Given by Rev. W. D.
Westervelt.

9691 Lava deposited on tree branch. Id.

9692 Ferns charred by lava. Id.

9700 Hematite. Molokai. Criven by Dr. C. Montague

Cooke,

[237]

14 Director'' s Annual Report.

9704 Kaolin. Molokai. Given by Miss Ellen Sobey.
9705-9706 " " Given by A. F. Judd, Esq.

9909-9910 Weathered basalt. Molokai. Collected.

9939 Basalt. Molokai. Collected.

9939-9947 Sandstone. Molokai. Collected.

9948 Kaolin. Molokai. Collected.

RELICS.

Given by Hon. A. vS. Cleghorn, ex-Governor of Oahu.

9531 Gold watch, once the property of His Highness Charles

Kanaina.

9532 Silver watch, given by the British Government to

Governor Kekuanaoa in 1824.

9533 Gold watch, belonged to Hon. Mrs. Bishop.

9534 Gold watch, belonged to Her Royal Highness Victoria

Kamamalu.

9535 Gold watch, belonged to Her Royal Highness Likelike.

9536 Gold watch , belonged to Her Royal Highness Kaiulani.
9537-9538 Silver bowl and spoon, belonged to H. R. H. Kaiulani.
9539 Silver powder box.

9697 Piece of U. S. S. "\'andalia." Given by Mrs. W. F.

Allen.

MISCELLANEOUS.

9696 Exhibit of threads from cotton raised on Oahu in 1865.

Given by Mr. James \V. Robertson.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Accessions denoted by an * were acquired b}- exchange.

*Academ5' of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. — Proceedings,
Ix, 3; Ixi, I, 2. — Journal, xiv, i.

Achelis, Th. — Ueber Mythologie und Cultus von Hawaii. Braun-
schweig, 1895.

*Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, xx, i, 12.

Alexander, J. M. — The Islands of the Pacific. New York, 1895.

d'Almeras, H. — Le mariage chez tous les peuples. Paris, 1903.

Alotte, L. — Primordialite de I'ecriture dans la genese du language
humain. Paris, 1888.

[238]

List of Accessioyis. 15

d'Alviella, G. — L,a migration des symboles. Paris, 1891.

De la croix gammee ou Svastika. Bruxelles, 1889.

Ameghino, F. — Le litige des scories et des terres cuites anthro-
piques des formations neogones de la republique Argentine.
Buenos Ayres, 1909.

American Anthropological Association. — Memoirs, ii, 4.

American x-\nthropologist, x, 4; xi, 1-3.

American Association for the Advancement of Science. — Proceed-
ings, Iviii.

American Geographical Society, New York. — Bulletin, xli, 5.

*American Museum Journal, New York, vii-ix.

*American Museum of Natural History, New York. — Anthro-
pological Papers, i, Index; ii, 2, 3 and Index; iii ; iv, i. —
Bulletin, xxiv : xxvi. — Guide Leaflet, 28-30. — Memoirs, iv,
4-7 ; viii, I ; ix, 5, 6, and Index ; x, i ; xi, 1-3 ; xiv, i. — 40th
Annual Report, 1908.

*American Philosophical Societ}-, Philadelphia. — Proceedings,
xxxvii, 157: xlvi, 187; xlvii, 188-190; xlviii, 191, 192.

Anatomy and Physiology, Journal of, xliii, 2-4; xliv, i.

Anderson, R. — History of the Sandwich Islands Mission. Boston,
1870. Given by A. F. Judd, Esq.

Andrews, L. — Ka Hoikehonua a me na palapala aina no ka olelo
a ke akua. Lahainaluna, 1842. Given hy A. F. Judd, Esq.

*Anthropologie de Paris, Revue de I'ficole d'. — Dix-huitieme
annee 1-12; dix neuvieme annee, 1-12.

*Anthropologie de Paris, Societe de. — Bulletins et Memoires, v.
serie, tome neuvieme 3-5.

Authropologische Gesellschaft, Wein, xvii, 2.

Anthropology and the Classics. Edit, by R. R. Marett.

Anthropology, Notes and Queries on Anthropology, etc.

*Archivioper I'Anthropologiae la Etnologia, Firenze, xxxviii, 1-3.

Australasia, Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel.
London, 1883.

*Australian Museum, Sydney. — Records, vii, 3, 4. — vSpecial Cata-
logue No. I, vol. ii, 3. — Report for 1908. — Memoirs, iv, 11.

Barbaste. — De I'homme et de 1' anthropologic. Paris, 1856.

Bastian, x\. — Die heilige Sage der Polynesier. Leipzig, 1881.

Baudin, R. P. — Fetichisme et feticheurs. Lyon, 1884.

Beal, \V. J. — Grasses of North America, i, ii. New York, 1896.

[239]

1 6 Director's Aiinual Report.

Becke, ly. — Breachley, black sheep. London, 1902.

Yorke the Adventurer and other stories. London, 1901.

Becke, L. and Jeffery, W. — The tapu of Banderah. London, 1901 ,
Berger, M. P. — Histoirede Tecritiiredans I'antiquite. Paris, 1891.
*Bern Historisches Museum. — Jahresbericht pro 190S. — Fiihrer

durch das bernische historische Museum 1909.
Berthelot. S. — Notice sur les caracteres hieroglyphiques.
Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry. — Report

for 1908.
Board of Health, Hawaii. — Report of the President for the year

ending June 30, 1909.
*Boston Public Library. — Bulletin, i, 3; ii, i, 3. — 57th Annual

Report.
*Boston Society of Natural History. — Proceedings, xxxiii, Index;

xxxiv, 4-7.
Brodie, A. O. — Notice of various rock inscriptions in the North

Western Province.
Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs, 95-104.
*Brooklyn Institute of Art and Sciences. — Science Bulletin i,

15, 16. — Report for 1908.
Bros, A. — La religion des peuples non civilises. Paris, 1907.
Brown, J. M. — ^Maori and Polynesian, their origin, history and

culture. London, 1907.
Burgess, J. — Malakhand carvings.

*Califoruia Academy of Sciences. — Proceedings, iii, pp. 40-48.
Cambridge Natural History, iv. Loudon, 1909.
Canterbury Museum. — Records, i, 2.
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. — Third

Annual Report, 190S. — The 13th celebration of Founder's Day,

April, 1909.
*Carnegie Institution of Washington. — Year Book no. 7 for 1907.

— Publications, 73, 80, 83, 85, 87, 90, 102-104, 107, 108, iio-

114, 117, 118. — Department of Marine Biology: Papers from

the Tortugas Laboratory, i, ii.
*Carnegie Museum. — Annals, v. 2-4; vi, i. Annual Report for

1908, 1909. — Memoirs, iv, 3, 4.
Chaillu du, P. B. — The viking age, i, ii. New York, 1890.
Charleston Museum, v, i.

Charton, E. M. — Voyageurs anciens et modernes. 4 vols.

[240]

List of Acccssio7is. 17

Clarke, H. — Serpetit aud Siva worship and nntliolog}- in Central

America, Africa and Asia.
Coau, ly. — Titus Coan. A Memorial. Chicago, 1884.
Coleopterorum Catalogus, i.

College of Hawaii. — 2nd Annual Report, series i, 2.
Concilium Bibliographicum, iv, anno 1908.
Congres International d' Anthropologic et d'Archeologie prehis-

toriques. — Compte rendu 1872, 1874, 1880, igoo.
Congres International des Sciences Ethnographiques. — Tenue a

Paris en 1878, 5 de la serie. Paris, 1881. — Memoires, troi-

sieme session tenue a Paris, 1900. Paris, 1902.
*Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. — Transactions, xiv,

pp. 1-290; XV, 1909.
Coupin, H. — Les bizarreries des races humaines. Paris, 1905.
Craik, G. L. — The New Zealanders. London, 1830.
Crooke, W. — The popular religion and folk-lore of Northern India,

i, ii. Westminster, 1896.
Cust, R. N. — On the origin of the Indian alphabet.

The origin of the Phenician and Indian alphabets.

Doane, E. T. — A comparison of the language of Ponape and

Hawaii.
Drival, M. — De I'origine de Tecriture. 3 ienie Edit. Paris, 1879.
Dulaure, J. A. — Des divinites generatrice chez les anciens et les

modernes. Paris, 1905.
Ellis, W.— Memoirs of Mrs. M. M. Ellis, wife of W. Ellis. Boston,

1836.
*Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. — Geological series

ii. Index; iii, 7; iv, i ; Ornithological series, i, 4; Zoological

series, vii, 7; Report series, iii, 3.
P'inck, F. N. — -Die samoanischen Personal und Possessivprono-

mina.
Finsch, O. — Samoafahrten, ethuologischer Atlas. Leipzig, 1888.
Geographen Kalender. 5. Jahrgang 1907.
Geography. — He man palapala aina a me na Niele no ka hoike-

honua. Lahainaluna, 1840.
Geometry. — Oke Anahonua he me ia e ao ai i ke ana i na mea a

pau Oahu, 1833.

Oc. p. B. p. B. M., Vol. IV., No. 4—2. [ ^4 1 ]

1 8 Director's Annual Report.

Gill, W. W.— Jottings from the Pacific. London, 1885.

Life in the Southern Isles. London.

Goeje, C. H. — Beitrage zur \'olkerkunde von Surinam. Leiden,
1908.

Grigorief, M. W. — Lettre adresse a la Societe Asiatique de Paris
sur I'origine et les monuments de I'ecriture caree dont Tiuven-
tion est attribute au Pagba-Lama. Orenbourg, 1861.

d'Halloy, d'O.— Manuel pratique d' Ethnographic ou description
des races humaines. 5 ieme Edit. Paris, 1864.

Hamy, E. T. — Memoirs pour servir a I'histoire des decouvertes
geographiques en Oceanic. Paris, 1878.

*Harvard University Library. — Eleventh Report, 1908.

Hawaiian Almanac and Annual, 1909.

Hawaiian Cascade and Miscellany.

Hawaiian Ethnological vSociety. — Proceedings, ii, 2.

Hawaiian Evangelical Association. — 87th Annual Report, 1909.

*Hawaiian Historical Society. — vSixteenth Annual Report, 1908.

Hawaii Legislature. — Conservation of Hawaii's natural resources,
session of 1909. English and Hawaiian edit. — Messages to the
fifth Legislature of the Territory of Haw^aii, regular session,
1909, by Governor W. E. Frear. — The fifth Legislature of the
Territory of Haw'aii, special session, Journal of- the Senate,
1909. — The fifth Legislature of the Territory of Hawaii, special
session, Journal of the House, 1909. — Report of the Surveyor to
the Governor for 1908. — Report of the Treasurer to the 1909
Legislature for the two years ending June, 1908. — Report to
the Legislature of the Chief Justice of the vSupreme Court for
I 907- I 908.

*Hawaiian vSugar Planters Association. — Division of Agriculture
and Chemistr}' : Circular, 12. Bulletins, 28, 29. — Division of
Entomology: Bulletins, 6, 7. — Division of Pathology and
Physiology: Circular, 7, 9. Bulletin, 6, 8, 9. — Report for 1908.

Hitchcock, Ch. H. — Hawaii and Its Volcanoes. Honolulu, 1909.
Given by Dr. W. T. Brigham.

Hochstetter v., F. — Les Moas et les chasseurs de Moas.

Hocken, T. M. — A Bibliography of the Literature relating to New
Zealand. Wellington, 1909.

Holden, H. — A narrative of the shipwreck, captivity and suffer-
ings of H. Holden and B. H. Nute. Boston, 1836.

[242]

List of Accessioyis. 19

Hovorka and Kronfield. — Vergleichende Volksmedizin, i and ii.
Stuttgart, 1908.

Huguenin, P. — Raiatea la sacree. Neuchatel, 1902.

*Indian Museum. — Records, ii, 2-5. Memoirs, i, 3. Annual Re-
port, 1907-08.

Bentham, T. — Asiatic horns and antlers. Calcutta, 1908.

Koehler, R. and Vaney, C. An account of the littoral Holo-

thurioidea collection, by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship
Investigator. Calcutta, 1908.

Hossack, \V. C. — Aids to the identification of rats connected

with plague in India with suggestions as to the collection of
specimens. Allahabad, 1907.

*Instituto Geologico de Mexico. — Boletin, 17, 26; Parergones, ii,
7-10 ; iii, I, 2.

Jacquet, M. E. — Considerations sur les alphabets des Philippines.

*Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg. — Icones Bogorienses, iii, 2-4.

Jevons, F. B. — Graeco-Italian magic. Oxford, 1908.

Johnson, J. B. — The theory- and practice of surveying. New
York, 1893.

Johnson, W. — Folk memory, or the continuity of British Arche-
olog3'. Oxford, 1908.

Jukes, J. B. — Narrative of the surveying voyage of H. M. vS. Fly
in Torres .Strait, New Guinea and other Islands of the Eastern
Archipelago during 1842-46 with an excursion into the East-
ern part of Java, i, ii. London, 1847.

*Kaiseral. Leop. Carol. Akademie der Naturforscher, Halle. —
Abhandlungen, Ixxiii, 3; Ixxiv, i; Ixxx, i; Ixxxvii. 3; xc, 2.

*K. K. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum, Wien. — Annalen. xxii, 2-4.

Kawi. — An inscription from the Kawi, or ancient Javanese lan-
guage.

Keane, A. H. — Ethnology, i, ii. Cambridge, 1901.

The world's peoples. London, 1908.

Man, past and present. Cambridge, 1900.

Kellogg, V. L.— Inheritance in silkworms, i.

Kollmann, J. — -Plastische Anatomic des meuschlichen Korpers.
Leipzig, 1886.

*K6nigl. Ethnographisches Museum, Miinchen. — Bericht i, 1908.

*Konigl. Museum fiir Volkerkunde, Berlin. — \'eroffeutlichuugen,
vi, 1-4; vii, 1-4; xii. — Ethnologisches Notizblatt, iii, 2.

[243]

20 Director' s Annual Report.

Konigl. Nordiske Oldskriftselskab. — Nordiske Fortidsminder, i-6.

KJobenhavn, 1890- 1903.
Konigl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften.— Sitzungsbericht^

1. li, Hi.
* Konigl. Vitterhets Historic och Antiqvitets Akademien, Stock-
holm.— Fornvanneu 1908. — Antiqvarisk Tidskrift for Sverige,

xviii, 1,2.
*Konigl. Zoologisches uiid Authropologisch - Ethnographisches

Museum, Dresden. — Abhaudlungen und Bericht, ix, 2; x; xi,

Index; xii, 2.
Kramer, A. — Hawaii, Ostmikronesien und vSamoa. Stuttgart,

1906.
Kubary, J. S. — Ethnographische Beitrage zur Kenntnisdes Karo-

lineu Archipels, 1,2.
K^^oto Imperial University. — Calendar 2569-70 (1909-10).
*Eaboratorio di Zoologica Generale e Agraria. — Bollettino iii.

Portici, 1909.
de Eacouperie, T. — Beginnings of writing in General and Eastern

Asia. Eondon, 1894.
Eang, A. — The making of religion. New York, 1898.

The secret of the totem. Eondon, 1905.

Eandor, A. H. S. — Tibet and Nepal. Eondon.
Eankester, E. R. — -The kingdom of man. Eondon, 1907.
*Eeland Stanford Jr. University. — Ehiiversity series, i, 2.
Eetourneau, Ch. — E'evolution juridique dans les diverses races

humaines. Paris, 1891.
Ea condition de la femme dans les diverses races et civilisa-
tions. Paris, 1903.
Eevi, M. vS.^Anciennes inscriptions du Nepal. Paris, 1904.
*Einnean Society of New South Wales. — Proceedings, vii-x;

Proceedings, 2ud series, i-x; xxi; xxii; xxxiii, 4; xxxiv, i, 2.
*Eiverpool vSchool of Tropical Medicine. — Bulletin, i. — Annales,

ii, 4, 5; iii, 1-4.
Eouisiana State Museum. — Report and Catalogue 1908.
McEenuan, J. F. — vStudies in ancient history. Eondon, 1876..

2nd series 1896.
Man, ix, i-i i .

*Marine Biological Association, Plymouth. — Journal, viii, 4.

[244]

List of Accessions. 21

Marro, A. — La puberte chez I'homtne et chez la femnie. Paris,

1902.
— — Code Malais des successions et du mariage. Paris, 1889.
Martini & Chemnitz. — Conchylieu-Cabinet, Lieferung 533-538.
Massachusetts Horticultural Society. — Transactions 1908, 2;

1909, I. W. T. B.
Mazzarella, J. — Les types sociaux et le droit. Paris, 1908.
Metchnikoff, L. — Les Australiens.
Observations sur les populations a peau claire et a peau foncee

de la Polynesie.
Microscopical Science. — Quarterly Journal of, li, 2 ; liii,2-4; liv,

1 , 2.
Morelli, A. J. — Narrative of a voj-age in the years 1 829-1 831.
Mosblech, B. — Vocabulaire Oceanien - Frangais et Lrau^ais-

Oceanien des dialectes paries aux Isles Marquises, Sandwich,

Gambler, etc.
Miiller, M. — Chips from a German workshop, 1-4. London, 1868.
*Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires. — Anales, serie iii, x.
*Museu Goeldi. — Boletin, v, 2.
*Museu Paulista. — Catalogos da F'auna Brazileira, ii. — Revista,

vii. 1907.
*Museum of Comparative Zoology. — Bulletin Hi, 6-13; liii, 2-4.

Memoirs xxvii, 3; xxxvii; xxxviii, i.

*Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. ^Annual Report for 1908.— Bulle-
tin, vii, 38.
Museum of Natural History, Illinois. — Report for 1908.
*Museum fiir Volkerkunde, Hamburg. — Bericht 1898-1907. — Mit-

teilungen: Thilenius, G. Die Bedeutungder Meeresstroniungen

fiir die Besiedelung Melanesiens.
Hagen, K. — Die Ornamentik von Wuvulu und Aua. Alter-

tiimer von Benin. Ueber die Musik einiger Naturvolker.

Hambruch, P. — Die Anthropologie von Kaniet.

Hambruch, P. — Wuvulu und Aua (Maty und Durour Inseln).

Miiller, W. — Beitrage zur Kraniologie der Neu-Britannier.

Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. — Forty-second annual Report,

1907. — Forty-third annual Report, 1908.
*Natal Government Museum. — Annals, i, Index; ii. i.
National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. — Album of photographs

and sketches. London, 1908.

[245]

22 Dhrdor's Annual Report.

Neuhauss, R. — Die Hawaii Inseln. Berlin, 1886.

*New South Wales, Department of Fisheries. — Report for 1908.

Department of Mines. — Annual Report for 1908. — Records of

the Geological Surve}-, viii, 4. — Mineral resources, 6, 2ncl edit.
*New York Botanical Garden, v, 28; vi, 20; vii, 23.
New York Zoological Societ3^ — iVnnual Report, 1908.
*New Zealand Institute. — Transactions and Proceedings, xli.

Proceedings, i, 2. 1908-09.

New Zealand Journal of Science, i, 1882-83; ii, 1884-85; i, i new

issue, 1 89 1.
Nova Guinea. — I, Entdeckungsgeschichte von Neu-Guinea. I^ei-

den, 1909.

Zoologie V, lyivraison iii.

Oahuan, The, ix, 3, 4.

*Oahu College. — Catalogue, 1908-09.

*Oberlin College. — The Wilson Bulletin, xv-xx; xxi, i.

Laborator}- Bulletin, 14, 15.

Ornithologie, Journal, Jahrgang, Ivii, 1-4.

Owen, J. A.— The stor}- of Hawaii. London, 1898.

Paradise of the Pacific, xxii, 1-12.

*Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. —

Memoirs, iv, 2. — Forty-second annual Report.
Peschel, O. — The races of man and their geographical distribu-
tion. New York, 1906.
Petermanns Mitteilungen, liv, 12; Iv, 1-12.
Pfaundler, L. — Das Chinesisch-Japanische Go-Spiel. Leipzig,

1908.
Philippine Islands, The. — Blair & Robertson, liv, Iv, Index A-Z.
*Philippine Journal of Science. — A, iii, 56; iv, 1-5. B, iii, 5, 6;

iv, 1-4. C, iii, 6; iv, 1-4.

Leaflets of Philippine Botany, ii, 23-33, 35-37-

* F^thnological survey publication, iii; iv, i, 2; v, 3.

*Polynesian Society. — ^Journal, xvii, 4; xviii, 1-3.

Primer. — Ke ao spela ; he palapala ia e ao aku ai i na kamalii i

ka mahele pono ana o ua huaolelo, a me ka hai pololei ana o na

hua. Honolulu, 1844.
Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of vSouth Australia. —

Report of the Board of Governors for 1907-08.

[246]

List of Acccssioyis. 23

Quatrefages de, A. — Histoire general des races humaines. Paris,

1889.

The human species. New York, 1S98.

Revue critique sur les races Moriori (Isles Chatam) et Maori.

(Nouvelle Zelande.)
Les Moas et les chasseurs de Moas.

Quatrefages de, M. — Les Polynesiens et leurs migrations.
*Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum, Koln. a. Rh. — Fiihrer durch das

Museum. 2. Aufl. 1908.

Ethnologica i. Leipzig, 1909.

Raymond, G. L- — A life in song. New York, 1908. 3d edit.

Ballads and other poems. 1908. 3d edit.

