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Pian ye : le ae bs We ne i Saal y 7 “ ; vy ei _ , i ae OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES xX THE REPTILES OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH With One Hundred and Twenty-eight Plates Volume I. Liz ards SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY ~ “NOVEMBER 23, 1922 hitchhh lyicea Tr IAN 18 1993 s, by P onal AH t } i i i" \ THE REPTILES OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA An Account of the Species Known to Inhabit CALIFORNIA AND OREGON, WASHINGTON, IDAHO, UTAH, NEVADA, ARIZONA, BRITISH COLUMBIA, SONORA and LOWER CALIFORNIA BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH With One Hundred and Twenty-eight Plates Volume I. Lizards Lc af % ‘ \ 269057} SAN FRANCISCO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NOVEMBER 23, 1922 To one largely responsible for its completion this book is dedicated June 25, 1922. PREFACE The present work may be regarded as, in one sense, a second edition of an earlier volume, entitled “The Reptiles of the Pacific Coast and Great Basin.” At the time that publication was issued, knowledge of the reptiles of the western United States was very limited and had nowhere been brought together in such a way as to be readily avail- able. The earlier work was originally written as a herpe- tology of California, but, before publication, was enlarged to include, also, the reptiles of Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Nevada. The years which have past since this earlier work was published have added greatly to our knowledge. Partly on this account and partly because a large portion of the original edition was destroyed in the San Francisco con- flagration of 1906, it seems desirable to bring out a new volume covering much the same field. In doing so it has been thought best to enlarge the scope of the work by extending the geographical limits to include Arizona, Utah, Sonora, Lower California, the islands in the Gulf of California, and the Revilla Gigedos. Thus it will be seen that, while the present work is based upon the former one, it has been so much enlarged by the addition of other material as to considerably change its character. It is hoped that this will add to its usefulness. The following new names are proposed: Dipsosaurus carmenensis, Dipsosaurus catalinensis, Sauromalus slevim, and Uta slevini. The illustrations have been made from original photo- graphs taken by the author. With few exceptions, stated on 4 PREFACE the plates, these photographs are from living reptiles, and they, therefore, set forth something of the natural attitudes of the various species as well as many details of coloration and scale characters. The securing of living individuals of so many species, and the photographing of them, has in itself involved a vast amount of labor extending over many years. Some of these photographs have already been published in other papers on our western reptiles; others appear here for the first time. Two photographs have been contributed by friends, Miss S. R. Atsatt and Mr. W. O. Backus. This work is primarily based upon the collections in the California Academy of Sciences, which now number more than 46,000 specimens, but use has also been made of material belonging to Leland Stanford Junior University, the University of California, the United States National Museum, Harvard University, the University of Michigan, and the American Museum of Natural History. For the privilege of using these collections I wish to express my obligation to my friends, Doctors Charles H. Gilbert, John O. Snyder, Joseph Grinnell, Leonhard Stejneger, Thomas Barbour, Alexander G. Ruthven, G. K. Noble, and Mr. K. P. Schmidt. I also am indebted, for help in many ways, to my assistant, Mr. Joseph R. Slevin, who captured most of the living reptiles which have been photographed. My thanks are also extended to other friends too numerous to mention here. THE AuTHoR. San Francisco, California. February 1, 1922. GON WE N's VoLuME | PAGE NRO DU CLIO Nia Sige Nas NU ie ae ent eT Reptiles) Distinct from) Amphibians ANE Synopsis ote Clesses je os ae tee 21 ee 18 Groupsrot living! Reptiles ee 18 Reptiles'or, Western North America 2 HE Ema ikonds and Numi bern esc eee ees ee ee 18 Disthi Uti crip eee ate eee eel Be iReptiless of Californias eS aa Reptaleswor Ore pom ase ute esas Stee _ 24 Rentilesvots Washington sss 24 Reptiles) of, British Columbia 23 E25 Reptiles Oem dalop eee wee eee nS Reptiles ofp Nevadae=s eeenenee ne 26 Reptiles to; Wilteuli sicece Duets ee ee eee Reptiles of 1 Ariz mars oe oe ee Ae ei Se B29 ReptilesMor (Sonera 20 Us sete State oa A Reptiles of the Peninsula of Lower California__.._______ 33 Reptiles of the Islands of the Pacific Coast___________-_- 37 Reptiles of the Islands in the Gulf of California... 39 AY tel o fo) 1 nite) Mees Eee Ns eS OID LenS SINR Ve NGPA 42 Collecting-and) Preserving 0 42 | EDS 0 Eh 18 (0) 6117 Aa US Sas aR — 43 oir eee EEN Fe) OEE ge 43 MNVEcas ure ric rats ieee eee BUS a Eee 43 IA Tess ea fe 11's oe mee eB ee a 243 Glossary De Pe AN SETLEAE LAG, ee Reena RENEE een se Ss A 44 6 CONTENTS PAGE SYSLPEMATIC: DESCRIPTION 222 ee ee eee eee Class REPT ELTA: Se ee ea Order Ts SOU AINUATA xs 2 ee ee 48 Suborder Ty -Saursa. (haizards 28 2 Ae Family: 1.>°GExKONIDAD <8 ee ed 1. Phyllodactylus 22.2. a Eee 51 tuberculosus((Gubercular, Gecko) ee ee TT mnctus (Sani ‘ncany Gecko) sae 55 Family 2. Tiuseeee arpa ces | ese eee eee, / 2;, Coleonyx 3 2s ee ee eee 57 Variepatus: (BandediiGecko) i seas eS Family 3... ‘WG wily a ee ee 61 3. Ctenosaura ose 64 multispinus (Black Spiny-tailed Iguana)__.-_-_______ 64 hemilopha (San Lucan Spiny-tailed Iguana)_..-_-_»_E 4. Dipsosannns) oes ee ee Seka tree nee 7/') | dorsalis dorsalis(Northerni Crested Tizard!) == eee 73 lucasensis (San Lucan Crested Lizard).________ 78 carmenensis (Carmen Island Crested Lizard)__-_..___._______ 81 catalinensis (Catalina Island Crested Lizard) _.___________ 83 5, /Sauromaliis) eee ool ee eee ater, (Northern Chuckwalla) == 0 townsendi (Tiburon Island Chuckwalla) = 393 interbrachialis (Espiritu Santo Island Chuckwalla) —._--_-___ 95 slevini ¢(Slevin’s)|Chuckwalla) f= eee Ee ys hispidus. (Spiny Chuckwalla) === See OS varius (San Esteban Island Chuckwalla)_—..___ == pil 6: \Crotaphytus:: 2 ee ee 104 collaris baileyi (Western Collared Lizard) _—____ == 104 insularis (Angel Island Collared Lizard) ....-____ MS Wislizenin \(beopard | hizard) = ee 116 silus (Short-nosed Leopard Lizard)_...____»___s«d 28 TUM): 2s eo sae ao aC Ronee Bava nee set |}! notata ((Ocellated) Sand Wizard) = a az 82s Callisaurus! 22 ee eee eee ee 138 crinitus (Cope’s Gridiron-tailed Lizard).___________ «140 CONTENTS 7 Callisaurus (Continued) draconoides PAGE draconoides (San Lucan Gridiron-tailed Lizard) _.._______- — 142 carmenensis (Lower Californian Gridiron-tailed Lizard). 145 splendidus (Angel Island Gridiron-tailed Lizard)________ . 2 eee ee LY) DOs SPV esti coed oe = aaa ee skiltonianus ((Wresternsskink)) ose — 578 Japunensis: (San:Joucan Skink) == oy obsoletus ((Sonoran/Skink) == 589 futtulatus (White-spotted Skink) _. 594 Family 10, (BipepIbm 222 oe ee 597, 21. Buchirotes, 2 20s ee eT biporus,!((Belding’s) Mole: lizard) = 597 TNDEXM TOV OL Mi sce ee ee eee ees. CONTENTS 11 Vouume II. PAGE Suborder ID.” Serpentes, (Snakes) 2 soe ee a __ 623 amily 11. WerrotyprLopip ze sae oie 624 22 ea SlapOn OG OT eae 624 humilis((Westerny Worm Snake) ee = 1625 23. eptotyph'lops eee = 627 dulciss(Basterns Wormicnake) se ee 628 Frammilygal ep GID yee a a este eer etd _ 630 PY UIE ihe) ee ee 630 roseo Luscala (Gali fornia Oa) se 631 trivinpatam (San Lucan BOA) eee eee == 636 Dea lvar lm aig ee ea oe ee ee == 638 bottx botten(Pacihcen Rubber Snake) == 638 utahensis (Great Basin Rubber Snake)--.-____»______..__ 642 amilyele se CouuUpRID a oe oe a ee 644 ZO Diadopiisy eee oda eee ee OAT, amabilis (Western Ring-neck Snake)_---____ 648 repaliss (Sonoran) Ring-neck, Snake) 652 Disa EAC COL OC OT Me fase eer es see a ee 654 nasicus (Western Hog-nose Snake)_---___ ahs (OS 283\Coluber! .22 2 2 ee 1658 constrictor mormon (Western Yellow-bellied Racer)_._____-____ 6.60 flagellum piceus) (Western) Wiinponake) wes OOF: anthonyi (Clarion Island! Racer) ee 673 semilineatuss|(SOnOran | kCacel)) =e ee 075 Jateralise (California) Racer) — 678 barbouri (Espiritu Santo, Island’ Racer)— — 681 auriguluss (Cape San utcass Racer) se ee OSS teniatus taniatus (Western Striped Racer) O85 295 Salvadora = ee 688 hexalepis (Western Patch-nosed Snake) _____________-______--_. 688 3 Oem bby lor hiya clus eee see eee 692 browni (Brown’s Leaf-nosed Snake) _._ eee a E693) decurtatus (Lower California Leaf-nosed Snake) ——______ 695 12 CONTENTS 3 Blaphe tS ee ee ee es rosalize:|(Yellows Snake) ise 2 See ee eee ye chlorosoma: (Mexican Green'/Snake) =. 2 ee 32. Arizona) 1.22 ee ee eee = elegans (Hadedi¢Snake) == Se = 33... Pituophis! <2 oe ee catenifer catenifer ((Coast\Gopher|Snake)= os ee heermannin(ValleysGopheresnake) semen se ee annectens (San Diegan Gopher Snake)_-__»____ deserticolay(DesertuGophersonake) = stejneseni ((UitahyGopheriSnake) =e rutuluss (Arizona; Gopher onake) sss a vertebralis (Sani Tucan) Gopher snake) = ee 34. Lampropeltis 2s ee ee triangulum gentilis (Ringed King Snake) ee io pyromelana’ (Arizona King Snake) = eee zonatan( California, King Snake) eee eee getulus boylit ((Boyle’s: Milk Snake). = ee 35% 36. 7s Bos 39. yumensis (Desert, Milk iSriake)) ees eee conjuncta (San bucan Milk ‘Snake)=— splendida (Sonoran Milk Snake)_---_-____ californiz’ (California’ Milks Snake) = eee nitida (Lower California Milk Snake) —__...____ catalinensis (Catalina Island Milk Snake). = Contig, Saco a i See Se tenuis) \(Sharp-tailleds Snake) ee eee ee Rhinocheilus — feconter \(ong-nosed) Snake) === ze Ficim tay 2 ee eee ree = canay(Pug-nosedMonake)) ese cee meee amen 2 Ely psig lena) 22 te eee ae ochrorhynchus ochrorhynchus (Spotted Night Snake). = Natit on a see er ee ie ae sh valida, (Western Water onake) sss =e eee PAGE 697 707 715 719 725 729 733 Ti 740 743 746 748 752 757 760 763 765 767 769 771 773 774 779 CONTENTS 13 40. Dhamnophis, 222 A 787. sirtalis parietalis) (Prairies Garter Snake) ee se 792 concinnus (Northwestern Garter Snake) _....------_.. 795 internalisi: (Pacifics Garter onake) seen ee = 802 eques) ((White-bellied!' Garter Snake) 808 ordinoides ordinoides: (Puget ‘Garter’ Snake) a7) atratusa((Coast\Gartern omake) eee te eee 817 elegans} (Mountain: Garter ‘Snake).- — 824 vapransis((Wandering Garter, Snake) eS — 829 biscutatus) (Kamath) Garter’ /Snake) Me 834 couchii (GiantiGarter Snake) ee _ 838 hammondii (California Garter Snake) .__-_________ 843 Marcianuss(Viarcy?s)lGarterponake) se se _ 849 megalopsii(Mexican) (Garter Snake) = 852 angustirostris (Brown-spotted Garter Snake) _.__--___-__ — 855 Arley SON Oa eters Serene ee ee — 858 occipitalis! ((ricolor\Ground) Snake) = =7859 semiannulata) (Bicolor Ground Snake). 863 episcopal (Striped \Ground/Snake))/= 222 ee 866 AD AC Hilore risers y ee aaa SS ee 868 Cinctus) (Banaed: Burrowing, Snake)! eee _ 869 punctatissimus (Island Burrowing Snake) -—..---_-__»_____ 872 stramineus (Dotted Burrowing Snake) —_ 874 Joes) De Teg UD 1p essen eet eres ea ae SS ered ahs RE 875 esenin((Calitormia slants] a) =eenee er ee 876 nipriceps; (Sonoran anti] le) eS —————Ee 878 planiceps) (Lower California’ Tantilla) 2 880 wilcoxt (Arizona Lantilla) =e eee 882 445 pUrimorphodont tease 2 oe ee BS yrophanes) ([byre Snake) ee —.. 884 Bamilyalde / PCARRD AS oo 8s nde ai Ry 887 MS ce Mi cruar iste ae ee 888 euryxanthus)(Sonoran (Coral! Snake) =o ee 889 Fearn yar ti Sra Neve Rn pec 2 a ea et 891 A OSED y Areas) tee ee Sky platuras)(Bicolor)Seaj/Snake) 2 892 14 CONTENTS PAGE Pamily 16) ‘Croraciwz (2 ee Ss eee 893 The Poison Apparatus Ee — 894 ‘Whe! Naturetand Action of Venom== === eee ee aes ACY) ‘Treatmentof Snake: Bite-- = EEE — 901 47. Sisters, st i een catenatus edwardsii (Edwards Massasauga)_-—----—_--________-__- Se ONE 48. Crotalus, 2 eee 1908 molossus: ((Black=tailed, Rattlesnake) = ss ee SO atrox’ (Desert. Diamond Rattlesnake) = = = AOL4: tortugensis (Tortuga Island Diamond Rattlesnake) _—_____ _ 918 exsul (Red) Diamond (Rattlesnake)= lucasensis (San Lucan Diamond Rattlesnake) _—.-___ 2925 conflnentus: (Prairie Rattlesnake) = ee — 926 orepanus, (Pacific Rattlesnake) 2. == 930 enyo (Lower California Rattlesnake)________________ — 945 tipris: (Wiper Rattlesnake) i ae mitchellii (Bleached Rattlesnake) = RD cerastes *(Hlorned, Rattlesnake) == = 95/3 willardi «(Willard’s: Rattlesnake) =o lepidusa (Blues Ratthesiva ke) eee ee eee #96) price: «(Priceis' Rattlesnake) eee 963 Order TT, PEST UIDINA A, 2s ee 965 Family 17. KinosteRnipae 22 ee 966 49:7 Kanosternon, 2 ee ee 966 sonoriense’ (Sonoran Mud Turtle) = =1967 flavescens (Yellow-necked Mud Turtle) __...-________ — 920 Reinatly 1 8 WES EN Dia =e ee eee 972 BO} aC lemmiys 2s ee ee ee 3973 Marmorata, (Pacific: Merrapip) 2 _ 974 SHY ell of (ps1 S00 Ves ee 978 nebulosa (Lower California Turtle) _——_.._ EE 978 $2. \Chrysemys <2 a eee 980 marginata bellin (Western’ Painted, Turtle)== = _ 981 BS.) TL ekrapeme: 2 Oe ornata) (Ornate: Box Mortoise) = es SOs? Gophers sa ee oo red be eh Ee ==8986 agassiziy (Desert Dortoise) = or CONTENTS 15 PAGE amily 19-) Creron tty tee srt ie 993 552 Bretmochel ye): ses ee ee —- 994 squamosa (Pacific Tortoise-shell Turtle)__-_________ 995 565 (Chelona eee Sse ek aes CE ee wen tee 996 apassizily(haciicnGreens lurtle) sae eee —~ 996 Sif, Carcttay eee seca Ss ae ee ee ees ee a =998 olivacea: (Pacific Loggerhead Durtle)o 998 Ramulye2 0“ DER MOCHER ID (22 es ee ee ead os 999 USfs iu DD Yes uote MeN 6) a ee 1000 schlegelii (Pacific Leather-back Turtle). 1000 ) \ee An ee THE, REPTILES On WESTERN NORTH AMERICA INTRODUCTION The term reptile is popularly applied to all cold-blooded vertebrates other than fishes. Thus used, it includes two groups of animals which differ in many important respects. These are the amphibians and the reptiles proper; the former more closely allied to the fishes; the latter, to the birds. The typical amphibians, such as most frogs, toads, sala- manders, and newts, lay their eggs in the water, and the young, for a time, breathe by means of gills, very much as do the fishes. Later on, they undergo a metamorphosis, during which the gills and other larval characteristics dis- appear, the tadpole assumes the form and structure of its parents and emerges from the water to breathe air and spend a greater or less portion of its life on land. The skin of our amphibians is not provided with scales, but is smooth or warty, very glandular, and often covered with a slimy secretion. The true reptiles, such as alligators, turtles, lizards, and snakes, on the other hand, never lay their eggs in the water, even the marine species coming to land for this purpose. Their young never breathe by means of gills, but are hatched or born with the form and structure of the adult. The skin, except of some turtles, is covered with scales, and is dry, never slimy. There are, also, many anatomical and embryological dif- ferences between the two classes, but these need not be stated here. Our reptiles and amphibians may be distin- guished by the following 18 INTRODUCTION Synopsis oF CLAssEs a.—Anal opening transverse or round; skin furnished with scales (varying from large plates to minute granules); or, if skin smooth, tail and claws present and jaws without teeth. (Turtles, lizards, snakes, etc. ) Reptilia.—p. 48. a.—Anal opening longitudinal or round; skin smooth or warty, without scales; no claws.* (Frogs, toads, sala- manders, newts, waterdogs, tadpoles, etc.) Amphibia. Long ago, reptiles existed in greater numbers and more varied form than now. Many of them were of huge size. They lived not only on land and in water, but certain kinds had wings and flew through the air. The remains of these large and often grotesque creatures are found in the rocks. None of these reptilian monsters remains alive; only the smaller forms have survived. Living reptiles fall natur- ally into four groups. One of these contains but a single lizard-like animal, the Sphenodon of New Zealand, inter- esting to the morphologist because of its generalized struc- ture. The other three groups are numerously represented in the warmer portions of both the Old and New Worlds. They are: first, the alligators and crocodiles; second, the turtles; third, the lizards and the snakes. The alligators and crocodiles are of chiefly tropical and sub-tropical distribution, and do not enter the territory we are considering. The turtles are most numerous in moist regions, and, consequently, are represented on the Pacific Coast and in the Great Basin by few species. The lizards and snakes, on the contrary, find our warm, dry climate well adapted to their needs, and are very numerous. In the following pages there are admitted to the fauna of the states under consideration 232 species and subspecies of aA RT STS RE DEAS SA Ee DET Tips of digits sometimes horny. DISTRIBUTION 19 reptiles, belonging to 58 genera, 20 families, and two orders. Of these, 11 are turtles, 134 are lizards, and 87 are snakes. While it is probable that the areas occupied by no two of these species have exactly the same geographical limits, yet the ranges of certain species are, in a general way, conter- minous with those not only of other reptiles but of other kinds of animals and plants as well. Thus, if we map out the areas occupied by the different kinds of mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, plants, etc., we find that the boun- daries of the ranges of many species are nearly coincident, so that in one area we have certain genera and species asso- ciated, while more or less closely related kinds inhabit ad- joining districts. From such study of its animals and plants temperate North America has been divided into a number of life zones, each of which may be subdivided into minor areas technically known as Faunas. The life zones of western North America, with which the student of reptiles is concerned, are chiefly those now usu- ally called the Lower Sonoran, the Upper Sonoran and the Transition zones. These zones differ in temperature, in vegetation and in animal life. The Lower Sonoran Zone in California includes the great desert areas of the southeastern portion of the state, the lower, hotter parts of the San Joaquin Valley, and small areas farther west. This zone also embraces a large part of Arizona, most of Lower California, and parts of Nevada and Utah. The Upper Sonoran Zone in California includes the foot- hill regions and lower mountains, most of the valleys west of the Lower Sonoran Zone, and the southern coast and islands. It extends into the northwestern part of Lower California, and reappears in other states where conditions of temperature are similar. 20 INTRODUCTION The Transition Zone is one of cooler climate. It there- fore occurs on higher levels in the mountains and along the northern coast. Owing to the great variation in topography and the in- fluence of a cool ocean current, with resultant winds and fogs, the life zones, particularly in California, often have very irregular outlines. Each of these zones may be divided into minor units, technically known as Faunas. These also, doubtless, are dependent for their origin upon certain climatic differences, probably largely of humidity. Each of these Faunas is characterized by the presence of certain species which do not live in the others, and the ab- sence of other species peculiar to the adjoining areas. Other species, though not restricted to one, conform more or less closely to the geographical limits of two or more of these life areas. Our knowledge of the distribution of reptiles is still so imperfect as to leave much to be desired. The following lists show, in a general way, the known dis- tribution of the various species and subspecies. The desert is Lower Sonoran; the southern coast and valleys are, in the main, Upper Sonoran; the northern coast and Sierra Nevada are Transition. 21 CALIFORNIA REPTILES spurysy HH KAM HK qu0s9q ee x Sees ee 38807 us2y3n0g SATIVA teeserseeeeeesss ceidiourd snjouoyssasy Feet eeeeeeeeee ne neg ur ttt Bos sete e eee erences esses sgoumysdged srretss ets: sees eteeeeeseers eegrpquody fortes ets teense eeees 2 veeee ee umraurerq mppaureyq. cot **tIsse]3nop usse[snop ewosoudsyg settee eee eeeeee tere eeer ets © aQgnoto : wees ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeees sss y93gI8BUr feet eee een eeee eee rereeeeess stygag Saas Se) 7.02) eee ewe nee sereseogngeniasiq “ott tsttes ceeecetes +++ *SifezUapIoIo SITeJUapIIIO ** "8" ***snueiginquapura eae eee wee eee eae * + siplovs3 snso1oes3 snsodoja9g seeetsersseetguadsay ctrttttsstt te seteeeeeeeeeesguegaa crttettesss res ****euElInqsuv3s eURLINgsuEys *** vheeteeesstpsoroesa *** seeeeeereceores porjauids BIBUIO eae fete e eases reese ereree es ctguTBaUl BI) oo" SITBIQUIA SITPIJUIA SMINESIT[ED teeeeesreessseypjoU BUA tote eeeeeeeeseognnig creteereses te eeeeeeeesnuazysta tretestssss teres srKoqieg siiejjoo snjzAydeio17 reese 39qB snpeWoINEs treseeeeess-Siressop SITesiop sninesosdiq, eee eee ee cere ere eres secessssssrocorcccosccccocors SniBAaieA XAUOI{O) spew eeeresesterereeeeseeseeseeeesersseee teeeereesesses -engornosaqn3 snpA3oepor]Ayg ” * 3SE0R EpEAgNy wssyyON | e225 SHIOadSANs GNV SaIOddS SATILdAY NVINUOAITVZ) 10 NOILNEIYLSIC, “gt “Lt INTRODUCTION 22 Aid ei ieee iy x eee eenee x x sete renee x . ceccclorcececees eee ceeccerleresereees x eee eeees ns es ceeleceveeces see eeeee eee eens ee eeeee wee eeeee x wee ee eee eee eens se ceeeee eeeees x es . . x x x oes : oe os ae. sees x wee eee elen sane .. see anes oe wee eeeens x x eee ceeeves eee e ec eeesfecececece see eeeee x see covelesececrces x seen eeceeees x x ea eceee ee eeeee x a as x x x x x sie hay x x x x ees ee ea x x x eee ereeee x x seer Ae eee eee see e wees x eeccenee eet enes eee veees ee eeeee se eecccoeale sees x Sees (a se eeeee x sae e ee eee x eeeeeee x es ees ee Sees eee eee eecens se eeeeee x acne eeeeee Bes reer ar . oe seen eee x . .. x x ee accceee seeee x x ee eecees spurysy 3seoy 3sv0+y EPeaany 43 ed us2y3N0g ursyqON | eB1I2Ig eee ee eee sereeeessssspypuoz siyjadoidwey tie ie sieiseeie sie cesesees +++ *grosmgasap *o00 so Rpnnehon bees esse ee +s guaqzquue “ 'luuBUaay ** *dosluazes Jastuajzes s1ydonzg SES OS ae surgaja vuozuy “ss snjejinoap snysudysoypAyg sees ee a es seteees ssidarexay BIOPLAIES trateiaiese! : Seine eeeenen snqvjua) snjetuay «°° naribie ees “+ -gupsaqey ttt “see ssnaoid unyjasey UOUIIOUL 10}9143SuU0d Jaqnjo; sess siiqeue siydopeiq Fr teerseeessesssanjog ay30g BUYS Toeeeeserees es sposnjoasol BINUBYNT ve rtseeeessesess-guruny Uopouosers sreteseseess*ssnupluoj[lys UOPOlsatg “*s 19ulpjaq wayzsadAy visvoiz494 “yoBaufays “resttees eee e eee eieietes snpunw sdiessiere Pisiaceneieze‘eieisionel eleieieyy SNje]]asSa3 SNze[[asse] snioydopiwaus Feeio este ie ses teeter eseree sees pUBISHoALd *IMeysuay **SI[IZIA BISNUBY "Big ssi sree spgugtnd erypaiuuy as seed ence oeeeeseecescses Se oHaqom setts tee tenes 3 Aa **epneoioulos epneoiouios ******* Byes Bele eax e alas 6y\slacaye ote /A$x0)a/s/asekehe/etsve/e ach savas o7s secnetneecs * owed siejsteraieieietelsie:sie/s shapnsad snjJouoYyssas SHIOadSHNS GNV SH1IDadS penuljuoy)—SsaTIilday NVINUYOAITVD JO NOILAGIULSIC, CALIFORNIA REPTILES adatyos shfayoouseq **hzIssede snsaydor vos eqerourie sAWIU2TS "*** *3sualiouos UOUId}SOULYy ae gojsvioo *¢re* . eee twee wees Gir BORISCS sss *sonupSaqo ttt OBOE cee) Fee eeeeee ses squgsia ByaURy, “'sgnjould snostuauoyIys ee edoosida ee eeee stresses ssieztdi920 BOU0g cOUDAGOCUGOO snueiosew ‘ipuowwey 7" eter cucvons TYINOD htt tst es eee eeeeee imndoo pode poUOOdUbOGG sees egBISBA Coe etttes cece eeeeees SOAR OCHOO DAUD AD DOGOORO snqeynasiq *o7tttet reteset fo A “*suedapa °° brelevele Sannnau cee e eee eeerongpaqy cttttt ese teen eeeeees sa gocaDODUDOS +++ *sapiourpso sapiourpso “759th eharsveislatricieiavelefeteisioisiers teeee ees egupuggyur tsetse tee eeeteees : ze s sie , ***snuurouod siyeqis stydouwey 7 srres*ssnysuxyioryso BuapsisdApy eheaehenerele ates 19}U0Dd3] SNIaYy.ourYyYy adnnosnce +e +++ sinuaa BuO} **aBrusojied °° °° sisuatnk *c ots s coos tees x ee ee SRD O TT 7. R0fs] sn[njo8 s1jadoidwieT BT -Tol@) ystoy Epeagny usay3NOG us9ayzION, B1IIIS SATE A, SHIOaddSaNS ANV SdIOddS penunuo)—saTilday NVINYOIITVD AO NOILNGIALsI 24 INTRODUCTION The known reptiles of Oregon are: 1. Crotaphytus collaris baileyi 2. Crotaphytus wislizenii 3. Uta stansburiana scansburiana 4. Sceloporus graciosus graciosus 5. Sceloporus graciosus gracilis 6. Sceloporus occidentalis occidentalis 7. Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus 8. Phrynosoma douglassii douglassii 9. Phrynosoma platyrhinos 10. Gerrhonotus principis 11. Gerrhonotus scincicauda scincicauda 12. Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus 13. Plestiodon skiltonianus 14. Charina bottz bottz 15. Diadophis amabilis 16. Coluber constrictor mormon 17. Coluber teniatus teniatus 18. Pituophis catenifer catenifer 19. Pituophis catenifer heermanni 20. Contia tenuis f 21. Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus 22. Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis 23. Thamnophis ordinoides ordinoides 24. Thamnophis ordinoides biscutatus 25. Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans 26. Crotalus oreganus 27. Clemmys marmorata 28. Chrysemys marginata bellii The following reptiles have been reported from Wash- ington: 1. Sceloporus graciosus gracilis 2. Sceloporus occidentalis occidentalis — WASHINGTON—IDAHO REPTILES 25 Phrynosoma douglassii douglassii Phrynosoma platyrhinos Gerrhonotus principis Gerrhonotus scincicauda scincicauda Plestiodon skiltonianus Charina botte bottz Coluber constrictor mormon Pituophis catenifer catenifer Pituophis catenifer stejnegeri ? Contia tenuis Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus Thamnophis ordinoides ordinoides Thamnophis ordinoides biscutatus . Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans Crotalus oreganus Clemmys marmorata Chrysemys marginata bellii The reptiles known from British Columbia are: ae ee ao ee ee Sceloporus occidentalis occidentalis Gerrhonotus principis Plestiodon skiltonianus Charina bottz botte Coluber constrictor mormon Pituophis catenifer catenifer Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus Thamnophis ordinoides ordinoides Thamnophis ordinoides biscutatus Crotalus oreganus Clemmys marmorata The reptiles known from Idaho are: E: Crotaphytus collaris baileyi 2. Crotaphytus wislizenii 26 INTRODUCTION 3. Uta stansburiana stansburiana 4. Sceloporus graciosus graciosus 5. Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus 6. Phrynosoma douglassii ornatissimum 7. Phrynosoma platyrhinos 8. Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus 9. Plestiodon skiltonianus 10. Charina botte utahensis 11. Coluber constrictor mormon 12. Coluber teniatus teniatus 13. Pituophis catenifer stejnegeri ? 14. Rhinocheilus lecontei 15. Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis 16. Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus 17. Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans 18. Crotalus confluentus 19. Crotalus oreganus The following species and subspecies of reptiles have been found in Nevada: — . Coleonyx variegatus Dipsosaurus dorsalis dorsalis Sauromalus ater Crotaphytus collaris baileyi Crotaphytus wislizenii Callisaurus ventralis ventralis Callisaurus ventralis myurus Uta ornata symmetrica? SOO? SON Ses Uta graciosa 10. Uta stansburiana stansburiana 11. Sceloporus graciosus graciosus 12. Sceloporus graciosus gracilis 13. Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus 14. Sceloporus magister 1S. 16. Wie 18. 12: 20. 21. 22. 23s 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Zo: 30. St. 32. 30. 34. 35. 36. Si NEVADA—UTAH REPTILES Phrynosoma douglassii ornatissimum Phrynosoma platyrhinos Heloderma suspectum Xantusia vigilis Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus Plestiodon skiltonianus Charina botte bottz Coluber constrictor mormon Coluber flagellum piceus Coluber teniatus tzeniatus Salvadora hexalepis Pituophis catenifer deserticola Lampropeltis getulus boylii Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus ochrorhynchus Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis Thamnophis ordinoides elegans Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans Thamnophis ordinoides couchii Sonora semiannulata Crotalus oreganus Crotalus tigris Crotalus cerastes Gopherus agassizii 27 The known reptiles of Utah are included in the follow- ing list: I. OO FST ON Pa tea oo te Coleonyx variegatus Sauromalus ater Crotaphytus collaris baileyi Crotaphytus wislizenii Callisaurus ventralis ventralis Holbrookia maculata approximans ? Uta levis Uta stansburiana stansburiana 28 INTRODUCTION 9. Sceloporus graciosus graciosus 10. Sceloporus consobrinus 11. Sceloporus elongatus 12. Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus 13. Sceloporus magister 14. Phrynosoma douglassii ornatissimum 15. Phrynosoma platyrhinos 16. Heloderma suspectum 17. Cnemidophorus gularis 18. Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus 19. Plestiodon skiltonianus 20. Plestiodon obsoletus ? 21. Charina bottz utahensis 22. Diadophis regalis ? 23. Coluber constrictor mormon 24. Coluber flagellum piceus 25. Coluber teniatus teniatus 26. Salvadora hexalepis 27. Pituophis catenifer stejnegeri 28. Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis 29. Lampropeltis pyromelana 30. Lampropeltis getulus boylii 31. Rhinocheilus lecontei 32. Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus ochrorhynchus 33. Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis 34. Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans 35. Sonora semiannulata 36. Tantilla nigriceps 37. Micrurus euryxanthus 38. Crotalus oreganus 39. Crotalus cerastes 40. Kinosternon flavescens 41. Gopherus agassizii ARIZONA REPTILES The reptiles of Arizona are: — —y Dow bw Ne S&S NO NY i WWWNNNDND NY NK SOW DOHNHNYM Ww oe eS Se Ot oS ee OH NAAR HN Coleonyx variegatus Ctenosaura multispinis ? Dipsosaurus dorsalis dorsalis Sauromalus ater Crotaphytus collaris baileyi Crotaphytus wislizenii Uma notata Callisaurus ventralis ventralis Holbrookia maculata approximans Holbrookia texana . Uta ornata symmetrica . Uta graciosa Uta stansburiana elegans Sceloporus scalaris . Sceloporus graciosus graciosus Sceloporus consobrinus Sceloporus elongatus Sceloporus jarrovii Sceloporus poinsettii Sceloporus magister . Sceloporus clarkii . Phrynosoma douglassii ornatissimum . Phrynosoma douglassii hernandesi Phrynosoma solare . Phrynosoma cornutum . Phrynosoma platyrhinos . Phrynosoma m’callii . Phrynosoma modestum Gerrhonotus kingii . Heloderma suspectum . Cnemidophorus perplexus Cnemidophorus gularis . Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus Cnemidophorus melanostethus 29 30 PY 36. Jf 38. Oo: 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49, 50. oh. 52. 53. 54. Joy 56. a7. 58. 52. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. INTRODUCTION Plestiodon obsoletus Plestiodon guttulatus Siagonodon humilis Leptotyphlops dulcis Lichanura roseofusca Diadophis regalis Heterodon nasicus Coluber flagellum piceus Coluber semilineatus Coluber teniatus teniatus Salvadora hexalepis Phyllorhynchus browni Phyllorhynchus decurtatus Elaphe chlorosoma Arizona elegans Pituophis catenifer rutilus Lampropeltis pyromelana Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis Lampropeltis getulus boylii Lampropeltis getulus yumensis Lampropeltis getulus splendida Rhinocheilus lecontei Ficimia cana Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus ochrorhynchus Thamnophis eques Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans Thamnophis marcianus Thamnophis megalops Thamnophis angustirostris Sonora occipitalis Sonora semiannulata Sonora episcopa Chilomeniscus cinctus Tantilla nigriceps Tantilla wilcoxi 70. We 72. TER 74. 1p 76. Wile 78. IEF 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. ARIZONA—SONORA REPTILES 31 Trimorphodon lyrophanes Micrurus euryxanthus Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii Crotalus molossus Crotalus atrox Crotalus confluentus Crotalus oreganus Crotalus tigris Crotalus mitchellii Crotalus cerastes Crotalus willardi Crotalus lepidus Crotalus pricei Kinosternon sonoriense Kinosternon flavescens Chrysemys marginata bellii Terepene ornata Gopherus agassizii Reptiles from Sonora mentioned in the following pages are: Oe ONION diet a — Coleonyx variegatus Dipsosaurus dorsalis dorsalis Sauromalus townsendi ? Crotaphytus collaris baileyi Crotaphytus wislizeni Uma notata Callisaurus inusitatus Holbrookia maculata approximans Holbrookia elegans Holbrookia texana *® The following tropical species are not included in the present work although speci- mens from Guaymas, Sonora, are in the National Museum at Washington: 50. 51. §2- Constrictor imperator. Oxybelis acuminatus. Trimorphodon lambda. 32 Lh: 2. Re 14. 15. 16. lve 18. 17: 20. Zh. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. ye 28. 29. 30. 3 1 32. SRE 34. 35% 36. 37. 38. 39: 40. 41. 42. 43. 44, 45. INTRODUCTION Uta ornata lateralis Uta ornata symmetrica Uta stansburiana elegans Sceloporus scalaris Sceloporus consobrinus Sceloporus jarrovii Sceloporus torquatus poinsettii Sceloporus magister Sceloporus clarkii Phrynosoma douglassii hernandesi Phrynosoma ditmarsi Phrynosoma solare Phrynosoma goodei Phrynosoma m’callii Phrynosoma modestum Heloderma suspectum Gerrhonotus kingii Cnemidophorus gularis Cnemidophorus melanostethus Siagonodon humilis Diadophis regalis Heterodon nasicus Coluber flagellum piceus Coluber semilineatus Salvadora hexalepis Lampropeltis getulus yumensis Lampropeltis gentulus splendida Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus ochrorhynchus Thamnophis eques Thamnophis marcianus Sonora semiannulata Chilomeniscus cinctus Micrurus euryxanthus Hydrus platurus Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii SONORA—LOWER CALIFORNIA REPTILES 33 46. Crotalus atrox 47. Kinosternon sonoriense 48. Gopherus agassizii 49. Dermochelys schlegelii Lower California seems to comprise four chief areas of reptile distribution. These are: First, the Cape Region, north to about La Paz, in which there is practically an in- sular fauna which includes representatives of tropical, Lower Sonoran, and Upper Sonoran zones; second, the cen- tral portion of the peninsula, chiefly Lower Sonoran; third, the northwestern portion of the peninsula, a part of the San Diegan Fauna of the Upper Sonoran Zone; fourth, the northeastern portion of the peninsula, which is a southward extension of the Colorado Desert and is Lower Sonoran. The reptiles of Lower California, not including the islands of the west coast and of the Gulf of California, are: Phyllodactylus tuberculosus Phyllodactylus unctus Coleonyx variegatus Ctenosaura hemilopha Dipsosaurus dorsalis dorsalis Dipsosaurus dorsalis lucasensis Sauromalus ater Sauromalus interbrachialis Crotaphytus collaris baileyi Crotaphytus wislizenii . Uma notata Callisaurus crinitus Callisaurus draconoides draconoides Callisaurus draconoides carmenensis Callisaurus ventralis ventralis Holbrookia maculata approximans ? Uta thalassina er ee ee ee ee ee SCY Gases Co Ir SOGOU SION: Cai Oo 34 18. 1. INTRODUCTION Uta repens Uta mearnsi (Uta ornata symmetrica) * Uta graciosa Uta nigricauda Uta microscutata Uta stansburiana elegans Uta stansburiana hesperis Sceloporus graciosus vandenburgianus Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus Sceloporus magister Sceloporus rufidorsum Sceloporus zosteromus Sceloporus orcutti Sceloporus licki Phrynosoma coronatum Phrynosoma blainvillit blainvillu Phrynosoma solare Phrynosoma platyrhinos (Phrynosoma m/’callii)* Gerrhonotus multicarinatus Gerrhonotus scincicauda webbii Anniella pulchra Xantusia vigilis Xantusia gilberti Cnemidophorus maximus Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus Cnemidophorus tessellatus stejnegeri Cnemidophorus bartolomas Cnemidophorus rubidus Verticaria hyperythra hyperythra Verticaria hyperythra beldingi Verticaria hyperythra schmidti Plestiodon skiltonianus *Not yet collected, but almost certain to be found. 50: Sih 52. 53s 54. EE 56. Sie 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. title 72. oe 74. tee 76. Ti. 78. LOWER CALIFORNIA REPTILES 35 Plestiodon lagunensis Euchirotes biporus Siagonodon humilis Lichanura roseofusca Lichanura trivirgata Coluber flagellum piceus Coluber lateralis Coluber aurigulus Salvadora hexalepis Phyllorhynchus decurtatus Elaphe rosaliz Arizona elegans Pituophis catenifer annectens (Pituophis catenifer deserticola )* Pituophis vertebralis Lampropeltis getulus boylii Lampropeltis getulus conjuncta Lampropeltis getulus yumensis Lampropeltis californiz Lampropeltis nitida Rhinocheilus lecontei Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus ochrorhynchus Natrix valida Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans Thamnophis ordinoides hammondii (Thamnophis marcianus)* Sonora episcopa (Sonora occipitalis)* Chilomeniscus cinctus Chilomeniscus stramineus Tantilla planiceps (Tantilla eiseni)* Trimorphodon lyrophanes * Not yet collected, but almost certain to be found. 36 INTRODUCTION (Hydrus platurus)* (Crotalus atrox)* 79. Crotalus exsul 80. Crotalus lucasensis 81. Crotalus oreganus 82. Crotalus enyo 83. Crotalus mitchellii 84. Crotalus cerastes (Clemmys marmorata)* (Gopherus agassizii)* 85. Pseudemys nebulosa 86. Eretmochelys squamosa 87. Chelonia agassizii 88. Caretta olivacea The distribution of the reptiles of the islands of the west- ern coast of North America, and of the islands of the Gulf of California, is shown in the following tables: * Not yet collected, but almost certain to be found. 37 COAST ISLAND REPTILES WW ues euajepseyy e1edie Peplapen ojlUS aes adnjepeny OuITUOJO: SUES W ues SOpeUuoIOD SOT uljIv a}USUTe[) UES Bulpeyeg vULS eleqivg vjueg SEODIN' UES ZN BIULS BsOoy eUES pPnsiyy urs oaany OuY POU ATPUM J2ANOIUL A | snjeINosij[NwW snsioydoprwauy *teZoulaqs “3 snsoydopruraug eri ace tee teeaeeseeeeees ses sguerqey snsoydopiuauy + * BUBISIOALI BISNIUEX sore eryond ejay Iqqam “Ss snjouoysia5 valece ttrtteeeerseeeesseppneoiouios “Ss snjouoys95 siia\| i01n}| #1a\=(« a/a/s eisio\eieieielsiviejeiaieieienSno|n1{a0D:STt OUOU TIO“) scersigiess sidioutid snjzouoysia5 +++ -gsua01a9 wiuosoudIUg * ++ *snurosa}soz sns0dojaag t[ove[eesleceeeeeeseeeeeeseeees+sumnssopyns snsodoja9g cece eesee teers Ipaq snsodoj29g ** sriadsay euvlingsurys 83) srreeess -supsaja vUBLINGSURIS BI() tieeeeeeeee sees sgisuauIQseUr 837) vee t ++ payT1938 BI: stores epNeosU eI) + e]EpNolINe &1-) bette teases sees ssisuguOHEp 827) + *Si[esQUaA SI[eIZUIA SNINESTTeD ees: muazisiM snzA4yde301- eefeesfececroee tre re++sesiresiop SI[esiop sninesosdiqy DUOROROBOUOODOGL a1 fo) fabp ele ab) snpAqoepoypAy aNVN LSVO7%) O1dIOVg AHL AO SANV1IS]T NO SATILdAY AO NOILN GI LSI ma tHO RO INTRODUCTION 38 uOHTEI) eyiesie WW eiueg rereeseceescesess euaBoqyos Sk[ayOuWIoy “gb piniehere: esterase 9:ele ‘ ‘eyeiowsew shuuwmay “LY Fett teeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesessenoysgiur snezory “gh ey siaiatarsraatere- as veseeeeeeesssesSnupgoso snpejory °S¢ tfeee eee ener eee eeeererereeressinsxa snpeioiy bh treeeereseeeeesngouiy snosiuamopiyy “fF sreeseessesngeynosiq ‘o stydoumvyy tPF ***saprourpio ‘o stydouweyy “1h tttteeeeeerereeess*gnuursuos *s siydouweyy “ob s[oseeeeeeeeeeeeeesessnysudysosyso wuapsisdapy *6£ ; resseseresssssginuag Buoy "gf seeeesupsog s sajadoidueqy “LE s[oseeeeeeeereeeeeeeeeeSgupiqaquaa stydomtg ‘gf . vet eeeseeeereeceeesessguagzquue ‘a siydonig °SE ee eeele ede eeele . ade . wiaie.cigisie,sicitis.e sie/sieieieie'eie seISITITa3BD “9 SIYAONZ TT “te a cavavara io evele.asera ayacaranetane 1kuoyaue Jaqnjoy “££ treeseeseescsngoid unasey Jaqn[oy Ord trees s ss youOU JOJII3sUOd Jaqnjoy “If sees wee . ***syiqeue siydopeiq. "of ve eeeeeeeeee seer eeesesssaniog ay30q BURY *6z s[eseseeeeeeeeeeereeeeeess-gituiny UOpoUoseIg *gz atailerate eeleecloce rifeete esses eeeeeeeeee ss *SnUBIUOI[IYS UOPOs3g ‘lt x citlesvsll ete A eee oe vreeeeeeeesees s1Butppag esyzdsaddy Ble9139 4, “gz ncaralagwie lis avel eves ee t[rveleeslenseeeeeeeeeeeerees + egnpiqns snsoydopiusus “St n n n zizlolelolele [sig |ele|elzlylelel>lslole| sie BSA IP IB (2 15 12 18 1218 8 eee le ee 2 2 )2 ls BIS|S (PIF /O/SlQ/aQlF® 18 |azlal® 18 |elelaelalals ja | ee es 2iSsie ils oiler fo) a lB la =) p {e& o B.|e/3 & s Aig le |wlw < BiB) je (s iS ie i8 12/8 |S (E12 12 18 1s 12 1s 18 17 13 aWYN » Sepes tse tere ee | Se |e. ron N |B i2lo 1212 3 Qlalj=a|p (o) 0 10 31s A ae Be ponulju0j—sV0d O1IOVg AHL dO SANVIS] NO SATILdIY 40 NOILNGTULSIG GULF ISLAND REPTILES sefecfesfecfee[ecfesfeefecfee[erss-s +++ pudopruay eanesouazy srtteseess ssnjedgaeaA xfU02[07 seers ssnjoun snpAjoeporpAyd *** *snsopnoiaqn3 snjAyoepoy]Ayq HA MEHO RO ial tad tat ad * puog | BIpieny ey] epyesuy | % LT UES | “ q ues | * BPW | olx eepee sepeefocpeepecye . epee pecpecpes sepeepeepeepeepee| eeteepes sopecceceee epneou3tu e319 “St voles eofee cote cfoctos| oofocton eopoofoc| seleos e'eill eco] evei{iezec] isi]! ere, 1) ate) |/srel|tones| tere! | (ecw teeeeeeseeecgipiaqEl BIBUIO BIl) “$e wales aefee cofecfecfoatoclectos eefecfoclocies Ce cee OO Oe a IUTAQTS B3Q) “ez eefee wefes sefeeferteedy |e ° . ofae]e eofeedecfeefecfoe|] eofasfactesloo| one Cieiese isles ce susdar v1) *tB eels wef esdeofecfee| ole eee eels soles} ecdee Oro] (iets) eben bean] bene lea tora . BUISSEIEYI BIE) “IT eole. cele. wofeefeefee|eeteetes eels a ee es Sefecfestertectertsetertestecly [essere s -sipmuaa “A SMINESITTED “OD sole. eefee Paes fees fees ieee es fe fe seleclec}oeles vefeedeclocfertecdecdecleslereeeeees*gnapzisnur sninesi[es “61 eelee welee wefecfesfec|eofecte o selects sefeepeedecdeedeedy feefeefeedes t+sre+s++snprpuards sninesiyes gi ee]ee vely sefesterdeed erly fee oe efectos eeloe we} eedee “+++ + gisuauawied *p sninesied “Lt x fc: eelee efecleefec|octoelos oe eeleel]s teleclectecdeclesfectecdselecleeleeees+sapiouooesp ‘p sninesiyey “91 eefee eefee wefeelecfec] oolectee efocloc|ectee Ee ene ce Oc co Oc teereee+ssgripmnsut snzAyde3015 “SI eelee oe eels . eeleele wele ote . Cee ee ee ee "es rAaqreq staeyjoo snjzAydejoszy ‘Pr ee]ee soles welooleslec]ee]e «|. ofee]es 4ie)|ieve)] ieie\fie.0.)/are)|iece|] oie }1n.0;|(ore,|( nifleve:| 'eceleieseleroieis acm'els SNLIvA snjewomesg “Er eofee eolee eolostesloc| ce . efectos} oclee x Joedertertecdx dx [x Ix lx Joe trreeseesessnpidsiy snpewoimes ae oelee soles tely fecderderderdy eoleclesfoeles sefecfocfocfes[ectecdec[ec/sslecleceseeeeseoesturaais smpeuomEg IT eelee x |e eofeclesfoo| oude . sfeedee Go) (or foc or eofecfecfesfoctece SIPPIYDeIqiajUI sHpEWTOINeg “OT ee]ee safes oofec]es[ee] ool . efec]ee 10 | farei|lfore|]\ere!|’e.e fe '0:[ceie'fiers.| wie wre] ereifieteie siecee ies IpussuMo} snjewomeg “6 Breil tats Saltod x lecferderteefecdes ar ave \evai|rere ai| tated Veval| ate] [feta] fetei| reel | setal | avei| Latey| ural lhererevete ‘*+gisuautfejz9 sninesosdiqy * eedee aefee seferfeedee]eefealy saterfoc]oelee eofocfocfeelorfocfocleefooles ++++++ssisuguaurivs sninesosdiq . x oe sedee oe Pare foes eee ee 0 . asfoele Clee One ie oe ee ee ee ed Od *sISuUdSEON] si[essop sninvsosdiq ° eetee OD) be are! }(ece|| pane a a) (iS . EXD SAE PARA) PEAT Veer Ve. Sett Ue a Peat Ite Bg “**"sipesiop SI[esiop sninesosdiq x 2 5 3 6 euayeg | ojueg natidsy | uswiIes ayuBIO | oqres99 | ezey zs | ra osuoy ePIl ephieg es] | aquezueg zauy BUeS YINOS aNVN oder ayesasuoyy | Papa a hies as sopruoi07 epnied es] | SOdIEPA] UBS sapeng is [es | * : oosiouel (3seq) sviajey seT OdSE[ON O1pag ueg Ane] OIpag ues ozuaioy ueg yynog | * 2 2 ttt ZUZIOT UBS YIION | VINUYOMITVI) AO ATNL) AHL NI SGNVIS]T NO SATILdAY IO NOILNGIULSICG INTRODUCTION sefeely feelers feedeedes eefoedeoe oe eee ee ee tely fx fecdecperperdes wefeefeedeedecd« epeelee eefeedeedoely [oedeedee on . sefeefesteateely [oedee welee]eeteedee x |ecferderd> eefeedee eofecfecfocdoctoctec| coleoe * ~* tal al ad eves: (3894) SPI9[BD svT | asof urg ajuezueqd | * osuojapl] OB21(q] urS Zig BUS sopeuolo7 Epiyivd els] ojurs njiuidsy oosioues BuIfeIeD BIULS 37 vIIQSUOJ] Zauy BUS YING SODIEJA] UBS (3Seq) Sviajeg seT | ODSE|ON] O1p9q Ue Oar | W Ospeg ues dijie ponulju0j—VINUOdITVZ) 40 ie uoinq!y, | soled | ueqa}syq ues | ozusIOT ues YNOg | ies By sues ozuai0T ues YON | el sapand IS [es | ial ezey PS] | epieg rst | ” PIpJENy) &] op psuy + "sr § njBd eq snsoydopruaus t'* suautfeyes snsoydopruraus A os gsnues snioydopiuausy “++ *snuvo snioydopiueusy Seis s1iAqivw snsoydopiueusy * *sisusueqe3sa snioydopiwaus "* +" *guossayoIp snioydoprueus *snyjajsourjau snioydoprmausy sores sssnuxeu snsoydoprmaug ****siitedsip snsoydopruraus ee “**-tyaeps snsodojaag ‘+++ pyar snsodojaxg teeeeeese syqgnaio snsodojaag “***** = snurosa3soz snsodo[39g see es*s-sningvauiy snsodoja9g *sisuajesrasuow sniodojag tresses sessroqsideur sniodojaag SG /618 vie 66 8 0n0 SNABPueIS 10]eg eee sete eee snjsn3ue J0\vsg eee recene * snaoydouueur vai Bid ejewenbs 83/7) “***suegaja euviingsurjs b3—) Steen eee eens sisuddse[Ou ey) sete eee eens “ss *qauyed 83-9 teteeeee seep yp ynosOIOIU BI) AWYN ATN£) AHL NI SAGNVWTST NO SATILdaY 10 NOILAGIULSIC[ GULF ISLAND REPTILES ojurS NyIIdsy] | a) brs bal 82) 2] a a |5 Sly =a) a./5 a} a, pla 6 ° x |e x |e: lx tisi| tafe nelle sly feed fee Ninn n n Sn SSS SEE OS O OE] g SlS5/Ss/5/oje/e/F le a\e)2 = SISIFRIF] 2 |Olo/8/F/2 [S/o = 2IsiQ(Q/a/ERIE Ss /m/s/Rla]p @ |0Q si@|e|q|2 16/4 a2liP ile l/Sitgioa 9° Q OF lelelsls =] a 8 N/P)O1G |G p a Si eels b =| s o|8 @ eft | al|ce ! tert ely solely refeely sleely ‘ x "|x Nin sth SH a) les ral eae | alse Blolels|3 B(a/a/7 |S 316 Zz 2/8 & | a. fap iiss penunuoyj—vINUOdITY 40 "ors -UIZISseSe BIUOTaY> ate lietalltaie 6 oe ee oe “lIzissede snisydoy OAS do vefisie isi jel ices ieuscsielset ssi Taya TUE eNTuIOIaye EL sefeefee[ee Dia era lIG || SoOLOcedmsra sisua8nj10} snjeyolg, th sefeefeedes so}| [axes | foratoteseyshess “* + *sisuaseony snyezory “IL eleely fee ee . wove veseirss:NSxa SNTeJOIs ‘ol sfeedee tsi | atel| era | sjaterereretelatereys tare “+ +xone snfejor “69 . 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Bee eee eee sninjeid snipAyy . 89 sefee[eede P| log Ter oo Dan coaG snyjuexdina snininyy = * Lg Bo|lon . tedes “**snuissizzjound snostuswojIyy “99 sefee “tyes}eey >" *snysudysoryso “0 euasisdApy * SQ sisifiers OC) FORO stsuaulyezzo syjadoiduey + +g sefee]e shelf /eXe)|jaze]{feksasdersrenuturez siete sidajexay esiopeayeg “£9 {if ste | ozs sees GEO CHODR OO lunoqieq Jaqnjoy 79 sefeedee]e Stlesdesdessesssssnaoid umnppagey iaqnjo 19 Bey io : peed oy fe Posooran “"* eosnjoasos vunuRYdIT ‘og safes : Sha) fats taked bee ekereivicseaevayoazesicns vyoid wrivoijiaA = 6S . op Oo a shetaher puree Ba[NIB BNBITIDA gS sie!|'s«/[/sre\fie ee line sof sKehoternre sichivets Badlias vlawonwaa «LS sts\| fake shes lore! fate) | ans. stedatelenets SISUADSIOULIY BLIBDIVIOA «GS ve|lere elecfes sigs Oe sisuazisidsa vlieonsaa | SS i me [ioe siet| reroll istel | lererstovsieversters prays *y wiav91949 4 “PS safes on ere) kerel|tets) iPexsietecakess ** *sisuaqyesao BieoiaA ES sede. ici [aKe)|fehs) Iheketcrexazets sadisajao snsoydopiuisuy, tS : | a “tyesyes}essssssssnpiqns snioydopruaug “1S mWlnAlwn | mt et) eg nin SIE SIS ERIE 2 |S eles Bll S| SA) allele BY S| aa ea eas ee oo es o|8 (8 5 B |g. = GNVN Bit] ele » a SNE he f= als z 8/8 = NI SGNVISJT NO SATILdaY AO NOILNATULSIC] 42 INTRODUCTION Many kinds of reptiles vary so much that it is difficult to find two specimens which are quite alike in color and squamation. Sometimes the variations correspond with definite geographical areas, as in the genera Cnemidophorus, Phrynosoma, Gerrhonotus, and Thamnophis, but frequently they are purely individual. Many reptiles and amphibians are subject to chameleonic changes, or changes in accordance with the intensity of the light, or with the colors of objects by which they are surrounded. For these reasons, the col- lector should strive to secure many specimens of each species. Reptiles are to be found in all sorts of situations. The collector should study their habits if he would be successful in his search. Some kinds prefer moist places, while others are most abundant on barren hillsides or on the open desert. As a rule, reptiles like sunlight and warmth, but some spe- cies live in the thicker forests, and not a few are nocturnal. Amphibians usually are found in moist places, often actu- ally in water. Some reptiles and amphibians may be caught with the hands unaided by any apparatus. Other species, too agile to be captured thus, may be secured by means of a slip-noose of horse-hair, wild-oats, thread, or fine wire, deftly placed over the head of the victim and then tightened with a sud- den jerk. However, by far the most satisfactory method of procuring reptiles and frogs is to shoot them. For this purpose small charges of fine shot are used in an auxiliary barrel, collecting pistol, or small caliber rifle. The last will prove much more effective if the rifling has been removed. When taken in the hands our reptiles often bite fiercely, but even if they succeed in drawing blood, none except the rattle- snakes, the coral snake and the Gila Monster can cause any serious injury, for only these are poisonous. Nothing is better for preserving reptiles than alcohol, though formalin may sometimes be used when little space PRESERVING—EXPLANATIONS 43 is at the collector’s disposal. Care should be taken to have the alcohol enter the body cavity, for if it does not do so the specimens will not be well preserved. The alcohol may be injected by means of a hypodermic syringe, or slits may be cut through the skin of the belly. These slits usually should be about half an inch long. One is ordinarily suffi- cient in case of a lizard, but in snakes several incisions should be made at intervals of three or four inches. The specimens having been thus prepared, and labeled with the exact locality and date of collection, as well as with the collec- tor’s name, and any notes upon habits, colors, etc., should be placed in strong alcohol. Care should be taken not to crowd the specimens into small jars with too little alcohol, for if this be done the reptiles will decay. If the number of jars at hand is so small as to necessitate crowding, the alcohol should be renewed each day until the specimens are thor- oughly cured, after which only enough alcohol to cover them is needed. Amphibians and geckos will become shriveled and brittle if hardened in strong alcohol. For these, the alcohol should be diluted with water; about 65% alcohol gives good results. The descriptions in the following pages are based upon alcoholic specimens, except in a few instances where it is distinctly stated that fresh specimens have been used. Al- cohol does not preserve the colors of reptiles well, so that living reptiles usually are more brightly colored than the descriptions indicate. In the determination of colors Ridgway’s “Nomenclature of Colors” has been used as a guide. Measurements are given in millimeters, but may readily be converted into inches by allowing 25 (25.4) millimeters to one inch. The tail is measured from the anus. Limbs are measured from the side of the body to the tip of the longest toe, excluding the claw. I add here a glossary of some of the terms used in works upon herpetology. te 44 INTRODUCTION GLossARY Abdominal.—Pertaining to the lower surface of the body. Abdominal plates.—Gastrosteges of snakes; the fourth pair of plastral plates of turtles. Alveolar surface-—Masticatory surfaces just within the cut- ting edges of the jaws of turtles. Anal plate-——The large scale just in front of the anus in most snakes, sometimes divided; one of the last pair of plastral plates. Anteorbital_—See preocular. Anterior.—Toward the head. Antocular.—See preocular. Anus.—The external opening of the cloaca. Axilla.—The armpit. Axillary —Plates on the anterior surface of the bridge of turtles. Azygous.—Single; not one of a pair. Brachials.—Large scales on the arm. Bridge.—That portion of the shell of a turtle which at- taches the plastron to the carapace. Canthus rostralis—A slight continuation of the super- ciliary ridge separating the top from the side of the snout. Carapace.—The upper portion of the shell of turtles. Carinate.—Keeled. Chin shields. Cloaca. A common chamber at the posterior ends of the alimentary and urogenital canals. Collar.—Gular fold, especially of Teiide. Costals.—The large plates on the sides of the carapace. Dermal.—Pertaining to the skin. Femoral pores.——Glands along the lower surface of the thigh. Femorals.—Of turtles, the fifth pair of plastral plates; of lizards, plates on the thigh. Frenal.—See loreal. See genials. GLOSSARY 45 Frontal.—The large plate or plates on top of the head be- tween the supraoculars. Sometimes applied to the pre- frontals. Frontoparietal.—Plates on top of the head between the parietals and the frontal. Gastrosteges—Large plates along the lower surface of the body in most snakes, Gastrostiga.—See gastrosteges. Genials.—Large scales behind the mental of many snakes, often in two pairs—anterior and posterior. Gular fold.—Transverse fold of skin of throat. Gular plate-—The first pair of plastral plates. Gulars.—Scales on throat. Humerals—The second pair of plastral plates. Imbricate-—Lapped, like shingles. Inferior —Lower. Infralabials—Plates on the lower lip. Inguinal.—Plates on the posterior surface of the bridge of turtles. Internasals—Scales on top of the snout just behind the rostral plate. Interparietal—A plate on top of the head (of lizards) between the parietals and usually containing the pineal spot. Juxtaposed.—Placed side by side, not imbricate. Keel.—A ridge along a scale like the keel of an overturned boat. Labials.—Plates on the lips; specially, on the upper lip. Laterals.—Scales on the sides; the costals of turtles. Loral.—See loreal. Loreal.—In the space between the preoculars and nasals. Maculate-—Marked. Marsginals——The plates around the edge of the carapace. Mental.—Same as symphyseal, but usually of snakes. Mucronate.—Provided with a point or spine. 46 INTRODUCTION Nuchal plate-—The unpaired marginal plate of turtles on the median line at the front of the carapace. Occipitals——Plates behind the parietals. Sometimes applied to the parietals. Parietals—In most snakes, the largest and last plates on top of the head; in lizards, plates at the side of the inter- parietal and behind the frontoparietals. Pectoral plates——The third pair of plastral plates. Plastral_—Pertaining to the plastron. Plastron.—The lower portion of the shell of turtles. Postabdominal.—Anal plate. Postanal.—Behind the anus, especially a pair of large plates in the males of some lizards. Posterior.—Toward the tail. Postfrontals—See prefrontals. Postgenials—The posterior pair of genials. Postmentals.—Plates behind the mental. See sublabial and genial. Postocular.—Bounding the orbit behind. Preanal.—In front of the anus. Preanal pores-——Glands opening in front of the anus. Prefrontal.—Scales between internasals and frontal. Some- times applied to the internasals. Pregenials—The anterior pair of genials. Prenasal—Anterior nasal. Preocular.—Bordering the orbit in front. Pseudopreocular—Small plate or plates below the pre- ocular. Reticulate —Marked with lines like the meshes of a net. Rostral.—Plate on the tip of the snout. Scute.—A scale, especially a large flat one. Subcaudals.—Urosteges. Sublabials—Plates below the infralabials. Subocular.—Scales between the eye and supralabials. GLOSSARY 47 Superciliary—Along the upper, outer edge of the orbit. Sometimes applied to the supraoculars of snakes. Superior.—Upper. Supracaudal—Over the tail; the last pair of marginal plates of turtles, sometimes united. Supralabials—Upper labials. Also called superior labials or labials. Supraocular—Of snakes, the large scale over the eye; of lizards, the scales over the eye excepting the superciliaries. Suture.—The line of joining. Symphysal.—See symphyseal. Symphyseal.—The scale on the tip of the lower jaw, espe- cially of lizards. See mental. Symphysial—See symphyseal. Urosteges.—Large scales on the lower surface of the tail in most snakes. Vent.—The anus. V entrals.—Gastrosteges. Vertebrals—The large plates along the middle of the carapace. Vertical.—Frontal. 48 REPTILIA—SQUAMATA Class REPTILIA The reptiles of Western North America belong to two great groups, to which they may be referred by the follow- ing Synopsis OF ORDERS a.—Body not protected by a bony carapace; jaws provided with teeth. (Lizards and snakes) Squamata.—p. 48. a’.—Body protected by a.bony carapace or shell, covered with horny plates or leathery skin; jaws horny, with- out teeth. (Turtles) Testudinata.—p. 965. Order I. SQUAMATA The order Squamata contains the lizards and the snakes, which are regarded as constituting two suborders—Sauria and Serpentes. These suborders are very closely allied and for convenience are treated together in the following: Synopsis OF FAMILIES a.—Limbs well developed, pentadactyle. b.—Limbs four, both anterior and posterior present. c.—Tips of digits dilated into disks or pads; eye with- out lids. Gekkonidz.—p. 51. c'.—Tips of digits not broadened into disks or pads. d.—Eye with movable lids. e.—Pupil elliptical, vertical; skin of top of head soft, free from skull, and covered with minute granules which are not appreciably larger than those on the back. Eublepharidz.—p. 57. SQUAMATA 49 e’.—Pupil round; top of head with plates or scales, not movable. f.—A series of femoral pores. g.—Lateral scales not abruptly smaller than ven- trals; ventrals in numerous series; tongue not deeply divided at tip. Iguanide.—p. 61. g.—Lateral scales granular like dorsals, abruptly smaller than ventrals; ventrals in eight longi- tudinal series; tongue ending in two long slender points. Teiide.—p. 489. f’—No femoral pores. gg.—Lateral scales very much smaller than dor- sals and ventrals (usually hidden by a lateral fold); dorsal scales keeled. Anguida.—p. 433. gg’.—Lateral scales not much smaller than dorsals and ventrals; no lateral fold; scales smooth. h.