Dante and collected verse. New York, 1909.

The Aztec God and other dramas. 1908.

Poetry as a representative Art. 1909. 5th edit.

The representative significance of form. 1909.

Painting, sculpture and architecture as representative arts.

1909.
The essentials of aesthetics in music, poetry, painting, sculp-

ture and architecture. 1909.
— Rhythm and harmonj^ in poetry and music together with music

as a representative art. 1909.
— -Proportion and harmony of line and color in painting, sculp-

ture and architecture. 1909.
— -The genesis of art form. (All given b}' the author.)

Rapson, K. J. — An inscription from the Malakhand Pass.

*Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Roma. — ^Memories, serie quinta,

vii, 1-8. — Atti della, serie quinta, xvii, ii. Semestre, 9-12;

xviii, i. Semestre, 1-12; xviii, ii. Semestre, 1-5; Rendiconto, ii.
*Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona. — Nomina del

Personal Academico, 1902-1909. — Boletin, i, 1-30; ii, i-ii.—

Memorias, iii; iv, 20-40; v; vi: vii, 1-17; viii, 1-6.
Raboux. — Sur les instruments des sauvages de 1' Oceanic. Paris,

1874.
Rechinger, K. — Botanische und zoologische Ergebnisse einer

wissen-schaftlichen Forachungsreise. Wien, 1908.
Records of the past, i-vii; viii, 1-5.

Reeves, E. — Brown men and women in 1895 and 96. London, 1898.

[247]

24 Director' s Aujuial Report.

Revue des Etudes ethnographiques et sociologiques. Premiere
annee 1908. — Deuxieme annee, 13-20.

Rej'baud, M. L,. — La Polyuesie et les Isles Marquises. Paris, 1843.

Ridley, W. — Kamilaroi and other Australian languages, songs,
traditions, laws and customs of the Australian race. New South
Wales, 1875.

*Rijks Ethnographisches Museum, Leiden. — Report 1907-08.

Tentoonstelling van Japansche Kunst. Haarlem, 1909.

Rivett-Carnac, J. H. — Cup marks as an Archaic form of inscription.

Robinson, R. — An attempt to elucidate the principles of Malayan
orthograph3^ Fort Marlborough, 1823.

*Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
— Journal, xxxviii, July-Dec, 1908; xxxix, Jan. -June, 1909.

*Royal Geographical Society of Australasia. — Proceedings, x.

*Royal Geographical Society of London. — Journal, I-L; Index
for XL-L.

*Royal Irish Academy. — Proceedings, section B, xxvii, 6-1 1; sec-
tion C, xxvii, 9-18.

*Royal Society of Edinburgh. — Proceedings, xxix, r-8.

*Royal Society of Queensland. — Proceedings, xxi, 1908.

*Royal Society of South Australia. — Transactions and Proceed-
ings and Report, xxxii. 1908.

*Royal Society of Victoria. — Proceedings, xxii, 2.

Samoa. — Einiges aus Samoa und andern Inseln der Siidsee.
Berlin, 1889.

Schidlof, B. — Das Sexualleben der Australier und Oceanier, i.
Leipzig.

Semper, K. — Die Palau Inseln im stillen Ocean. Leipzig, 1873.

vSergi, G. — Europa. Torino, 1908.

Smith, J. G. — Agriculture in Hawaii. Honolulu, 1903.

Smith, J. J. — Die Orchideen von Java. Figuren Atlas.

*Smithsonian Institution. — Bureau of American Ethnology, Bul-
letin 34, 38, 39, 41, 42.

United States National Museum, Bulletin 63-68. Proceed-
ings, xxxiv, XXXV, xxxvi. — Report for 1908, 1909.

United States National Herbarium, Contributions, X Index;

xi; xii, 5-10 and Index; xiii, i.
*Societe Royal des Antiquaires du Nord, Copenhague.— Memoires
1840-1860, 1866-1907.

[248]

List of Accessions. 25

*South African Museum. — Annals, v, 6, 7; vi, 2; vii, 2, 3. — Report

for 1908.
Spruce, R. — Notes of a botanist on the Amazon and Andes.

1849-64, i, ii. London, 1908.
*Staedt. Volker-Museuni, Frankfurt a. M. — Hagen, B. Die Orang

Kubu auf Sumatra, ic;oS.
Strehlow, C. Die Arnnda und Loriija Stamme in Central

Australien, i und ii. 1908.
Festschrift der XXXIX, allgenieinen \'ersamndung der

deutschen anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Frankfurt a. M.
*Staedt. Museum fiir Volkerkunde, Leipzig. — Jahrbuch ii, 1907.

— Veroffentlichungen, 1-3. Mitteilungen, i, i. Bericht 1-28,

1873-1900.
Starcke, C. M. — Die primitife Familie in ihrcr Entsteliung und

Entwickelung. Leipzig, 1888.
State Historical and Natural History Societx , Colorado. — Biennial

Report trom Dec, 1906-Nov., 1908.
Steinmetz, S. R. — Rechtsverhaltnisse von tingeborenen Volkern

in Afrika und Oceanien. Berlin, 1903.
Stephan, E. und Graebner, F. — Neu-Mecklenburg. Die Kiiste

von Umuddu bis Kap vSt. Georg. Berlin, 1907.
Strebel, H. — Die Stein vSculpturen von Santa Lucia Cozuma-

hualpa. (Guatemala) Hamburg, 1894.
Tahitien. — Grammaire et Dictionuaire de la langue Maorie. Dia-

lecte Tahitien.
Tanaka, Sh. — On a small collection of Tide-Pool fishts from

Misaki. — Descriptions of eight new species of fishes from Japan.

— On some fishes from lake Biwa. — Notes on fresh water fishes.

— Descriptions of one new genus and ten new species of Japa-
nese fishes. — Notes on fresh water fishes from Shinano, Japan.

— Notes on some rare fishes from Japan.
*Technological Museum, New South Wales. — Technological edu-
cation series, 6, 7, 1891; 7, 1892; 7a, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13.

A quarter century of technical education in New South Wales.

Building and ornamental stones of New South Wales, and edit.

-Sydney's commercial museum, 1909.

Hints for the collection and preservation of raw products.

Sydney, 1891.

-Plants indigenous and naturalised in the neighbourhood of

Sydney, 1891
— Catalogue of wool exhibits. Sydney, 1890.

[249]

26 Director's A?ifiual Report.

Thomsou, B. — The Fijians. London, 1908.

Topinard le, P. — L,' Anthropologic. Paris, 1877, 2nd edit.

Paris, 1879, 3d. edit.

Travel and Exploration, i, 1-16; ii, 7-12.

TrN'on and Pilsbry. — Manual of Conchology, pts. 78, 79.

*Tufts College Studies, ii, 3.

United States Agricultural Experiment vStation, Honolulu.— Press

Bulletin 23, 24. Annual Report, 1908.
United States Department of Agriculture. — Year Book, 1908.

Farmers' Bulletin, 352, 361, 369, 371, 374, 376.

Forestry Circulars, 155, 164.

vSilvical Leaflets, 31.

Biological vSurvey: Bulletin, 33; Circular, 63, 64, 67, 69, 70.

North American F'auna, 28-30. Report for 1908.

United States Department of Commerce and Labor. — Bureau of

Fisheries: Bulletin, xxvii. Document, 645.

Statistical Abstract of the U. S., 1908.

The Foreigii Commerce and Navigation of the U.S. for 1908.

Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries, 1908.

*United States Geological Survey. — Twenty-ninth annual Report.
Bulletins, 341, 352-356, 35S-368, 370-380, 382-385. 387.388,

394. 401.

Water vSupply Papers, 221, 223-226, 228-232, 234, 235, 242.

Professional Papers. 58-61, 63, 64, 66.

Mineral Resources of the U. S. Calendar year 1907, pts, i, 2.

*Universiteit van Amsterdam. — Paedagogische Bibliothek van het

Nederlandsch Onderwijzers-Genootschap April 1905-Dec. 1907.

Amsterdam, rgo8.
Universit}' of Calcutta. — University Studies No. i. History of the

Mediaeval vSchool of Indian Logic. Calcutta, 1909.
*Uaiversity of California. — Publications: American Archaeology

and Ethnology, iv, 5, 6 and Index; v, 3; vi, 2, 3; vii, 3; viii, 5.

Botany, iii, 6-8. Chronicle, x, Index; xi.

Physiology, i, 12; iii, 14-16.

Zoology, iv, Index; v, 1-4; vi, 2-5.

Bulletin, 3 series, i, 2; ii, 9.

University of Colorado. — Studies, vi, 3, 4.

Universite Imperiale de Moscou. — Congres Internationaux, 2 vols.

[250]

I^ist of Exchanges. 27

*University of Kansas. — Science Bulletin, iv, 7-20.

*University of Pennsylvania. — Catalogue 1908- 1909. — Contribu-
tions from the zoological laboratory, xiv.

Proceedings of the commencement, ninth series, no. 5, pt. 3.

Verschnur, G. — Aux antipodes.

Viollette le, P. L. — Dictionnaire Samoa-Frang.iis-Anglais.

Waitz, Th. — Anthropologic der Naturvolker. I Teil 1877, 2nd
edit.

Wallace, A. R. — Island life. London, 1880.

The Malay Archipelago. New York, 1SS5.

Walsh, E. H. C. — A cup-mark inscription in the Chumbi valley.

Walsh, J. M. — Coffee. Philadelphia, 1894.

*Wanganui, Public Museum. — Fourteenth annual Report, 1909.

Weule, K. — Negerleben in Ostafrika. Leipzig, 1909.

Webster, H. — Primitive secret societies. New York, 1908.

Widney, J. P. — Race life of the Aryan peoples, 2 vols. New
York, 1907.

Williams, L. W. — The anatomy of the common Squid. Leiden.

Wilson, L- — The Svastika and its migrations.

Wood, W. M. — Wandering sketches. Philadelphia, 1849.

Zaborowsky, AL S. — Les peuples Aryens, d'Asie et d'Europe.
Paris, 1908.

*Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie, Berlin, xl, 6; xli, 1-5.

LIST OF EXCHANGES.

Adelaide, S. Australia. — Royal Geographical Societ}' of South Australia.

Ro3'al Society of South Australia.

South Australian Museum.
Amherst, Mass. — Amherst College Library.
Amsterdam, Holland. — Universiteit van Amsterdam.
Auckland, N. Z. — Auckland Institute.
Baltimore, Md. — ^Johns Hopkins Univcrsit}-.

Maryland Geological vSurvey.
Barcelona, Spain. — Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona.
Berkeley, Cal. — University of California.
Berlin, German}-. — Anthropologische Gesellschaft.

Konigl. Museum fiir Volkerkunde.
Berne, Switzerland. — Bern Historisches ^luseum.
Boston, Mass. — Boston Public Library.

Boston Society of Natural History.

Museum of Fine Arts.

[251]

28 Director' s Annual Report.

Bremen, Germany. — Museum fiir Natur-, Volker- und Handelskunde.

Brisbane, Queensland. — Roj^al Society of Queensland.

Brooklyn, N. Y. — Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Fine Arts and vSciences.

Brussels, Belgium. — Societe Roj'ale Malacologique dc Belgique.

Buda-Pest, Hungary. Museum National Hongrois.

Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic. — Museo Nacional de Rucnos Aires.

Buitenzorg, Java. — ^Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg.

Calcutta, India. — Asiatic vSociety of Bengal.

Indian Museum.
Cambridge, Mass. — Harvard University IJbrar}'.

Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Peabody Museum.
Capetown, vS. Africa. — South African Museum.
Chicago, 111. — Field Museum.
Christchurch, N. Z. — Canterbury Museum.
Cologne, Germany. — Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum.
Copenhagen, Denmark. — Societe Royale des Antiquaires du Xord.
Dresden, German3^ — Konigl. Zoologisches und Anthropologisch- Ethno-

graphisches Museum.
Dublin, Ireland. — Royal Irish Academy
Edinburgh, vScotland. — Royal Societj' of Edinburgh.
Florence, Italy. — Societa Italiana di Antropologia.
Frankfurt on Main, Germany. — Stiidisches Volker-Museum.
Geelong, Victoria. — Gordon Technical College.
Genoa, Italy. — Museo Civico di vStoria Naturale di Genoa.
Halle, Germany. — Kaiserl. Leop. Carol. Akademie der Xaturforscher.
Hamburg, Germany. — Museum fiir \'olkerkunde.
Hanover, N. H. — Dartmoiith College.
Hilo, Hawaii. — Hilo Public Library.
Honolulu, Hawaii. — Hawaiian Evangelical Association.

Hawaiian Historical Society.

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association.

Honolulu Library Association.

Oahu College.

United States Experiment Station.
Lawrence, Kansas. — University of Kansas.
Leiden, Holland. — Rijks Ethnographisches Museum.

'sRijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historic.
Leipzig, Germany. — Museum fiir \'olkerkunde.
Liverpool, England. — Liverpool School of Tropical IVIedicine.
London, England. — Linnean Society of London.

Royal Anthropological Institute.
Madras, India. — Government Museum.
Manila, P. I. — Bureau of Science.

Ethnological vSiirvey.
Melljourne, Victoria. — Royal Society of Victoria.
Mexico. — Instituto Geologico de Mexico.

[252]

List oj Exchanges. 29

Munich, Germany. — Ethnographisches Museum.

New Haven. Ct. — Connecticut Academ}- of Arts and Sciences.

Yale University Librarj'.
New Plyn:outh, N. Z. — Polynesian Societ}'.
New York, N. Y. — American Museum of Natural History.

Columbia Universit}" Librarj-.

New York Botanical Garden.
Oberlin. O. — Oberlin College.
Para, Brazil. — Museu Goeldi.
Paris, France. — Ecole d'Anthropologie.

Societe d'Anthropologie.
Philadelphia, Pa. — Academy of Natural vSciences of Philadelphia.

American Philosophical Society.

Free ]\Iuseum of Science and Art.

The Philadelphia Museums.

University of Pennsylvania.

^Vagner Free Institute of Science.
Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. — Natal Government ^Museum.
Pittsburg, Pa. — Carnegie Museum.

Ph'mouth, England. — Marine Biological Association of the I'nitcd Kingdom.
Rome, Italy. — Accademia dei Lincei.
St. Louis, Mo. — Missouri Botanical Garden.
Salem, Mass. — Peabod}^ Academj^ of Science.
San Francisco, Cal. — California Academy of Sciences.
Sao Paulo, Brazil. — Museu Paulista.

Stanford Universitj^, Cal. — Leland vStanford Junior Universit}-.
Stockholm, Sweden. — Kongl. Vitterhets Historie och Antiqvitcts Akadcmicn.
S3'dne3^, N. S. W. — Australian Museum.

Department of Agriculture.

Department of Fisheries.

Department of Mines.

Linnean Society of New South Wales.

Ro^'al Society of New South Wales.

Technological Museum.
Tufts College, Mass. — Tufts College.
Yienna, Austria. — Anthropologische Gcsellschaft in Wien.

K. K. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum.
Wanganui, N. Z. — Public Museum.
Washington, D. C. — Bureau of American E;thnologv.

Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Librarj" of Congress.

Smithsonian Institution.

United States Geological Sur^-ey.

United States National Museum.
Wellington, N. Z. — New Zealand Institute.

FIG. I. CrTRVHD STONE ADZE. (OBVERSE.)

Hawaiian Curved Adzes.

Bv WlIXIAM T. Brigham.

It has long been a puzzle to me how the ancient Hawaiians
cut the bottom of their canoes on the inside so evenly curved : it
seems possible only on the supposition that polishing stones were
used to grind down the irregular cut of the common adze which
seldom has a face of more than two inches in width. In the
extensive collection of stone adzes in this Museum there is not one
that a modern carpenter would have selected for cutting a canoe
bottom. I had seen the old-time canoe makers wield the clums}^
looking stone adze (after cutting the rough work with a foreign
steel adze) with a skill and certainty difficult to acquire, leaving
the outside of the canoe with a fairlj' smooth surface, but I never
happened to meet one working on the inside, wdiich was generall}-
left to the last.

Anyone who has seen the procedure of bailing out a genuine
native canoe with a fragment of gourd umeke will understand the
importance of a smooth, evenly curved bottom. It was gratifying
to find at last a tool capable of doing what seemed needed in
fashioning such a bottom. During the past year Mr. William
Wagener has brought to my notice an adze found by him in
Hamakua, Hawaii. To him it was a rare form, as he had seen
only one other, and he deposited it in this Museum for study and
casting. As will be seen in Fig. i, the shank has been broken
(recently) and there are a few nicks in the cutting edge, but the
finish is careful and complete. If we allow for the broken shank
its weight would exceed 4.5 lbs. Its peculiarity consists in the
double curve of its cutting edge which is beautifully regular.
The stone is dark-blue phonolite with a brown oxydized surface.
Weight 3 lbs. 9 oz.; breadth 5.7 in.; length 8.2 in. (10.2 when
entire?); thickness 2 in. (Figs, i and 2.)

[255] '31)

Fig. 2. CURVED STONE ADZE. (FRONT.)

Notes on Hawaiian Petrog-lyphs.— I.

Bv John F. G. Stokes.

During the past four years the writer has at different times
collected data on Hawaiian petroglj-phs and had planned, at some
future date when the material gathered seemed complete enough,
to prepare a paper on the subject or place the information gleaned
in the hands of a more able person for the same purpose. The
manifold duties of a member of a small museum staff have so
largely interfered with the carrying out of these plans that the
time of their consummation is too indefinite ; and rather than keep
from students of Hawaiian ethnolog}' the information that should be
theirs, the knowledge so far gained is submitted herewith as No. i
of a series in which it is hoped to publish from time to time as
discovered or communicated unrecorded data on the subject.

The first observer to record petroglyphs on these islands was
Mathison' wdio in 1822 saw a pictured stone on Oahu. The follow-
ing year Ellis- frequently saw along the southern coast of Haw'aii
"a number of straight lines, semicircles or concentric rings, with
some rude imitations of the human figure cut or carved in the
compact rocks of lava." Fornander^ observed them on a hill at
Kalae, Molokai, but appeared to see in them only an evidence of
phallic worship. Kramer^ saw a number on the same hill and
illustrated several of the figures. At this same time (beginning
of 1898) Farley-^ recorded his observations on the numerous petro-
glyphs occasionalh' uncovered b}- storms on the beach at Koloa,
Kauai. Two years later Tlirum^ published an account of a dis-

' Mathison, Gilbert Farquhar. Narrative of a Visit to Brazil, Chile, Peru
and the Sandwich Islands. London, 1825. p. 403.

^ Ellis, Rev. Wm. Narrative of a Tour through Hawaii. London, 1826.
P- 431-

^Fornander, Abraham. The Poh'nesian Race. London, 1875-82. Vol. i,
p. 50.

'' Kramer, August. Der Phallusberg der Molokai (Der Globus, Ixxiii
Band, S. 8). Braunschweig, 1898.

^Farley, J. K. The Pictured Ledge of Kauai. Hawaiian Annual for 1898
(Thos. G. Thrum, publisher). Honolulu, 1898. p. 119.

^Hawaiian Annual for 1900, p. 126.

Oc.p. B. P. B.M., voL.iv.,No.4— 3. [257] '^33)

34

Di7'ector' s Anmial Report.

covery at Koko Head on Oahu, and in 1904 appeared a more
extensive article containing new, and an excellent review of
previous observations by A. F. Judd." The latest reference
which has come under the writer's notice is the interesting
article on "The Pictured Rocks of Naalehu" by the Rev. W. D.
Westervelt^ in 1906.

Fig. I. PETROGLYPHS AT KAHALUU, NOT CHALKED.

The following notes were mainly gathered during the writer's
journeys round the islands of Hawaii in 1906 and Molokai in 1909
while surveying the ancient places of worship and collecting
available data for the assistance of the Director in his proposed
monograph on Hawaiian heiau, under a grant from the Carnegie
Institution of Washington. Since the object of the expeditions
was as just outlined and the travelling expenses w^ere defrayed by
the Institution, the writer did not feel at liberty to give as much

■Rock Carvings of Hawaii. Hawaiian Annnal for 1904, p. 179.
'Hawaiian Annual for 1906, p. 164.

[258]

Azotes on Haicaiiayi Petr-oglyphs.

35

time to the svibject of petroglyplis as he would have desired, or
have taken , had the expedition been entirely' financed by the Bishop
Museum. In addition to these notes are included illustrations of
petroglyphs gathered by Mr. Judd since his last paper, and kindl}-
given to the Museiim.

Kona, Hawaii. — The attention of the writer in the field was
first drawn to petroglyphs at Kahaluu, near the heiau of Keeku,
by information from a native that there was a pictvire on the beach.
As the tide had ebbed, an examination was made of the remains

FIG. 2. PETROGLYPHS AT KAHALUU, LOOKIXG WEST.

of an ancient lava fiow extending seaward about two hundred
and fifty feet from the beach, and at a point about twenty-five feet
from the sand was a doubly outlined petroglyph (Fig. i), repre-
senting a headless human figure, cut into a .smooth part of the
lava to a depth of .5 inch. The guide said it was Kamalalawalu.
Around it in all directions were numerous faint single-lined figures
(Figs. 2, 3) which the native appeared to see for the first time,
and which he suggested were Kamalalawalu's men. Preparations
were at once made to photograph the figures, but as it was believed
that none of them except the first mentioned were deep enough
for the faint grooves to be detected bv the camera, a mixture of

[259]

36

Director' s Amiual Report.

white lead and kerosene was tried, there being no prepared paint
available. Great care was given to the outlining of these figures,
and when thej^ were incomplete, either through erosion b}- the
sea or possibly for the reason that the work had been left un-
finished by the artist, no exercise of the imagination was permitted
to interfere with the presentation of anything but the parts which

Fig. 3. PETROGLVPHS AT KAHALUU, LOOKING NORTH-EAST.

could be clearly traced. The paint mixture was not successful,
and later a thin line of chalk along the middle of the grooves was
found amply sufficient.

All the figures except that of Kamalalawalu were rather
smoothly and evenly graved in thin rounded channels of a general
width of .4 inch and a depth of .1 inch. The heads of the smaller
ones when not outlined were cup-marks of about .3 inch in depth;
and of the larger, flat and shallow depressions of the same depth
as the outlines of the figures. They were probably made by ham-

[260]

jYofes on Haivaiian Petroglvphs.

37

mering or pecking with a beach pebble, as the measurements of
the grooves might indicate. Previous observers have been wont
to refer to the native stone adze as the cutting implement for the
petroglvphs they were describing, but even if the stone adze could
keep its edge when cutting into stone strata sometimes as hard as
itself, there is nothing in the petrogl3-phs or within reason to de-

FIG. 4.

FIG. 5.

monstrate why the workers should ignore a simple and effective
tool like a pebble, which they could obtain anywhere without effort,
in favor of the laboriously wrought stone adze. Dr. Brigham^ has
demonstrated the facility with which the natives could use the
beach pebbles when working in stone, and the writer has seen
natives of today hammer out their names or initials on a flat rock,
in neat and symmetrical letters, with nothing but a small stone

'Hawaiian Stone Implements, Mem. B. P. B. M., vol. i.

[261]

38 Director's Annual Report.

picked at random. It should also be meutioued that this work
would be doue in a surprisingly short time, and when finished the
grooves would have measurements corresponding proportionately
with the greater number of petroglyphs so far .seen. In the ancient
work the channels may have been rubbed down, in place of being
hammered, or smoothed by rubbing after abrading with the ham-
mer, but after an examination of the initials and names above
mentioned, no need for an}- smoothing process could be seen
In referring to the figures below, the measurements given are of
the length, taken from photographs, and are approximate.

Leaving the narrow sandy beach, and proceeding westward
the first petroglyph (Fig. 2) met is incomplete, representing either
the shoulders and arms or the wide-spread legs of the human
figure. Next, in the same order, are two
forms (Fig. 4) close together which are un- /~\

like any others so far observed; the first, ^
length 10 inches with squared joints, has a ' — ■

very peculiar upward turn at the knees,
which posture is difficult to explain. The
second, length 13 inches, has proven unique , —

in these investigations so far on account of I

the fact that the rock at the knees has not 1

been abraded and is on the same level as the
original surface ; the contiguous outline of fig. 6.

the figure was very distinct. It probably

was intended to portray some person or object with broken legs.
Another point of peculiarity was the two-pronged feet — w-hen the
foot is represented at all it is generally b}' a single line at an obtuse
angle to the part of the leg adjoining. A little to the north is the
figure of an orator or a spear thrower (Fig. 6). The next couple
of figures, 13 and 15 inches long, have the heads outlined, and the
smaller has two small punctures for the eyes (Fig. 5). The last,
in place of the usual central line for the trunk, has a curve to rep-
resent the chest or breast.

The pictures of the interesting quartet in the foreground of
Fig. 7. are no doubt an attempt to portray the happenings at an
obstetrical case ; the figures are grouped together and are slightly
removed from the rest of the pictures. Kahaluu, from its superior
natural advantages, was the abode of many chiefs and kings

[262]

N^ofes on Hazcaiiaji Pctroglvphs.

39

(as the number of heiau in the vicinity would indicate), and
this group may well have been intended to record the not un-
common occurrences in Haw'aiian history such as mentioned by
Fornander'"' in vol. ii, pp. 204 and 260. The length of the figures
is 30, 18 and 20 inches.

To the south-west of the last group is another of three figures
with rounded limbs placed in a row (Fig. 8). It has been not in-
appropriatelv suggested that these were three dancers, the arms of

Fig. 7.

the smallest figure being properly placed for some of the move-
ments of the hula. To the north and west are numerous other
figures which have probably- been added after the completion of
the last group. However, there is nothing in the appearance of
the gravings to be ascertained as to the comparative age. One
figure should be noticed with the line of the trunk transversely
broken by a segment of a circle (Fig. 9). The outlined-headed
figure has its right foot connected with a small figure, 11. 5 inches

'Polvnesian Race.

[263]

40

Director's Annual Report.

long, depicted with a rectangular abdomen (Fig. lo). The head-
less figure directly below is 10.5 inches long. A little more to the
west than the last is a curved-limbed figure with a broken-lined
trunk and a line between the feet suggestive of a skirt (Fig. 11).
In a number of cases the males are definitel}- marked, leaving it
open to the suggestion that the unmarked figures must be females.
But considering the number of unmarked figures, it does not seem

feel-\

4-

Fig. S.

reasonable to conclude that all these were females. Nevertheless
the Hawaiians were children of Nature and were accustomed to
regard her as she is. The woman's dress was the pa'u, a wrapping
of tapa extending from the waist to the knee.

To the west of the hula group is a jumble of petroglyphs, the
most interesting being the deeply incised figure of Kamalalawalu
(Figs. I, 12 and 13). It is more than probable that this figure
was not always beheaded, as outlines of what ma}- have been the
lower part of the head are still traceable. Where the head should
be there is a natural crack in the bed-rock which seems to have

[264]

N^ofes oil Haii'aiian Pctivglyphs.

41

occurred since the graving of this and the surrounding carvings.
It is believed that the Hawaiians did not practise decapitation.
The figure is 10.5 inches long, with trunk and limbs represented
b}- double lines of grooves .9 inch wide and .5 inch deep At its
foot is a male figure with head and body outlined, the latter in
oval form. On the east, other incomplete figures adjoin, one with
an outlined head and dotted eyes and nose.

To the north of Kamalalawalu (Fig. 12), is another of the
figures with an upraised arm, while to the west of the last is

FIG. 9.

apparently a figure in profile. Petroglyphs in profile are so un-
usual" that it might be safer to consider this one incomplete, or
the remains of one that has been worn down by the waves. Still
further to the west is a graving (Fig. 14) 40 inches long which
from peculiarities of its outline might at first seem modern. How-
ever, the graving is similar in all respects to those described above.
Part of the head was seen, but does not show in the photograph.
The abdomen is roughly rectangular with four upright or slanting
strokes on the upper side. The feet are circles.

"Certain stone carvings in profile have been previoush- referred to on
pages 124 and 125 of this volume.

[265]

42 Director's Annual Report.

To the west and south-west of Kanialalawalu are other lined
figures one of which (Fig. 15) is a phallic emblem, 21 inches
long, which certainl)- does not seem modern. Through the fog-
ging of the films, it has been necessary to trace these outlines.

To the south of the last is a male figure (Fig. 16) with two
parallel disconnected lines for the trunk, and feet or toes repre-
sented by three disjointed strokes.

To the north and north-west, along the edge of the low mound
of lava on which the petroglyphs were found, were other carvings

\

(Figs. 17 and 18). One (Fig. 18), 33 inches long, had a flat shallow
depression for a head, forearms turned inward and hands down-
ward. No legs could be traced, but the trunk was represented
by a long line interrupted by cup-marks, and a design the pur-
port of which is now indefinite.

On another swelling of lava to the west (Figs. 19 and 20) is a
very large unfinished figure ; while some distance to the south is
an attempt at another, with part of a name below it. These are
unquestionably modern as the graving is very different from that
described above, the peckings being still distinctly seen and the
channels anything but smooth. They were, judging from appear-
ances, made with a steel implement (perhaps a pick) the scars
from which have been slightly rounded by the waves.

' [266]

Azotes on Haicaiian Pctroglyphs.

43

Nearer the sea than the last mentioned is an artificial bowl
8X3.5 inches cut in a flat rock, the use of which was not apparent.

The petroglyphs at Kahaluu lay pointing in all directions,
but the majority headed towards the land, perhaps because it was
more comfortable for the worker to face the mountains than the

JflG. II.

sea, or that the lava sloped upwards towards the shore. Nor was
there much uniformity in the style of workmanship, only in some
of the isolated groups of two or more figures did it appear that one
artist had been responsible for more than one petroglyph.

It will have been seen from the illustrations that the com-
moner forms at this place were figures with small cup-marked

[267]

Fig. 12.

Fig. I'

Azotes on Haicaiian Petroglyphs.

45

heads, single-lined bodies and angular or curved joints, which
from present recorded discoveries might be called the typical
forms. The triangular-bodied and four-legged figures were absent.
At the time of these investigations there was living in Kahaluu
an old native named Malanui, eighty-six years of age, who, after

Fig. 14.

the petrogh'phs were marked, led the writer to the beach and
pointed out the figure of Kamalalawalu. The other petroglyphs,
when his attention was called to them, he declared he knew nothing
of, and offered no suggestions. The following bit of history had
been previousl}- communicated by him, and is confirmed in part
b}- Fornander.

When Kamalalawalu, king of Maui, invaded Hawaii, Lono-
ikamakahiki the king of Hawaii was in Kahaluu. On hearing of

[269]

46

Director'' s Anmcal Report.

the landing near Kawaihae bay, lyono held a council of war at
which two old priests presented the following plan : Lono was to
disgrace them and drive them from court ; they were to seek refuge
with the enemy and confidence being gained advice was to be
given that a march be made inland toward Waimea where the}-
were to claim that Lono was in such a weak position that his de-
feat was certain. The plot succeeded, and while Kamalalawalu
marched inland, Louo brought his forces along the coast from
Kahaluu and cut off the retreat. Kamalalawalu was killed in the
engagement that ensued. His body was brought to Kahaluu, a

r

\

FIG. IS.

picture of it made on the rock, and the body sacrificed in the
nearby heiau of Keeku.

Fornander's account'- of the main facts of the invasion is
similar. Thrum, '^ who has been gathering legendary' lore during
the past forty years, has gleaned several accounts referring to the
sacrifice — one, that it took place at the heiau of Ohiamukumuku,
a quarter of a mile from Keeku ; another that the Maui king was
killed at Ohiamukumuku and his bones burned at Makole'a, an-
other heiau one hundred yards from Keeku. The second was
discredited by Thrum on account of other information which he
had to the effect that the bones were saved and later returned to

'-Polynesian Race, vol. ii, p. 123.
"Hawaiian Annual, 1908, pp. 71 and 72.

[270]

Fig. i6.

iMg^fpw^^B:^'— i"..'Mi«jn. 't,, -L'-wji vum >-..J- fi I ;

■>'"'«'

.^:.

FIG. 17.

FIG. l8.

48

Director' s Annual Report.

Maui. Thrum also has inforniatiou to the effect that the heiau
of Keeku was purported to have been built by Kamehameha I,
about two hundred j^ears after the time of Lono-ikaniakahiki.

Malanui was the grandson of the last priest of the neighbor-
ing heiau of Kapuanoni and was the only man met on Hawaii

Fig. Tg.

who could then give any information on the details of a heiau.
He said that his knowledge was imparted to him by his grand-
father and father. I have no reason to doubt the man's sincerity,
as he was a Hawaiian of the old type, who neither drank nor
smoked and was highlv regarded by the other natives. On offer-

[272]

Notes on Haivaiian Pctroglyphs. 49

ing him a tip in as delicate a way as possible, he was much
offended and explained that he gave me the information because
he wished to assist the stranger, and begged me not to repeat the
offer. He had lived in Kahaluu all his life. He also told me that
King Kalakaua had tried to break off some of the petroglyphs to
take them to Honolulu. A large quantity of rock had been
removed from the swelling of lava on the land side, but there were
no marks on the broken edge of cold chisels or steel tools, which
would probably have been used for the work thirty years ago.
It should be mentioned that the natives then living at Kahaluu
referred to the figure of Kamalalawalu by that name.

At Palemano Point, Keei, near the heiau of Kamaiko and on
the lava at the south side of Kealakeakua Bay, a petroglyph was
found (Fig. 30, E) when searching for a triaugulation station.
This figure was hammered in much broader lines than usual ; the
channels were smooth, but the impression gained was that it was
a modern piece of work.

■ When/ at Honauuau, many enquiries were made for the
pictures on the rocks, and a story was told of a number of stars
being car\-ed on an immense upright slab, whicli had since been
overturned by a tidal wave and then la}^ pictured side down.
Farley'-^ mentions petroglyphs at Honaunau representing Kamala-
lawalu and his dogs, but after many enquiries without success,
the writer concluded that there had been confusion in the localities
of Kahaluu and Honauuau, especialh' as Farlej- also said that
Kalakaua tried to remove some. However, a number of people
have since been met who have seen the graviugs. Dr. N. B.
Emerson of Honolulu described them to the writer as having
triangular bodies.

Kau. — At Ka Lae, the south cape of Hawaii, no petroglyphs
were seen, but itiformation had previously been received from
Mr. J. S. Emerson, formerly a government surveyor, that holes
had been drilled b\' the natives in the rocks at the water's edge to
provide moorings for their canoes. Each mooring was found to
consist of two conical holes drilled near the edge, on the top and
side of a boulder, at right angle to each other and meeting at about
2.5 inches from the surfaces. The holes tapered inward from a

'■'Hawaiian Annual, 1898, p. 124.

[273]

lYofes on Haivaiiau Petroglyphs.

51

diameter of 2.5 iuches to .5 inch, where they met. Four pairs of
finished holes were seen, and one partly drilled.

In a cave on a mountain a little to the north-west of Waiohinu
petroglyphs were reported, but the native engaged as a guide
failed to appear, and consequently these were missed.

About two miles to the south of Naalehu on the east wall of
a lava tunnel were found the petroglyphs (Figs. 21, 22) described
by Westervelt.'-^ The graving had been done by chipping away

the white deposit on the surface of the black lava walls. This
deposit, when hammered, crumbled irregularly, on account of
which perhaps the workmanship lacked the symmetry and even
finish noted at other places. Besides the more common single-
lined forms, some with outlined and solid bodies may be noticed.
In the middle of Fig. 22 may be seen a petroglyph of a male with
three-toed feet. To the right of the middle of Fig. 21 are three
short parallel strokes — an unusual occurrence, but noted elsewhere
by Judd and Kramer.

'^Hawaiian Annual, 1906, p. 164.

[275]

52

Director's Annual Report.

vScattered along the low lava shore between Ninole and
Punaluu, and above the sea, were several small petroglyphs of
the more common form. About two miles east of Punaluu and
one hundred yards from the sea were several scattered groups
(Figs. 23-2S) within a radius of fift>- feet, and not more than one

FIG. 23.

ifiG. 24.

Fig. 2s.

PETROGI.VPHS NEAR PtTNALUU.

hundred and fift\- feet from the trail. They had Ijeen graven to a
depth of .15 inch in the snu^oth portions of an old lava flow. The
grooves were not smooth, the surface being brittle. Here for the
first time the writer met with a definite animal form, in the figure
of a fish 18 inches long (Fig. 23). A circle, 8 inches in diameter
was also seen. It was this coast that KHis referred to when de-
scribing the petroglyphs he saw, but the writer was not fortunate
enough to find anv of the semicircles or concentric rings. The

[276]

lYofi's on Ha7c'aiia)i Pctroglyplu

53

carvings at this place were few, but novel. In Fig. 23 is one, 30
inches long, with five-fingered hands sheltering three small ab-
normally fashioned glyphs ; at the base of its neck was a distinct
line stretching above its right shoulder. It might tell the stor}^
of a large and valiant man struck with a spear while defending
his children or less capable fellows. Another, Fig. 24, with its
lower half omitted, reached down with a four-fingered hand in the
direction of a pair of children. Two other petrogh-phs in this en-

FIG. 29.

viroument, Fig. 27, 16 inches long and Fig. 26 are peculiar from
the fact that eyes were represented without head outlines. The
ancient native trail leading past this spot to Punaluu crossed a
flow of aa. To add to the comfort of the barefooted traveler, a
line of smooth water-worn stones had been placed on the sharp
clinkers about two and one-half feet apart. On one of these stones
a small graving was seen (Fig. 29). It is now in the Bishop
Museum. The figure is of a common form, length 7 inches, but
graved in shallower channels than is usual — only .05 inch deep.
The head is .2 inch deeper. The slight depth may be accounted for
by the extremely hard surface of the stone. To make the petro-
glyph distinct in the photograph, the finger was wetted and passed
along the grooves of the figvire before exposing the plate.

[277]

54

Director's Annual Report.

After leaving Punaluu, the writer passed through Pahala,
but time was too limited to allow a search for, and examination of
the petroglyphs discovered by Mr. Walton at the latter place to be
made. However, Judd describes and illustrates a number of them.

Puna. — On the lower trail from Kau is a footprint, i6 inches
long, clearly cut to the depth of .4 inch. It is well proportioned
and shows the wide-spreading toes of the native foot undeformed
by boots. It is known as Nihau's foot. A few other gravings
were found near the spot, one to the south and off the road
(Fig. 30, A), and three others along the trail to the east (Fig. 30,

/ Foot

Fig. 30.

B, c and D ) . Continuing on the trail, distinct, but not very deeply
cut, marks were observed which might have been intended for the
chart of a constellation (Fig. 31). The group was about six feet
long. Fornander frequently mentions that the Hawaiians had
more than a passing knowledge of the heavenly bodies.

It had been reported that petroglyphs were to be seen at the
heiau of Kukii in Kapoho, but Mr. Henry Lyman, who had spent
a great part of his life at that place, had not seen them. However,
he kindly showed me a natural crack in a rock, which he told me
a previous visitor had claimed was an Aztec character.

Hilo. — Mr. Rufus Lyman informed the writer that on the
Wailuku river, to the east of the "Potholes," an old native had
shown him marks which were intended to represent the sun, moon

[278]

A^T/i^s on Ha7caiian Pctroglvphs . 55

and stars. This was more than tliirt}- years ago, and to reveal
them it was then necessary for the native to remove the earth and
vegetation from the ledge of stone forming the bank of the stream.
While working in the neighborhood the writer made an unsuc-
cessful search for them.

Kohala. — At Puuanahulu in South Kohala, when passing
along a trail late one afternoon, the remarkable sight of a couple of
acres of pahoehoe closel}- covered with petroglyphs was experi-

^

FIG. 31.

enced. The failing light necessitated time exposures with the
camera, and as many photographs were taken as the few available
minutes would permit (Figs. 32-39). Most unfortunately the time
limit of the expedition had been reached and the writer knew that
it would be impossible to return to the spot during that season.
He was therefore reluctanth' compelled to content himself with
a very brief survey of the most interesting field before him and
the intention to return and carry out an extended investigation at
the earliest opportunitv.

[379]

Fig. t,2.

FIG. 33.
PETROGLVPHS AT PUUANAHULU.

I'-u;. 34.

I'IG. 35.
PETROGLVPHS AT PUUANAHULU.

IflG. .-,6.

FIG. 37.
PETROGLYPHS AT PUUANAHULU,

FIG. ilS.

Fig. 39.
petroglyphs at pruanahulu.

6o Director' s Anjiual J\cporf.

With the careful study of the ilhistrations, many new forms
may be seen. One striking peculiarit>' was the use of irregularly
circular lines for the inclusion or separation of groups of petro-
glyphs, perhaps for the purpose of limiting or defiuing a particular
record. There were forms innumerable, forms not suggestive of the
human or animal, which from this grouping could leave but little
doubt that they told a connected stor)-. They left a strong impres-
sion that the Hawaiians had made a decided advance towards a
written language. Kllis' concentric rings were here aplenty, and
cup-marks, isolated and grouped. Mostly on the outskirts of this
interesting area were many names of Hawaiians, sometimes dated,
and more initials. It seemed to have been a time-honored place
for recording events. The place had been isolated b}' the flow
of lava in 1859 and is not eas}* of approach. It is doubtful if
Ellis visited this spot, though he landed at "Wainanarii" (now
unknown) two hours canoe journey from Kiholo. If we call this
distance nine miles, it would mean that he lauded wnthin a mile
of the petroglyphs. Ellis rested at "Wainanarii" a few hours,
and merely mentioned that as it was Saturday he found the natives
spending their time preparing for the Sabbath. It is most regret-
table that Ellis did not continue his journey a little inland, as had
that careful and accurate observer seen the petroglyphs at Puuana-
hulu, Hawaiian ethnology would probably be richer today by the
explanations and views of the natives of his time.

Molokai. — Molokai was visited in the middle of 1909. At
Puu Hakina, towards the sovith-west corner of the island, and
about two miles north-west of Hale o Eono is a low, rocky hillock.
On the top of the rise were three stones standing in line, each
marked with shallow cut figures on the vertical side facing the
south (Fig. 40) . The figures were not marked before photograph-
ing. The index finger of the man holding the tape is one foot from
the lower part of the wire. The most striking form in this series
is that of a male on the middle stone ; in addition to a wide, taper-
ing trunk and twisted limbs, it has an oval loop reaching from the
neck high above the head. Below these stones and about fifteen
feet to the south is a terrace artificially walled up. Fig. 41 shows
the wall faiutlv, and three men sitting on the graved stones. Mr.