—Scales on body flat, thin, and imbricate. Scincidz.—p. 577. h’.—Scales on body wart-like tubercles, usually bony, separated by narrow granular spaces. Helodermatidz.—p. 470. d’.—Eye without lids; pupils elliptical. Xantusiide.—p. 476. b’.—Limbs two, anterior pair only present. Bipedidz.—p. 597. a’.—Limbs absent (or rudimentary in Boidz). bb.—Tail cylindrical or conical, not oar-shaped. cc.—Ventral scales less than twice as broad as dorsals. dd.—Plates on top of head much larger than those on body; anus bordered in front by several scales; no spine at end of tail. Anniellida.—p. 464. 50 SQUAMATA dd’*.—Plates on top of head not larger than those on body; anus bordered in front by a single plate; a small spine at end of tail. Leptotyphlopidz.—p. 624. cc’.—Ventral plates more than twice as broad as dorsal scales. ddd.—No rattle at end of tail; no pit between nostril and eye. ee.—A small spur at each side of the anus; tail short and truncate; or top of head with small scales; pupil vertical. Boidz.—p. 630. ee.—No spur at side of anus; tail tapering; top of head with large plates; pupil round or vertical. ff.—No enlarged fangs at front of mouth; coloration, if in rings, not red separated from black by white (yellow). Colubridz.—p. 644. ff".—A pair of large, permanently erect fangs near front of upper jaw; coloration, in rings, red separated from black by white (yellow). Elapidz.—p. 887. ddd’—A horny rattle at end of tail; a pit between nostril and eye; a pair of large erectile fangs; pupils vertical. Crotalidze.—p. 893. bb’—Tail short, strongly compressed laterally, paddle- shaped. Hydridz.—p. 891. 1. PHYLLODACTYLUS 51 Suborder I. SAURIA (Lizards) Family 1. GEKKONIDAE This family of many genera of small lizards differs from the Eublepharida chiefly in the possession of amphiccelous vertebra, and ununited parietal bones. The clavicle is ex- panded proximally. The eyes are large, without movable lids. One representative of this family has been found in the western part of the United States, but two species of the genus Phyllodactylus occur in Lower California. Genus 1. Phyllodactylus Phyllodactylus Gray, Spicil. Zool., 1830, p. 3. This genus includes a large number of species from Tropical America, Africa and Australia. The digits are rather slender, free, with transverse lamellz or tubercles in- feriorly, and with tips dilated and covered below by two large plates separated by a longitudinal groove. The pupil is ver- tical. Males have no pores. The Lower Californian species may be distinguished by the following SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES a.—Back with enlarged tubercles among the smaller granular scales. P. tuberculosus.—p. 51. a’.—Back covered with nearly uniform granular scales. P. unctus.—p. 55. 1. Phyllodactylus tuberculosus Wiegmann TuBercuLar GECKO Phyllodactylus tuberculosus WiecMann, Acta. Acad. Cas. Leop. Carol., Vol. XVII, 1835, p. 241, pl. XVIII, fig. 2 (type locality “Cali- fornien’’); Barrp, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, Rept., 1859, p. 12, pl. 23, figs. 1-8; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 28; BouLencer, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. I, 1885, p. 793 Van Densurcu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 85; 52 1. GEKKONIDZ Mocquarp, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. I, 1899, p. 300; Core, Report U.S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900,p.458, fig. 83; Dirmars, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 98; SreyNEGER & Barsour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 42; SrepHENs, Copeia, 1921, No. 91, p- 16; SrepHens, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, No. 4, 1921, p. 60; Van DenBurRGH & SLEviN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI., No. 4, 1921, pp. 50, 54; Nevson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115, 123. Phyllodactylus xanti Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 102 (type locality, Cape St. Lucas); Cops, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 312; Copr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, pp: 50, 93; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 73; Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. XVI., No. 1, 1884, p. 12; BELDING, West. Amer. Scientist, Vol. III, No. 24, 1887, p. 98. Description—Head much longer than broad. Snout rounded, longer than distance between eye and ear opening. Lips very prominent. Ear opening narrow, oblique. Edge of eyelids rather inconspicuously dentate. Digits slender, covered below with a series of transverse lamelle,terminated by two large plates which are somewhat wider distally than proximally. Nostril between rostal, first labial, and three nasals, the upper of which is in contact with its fellow of the opposite side and may be merged with the rostral. Seven or six upper, and six or five lower, labials to a point under the pupil, behind which are several smaller ones. Two large plates behind the large pentagonal mental, followed by others which become gradually smaller posteriorly as they approach the small flat gulars. Top and sides of head back to posterior borders of orbits covered with small, subequal granular scales without enlarged granules. Rest of top and sides of head, upper surfaces of limbs, neck, back, sides, and base of tail with series of large, conical or trihedral, smooth or weakly keeled, tubercles, separated by small granular scales. Lower surfaces covered with smooth, flat, imbricate scales much larger than gulars. Tail conical, somewhat flat- 1. PHYLLODACTYLUS 53 tened at base, with large plates below, and covered above with imbricate scales of various sizes, of which the larger tend to form indistinct whorls. No femoral or preanal pores. The color above is pale gray, yellowish white, or pale brown, irregularly spotted, blotched, cross-barred or banded above with dark brown or slate. A longitudinal brown line often present behind the eye, sometimes with a second similar line on the upper temporal region. One or two similar lines sometimes may be seen running forward from the orbit to the snout. The lower surfaces are yellowish or brownish white, unmarked. Iengthitovanuseees =e AD 49 52 53 55 65 Wengthi toy tale As, “s — oo == ee WONOU CHO Cate ee 11 13 13 14 14 17 Snonts tomorbit. eee eee — 54 6% 6 6 6 8 Diameter (of orbit. ers 34% «3 344 4 4 Widthrofehead 2s aes 8 9% 11 iby 11 13 IRayga bbontes, ake ee 14 15 19 18 18 23 bind lim by ee ee 18 20% 24 22 24 30 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 5 5 64% 6 6 8 Distribution.—This gecko ranges from Ecuador to Cali- fornia. The only California record is of one specimen recently captured by Mr. Frank Stephens on Coyote or Car- rizo Mountain in Imperial County. It has long been known from Lower California, where it has been found at Cape San Lucas, San Bartolo and La Paz in the Cape Region, and at San Nicolas Bay, Loreto, Puerto Escondido, Santa Rosalia, and Aqua Verde Bay, farther north on the peninsula. It has been taken also on Santa Margarita Island on the west coast, and on San Francisco, San Jose, San Diego, Santa Cruz, Santa Catalina, Monserrate, Danzante, Carmen, Coronado, Ildefonso, South San Lorenzo, Sal Si Puedes, Isla Raza, Angel de la Guardia, San Esteban, and San Pedro Nolasco islands, in the Gulf of California. 54 1. GEKKONIDA Habits—Very little is known regarding the habits of this gecko. Mr. Slevin found one under a loose flake of granite on the side of a boulder. Mr. Stephens gives the following account of the capture of his specimen: “T captured a specimen of Phyllodactylus tuberculosus in western Imperial County under the following circumstances: Nov. 26, 1920, Mr. Charles Sternberg and I were collecting fossils on what is known locally as Coyote Mountain. On most maps it is called Carrizo Mountain. It is a dozen miles north of the Lower California boundary. Late in the after- noon we started for camp, following down a rather steep canon on the eastern slope. The day had been warm and although the sun had been behind the high peak to the west an hour or more the rocks were still warm. About half way down the cafion, at about 1500 feet altitude, I passed a big marble boulder that had long before rolled down from the steep hillside. A lizard ran across the perpendicular polished side of the boulder, stopping at the edge of a crevice. At the moment I thought it was a fence lizard and made to grab forit. All I got was its tail as it darted into the crevice. The crevice was shallow and taking the hammer and chisel I had been using in cutting shells out of the limestone, I soon cut away enough of the shallow crevice to uncover the lizard and took it out. On getting it free I saw that the toes had pads at the tips, the pads appearing white or translucent in the rather dim light. It struck me then that no fence lizard could have run across the nearly perpendicular polished face of the boulder, and that I had a gecko. I had carelessly dropped the tail and was unable to find it in the brief time I could spare to hunt for it in the coarse gravel at the base of the boulder.” 1. PHYLLODACTYLUS 55 2. Phyllodactylus unctus (Cope) San Lucan Gecko Diplodactylus unctus Core, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 102 (type locality, Cape St. Lucas) ; Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 312; Cops, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, pp. 50, 93; Srreets, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 1877, p. 35; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 73; Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, No. 1, 1884, p. 12; Bexpine, West Amer. Scientist, Vol. III, No. 24, 1887, p. 98. Phyllodactylus unctus Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Reptiles, 2e livr., 1873, p. 43; BouLencer, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. I, 1885, p- 94; Cops, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 28; Towns- END, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 13, 1890, p. 144; Van DenBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 86; Cope, Report U.S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p.460, fig. 84; Dirmars, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 99; SreynecER & Barsour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 42; Van DrenpurcH & SLEviIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, No 4, 1921, pp. 50, 555 Nexson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115, 123; Trerron, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. Antonio Alzate, Vol. 39, 1921, p. 164. Description—Head much longer than broad. Snout rounded, longer than distance between eye and ear opening. Lips very prominent. Ear opening a narrow slit, about length of pupil, with a slight denticulation posteriorly. Scales on eyelids furming a rather conspicuous comb. Digits slender, covered below with a series of transverse lamelle, terminated by two large plates which are somewhat rounded, and wider distally than proximally. Nostril between rostral, first labial, and three nasals, the upper of which is in contact with its fellow of the opposite side. Seven upper and six lower labials, the last of each, under the pupil, very small. Two plates behind the large pentagonal mental, followed by several about the size of the dorsals, which in turn are gradu- ally replaced by the small flat gulars. Back and limbs cov- ered with smooth, flat, rounded, equal-sized scales, without 56 1. GEKKONIDA tubercles or granules. Muzzle with convex plates, smaller than the dorsals, but larger than those on occiput, which are also convex. Lower surfaces covered with smooth flat scales, larger than those on back. Conical tail slightly flattened at base, with large plates below, covered elsewhere with smooth flat scales which are somewhat larger than those on the back. There is great variation in the ground color of the head and back. In some specimens it is pale gray or creamy white, while in others the prevailing tint is a dark seal brown. There are, however, some fairly constant markings, brighter in young than in old individuals, but apparently subject like the ground color, though to a less extent, to modification in accordance with the amount of light, or perhaps in obedience to the will of the animal. These markings are of a deeper seal brown than the ground color of the darkest individuals. A line originates on the second labial plate, and, passing through the eye and the upper end of the ear opening, runs for some distance along the neck. The upper surface of the head is blotched and spotted, as are also the limbs. The tail has about nine cross-bars on its upper surface. All the lower surfaces are creamy white, slightly tinged with brown in the darkest specimens. The scales are everywhere minutely punctuated with dark brown. Mength tovantisne a 55 42 45 46 52 52 aN ee pe ee as ee 48* 40% __ as Snout! to ‘ear ee 10 10% 12 12 13 13% mnOut toon em, 4% 5 5A 6 6 Diameter of orbit... 3 3 344 3 3%4 3% Hore limb) == 11 14 15 15 17 16 vind) limb) eee 15 17 18 18 Ze 21 *Reproduced. 1. PHYLLODACTYLUS—2. COLEONYX 57 Distribution —Phyllodactylus unctus has been recorded from Cape San Lucas (the type locality), collected by Mr. Xantus; from Triunfo, by Dr. Streets; from La Paz, by Messrs. Belding and Townsend; and I have examined speci- mens from Agua Caliente, Miraflores, Santa Anita, and San Jose del Cabo. Its range seems to be confined to the Cape Region or San Lucan Fauna of Lower California, except that it has been found on Ballena Island and Isla Partida near Espiritu Santo Island, in the Gulf of California. Habits—Unknown. Mr. Slevin found two specimens under loose bark. Family 2. EDBLEPHARID/E The members of this family are most closely related to the Gekkonidz or true geckos from which they are distin- guished by proccelian vertebre and united parietal bones. The clavicle is dilated and loop-shaped proximally. The digits are slender and the claws wholly or partially retractile into a sheath composed of two lateral plates whose superior edges are covered by a third. The eyes are rather large, with movable lids and vertically elongate pupil. Genus 2. Coleonyx Coleonyx Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVI, 1845, p. 162 (type, elegans). Brachydactylus Peters, Mon. Berl. Acad., 1863, p. 41 (type, métratus). In this genus the lower surface of each digit is provided with a series of small transverse plates. There are no en- larged chin-shields behind the symphyseal plate. The skin is very soft, finely granular, and not attached to the bones of the skull. A small ear-opening is present. Males have a few preanal pores. A single species occurs within the limits of this work. 58 2. EUBLEPHARIDA 3. Coleonyx variegatus (Baird) BanpDED GrecKo Plate 1 Stenodactylus variegatus Barrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 254 (type locality, Colorado Desert); Barro, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, Rept., 1859, p. 12, pls. 23, figs. 9-27, 24, figs. 11-19; Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 1873, p. 51; Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV., 1873, p. 67. Coleonyx variegatus Cope, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 310; Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 85; Corr, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 50; Cougs, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V., 1875, p. 590; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 72 (part); Sreynecer, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p- 162; Van Densureu, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 40, fig.; Corr, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 466 (part); Mrex, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. 1, 1906, p. 4; Ruruven, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXII, 1907, p. 554; Van Densurau, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 152; Van Denpurcu & Sievin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci, Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 397; GrinneLy & Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 149; SrEyNEGER & BarBour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 43; SrepHENs, Copeia, No. 54, 1918, p. 34; Pack, Copeia, No. 88, 1920, p. 101; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, No. 4, 1921, p. 60; Van Densurcu & Stevin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 50, 55; Nexson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 126. Eublepharis fasciatus BouLENcER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. Vol. 1, 1885, p. 234 (type locality, Ventanas, Mexico). Eublepharis variegatus Copr, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p- 466, fig. 86 (part); Mocquarp, Nouv. Arch. du Mus. Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. 1, 1899, p. 300; Dirmars, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 100, pl. XXXIII, fig.; Vorures, Univ. Ariz. Agric. Exper. Station Bull. No. 83, 1917, fig. p. 367. Description—Snout narrow but rounded and a little longer than distance between orbit and ear-opening. Head and upper surface of body covered with minute granules 1 PLATE =NBURGH | [ Van Dr X Acap. Sc1., VoL. Papers, Cau. Oc. “PIEL ‘YorIeyy “Beuoziiy ‘AjyunoD wei OYIIL) pepurg TL TAL ‘A1TUSITRBD Busy SNS aIIva XI 020%) 1B9UuU pda DI[[OD 2. | COLEONYX 59 slightly larger on snout than elsewhere. Rostral plate some- what broader than high, and presenting five edges. Behind it the slender prenasals, meeting on the median line. A small supranasal plate. Symphyseal large, longer than wide. Six to eight upper and as many lower labials, decreasing in size posteriorly. Eyelids bearing a fringe of pointed scales. Ear- opening small, oval and oblique. Feet, belly and tail cov- ered with small, smooth, imbricate scales. Digits short. Tail conical, about as long as head and body. A small spur on each side of tail near its base. Males with a short series of six to eight preanal pores. The back is crossed by about five broad bands of dull brown between which are narrower wavy bands of white. A white horseshoe-shaped line on the neck passes just above the ears and ends near the eyes. The head is brown, or whitish with irregular brown spots. A dark brown band runs from the eye to the nostril. The labials are spotted with brown and white. The tail is cross-barred with the colors of the back, but the white areas are often partly occupied by brown spots. One specimen has the brown bands of the back narrower than the white ones. In some specimens the brown bands are represented by large or small, irregular brown spots or blotches. The lower surfaces are white. A living specimen of Coleonyx variegatus was colored as follows:—Across the back are five wide bands of dark wal- nut brown, palest centrally, and separated from one another by dull Naples yellow bands of about half their width. The tail is similarly cross-banded. The upper surfaces of the head and limbs are fawn color, the limbs being faintly and the head strongly marked with small irregular spots of wal- nut brown. The edges of the eyelids are white. A white line runs back from the eye to the top of the neck where it meets or almost meets its fellow of the opposite side. A walnut line, bordered above and below with white, connects 60 2. EUBLEPHARIDA the eye and nostril. The tongue is rich pink with a bright red tip. The lower surfaces are white. The eye is pale grayish yellow with a network of fine black lines. Length to anus._____. 32 57 61 62 65 68 Length of tal = = = 64 = 66 Snout to orbit FB 5 5 5A 6 6 Snot tocar ees 8 13 13 13 14 14 Oxbit tovear== 3 5 5 5 6 6 BRoreimb) See 19 22 20 23 20 Hind limb == 16 #9 28 27 28 28 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 4 6 7 8 8 8 Distribution ——The Banded Gecko probably ranges over the greater part of the Mohave and Colorado Deserts of southeastern California. In the north, it has been taken in Owen’s and Death Valleys in Inyo County; in the west, at Mohave, in Kern County, San Jacinto, in Riverside County, and at Poway, in San Diego County; and in the southeast, at Fort Yuma in Imperial County. Additional California localities are Fort Yuma, Palo Verde, Calexico, and El Centro, Imperial County; Coachella, Mecca, and Palm Springs, Riverside County; Colton, San Bernardino County; and Big Pine, Inyo County. In Nevada, it has been taken on the desert near Jean, Clark County. In Utah, it has been secured near St. George, Washing- ton County. The American Museum has a specimen labeled Farmington, Davis County. In Arizona, it has been taken at Yuma, Yuma County; Gila Bend, Maricopa County; Fort Mohave, Mohave County; Cafion del Oro, Pinal County; Tucson, Pima County; Nogales, Santa Cruz County; and the Huachuca Mountains, Turner and Tombstone, Cochise County. Mocquard has recorded it from Santa Rosalia and ee 2. COLEONYX 61 Mulege, Lower California, and Heller secured one at San Felipe. It occurs on San Marcos and South Santa Inez islands, in the Gulf of California. It has been taken also in Sonora, at San Miguel de Hor- casitas, and at Tepoca Bay. Habits.—Very little is known of the habits of this lizard. An individual kept in confinement for more than a year spent most of his time in a hole provided in the ground of his cage. His food during this period consisted entirely of house- flies. His usual time of feeding was after dark, but not in- frequently he would snap up a fly which chanced to stray into the mouth of his burrow during the day, and sometimes would come forth in search of prey while the sun was shining brightly on his den. When stalking flies, his movements were so slow as almost to be imperceptible until he was within range and could seize the coveted morsel with one instan- taneous snap. If blown upon, he would raise himself and stand with legs straight and rigid. When first sent to me, this lizard had the skin of the occiput raised into a large hood, but whether this was a nuptial ornament or due to some accident I cannot tell. Diguet states that this lizard lives under stones and in fissures in walls. It emits a faint, squeaking sound when caught. Family 3. IGUANID/E The members of this family present, in their strange diversity of form, a series of pleurodont lizards which closely parallels in the New World the acrodont Agamidz of the Old. The Iguanide are diurnal lizards having eyes with round pupils and well developed lids. The tongue is short, thick, and but slightly notched anteriorly. Femoral pores are present in North American species. The clavicle is not 62 3. IGUANIDA dilated, except in the Central American Basiliscine. Some species of Sceloporus and Phrynosoma are ovoviviparous. The iguanians of the area we are considering may be distin- guished by the following: SYNOPSIS OF GENERA a.—A dorsal crest composed of one longitudinal series of enlarged scales. b.—Tail with whorls of strong spinelike scales. Ctenosaura.—p. 64. b.—Tail without enlarged strongly spinose scales. Dipsosaurus.—»p, 71. a'.—No dorsal crest. bb.—Head without spines. c—One or more well developed transverse gular folds; or a lateral fold between limbs. d.—Superciliaries not imbricate. Ear with strong denticulation and neck with numerous spinose tubercles on lateral folds; size very large; tail scarcely longer than distance from snout to vent. Sauromalus.—p. 84. d’.—Superciliaries imbricate. e.—Supralabials strongly imbricate; symphyseal plate smaller than largest infralabial. f.—Interparietal plate much smaller than ear- opening; toes fringed laterally with prominent movable spines. Uma.—p. 131. f—Interparietal plate larger than ear-opening; or toes without later fringe of long spine-like scales, g.—An ear-opening. Callisaurus.—p. 138. 3. I[GUANIDA 63 g .—No ear-opening. Holbrookia.—p. 169. e’.—Supralabials not imbricate; symphyseal plate not smaller than largest infralabial. ff—No large interparietal plate; caudal scales ‘small, not strongly keeled not sharply pointed. Ear without strong denticulation and neck without spinose tubercles; superciliaries im- bricate; tail long and tapering. Crotaphytus.—p. 104. ff’—-A very large interparietal plate; caudal scales often large, strongly keeled, and sharply pointed. gg.—Body and tail more or less depressed, no vertebral ridge; gular fold well-developed, fixed, with differentiated scales; males with postanal plates. Uta.—p. 180. ge’.—Body and tail compressed, a slight verte- bral ridge; gular fold sometimes indefinite, with scales little or not differentiated; males without enlarged postanals. Sator.—p. 254. c’.—No complete transverse gular fold; no lateral fold between limbs. Sceloporus.—p. 261. bb’.—Head with spines porteriorly. Phrynosoma.—p. 364. 64 3. IGUANIDZ Genus 3. Ctenosaura Ctenosaura WiEGMANN, Isis von Oken, 1828, p. 371 (type, cycluroides). Enyaliosaurus Gray, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., 1845, p. 192. This genus includes the large lizards or iguanas which have the tail armed with strong spines. The scales of the median dorsal row are much enlarged, forming a conspicuous crest. The head is covered with small scales. There is a very strong transverse gular fold, but no gular pouch. The dorsal scales are small. Many of the caudal scales are spin- ose. There is a short series of femoral pores. The digits have keeled plates below. A number of species are known from Central America and Mexico. One of these has been reported from Nogales, Arizona. Another is common in the Cape Region of Lower California. These may be dis- tinguished by the following: Synopsis OF SPECIES a.—Dorsal crest extending back to rump. C. multispinis.—p. 64. a .—Dorsal crest on anterior portion of dorsal region only. C. hemilopha.—p. 66. 4. Ctenosaura multispinis Cope Brack Spiny-TAILED IGUANA Cyclura acanthura Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1879, p. 261. Ctenosaura multispinis Copr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XXIII, 1885, p- 197 (part). Ctenosaura multispinis Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. So., Vol. XXIII, 1885, p- 267 (type locality, Dondomingvillo, Oaxaca, Mexico); Cope, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 240; Ditmars, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 107; Sreynecer & Barsour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 44. 3. CTENOSAURA 65 Description* —Head elongate, flat above, muzzle nar- rowed; nostril in the second third of the length to the orbit. Three scales on canthus rostralis, each deeper than long. Seven flat scales across muzzle between anterior angles of orbits. Two rows between supraorbital series. Scales above temporal muscles rather large, weakly keeled. Five series of infralabial plates, not separated by smaller ones. Dorsal crest rather elevated in adult, terminating at the rump. Median caudal crest composed of conical scales, beginning above the posterior margin of the femora. Tail cylindrical at base, covered by whorls of prominent scales with conical points which project strongly and which are separated by one row of smaller flat scales on the upper half of the tail. On the inferior side of the tail the whorl rows are separated by two intervening rows, which are just like them, having a keel and a mucronate apex. Beyond the middle of the length (end lost) the tail is strongly compressed, but whether this is due to shriveling on drying I am not sure. Median series of spinous scales uninterrupted. The abdominal scales are larger than the dorsal, which are longer than the lateral scales; all are subquadrate, and none keeled. Seven femoral pores. Color black, above and below. Menethrofmanuss sos EE ER st ee Bes 295 Snow te toga sil | amma eet ent Sein Se ees ee 125 SMOU ta tOmeCy20) Dari Une see eee se ee 02 AWai thio fathead eee ee te ea ae ee ee 42 Fecore aL tna by ye ce eee a 3 Hind) timbye pa ses ee e150 Distribution—The original specimens were secured at Dondomuiguillo, Oaxaca, and Batopilas, Chihuahua, Mexico. It has been stated that the range of this species includes the extreme southern portion of Arizona, where one was secured at Nogales. That this iguana really occurs naturally *Original description by Cope. 66 3. IGUANIDZ in any part of Arizona is extremely doubtful. Dr. Stejneger informs me that the specimen upon which the Arizona record is based “was obtained alive by Mr. P. L. Jouy, at Nogales, from a Mexican peasant who brought it to town tied by a string. It was probably taken not far from there.” 