[284]

62

Director's Annual Report.

John Burrows, keeper of the lighthouse on the south-west cape,
first noticed these figures in 1891, and said that they looked as dis-
tinct then as when he showed them to the writer.

Kalaina icazvae (Figs. 42-45) were seen on an ancient high-
way along the north side of the island. The spot is one and one-
half miles west of the Momomi huts and one-half mile from the
sea. Here on a slope of air-formed sandstone were numerous ob-
long depressions, said to represent human footprints. The legend

'&^c.. 41.

extant concerning the cause and origin of these marks, was to the
effect that Kalaina, a prophetess (or as the narrator quaintlj- ex-
pressed it. a crazy woman) lived at Momomi nearby. One day she
went to the trail and made two box-like hollows in its surface.
The next day she called the people to the place and showed them
her work. "vSee what I have done! Bye and bye people will
come from the sea with feet like these." It is said that this an-
nouncement was a prophecy of the arrival of the boot-wearing
Caucasian. On this account the place has since been known as
Kalaina wawae — Kalaina 's feet. Following this event, visitors
from other parts of Molokai and the other islands of the group
have been accustomed to leave their marks in similar form when
traveling along the road. This account was received from one
man Another said that he had heard of the footprints being

[286]

iVofi's oil Haicaiian Petroglyphs. 63

made b}- visitors to Momomi from the rest of Molokai and the other
islands.

If credence is to be given to these accounts, and there is no
reason why it should not be, then a definite minimum limit of age
can be placed on the origin of the custom.

Fig. 42. SLAB OF SANDSTONE SHOWING "FOOTPRINTS."

An estimate of the number made, taken from the worn down
and almost obliterated traces, would be above five hundred. Very
frequently they were in pairs. The majority were just about
12 inches long, and none were found appreciabl\- longer. There
were quite a few 9 inches long, and one pair 4 inches long ; in
depth thev varied from .5 inch to 2 inches. Toed "foot-prints"

[2S7]

64 Director's Ainuial Report.

were only found in four instances, and one pair had deeper depres-
sions at one end which might have represented heels of boots.
In all but two instances noticed, the marks are hollows of such a
shape and size as a native might make by outlining his or her bare
foot (or sometimes sandal) on the sandstone and wearing down the
enclosed area by hammering the surface with a hard substance.
As one possible bit of evidence that the abrasion was done in the
manner described it might be mentioned that a flat oblong piece

i'Hr. 43. Ol ll.UNKl) • I'lH) I I'K I _\ IS.

of hard basalt (Fig. 46) was found on the trail among the "foot-
prints." It was 5 inches long, 3 inches wide and 1.5 riches^
thick, with the ends worn and rounded as might well have been
done by repeated blows on the sandstone. It weighed 25 ounces
and rested comfortably in the hand as a striking implement.
The sandstone, while soft enough six inches below the surface to
be crumbled between the fingers, was yet too firm to be rubbed
away by the hand where exposed to the Vk^eather. The surface
was broken very readily, however, when pounded with a stone.

The two exceptions noted above are feet merely outlined
(Fig. 43) and not intended to be hollowed. The complete out-
line in the illustration is 12 inches long.

[288]

Notes on Hawaiian Petroglyphs. 65

During the past forty or fifty years the ancient road has been
mainly used by cattle traveling to and from the uplands on the
west, and the animals' hoofs wearing down the sandstone have
almost obliterated the majority of the carvings. Fortunately a
little to the south side of the trail, several blocks of the footprints
were found in comparatively good condition, and through the
kindness and assistance of Mr. Geo. P. Cooke, the manager of the

FIG. 4

Molokai Ranch on whose property the trail lies, three slabs (Figs.
42-44) were cut out and sent to the Bishop Museum. A fourth
(Fig. 45) was lefi-, walled in, as it was considered impracticable to
remove it with aavantage on account of its size and the crumbly
condition of the stone.

Judd refers to these footprints, and also faint remains of
petroglyphs representing the human form. Trace of only one was
seen by the writer, but a visit at a different time of daj^ with a slant-
ing light would probably give more. It was somewhat pleasing
to note an absence of names and initials.

About the middle of the north side of Molokai is a hill called
variously Kaulana-hoa by Fornander, Puu Nanahoa by Brigham

Oc.P.. B. p. B. M., Vol. IV. No. 4.— s. [^^9]

66

Director' s Annual Report.

and Judd, Puu Lua by the Government Survey. A number of
boulders cover the top, and on them are many faint petroglyphs.
Fornander"' saw in two of them the double trident of Siwa, and on
this account associated the gravings with phallic worship. I cannot
say that Fornander 's surmise is not correct, but the figures I saw
looked more like the representation of a male with raised arms.
Kramer and Judd describe and illustrate a number of the petro-
glyphs, adding to the forms already noted herein, figures with
six limbs.

FIG. 45.

Oahu. — Thrum and Judd'" describe petroghphs on the ceil-
ing and floor of a sea-worn cave (Fig. 47) in the tufaceous side of
Koko crater, at the east end of the island. Since then one of the
figures has been cut out and removed. There is a smaller cave in
the same hill, one-quarter of a mile to the south, and on the ceil-
ing of this is part of one of the common form of carvings.

At Helemano, in Waialua, Mathison saw a stone covered
with petroglyphs, of which he gives an illustration of a draw-

'* Polynesian Race, vol. i, p. 50.
'^Hawaiian Annual, 1900, p. 126; 1904, p. 179.

[290]

A'ofes on Ha^caiian Pctroglvplis. 67

ing taken on the spot. A copy may be seen in the Hawaiian
Annuals for 1898, page 122, and 1904, page 180. While some of
the pictures may pass for Hawaiian work, others do not resemble
anything yet noticed in this group, nor in Mallery's splendid
record of pictographic writing. A cannibalistic foreigner is re-
puted to have used this stone as a platter, and Dr. Alexander, a
noted authority on Hawaiian histor}-, expressed the opinion to the
writer that the man was a Marquesan. Petroglyphs found in those
islands may throw some light on the subject. The stone is be-
lieved to ha^•e hten demolished in 1895.

FIG. j6. STO.NK FOR MAKING "FOOTPRINTS.'

Kauai. — From this island come interesting accounts by Far-
le}' and Judd of petroglyphs on the beach at Keoneloa, near Koloa.
Farley counted seventy-six figures measuring from i to 6.5 feet,
and Judd later observed others which brought the maximum meas-
urement up to 7 feet. These do not by any means constitute the
entire number at that place, as it is reported that there are still
large tracts of petroglyphs covered by the beach sand. Those ex-
amined had been laid bare by the waves during a storm. Farley
also gives an account, by an old Hawaiian woman, of these having
been seen b}- her in 1847 when accompanied by her school teacher,
ner fellow pupils and two Roman Catholic priests, and of the ex-
istence of figures of birds and fish, and an un-Hawaiian vessel with

[291]

68

Director' s A?ifU(al Report.

strange animals in it. The investigations carried on at that time,
according to the old woman, resulted in the information being
gathered that, while the Hawaiians of the day had seen the pic-
tures, thev neither knew who made them, nor why they were done.

FIG. 47. SRA-WORX CAVE ON EAST SIDE OF KOKO CRATER.

Through the kindness of Mr. Judd, rubbings of five figures on
the rocks at Papalinahoa, Nawiliwili Bay, made by his brotl-.er
Charles in 1906, have been given to the Museum, and are illus-

Fig. 48. PETROOLVPHS FROM NAWILIWILI BAV.

trated herewith (Fig. 48). Two of these five are particularly
striking, viz., "D" armless, and with the outlines of the triangular
body not joining at the hips, but continued into the legs ; and
Fig. "A" with the bulbous solid trunk also armless. The latter
may represent a male, or an idol carried on a pole.

L292]

Azotes on Ha^vaiian Petro^lyphs.

69

I am indebted to Dr. E. S. Goodhue of Hawaii, formerly of
Kauai, for the information that there is a sculptured rock on the
southern side of Kauai, inland. For those who may be interested
and live near the spot, his directions are repeated. The stone is
large and conspicuous, about one hundred and fifty feet makai of

FIG. 49. PETROGLVPHS FROM TUBUAI, AUSTRAI. IDS.

the road from Koloa to Eleele, on the Koloa side of the road and
on the top of the hill going down into Lawai gulch. It is about
opposite the juncture of the Lihue and Koloa roads.

Niihau. — Judd mentions petroglyphs at a place called Kii.

From the Polynesians, excepting the New Zealanders, Easter
Islanders and Haw^aiians, the writer has information of but two
specimens of rock-carvings. Fig. 49 will .show a slab of compact
basalt, twenty-five inches long and four thick, from Tubuai,

[293]

70

Director' s Annual Report.

Austral Islands, collected for the Museum by Mr. Seale in 1902.
The channels are .1 inch deep and .6 inch wide, and had been
slightly scratched by a pointed tool (as may be seen in the illustra-
tion) before the specimen reached the Museum. It was broken
from the smallest of a circle of upright stones, all similarly
graved. The surface of the stone has been bleached to a depth

FIG. 50. PKTROGIAPHS FROM K()K.\HOKA, SUCIETV II).

varying from .1 to .3 inch by weathering and makes a strong con-
trast with the almost black stone showing at the broken edge.
The bleached part is naturally softer than the interior, and if this
skin had been penetrated by the graving in order to bring out the
contrast of the dark and the light, the weather has since made the
whole surface uniform.

The other instance is of several petroglyphs on a large stone in
Borabora, Society Islands. A postal card illustrating these was
given to the writer, in answer to enquiries for rock-carvings in the
South PaciSc, by an officer of the P'rench cruiser "Protet," and I

[294]

Azotes 071 Haicaiian Petroglyphs. 71

much regret that his name has slipped my memor}'. These petro-
gh'phs (Fig. 50) show a workmanship which seems to far surpass
that of the Hawaiians, and it is hoped that some investigation may
soon be carried on in this interesting field, if it has not been done
already. All the literature relating to the southern islands, which
has so far been delved into, is silent on the subject.

At the present stage of investigation of Hawaiian petroglyphs
and with meagre information concerning them gleaned from native
sources, it seems premature to attempt an explanation of the
objects or uses to which these primitive or literary efforts may
have been applied.

L295]

New Hawaiian Plants.— 11.

Charles N. Forbes.
APRIL, 1910.

Bxocarpus luteolus, sp. nov.

Frutex 2-18 cm. altus; foliis cuneatis, coriaceis, subsessilibus, 2.5-5.5 cm.
longa, 1.5-2 cm. lata ; spicis 3.8 cm. longis. Perianthium viride, lobis acutis.
Capsula cylindricalis, i cm. longa, apice acuto.

Type locality, wet places in and bordering the Wahiawa
swamp, Kauai. Elevation, 2000 feet. Specimens were first sent
by Mr. J. M. Lydgate in May, 1908. The type is No. 260.
Forbes & Lydgate, August, 1909.

DIAGRAMS OF EXOCARPUS LUTEOLUS FORBES,

I. Fruit. 2. stamen. 3. Flower. All variously enlarged.

A shrub two to six feet high. Leaves cuueate to oblong-
lanceolate, inclined to be concave, thick coriaceous, subsessile,
yellowish-green, veins rather indistinct, 12-24X7-9 liwes. Spikes
1.5 inches long, four- to nine-flowered with many empty bracts
below. Perianth very small, greenish, five- to six-parted; its
lobes acute, one-half of a line long. Nut cylindrical, nearly five
lines long, pointed at the apex with four indentations.

In many re.spects this species seems to be intermediate be-
tween E. Gaudichaudii, A. DC, and E. brachystachys, Hillebr.
It differs in its much longer spikes, and in having only expanded
leaves, these being stiffer, of a more yellowish green, usually
smaller and of a different shape than those of /:". brachystachys
(72) [296]

EXOCARPUS LLTEOLUS FORBES.

Summary of the Collection of Insects
in the Museum.

Bv Otto H. Swezev, M.S.

The Bishop Museum portion of the insects collected by Dr.
R. C. L. Perkins has hitherto been stored in the original boxes in
which they were returned from England, after having been worked
up, but during the j-ears 1908 and 1909 the}- have mostly been
transferred to exhibition drawers of the Museum cases at the
north end of the first gallery of Hawaiian Hall, where they
are convenient of access to those wishing to see or study them.
Additional instalments were received during 1909, and these are
as 3'et retained in store boxes. The Hemipte^-a have not yet been
received, and there are possibly a few yet to come of some of the
other orders. Those on hand at present are summarized on the
following page.

A small exhibit of unnamed Japanese insects given by Mr.
G. P. Wilder comprises the following: Hymenoptera, 34 speci-
mens; Lipidopio'a, 259 specimens; Colcoptera, 158 specimens;
Hcniiptera , is specimens. Total, 466 specimens.

[298]

SUMMARY OF THE COLLECTION OF INSECTS IN THE MUSEUM.

Number of Specimens.

Suiniiiar.v by Families.

In
Collection

On
Exhibition

In •
Storage

HVMEXOPTER.i—

Formicidsp

Apida"

Prosopidcv

Eumeiiida

VespidiP

( 'rabronidif

Tryi)()X.vloiiidif

Miinesidse

Sphegida?

Beth.vlidse

Proctotrypoidea

Cynipoidea

Chalcidoidea

Ichnenmonoidea

Lepidoptera —

Caradrinidse

Plusiadee

Hydriomenidfe

.Selidosemidas

Sphin^das

Xymphalidse

Lyesenidee

Phycitidse

Oaileriadje

Crambidje

Pyraustidae

Pyralididffi

Pteroplioridce

Orneodidse

Gelechiadas

Oeeophoridse

Hypoiiomentidre

Carposiuida:

Tortrieidse

TineidiE

DiPTERA —

Xeiroptera —

Odonata

Henierobiidte

Psocidffi

Terniitidos

Embiidse

Coleoptera —

Carabidse

Cera lubycidie

CurcnllonidEe

SoolytidEe

ProtHihiiiida.'

.AuobiidEe

ElaTeridje

Deriiiestidce

Xitidulidse

Histeridse

Staphyllnidas

Cioidce

Mi.'«-pllaneons l-'ainilii's. . .

Orthoptera —

Deruiaptera

Blattodea

Af-ridoidea

Loeu.stodea . . . .'

Gryllodea

Totals

Summary by Orders.

Hymenoptera

Ijepidoptera

Diptera

Neuroptera

Coleoptera

Orthoptera

Totals

475

392

774

.503

16

6

31.S

271

31

11

.59

48

3

157

157

4

4

!)2

92

113

101

104

104

IK!

11(5

H2

62

L'90

290

11

11

41

41

lit

19

-'

27

.5n7

587

:;{

21

571
95

223
197

85

18.59

504

701

15

1603

16.36

234

49

891

69

260

296

321

36

4

30

127

2248
2165
141
505
84:58
286

18.59

504

j)65

15

1037

296
127

89

36

4

30

13,783

1707

1285

141

4403
286

571
95
96
47

223
197

85

136

566

1636

234

49
891

69
260

194

541

880

505
4035

Number of Species.

In
CoUeetion

In F. Ha-
waiiensis

5,961

3

115

1

18
1
160
23
22
11
62

143
40
84
11

108
67
40
16
94
28
44
31

218

441

62

76

45
1

276
33
49
27

180

29
.54

210
54
137

81

26
143

38
119

42
108

7
15

1
13
36

327
748
180
111
1106

■Not yet published.

[299]

PUBI^ICATIONS OF THl© Bl^RNICE PAUAHI
BISHOP MUSEUM

(All previous price lists are hereby cancelled.)

A Handbook for the Bishop Museum. Oblong octavo, 94 half-tone illus-
trations. Price 25 cts., postage 9 cts.

Index to Abraham Pomander's "Polynesian Race." Bj- John F. G.
Stokes. Price f 1.75, postage 5 cts.

Occasional Papers, Vol. I. Octavo.

No. I. Director's Report, 1898. Visits to Ethnological museums
in a journey around the world. [Out of print.]

No. 2. Director's Annual Report, 1899. Mat Sails of the Pacific
—Stokes. Ray-skin Rasps — Walcott. Notes on the Birds of Oahu — Scale.
Price 50 cts., postage 4 cts.

No. 3. Director's Annual Report, 1900. \'isit to the American
inuseum.s — Stokes. Mission to Guam — Scale. Notes on the Bixxls of
Kauai — Bryan and Seale. Price fi.co, postage 8 cts.

No. 4. New Hawaiian Fishes — Stale. Price 25 cents; postage 2 cts.

No. 5. Director's Annual Report, 1901, and Index to Vol. I. Illus-
trations of sperm whale and bird groui;s. Price 50 cts., postage 4 cts.

Occasional Papers, Vol. II.

No. I. Director's Annual Report, 1902. Xotewortln^ Hawaiian
Stone Implements — Brigham. Pibres of the Hawaiian Islands — Black-
man. Distribution and Vaination of Achatinella multizonata — Cooke.
Monograph of Mafcus Island — Bryan. Price fi.oo, postage 7 cts.

No. 3. Director's Annual Report, 1903. Remarks on Phallic
Stones from Rapanvii — J. L. Young. Aboriginal Wooden Weapons of
Australia — BlackmaU. Price 40 cts., postage 4 cts.

No. 3. Director's Annual Report, 1904. Australiiin Bark Canoe
— Brigham. A Stone Dagger for Dvielling — Brigham. Notes on the
Birds of the Waianae Mountains — Bryan. Additional Notes on the
Nesting Habits of the Hawaiian Owl — Bryan. Description of the Nest
and Eggs of Chlorodrepanis virens (Gmel.) — Brj-an. Notes on the
American Birds Collected in the Hawaiian Islands by Mr. Gerrit AVilder
— Bryan. A Bird's Nest of Pele's Hair — Bryan. Two Undescribed Nests
and an Egg of a Hawaiian Bird — Bryan. Price 50 cts., postage 5 cts.

No. 4. Director's Annual Report, 1905. Three New Hawaiian
Fishes — Bryan. Report of a Visit to Midwaj- Island — Brj-an. Nest of
Hawaiian Hawk — Bryan. Price 50 cts., postage 4 cts.

No. 5. Director's Annual Report, 1906, and Index to Vol. II.

Dr. Cooke's Report on Types of Hawaiian Land Shells. Price 20 cts.,
postage 2 cts.

Occasional Papers, Vol. III.

No. I. Reprint of Original Descriptions of Achatinella. By E. W.
Thwing. Price $1.50, postage 9 cts.

No. Z. Notes on Hawaiian Land vShells — Pilsbry and Cooke. Price
25 cts., postage 2 cts.

(OV^R)

PUBI^ICATIONS— Continued.

Occasional Papers, Vol. IV.

No. I. Fishes of the South Pacific — Scale. Price f i.oo, postage 5 els.

No. 2. Director's Annual Report, 1507. Casts of Hawaiian Fishes,
made by John W. Thompson. Stone vSculpturings in Relief — Stokes.
Some Birds of Molokai — Bryan. Price 75 cts., postage 5 cts.

No. 3. Director's Annual Report, 1908. Walled Fish Traps of
Pearl Harbor — Stokes. Some New Hawaiian Plants — Forbes. Price
40 cts., postage 3 cts.

No. 4. Director's Annual Report, 1909. Hawaiian Curved Adzes
— Brigham. Notes on Hawaiian Petroglyphs — Stokes. New Hawaiian
Plants, II — Forbes. Insects in the Museum — Swezey. Price 85 cts.,
postage 5 cts.

Memoirs, Vol. I. Quarto.

No. I. Hawaiian Feather Work. By Wm. T. Brigham. Price

$2.50, postage 14 cts.

No. a. Index to the Islands of the Pacific. By Wm. T. Brigham.
Price f 1.50, postage 20 cts.

No. 3. Key to the Birds of the Hawaiian Group. By Wm.

Alanson Brjj^an. Price fi.50, postage 13 cts.

No. 4. Ancient Hawaiian Stone Implements. By Wm. T. Brig-
ham, Price ^2.50, posl.::ge 20 cts.

No. 5. Supplement to Hawaiian Feather Work, with Index
to Vol. I. By Wm. T. Brigham. Price 75 cts., postage 8 cts.

Memoirs, Vol. II.

No. I. Hawaiian Mat and Basket Weaving. By Wm. T. Brigham .
— Hawaiian Nets and Nettings. By J. F. G. Stokes. Price I3.00, post-
age 20 cts.

No. 2. Old Hawaiian Carvings — By Wm. T. Brigham. Price 50 cts.,
postage 5 cts.

No. 3. The Ancient Hawaiian House. By Wm. T. Brigham.
Price $3.00, postage 25 cts.

No. 4. The Volcanoes of Kilauea and Mauna I/oa. By Wm. T.

Brigham. Price I3.50, postage 30 cts. Completing the volume.

_j
Vol. III. Kapa Making. In press.

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

OF THE

BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF

POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND

NATURAL HISTORY.

Vol. IV.— No. 5.

Director's Report for 1910.