5. Ctenosaura hemilopha Cope San Lucan Spiny-TaILeD Icuana Iguana acanthura BuaNviLuE, Nouv. Ann. Mus., Vol. IV, 1835, p. 288, pl. XXIV, fig. 1. Cyclura acanthura DumeERit & Brpron, Erpétologie Générale, Vol. IV, 1837, p. 222 (part); Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 71; Bexpinc, West. Am. Scientist, Vol. III, No. 24, 1887, p. 98. Ctenosaura sp., Barrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 300. Cyclura (Ctenosaura) hemilopha Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 105 (type locality, Cape St. Lucas); Corr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, pp. 50, 93; Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 71; Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, No. 1, 1884, p. 19; Betpinc, West. Am. Scientist, Vol. III, No. 24, p. 98. Ctenosaura hemilopha Corr, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 312; BouLEnceER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 197; Copz, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XXIII, 1886, p. 266; Corr, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 33; Van DenBurcH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. V, 1895, p. 88; Mocaquarp, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. I, 1899, p. 300; Corr, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 238, fig. 17; Dirmars, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 107; SreynEGER & Barzour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1897, p. 44; Townsenp, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Vol. XXXV, 1916, p. 430; Van DenpurcH & SLEvIN, Proe, Gals Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, No. 4, pp. 50, 55; Nexson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 84, 114, 115, 123; TrRRon, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. Antonio Alzate, Vol. 39, 1921, pp. 164, 165, 168. Ctenosaura acanthura Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Reptiles, 1874, p. 138. Ctenosaura interrupta Bocourt, Le Naturaliste, Vol. II, 1882, p. 47. Cyclura teres Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 71. 3. CTENOSAURA 67 Ctenosaura conspicuosa Dickerson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 461 (type locality, San Esteban Island, Gulf of California, Mexico); Nerson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, p. 171. Ctenosaura insulana Dickerson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 462 (type locality, Cerralvo Island, Gulf of California, Mexico); Nerson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115, 171. Description.—Body considerably compressed. Tail coni- cal except at base, where almost square in sections. Limbs and head large, latter sharply triangular and with flattened top and almost vertical sides. Nostril large, in a round plate whose posterior edge is nearer to orbit than to end of snout. Rostral and symphyseal plates very broad and low. Ten labials. A very large plate below the eyes; a series of large superciliaries. Entire top and sides of head covered with small, irregularly hexagonal plates, convex, except on snout and lores. Ear opening very large, almost vertical, and without denticulation. Several series of large sublabial plates, passing gradually into the gulars. Dorsal crest begins some distance behind shielded part of head, is composed of high spines on nape, and gradually diminishes in height posteriorly. It is continued on middle third or vertebral line of the body as a series of enlarged flat plates, but is not traceable on the posterior third. Back and sides covered with small, smooth, subquadrate scales, which pass gradually into larger ventrals. Gular regions covered with smooth scales, which become gradually larger posteriorly. Smallest gulars larger than dorsals, the largest smaller than ventrals. Scales on limbs all smooth. Tail bearing whorls of spinose scales; first three of these whorls separated from one another by three series of smaller smooth scales; fourth, fifth and sixth spiny whorls each preceded by two series of smooth scales, and more distal whorls by single series which gradually become spinose. 68 3. IGUANIDA The top and sides of the head are dull pea green. The back, sides, and hind limbs are pale straw color, heavily washed with pale olive, and spotted and reticulated with seal brown and black. There are five black blotches on the vertebral line, separated by areas paler than the general tint. The first of these black markings is very small; the second is broader than long; the third and fourth are very large and faintly continuous with the blackish brown of the ventral surfaces; the fifth is almost confined to the enlarged medial scales. There are two longitudinal black blotches on the side of the neck, and two corresponding lines on the temple. The chin, gular region, chest, and forelimbs, are blackish brown. The tail has a ground color of straw yellow clouded with olive, but is dull pea green on the spines, and barred with seal brown terminally. The youngest individuals (58 to 76 mm. from snout to vent) are bright terre-verte green above, except on the tail, which has broad rings of dark olive separated by narrow ones of broccoli brown. There are very faint indications of dark vertebral bars. The lower parts are yellowish white, tinged with green. As the animals increase in size, the green gradually disappears and the dark markings increase in size and number until the adult coloration is assumed. The number of femoral pores ranges from four to eicht. The dorsal crest seems to be higher in the males than in th: females, but is never continucd on the posterior part of the back. A living specimen was colored as follows: The back and sides are grayish, mottled with black. Three transverse black bands cross the shoulders. The upper surfaces of the fore limbs are black, spotted with gray; of the hind limbs, gray mottled with black. The gular region is black, bordered 3. CTENOSAURA 69 with gray. The ventral surface between the fore limbs is black. The belly is grayish. Tseng thietomant ssa ee = 1238 186 217 220 224 Een thio fatayl ess eee a PR!) paves at Bienen panies Snouthtones r= ee = 26 40 50 49 53 Snout to edge of fold....___ —. 40 59 75 71 76 Highest dorsal spines_____.____ = 6 Ol 4 8 5 9 Fore slim yee a eee 736 44 52 82 84 eindilimbpese ee eee ee 55 96 98 101 129 Base of fifth toendof fourth toe 33 45 46 50 phi ees Remarks.—There is great variation in the height and length of the dorsal crest and the point at which the en- larged series of scales stops on the back. The size of the Jarge caudal scales also is very variable, as is also the extent of the keeling on the scales of the limbs. The ground color may be anything from a pale yellowish gray to a dark slaty- brown, and the black markings vary in number, size and shape. Indeed, the variation is so great as to lead one to doubt the distinctness of the two island species recently described. Ctenosaura insulana, based upon specimens from Ceralbo Island, and Ctenosaura conspicuosa, from San Esteban Island, have recently been described. With good series of specimens from both these islands, and from San Pedro Nolasco Island and the Cape Region of Lower California before me, I am unable to detect any difference in propor- tions or in coloration, or in the size of the spines of the caudal whorls, or the height or length of the dorsal crest, which are not fully covered by individual variation in each locality. As regards the keeling and mucronation of the scales on the leg and foot, the same is true, great individual variation in the strength of the keeling and mucronation be- ing found in all four localities. These specimens, therefore, 70 3. IGUANIDE are all referred to the one species, C. hemilopha. Femoral pores in specimens from San Esteban Island vary from five to eight; in those from San Pedro Nolasco Island, from six to nine; in ten from Ceralbo Island, from six to eight; in 50 from the Cape Region, from four to seven. Distribution.—This species occurs in the southern por- tion of the Lower California Peninsula, where it has been taken at Cape San Lucas, San Jose del Cabo, Miraflores, Agua Caliente, Sierra San Lazaro, Pescadero, La Paz, San Pedro, Triunfo, San Antonio, San Bartolo, Buena Vista, Santiago, and Todos Santos. It has been collected also on Ceralbo, San Pedro Nolasco, and San Esteban islands in the Gulf of California. Habits—This large lizard is very common in many parts of the Cape Region, where it lives either among rocks or trees. It ordinarily lives upon vegetable food, but it may eat crabs when its usual food is scanty. It is locally known as the Iguana, and is eaten by the natives. Its spiny tail is used by it as a means of defense. Mr. Slevin notes that: “It is fairly abundant where found, and inhabits the large granite boulders in company with Uta thalassina. Where boulders are not plentiful these iguanas resort to the trees. At San Bartolo they were seen only among the granite boulders, which abound in that Vicinity, but at San Pedro and Agua Caliente they were found in the trees. None was observed on the ground. They seem to live strictly on vegetable matter, and the stomachs of all the specimens collected contained the leaves’ of one of the common trees. On breaking off the hollow limb of a tree, at San Pedro, a specimen was found so tightly wedged within that it could be secured only by cutting it out with a small hand ax. They have the same habit as ——— 3. CTENOSAURA—4. DIPSOSAURUS 71 our Chuckwalla (Sauromalus ater) of getting into crevices and holding tight by puffing up the body. Large specimens are very rare, as the natives kill them for food whenever they find one of desirable size. They are somewhat vicious when captured, and when held by the tail will always keep the mouth open ready to seize whatever comes within reach.” Mocquard quotes M. Diguet, as follows: “On les trouve en grand nombre en certains endroits de Vile de Ceralbo, principalement au bord de la mer, pendant la saison ot la végétation est suspendue; a ce moment, en effet, ce Saurien se nourrit de Crabes, qu’il poursuit jusque dans la mer.” Genus 4. Dipsosaurus Dipso-saurus HattowE., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Vol. 7, 1854, p. 92 (type, dorsalis). The scales of the median dorsal row are slightly en- larged, forming a small crest. The head is covered with small convex subgranular plates. The dorsal and caudal scales are small. There is one strong transverse gular fold. Femoral pores are numerous. Males do not have enlarged postanal plates. Digits each have a series of keeled plates below. This genus includes three species, of moderately large size, which resemble in many ways the much larger iguanas of more southern regions. One species, however, may be divided into two subspecies by a character which is not con- stant in all specimens but is found in so large a majority of them that it seems best to recognize the fact in nomen- clature. Specimens of this lizard from the “Cape Region” of Lower California usually, have but one row of scales separating the rostral and nasal plates, while those from northern Lower California, California and Arizona more 72 3. IGUANIDA frequently have two rows. The following table, based upon 557 specimens, shows this quite plainly. Number of scale rows separat- ing rostral from nasal. .... 2-2 Northern specimens (206)... .| 171= 83% Specimens from the “Cape Region’: (51) 2cnas se nes 53= 15% SyNOPsIs OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES a.—Rostral usually (83%) separated from nasal plate by two rows of granules; frequently with longitudinal dark lines on side of body; femoral pores average 21.98. D. d. dorsalis.—p. 73. a.—Rostral usually (75 to 80%) separated from nasal plate by but one granule; longitudinal dark lines on sides of body less evident. b.—Gular region with longitudinal dark streaks, without definite rounded light spots laterally, sometimes more or less suffused with brown centrally. c.—Femoral pores fewer; average 18.46. D. d. lucasensis.—p. 78. c—Femoral pores more numerous, average 21.8. D. carmenensis.—p. 81. b.—Gular region without longitudinal dark streaks; large rounded light spots on lower jaw and side of neck; central gular region heavily suffused with dark brown; femoral pores average 19.1. D. catalinensis.—p. 83. 4, DIPSOSAURUS 73 6. Dipsosaurus dorsalis dorsalis (Baird & Girard) NortTuHern Crestep Lizarp Plate 2. Crotaphytus dorsalis Barro & Grrarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 126 (type locality, Desert of Colorado, Cal.). Dipsosaurus dorsalis HaLLowE.1, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. 7, 1854, p. 92; Barrp, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, Rept., p. 8, pl. XXXII, figs. 7-13; Hartowexx, U. S. Explor. Surv. Pac. R. R., Vol. X, Pt. 4, 1859, p. 7, pl. VI, fig. 1; Copx, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1866, p. 310; Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870, pp. 67, 76; Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept. 1874, p- 146; Copr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 48; Cougs, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 599; Yarrow & HEn- sHaw, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 221; Locxincron, Amer. Natur- alist, Vol. XIV, 1880, p. 295; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 54 (part); BouLeNceEr, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 201 (part); Townsrnp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, p. 144; Sreynecer, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 164; Van Denzurcu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2,Vol. 5,1895,p.92 (part) Van Densurcu, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 44, fig.; Mocauarp, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. 1, 1899, p- 301; McLain, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 2; Corr, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 243, fig. 18 (part); Van DensurcH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, 1905, pp. 3, 24; MrEx, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. 1, 1906, p. 45 Srone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 224; Van Denpurcu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 152; Exruis & HENDER- son, Univ. Colorado Studies, Vol. X, No. 2, 1913, p. 63; Van DEN- BURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 398; Van Denpurcu & SLEviN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 145; Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs., Zool., Vol. 12, No. 17, 1916, p. 515; GrinneLy & Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs, Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 150; SrEyNEGER & BarBour, Check List N. Amer, Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 44; Cow es, Journ, Entomol. and Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, 1920, p. 63; STEPHENS, Trans, San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, No. 4, 1921, p. 61. 74 3. IGUANIDA Dipsosaurus dorsalis dorsalis Van DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. X, No. 4, 1920, pp. 33, 34; Van Densurcu & Srevin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol XI, 1921, pp. 28, 50, 56; NExson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 126. Description—Head short, rounded and rather high. Nostril opening laterally in a single rounded plate which is separated from the large rostral usually by two rows (837%) but sometimes by one row (10%) of granules. Supra- ocular regions, separated from each other by two or three ceries of small convex plates, covered with very smal] plates and granules. A large subocular, followed and preceded by several smaller ones. A series of long, strongly imbricate superciliaries. Labials small, about equal in size, and from eight to 11 in number in each series. Symphyseal plate nearly triangular, and forming the apex of a V-shaped series of slightly enlarged plates. Gulars small, either convex or flattened. Eyelids very slightly fringed. Ear-opening very large, almost vertical, and with a very weak anterior den- ticulation. Dorsal crest composed of slightly enlarged, strongly keeled scales. Other dorsals small, keeled, juxta- posed, and in series which converge toward the dorsal line posteriorly. Ventrals larger than dorsals, smooth and im- bricate. Sides covered with small granular scales. Tail long, tapering, slightly crested and with whorls of obliquely keeled scales. Limbs rather long, covered with keeled scales and granules. Femoral pores varying from 18 to 26 in number; average in 131 thighs 21.98. The general color is grayish brown, variously barred and reticulated with dark brown and slate, and spotted or blotched with light gray or white. These markings are often less distinct near the vertebral line than laterally where they often tend to form longitudinal lines. The upper surface of the head is grayish, brownish, or yellowish, more or less clouded with slate, darkest on the supraocular | Van DeNBURGH | PLATE x Papers, Cau. Acap. Sc1., Von. Oc. “FIGT ‘\"Wady ‘Buozlay ‘AjunoD BUNA “BvIUNnT 1B pezda][0D plv2iy paysesd “SL]DSAOD SL[OSAOP snanvsosdi] 4. DIPSOSAURUS 75 regions. The tail is whitish, yellowish, grayish, or brownish, marked with rings of brown or slate. The lower surfaces are white, marked on the chin and gular region with longi- tudinal or oblique lines of brown or bluish gray. The following color description was taken from a fresh male shot at Yuma, Arizona, October 1, 1894: The head is creamy tinged on the sides with vinaceous and on the supra- ocular regions with black; below, white with indistinct gray markings. The back is cream with numerous transverse gray bars, and more or less broken longitudinal lines of dull Chinese orange. These lines become spots on the sides. The tail is half-ringed with more or less connected spots of the same orange color. The belly is white with a large patch of reddish orange on each side. Dengthr tol anus 47 73 94 105 126 133 Hengthwof etal ta ea 91 151 172 190 232 255 Snout to orbit... 4 5 6 7 8 9 Snout, ito) (ear 22 10 5 18 19 21 23 Orbitatopear eee tee 3 4 5 6 6 7 Rore! dimb, 2 20 29 38 40 43 54 Hind Mimbi 2 37 55 68 Teds 81 95 Ease of fifth to end of fourthy toes a LEW yA 24 29 32 34 39 Distribution.—In California the Crested Lizard ranges over the lower levels of the Colorado and Mohave deserts, pushing its way north to Owen’s, Panamint, Death, Mes- quite and Amargosa valleys. West of the desert region it has not been found, and doubtless does not occur. It has been found also in southern Nevada, western Arizona, and northern Lower California. In California, it is known to occur in Inyo (Death Valley, Furnace Creek, Mesquite Valley, Panamint Moun- tains, Little Lake, Shoshone, Owens Valley three miles east from Owens Lake), San Bernardino (Daggett, Lyons, 76 3. IGUANIDA Warren’s Wells, Blythe Junction, 15 miles east from Blythe Junction, five miles south from Lovic, Needles, Barstow, Ludlow), Riverside (Torres, Palm Springs, 45 miles west from Blythe, Thermal, Coachella, Mecca, Cottonwood Springs, San Bernardino Mts. east from Coachella, San Jacinto Mts. west from Coachella, Palm Canyon, east base of San Jacinto Mts.), and Imperial (Imperial Valley, Melo- land, five miles east from Coyote Well, Pilot Knob, Fort Yuma), counties. In Nevada, it has been taken on the Amargosa Desert, Nye County, and at Callville on the Great Bend of the Colorado River, Clark County. The eastern limits of its range in Arizona are not known; a specimen in the National Museum is labeled Florence, Pinal County. It seems not to occur near Tucson. It is common at Yuma, and has been taken at Quitovaquito on the Mexican boundary line, and at Tempe, Phoenix and Cave Creek in Maricopa County, at Papago Wells, Yuma County, and at various localities along the Colorado River (10 miles below Cibola, Yuma County; Mellen and the Needles Peaks, Mohave County, etc.). Specimens from northwestern Sonora are in the U. S. National Museum. In Lower California, it has been collected at Gardner’s Laguna, Volcano Lake, Salton River, San Felipe Bay, be- tween San Quintin and Comondu, San Luis Gonzales Bay, San Nicolas Bay, Puerto Escondido, Agua Verde Bay, San Ignacio, and San Xavier, on the peninsula, on Magdalena Island on the Pacific coast, and on San Luis, Angel de la Guardia, San Marcos, Monserrate, and San Jose islands, in the Gulf of California. Habits—At Yuma, these lizards live in burrows in the mounds of sand which the winds heap up around the cactus 4. DIPSOSAURUS 77 bunches; the spines of the cactus serving to protect them from the quick swoops of hungry hawks and the digging of jarger enemies. Dr. C. Hart Merriam says: “It is a strict vegetarian, feeding on buds and flowers, which it devours in large quantities. No insects were found in any of the stomachs examined; some contained beautiful bouquets of the yellow blossoms of acacia, the orange malvastrum, the rich purple Dalea, and the mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) ; others contained leaves only.” Heller as quoted by Meek states: “This lizard is very common about the sand dunes in Death Valley, where it lives in burrows beneath the stems of mesquite. It is often seen on the stems of the mesquite, eating the foliage.” Mr. Camp writes: “These round-nosed, large-tailed Jizards are fairly common in the low plain environment in the sandy tracts south of Blythe Junction, and in the washes traversing the alluvial slopes about the Turtle Mountains, They appear to avoid rocky ground, being absent from the hill-sides and mesas. They are shy when approached and run swiftly, with tail slightly raised, to the shelter of a bush, or into a chipmunk’s or kangaraoo-rat’s burrow. When wounded they, puff themselves up till their sides become taut, and may then be pulled from a small hole only with difficulty. With curiosity aroused they prop themselves high on their fore limbs, attentively viewing the passer-by and seldom ‘showing off? with up-and-down movements of the body. “These lizards are phytophagous and may be sometimes surprised in the act of raiding the young leaves of low bushes, in the upper foliage of which they forage during the hottest part of the day. The stomach of a medium- sized individual contained two grams of the leaves and fruit of a malvaceous annual, Spheralcea ambigua. “Remains of a desert iguana were found below the cliff- 78 3. I[GUANIDZ side nest of a prairie falcon where, on June 6, 1914, two nearly grown young falcons set up a squawking chorus at my approach.” Mr. Raymond B. Cowles, states that “During August of 1919 they were seen in pairs and seemed to be breeding. Observations seemed to show that a given pair occupied the came territory and rarely traveled far from it. They were seen most of the hottest days, feeding on the leaves of some of the low desert shrubs. Upon being frightened they would drop from the branches and run rapidly, with the entire body raised from the ground, to the nearest burrow, where they would remain for half an hour or more before reappearing. On cloudy days, even though the tempera- ture remained above 100° F. they were seldom seen and appeared to be very sluggish, sometimes allowing one to approach to within a few feet of them before running. “Their food seemed to be almost exclusively plants, and they preferred the leaves of an alfalfa plant which hap- pened to be growing near their chosen range. During an entire summer, June 25 until September 25, they were seen eating insects only once. The specimen eating the insect escaped and it is not known what insect it might be, though from a distance it appeared to be one of the Acrididz.” 7. Dipsosaurus dorsalis lucasensis Van Denburgh San Lucas Cresrep Lizarp Dipsosaurus dorsalis Barrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. XI, 1859, p- 299; Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 1874, p. 146; Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 54 (part); Boutencer, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 201 (part); Cops, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 34; BeLpinc, West. Amer. Scientist, Vol. UI, No. 24, 1887, p. 97; Van Denxsurcu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 92 (part); Cops, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 243 (part); Terron, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. Antonio Alzate, Vol. 39, 1921, pp. 165, 168. 4, DIPSOSAURUS 79 Dipsosaurus dorsalis Iucasensis Van Denpurcu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 10, 1920, p. 33 (type locality, San Jose del Cabo, Lower California, Mexico); Van Denspurcu & SLEvin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, No. 4, 1921, pp. 51, 56; Newson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115. Description—Head short, rounded and rather high. Nostril opening laterally in a single rounded plate which is separated from the large rostral usually by one row (787) but sometimes by two rows (15%) of granules. Supra- ocular regions, separated from each other by two or three series of small convex plates, covered with small plates and granules. A large subocular, followed and preceded by several smaller ones. A series of long, strongly imbricate superciliaries. Labials small, about equal in size, and from eight to 11 in number in each series. Symphyseal plate nearly triangular, and forming the apex of a V-shaped series of enlarged plates. Gulars small, either convex or flattened. Fye-lids very slightly fringed. Ear-opening very large, almost vertical, and with a very weak anterior denticulation. Dorsal crest composed of slightly enlarged, strongly keeled scales. Other dorsals small, keeled, juxtaposed, and in series which converge toward the dorsal line posteriorly. Ventrals larger than dorsals, smooth and imbricate. Sides covered with small granular scales. Tail long, tapering, slightly crested and with whorls of obliquely keeled scales. Limbs rather long, covered with keeled scales and granules. Femoral pores varying from 16 to 25 in number; average on 100 thighs, 18.46. The general color is grayish brown above, variously barred and reticulated with dark brown and slate, and spotted or blotched with light gray or yellowish white. These markings are often less distinct near the vertebral line than laterally. The upper surface of the head is grayish, brown- ish, or yellowish, more or less clouded, often darkest on the 80 3. I[GUANIDZ supraocular regions. (The tail is yellowish, grayish, or brownish, marked with rings of brown. The lower sur- faces are white, marked on the chin and gular region with longitudinal or oblique lines of brown or bluish gray, and with more or less numerous spots or vertical bars of the same color on the sides of the body. Length to anus___._..- 190 117 130 135 135 135 Length to tales = 181 220 265 250 258 258 Snout to orbit. ae 8 9 9 9 10 Snout to ear. 16 20 22 24 23 24 Orbitsto/eane _ 4 5 6 6 6 i Rorew im by eee 34 44 52 54 53 2] Blind limb es ee 71 87 92 94 92 93 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe — 30 36 37 38 36 37 Variation.—Specimens of this lizard from the “Cape Region” of Lower California show a tendency to have but one row of scales between the rostral and nasal plates, while those from northern Lower California, California and Ari- zona usually have two rows. Distribution —This subspecies seems to be confined to the Cape Region of Lower California, Mexico, where it has been secured at La Paz, San Jose del Cabo, Miraflores, San Pedro, Triunfo, San Bartolo, Buena Vista, Santiago, Agua Caliente, Cabo San Lucas, and Todos Santos, and on Cer- 2lbo Island. Habits.—Mr. Slevin states that this species was not noted above 1020 feet altitude and was particularly abundant close to the coast. Among the sand dunes back of the beach at San Jose del Cabo any number of specimens could be col- lected. Their principal enemy seemed to be the red racer, and two or three specimens of this snake when captured were 4. DIPSOSAURUS 81 found each to contain the remains of a Dipsosaurus and one specimen had a full grown lizard of this species in its stomach. 8. Dipsosaurus carmenensis, new species CarMEN IsLaNp CresTrepD Lizarp Description—Head short, rounded and rather high. Nostril opening laterally in a single rounded plate which is separated from the large rostral rarely by two rows (20%) but usually by one row (80%) of granules. Supra- ocular regions separated from each other by three series of small convex plates; covered with very small plates and granules. A large subocular, followed and preceded by smaller ones. A series of long, strongly imbricate super- ciliaries. Labials small, about equal in size, and from nine to 13 in number in each series. Symphyseal plate nearly triangular, and forming the apex of a V-shaped series of slightly enlarged plates. Gulars small, either convex or flattened. Eye-lids very slightly fringed. Ear-opening very large, almost vertical, and with weak anterior denticu- lation. Dorsal crest composed of slightly enlarged, strongly keeled scales. Other dorsals small, keeled, juxtaposed, and in series which converge toward the dorsal line posteriorly. Ventrals larger than dorsals, smooth and imbricate. Sides covered with small granular scales. Tail long, tapering, slightly crested and with whorls of obliquely keeled scales. Limbs rather long, covered with keeled scales and granules. Femoral pores varying from 20 to 25 in number; average in 40 thighs, 21.8. The general color is grayish brown above, variously barred and reticulated with dark brown and slate, and spotted or blotched with light gray or white. These markings are less distinct near the vertebral line than laterally. The 82 3. IGUANIDA upper surface of the head is grayish, brownish, or yellowish, more or less clouded with slate, darkest on the supraocular regions. The tail is whitish, yellowish, grayish, or brownish, marked with rings of brown or slate. The lower surfaces are white, marked on the chin and gular region with longi- tudinal or oblique lines of brown or bluish gray, and some- times more or less suffused centrally with dark brown. Length to antis__.