WITH

INDEX TO VOL. IV.

honolulu, h. i.
Bishop Museum Press.
- 1911

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Albert F. Judd President

E. Faxon Bishop Vice-President

J . M . DowsETT Treasurer

Alfred W. Carter Secretary

Henry Holmes, Samuel M. Damon, William O. Smith

MUSEUM STAFF

William T. Brigham, Sc.D. (Columbia) Dire<5lor

William H. Dall, Ph.D. Honorary Curator of Mollusca

John V. G. Stokes Curator of Polynesian Ethnology

C. Montague Cooke, Ph.D. (Yale) Curator of Pulmouata

Otto H. Swezey Honorary Curator of Entomology

Charles N. Forbes Curator of Botany

John W. Thompson i\rtist and Modeler

Miss E. B. Higgins Librarian

John J. Greene Printer

AuGU-ST Perry Assistant Printer

James Kalei Janitor

William Aipu Janitor

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

OF THE

BERXICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF

POLYNESL\N ETHNOLOGY AND

NATURAL HISTORY.

Vol. IV.— Xo. 5.

Director's Report for 1910.

WITH

INDEX TO VOL. IV.

honolulu, h. i.

Blshop Museum Pkes.s.

1911

TO THE TRUSTEES OF THE BERNICE PA U A HI
BISHOP MUSEUM.

Sirs: — The present Report is prese^ited in accordance -with
the new rules adopted by the Trustees on December 75, igio.
These rules read as foUozvs : —

1. Direflor' s Annual Report . Wliile no definite instructioiis
appear of record in the niinjites from the Trustees to the Direclor
regarding- his Annual Report, the custoni exists for the Director
each year to present to the Trustees a zi'ritten report of tJie zvork
done i?i the Miiscum by the Direclor and the Staff, ivhich report
after acceptayice by the Trustees is published. The A7inual
Report of the Direclor is a record of zvorfc accomplished . All
j^ecomniendations by the Direclor loofcing to7card the enlargement
of the scope of the Museum or any increase in the field of the
Staff's activities, should be made the subject of separate reports
to the Trustees.

2. Reports by members of the Staff. At the close of each
Museum year, each Curator shall report in 'a'riting to the
Direclor concerning the zvorfc done by him or in his department
during that year; plans for ic or f; i?i the future: and such other
matters as lie may desire to comment upon. These reports shall
be transmitted to the Trustees by the Director, for filing in the
Tr 21 s tees' office.

Under these rules this report is subjnitted .

WILLIAM T. BRIGHAM,

Direclor of the Museum.
Honolulu , May 20, rgii .

Ordered printed October ig, igir

REPORT

DURING the whole year 1910, work on the new Laboratory
building continued and on December 31, it was still incom-
plete. In spite of this necessary disturbance, the various
departments made fair progress.

Mr. J. W. Thompson, our Modeler, has continued his very
excellent work in casting the fishes and coloring these casts in a
way that provoked from so competent a judge as President David
Starr Jordan, the statement that these painted casts were far better
than any paintings of fish he had seen for study and identification.
The same authority pronounced our collection of Hawaiian fishes
in casts of the greatest value. Many casts of fruit, and of stone
and wooden implements, have also been made.

The record of the Printery is not impressive, although there
has been no lack of good work ; the onl}- publication issued was
the last Annual Report. This, in addition to the report, contained
in the appendix illustrated articles on Hawaiian Curved Adzes
by the Director ; Notes on Hawaiian Petroglyphs, I, by the Curator
of Polynesian Ethnology; New Hawaiian Plants, II, by the
Curator of Botan5^ The Press has been busy on the many labels
required by a growing Museum, and also on the third volume of
the Memoirs, which was not completed by the end of the year,
certain studies by the Director, on the Museum collection of kapa,
having to await the accommodations of the new workrooms, this
entailing a delay of six months in the publication of this volume.

In the Library, the increase has been both considerable and
valuable, as may be seen by the list of accessions. Much binding
of exchanges and other publications issued in parts, has been

[303]

4 Director s Ayiniial Report.

accomplished by the liberal appropriations of the Trustees. In
May, we lost the services of Miss Schupp, who had charge of the
Library for several years, as she became Mrs. Paul Messchaert.
Until September, when her successor took ofhce, Mr. Stokes had
charge. I would here record our entire satisfaction with Miss
Schupp's work and the regret of the entire Staff at her departure.
Miss E. B. Higgins has been Librarian since September, 19 lo.

In the department of Entomology, Mr. Swezey has done much
work in arranging and relabelling the extensive collection of
Hawaiian insects. He reports this as in good preservation.

In the department ot Ethnology, Mr. Stokes has continued
his researches on Hawaiian Fish-ponds and Walled Fish-traps,
visiting Molokai and taking measurements and photographs from
Kaumanamana to Kaluaaha on the southern coast. This inves-
tigation has been extended over the other Hawaiian islands, and
by correspondence to the other Polynesian groups. I regard this
work as of special importance as modern changes in the methods
of fish capture and preservation, and the new demands of commerce
and war preparation, are destroying these ancient constructions,
and the knowledge of their use is fast vanishing from the memories
of the old Hawaiians, and by the correspondence, we find that
even on the other groups, little can now be gathered. In addition
to the care of the Library as mentioned already, Mr. Stokes had
entire charge of the Museum, during the absence of the Director
from the islands, for five weeks.

Of the gifts to the Museum, one by Rev. W. D. Westervelt,
of specimens in stone and pottery collected by him in Mexico,
deserves special mention. Among the loan collections, is a ver)^
interesting one of relics of the Alii, deposited by Her Majesty
Liliuokalani.

In the department of Pulmonata, Ur. Cooke reports the num-
ber of Pulmonata added to the collections during the year, was
24204 catalogued under 181 1 numbers ; 19501 by the Curator ; 2368

[304]

Director' s Ayniual Report. 5

b}' Mr. C. N. Forbes of the Staff; and 2335 by others. Forty-one
days were spent in the field, and eight5^-six localities visited on
Molokai, Kauai and West Maui. Specimens were received from
the following collectors: — Prof. H. E. Crampton, J. Waterhouse,
I. Spalding, H. Meyer, D. Thaanum, E. Deverill, A. F. Judd,
R. von Holt, C. H. and R. A. Cooke. Various papers on concho-
logical subjects, have been contributed to Pilsbr3''s Manual of
Conchology.

In the department of Botany, the field work includes a visit to
Maui, extending from the latter part of May, to the early part of
August, during which a week was spent in camping in the crater
of Haleakala, where fine specimens of the Silversword were
obtained in flower. The summit peak of West Maui was explored,
also the valleys and ridges back of Eahaina and Wailuku and the
Hana region, with Nahiku and the country between Keanae and
Kipahulu. The Curator Mr. Forbes, reports his work much
expedited by the kindness of Messrs. C. J. Austin, W. H. Field,
H. J. Howell, C. E. Meyers, L. von Tempsky and W. Weinz-
heimer. On Oahu the field work has been mainly among the
valleys and ridges of the western division. Exchanges have been
continued with the Botanic Garden at Sydney, N. S. W., with
Mr. E. D. Merrill of the Bureau of Science, Manila ; with the
Herbarium of Prince Roland Bonaparte, Paris. A valuable
collection of 300 Philippine plants was purchased from the col-
lector Mr. A. D. E. Elmer, who is making the most important
collections in the Philippine Islands at present. Specimens have
been added to the Herbarium also b}- Messrs J. M. Lydgate and
J. W. Thompson.

The attendance for the year is smaller than last year by 834;
the total of whites is 734 greater than last year, and there is an
increase in all nationalities, except the Japanese who fall behind
last vear's record by 1885, accounting for the total deficit.

[305]

Director's A?i7mal Report.
TABLE OF ATTENDANCE.

Open on

l>3

Average

0

a

bo

t

0

aj

o-e

Attendance.

+>

<D

1910.

s

a

a
p.

I
si

if

II

g-3

.2~

ublic
days.

ther
days.

>

"3
0

K

pH

«

0

111

0

>

C- j c

1-1

January

645

118

30

64

191

23

9

3

202

966 67

1071

Fobrunrv

728

186

41

352

106

10

9

4

19

156 5

1423

March

508

1.S8

27

101

159

17

8

7

70

110 10

950

April

418

92

33

121

211

10

10

4

52

83 13

S85

May

48fi

111

110

91

124

8

8

6

40

111 7

930

June

362

74

27

87

180

7

8

3

34

88 : 11

737

July

494

68

48

114

220

30

10

6

82

89 1 14

974

AuKUst

! 402

106

78

71

163

8

8

.T

76

94 15

828

September

324

100

58

186

157

32

9

6

52

89

9

857

October

400

116

50

80

113

14

9

5

65

79

13

773

November ....

276

109

28

73

397

6

8

3

24

108

3

889

December

414

94

25

48

94

20

- 10

3

15

68

20

695

Totals

5457

1402

555

1388

2115

185

95

55

731

114.1

17.2

11,012

List of Accessions.

ENTHNOLOGICAL.

Gifts.

9i33~9i35 Specimeii-S of carving from the Bontoc tribe. Philip-
pine Ids. Given by Mr. A. F. Judd.

9136 Devil hou.se. Fiji. Given by Mr. J. A. Wilder.

9137 Meat hanger. Fiji. Given by Mr. J. A. Wilder.

9138 Club, lotus pattern. Fiji. Given by Master James

Wilder.

9146 Stone lamp. Molokai, H. I. Given by Mr. Wm.

Mutch.

9147 Stone mortar. Molokai, H. I. Given by Mr. Wm.

Mutch.
9150 Tapa. New Guinea Given by Mr. F. Muir.

9151-9152 Feather head-dresses. New Guinea. Given by Mr.

F. Muir.
9154 Cast of New Zealand feeding-funnel. Given by Mr.

H. G. Beasley.

9708 Stone hammer. Molokai, H.I. Given by Mr. G. P.

Cooke.

9709 Phallic Stone. Molokai, H. I. Given by Mr. G. P.

Cooke.

[306]

List of Accessio7is. 7

9710 2 Hawaiian cents, 1847. Given \>\ Dr. \V. T.

Brigham.

10239 4 Hawaiian torches. Given by Kapiolani Estate Ltd.

10241-10248 8 Kahili. H. I. Given by Hon. A. S. Cleghorn.

Collection from Mexico. Given by Rev. W. D. Wcstervelt.

loioi 8 knives of obsidian.

10102 4 knives or spear heads.

1 0103 4 spear heads.

10104 2 obsidian flakes.
10105-10106 Obsidian cores.
10107 Rubbing stone.
10108-10109 Axes.

loiio Spear head, quartz,

loiii Necklace, stone and shell beads.

ioti2-ioii3 Spinning whorls, or buttons, of stone or clay.

10114-10121 Spinning whorls, or buttons, of clay.

10122 Oblong bead.

1 01 23 3 broken clay cups.
10124-10125 Tobacco pipes.
10126-10128 Incense burners.
10129 Hollow cylinder.
10130-10134 Handles to clay vessels.
10135^10155 Small human and animal heads in clay.
10157-10175 Idols, clay.

10176 Tortoise, modelled in clay.

loi 77-10180 Human figures, modelled in cla}-.

10181 Seal.

10182 Stone implement.
10183-10184 Tapa beaters of stone.

10185 Tapa beater of stone (cast).

Collection given by the Hawaiian Board of Missions.

10186 Drum. Marquesas Ids.

10187 Club. Marquesas Ids.
10188-10189 Staves of ofhce. Marquesas Ids.
10190 Anklet of human hair. Marquesas Ids.
10191-10192 Stretchers for looms. Caroline Ids.
10193-10197 Dance wands. Caroline Ids.

10198 Dance paddle. Caroline Ids.

[307]

8 Director' s Annual Report.

10199-10206 Spears, tipped with ray stings.

10207 Mask for danciug. Mortlock Ids.

10208 Fillets of Neritiua shells. Mortlock Ids.
10209-10210 Baskets. Gilbert Ids.

10211 Adze handle. Marshall Ids.

10212 Adze. Marshall Ids.

102 1 3 Adze or chisel, sharpened both ends.

10214 Paddle. Gilbert Ids.

102 1 5 Club. Gilbert Ids.
10216-10218 Coir armor. Gilbert Ids.

10219 Sword. Gilbert Ids.

10220 Coconut container.

10221 Rattle of 3 Cassis shells.

10222 Paddle. Micronesia.
10223-10224 Wands. Micronesia.

10225 Spear. Solomon Ids.

10226 Club. Solomon Ids.

10227 6 arrows. Solomon Ids.

10228 Mask. New Caledonia.
10229-10231 le kuku. Hawaiian Ids.

10232 Hohoa. Hawaiian Ids.

10233 Shells from squid hooks. Hawaiian Ids.

10234 Skull.

10235 Palm fibre.

10236 3 coconut drinking cups.

Purchases.

9139-9140 Kapa anvils. Hawaiian Ids.

9141 Stone sinker. Hawaiian Ids.

9142 Kapuahi kuui anaana. Hawaiian Ids.
9143-9144 Stone lamps. Hawaiian Ids.

9145 Oil dish. Fiji.

971 1 Ivory comb. Hawaiian Ids.

971 2-9714 vStone mortars. Hawaii, H. I.

9715-9716 Stogie lamps. Hawaii, H. I.

9717-9718 Stone adzes. Hawaii, H. I.

9719 Eho pohaku. Hawaii, H. I.

9720 Ulu niaika. Hawaii, H.I.

10237 Adze. Hawaii, H. I.

10238 Cane covered with Hawaiian basketry.

[308]

List of Accessio?is. 9

Exchatiges.

9148 Feather dress. New Guinea.

9149 Basket. South Australia.
9153 Taiaha. New Zealand.
9155-9160 Feather dresses. New Guinea.

Loa7is.
Collection from Her Majesty Liliuokalani.

Feather malo, of Kaumualii.

Feather lei, of Kouia.

Lei palaoa.

Stone mirror, of Kalauikauleleiaiwi.

Stone mirrors, of Keaweikekahialiiokamoku.

Ivory mounted mirror, of Keopuolani.

Ivory handle for cane, left by an officer of Captain

Cook's vessel.
Ivory handle for fan, of Keopuolani.
Ivory handle for walking stick, called Kumahu-

mahukolekolekaaka.
Ivory comb, of Keopuolani.
Tortoise shell comb, of Konia.
Jet ear-rings, of Konia.
Hair jewelry, of Konia.
Hair jewelry, of Paki.

Collection from Mr. Bruce Cartwright, Jr.

Feather lei, of Queen Emma.
Bone fish hooks.

Piece of fish jaw, probably used as a file.
Ivory bead.
Stone adze. Fiji.
Spear. Solomon Ids.
Bow. Solomon Ids.
3 arrows. Solomon Ids.
Pumice for rubbing down wooden bowls.
[309]

L.

433

L.

434-437

L.

43S-443

L.

444

L.

445-446

L.

447

L.

448

h.

449

L.

450

L.

451

L.

452

L.

453

L.

454

Iv.

455-461

L.

462

Iv.

463-467

L.

468

L.

469

L.

47P

L.

471

L.

472

L.

473

L.

474

lo Director s Anyitial Report.

BOTANICAL.

J. M. Lydgate, Hawaiian plants 30

J. W. Thompson, Hawaiian plants 3

Botanic Garden, Sydney, by exchange, Australian plants- . 200

A. D. E. Elmer by purchase, Philippine plants 300

Collected, Hawaiian plants 1776

Total additions 2309

CONCHOLOGICAL

Charles N. Forbes Specimens 2368

Others " 2335

Curator collected " 19501

Total accessions for the j^ear 24204

New catalogue numbers i8ii.

vSpecimens were received from those noted in the Director's
report.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Accessions denoted by an * were acquired by exchange.

* Academy of Natural vSciences of Philadelphia. — Proceedings,
Ixi, 3; Ixii, I, 2. — Journal, xiv, 2.

*Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, xxi.

Aliiolani College. — Catalogue 1910-1911. Honolulu. Given by
the College.

American Anthropologist, xi, 4; xii, i, 2.

American Association for the Advancement of Science. — Prelimi-
nary announcement of 62nd meeting, 1910.

American Association of Museums. — Proceedings, iii. Charles-
ton, 1909.

American Geographical Society, New York. — Bulletin, xli, 11.

*American Museum of Natural History, New York. — Annual
Report, 1909. — Anthropological Papers, iv, 2; v, i; vi, i. —
Bulletins, xxvii; xxviii. — Memoirs, viii, 2; x, 2; xii, i; xiii, i;
xiv, 2. — American Museum Journal, x.

*American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. — Proceedings,
193-196.

[310]

List of Accessions. ii

Anatomy and Physiology, Journal of. — xliv, 2-4; xlv, i.
Anderson, Rufus. — Kapiolani. New York, 1866. Given by

Dr. Wm. T. Brigliam.
Annuaire des E^tablissements Fraugais de I'Oceanie, Papeete, 1863.
*Antliropologie de Paris, Revue de I'E^cole d', vingtieme annee.
*Antliropologie de Paris, Societe de. — Bulletins et Memoires, v

serie, ix, 6; x, i; vi serie, i, i.
*Arcliivio per I'Antropologia e la Etnologia. xxxix; xl, i, 2.
*Asiatic Societ}' of Bengal. — Journal and Proceedings, iv, 5-1 1. —

Memoirs, ii, 5-9. — Journal, Ixxiv, 4.
* Australian Museum, Sydney. — Report for 1909. — Records, vii, 5;

viii, I. — Memoirs, iii, 9; iv, 12.
Bailey, F. Manson. — The Queensland Flora. Brisbane, 1899.
Baile}', Florence Merriani. — The Red-headed Woodpecker.
Becke, Louis. — Rodman, the boatsteerer. London, 1898. Given

by Mr. A. F. Judd.
The ebbing of the tide. Philadelphia, 1896. Given by Mr.

A. F. Judd.
B}- reef and palm. Philadelphia, 1896. Given by Mr. A. F.

Judd.
— Scenes de la vie polynesienne. Paris, 1903.

Becke, Louis and Walter Jeffery. — The mutineer. London, 1898.

Given by Mr. A. F. Judd.
A First Fleet Family. New York, 1896. Given by Mr.

A. F. Judd.
Bergh, R. — Untersuchung von Triboniophorus und Philomycus.
Bernard, A. — L'Archipel de la Nouvelle Cal^donie. Paris, 1894.
Bonwick, James. — Daily life and origin of the Tasmanians.

London, 1898.
*Boston Public Library. — Bulletin, ii, 4. — Fifty-eighth annual

report.
*Boston Society of Natural History. — Proceedings, xxxiv, 8-1 1.
Brazier, John. — Six papers on moUusca.
Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs. — Mollusca, iii,

105-112.
*Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Science. — Science Bulletin, i, 17;

— Report for 1909.
Brown, George. — Melanesians and Polynesians. London, 1910.
Brown, J. MacMillan. — Maori and Polvnesian. London, 1907.

[311]

12 Director s A7in7ial Report.

Buschman, J. Ch. Ed. — Textes marquesaus et taitiens. Berlin,
1S43.

Calder, J. E. — Native tribes of Tasmania. Hobart, 1875.

*California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. — Proceedings,
iii, pp. 49-72.

*Camboue, Rev. P. — Eight scientific papers.

Caret, Francois d'Assise. — E'Archipel de Mangareva.

Car.iegie Fjaiilatioa for the Advancement of Teaching. — Bulle-
tins, 4, 5; 4th Annual Report.

Carnegie Institute, Pittsburg. — Flounder's day, 1910.

*Carnegie Institution of Washington. — Year book, 1909. — Publi-
cations, 53, 74 (i, 2), 87 (2), 96 (2;, 100, 109, 115, 116, 121-
126, 129, 135, 136. — Scope and Organization of the Carnegie
Institution, 1909.

*Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg. — Annals, vi, 2-4; vii, i. — Memoirs,
iv, 2, 5. — Annual report for 19 10.

Cauvin, Ch. — Memoire sur les races de I'Oceanie. Paris, 1882.

Christian, F. W. — Eastern Pacific lands. London, 1910.

Churchill, Hewella Pierce. — Samoa 'Uma. New York.

Cincinnati Museum. — iVnnual reports, 1908, 1909. — F^xhibitions of
American Art, 3 catalogues.

CoUinge, Walter E. — Five papers on mollusca.

* Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science, New Haven. — Trans-
actions, xiv, pp. 291-466; xvi, pp. 1-245. — Memoirs, ii.

Cooke, George. — Te pito te henna. Washington, 1897.

Cook, — Journal of Cook's last voyage. Philadelphia, 1783.

Cooper, H. Stonehewer. — Coral lands. London, 1880.

Cox, James C. — Two papers on mollusca.

Creagh, S. M. — Loyalty Islands. Hobart, 1892.

Crocker, H. I. — Hawaiian numerals. San Francisco, 1909.
Given by Hon. C. R. Bishop.

Dictionaries. — Dutch-English, Holtze. Leipzig, 1899.

English-Greek, Yonge.

English-Hawaiian, Lahainaluna, 1845.

English-Latin, Smith and Hall. New York, 1871.

French-English and English-French, Edgren. New York,

1904.

-German-English and English-German, Fliigel. Braunsch-

weig, 1894.

[312]

List of Accessions. ' 13

Greek-English, Ividdell and Scott. New York, 1882.

Harper's L,atin. New York, 1907.

Italian- English and English-Italian, Edgren. New York,

1904.

Spanish-English and English-Spanish, Velasquez.

Supplement to the Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia, New

York, 1910.

Dollinger, J. I. — -The Gentile and the Jew. London, 1906.

^The first age of Christianity and the Church. Eondon, 1906.