__ 68 85 106 110 121 127 Eength of tal 150 181 231 238 250 248 Snout. ‘to iorbit___ 5 6 7 if 8 8 Snouty toca 13 1514 19 19 21 ZZ Orbit to ear... 34% 4. 6 6 if 8 Borentimby 2a eee 22 34 43 43 46 49 Hind limbs 2s 56 69 87 85 96 92 Base of fifth to end of fourth) toese= ea 24 29 35 36 39 37 Distribution—Carmen and Coronado islands, Gulf ot California, Mexico. Remarks.—The Crested Lizard of Carmen Island is very similar to that of the Cape Region of Lower California, with which it agrees in the number of granules between the nasal and rostral plates, although the northern form occupies the intervening territory. Its femoral pores average more numerous than in D. d. lucasensis, agreeing in this respect with D. d. dorsalis. Type.—No. 50504, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; Joseph R. Slevin, collector, May 21, 1921. Type locality—Near Puerto Bellandro, Carmen Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. 4. DIPSOSAURUS 83 9. Dipsosaurus catalinensis, new species Santa Catatina IstaNpD CresTeD Lizarp Description——Head short, rounded and rather high. Nostril opening laterally in a single rounded plate which is separated from the large rostral sometimes by two rows (25%) but usually by one row (75%) of granules. Supra- ocular regions, separated from each other by two or three series of small convex plates, covered with very small plates and granules. A large subocular, followed and preceded by smaller ones. A series of long, strongly imbricate super- ciliaries. Labials small, about equal in size, and from 10 to 13 in number in each series. Symphyseal plate nearly triangular, and forming the apex of a V-shaped series of slightly enlarged plates. Gulars small, either convex or flattened. Eye-lids very slightly fringed. Ear-opening very large, almost vertical, and with weak anterior denticu- lation. Dorsal crest composed of slightly enlarged, strongly keeled scales. Other dorsals small, keeled, juxtaposed, and in series which converge toward the dorsal line posteriorly. Ventrals larger than dorsals, smooth and imbricate. Sides covered with small granular scales. Tail long, tapering, slightly crested and with whorls of obliquely keeled scales. Limbs rather long, covered with keeled scales and granules. Femoral pores varying from 17 to 21 in number; average in 20 thighs, 19.1. The general color is grayish brown above, variously barred and reticulated with dark brown and slate, and spotted or blotched with light gray or white. These markings are often less distinct near the vertebral line than laterally. The upper surface of the head is grayish, brownish, or yellowish, more or less clouded with slate, darkest on the supraocular regions. The tail is whitish, yellowish, grayish, or brownish, marked with rings of brown or slate. The 84 3. IGUANIDA lower surfaces are white, suffused on the chin and gular region with very dark reddish brown, which color is solid centrally but outlines large rounded spots on the lower jaw and side of neck. Length to anus_._.._ 82 94 109 112 122 125 Length to tail _167 So 204 eb FS 235 Snout to orbit___. 6 6% 7 7 8 8% Snout to ear___...___- sag IS 16 19 19 21 21 Orbit, toear=2 — 4% 5 6 6 7 7 Fore limb ____..___ 32 37 42 39 47 47 Hind limb 265 75 79 78 90 88 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe _._____ 27 31 31 30 35 34 Distribution —Santa Catalina Island, Gulf of Cali- fornia, Mexico. Remarks.—This species is distinguished from the others of the genus by the intense brown pigmentation of the chin and throat and the rounded spots on the lower jaws and sides of the gular region where the other kinds have longi- tudinal streaks. Type.—No. 50505, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci.; Joseph R. Slevin, collector, June 12, 1921. Type locality—Santa Catalina Island, Gulf of Cali- fornia, Mexico. Genus 5. Sauromalus Sauromalus DumEriL, Arch. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Vol. VIII, 1856, p. 535 (type, ater). Euphryne Batrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 253 (type, obesus); Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1864, p. 177. This genus includes a few species whose relation to the various genera of iguanas is shown not only by their large 5. SAUROMALUS 85 size and certain structural features, but also by a similarity in habits. The head and body are much depressed, and but little shorter than the heavy conical tail. All of the head plates are small. The labials are juxtaposed. The ear- opening is large with a very strong anterior denticulation. The dorsal scales are small and nearly uniform. Long series of femoral pores and a strong transverse gular fold are present. The lateral neck folds are spinose. The super- ciliaries are juxtaposed. The species described may be dis- tinguished as follows: Synopsis OF SPECIES 2,—Scales in a caudal whorl at largest part of tail not fewer than 50; largest nuchals not larger than largest scales on top of head, usually smaller than largest preauricu- lars; not fewer than 25 dorsals in a head-length. b.—Smaller; most caudal scales with short posterior spines; upper surfaces cross-banded, clouded, speckled, or finely mottled with black or dark brown and olive, yellow or red. c.—Scales in a caudal whorl at largest part of tail not fewer than 63 (63 to 88); ventral scale-rows between gular fold and anus more than 153 (154 to 194). d.—Scales on limbs smaller, less strongly keeled and spinose. S. ater—p. 86. d’.—Scales on limbs larger, more strongly keeled and spinose. S. townsendi.—p. 93. c.—Scales in a caudal whorl not more than 64 (51 to 64); ventral scale-rows between gular fold and anus not more than 153 (128 to 150). S. interbrachialis.—p. 95. 86 3. IGUANIDA b’.—Very large; few if any caudals spinose; upper surfaces very coarsely marked or blotched with blackish brown and yellow, orange or red; scales in a caudal whorl! not fewer than 63 (63 to 76); ventral rows between gular fold and anus 140 to 156. S. varius.—p. 101. a’.—Scales in a caudal whorl at largest part of tail not more than 50; nuchal scales strongly spinose, largest larger than largest scales on top of head, almost as large as largest preauriculars; not more than 25 dorsals in a head-length. bb.—Scales on limbs less strongly keeled, often nearly smooth on posterior surface of lower leg (tibia); scales much less spinose on limbs and tail; most dorsal scales not spinose; adults mottled; size moderately large; about 20 to 25 dorsals in a head length. S. slevini—p. 97. bb’.—Scales on limbs more strongly keeled; posterior sur- face of lower leg with strongly keeled scales; scales much more spinose on limbs and tail; nearly every dorsal scale ending in a short spine; adults blackish, nearly unicolor; size very large; about 15 to 20 dor- sals in a head length. S. hispidus.—p. 99. 10. Sauromalus ater Duméril Chuckwalla Plates 3 and 4 Sauromalus ater DumeEriL, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris. Vol. VIII, 1856, p. 536, pl. XXIII, figs. 3, 3a (type locality, unknown) ; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 47; Bocourr, Miss, Sci. Mex., Rept., 1874, p. 149, pl. XVII bis., fig. 11; Cours, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 600; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 51; Bourencrr, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II., 1885, p. 202; Corr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 35, 5. SAUROMALUS 87 (part); SreyneceR, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 14, 1891, p. 410; SreyNEcER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 173; Van Den- BURGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 60; McLain, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 3; Mocquarp, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. 1, 1899, p. 302; Cops, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 266, fig. 23; Mex, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VIL, No. 1, 1906, p. 9; Dirmars, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 111, pl. XXXV; Van Denpurcu & SLEvin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, pp. 392, 398; Arsatrr, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p. 34; Van Densurcu & SLeEvin, Proc. Cal. Acad, Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1915, p. 100; Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 17, 1916, p. 522; GrinneLtt & Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 153; SrEyJNEGER & Barpour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 46; Cowrrs, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XI, No. 3, 1920, p. 64; Van DenspurcH & Sievin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 30, 51; Newson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, p. 114. Euphryne obesus Barrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila, 1858, p. 253 (type locality, Fort Yuma, Cal.). Euphryne obesa Bairp, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. I, Rept., 1859, p. 6, pl. XXVII; Cops, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 310; Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870, p. 67. Sauromelas ater SrepHENS Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IH, No. 4, 1921, p. 61. Description.—Head and body very large, much de- pressed, the latter very broad. Head almost triangular, with narrow rounded snout, and covered with small plates largest on frontal and temporal regions. Nostrils opening upward, outward, and slightly backward, in round plates a little nearer to end of snout than orbits. Superciliaries like supraoculars, small and juxtaposed. Suboculars all short, but strongly keeled. Rostral plate very small. Labial plates small and of about equal size. Symphyseal plate long but very narrow. Several series of slightly enlarged sublabials passing gradually into the finely granular gulars. Gular fold covered with very small scales. Ear-opening 88 3. IGUANIDA large, almost vertical, with strong anterior denticulation of spinose scales. A strong fold on each side of neck, bearing numerous spinose tubercles. Scales on back and sides small, Jargest medially and on strong lateral fold, smooth and juxtaposed except laterally, becoming there keeled and slightly imbricate. Dorsals varying from 27 to 37 and averaging 32 to a head-length. Ventral scales smooth, smaller than dorsals, about 155 to 194 (averaging 165) rows between gular fold and anus. Tail little longer than head and body, conical, very stout, and covered with whorls of small, weakly keeled, feebly spinose scales; about 64 to 88 in a whorl at largest part of tail. Femoral pores very large in males, varying in number from 11 to 24; average in 51 thighs, 16.56. The head, neck, and limbs are dull brownish black with a few scattered scales of grayish yellow. The back is dark brown or a dull straw-color speckled with red, straw- color or dark brown, and sometimes crossed by several broad bands of dark brown or black. The tail is dull straw- color with or without wide rings of black or dark brown. The ventral surfaces are black or dark brown more or less relieved with dull yellow. The relative proportions and the distribution of the dark and light areas vary greatly in different specimens. A living specimen was colored as follows: The head and neck are uniform black, as are also the upper surfaces of the arms and legs. The hands and feet are speckled with dull yellowish white. The central portion of the back is chiefly brick-red dotted with black and yellowish white. Its lateral portions are chiefly black, but are dotted with deep vermilion and yellowish white. The sides are similar to the central portion of the back, but with less white and with red of a darker shade. The chest is black with a continuation of the red of each side crossing it and ‘ZI6L ‘tAqQUIAAON ‘BIULL Te) ‘AjunoD aptsaaaly ‘ssunmdg wyeq ieau payoajop e I [PM YON) “laqv SN [DIMOND PLATE | VAN Densurc | Oc. Papers, Cau. Acap. Sci., Vou. X 5. SAUROMALUS 89 meeting its fellow on the median line just behind the inser- tion of the fore limbs. The belly is black, dotted and spotted with red. The lower surfaces of the limbs are black, spotted with yellowish white, and sparsely speckled with red. The tail is either all white or white crossed by wide bands of black. There is much variation in the coloration of this lizard, especially as regards the black bands of the tail. These may be present or absent in the same individual at different times, and the change seems to be, at least to some extent, directly under control of the animal. When the specimen whose colors are described above was put in a jar with chloroform, the black bands of the tail disappeared and re- appeared several times before the lizard’s death. Dr. Stejneger has observed the same color changes and thought them dependent upon the intensity of the light to which the animal is exposed. Regarding the coloration of fresh specimens, Mr. Camp notes: “Some of the specimens show a great amount of red on both dorsal and ventral surfaces and a few do not; some are banded on the tail and some exhibit scarcely a trace of this characteristic. In a young specimen there are around the tail four broad, encircling bands of brown alter- nating with three circles of yellow. An adult male is colored as follows: top of head dark brown, nearly black, with many yellow scales scattered over the occiput and head and small patches of orange in the ear just behind the tympanum; back speckled with black scales in lichen- like pattern; about an equal number of orange and of yel- low scales, evenly dispersed, covering most of back; shoulder patches large, dark brown, and dorsal surfaces of limbs dark brown; feet spotted with yellow; head and limbs beneath, black; belly almost uniform dark morocco to brick red; tail abruptly lighter than rest of body, deep 90 3. IGUANIDA colonial buff, faintly banded with three broad rings of deep olive buff.” Iength® to: anus! 130 142 150 180 193 210 Length of tail. 132. itigteeasa,” Uaoe i) 20a eats Snout to orbit... 11 12 13 14 16 19 Snout “to (ear 2 ee 26 27 28 36 40 45 Width of head_.....-_- _ 24 2h 27 35 38 44 Foreimb) 225-2 eee 58 66 62 76 78 87 ind lambr =. 2-22 a 75 91 85 102 113 121 Bese of fifth to end of fourth) toe es 24 26 28 32 34 38 Distribution—The Chuckwalla is known from south- western Utah, southern Nevada, western Arizona, south- eastern California, and northern and central Lower California. In Utah, it has been taken in Washington County, where it is common among the red standstone cliffs near St. George and in the Canyon of the Lower Santa Clara. It has been secured near Rockville and Leeds, in the same county. In Nevada, it has been collected in Nye County at Rhyolite and in Pahrump Valley. In Arizona, it has been secured in Maricopa (Sentinel, Cave Creek, and Tempe), Yavapai (Turkey), Coconino (mouth of Bright Angel Creek, Lees Ferry), and Mohave (Mellen) counties. In California, it is restricted to the desert areas east of the mountains, where it has been collected in Inyo (Fur- nace Creek, Death Valley, Hanopee Canyon, Willow Creek, Panamint Mountains, Amargosa River, Lookout, Argus Mountains, Beveridge Canyon, Inyo Mountains, Shoshone, Little Lake, Darwin), San Bernardino (Bar- stow, Daggett, Slate Range, Turtle Mountains, five miles south from Lovic, Victorville, 14 miles northeast from 4 PLare | Van Densurcu | Oc. Papers, Cau. Acap. Sci., Vout. X “LIGT ‘ouny ‘BIUIOJITBO ‘AJUNOD OULpAeusag URS ‘aTJIAIOITA 1B eypemyonysT “310 SH [DULOLNDY paza 09 5. SAUROMALUS 91 Blythe Junction, Providence Mountains, Warren’s Wells), Riverside (Riverside Mountain Colorado River, Cotton- wood Springs, Palm Springs, Santa Rosa Mountains at Dos Palmos Springs, Snow Creek San Jacinto Mountains), Imperial (Coyote Wells, Hanlon’s Ranch, Fort Yuma, 12 miles southwest from Palo Verde), and San Diego (Moun- tain Springs, “Julian Mountains,” east slope Cuyamaca Mountains at 2,000 feet, Warren’s Ranch), counties. In Lower California, Mocquard reports it from San Ignacio, Mulege, and the Arroyo Santa Agueda. A speci- men from Agua Verde Bay (73 caudals, 161 ventral rows, 15-16 pores) seems to belong to this species. Habits.—This lizard, the largest native to California, shares with several others the curious habit of defending itself with its tail. As this organ is very large and muscu- lar the animal can strike very quick and well-aimed blows, and does so with great vigor when teased. This habit is similar to that of the rather closely related Spiny-tailed Iguanas, of the genus Ctenosaura, with which the Chuck- walla also shares the habit of inflation of its body to pre- vent removal from a crevice or other place of retreat. Dr. Merriam, (N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 174.) states that “It was generally found on lava or other dark rocks with which its coloration harmonized. It is a vege- tarian, feeding entirely, so far as our observations go, on the buds and flowers of plants, with the addition some- times of a few leaves. It is much prized by the Panamint Indians as an article of food. A number were eaten by members of our expedition, and their flesh was reported to be tender and palatable.” Dr. Fisher examined a num- ber of stomachs of this lizard, “in which he found the fol- lowing plants (either flowers or foliage or both): Dalea 92 3. IGUANIDZ fremontii, Leptosyne bigelovii, Amsinckia tessellata, Lotus, Spheralcea munroana, and Ephedra viridis.” Mr. Camp gives some interesting notes as follows: “This clumsy, vegetarian lizard is common on the rocky slopes of the Turtle Mountains and may occasionally be seen in the patches of scoriz out from the base of the range. It was never noticed elsewhere, and having rather feeble powers of locomotion, doubtless depends upon the security of the rocks to a greater extent than do swifter lizards. It lacks the curiosity of smaller species and loses no time in slipping to safety at the approach of danger. “Chuckwallas were seen perching on rocks so hot as to be unbearable to the hand, and big, gorgeously colored males were noted in pursuit of each other over hillsides in the middle of the hottest July days. In the latter part of June one pair, male and female, were seen near one another. “The chuckwalla has a curious habit of sticking out the fleshy tongue at every few steps when walking along. Like toads and Phrynosoma, Sauromalus can be made to assume a rigid hypnotic posture by gentle rubbing on the belly. In this condition an individual may remain half an hour without moving. “The half-eaten body of a large female was picked up near a nest containing two young prairie falcons. When attacked in its retreats, the chuckwalla inflates itself and lashes the heavy stub-tail about vigorously. Aside from this it appears to be utterly innocuous, and the writer has never known one to attempt to bite even when handled roughly. Mr. Dane Coolidge states that the desert In- dians, to whom the chuckwallas are a delicacy, puncture the lizards’ sides with sharpened wire in order to deflate them and then draw them from. their retreats among the rocks. “Old chuckwallas often have scars on the back caused 5. SAUROMALUS 93 perhaps by crawling about in crevices. One individual se- cured had lost the front foot on one side and the hind foot on the other, and in spite of its misfortune was lively and had a stomach full of food. One chuckwalla was seen up in a small creosote bush from which most of the leaves had been stripped. The three stomachs examined contained plant remains. In two cases the leaves were swallowed entire and belonged to a composite (F’ranseria dumosa) and a spurge (Euphorbia polycarpa); the other stomach con- tained many chewed leaves and stems.” 11. Sauromalus townsendi Dickerson Trsuron Istanp CHUCKWALLA ? Sauromalus BeLpinc, West. Amer. Scientist, Vol. III, 1887, p. 97. Sauromalus townsendi Dickerson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 464 (type locality, Tiburon Island, Gulf of Cali- fornia, Mexico) ; Newson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, puleny Description—Head and body large, much depressed, the latter very broad. Head almost triangular, with nar- row rounded snout, and covered with small plates largest on frontal and temporal regions. Nostrils opening up- ward, outward, and slightly backward, in round plates a little nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Superciliaries Jike supraoculars, small and juxtaposed. Suboculars all short, but slightly keeled. TRostral plate very small. Labial plates small and of about equal size. Symphyseal plate long but very narrow. Several series of slightly en- larged sublabials passing gradually into the finely granular gulars. Gular fold covered with very small scales. Ear- opening large, almost vertical, with strong anterior denti- culation of spinose scales. A: strong fold on each side of neck, bearing numerous spinose tubercles. Nuchal scales 94 3. I[GUANIDA somewhat enlarged, feebly spinose. Scales on back and sides small, largest medially and on strong lateral fold, smooth and juxtaposed except laterally, becoming there tubercular or keeled and slightly mucronate. Dorsals averaging 30 to a head-length. Ventral iscales smooth, smaller than dorsals, about 154 to 163 rows between gular fold and anus. Tail little longer than head and body, conical, very stout, and covered with whorls of small, smooth or weakly keeled, feebly spinose scales; about 63 to 65 scales in a whorl, at largest part of tail. Scales on arm, forearm and lower leg somewhat larger and more strongly keeled than in S. ater. Femoral pores very large in males, small in females, varying in number from twelve to seventeen; average 14.13. The head, neck, and limbs are pale yellowish olive or dull brownish black, with scattered scales of grayish yellow. The back is yellowish olive, or a dull straw-color, speckled cr suffused with dark reddish brown or black and sometimes crossed by broad bands of dark brown or black. The tail is dull straw-color with or without wide rings of olive or yellowish brown. The ventral surfaces are dull yellow, suffused in the male with brownish olive on the limbs, chest, gular region and chin, and more or less speckled with dark brown or black. Tenothy to, anuS 22. 4 ee ee A 150 166 Length of tail... eRe eee 149 142 aoe SriGuite CON cr bit ee ee 11 11 ans AS) Vee | 1 C0 Yi in vo 7. UMA 135 lar black blotches forming ocellated spots with black centers, the black marking everywhere edged with ferruginous; anterior part of nape and occiput without ocellations, the dark spots becoming brownish; head above light brownish, banded irregularly with dusky; tail above brownish color without ocellations, anteriorly marked with black reticula- tions, posteriorly with rusty markings extending along me- dian line to the tip; forelegs spotted above with black and rusty on a brownish clay ground, the spots becoming obsolete on the phalanges; hind legs light brownish, clay spotted with rusty on thighs; distally spotted with dusky; sides of head spotted like nape; the sides of body with a large median inky black spot; two similar spots before the hind leg; thigh anteriorly light olive, becoming golden distally; beneath thigh at base of tail a small black spot margined with golden; posterior part of thigh spotted with golden olive; sides of tail golden yellow; tip of chin rusty, forethroat dusky banded on whitish ground; throat barred with black; fore part of chest behind collar spotted with olive and blackish; belly and chest whitish; hind legs beneath the same, with light olive wash; a blackish blotch posterior to beginning of femoral pores on each side; tail below like the thighs, near the tip crossed by a few black bars.” Kengthitoranuseses a 80 83 02 98 100 101 Length to tail____ 79 92 104 107 114 115 Snout to back of inter- Pakic tall peeew ote ala. 14 15 16 16 16 16 SHONtutopearss esas Zs W7/, 19 20 20 19 Width of head@ es 1/5 15 16 16 16 16 Fore limb) 2a RES) 40 42 42 44 43 lind lim by pe SS 64 68 70 69 69 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe a= wee a AA) 24 24 25 24 24 Remarks. —Uma notata was first described from a young 136 3. IGUANIDE individual. Professor Cope later published descriptions of Uma scoparia, U. inornata and U. rufopunctata. The various characters ascribed to these supposed species have since been found in good series of specimens from single localities, and there can be no doubt that the differences in- dicated by Cope are individual, sexual and age variations in a single species. Distribution.—This lizard seems to be restricted to sand dunes in the Lower Sonoran Zone. In such situations it has been found in southeastern California, Arizona, northern Lower California, and Sonora. In California, it has been collected in San Bernardino (Mohave Desert, Mohave River near Daggett), Riverside (two miles south from Blythe Junction, San Bernardino Mountains east from Coachella), and Imperial (Signal Mountain, New River near Salton Lake, Colorado Desert), counties. In Arizona, it has been found on the desert near Yuma, Yuma County, on the Mohave Desert, Mohave County, and near Fort Buchanan, Santa Cruz County. In Lower California, it has been secured near Gardner’s Laguna, and near Mexicali. In Sonora, it has been secured at Tepoca Bay. Flabits—This curious lizard has been found only on dunes of loose sand. Its habits are similar to those of Calli- saurus to which it is closely related. Mr. Heller, as recorded by Meek, states: “This species was taken only in the drifting sand areas of the bed of the Mohave River, where it is a common form. It has the peculiar habit of burying itself in the sand when pursued. The peculiar fringe of scales along the toes evidently serves to give the lizard sufficient speed over the loose sand to 11 PLATE [Van Denpurcu | x AcaD. Sci., VoL. Oc. Papers, Cau. “LI6BL ‘ABN ‘uoTIOUNL aUATG ABvaU ‘eIUAOJIPED ‘A JUNC ) APISIAATY pie2zry purs pee [[9O “pyvjou vid) ul pera] [op 7. UMA 137 force its body beneath the surface. The sharp depressed snout is evidently another modification to aid it in getting beneath the sand. Usually the entire body is buried, but occasionally the tip of the tail protrudes. Their peculiar mottled coloration does not render them protectively colored on the white sand, but their peculiar mode of eluding pur- suers renders this unnecessary, and at the same time limits them to areas covered by fine drifting sand. “The food of this species consists largely of the leaves of a forget-me-not (Cryptonthe), which is abundant among the sand dunes. The young leaves of the desert willow (Chilopsis) are also eaten. The insect food consists of cater- pillars, ants, bees, etc. One specimen was seen several feet up on an oblique limb of a desert willow, in search of the voung leaves which were just budding.” Mr. Camp found that one female with orange markings “contained three eggs, each nine millimeters in diameter. Another contained one egg eighteen millimeters long.” He writes: “The ocellated sand lizard has so far been taken only at a few localities within a circumscribed area on the deserts of the southwest. It is strictly confined to belts of wind-blown sand, and in the vicinity of Blythe Junction was never seen beyond the borders of a narrow zone of sand dunes two miles south of the railroad. Many of these shy lizards were abroad in the hotter part of the day, scurrying over the fine sand, with a cloud of dust in their wake, or foraging beneath squaw-tea bushes on the dunes. Seldom was an individual taken unawares, and it was found difficult in most cases to approach an alert animal close enough for a successful shot with the .32 caliber auxiliary. “The speed attained by these heavy lizards on loose sand is not so great as that of Crotaphytus, Cnemidophorus and Callisaurus in the same situations, despite the broadening fringe of scales on the toes. When alarmed they make 138 3. IGUANIDZA for the nearest dune and turn behind it to enter a Dipodomys or Citellus hole or to bury themselves quickly in sand as the gridiron-tails do, the broad nose of which lizards their own shovel-like snout resembles. The tracks of the hind feet of a Uma running at top speed are five to six inches apart; and the deep imprints of these members indicate that most of the work is done by the hind legs, the fore limbs being merely used to balance the creature. ‘The tail is curled upward while running, as in Callisaurus. “Their curious color patterns, though they may seem unduly striking when viewed in the specimen in hand, really harmonize in strong light with the buff tint of the sands, and the lizards are seldom detected until they begin to move. “One stomach was filled with a great number of ants. Another contained two grasshoppers entire, one large hemip- ter, eight red ants, two brown ants, two beetles, a pebble, and several pieces of vegetation. Another held seven brown and seven red ants, one beetle, several parasitic nematodes, and two fresh leaves and the terminal bud of a plant. One specimen when shot had a plant stem in its mouth.” Genus 8. Callisaurus Callisaurus BuatNviLLE, Nouv. Ann. Mus., Vol. IV, 1835, p. 286 (type, draconoides). Megadactylus FrrzincEr, Syst. Rept., 1843, p. 59 (type, draconoides). Homolosaurus HaLLowE.1, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 179 (type, ventralis). The lizards of this genus have the body and tail con- siderably flattened, legs very long, and the head rounded when seen from above but pointed in profile. The head is covered with irregular plates, the largest of which is the interparietal. The labials are produced laterally and are strongly imbricate. The superciliaries are imbricate. The ear-opening is large, but is without anterior denticulation. 