*Dominion Museum, Wellington, N. Z. — Hand-lists: Birds in-
habiting New Zealand, parts i, 2; Eepidoptera of New Zea-
land.

Drago, Giovanni del. — Vingt jours a Honolulu. Rome, 18S5.

Duggar, Benjamin Minge. — Fungous diseases of plants. Boston,
1909.

Durandus, William. — The symbolism of churches. Loudon, 1906.

Ella, S. — Samoa. Hobart, 1892.

Ellis, William. — Polynesian researches. London, 1840.

Ellis, John E. — Life of William Ellis. London, 1873.

Exporters' Encyclopaedia. New York, 1910

Farmer, Sarah S. — Tonga and the Friendly Islands. London,

1855-
Fergusson, James. — Rude stone monuments. Loudon, 1872.
*Field Museum of Natural History. — Geological Series, iii, 8. —

Ornithological Series, i, 6. — Zoological Series, vii, 8-12; x, 2-4.

— Report Series, iii, 4.
Fison, Lorimer. — Group marriage and relationship. Hobart, 1892.
Eraser, J. G. — Totemism and Exogamy. London, 1910.
Furness, W. H. 3rd. — The island of stone money. Philadelphia,

1910.
Geographen Kalender. Gotha, 1909.
Giglioli, H. H. — Ethnological collection of Dr. Elio Modigliani.

Leiden, 1893.
Glandeaud, Ph. — Les Volcaus d'Auvergne. Paris, 1909.
Grey, G. — Mythology and traditions of the New Zealanders (in

Maori). Loudon, 1854.

Poetry of the New Zealanders (in Maori). Wellington, 1853.

Hamy, E. T. — Les Races Humaines de Madagascar. Paris, 1S95.

Les Alfourous de Gilolo. Paris, 1877.

[313]

14 Director's Aiimial Report.

* Harvard University lyibrary. — Twelfth report.

Hawaiian Annual, 1910.

Hawaiian Entomological Society. — Proceedings, ii, 3. Given by
the Societ^^

*Hawaiian Evangelical Association. — Annual report for 1910.

Hawaiian Legislature, Special session, 1909. — Message of the
Governor.

*Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association. — Division of Agriculture
and Chemistry, Bulletins, 30-35. — Division of Entomology.
Bulletins, 8, 9. — Division of Pathology and Physiolog}', Bulle-
tins, 8, 9. — Report for 1909.

Hawaii. — Report of the Governor of Hawaii for 1909. Washing-
ton, 1909.

Report of the Milk Commission to the Governor of Hawaii,

1910.

Report of the Commission on private wharfs and landings to

the Governor of Hawaii, 1910.

Hawaii Collegian, i, i. Given by Professor Vaughan MacCaughey.

Heilpriu, A. — The eruption of Pelee. Philadelphia, 1908.

Historisches Museum in Bern. — Jahresbericht, 1909.

Houston Museum and vScientific Society. — Bulletin, i.

Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee, Tokyo. — Bulle-
tins, i, I, 2, 4; ii; iii; iv, i.

*Indian Museum, Calcutta. — Annual report, 1908-1909. — Records,
ii; iii, 1-3. — Memoirs, i, 4; ii, 1-3. — Echinoderma, part 5. — Eth-
nographic Survey, Craniological data. — Eist of Asiatic beetles.

Inman, Thos. — Ancient Pagan and modern Christian symbolism.
New York, 1874.

Institut de Sociologie, vSolvay. — Bulletin, i.

*Instituto Geologico de Mexico. — Bolletiu, 25. — Parergones, iii,

3-5-
*Instituto de Maguinhos, Rio Janeiro. — Memorias, i, i; ii, i. —

Trabalhos pelo Dr. Aragao, 5; Dr. Chagas, 4; Dr. Cruz, 4; Dr.

Faria, i; Dr. Fontes, i; Dr. Horta, 1; Dr. Lima, i; Dr. Neiva, 2;

Dr. Moses, 2; Dr. Per\assu, i; Dr. Vasconcelles, i; Dr. S. von

Prowazek, 2; Dr. S. von Prowazek and Dr. H. de Beaurepaire, 2.
*Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg. — Icones Bogorienses, iv, i.
Jho-Pale. — Le braconnage en rivieres. Paris, 1906.

Peches, pecheurs, peche. Paris, 1904.

[314]

List of Accessio7is. 15

Job, H. K. — Franklin gull. New York, 1910.

Ker, Annie. — Papuan fairy tales. London, 19 10.

*Kongl. Vitterhets Historic och Antiqvitets Akademien, Stock-
holm.— Fornvannen, 1909.

*Konigl. Zoologisches und Antropologisch-Ethnographisches
Museum, Dresden. — Abhandlungen und Berichte, xiii, i.

Krause, Hduard. — Vorgeschichtliche Fischereigerathe. Berlin,
1904.

Kubary, J. L- — Ethnographische Beitrage, 3te Heft. Leiden,

1895-
Lang, J. D. — View of the origin and migrations of the Polynesian

nation. London, 1834.
Langley, vS. P. — The fire walk ceremony in Tahiti. London, 1901 .
Laufer, B. — Chinese pottery of the Han dynast}-. Leiden, 1909.
Lawes, W. G. — Motu grammar and vocabulary. Sydney, 1896.
Le Hon, H. — L'homme fossile en Europe. Bruxelles, 1868.
*Leland Stanford Junior University. — University Series, 3, 4.
Lias, B. de S. P.— Perak. Paris, 1883.
*Linnean Societ}- of New South Wales. — Proceedings, i-vi; xxxiv,

3, 4; XXXV, 1-3.
*Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. — Annals, iii, 5; iv, 1-2.
Mallet.— Oceanie.
Man, ix, 12; x, i-io.
Manual of Conchology, 79-81.

*Marine Biological Association. — Journal, viii, 5; ix, i.
Marsden, William. — The history of Sumatra. London, 181 1.
Martini und Chemnitz. — Concha-lien Cabinet, Lieferuugen 539-546.
Massachusetts Horticultural Society. — Transactions, 1909, 2;

1910, I. Given b}- Dr. Wm. T. Brigham.
Matthews, R. H. — Australian rock pictures. Washington, 1895.

Australian ground and tree drawings. Washington. 1896.

McNab, Robert. — Murihiku. Wellington, 1909.
Microscopical Science, Quarterly Journal, liv, 3, 4; Iv.
*Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. — Annual report for 1909.
Moehler, J. A. — Symbolism. London. igo6.
Morgan, Lewis H. — Ancient society. New York, 1878.
Murray, A. W. — Forty years mission work in Polynesia and New

Guinea. London, 1876.
*Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires. — Anales, serie iii, xi; xii.

[315]

i6 Director'' s Annual Report.

*Museum of Comparative Zoology. — Bulletin, Hi, 14-17; liv, i.
— Memoirs, xxxix, i; xl, i; xli, i, 2. — Report, 1909-1910.

*Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. — Bulletin, viii, 47, 48.

*Natal Government Museum. — Catalogue of rocks and minerals,
1909.

Nature, Ixxxii-lxxxv.

Nautilus, iv-xxiii; xxiv, 1-7.

Navas, Rev. P. Longinos. — Twenty-six entomological papers.

*New South Wales, Department of Fisheries. — Annual report for
1909. — Fisheries of N. S. W., by David G. Stead.

*New South Wales, Department of Mines. — Annual report for
1909. — Records of Geological vSurvey, ix, i. — Memoirs, Paleon-
tology, no. 5, vol. ii, pt. 2

*New York Botanical Garden. — Bulletin, 21, 22, 24.

*Nevv Zealand Institute. — Proceedings, 1909, 3, 4; Transactions,
xlii.

Nova Guinea. — Resultats de I'expeditiou scieutifique neerlan-
daise, viii, 2; ix, i.

*Oahu College. — Catalogue, 1909-1910. — The Oahuan, ix, 2, 5-10.

Ornithologie, Journal fiir. — Jahrgang, Iviii, 2-4. Sonderheft, I^eip-
zig, 1910.

Paradise of the Pacific. — Vol. xxiii.

*Peabody Museum of American Archaeology, Cambridge. — Mem-
oirs, iv, 3. — Papers, iv, 3. — Forty-third annual report.

Peripatetic Parson. — Parts of the Pacific. London, 1896.

Peron et Lesueur. — Le tablier des femmes hottentotes. Paris,
1883.

Peron, M. P\ — \"oyage de decouvertes aux terres australes.
Paris, 1807.

Petermanns Mittheilungen, Ivi.

*Philippine Journal of Science. — A, iv, 6; v, 1-4. — B, iv, 5, 6; v,
1-4. — C, iv, 5, 6; V, 1-4. — D, v, 1-3.

* Philippine Bureau of Science, Division of Geology and Mines. —
The Mineral resources of the Philippine Islands.

Philippine Botany, Leaflets, 38-44.

Philosophical Society of New South Wales, Sydney. — Trans-
actions, 1 862- 1 865.

Planters' Record, i; ii, i.

Polynesian Society. — Journal, xviii, 4; xix.

[316]

List of Accessions. 17

Pritchard, W. T. — Polynesian reminiscences. London, 1866.
Quatrefages A. de — The Mala^^ Archipelago, by A. R. Wallace.
*Real xVcademia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona. — Boletin, iii, i.

— Memorias, viii, 7-23. — Nomina del Personal Acadeniico,

1909-1910.
*Reale Accademia del Lincei, Roma. — Atti, xviii (2"" semestre)

6-9, II, 12; xix (1° semestre); (2° semestre) i, 3-12. — Memorie,

vii, 9-12; viii, 1-6. — Rendiconto, ii, pp. 441-501.
*Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agriciiltura in Portici. — Bolletiuo del

laboratorio di zoologia generale e agraria, iv.
Rechinger, Karl. — Botanische und zoologische Ergebnisse. — 3te

Teil. Wien, 19 10.
Records of the Past, viii, 6; ix.
Revue des Etudes Ethnographiques et Sociologiques. — Deuxieme

annee, 21-23.
Richards, William. E'Archipel des lies Hawaii.
*Rijks Ethnographisches Museum, Leiden.- — Vorslag van den

Directeur, 1909-1910 Katalog, Band, i, iv, v.
Rocco, Sex mythology. London, 190S.

*Royal Anthropological Institute. London. — Journal, xxxix, xl.
*Royal Irish Academy. — Proceedings, section B, xxvii; xxviii,

1-8; section C, xxvii; xxviii, 1-12.
Royal Microscopical Society. — Journal, 1910. part 4.
*Royal Society of Edinburgh. — Proceedings, xxx, 1-6.
*Royal Society of New South Wales. — Journal and Proceedings,

xliii, 1-4.
*Royal Society of Queensland. — Proceedings, xx, i, 2.
*Royal Society of South Australia. — -Transactions and Proceed-
ings and Report, xxxiii. — Memoirs, ii, 2.
*Royal Society of Victoria. — Proceedings, xxiii, i. — Transactions,

V, I.

Saffre. — Archipel des Tonga, des Samoa, des Wallis, He Futuna,

les Fidji.
Saville, Marshall H. — The antiquities of Manabi. New York,

19 10. Given by Professor Marshall H. Saville and George G.

Heye, Esq.
Schouten. — \'o>age de Gautier Schouten aux Indes Orientales.

Amsterdam, 1708.
Scudder, W. H. — North American orthoptera. Cambridge, 1897.

Oc. p.. B. p. B. M., Vol. IV, No. 5.-2. [SIj]

1 8 Director's Aiiymal Report.

Sellon, Kdward. — Annotations on the sacred writings of the
Hindus. London, 1902.

Semper, Karl. — Die Palau-Insehi im stillen ocean. Leipzig, 1873.

Smith, H. M. — Japanese goldfish. Washington, 1909.

Smith, J. J. — Die Orchideen von Java. Heft 3. Leiden, 1910.

*Smithsonian Institution. — Contributions to knowledge, 509.

^Bureau of American Ethnolog}-. — Bulletins, 37, 45, 48, 49.

United States National Museum, Bulletin 69, 71-74. Pro-
ceedings, xxxvii.

-United States National Herbarium, Contributions, xiii, 26;

XIV, 1-2; XV.

*Societe Royal des Antiquaires du Nord. — Memoires, 1908-1909.

*vSociete Roj-ale Zoologique et Malacologique de Belgique. —
Annales, xlii-xliv.

*South African Museum. — Annals, vi, 3. Report for 1909.

Southal, James C. — The recent origin of Man. Philidelphia, 1875.

*Staedt. Museum fur Volkerkunde, Leipzig. — Jahrbuch, iii.

*Staedt. \'olker-Museum, Frankfurt a. AL — Strelow C, Die Aran-
da und Loritja Stamme in Central Australien.

St. John, J. H. H. — Pakeha rambles through Maori lands. Well-
ington, 1873.

Stokes, J. Lort. — Discoveries in Australia. London, 1846.

Strong, William. — The story of the American Board. Boston, 1910.

Taylor, Richard. — The past and present of New Zealand. Lon-
don, 1868.

*Technological Museum, Sydney-. — Report, 1909.

Thompson, A. S. — The story of New Zealand. London, 1859.

Three years in the Pacific by an officer of United States navy.
London, 1835.

Thurston, Edward. — Castes and tribes of Southern India. Madras,
1909. Given by the author.

Thurston, Lorrin A. — The liquor question in Hawaii. Honolulu,
1910.

Tilden, Josephine. — Minnessota Algae, i. Minneapolis, 1910.
Given b}- the author.

Travel and Exploration, iii, 13, 14.

*Tufts College Studies, iii, i.

*Uiiited States Agricultural Experiment Station, Honolulu. —
Bulletin 19, 21. — Press Bulletin, 25-27. Annual report, 1909.

[318]

List of Accessions. 19

United States Department of Agriculture, Washington. — Year
book, 1909. — Farmers' bulletin, 396. — Forestry circulars, 117,
121, 158, 167, 179, 180, 182, 183. — Silvical leaflets, 12, 17, 20,
22. — Biological Survey: Bulletin, 34 part 2; 35. — Circular, 72,
73. 76. — North American Fauna, 31. Report for 1909.

United States Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of
Fisheries. — Bulletin, xxviii. Report of Commissioner for 1909.

Statistical Abstract for 1909.

The Foreign Commerce and Navigation for 1909.

*United States Geological Surve}-. — Thirty-first annual report. —
Bulletins, 381, 386, 389-393, 395-400, 402-416, 418, 419, 421-428.

-Water supply papers, 227, 233, 236-239, 241, 243-252.

Professional papers, 65, 67, 68.

Geologic Atlas, folios, 5, 16-56, 58-168.

Mineral resources, calendar year 1908, parts i, 2.

*University of California. — Publications: American Archaeology
and Ethnolog3', v, 4, 5; vi; vii, 4, 5; viii, 6; ix, i, 2. — Botany,
iv, 1-6. — Chronicle, xi; xii, 1-4. — Physiology, iii, 17; iv, 1-3. —
Zoology, V, 5-12; vi, 6-1 1; vii, i. — Bulletin, iii, 3-8.

University of Colorado. — Studies, vi, 2; vii, 1-4.

University of North Dakota. Quarterly journal, i, i.

*University of Pennsylvania. — Contributions from the Zoological
Laboratory, xv; Philology and Literature, xiii.

*Uuiversit3' of Pennsylvania Museum. — Anthropological publica-
tions, ii, i; iii, I .

The Museum Journal, i, i, 2.

University of Upsala. — Geological Institution: Bulletin, ix, 17,
18; X, 19, 20; Index i-x.

University of Washington. — Bulletin, i.

Waitangi. Treat}- of. — Wellington, 1892.

Walker, H. W. — Wanderings among the South Sea Savages.
London, 1909.

*Wagner Free Institute of Science. — Transactions, vii.

Warren Academy of Sciences. — Annual reports, 1907-1908. — ■
Transactions, 1903-1907, i, i.

Westervelt, W. D.— Maui. Honolulu, 1910. Given by the author.

Wilson Bulletin. — xxi, 2-4; xxii, i, 2.

Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology. — Bulletin, 2,3.

*Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie. — xli, 6; xlii, 1-5.

Zentralblatt fiir allgemeine und experimentelle Biologic.— Band,
i, 14- [319

20 Director' s Ayinual Report.

LIST OF EXCHANGES.

Adelaide, S. Australia. — Royal Geographical vSociety of South Australia.

Royal Society of South Australia.

South Australian Museum.
Amherst, Mass. — Amherst College Library.
Amsterdam, Holland. — Universiteit van Amsterdam.
Auckland, N. Z. — Auckland Institute.
Baltimore, Md. — ^Johns Hopkins Universitj'.

Maryland Geological Survey.
Barcelona, Spain. — Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona.
Berkele}', Cal. — University of California.
Berlin, Germany. — Anthropologische Gesellschaft.

Konigl. Museum fiir Volkerkunde.
Berne, Switzerland. — Bern Historisches Museum.
Boston, Mass. — Boston Public Library.

Boston Society of Natural Historj'.

Museum of Fine Arts.
Bremen, Germany. — Museum fiir Natur-, Volker- und Handelskunde.
Brisbane, Queensland. — Royal Society of Queensland.

Brooklyn, N. Y. — Museiim of the Brooklyn Institute of Fine Arts and Sciences.
Brussels, Belgium. — Societe Royale Malacologique de Belgique.
Buda-Pest, Hungary. Museum National Hongrois.
Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic. — Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires.
Btaitenzorg, Java. — ^Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg.
Calcutta, India. — Asiatic Society of Bengal.

Indian Museum.
Cambridge, Mass. — Harvard University Library.

Mu.seum of Comparative Zoology.

Peabody Museum.
Capetown, S. Africa. — South African IMuscum.
Chicago, 111. — Field Museum.
Christchurch, N. Z. — Canterbury Museum.
Cologne, Germany. — Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum.
Copenhagen, Denmark. — Societe Royale des Antiquaires du Nord.
Dresden, German}'. — Konigl. Zoologisches und Anthropologisch-Ethno-

graphisches Museum.
Dublin, Ireland. — Royal Irish Academy
Edinburgh, Scotland. — Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Florence, Italy. — Societa Italiana di Antropologia.
Frankfurt on Main, Germany. — Stadtisches Volker-Museum.
Geelong, Victoria. — Gordon Technical College.
Genoa, Italy. — Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genoa.
Halle, German J^ — Kaiserl. Leop. Carol. Akademie der Naturforscher.
Hamburg, German}^. — Museum fiir Volkerkunde.
Hanover, N. H. — Dartmouth College.
Hilo, Hawaii. — Hilo Public Library.

[320]

List of Exchanges. 21

Honolulu, Hawaii. — Board of Agriculture and Forestry.

College of Hawaii.

Hawaiian Evangelical Association.

Hawaiian Historical Society.

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association.

Honolulu Library Association.

Oahu College.

United States Experiment Station.
Lawrence, Kansas. — Universitj" of Kansas.
Leiden, Holland. — Rijks Ethnographisches Museum.

Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historic.
Leipzig, Germany. — Museum fiir Volkerkunde.
Liverpool, England. — Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.
London, England. — Linnean Societj- of London.

Royal Anthropological Institute.
Madras, India. — Government Museum.
Manila, P. I. — Bureau of Science.

Ethnological Survey.
Melbourne, Victoria. — Royal Society- of Victoria.
Mexico. — Instituto Geologico de Mexico.
Munich, Germany. — Ethnographisches Museum.
New Haven, Ct. — Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Yale University Library-.
New Plymouth, N. Z. — Polj'-nesian Society.
New York, N. Y. — xA.merican Museum of Natural History.

Columbia Universitj- Librarj^.

New York Botanical Garden.
Oberlin, O. — Oberlin College.
Para, Brazil. — Museu Goeldi.
Paris, France. — Ecole d'Anthropologie.

Societe d'Anthropologie.
Philadelphia, Pa. — Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

American Philosophical Society.

Free Museum of Science and Art.

The Philadelphia Museums.

L'niversity of Pennsylvania.

University of Pennsylvania Museum.

Wagner Free Institute of Science.
Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. — Natal Government ^luseum.
Pittsburg, Pa. — Carnegie Museum.

Plymouth, England. — Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.
Portici, Italy. — Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria.
Rio de Janeiro. — L'Instituto de Maguinhos.
Rome, Italy. — Accademia dei Lincei.
St. Louis, Mo. — Missouri Botanical Garden.
Salem, Mass. — Peabody Academy of Science.
San Francisco, Cal. — California Academy of Sciences.

[321]

22 Director' s Aniiical Report.

Sao Paulo, Brazil. — Museu Paulista.

Stanford University, Cal. — Leland Stanford Junior University.

Stockholm, Sweden. — Kongl. Vitterhets Historic ocli Antiqvitcts Akademien.

Sydney, N. S. W. — Australian Museum.

Department of Agriculture.

Department of Fisheries.

Department of Mines.

Linnean Society of New South Wales.

Roj^al Society of New South Wales.

Technological Museum.
Tufts College, Mass.— Tufts College.
Vienna, Austria. — Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Wien.

K. K. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum.
Wanganui, N. Z. — Public Museum.
Washington, D. C. — Bureau of American Ethnology.

Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Library of Congress.

Smithsonian Institution.

United States Geological Survej^

United States National Museiim.
Wellington, N. Z. — Dominion Museum.

New Zealand Institute.

[322]

Notes on the Naturalized Flora of the
Hawaiian Islands.

By Charles N. Forbes.