8. CALLISAURUS 139 The dorsal scales are very small and nearly uniform. There are no fringes of movable scales on the digits, except in one species. Long series of femoral pores are present. There are two or more transverse gular folds. Males have en- larged postanal plates. The presence of digital fringes in one species (C. crinitus) has led some authors to unite this genus and Uma. To me it seems best to retain both genera, for reasons stated in describing Uma. The known species and subspecies of Callisaurus may be distinguished by the following SyNopPsis OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES a.—A fringe of small spinose scales along one side of toes somewhat asin Uma. C. crinitus.—p. 140. a.—No fringe of spinose scales along sides of toes. b.—Males with two nearly vertical lateral black blotches usually followed by a third black spot; dorsal caudal bars never black, usually with strongly undulate or pointed posterior margins. C. d. draconoides.—p. 142. b.—Males with two large oblique lateral black blotches usually not followed by a third black spot. c.—Dark dorsal bars on tail with strongly undulate or pointed posterior margins from base to beyond middle of tail; dorsal tail bars never black. C. d. carmenensis.—p. 145. c.—Dark dorsal bars on tail with nearly straight or slightly undulate posterior margins at least from middle to end of tail; dorsal tail bars often black. d.—Dorsal tail bars black in both sexes; usually more or less red in dorsal coloration. Angel de la Guardia Island. _ C. splendidus.—p. 148. d’—Dorsal tail bars black in males only; usually little or no red in dorsal coloration. 140 3. IGUANIDA e.—Lateroventral black bars in males ill-defined, blurred or obsolete, often united below. C. inusitatus.—p. 150. e?.—Lateroventral black bars in males well-defined, intense, separate below. f.—Tail longer, ratio of body to tail averages .728 to .855; femoral pores more numerous, average 16; general coloration lighter. C. ventralis ventralis.—p. 152. f*—Tail shorter, ratio of body to tail averages .807 to .815; femoral pores fewer, average 14; general coloration darker. Northern Nevada. C. ventralis myurus.—p. 164. 21. Callisaurus crinitus Cope Coper’s GRIDIRON-TAILED Li1zarpD Callisaurus dracontoides Corr, Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus., 1889, p. 147. Callisaurus crinitus Copr, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXX, 1896, p. 1049 (type locality, Ballenas Bay, Lower California); Dickerson, Copeia, No. 50, 1917, p. 97; SreyNEGER & BarBour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 47; Van DenBurcH & SLEvIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 51, 57; Nexson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115. Callisaurus rhodostictus Cope, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXX, 1896, p. 1049 (type locality Lower California). Description.—Head rather short and low, with well developed canthus rostralis. Nostrils large, opening on upper surface of snout. Supraocular regions covered with small plates and separated from each other by one or two rows of slightly larger plates. Upper head plates (except interparietal) small and irregular, largest on frontal and prefrontal regions, everywhere smooth and but little con- vex. Several subocular plates, middle one very long and strongly keeled. Superciliaries rather small, but strongly imbricate. Eyelids bearing a well developed fringe. Supra- labials strongly imbricate, and produced laterally so as to 8. CALLISAURUS 141 torm a series of curves when seen from above. Infralabials small, juxtaposed. Below them, one or more series of flat sublabial plates. Gulars granular and smooth, growing iarger and imbricate on posterior fold. Back and sides cov- ered with small flattened granules, which change gradually into much larger smooth ventrals. A dermal fold usually extending along each side between limbs. Tail of moderate length, much flattened, its scales slightly imbricate, and along its edge, pointed. Limbs very long and slender. Pos- terior edges of second, third and fourth toes with fringe of pointed scales. Ear-opening large, without denticula- tion. Femoral pores varying from 19 to 20, in a single series on each thigh. The general color above is grayish, dotted, spotted and reticulated with yellowish white, reddish brown and gray. The top of the head is yellowish gray, clouded with darker gray posteriorly. The upper surfaces of the forearm, lower leg and tail are crossed by more or less undulating bands of dark brown. A dark line, bordered above and below with white, runs along the back of the thigh. The throat is yellowish white, with diagonal gray markings. The lower surface of the tail is white with about nine cross-bars of intense black. The belly is whitish. Males have a large blue patch, marked with three oblique wedge-shaped black tars on each side, the posterior bar being continued back along the belly nearly two-thirds the distance to the thigh. eemethis tocar us emeeeenerens ae emenee ns eee ed eu Tei, [ene thio fas cei | aes een ee cree crete ree Ace eee ee 93 Snout to: back’ of ‘imterparietall 13 SnoOntgeto pear sssiwet seas ees vues Sh were aew rete 15 NW YANG lie: One Soyer Ye Le a Ae 12 Hore limbijee= marke 0. Boner ERT by Sree aS, Je libpvol- bboy), je bod ee oe eae ee 2S 6 SOS 62 142 3. IGUANIDH Remarks.—This species differs from all other known members of this genus in having a fringe of spinous scales along the posterior surfaces of the second, third and fourth digits. This is similar to the arrangement seen in Uma, but differs in that the fringe in C. crinitus is on only one side of each digit. C. crinitus has no ear valve, such as is seen in Uma. Its coloration is somewhat intermediate between that of C. ventralis ventralis and Uma notata, but more like the former. Distribution —This species was first recorded from a specimen collected at Ballenas Bay on the Pacific side of central Lower California. A second specimen has since Leen taken at Abreojos Point, the northern point of Ballenas Bay, and seven others at San Bartolome Bay 100 miles far- ther north, also on the Pacific shore of the peninsula. 22. Callisaurus draconoides draconoides (Blainville) San Lucan GrRIDIRON-TAILED LizarD Callisaurus draconoides BuatnvitLE, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. IV, 1835, p. 286, pl. XXIV, fig. 2 (type locality, “Cali- fornia”) Dumrrit et Bisron, Erpétologie Générale, Vol. IV, 1837, p. 326; Gray, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., 1845, p. 227; Bo- court, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept. 3e livr., 1874, p. 158, pl. XVII, bis., figs. 10-10b; Sreynecrr, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 171; Van DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, pp. 95, 98; DicKxErson, Copeia, No. 50, 1917, p. 97; STEJNEGER & Bar- Bour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 47; Van Den- BURGH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 51, 57; Nezson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. AVI, 1921, pp. i, ES) Callisaurus ventralis Barrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1859, p. 299. Callisaurus dracontides Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 312; Corr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 38. Callisaurus dracontoides dracontoides Corr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, pp. 47, 93; Yarrow, Bull.U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p.50; 8. CALLISAURUS 143 Betprno, West. Amer. Scientist, Vol. III, No. 24, 1887, p. 97. Callisaurus draconoides draconoides Corr, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 272, fig. 24. Description —Head broad and low. Snout rounded when viewed from above, but sharply pointed when seen in profile. Nostrils large and superior. A strongly marked canthus rostralis. Interparietal plate very large, broader than long. Two or three series of enlarged supraoculars. Other head plates small and irregular, largest on frontal und prefrontal regions, everywhere very flat and smooth. A very long suborbital. Eyelids heavily fringed. Labials low, but long, imbricate, and projecting laterally. Infra- labials bordered below by from one to three series of large sublabials. Gulars granular, smooth, and, except on central part of the region, longer than wide. Gular fold covered with imbricate scales, largest at its edge. Back and sides covered with small flattened granules, which pass gradually into the much larger smooth ventrals. A strong fold ex- tends along each side between the limbs. Tail of medium length, considerably depressed at base. Limbs very long and slender. Number of femoral pores varies from 12 to 20. Males with enlarged postanal plates. There is so much variation in color that no exact de- scription can be given. The males are grayish above, tinted with primrose yellow and ochraceous buff on sides, and thickly spotted with pale yellow or white. Two series of brown blotches on the back are united on the upper surface of the tail to form undulate brown cross-bands. The lower surface of the tail is white, crossed by six to eight black bars which correspond in position to, and are often united with, the brown bands of its upper surface. The chin and throat are marked with numerous oblique dusky lines. The throat often has a large half-concealed patch of red. A 144 3. IGUANIDZ large blue or green area along each side of the body is crossed by two almost vertical black blotches, behind which there usually is a small round black spot. The limbs are crossed by bands of dusky. The females have the larger markings on the upper surfaces more distinct than the males, lack the lateral blue blotch and often the posterior black spot of the males, and often have a large bright cad- mium orange spot behind the axilla. Length to anus. 55 60 65 67 67 68 80 Length of tail__ 62 73 a 80 pes = 122 Snout to ear. 12, i) 14 14 14 14 17 Width of head 10 11 i 2 11 11 12 14 Head to back of interparietal_ 11 11 13 12 13 12 15 Fore limb __.. _ 29 31 33 36 35 ae, 40 Hind limb _. 50 52 61 62 62 65 68 Base of fifth to endof fourthtoe 22 22, 28 27 27 28 27 Remarks.—This species is of smaller size than C. ven- tralis. The difference in the lateral black blotches in the males is very constant as is also the color and shape of the upper caudal cross-bars. It is most closely related to C. d. carmenensis, and some specimens from La Paz show intergradation with that subspecies. It is like C. d. carmen- ensis in the coloring of its back and tail but differs in the number and arrangements of its black lateroventral blotches. Distribution —This species was first described from a specimen collected by Botta in “California.” It has since been found at La Paz, San Jose del Cabo, Cape San Lucas, Sierra San Lazaro, Miraflores, Agua Caliente, Buena Vista, San Bartolo, San Antonio, Triunfo, and San Pedro, all in the Cape Region or San Lucan Fauna of Lower California. Here it is a common species, especially near the sea-coast in 8. CALLISAURUS 145 the sandy areas back of the beaches. In the interior, it was found in the hot sandy bottoms of the canyons and adjacent arroyos. North of the Cape Region it is replaced by C. d. carmenensis. 23. Callisaurus draconoides carmenensis (Dickerson) Lower CALiForNIA GRIDIRON-TAILED L1zarD ? Callisaurus dracontoides gabbii Corr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 47; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. 9, 189; Cope, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. or 1898, 1900, p. 272 (type locality, northern Lower California, Mexico). ? Callisaurus dracontoides Locxincton, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XIV, 1880, p. 295; Corr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XII, 1889, p. 147; TownseEnp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 13, 1890, p. 144 (part). Callisaurus ventralis Van DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. V, 1895, p. 97 (part). Callisaurus draconoides Mocquarp, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. I, 1899, p. 305. Callisaurus carmenensis Dickerson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLL., 1919, p. 465 (type locality, Carmen Island, Gulf of California, Mexico); Nerson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115, 171. Callisaurus plasticus Dickerson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 466 (type locality, Agua Verde Bay, Lower Cali- fornia, Mexico); Nezson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115, 171. Callisaurus ventralis ventralis Van DENBURGH & S tevin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, p. 57. Description —Head rather short and low, with well developed canthus rostralis. Nostrils large, opening on upper surface of snout. Supraocular regions covered with small plates and separated from each other by one or two rows of slightly larger plates. Upper head plates (except interparietal) small and irregular, largest on frontal and prefrontal regions, everywhere smooth and rather flat. Sev- 146 3. IGUANIDE eral subocular plates, middle one very long and strongly keeled. Superciliaries rather small, but strongly imbricate. Eyelids bearing a well-developed fringe. Supralabials strongly imbricate, and produced laterally so as to form a series of curves when seen from above. Infralabials small, juxtaposed. Below them, several series of flat sublabial plates. Gulars granular and smooth, growing larger and imbricate on posterior fold. Back and sides covered with small flattened granules, which change gradually into much larger smooth ventrals. A dermal fold usually ex- tending along each side between limbs. Tail of moderate length, much flattened, its scales slightly imbricate, and along its edge, pointed. Limbs very long and slender. Ear-opening large, without denticulation. Femoral pores varying from 12 to 19; average in 79 thighs, 14.53. The general color above is grayish, dotted and spotted with white or pale gray, and with dark dorsal blotches which are most distinct in females and young, and may be obsolete in adult males. The top of the head is cream or gray, clouded with dark slaty gray or olive. The upper surfaces of the limbs are crossed by more or less obsolete bands of dark brown or blackish slate. A dark stripe, bor- dered above and below with white, runs along the back of the thigh. The upper surface of the tail is gray or light brown with cross-bars of dark brown in both sexes; not black in males. The posterior borders of these bars are strongly undulate or pointed from the base to beyond the raiddle of the tail. The throat is white, more or less clouded with bluish or purplish gray. The lower surface of the tail is white with about eight (seven to 11) cross-bars of intense black. The belly is whitish. Males have a large blue patch, marked with two oblique wedge-shaped black blotches, on each side, and rarely a small additional spot. These blotches are intense black in males, sharply defined, 8. CALLISAURUS 147 and are not or but rarely united ventrally. There may be more or less orange-red on the throat, behind the axilla and on the back, as in other species. Length to anus___._-_.75 77 79 80 80 80 Wenpthot; tail = 110 116 113 106 112 110 Snout to back of interparietal _._. 13 13% 14 14 14444 14% Snout ito ear 15 15 16 16 16 17 Width of head... 13 13 14 13 14 14 Roreglitm beeen 42 43 43 41 41 43 tind imi) Soe 72, 73 Ws 75 72 74 Base of fifth to end of fourth ‘toe; 29 30 29 30 29 30 Variation——The above description is based upon speci- mens from Carmen Island. Those from other localities show but little variation. In the series from South Santa Inez Island the black lateroventral blotches are blurred or more or less obsolete. Femoral pores vary as follows: Angeles Bay 13 to 16, average 14.2; Las Animas Bay 15 to 17, average 15.77; San Francisquito Bay 12 to 18, average 15.18; Loreto 15; Agua Verde Bay 13 to 18, average 15.72; San Nicolas Bay 12 to 16, average 14.50; Concepcion Bay 14 to 17, average 15.66; San Evaristo 15 to 17, average 15.75; San Marcos Island 13 to 20, average 16.16; South Santa Inez Island 12 to 20, average 15.94; San Jose Island 11 to 17, average 14.69. Distridution.—I have examined specimens from Angeles Bay, Las Animas Bay, San Francisquito Bay, Loreto, Agua Verde Bay, San Nicolas Bay, Concepcion Bay, and San Evaristo, on the peninsula of Lower California, and from San Marcos, South Santa Inez, Carmen, and San Jose islands in the Gulf of California. Specimens which have been col- 148 3. IGUANID# lected at Mulege, San Xavier, San Ignacio, Santa Rosalia, and on Santa Margarita Island, doubtless belong here. Remarks.—The specimens referred to this name are intermediate in many respects between C. v. ventralis and C. d. draconcides. ‘The markings on the back and tail are as in C. d. draconoides, but the lateroventral black blotches are similar to those of C. v. ventralis, although a few indi- viduals have a third black mark, and some have the blotches less oblique. Some of the specimens from La Paz are typical C. d. draconoides, but others are indistinguishable from the present subspecies, and various intermediate speci- mens occur there and farther north. I am unable to find any real difference between specimens from various islands in the Gulf of California and those collected on the penin- sula of Lower California. Specimens from Santa Inez Island have the lateroventral black blotches more or less obsolete, but in other respects seem not to be different. 24. Callisaurus splendidus Dickerson ANGEL IsLAND GRIDIRON-TAILED LizarpD Callisaurus dracontoides TownsEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XHII, 1890, p. 144. Callisaurus ventralis Van DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 97 (part); Van DenpurGH & SLEvin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, p. 146. Callisaurus draconoides ventralis Cope, Report U.S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 273 (part). Callisaurus splendidus Dickerson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 467 (type locality, Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of California, Mexico); Nezson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 126, 171. Description Head rather short and low, with well developed canthus rostralis. Nostrils large, opening on 8. CALLISAURUS 149 upper surface of snout. Supraocular regions covered with small plates and separated from each other by one or two rows of slightly Jarger plates. Upper head plates (except interparietal) small and irregular, largest on frontal and prefrontal regions, everywhere smooth and rather flat. Sev- eral subocular plates, middle one very long and strongly keeled. Superciliaries rather small, but strongly imbricate. Eye-lids bearing a well-developed fringe. Supralabials strongly imbricate, and produced laterally so as to form a series of curves when seen from above. Infralabials small, juxtaposed. Below them, several series of flat sublabial plates. Gulars granular and smooth, growing larger and imbricate on posterior fold. Back and sides covered with small flat- tened granules, which change gradually into much larger smooth ventrals. A dermal fold usually extending along each side between limbs. Tail of moderate length, much flattened, its scales slightly imbricate, and along its edge, pointed. Limbs very long and slender. Ear-opening large, without denticulation. Femoral pores varying from 11 to 17; average in 87 thighs, 13.10. The general color above is grayish, dotted or spotted with white or pale gray, often more or less suffused with brown, pink or red, and often with indications of dark dorsal blotches which are most distinct in females and young. The top of the head is gray, brown, cream, or olive, sometimes clouded with dark slaty gray. The upper surfaces of the limbs are crossed by more or less obsolete bands of dark brown or blackish slate. A dark stripe, bordered above and below with white, runs along the back of the thigh. The upper surface of the tail is gray or light brown, with cross- bars of very dark blackish brown or black in females and black in males. The posterior borders of these bars are nearly straight or but little undulate at least from the middle to the end of the tail. The throat is white, more 150 3. IGUANIDZA or less clouded with gray. The lower surface of the tail is white with about eight (six to 10) cross-bars of intense black. The belly is whitish. Males have a large blue patch, marked with two oblique wedge-shaped black blotches, on each side, which rarely are united ventrally. Some males have a reddish or orange gular and postaxillary suffusion. Females lack the lateral blue patch and have the lateroven- tral dark blotches gray or obsolete. Length to anus... 60 65 65 66 66 67 Kengthy of “tail. 81 80 90 78 85 97 Snout to back of inter- parietal 22 2 et 12% WY 12 12 12 Snout towear ee 12% 1314 13 LS 14 13 Width of head... 11 11 10 11 11 12 Bore: limp) qos ese 34 35 36 33 37 ind dimb) 222 === 60 60 60 61 58 65 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe -.. —...... 24 24 24 24 23 26 Distribution —Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. 25. Callisaurus inusitatus Dickerson SONORAN GRIDIRON-TAILED LizarpD ? Callisaurus ventralis Van Drnpurcu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1897, p. 461. Callisaurus inusitatus Dickerson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 465 (type locality, Tiburon Island, Gulf of California, Mexico). Description—Head rather short and low, with well developed canthus rostralis. Nostrils large, opening on upper surface of snout. Supraocular regions covered with small or moderate sized plates and separated from each other by one or two rows of plates. Upper head plates (except interparietal) small and irregular, largest on frontal and prefrontal regions, everywhere smooth and rather flat. 8. CALLISAURUS 151 Several subocular plates, middle one very long and strongly keeled. Superciliaries rather small, but strongly imbricate. Eyelids bearings a well developed fringe. Supralabials strongly imbricate, and produced laterally so as to form a series of curves when seen from above. Infralabials small, juxtaposed. Below them, several series of flat sublabial plates. Gulars granular and smooth, growing larger and imbricate on posterior fold. Back and sides covered with small flattened granules, which change gradually into much Jarger smooth ventrals. A dermal fold usually extending along each side between limbs. Tail of moderate length, much flattened, its scales slightly imbricate, and along its edge, pointed. Limbs very long and slender. Ear-opening large, without denticulation. Femoral pores varying from 16 to 22; average in 75 thighs, 18.4. The general color above is grayish, dotted and spotted with white or pale gray, and often with indications of dark brown dorsal blotches which are most distinct in females and young. The top of the head is rich cream or olive, clouded with dark slaty gray. The upper surfaces of the limbs are crossed by more or less obsolete bands of gray, dark brown or blackish slate. A dark stripe, bordered above and below with white, runs along the back of the thigh. The upper surface of the tail is gray or light brown, with cross-bars of dark brown in females and young, of brown proximally and black or blackish brown distally in males. The posterior borders of these bars are nearly straight or but little undulate, at least from the middle to the end of the tail. The throat is white, more or less clouded with gray. The lower surface of the tail is white with about six (five to nine) cross-bars of intense black. The belly is whitish. Males have a large blue patch, marked with two oblique wedge-shaped blackish blotches, on each side. These blotches are obsolete, and ill-defined, are not sharply con- 152 3. IGUANIDZ trasted with the blue patches, and often are joined together below. In females the lateral blue patch is absent and the dark blotches are gray. Some males have a reddish or orange suffusion on the back, gular region and axilla. Length to anus... 80 85 93 96 98 100 Length of tail_..-.-. 111 119 127 124 134 121 Snout to back of inter- parietal 2 ee 14 14 16 17 16 16 Snout (to ‘ear a6 16 17 18 18 17 Width of head. 13 14 14 15 15 15 Fore limb _.-........... 46 47 49 52 50 50 Eling) Lim by ee 80 80 85 86 84 84 Base of fifth to end of fourth: toe). 32 25) 33 32 3214 32 Distribution —This species occurs on Tiburon Island, in the Gulf of California, and on the mainland of Sonora, Mexico, where it has been taken at Tepoca Bay, San Pedro Bay, Guaymas, and probably San Miguel de Horcasitas. Remarks.—This large species is very closely related to C. v. ventralis. The average number of its femoral pores is a little greater. It may be easily distinguished by the obsolete, poorly defined, lateroventral black blotches of the males, and the fact that these blotches frequently are united ventrally. In all the other species these blotches are well defined, intense black in sharp contrast. 26. Callisaurus ventralis ventralis (Hallowell) Desert GrIDIRON-TAILED LizarpD Plate 12. Homalosaurus ventralis HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VI, 1852, p. 179 (type locality, New Mexico); Hatrowe zt, Sit- greaves’ Exped. Zufi and Colorado Rivers, 1853, p. 117, pl. 6; Herermann, Rep, Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 24. 8. CALLISAURUS 153 Callisaurus ventralis, Barrp, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. Il, 1859, p. 8; Barrp, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 17; Cops, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 310; Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870, p. 67; SrzynecER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 170; Van Densurcu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 97 (part); Van Denpurcu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. 6, 1896, p. 339; Van DenBurGH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 48, fig.; Van Denspurcu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 461; McLain, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 2; MEEK, Field Columbian Mus, Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., Vol. VI, 1906, p. 7; RutHven, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 518; StonE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 225; Van DENBURGH, Proc. ‘al. Acad. Sci.;, Ser. 4, Vol. 3; 1912, pp. 148, 152; 153; Van Densurcu & Sievin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 400; Arsatr, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p. 33; Van DenBurcu & Suevin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132 (part), 145; Ricuarpson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 48, 1915, pp. 409, 410; Van Denspurcu & SLEvin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1915, p. 100. ? Callisaurus dracontoides gabbii Corr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 47; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. 9, 189; Corr, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 272 (type locality, Northern Lower California, Mexico). Callisaurus dracontoides ventralis Copr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 47; Yarrow, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 3655 Coves, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 600; Yarrow & Hensuaw, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 220; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. 5, 51; Copr, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, pp. 272, 273, fig. 25 (part). Callisaurus draconoides BouLENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 206; Dirmars, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 117, pl. XXXVIII. Callisaurus ventralis ventralis Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 17, 1916, pp. 508, 519; Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 7, 1916, p. 70; Grinnety & Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 151; SrEyNEcER & Barzour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 47; Cowxes, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, p. 64; Van Denzurcu & Sievin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, 154 3. I[GUANIDE pp. 28, 31, 51, (part); Nezson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115, 126. Callosaurus ventralis, STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, No. 4, 1921, p. 61. Description.—Head rather short and low, with well de- veloped canthus rostralis. Nostrils large, opening on upper surface of snout. Supraocular regions covered with small plates and separated from each other by one or two rows of slightly larger plates. Upper head plates (except inter- parietal) small and irregular, largest on frontal and pre- frontal regions, everywhere smooth and rather flat. Sev- eral subocular plates, middle one very long and strongly keeled. Superciliaries rather small, but strongly imbricate. Eyelids bearing a well developed fringe. Supralabials strongly imbricate, and produced laterally so as to form a series of curves when seen from above. Infralabials small, _ juxtaposed. Below them, several series of flat sublabial plates. Gulars granular and smooth, growing larger and imbricate on posterior fold. Back and sides covered with small flattened granules, which change gradually into much larger smooth ventrals. A dermal fold usually ex- tending along each side between limbs. Tail of moderate Jength, much flattened, its scales slightly imbricate, and along its edge, pointed. Limbs very long and slender. Ear-opening large, without denticulation. Femoral pores varying from eleven to twenty-four, usually 15 to 18. The general color above is grayish, dotted and spotted with white or pale gray, and with indications of dark dor- sal blotches which are most distinct in females and young. The top of the head is rich cream, clouded with dark slaty gray. The upper surfaces of the limbs are crossed by more or less obsolete bands of dark brown or blackish slate. A dark line, bordered above and below with white, runs along the back of the thigh. The upper surface of the 12 PLATE [Van DensurGH | Acap. Sci., VoL. X Papers, Ca. Oc. a ee ‘CL6L ‘JSnsSny ‘VpBAAN ‘A]UNO,) U[OOULT ‘ayualpR,) 1B payoea[[op SHANDST]]O) pleZzuy po[lej-UoII pli) J9soq] ‘S2]04{UIS SL]DAJUM 8. CALLISAURUS 155 tail is crossed by bars of brown in females and young, of black at least distally in adult males. The posterior bor- ders of these bars may be undulate proximally but are straight or but little undulate from at least the middle to the end of the tail. The throat is white, more or less clouded with gray. The lower surface of the tail is white with about seven (four to eight) cross-bars of intense black. The belly is whitish. Males have a large blue patch, marked with two oblique wedge-shaped black blotches, on each side, and very rarely a small additional spot. The following color description was taken from a fresh male shot at Yuma, Arizona, October 1, 1894: The top of the head is cream; the upper surface of the forelimbs bright lemon yellow; the hind limbs slightly tinged with yellow; neck and foreback pale gray spotted with lighter; back like neck, but suffused with bright lemon yellow which extends down over the sides and changes to orange near the large verdigris green blotches on the sides of the belly. There is a reddish orange area in front of each of these green blotches. The throat is gray with a half-concealed vermilion spot. Mr. Camp describes variations in color in specimens from the Turtle Mountains, thus: “In the examples before me the color above grades from pale smoke gray, with white on top of the head and white in spots down the back, to neutral gray with the usual dark dorsal markings. A specimen taken in the zone of drifting sand below Blythe Junction is the lightest of the lot, and some taken upon a mesa covered with brown lava are among the darkest of the specimens represented. It would appear that in this lizard, as in Phrynosoma, the tone of color is changeable in the individual to suit the surroundings. The throat is dusky in some specimens and light in others. There is a reddish spot behind the arm in the females. The females 156 3. IGUANID& also have pink sacs beneath the throat which are not “in- flated,” but are sometimes drawn down by muscles con- nected with the hyoid apparatus. The pink throat sacs are present in only three of the males in the series at hand. The underparts (with the exception of the two black wedges and the blue and green patches of the males) are white and not yellow as in specimens taken at Barstow, farther west. The tail bands number four in one, six in three, seven in three, and eight in 11 specimens. The anterior three or four of the ventral tail spots are sometimes entirely blue, und the posterior bands are often margined with blue below.” Ruthven describes the coloration of specimens collected near Tucson, Arizona, as follows: “There are some dif- ferences in color but not much variation in color pattern among the Tucson specimens of Callisaurus ventralis. In the darker specimens the ground color above is brownish ash relieved by small spots of light yellow or white. These light spots may be rather distinct or nearly obscured. The head is yellowish brown. There is nearly always a row cf rounded dark spots on either side of the vertebral line, and often a series of indistinct, partially confluent blotches on the sides, that are quite distinct in the young. The lateral blotches are continued on the base of the tail as a dark horizontal shading, that may be broken up into spots which fuse with those of the dorsal series. The latter series are continued onto the tail, the adjacent spots of each row becoming confluent and intensified in color distally, to form about six broad, dark brown or black cross bars. The fore limbs and thighs are generally indistinctly spotted, and the legs and hind feet cross-banded, with darker. On the posterior side of the thigh there is a light yellowish line which is bordered below by a distinct dark band, and above 8. CALLISAURUS 157 by a narrow dark line formed by the confluence of the dusky markings on the dorsal aspect of the limb. “In the lighter colored specimens the pattern on the tail is the same as in the darker ones. The markings on the dorsal surface of the limbs may also be the same, but are frequently obscure or entirely obsolete. The ground color of the back is gray relieved by numerous minute spots of white. The head is dark yellow or light brown. In the most pallid individuals there are no dark markings above, except the usual ones on the tail, and very faint indi- cations of dark mottlings on the limbs. The head is cream colored, the limbs white faintly tinged with yellow. The ground color of the neck is light brownish ash in the form of reticulations enclosing areas of pure white. The ground color of the body is the same, but increased in amount, so as to constrict the lighter markings to rounded areas which are lemon yellow on the back, changing to orange yellow on the sides. On the base of the tail the cross bars are rather obscure, and separated by lemon yellow areas; dis- tally the bars are black separated by reddish brown inter- spaces. “The coloration of the ventral surfaces is the same in both light and dark specimens. The inferior surface of the tail and limbs is pure white. Throat white or whitish in the females, but in males often suffused with light bluish or reddish purple, although occasionally but faintly. It is also usually crossed by several oblique, more or less dis- tinct, lines of dusky. In nearly all females and in some males there is a gular patch of brilliant pink, and another on the lateral region of the breast. On the sides of the belly in all of the males there are two extensive patches of bright blue, broadly separated mesially by white, and con- taining two long triangular spots of jet black. The broad- est side of these black spots lies close to the inner margin 158 3. IGUANIDA of the blue areas, and from here the blotches run forwards and upwards to the sides, the apices becoming lighter in color and blending with the dark lateral markings, when these are present. In females the blue patches are want- ing, and the spots are represented by a pair of dusky mark- ings which may be rather distinct but in most specimens are not well defined. Between the bluish patches and the hind limbs in the males, and in the corresponding region in the females the color although occasionally white is usually bright yellow, as are also the sides of the base of the tail, espe- cially in the females. The ventral surface of the tail is white with five to eight broad, jet black markings. These markings are the continuation on the ventral surface of the cross bands of the upper surface, and each of the four or five distal ones are fused with a corresponding one on the dorsal surface to form continuous rings; there are usually one to four proximal ones, however, which do not extend to the sides of the tail but form blotches on the median ventral line.” Length to anus_....... 44 72 74 82 86 88 93 ILenpth of tale = = 59 102 98 107 | | ee 130 Snout to back of Intenparictal ye 9 13 13 14 aS ) a Snout) tovear == = == 10 15 14 16 16 Loe. Width of head... 9 13 13 14 14 4. = Fore limb —.------- 24 42 41 45 49 46 peers: Hind limb ___..... 41 70 65 76 79 seen — Base of fifth to end of fourth) toe, 2 7/ 31 30 33 S50 ey eae Distribution—The Desert Gridiron-tailed Lizard seems to be confined to the Lower Sonoran Zone, where it usually is found on gravelly or sandy plains or washes. It ranges over a wide area of desert regions in eastern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, western and southern 8. CALLISAURUS 159 Arizona, northern Lower California north of the range of C. d. carmenensis, and probably in northern Sonora. In California, it has been collected in Inyo (Saline Valley at 2500 feet, White Mountains, Owens Valley near Big Pine, Independence, Lone Pine, Keeler, Olancha, Owens Lake, Shepherd Canyon in the Argus Mountains, Panamint Valley, Lone Willow Springs, Ballarat, Pana- mint Mountains at Emigrant Spring, Emigrant Canyon, Shoshone, Mesquite Valley, Death Valley at Bennett Well, Saratoga Springs and Furnace Creek, Funeral Mountains, Amargosa River), Kern (Kelso Creek near Weldon, Mohave, Cameron, Warren), Los Angeles (western Antelope Val- ley), San Bernardino (Borax Flat, Garlick Springs, Leach Point Valley, Pilot Knob, Lanes Mill, Barstow, Daggett, Ludlow, Providence Mountains, Needles, Turtle Moun- tains, Blythe Junction, Cajon Pass, Lyons, Warren’s Wells, Cajon Wash), Riverside (Palm Springs, Vallevista at 1800 feet in San Jacinto Valley, Banning, Cabazon at 1700 feet, Dos Palmos Spring, San Jacinto Mountains west from Coa- chello, Whitewater, Pinyon Flat at 4000 feet, Deep Canyon, Palm Canyon, Coachella, San Berdnardino Mountains east from Coachella, Mecca, Cottonwood Springs, Carrizo Creek in the Santa Rosa mountains, Blythe, Colorado River), Im- perial (Coyote Wells, Silsbee, New River near Salton Lake, Salt Creek, Pilot Knob, Colorado River, Fort Yuma), and San Diego (Oak Grove, Fish Springs, Vallecito, Mountain Springs), counties. In Nevada, it inhabits the desert regions of Esmeralda (Gold Mountain at 6,000 feet, Sarcobatus Flat, at 4,600 feet, Mina), Nye (Amargosa River, Ash Meadows, Rhy- olite, Pahrump Valley) and Lincoln (Callville at the Great Bend of the Colorado River, Vegas Valley, Virgin Valley, valley of the Lower Muddy, Caliente, Meadow Creek Valley, Pahranagat Valley, Desert Valley at 5,300 feet), 160 3. IGUANID& and perhaps Lyon (Mason) counties. The specimens from Mina, Mason and Desert Valley, may possible represent the other subspecies, C. v. myurus. In Utah, it is said to be common in the Lower Santa Clara Valley, in Washington County, and has been taken three miles west of St. George and at Leeds and Virgin, in this county. In Arizona, it is common in Yuma (Yuma, Papago Wells, Vicksburg, Tinajas Altas, Dome, Ehrenberg), Mo- have (Needles Peaks, Hackberry, Fort Mohave, Topock), Yavapai (Fort Whipple), Maricopa (Vulture, Phoenix, Tempe, Cave Creek, Agua Caliente), Gila (Roosevelt Lake), Navajo (Camp Apache), Pinal (Casa Grande), Pima (Ajc, Growler Well, Tucson, Fort Lowell, Cata- lina Mountains, Roeble’s Ranch, Indian Oasis, Continental, Agua Caliente), Cochise (Fairbank, Apache, Fort Hua- chuca), and Santa Cruz (Fort Buchanan), counties. In Lower California, it is probably this subspecies which has been taken at El Llano de Santano, El Rosario, San Fernando, Seven Wells near the Salton River, Gardner’s Laguna, San Felipe, Trinidad, San Matias, Cafion Esper- anza, San Antonio, Matomi, Agua Escondito, San Luis Island and San Luis Gonzales Bay. I have examined only those from the last two of these localities. Remarks.—This lizard occurs in California in a few places west of the main mountain ranges. Such are Oak Grove, San Diego County, Vallevista, Riverside County, Cajon Pass, San Bernardino County, and Kelso Creek near Weldon, Kern County. Specimens from these western colonies seem identical with those secured farther east. The relation between this subspecies and C. v. myurus is not yet clear. We do not yet know the distribution of the two forms in western Nevada; nor do we know 8. CALLISAURUS 161 whether intergradation occurs. Miss Atsatt records an in- dividual of C. v. ventralis which was very light on the white sand at Whitewater, but developed a gray pattern on com- ing under the shade of a scraggly bush. It may well be doubted if the darker coloring of specimens from Pyramid Lake is more than a similar reaction to their environment. Lhe specimens of C. v. myurus, however, do seem to have an average reduction in the length of tail and number of femoral pores. Habits—Dr. Merriam states (N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 171) that the Gridiron-tailed Lizard “inhabits the open deserts and runs with great swiftness over the sand and gravel beds, carrying its tail curled over its back as if afraid to let it touch the hot surface of the earth. It starts off at full speed as if fired from a cannon, and stops with equal suddenness, thus escaping or eluding its enemies, the coyotes, hawks, and larger lizards. When running it moves so swiftly that the eye has difficulty in following, and when at rest its colors harmonize so well with those of the desert that it can hardly be seen. This species feeds on insects and the blossoms and leaves of plants in about equal pro- portion.” Dr. Ruthven writes: “Owing to their light color, in- dividuals so closely resemble the sand that they are rarely seen until they run. The method of running is grotesque but highly effective in covering ground. With the knees and elbows well elvated, the body about on a plane with them, and the tail curled over its back as if, says Dr. Merriam, ‘afraid to let it touch the hot surface of the earth,’ it dashes off across the sand so rapidly that it can scarcely be followed with the eye, and stops in plain view with a suddenness and apparent ease that is astonishing in view of the speed with which it is moving. When at rest 162 3. IGUANIDA its colors again blend with those of the sand, making it exceedingly difficult to discern, although one may have in view the exact spot where it stopped. In such instances, however, it often betrays itself by waving its tail above its back like a plume, which then becomes a conspicuous object owing to the contrast between the alternating black and white bands. “I am unable to find any vegetable matter in the stomachs of Tucson specimens. The contents of those ex- amined apparently consist entirely of insects—beetles, grass- hoppers, robber flies, and ants (a few) being distinguish- able. From the stomach of one specimen, No. 618, a mass of partially digested food was removed that may be veget- able in its nature, but it is doubtful. “Several adult females taken in August contain large eggs.” Mr. Camp notes: “This lizard is abundant on the open desert around the Turtle Mountains. It does not occur on the rocky hillsides, and even in the sandy canyon bottoms is found but sparingly. It is on the open stretches of desert dotted with creosote bushes that this species is typically at home; and here it outnumbers all the other diurnal verte- brates combined. Individuals may be observed bobbing up and down, switching the tail from side to side, walking jerkily along with the tail curled over the back, or running with such speed that the eye can barely follow. The writer estimated that one of these swift lizards covered a distance of 90 feet in four seconds, which would be travel- ing at a rate of about fifteen miles an hour. The lizards can stop and start with the most confusing abruptness, and rarely run straight away but describe a circle when pursued. When tired out they may crouch close to the ground and will then permit themselves to be caught; or they may burrow into loose sand by wriggling the head from side to 8. CALLISAURUS 163 side and pushing with the hind feet while the front feet remain pressed close to the side. Sometimes when closely pursued they enter holes. “Of eight stomachs examined not one contained plant remains, the contents being insects, small pebbles, part of a shed lizard skin, and parasitic nematode worms. Perhaps, like some of the geckos, these lizards eat their own shed integument. The insects represented included eight Orthop- tera, eight ants, and several small Coleoptera. Some of the giasshoppers and crickets were of large size (40 mm. long) and had been swallowed entire. These lizards sometimes spring a foot or more to seize a tempting bait; and I saw one, probably by mistake, leap over the edge of an eight- foot wash-bank while jumping for a grasshopper in a bush. At Blythe Junction a gridiron-tailed lizard was seen regu- larly at a certain doorstep picking up dead crane-flies and ether night-flying insects thrown there by the housewife. Uhe lizard apparently became so absorbed in picking up, shaking and swallowing the gauzy-winged flies that it many times permitted the observers to touch it lightly upon the back. “After sundown the gridiron-tail buries itself in sand, and when alarmed as by an approaching team or pedestrian will start up suddenly and dash away. “Some of the females taken in July contained eggs. Two eggs, 18 by 9 millimeters in the two diameters, were taken from one lizard; these had coriaceous coverings and were apparently ready to be laid.” 164 3. IGUANIDE 27. Callisaurus ventralis myurus Richardson NorTHERN GRIDIRON-TAILED LizarpD Plate 13 ? Holbrookia Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 18. ? 2 Callisaurus species Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, pombaze Callisaurus ventralis myurus Ricuarpson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 1915, p. 408 (type locality, Pyramid Lake Indian Agency, Washoe County, Nevada); Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 7, 1916, p. 70; SrEJNEGER & Barsour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 47; Van Denpurcu & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 32. Description—Head rather short and low, with well developed canthus rostralis. Nostrils large, opening on upper surface of snout. Supraocular regions covered with small plates and separated from each other by one or two rows of slightly larger plates. Upper head plates (except interparietal) small and irregular, largest on frontal and prefrontal regions, everywhere smooth and rather flat. Several subocular plates, middle one very long and strongly keeled. Superciliaries rather small, but strongly imbricate. Eyelids bearing a well developed fringe. Supralabials strongly imbricate, and produced laterally so as to form a series of curves when seen from above. Infralabials small, juxtaposed. Below them, one or more series of flat sub- labial plates. Gulars granular and smooth, growing larger and imbricate on posterior fold. Back and sides covered with small flattened granules, which change gradually into much larger smooth ventrals. A dermal fold usually extend- ing along each side between limbs. Tail of moderate length, rauch flattened; its scales slightly imbricate, and along its edge, pointed. Limbs very long and slender. Ear-open- ing large, without denticulation. Femoral pores varying from 11 to 17, average in 100 thighs, 13.77. The general color above is grayish, dotted and spotted 13 PLare ‘OI6L ‘AINE ‘BVpVAIN ‘AJUNOD xIOYSeAA ‘ONVT pl pleZzy pa[ley-uolIpliry UIOYIION ‘sn NU SL IDAVM A SHAMDVSE]]OT) BIA T ong avau paz,a[[0D | Van Densurcu | X Oc. Papers, Cau. Acap. Sci., Vou. 8. CALLISAURUS 165 with bluish white or pale gray, and with indications of dark dorsal blotches which usually are most distinct in females and young. The top of the head is yellowish olive, clouded with dark slaty gray posteriorly. The upper surfaces of the limbs and tail are crossed by more or less undulating bands of dark brown or blackish slate. A dark line, bordered above and below with white, runs along the back of the thigh. The throat is white, more or less clouded with gray and often with diagonal dark lines. The lower sur- face of the tail is white with about six to eight cross-bars of intense black. The belly is whitish. Males have a large blue patch, marked with two oblique wedge-shaped black bars on each side. Females may have a central gular patch of salmon red. Tneneth® to, anus; =.= 66 69 80 82 82 86 Ienpthvot tale 79 92 99 98 104 ee Snout to back of inter- Panic tale eel 13 15 14 15 15 Snoututo earns ee 13 14 16 15 16 16 Width:of head == 11 12 134 14 14 15 Roresim bye eee 33 38 44 42 4} Als Pindelimb se 60 64 75 74. 71 74 Base of fifth to end of FOUTCNELOCE ee 4 26 29) 29 28 29 Remarks.—This lizard was named and described by Richardson in 1915. He stated that it resembles C. v. ventralis but has a higher ratio between body and tail length, fewer femoral pores, and averages darker in coloration. In a large series from Pyramid Lake, I find that Richardson’s statements regarding coloration and femoral pores are cor- rect. As regards the proportions of body and tail, however, the average in 50 specimens from Pyramid Lake is practi- cally identical with that of 50 specimens from various parts of Arizona. _Richardson’s findings would be confirmed, 166 3. I[GUANIDZ however, if we compared the Pyramid Lake lizards only with others from Yuma. There is more difference in pro- portion in series from various localities in Arizona than be- tween those from Pyramid Lake and any locality in Ari- zona. ‘This is shown in the following table. 206 Counts Pyramid Dake = - 248 Counts Arizona FEMORAL PORES IN CALLISAURUS 167 CALLISAURUS 8. gzL‘o 978° gzl: oLg: 8zg° $06" SSg° $96" Sog° gi6" S1g° 196° Log’ 498" aSRIOAY SOUWI9.1I3XY OT-TI IZ-II €z-S1 It—¥I Ct—-FI LI-II LI-GI uospieyoRy oe Acs say oS aC ‘VW 33) oS < Vv %) of$ IS ‘Vv 25) oS ES at 25) foht uospivyory SP ABVIIAY |SAWIXY Y3Bug] [1e} pue Apog onvy saiod [eioway pouruexy suauisadg mere ageysrciteswoustarene acoreheleyetsgersya texters viusopyes pur vumy AV[eIOT “*euoziy Sewn ho ae BUOZIIY “Yaad BARD euozly ‘sulvjunopy BUl[eIeVS (s}ivd |e) vuoziuy “ss coyeT prueidg “* oye] pruesig 168 3. IGUANIDZE Distribution —This form has been recorded only from Washoe County, Nevada, where it has been collected at Wadsworth, Derby, and, in the vicinity of Pyramid Lake, at the Indian Agency, Sutcliffe, and The Willows. Cope’s record of a Holbrookia seen “north of Pyramid Lake” prob- ably relates to this lizard. Habits.—Richardson states: “In our experience this lizard was the most conspicuous and the most abundant saurian in the localities mentioned. It occurred in greatest numbers on the sandy desert among low-growing shrubs. It was never seen in the denser growths of Artemisia triden- tata or on rocky hillsides. Like Callisaurus ventralis, it is very fleet of foot, often running a hundred feet or more when frightened. It seldom runs straight ahead of the in- truder, but describes an arc to the right or left. When in rapid motion, the tail was observed raised considerably above the level of the body, but never ‘curled up over the back,’ as has been described for C. ventralis (Stejneger, 1893, p. 171). Several times the tail was seen curled over the back, but always when the lizard was moving very slowly. During a light thunder shower many of these lizards buried themselves in the loose desert sand, where they re- mained until almost trodden on before showing themselves. “An individual wounded by Professor Snyder uttered a high-pitched cry when handled, which, he says, was very suggestive of the note of certain Hawaiian geckos. “Examination of 7 stomachs indicated that the food of myurus consisted of both animals and vegetable matter, the latter absent from only 2 stomachs. The vegetable content usually consisted of bits of green leaves, although small purple flowers were found in 1 stomach. The identified insects were wasps and grasshoppers . Some spiders were also found, and larvae of many kinds were present.” 9. HOLBROOKIA 169 Genus 9. Holbrookia Holbrookia Girarp, Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. IV, 1851, p. 200 (type, maculata). Cophosaurus Troscuer, Arch. f. Nat., 1850, (1852), p. 389 (type, texanus). This genus contains a number of lizards similar to Calli- saurus but with the ears hidden under the skin. The head, rounded when seen from above but pointed in profile, is covered with irregular plates, the largest of which is the interparietal. The labials are produced laterally, and are strongly imbricate. There is no ear-opening. The dorsal scales are very small and nearly uniform. There are no fringes of movable spines on the digits. Long series of femoral pores are present, as are one strong and one or more weak gular folds. Males have enlarged postanal plates. SyNopsis OF SPECIES a.—Smaller; tail cylindric, shorter than head and body, with- out black bars below. b.—Tip of longest toe usually not reaching eye when carried forward; tail sometimes shorter than head and body; frontal scales sometimes smaller. Arizona and Northern Sonora. H. m. approximans.—p. 170. b.—Tip of longest toe usually reaching to or beyond eye; tail longer than head and body; frontal scales some- times larger. Southern Sonora and Sinaloa. H. elegans.—p. 175. a—Larger; tail flattened, longer than head and body, with black bars below. H. texana.—p. 177. 170 3. IGUANIDZ 28. Holbrookia maculata approximans (Baird) WestreRN Eartess Lizarp Plate 14 Holbrookia approximans Bairp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 253 (type locality, Lower Rio Grande); Bocourt, Miss, Sci. Mex., Rept., 1874, p. 163. Holbrookia propingua Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 303; Mocaguarp, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. 1, 1899, p. 306, (?). Holbrookia maculata propingua Yarrow, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 564; Coves, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Voi. V, 1875, p. 601. Holbrookia maculata maculata Yarrow, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 563 (part); Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 49 (part); Cope, Report U.S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 291, fig. 32 (part). Holbrookia maculata Coues, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 601 (part); Cracin, Bull. Washburn Laborat., Vol. I, 1884, p. 8; Herrick, Terry & Herrick, Bull. Sci. Laborat. Denison Univ., Vol. XI, 1899, p. 121; Herricx, Terry & Herrick, Bull. Univ. New Mex., Vol. 1, 1899, p. 121, pl. XIV, fig. 1. Holbrookia maculata flavilenta Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p- 10 (type locality, Lake Valley, New Mexico); SreyNeEGcER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p.109; Ruruven, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 523; Sronz, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1911, p. 225; SreynecER & Barpour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 48; Scumipt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 3. Holbrookia maculata approximans Corr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 38; Sreynecer, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 109; Van Densurcu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p: 339; Van DensurcH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 51; Van Denzsurcu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 461 (part); Core, Revort U.S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 297; STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 25, 1902, p. 150; Ruruven, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 525; Sronx, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1911, p. 225; Van DenpurcH & SLEVIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 399; SreyNEGER & Barsour, Check List. N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p.48; Scumipr, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 3. 