The following plants are mainly species not recorded in
Hillebrand's Flora,' the majorit}- of them having probably be-
come naturalized since 1886. The only record of the naturalized
plants which we have had since that time is an addition of a few
species in an article by Heller.^ In order to make these notes
complete these species are again mentioned in this paper. It is
the intention to continue the notes at irregular intervals as
material accumulates.

The naturalized flora occupies the lower valleys and plains,
the number of indigenous plants in these localities at present be-
ing insignificant. This flora is rapidly encroaching on the native
forest, especially w'here its conditions are changed by fires or
grazing. Introduced weeds appear along new trails through the
native forest in from two to three weeks in places where it would
be impossible to find them before. In the unforested sections of
the islands, as a large proportion of the slopes of Haleakala on
Maui, naturalized plants occur to the very summit (10,000 feet).
A few of the naturalized plants as Crepis japonica are an excep-
tion to the rule, in that they occur in the dense forest and are
rarely found on the plains ; and perhaps a few of the plants con-
sidered as indigenous may belong in this category.

' W Hillebrand. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, 1888.
*A. A. Heller. Minnesota Botanical Studies, Bulletin Xo. 9, pp. 760-922.
A portion of Heller's collections are in the Herbarium of the Bishop Museum.

[323]

(23)

24 Director's A7i7uial Report

FILICALES.

Ceropteris calomelanos ( L. ) Und.
AcrostitintJH caloJiiclaiios L., Sp. PL, ii, 1753, 1072.
Gyiinnmranniia calomelanos Kaulf., Enum., 1824, 76.
Ceropteris caloinelauos {h.) Und., Torr. CI., 1902, 29, 632.

The .silver fern i.s well established on all the islands, gener-
ally occuring along roadsides and irrigating ditches.

Ceropteris calomelanos var chrysophylla Link.
(•yvuiograunite rhrysophyllini! Klf., Enuni., 1824, 74.
Ceropteris citrysopliylla Link, Sp., 1841, 143.

The gold fern has the same distribution as the former but is
less common. On Hawaii it was observed growing in the steam
cracks at Kilauea.

HYDROCHARITACEAE.

Halophila ovata Gaud.

Halophila ovata Gaud., Freyc. Voy. Bot., 1826, 430, t. 40. f.

Halopliila oralis Hook., Fl. Tas., 1S60, ii, 45.

Miss M. Reed showed me a specimen of this plant which she
said was identified by Dr. W. A. Setchell. It occurs in brackish
ponds in the vicinity of Honolulu.

LEMNACEAK.

I/emna minor L.

Loiina )iii)ior 'L,., Sp. PL, 1753, 970.

The duck weed is common in ponds and taro patches on all
the islands.

CHENOPODIACEAE.

Amaranthus spinosus L.

AiJiara)!t/nis spiiiosiis h., '>\>. PL, 1753, 991.

A rather common weed on Oahu, probably occurring on other
islands as well.
C. N. F., no. 1060. O. Nuuanu Valley.

POLYGONACEAE.

Rumex acetocella L.

A'Hine.r acetoeella L., vSp. PL, 1753, 338.

The sorrel occurs on all the islands and at all elevations.
First reported from Kauai by Heller.

[324]

Naturalized Haicaiian FIo7'a. 25

Rumex patentia L.

Riiuicx pateutia Iv., Sp. Pi., 1753, 333.

A few specimens of this species were observed at Nahiku
Landing, E. Maui. The plant also occurs as a weed in cane
fields on Hawaii.
C. N. F., no. 265. M.

PORTULACACEAE,

Portulaca lutea Sol.

Portulaca lutea Sol., Ex Forst. f. PI. EscuL, 1786, 72. Seem. Fl. Vit., 9.

Portulaca flava DC, Prod., 1843, iii, 355.

This species occurs as a rather rare shore plant, probably on
all the islands. This museum has specimens collected on Marcus,
Midway and Ea^'san islands by W. A. Bryan, while it has been
reported from Necker island by W. K. Fisher' and from Hawaii
b}' Dr. Guppy.-* It also occurs on Oahu near Kaena Point, and
should be considered as indigenous.
C. N. F., no. 1650. O.

CARYOPHYELACEAE.

Drymaria cordata (L.) W'illd.

Holosteum cordatum L., Sp. PI., 1753, 8S.

Dryuiaria cordata Willd., Roem & Schultes, Syst. Veg., 1819, 5, 406.

Observed by Heller on Kauai. Occurs on all the islands.

Polycarpon tetraphyllum L.

Polycarpo)i tetraphylluiu L., vSp. PI., 1753, 881.

Observed at Makawao, E. Maui.

C. N. F., Aug. 1910. M.

Tissa marina ( L. ) Britton.

Aroiaria rubra var marina L., Sp. PI., 1753, 423.
Spergularia salina Presl., Fl. Cech., 1819,95.
Buda })iarina Dumort, Fl. Belg., 1827, no.
Spergularia media A. Gray, Man., 1867, 5, 95.
Tissa marina Britton, Bui. Torr. Club, 1889, 16, 126.
Buda marina var 7>iinor S. Wats., A. Gray, Man., 1890, Ed. vi, 90.

Near the beach in various places between Diamond Head and
Koko Head on Oahu.
C. N. F., no. 1501. O.

HV. K. Fisher. Bui. U. S. Fish Commission, vol. xxiii, pt. iii, 1903,
p. 807.

■•H. B. Guppv. Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific, vol. ii, p. 555.

[325]

26 Director' s A7inual Report.

RANUNCULACEAE.

Ranunculus parviflorus L.

Ranunculus parviflorus L., Sp. PI., 1763, Ed. ii, 780.

In the forest below Kaalapuuwale ou the slopes of Hualalai
on the island of Hawaii, occurs a species of Ranunculus which
I refer to the above. This diffuse plant with minute yellow flowers
and hispid carpels covers many acres ; mainly in the dead Koa
forest, although some specimens were found in virgin forest.
This place is also a localit}' for R. mauiensis, the two species
often growing close together ; while within a mile can be found
R. hawaiiensis, the other native species. My determination is
based on the description found in Britton and Brown's Flora of
the Northern States and Canada.
C. N. F., no. 275. H.

ANONACEAE.

Anona cherimolia Mill.

Anona clierimolia Mill, Gard. Die. Ed. viii, 1768,11. 5.

The cherimolia is well established on Hawaii, especially in
the drier localities.
C. N. F., no. 365. H.

CRUCIFERx\E.

Brassica campestris L.

Brassica cauipcstris L., Sp. PL, 1753, 666.

Rather common on Oahu, also occurring on the other islands.
C. N. F., March 18, 1909. Moanalua Valley, Oahu.

Raphanus sativus I-^.

Rapiianus sativus L., Sp. PI., 1753, 669.

Rare, to be expected on all the islands. Mentioned by Hille-
brand as occurring on Kauai.
C. N. F., April 6, 1909. Moanalua Valley, Oahu.

Sisymbrium ofl&cinale (L.) vScop.

Erysimuin officinale L., Sp. PI., 1753. 660.

Sisymbrium officinale Scop., Fl. Carn. Ed. ii, 1772, 2, 26.

The hedge mustard was first observed at Puuwaawaa on
Hawaii, and later at various places on that island.
C. N. F., no. 9. H.

[326]

Naturalized Hazcaiian Flora. 27

ROSACEAE.
Rosa sp.

A small flowered multi-petalled rose is well established on

Hawaii and in certain places on Maui. On Hawaii it is known

as the volcano rose, as it is especially common on the road to the

volcano of Kilauea. Dr. W. T. Brigham observed this rose more

than forty years ago along the trail to the Kapena Falls on Oahu;

and he believes it ma\- have been taken to the other islands from

this locality. It has not become naturalized on Oahu.

Rubus jamaicensis L.

Riibns jamaicensis L,., Mant., i, 1767, 75.

Rubus jatnaiceusis Sw., In Griesb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind., 1864, 231.

The so-called thimble-berry is common on Hawaii and in

certain places on Maui. It is said to have been introduced from

the West Indies.

Dr. \V. T. Brigham & C. N. Forbes, Kilauea, 1908. C. N. F.

no. 238. M. Keanae, Maui.

EEGUMINOSEAE.

Caesalpinia sappan L.

Caesalpinia sappan L., Sp. PI., 1753, 381.

Found in gulches near Wahiawa, Oahu.
C. X. F., no. 1443. O.

Cassia chamaecrista L.

Cassia c/ia)naecrista L., Sp. PL, 1753, 379.

Common about Honolulu, Oahu.
Heller, no. 1969.

Cassia laevigata Willd.

Cassia laevigata Willd., Enum. Hort. Berol., 1813, 441.

Occurs on all the islands. Rather common on Oahu.

Heller, no. 2295.

Crotalaria fulva Roxb.

Croialaria fulva Roxb., Fl. Ind., 1832, 3, 266.

Crotalaria saltiana Andr.

Crotalaria saltiana Andr., Bot. Rep., 181 1, pi. 648.

Crotalaria striata DC, Prod., 1825, ii, 131.

Crotalaria spectabilis Roth.

Crotalaria sericea Retz. (not Burm.), Obs. Bot., 1779-91, 3, 26.

Crotalaria spectabilis Roth., Nov. Pi. Sp., 1821, 341.

The Crotalarias form a conspicuous portion of the naturalized
flora of the islands. [327]

28 Director' s Annual Report.

Fleminga strobulifera R. Br.

Fleminga strobulifcya R. Br., Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. ii, 1810-13, 350.
Fleiiii)iga bractcata Wight, Ic, 1840-53, 268.
Fleuiinga fruticulosa Wall, Cat., 1828, 5754.
Fleminga abrupta Wall, Cat., 1828, 5755.

I am iudebted to Mr. C. J. Austin for showing me this plant.
It occurs in compan}^ with Psidium guajava at Nahiku, East Maui.
The plant is widely spread in India, where it is said to be very
variable. It is a small shrub, and can be distinguished by the
conspicuous folded bracts which hide the small flowers.

Medicago apiculata Willd.

JMedicago apiculata Willd., vSp. PL, iii, 1S03, 1414.

Rather rare but probably has the same range as the next
species. It can be recognized b}- the unarmed pods. In the
Index Kewensis it is regarded as being synomymous with the next.
C. N. P., no. 1718. O. Honolulu, Oahu.

Medicago denticulata Willd.

Medicago denticulata Willd., Sp. PI., iii, 1803, 1414.

The bur clover is more or less common on all the islands.
According to Van Dine,^ it was introduced on Maui in 1882.

Medicago intertexta Mill.

Jfedicago intertexta Mill, Gard. Diet. Ed. viii, 1768, n. 4.

The above species is reported to be common about Honolulu,
by Heller.

Melilotus indica (L. ) All.

Tri/oliuiii iiietilotus h., Sp. PL, 1753, 764.

Trifoliuni indicuni Thunb., Prod. PL Cap., 1800, 136.

Melilotus indica AIL, Fl. Pedem I, 1785-89, 308.

Melilotus pa) viflora Desf. , Fl. Atlant., 1800, ii, 187.

Melilotus miniDia Roth., Nov. PL vSp., 1821, 361.

Melilotus occidentalis Nutt., ex Torr & Gray, Fl. X. Am., 1838, i, 321.

Melilotus regulosa Willd., Enum. Hort. BeroL, 1809, 789.

Rather common on Oahu and Hawaii ; probably on all islands.

Trifolium repens h.

Trifoliurn repens L., Sp. PL, 1753, 767.

The white clover is common in the pastures on Haleakala, Maui.

GERANIACEAE.
!Ef odium cicutarium (L.) L'Her.
Geranium cicutarium L.. Sp. PL, 1753, 680.
Erodium cicutarium L'Her., Ait. Hort. Kew., 1789, 2, 414.

Oahu, not common.

Hawaii Agr. P^xp. Station Rept., 1908, p. 25. [328)

Naturalized Hawaiian Flora . 29

Geranium carolinianutn L.

Geranium carolinianiini L., Sp. PL, 1753, 683.

This plant not only occurs on Hawaii as stated by Hillebrand;
but is also common on Haleakala, Maui.
C. N. F.. no. 21S. M.

MALVACEAE.

Modiola caroliniana CL.) Don.
Ma/i'a ca>-oliniana L., Sp. PL, 1753, 688.
Modiola iiuiltifida Moench. Meth., 1791, 620.
Modiola caroliniana Don., Gen. Hist. PL, 1831, i. 466.

Rather common on the slopes of Mauna Kea, Hawaii.
C. N. F.. no. 458. H.

Two species of Abutilon not yet identified are very common
on all the islands.

PASSIFLORIACEAE.

Passiflora edulis vSims.

Passiflora edulis vSims., Bot. Mag., 1S18, 1989.

Sometimes plentiful, and to be expected in the forests of all
the islands. Hillebrand says in his flora, 1871, "already escaped
into the woods of East Maui." Native name, lilikoi.

Passiflora foetida L.

Passiflora foefida L., Sp. PL, 1753, 959.

An occasional roadside plant.

ONAGRACEAE.

iEpilobium Billardierianum ? Scr.

Epilobiuni Billardierianuin Ser., DC. Prod., 1843, iii, 41.

A species of Epilobium which I have provisionally referred to
the above, is ver\' common on Haleakala.
C. X. F., no. 173. M.

UMBELEIFERAE.

Apium leptophyllum (DC.) F. Mull.

Sison Auiuii L., Sp. PL, 1753, 252.

HeliosciadiuDi leptopliylluin DC, Prod., 1830, iv, 105.

Apium leptopliylluin F. MulL, Benth. FL Aust., 1866, iii, 372.

Apiuni Ainini Urban., Mart. FL Bras., 1879, ii, pt. i, 341.

First observed at Makawao, Maui. Not common on the islands.
C. N. F., Makawao, Maui.

[329]

30 Director'' s Anyiital Report.

Apium petroselinum L.

Apiuin pt'frosc/i>i!n>i L,., Sp. PI., 1753, 264.
Petroselinuui safii'inii Hoffm., Gen. Umb., 1814, i77-

Common parsley. A coar.se leaved form occurs along irrigat-
ing ditches on West Maui. Reported from Hanapepe Valley,
Kauai, by Heller.
C. N. F., no. 74. M. Wainee Gulch, Maui.

Foeniculutti vulgare (L. ) Gaertn.
Atief/iriiii! foiviiciiliiiii ly., Sp. PL, 1753, 263.
FoeniculiDH viili^arc Gaertn., Fruct. & vSeem., 17SS, i, 105.
Foeniciiluui focuiculnDi Karst., Deutsch. Fl., 1S80-S3, 837.

The fennel is very common on Maui and in certain localities
on Hawaii. Mentioned in Mann's Flora, ^ but overlooked by
Hillebrand.

PRIMULACEAE.

Anagallis arvensis Iv.

Anagallis arvensis L-, Sp. Pi., 1753, 148.

Occurs on all the islands.

EOGANIACEAE.

Buddleia asiatica Lour.

JUiddlcia asiatica Lour., Fl. Cochinc., 72. Benth in DC. Prod., x, 416.

This plant is verj^ common in the valleys of the Waianae
range on Oahu, sometimes occurring as small trees six to ten feet
high, while at other places it occurs as a subherbaceous plant of
three to four feet. It also occurs in the dense forests of the
Koolauloa range, and has all the appearances of an indigenous
plant. One form is nearly glabrous.

C. N. F., Sept., 1908, Punaluu Mts. C. N. F., Makaha Valley,
Kaala Mts., Feb. 12-19, 1909.

GENTIANACEAE.

^Erythraea centaurium (L. ) Pers.
(,'r}itia)ia cottauriiDii L., Sp. PL, 1753, 229.
Krytliraea ccntaitriiiiii Pers., Syn., 1805, i, 283.

This plant is well established on East Maui and Hawaii. It
is generally found on grazing land.
C. N. F., no. iSo. M. Paia, Maui.

* Horace Mann. Flora of the Hawaiian Lslands. Communications Essex
Institute, Salem, Mass., vi, 1871.

[330]

N^ahiralized Hawaiian Flora. 31

CONVOLULx\CEAE.

Ipomaea chryseides Ker-Gaul.

IpO))iaea chryseides Ker-Gaul., Bot. Reg., 270.

Nuuanu Valley, Oahu. Not common.
C. N. F., uo. 1360. O.

Ipomaea grandiflora Lam.

Ipomaea o/aberriiiia Boj., Hook. Journ. Hot., 1834, 357.

Ipomaea grandijiora Lam., Tab. Enc}'., i, 467. Roem. & Schult., Syst., iv, 240.

Dr. Guppy ^ records hi.s species for the first time from Hawaii.
His localities were a mile west of Kapa-ahu and the coasts of
Kalae. There are no specimens in this herbarium.

Ipomaea peltata Chois.

Convolvulus peltatus L. , Sp. PL, 1753, 121.

Ipomaea peltata Chois., Conv. Or., (?), 70. DC. Prod., ix, 359.

This species were observed by Mr. J. M. Lydgate a number
of years ago in Waiuiha \"alley on Kauai, and judging from the
locality in which he observed it, he had no hesitation in calling
it indigenous. The flowers of our plant are yellow and all the
leaves are peltate.
J. M. Lydgate, Wainiha Valle}', Kauai, 1909.

LABIATx\E.
Prunella vulgaris I-.

Prunella vulgaris L-, Sp. PL, 1753, 600.

Very common on the cattle ranges of Haleakala, Maui. Also
occurs on Hawaii but has not spread to any extent on this island.

SOLANACEAE.
Cestrum diurnum L.

Cestrum diurnum L., Sp. PL, 1753, 191.

This species has escaped from cultivation and has become
established in several places on Oahu. Several species of Cestrum
have been in cultivation on these islands for a long time. I have
heard the name Chinese ink-berry applied to this plant.

Nicotiana tabacum. L.

Nicotiana tabacum L., Sp. PL, 1753, iSo.

Naturalized in various parts of Maui, especially on the north-
east side.

^H. B. Guppy. Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific, vol. ii,
PP- 52. 554-

[331]

32 Dircdo)-' s Annual Report.

Solatium sodomeum L.

Solaniivi soJonu'Kiii ^^., Sp. PL, 1753, 1S7.

This African species is rather common on Oahu. First re-
corded by Heller.

ACANTHACKAE.

Thunbergia alata Boj.

T/utnbiTgia alata Boj., Sims. Bot. Mag., 2591.

A troublesome garden weed in Honolulu.

Thunbergia alata var aurantiaca Ktz.

This variety occurs as a roadside plant in Pauoa Valley on
Oahu.

PLANTAGINACEAH.

Plantago lanceolata L.

Plantago lamrolata L., Sp. PI., 1753, 113.

This species usually occurs at rather high elevations, 2000 to
3000 feet. Observed on all the islands.

RUBIACEAE.
Sherardia arvensis L.

Slienifdia arz'oisis L/., vSp. PL, 1753, 102.

Maui, slopes of Haleakala.
C, N. F., no. 217. M.

CUCURBITACEAE.

Momordica charantia L,.

Moiiiordica charantia L., Sp. PL, 1753, 1009.

Met with on all the islands, especially in rather dry localities
where it climbs over rocks and stone walls. Near Kailua on Ha-
waii, it covers acres of rough aa flows, and is regarded as a bad pest.

Another cucurbit with spiney fruits not yet identified is fairly
common on all the islands.

COMPOvSITAE.

Carduus lanceolatus L.

Cardniis laincolatiis L-, Sp. PL, 1753, 821.

CirsiHiii lanccolatuui Scop., FL Carn. P>L ii, 1772, 2, 130.

Cnicus lanceolatus Willd., Prodr. FL BeroL, 17S9, 259.

The common bur-thistle is well established on Hawaii and in
several places on Maui.
C. N. F., no. 116. M. Hanaula W. Maui.

[332]

Naturalized Haivaiian Flora. 33

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Iv.

ChrysaiithfiniiiH lencaiitlicuiuui L., Sp. PL, 1753, 888.
LcHcantheiiiuin viilgarc Ivam., Fl. Fr., 1778, 2, 137.

The white daisy is rather common on Hawaii where it was
observed growing on the slopes of Hualalai to the summit, and on
the slopes of Mauna Loa.
Kmilia flammea Cass.
Emilia flaiiimca Cass., Diet. Sc. Nat., 1819, 14, 406.

A roadside plant on Oahu, first recorded b}- Heller. There
are specimens in the Museum herbarium collected several j-ears
before Heller's collection.

;Eupatorium sp.

A species of Eupatorium has lately become one of the most
common plants on Maui.

C. N. F., no. 46. M. Hanakaoo, \V. Maui. Dr. W. T. Brigham,
Haleakala, E. Maui.

Hypochaeris radicata L.

Hypochaeris radicata L., Sp. PL, 1753, 811.

Rather common on Haleakala, Maui, Probably on Hawaii.
Reported from Kauai by Heller.

I/apsana communis L.

Lapsana couuiiunis L., Sp. PL, 1753, 811.

Rather common on Maui and Hawaii.

Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber.
Leontodon taraxacnvi L., Sp. PL, 1753, 798.
Taraxacum officinale Weber, Prim. Pi. Hoist., 1780, 56
Taraxacum dens-leonis Desf. , FL Atlant., 1800, 2, 228.
Taraxacum taraxacum Karst., Deutsch. FL, 1880-83, 1138-

The dandelion occurs on all the islands. It appears to have
been introduced on the different islands from different sources.
It has been observed on Kauai for at least twenty-five 3-ears, while
a gentleman on Maui says it was introduced to that island very
recently from New Zealand.

Zinnia pauciflora I^.

Zinnia pauciflora L/., Sp. PL, 1753, Ed. ii, 1269.

This species in company with Verbesina enceloides (Cav.) A.
Gray, is very common about the cane fields in the vicinity of
Lahaina, Maui.
C. N. F., Aug., 1910.

OC. p. B. P. B. M., Vol. IV., No. 5—3. L333 J

34 Director' s Annual Report.

ADDENDA.

ficoidp:ae.

Tetragonia expansa Murr.

'J\'tragoiiia iwpansa Murr., Comin. Getting., 1783, vi, 13.

Tetragonia /laliini/olia Forst., Prod. 1786, 39.

Tetragonia cornuta Gaertn., Fruct., 178S, ii, 483.

Tetragonia inermis F. Mull., Linnaea., 1852, xxv, 384.

Tetragonia qnadricornis Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med., (?), iii, 127.

This plant, generally known as the New Zealand Spinach
was collected on the beach near Makapu point on Oahu. This is
one of the localities where logs from the north-west coast of
America are washed on to the beach. The plant is rather widely
distributed on the shores of the Pacific, and has been cultivated
in Europe.
C. N. F., no. 1406. O.

COMPOSITAE.

Senecio vulgaris L.

Senecio vulgaris L., Sp. PL, 1753, 867.

The groundsel probabl}- occurs on all the islands. It gener-
ally grows in partly forested sections. There are specimens in the
herbarium from Maui, Hawaii and Oahu.
C. N. F., nos. 202. M. and 1695. O.

[334]

INDEX TO VOLUME IV.

The pagination of the vohime will be found at the bottom of the page.
An asterisk denotes that the species or article is figured.

Abudefduf amabilis, 54.

behnii, 53.

caesio*, 53.

coelestinus, 52.

Jordani*, 53.

leucopomus, 54.

multifasciatus, 53.

saxatilis, 54.

septemfasciatus, 53.

sordidus, 53.

taupo. 54.

uniocellatus, 54.

zonatus, 55.
Abutilon sp. (2), 329.
Acanthochromis polj'acanthus, 55.
Acanthurus garretti. 67.

unicornis, 67.
Acridotheres tristis, 147.
Acrostichum calomelanos, 324.
^strelata sandwichensis, 137.
Alauda arvensis. 147.
Albula vulpes, 5.
Alticus saliens, 88.
Amakihi, 160.
Amaranthus spinosus, 324.
Amblyapistus taenianotus, S3,
Amia aniboinensis, 32.

aroubiensis, ^t,.

novemfasciata, 32.

savayensis, 33.
Anagallis arvensis, 330.
Anampses cseruleopunctatus, 55.
Anas wyvilliana, 144.
Anethrum fceniculum, 330.
Anguilla megastoma, 5.
Anomalops palpebratus, 20.
Anona cherimolia, 326.
Antennarius commersonii, 89.

hispidus, 89.

Antennarius leutescens*, S9.
Apapane, 15S.
Apium amnii, 329.

leptophj'llum, 329.

petroselinum, 330.
Arenaria rubra, 325.
Asio accipitrinus sandwichensis, 146.
Atherina lacunosa, 15.
Attendance of visitors, 1907, 100.

1908, 182.

1909, 233.

1910, 305.

Auku killed by mongoose, 145.
Aulostomus valentini, 17.
Australian coll., W. R. Castle. 235.
Awaous crassilabris, 84.
puntangoides, 84.

Balistes bursa, 73.

capistratus, 74.

chrj'sopterus, 73.

flavimarginatus, 73.

fuscus, 73.

niger, 73.

vidua, 73.
Balistapus aculeatus, 74.

rectangulus, 74.

undulatus, 74.

verrucosus, 74.
Belonc annulata, 12.

platura, 12.
Blackman, L. G., resigns, 93.
Bone house at Moanalua, 130.
Borabora petroglyphs. 294.
Botanical accessions, 1909, 231.

1910, 305.
Brassica campestris, 326.
Brighan, \V. T.:—

Annual Report, 1907, 93.
[335] (35)

36

Inde:

Brigham, W. T.:—

190S, 179.

1909, 227.

1910. 303.
Curved adzes, 255.

Brj-an, W. A.:—

almost drowned, 150.

Birds of Molokai, 133.

departs, 93.

hunts the uau, 137.
Buda marina, 325.
Buddleia asiatica, 330.

Csesalpinia sappan, 327.
Caesio cterulaiireus, 44.

lunaris, 44.
Ctesio teres*, 45.
Callyodon balinensis, 60.

bata\'iensis, 60.

celebicus, 60.

cyanognathus, 60.

dimidiatus, 60.

dubius, 59.

dussumieri, 62.

erythrodon, 62.

fasciatus, 62.

lacerta, 60.

lepidus, 60.

macrocheilus, 60.

moensi, 63.

oviceps, 63.

pentazonus, 60.

pyrrhostethus, 60.

quoyi, 62.

strongylocephalus, 60.

ultramarinus*, 63.

unicolor, 60.

waitei*, 60.
Cauthigaster compressus, 79.

solandri, 79,
Caranx forsteri, 32.

lugvibris, 32.

nielampygns, 32.
Carcharias sorrah, 4.
Cardvius lanceolatus, 332.
Carpodacus mexicanus, 148.

Cartwright, B. Jr., loans collection,

309-
Carved stone lamp, 127.
Cassia chamaecrista, 327.

laevigata, 327.
Casts of fishes, 113.
Cephalopholis argus, 34.

miniatus, 35.

urodelus, 34.
Ceremony at taking of fish, 210.
Ceropteris calomelanos, 324.

chrysophylla, 324.
Cestrum diurnum, 331.
Chtetodon auriga, 64.

citrinellus, 65.

ephippium, 65.

flavirostris, 64.

gahhm, 66.

lineolatus, 64.

Ivinula, 64.

ornatissimus, 65.

pelewensis, 64.

reticiilatus, 65.

seme ion, 65.

setifer, 64.

ulietensis, 64.

nnimaculatus, 65.

vagabundus, 64.
Cheilinus digrammus, 58.

fasciatus, 58.

trilobatus, 59.
Cheilio inermis, 57.
Chlorodrepanis kalaana, ]6o.
Chcerops macrodon, 55.
Chromis axillaris, 55.

c^eruleus, 55.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, 333.
Cirsium lanceolatum, 332.
Cnicus lanceolatus, 332.
Conchological accessions, 1907, 104,

1908, 186.

1909, 231.

1910, 304.

Connelly collection, 228, 235.
Convolvulus peltatus, 331.
Cooke, C. M.: Accessions of Pulmo-
nata, 231.
[336]

Index.

37

Coris annulatus, 57.

ayula, 56.

caudimaculatus, 57.
Coryphopterus criniger, 84.
Corythroichthys sealei, 17.

waitei, 17.
Crepis japonica, 323.
Crotalaria saltiana, 327.

sericea, 327.

spectabilis, 327.

striata, 327.
Ctenochsetus striatus, 67.
Curved adzes, Brigham, 255.
Cj'pselurus oligolepis, 15,

tahitensis*, 13.

Dascyllus aruanus, 55.

melanurus, 55.
Deleastes daector*, 81.
Deverill collection purchased, 99.

list of, 183.
Director's report, 1907, 93.

1908, 179.

1909, 227.
1810, 303.

Dole, S. B., leaves the Board, 179.
Drepanorhamphus funereus, 14S.
Drymaria cordata, 325.

Echidna amblyodon, 12.

polyzona, 12.
Eleotris fusca, 84.
Emilia flammea, 333.
Epibulus insidiator, 55.
Epilobium billardierianum, 329.
Epinephelus caeruleopunctatus, 36.

corallicola, 35.

dsemelii, 36.

fasciatus, 36.

maculatus, 35.

merra, 35.

pachycentrus, 36.

undulosus, 35.

zapyrus*, 36.
Erodium cicutariuni, 328.
Erysimum officinale, 326.

Erythrtea centaurium, 330.
Ethnological accessions, 1907, loi.
1908, 183.

^909, 235-

1910, 306.
Eupatorium sp., 333.
Euphorbia rockii*, 214.
Europterygius xanthopterus, 11.
Exchange lists, 1907, no.

1908, 196.

1909, 251.

1910, 320.
Exocarpus luteolus*, 296.
Exoccetus volitans, 15.

Fish ponds, 199, 207.
Fish traps, Stokes, 199.
Fish weirs, 199.

possible origin, 206.
Fishing b}' weirs, 199, 206.
Fishing, superstitions, 209, 211,
Fistularia depressa, 17.

petimba, 17.
Fleminga abrupta, 328.

bracteata, 328.

fruticulosa, 328.

strobulifera, 328.
Fceniculum vulgare, 330.

foeniculum, 330.
Foot-prints cut in stone, 278, 286, 2S9.
Forbes, Chas. X.: —

Appointed, 179.

New plants, I, 213.

New plants, II, 296.

Naturalized plants, 323.

report herbarium, 305.
Forcipiger longirostris, 64.
Fornander, Stokes index to, iSo.
Fregata aquila, 144.
Fulica alai, 145.

Gallinula sandvicensis, 145.
Gentiana centaurium, 330.
Geological specimens, 237.
Geranium carolinianum, 329.
cicutarium, 328.

[337]

3S

Index.

Gnathodentex aurolineatus, 45.
Gobius oligolepis, 84.

ornatus, 84.
Gomphosus tricolor, 58.
Grammistes sexfasciatus, 38.
Gj'mnogranima calomelanos, 324.
Gymnogrammc calomelanos, 324.
Gymnothorax chalazius, 10.

detactus, 6.
Gymnothorax favagineus, 7.

flavomarginatus, 9.

marquesensis*, 10.

nebulosus, 6.

nubilis, 7.

pictus, 6.

rhodocephalus, 6.

tahitensis*, 7.

tenebrosus, 7.

thyrsoideus, 9.

zonipectis*, 7.

Halichcerts centiquadrus, 56.

modestus, 56.

notopthalmus, 56.

scapularis, 56.

solorensis, 56.

trimaculatus, 56.
Halophylla ovalis, 324.

ovata, 324.
Hawaiian petroglyphs, 257, 284.
Heliosciadium leptophyllum, 329.
Hemigymnus melapterus, 55.
Hemiramphus affinis, 13.

australensis*, 12.

commersoni, 13.

eclancheri, 13.

melanurus, 13.

platurus, 13.
Heniochus chrysostomus, 65.

permutatus, 65.
Hepatus achilles, 66.

elongatus, 66.

guttatns, 67.

lineatus, 66.

nigricans, 66.

olivaceus, 66.

triostegus, 66.

Hesperomannia Ij'dgatei*, 220.
Higgins, MissE. B., appointed Libra-
rian, 304.
Hilo petroglyphs, 278.
Himantopus knudseni, 145.
Himatione sanguinea, 158.
Hina, 203, 210.
Holacanthus cyanotis, 65.

diacanthus, 66.
Holacanthus flavissimus, 65.

imperator, 65.

lineolatus, 65.

loriculus, 65.

permutatus, 65.
Holocentrus diadema, 24.

diploxiphius, 24.

ensifer, 20.

lacteoguttatus, 20.

microstomus, 24.

opercularis, 24.

poecilopterus, 24.

praslin, 20.

punctatissimus, 24.

rubellio, 22.

spinifer, 20.

tiere, 24.

tiereoides, 20.

verticalis, 22.

Hologymnosus semidiscus, 57.

Holosteum cordatum, 325.
Hypochieris radicata, 333.

Insect collections, 298.
Ipomica cryseides, 331.

glaberrima, 331.

grandiflora, 331.

peltata, 331.

Julis pulcherima, 57.

Kakawahia, 164.
Kalaina wawae, 286.
Kamalalawalu, 259, 269, 273.
Kau petroglyphs, 273.
Kauai petroglj'phs, 257, 291.
Kaualua, Kauwalua, 130.
Kohala petroglyphs, 279.

[338]

Index.

39

Kona petroglyphs, 259.
Kuhlia nialo, 34.
taeniura, 34.
Kuula, 203, 209, 211.
Kj^phosus cinerascens, 47.

Lapsana communis, ^^n.
Lemna minor, 324.
Leontodon taraxicum, 333.
Lepidaplois axillaris, 55.
Leptecheneis flaviventris*, 83.
Lethrinus harak, 47.

leutjanus, 47.

mahsena, 47.

moensii, 47.
Leucanthemum vulgare, 333.

Librarj' accessions, 1907, 105.

1908, i'86.

1909, 238.

1910, 310.

Liliuokalani loans, relics of chiefs,

309-
Liza waigiensis, 15.
Lo vulpinus*, 71.
Loko, 199.

Lophortyx californica, 146.
Lutianus bengalensis, 43.

boliar, 44.

fulviflamma, 43.

fulvus, 40.

fuscescens, 43.

gibbus, 41.

marginatus, 41.

melanesice*, 43.

monostigma, 40.

nukuhivie*, 40.

russellii, 43.

semicinctus, 43.

tahitiensis*. 40.
Lysimachia longisepala*, 222.

Macropharyngodon meleagris, 56.
Malva caroliniana, 329.
Mapo soporator, 84.
Medicago apiculata 328.

denticulata, 328.
intertexta, ^28.

Megalops cyprinoides, 4.
Melilotus indica, 328.

minima, 328.

par\-ifiora, 32S.

regulosa, 328.
Merinthe haplodactyla, 79.
Micranous hawaiicnsis, 137.
Modiola caroliniana, 329.

multilida. 329.

Moho bishopi, 170.
Molokai birds, Bryan, 133.
Molokai petroglyphs, 257, 284, 290.
Momordica charantia, 332.
Monacanthus fatensis*, 74.

spilosomus, 75.
Monotaxis grandoculis, 46.
Moorings drilled in boulders, 273.
^loringua javanica, 12.
Mugil cephalus, 17.

kelaartii, 15.
Mulloides auriflamma, 48.

fiammeus, 48.

ruber, 48.

samoensis, 47.
Munia nisoria, 14S.
Mj'ripristis adustus, 26.

micropthalmus, 28.

murdjan, 26.

phseopus*, 28.

sanguineus*, 26.
Myxus leuciscus, 15.

New Hawaiian plants, Forbes, 213.
Nicotiana tabacum, 331.
Niihau petroglyphs, 293.
Xycticorax nycticorax nsevius, 145.

Oahu petroglj-phs, 257, 258, 290.
Odontogobius phakena, 84.
Olomao, 171.

Oreomystis fiammea, 164, 167".
Ornithological accessions, 1907, 103,
Ostracion auricauda", 77.

chryseres*, 75.

cornutum, 75.

dexteri*, 75.

[339]

40

Index.

Ostracion lentiginosum. 79.

renardi, 77.

sebae, 77.

tuberculatum, 77.
Ou, 166.

Pakule, 201.
Palmeria dolei, 158.
Pa makiawa, 201.
Paracanthistius maculatus, 35.
Paracirrhites forsteri, 51.
Paramia quinquelineata, 33.
Parapercis xanthozona, 86.
Pardachirus pavonius, 86.
Passiflora edulis, 329.

foetida, 329.
Pelor didactylura, 83.
Pempheris mangula, 32.
Pentapus vittatus, 46.
Periopthalmus barbarus, 84.
Petroglyphs, Borabora, 294.

cutting, 261.

Hawaii, 2575, 284.

Hilo, 278.

Kau, 273.

Kauai, 257, 291.

Kohala, 279.

Kona, Hawaii, 259.

Molokai, 257, 2S4, 290.

Niihau, 293.

Oahu, 257, 290.

Puna, 278.

vStokes, J. F. G., 257.

Tubuai, 293.
Petroscirtes rhinorhynchiis, S9.

tapeinosoma, 89.
Phseornis rutha*, 171.
Phaethon leptopus, 144.
Phallic emblem, 266.
Phallic stone 9 , loi.
Pharopterj^x nigricans, 38.
Phasianus versicolor, 146.

torquatus, 146.
Plantago lanceolata, 332.
Platax orbicularis, 63.
Platophrys mancus, 86.
Platyglossus marginatus, 56.

Plotosus anguillaris, 12.
Polycarpon tetraphyllum, 325.
Polydactylus plebeius, 18.
Pomacentrus cyanospilus, 52.

lividus, 52.

nigricans, 52.

notopthalmus, 52.

pavo, 52.

scolopsus, 52.

teinurus, 52.
Pomacentrus tripunctatus, 52.
Portulaca flava, 325.

lutea, 325.
Priacanthus cruentatus, 38.

hamrubr, 38.
Pristiapogon, koilomatodon, 33.

snyderi, 33.
Promethichthys pacilicus*, 28.
Prunella vulgaris, 331.
Pseudupeneus, aurantiacus, 48.

barberinus, 49.

bifasciatus, 51.

chryserj'dros, 51.

moana, 48.

pleurospilos, 51.

porphyreus, 51.
Psittirostra psittacea, 166.
Pterois antennata, 83.
Pueo nesting, 146.
PuiSnus newelli, 143.
Puna petroglyphs, 278.

Ouerimana crenilabris, 15.

Ranunculus hawaiiensis, 326.

mauiensis, 326.

parviflorus, 326.
Rhaphanus sativus, 326.
Relics of chiefs, 238, 309,
Reports, Director's, 1907, 93.

1908, 179.

1909, 227.

1910, 303.
Rosa sp., 327.

Rubus jamaicensis, 327.
Rumex acetosella, 324.
patentia, 325.

[340]

Index.

41

Salarias azureus*, 87.

csesius*, 88.

caudolineatus, 87.

coronarius, 86.

edentulus, 86.

hasselti, 84.

lineatus, 86.

marmoratus, 87.

meleagris, 86.
Salarias quadricornis, 86.

tubuensis*, 87.
Sardinella kunzei, 5.
Saurida gracilis, 5.
Scarichthj's auritus, 59.

cceruleopunctatus, 59.

rarotongse*, 59.
vSchupp, Miss E. —

appointed, 93, 98.

resigns May, 1910, 304.
vScolopsis, bilineata, 45.

monogramma, 45.

temporalis, 45.

trilineata, 45.
Scorpsena cooki, 79.
Scorpsenopsis qniescens, 80.
Sculpture in relief, Stokes, 221.
Scuticaria marmorata, 12.

tigrina, 11.
Seale, A., Fishes of S. Pacific, 3.
Sebastapistis, baillieui, 80.

guamensis, 80.

strongensis, 80.
Senecio vulgaris, 334.
Shark pen, 201, 212.
Sherardia ar\-ensis, 332.
Siganus doliatus, 69.
marmoratus, 71.
rostratus, 67.
shortlandensis*, 69.
striolatus, 69.
verrucosus, 69.
zoniceps*, 69.
Sison ammi, 329.
Sisymbrium officinale, 326.

Skylark common on Moloka
147.
Solanum sodomeum, ^^2.

Spergularia media, 325.

salina, 325.
Spheroides hypselogenion. 79.

oblongus, 79.
Sphj^raena goodingi*, 18.

obtusata, 18.
Spilopelia chinesis, 146.
Stethojulis casturi, 56.
Stokes, J. F. G.:—

Hawaiian Petroglyphs, 257.

Stone sculpture in relief, 121.

Walled Fish-traps of Pearl Har-
bor, 199.
Stolephorus delicatulus, 5.
Stone sculpture in relief, 121.
Sturtevant, H. F. dies, 93.
Superstitions of fishermen, 209, 211.
Swezey, O. H.: —

Insect collections in ^Museum, 298.

appointed, 93.
Synanceia, verrucosa, 81.
Synodus varius, 5.

Taraxicum dens-leonis, 333.

officinale, 333.
Terapon jarbua, 45.
Tetragonia cornuta, 334.

expansa, 334.

halimifolia, 334.

inermis, 334.

quadricornis, 334.
Tetraodon aerostaticus, 79.

immaculatus, 79.

lachrymatus, 79.

setosus, 79.
Thalassoma, aneitense, 57.

dorsale, 57.

duperrej'i, 57.

fuscum, 57.

lunare, 57.

punctatum, 57.

schwanefeldii, 57.

umbrostigma, 57.
Thalliums chlorourus, 58.
i, Thunbergia alata, 332.

aurantiaca, 332.
Tissa marina, 325.

[341]

42

Index.

Trachinocephalus mj'ops, 5.
Trifolium indicum, 328.

melilotus, 328.

repens, 328.
Toxotes jaculator, 63.
Trachurops crumenopthalmus, 30.
Trachyrhamphus sp., 17.
Tubuai petroglyphs, 293.
Tylosurus choram, 12.

giganteus, 12.

Uau, 137.

Upeneus vittatus, 51.

Uropterygius concolor, 11.

Viola helena*, 218.
oahviensis*, 216.
Walled Fish-traps, 199.
Westenelt, Rev. W. D., gives Mexi-
can antiquities, 304.

Xanthichthys, rivulatus, 73.
Xystsema argyreum, 51.
Yap money*, 102.

Zanclus canescens, 66.
Zebrasoma flavescens, 67.

veliferuin, 67.
Zinnia pauciflora, 333.

Variola louti, 35.
Vestiaria coccinea, 155.

L342]

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Ilillllil

3 2044 106 182

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