9. HOLBROOKIA 171 Holbrookia pulchra Scumipr, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, pp. 1, 2 (type locality, Carr Canyon, 5200 feet, Huachuca Moun- tains, Arizona). Holbrookia maculata cam pi ScumivT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, pp. 1, 3 (type locality, about eight miles northwest of Ada- mana, Apache County, Arizona). Holbrookia elegans ScumiwtT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 2 (part). Description—Head rather short and low. Nostrils large, opening on upper surface of snout. Supraocular regions covered with small plates or granules, and separated from each other by one or two rows of slightly larger plates. Upper head-plates, except interparietal, small and irregular, largest on frontal and prefrontal regions, everywhere smooth and rather flat. Several subocular plates, middle one very long and strongly keeled. Superciliaries rather small, but strongly imbricate. Eyelids with well developed fringe. Supralabials strongly imbricate and produced laterally so as to give snout a rounded outline when seen from above. In- tralabials small and juxtaposed. Several series of flat sub- Jabials. Gulars granular and smooth, growing larger and imbricate on posterior fold. Back and sides covered with scales or granules, largest near middle of back and changing gradually to larger smooth ventrals. A dermal fold usually present along each side between limbs. Tail of moderate length, flattened near the body. Its scales feebly keeled and slightly imbricate. Limbs rather long, not very slender. Seven to sixteen femoral pores. The color above is gray, yellow, or brown, with two or four series of dark undulate blotches, and numerous light spots. The blotches are often more or less obsolete, and are most distinct in females and young. The top of the head is colored like the back, but without definite markings. The limbs may be unicolor or crossed by dark bars. The 172 3. IGUANIDE throat 1s white or yellow, sometimes marbled with dusky. The belly is white or yellow, with two or three black bars on the sides usually surrounded with blue. The tail is grayish or brownish above, white or yellow below. Length to anus... 52 $3 56 58 64 67 Length ‘of’ tail. = A0 58 66 55 56 60 Snout to back of inter- Panietal ee 9 9 10 10 11 11 Width of head___..._. 9 9 9 10 11 11 ores limbic. 21 26 29 28 26 30 tind! dimb ye 33 42 44 43 40 45 Base of fifth to end of fourth; toe _4- 2 12 17 17 17 14 17 Distribution —This Holbrookia is very common in parts of Arizona and has been recorded as taken at Dome Canyon, Nevada, probably in error for Dome Canyon, Millard County, Utah. Whether from Utah or Nevada, this record needs confirmation. Yarrow has recorded a Holbrookia as having been collected at Fort Tejon, California, but there 1s not the slightest probability that this is correct. Mocquard has reported, under the name Holbrookia propinqua, two specimens from Santa Rosalia, Lower California, which may belong to this subspecies. In Arizona, it has been collected in Coconino (Painted Desert near Moencopie, Little Colorado River), Yavapai (Fort Whipple, Prescott, Fort Verde), Maricopa (Cave Creek), Navajo (Winslow, Oraibi), Apache (eight miles N. W. of Adamana, Chin Lee), Pima (Tucson, Fort Lowell, Sabino Canyon, Catalina Mountains, Sonora Road Canyon in the Tucson Mountains, Gija River, Sawmill Canyon in the Santa Rita Mountains, Mesa near the Baboquivari Moun- tains, Sycamore Canyon in the Baboquivari Mountains), Santa Cruz (Camp Crittenden, Calabasas, Fort Buchanan, Nogales, Santa Rita Mountains near Pete Mountain and in 14 PLATE URGH | 3 [Van DeEnB xX Acap. Sc1., VoL. Oc. Papers, Cau. ‘ZIGL ‘YsuSny ‘wuoziay ‘AJuNOD BUIq ‘uUOS ny akeu pay re) PLLZVT ssapiey Wsaisa yy ‘suviwxoiddv vjvjnovud v1yx00.1G 10 9. HOLBROOKIA 173 Agua Caliente Canyon, and in the Pajarita Mountains), Graham (Fort Thomas), and Cochise (Fairbank, Fort Hua- chuca, desert at the mouths of Carr, Gardner, Ash, Monte- zuma, and Ramsey canyons in the Huachuca Mountains, Bisbee, Willcox, Apache, Rucker Canyon and Cave Creek in the Chiricahua Mountains), counties. This lizard occurs also in Sonora (Duros Millos and the head waters of the San Pedro River). Remarks.—Mr. Karl P. Schmidt has recently studied the genus Holbrookia and published a preliminary abstract of nis conclusions. He not only regards H. maculata flavilenta, from the “White Sands” of southern New Mexico, as a dis- tinct subspecies, but recognizes five species and subspecies from Arizona. Aside from H. texana, he distinguishes these chiefly by differences in proportions, as follows: a.—Tail longer than body in both sexes. b.—Size large, robust, frequently exceeding 60 mm.; femoral pores usually 12 or more. Lower altitudes from Tucson, Arizona, south to Sinaloa. H. elegans. b.—Size smaller, slender, body less than 60 mm.; femoral pores usually less than 12. Altitude above 5,000 feet, Huachuca Mts. to Nogales and Bisbee, Arizona. H. pulchra.- a.—Tail shorter than body in female, usually also in male. bb.—Tail shorter .42 to .50 of total length in male, .42 to .48 in female; hind leg shorter .72 to .83 of total length in male, .65 to .78 in female. Northern Mexico, southern Anizona. H. m. approximans. 174 3. IGUANIDZE bb’.—Tail longer .48 to .51 in male, .46 to .50 in female; hind leg longer .79 to .88 in female. Central and northern Arizona. H. m. campi. After study and measurement of our series from Ari- zona, Iam unable to distinguish more than one species, beside HT. texana. Very great differences in the relative length of tail and hind leg exist, but these seem to me to be individual variations. Thus of 17 females, collected in the same gen- eral region from about 5000 to 5500 feet on the desert near the base of the Huachuca Mountains, nine have the tail shorter than the length to anus, two have it equal in length, and six have it longer. Four of these females which each measures 55 mm. from snout to anus, have tails 43, 54, 56, and 65 mm. long. Of 12 males from the same region, two have the tail shorter, one equal and nine longer than the length of head and body. Of three males from Cave Creek, Maricopa County, one has the tail shorter, one equal, and one longer than the body length. In females from Tucson, the tail varies from 1 to 10 mm. longer than the length to anus, while in males it varies from 12 mm. shorter to 17 mm. longer. Nine males from the Santa Rita Mountains all have tails exceeding the length of head and body, by from 2 to 14 mm. Four of these, with length to vent 59 mm. each, have tail lengths 61, 66, 68, and 70 mm. Specimens exceeding 60 mm. in length to vent are four from Tucson and five from the Huachuca and Santa Rita moun- tains. Great variation occurs also in the length of the hind legs. Those of the two sides of the body may vary as much as 2mm. Five males each measuring 55 mm. to vent have hind legs 44, 45, 45, 45, and 47 mm. long, and four females, from the Huachucas, with this same body length, have legs 38, 40, 42, and 45 mm. long. Three females from Tucson, measuring 58 mm. to anus, have legs 4114, 46, and 471% 9. HOLBROOKIA 175 mm. long, while four 59 mm. males from the Santa Ritas have tails 45, 46, 46, and 49 mm. in length. Iam therefore forced to refer all these specimens to the same subspecies. For this subspecies I have followed most recent authors in using the name HZ. maculata approximans, although the type is said to have been collected on the “Lower Rio Grande.” Although I have followed Barbour and Schmidt in describ- ing the specimens from Guaymas, Sonora, as H. elegans, they seem to me to be very doubtfully distinct from the present subspecies. Habits——This species we found always on the ground and usually out on the open desert, while H/. texana frequents canyons and hillsides, and usually was seen on the tops of large stones or boulders. 29. Holbrookia elegans Bocourt Mexican Eartuess Lizarp Holbrookia elegans Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 1874, p. 164, pl. XVII bis., fig. 8, 8a (type locality, Mazatlan, Mexico); Bov- LENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 209; Barzour, Proc. New England Zool. Club, Vol. VII, 1921, p. 113; Scumiprt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 2 (part). Holbrookia propinqua BouLeNceER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., Vol. Il, 1885, p. 208; Gunruer, Biol. Centrali-Amer., Rept., 1890, p. 60. Holbrookia maculata approximans Van DreNBURGH, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 461 (part). Holbrookia thermophila Barpour, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, Vol. VI, 1921, p. 79 (type locality, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico). Description—Head rather short and low. Nostrils large, opening on upper surface of snout. Supraocular regions covered with small plates or granules, and separated from each other by one or two rows of slightly larger plates. Upper head-plates, except interparietal, small and 176 3. I[GUANIDA irregular, largest on frontal and prefrontal regions, every- where smooth and rather flat. Several subocular plates, middle one very long and strongly keeled. Superciliaries rather small, but strongly imbricate. Eyelids with well developed fringe. Supralabials strongly imbricate and pro- duced laterally so as to give snout a rounded outline when seen from above. Infralabials small and juxtaposed. Sev- eral series of flat sublabials. Gulars granular and smooth, growing larger and imbricate on fold. Back and sides cov- cred with scales or granules, largest near middle of back and changing gradually to larger smooth ventrals. A dermal fold usually present along each side between limbs. Tail of moderate length, flattened near the body, its scales keeled and slightly imbricate. Limbs rather long, not very slender. Eleven to 14 femoral pores. The color above is gray, yellow, or brown, often with a reddish tint, with four series of dark undulate or triangular blotches, and numerous small light spots. The blotches are often more or less obsolete, and are most distinct in females and young. The top of the head is colored like the back, but without definite markings. The limbs are crossed by dark bars. The throat is white marbled with dusky. The belly is white or yellow, with two or three black bars on the sides usually surrounded with blue. The tail is grayish or brownish above, white below without dark cross-bars. Length tovants= = 50 52 55 64 Length of tail. = 58 67 76 78 Snout to back of interparietal_____ 9 9% 10 10 Widthiof headi. = G) 10 10 11% Fore: limb). ee 23 25 27 29 Metal ren ye 40 44 49 50 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe. 1G 18 20 19 Distribution—Holbrookia elegans originally was de- scribed from Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico. Specimens col- 9. HOLBROOKIA 177 lected near Guaymas, Sonora, have recently been referred to this species. Remarks.—Specimens from Guaymas, Sonora, are very similar to Arizona specimens of H. m. approximans. No constant or even average scale differences appear, but the hind leg and tail average longer in the specimens from Guaymas. In these the tip of the longest toe of the adpressed hind limb reaches to or in front of the eye while in Arizona specimens the tip of the toe often does not reach the eye. However, there is considerable individual varia- tion and I regard the Guaymas specimens as but doubtfully distinct from H. m. approximans. I have not seen speci- mens from the type locality of H. elegans. 30. Holbrookia texana (Troschel) BAND-TAILED Earvess Lizarp Cophosaurus texanus TRoscHEL, Wiegmann’s Archiv. f. Naturges., Vol. 1, 1850, (1852), p. 389, pl. IV, (type locality, Neubraunfels, Guadalupe River, western Texas). Helbrookia texana Barrp & Girarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VI, 1852, p. 125; Barrp, U. S. Mex. Bound Surv., Vol. II, 1859, Rept., p. 8, pl. 30; Bairp, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p- 38; Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 303; Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 1874, p. 163; Cops, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus, No. 1, 1875, p. 47; Yarrow, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p- 564; Cours, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V 1875, p. 600; Coreg, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17, 1880, p. 14; Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 12; Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 50; Cracin, Bull. Washburn Laborat., Vol. I, 1884, p. 8; BouLencer, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. I, 1885, p. 208; Corer, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 38; Van DenBurGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 339, Herricx, Terry & Herrick, Bull. Sci. Laborat. Denison Univ., Vol. XI, 1899, p. 122; Herrick, Terry & Herrick, Bull. Univ. New Mexico, Vol. I, 1899, p. 122, pl. XIV, figs. 2-5; McLain, Contributions to Neotrop- ical Herpetology, 1899, p. 2; Cop, Report U. S, Nat. Mus. for 178 3. IGUANIDA 1898, 1900, p. 286, fig. 30; Stone & Reun, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903; p. 31; Sronr, Proc, Nat. Acad. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 540; Brown, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 545; Battery, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 25, 1905, pp. 28, 40; Dirmars, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 120; Srrecxer, Proc. Biolog. Soc. Washington, Vol. XXI, 1908, p. 71; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1911, p. 226; Van DensurcH & SieEvin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 399; Srrecxer, Baylor Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p- 17; Sreynecer & Barpour, Check List. N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 49. Holbrookia affinis Barrp & Girarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Vol. VI, 1852, p. 125 (type locality, San Pedro); Barn, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, Rept., 1859, p. 8; Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 1874, p. 163. Description—HHead rather short and low. Nostrils large, opening on upper surface of snout. Supraocular regions covered, with small plates or granules, and separated from each other by one or two rows of somewhat larger plates. Upper head-plates, except interparietal, small and irregular, largest on frontal and prefrontal regions, every- where smooth and rather flat, often with one or more small pores. Several subocular plates, middle one very long and strongly keeled. Superciliaries rather small, but strongly imbricate. Eyelids with well-developed fringe. Suprala- bials strongly imbricate and produced laterally so as to give snout a rounded outline when seen from above. Infrala- bials small and juxtaposed. Several series of flat subla- bials. Gulars granular and smooth, larger and imbricate on posterior fold. Back and sides covered with scales or granules, largest near middle of back and changing gradu- ally to larger, smooth, imbricate ventrals. A dermal fold usually present along each side between limbs. Tail of moderate length, flattened except distally. Its scales feebly keeled, slightly mucronate, imbricate, except base of tail. 9. HOLBROOKIA 179 Limbs rather long, not very slender. Eleven to eighteen femoral pores. The color above is grayish or brownish, often with bluish, greenish or yellowish shading along the back and pinkish suffusion on the sides. Along each side of the back is a series of about eight to 10 rounded dark brown blotches on the body. There are similar blotches on the base of the tail, but those of the two sides soon unite to form undulate brown cross-bands corresponding in position to the black bars of the lower surface. On the posterior half of the body are two definite, more or less crescentic, dark bands, blackish in males, brownish in females. Anterior to these are a number (one to six) of less definite dark lateral bars. These anterior dark bars usually carry series of small bluish white spots and often appear only as dark reticulations sur- rounding small bluish white and pinkish gray spots. The limbs usually show more or less indistinct dark cross-bars, and a longitudinal dark line on the posterior surface of the thigh. The lower surfaces are white, sometimes tinged with gray. The throat is reticulated or suffused with bluish slate. The lower surface of the tail shows about six to nine black spots or cross-bars. Males have a large bright blue patch along each side of the belly, surrounding the broad, jet black ventral ends of the two posterior Jateral crescents. Length to anus____________ 48 50 61 63 66 67 Length of tail______ = 59) 60 71 73 87 87 Snout to back of interparietal, = _ 9% 10 11% 12 12% 12 Width of head__________- La ee 9% 11 11 12 12 Horeq limb) cess sete —, 26 26 32 33 36 35 Hindtlimb aes _ 43 44 51 54 60 62 Base of fifth to end of fourth) toee ee ee 19 19 20 22 24 24 180 3. IGUANIDA Distribution —This lizard ranges from western Texas to central Arizona. In Arizona it has been collected in Navajo County at Camp Apache; in Pima County on a rocky hillside near Fort Lowell, on Mineral Hill south of Tucson, in Ventana, Pima and Sabino canyons and the foot- hills of the Catalina Mountains; in Maricopa County at Cave Creek and Agua Caliente; and in Yavapai County at Fort Verde and Kirkland. The National Museum has this species from “Sonora.” Habits—This is a larger species than H. maculata approximans, being about equal in size to Callisaurus ven- tralis, which it much resembles. Its habit of constantly wanting to get up on the tops of boulders attracts attention to it in life. It usually is found on rocky hillsides, while H. m. approximans seems to prefer the mesas or sandy river bottoms. Mr. Strecker, who observed this lizard in Texas, states: “The eggs are from eight to twelve in number and are de- posited in hard ground to a depth of five or six inches. The breeding season extends from May to August. Breed- ing females are brilliantly colored, the whole underparts being suffused with bright crimson. The nuptial colors in the male are sulphur yellow.” Genus 10. Uta. Uta Barro & Girarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VI, 1852, p. 69 (type, stansburiana). Uro-saurus HatLowewt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VII, 1854, p. 92 (type, graciosus). Phymatolepis DumEriL, Arch. Mus. Hist., Nat. Paris, Vol. VIII, 1856, p. 548 (type, dicarinatus). Petrosaurus BouLENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 205 (type, thalassina). The head and body are moderately depressed, and LOU TEA 181 much shorter than the tail. The head-plates are large, the largest (interparietal) being larger than the ear-opening. The superciliaries are imbricate. The dorsal scales are small and may be either uniform or heterogeneous. The labials are not imbricate. The ear-opening is large with a strong anterior denticulation. One or more transverse gular folds and long series of femoral pores are present. This genus occurs in the United States and Mexico. More than 20 species and subspecies have been described. These are mostly of small size, but Uta thalassina and its three close relatives are large lizards. These may well be regarded as forming the subgenus Petrosaurus. The so- called U. stansburiana group may be referred to the sub- genus Uta, and the remaining species to the subgenus Urosaurus. Synopsis OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES a.—Dorsals all small, granular, smooth, of nearly equal size, not imbricate, a little larger than laterals; adults more than 75 mm. from snout to anus; one or more blackish bars across shoulders. (Subgenus Petrosaurus). b.—Caudal scales small, not mucronate. c.—Anterior half of back with three blackish cross- bands; snout longer. U. thalassina—p. 186. c.—Anterior half of back with four blackish cross- bands; snout shorter. U. repens.—p. 189. b’.—Caudal scales large, imbricate, keeled, and mu- cronate; a single narrow black band across shoulders. cc.—Throat with numerous round light spots. U. mearnsi—p. 191. 182 3. I[GUANIDZ cc.—Throat mottled or with transverse markings, without definite rounded spots. U. slevini—p. 194. a.—Largest dorsals squamose, usually imbricate, larger than the granular laterals; adults less than 75 mm. from snout to anus; often a blackish blotch in front of shoulder or a blue blotch behind axilla. bb.—A longitudinal dorsolateral line or dermal fold, usually with some enlarged scales on it; usually a second, lateral fold; no small, rounded blue blotch behind axilla . (Subgenus Urosaurus). ccc.—Dorsal scales of one to three (usually two) median longitudinal rows much smaller than those of one to three rows just external to them. d.—Dorsolateral fold or line with very large, closely set enlarged scales or tubercles; tail twice length of head and body. About two rows of single, strongly keeled, enlarged dorsal scales on each side of the smaller mid-dorsal series. Clarion Island. U. clarionensis.—p. 196. d’—Dorsolateral fold or line without enlarged scales or tubercles, or with enlarged scales or tubercles at considerable intervals. e.—Thighs without keeled scales; larger, adults usually exceeding sixty millimeters from snout to anus. Socorro Island. U. auriculata—p. 197. e.—Thighs with keeled scales; smaller, adults usually less than sixty millimeters from snout to anus. f.—Series of enlarged dorsal scales usually be- ginning in front of a line connecting inser- tions of fore-limbs; dorsolateral tubercles 10. UTA 183 well-developed; elongate tubercles on dor- solateral line of neck. “ g-—Enlarged dorsals normally in one definite row on each side anteriorly. U. o. lateralis.—p. 199. g.—Enlarged dorsals normally in more than one definite row anteriorly. U. o. symmetrica.—p 202. f’—Series of enlarged dorsal scales not con- tinued anterior to insertions of forelimbs; dorsolateral tubercles much reduced, some- times nearly absent; no elongate tubercles on dorsolateral line of neck. U. levis.—p. 208. ccc.—Dorsal scales of one to three median longitud- inal rows not much smaller than those of rows just external to them. dd.—Tail more than twice the length of head and body; dorsals becoming abruptly smaller ex- ternal to the few central rows of large scales; frontal plate usually divided transversely. U. graciosa.—p. 212. dd’.—Tail less than twice length of head and body; dorsals becoming more gradually smaller laterally; frontal usually not divided. ee.—Dorsal scales larger, about seventeen to twenty-four equaling length of head and back of interparietal. U. nigricauda.—p. 216. ee’.—Dorsal scales smaller, about thirty-two to thirty-four equaling length of head to back of interparietal. U. microscutata.—p. 219. 184 3. IGUANIDA bb’‘—No longitudinal dorsolateral dermal fold; often a small, rounded, dark blue blotch behind axilla; frontal divided transversely. (Subgenus Uta). cccc.—Dorsal scales shorter, not imbricate, not mucron- ate, often with intervening granules; a dark blue blotch behind axilla. ddd.—Scales on base of tail not imbricate; not unicolor above. ece.—Basal caudals weakly keeled, not or but shortly mucronate; about 113 to 122 dor- sals from interparietal to back of thighs; 26 to 30 of largest dorsals equal length of head to back of interparietal plate; gular region bluish. U. stellata—p. 225. eee.—Basal caudals keeled and strongly mucron- ate; about 106 to 116 dorsals from inter- parietal to backs of thighs, 21 to 25 of largest dorsals equal length of head to back of interparietal plate; gular region blackish. U. palmeri.—p. 221. ddd’.—Scales on base of tail imbricate, strongly keeled and mucronate; no dark or light markings above, except rarely a few pale blue dots. U. nolascensis.—p. 223. cecc’.—Dorsal scales larger, imbricate at least centrally; usually without intervening granules; caudal scales imbricate, keeled and strongly mucronate. dddd.—A distinct dark blue spot or blotch behind axilla. eeee.—Dorsal scales smaller, average more than LOM VUEA 185 one hundred between interparietal plate and backs of thighs. ff.—Dorsal scales weakly keeled, largest along central zone, changing gradually to smooth granules before dorsolateral region is reached, U. s, stansburiana.—p. 227, ff’.—Dorsal scales strongly keeled, changing rather abruptly to smooth granules on dor- solateral region. U. s. hesperis.—p. 233. eeee .—Dorsal scales larger, average fewer than 100 between interparietal plate and backs of thighs, usually strongly keeled, chang- ing rather abruptly to smooth granules on dorsolateral region. fff.—Size smaller; basal caudals more regular. U. s. elegans.—p. 240. fff'.—Size larger; basal caudals more irregular; San Martin Island. U. martinensis.—p. 247. dddd*.—No distinct dark blue blotch behind axilla. eeeee.—Dorsal scales large, fewer than ninety from interparietal plate to backs of thighs, strongly keeled, mucronate; light stripes on side of neck more distinct. Santa Catalina Island. U. squamata.—p, 249. eeeee .—Dorsal scales smaller, more than ninety between interparietal plate and backs of thighs, less strongly keeled, not mucron- ate except near tail; light stripes on side of neck less distinct. Carmen, Coronado and Danzante islands. U. mannophorus.—p. 252, 186. 3. I[GUANIDA 31. Uta thalassina Cope San Lucan Giant Ura Uta thalassina Copr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1863, p. 104 (type locality, Cape St. Lucas); Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, p. 177; Cops, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1866, p. 312; Corr, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, No. 1, 1875, pp. 48, 93; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 54; Gar- man, Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, No. 1, 1884, p. 16; Copz, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 35; Brxpinc, West Amer. Scientist, Vol. III, No. 24, 1887, pp. 96, 98; SreynEcER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1894, pp. 589, 591; Van Densurcu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 99; Corr, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 301, fig. 35; Mocquarp, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. 1, 1899, p. 301, pl. XI, figs. 2, 3 (part); Drrmars, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 123; DickErson, Copeia, No. 50, 1917, p. 98; SreyNEGER & Barpour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 52; Van Denspurcu & SLevin, Proc. Cal. Acad, Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 51, 57; Nexson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115; TeRron, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. Antonio Alzate, Vol. 39, 1921, p. 164; ScumipT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 4. Petrosaurus thalassinus, BOULENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. I, 1885, p. 205. Description.—Head flattened, swollen at temples. Snout rounded. Nostrils large, superior, and a little nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Ear-opening large, with a very weak anterior denticulation. Head scales smooth, slightly convex anteriorly; frontal transversely divided; largest supraoculars separated from frontals, frontoparietals, and parietals, by two series of small plates; interparietal very large. Six superior and seven inferior labials to below middle of orbit. Several series of enlarged sublabials pass- ing gradually into the granular gulars which are slightly largest centrally. First of two strong gular folds ends in a large pouch at each side; second fold continued as a flap in front of each arm, and covered with smooth flat plates, the 10. UTA 187 largest of which, at its edge, are somewhat larger than the scales on the chest. Back and sides covered with small smooth round granules, much larger medially than laterally. Tail conical except where depressed at base, covered with whorls of weakly keeled scales, a little smaller than those of belly. Scales of chest and belly smooth, those on limbs with dis- tinct keels. Femoral pores 15 to 21. Most of the large specimens have lost their original tails, and are now provided with regrowths. There is considerable variation in the intensity, and some in the distribution, of color in the large series at hand, but the general pattern is the same in all the specimens. Very young individuals are fully as brightly colored as older ones, and females as brightly as males. The largest speci- mens, however, appear somewhat duller than others, espe- cially on the posterior part of the back. One of the brightest individuals, which has been in alcohol little more than a month, may be described thus: On the anterior half of the back are three transverse bands of intense black, bordered posteriorly by others of olivaceous yellow (orange in life). The first of these bars connects the shoulders. The second is the shortest and narrowest; near its anterior edge are two round yellow spots, about half the size of the tympanum. The third is the largest and best defined. It is bordered in front by a narrow band of plumbeous, which separates it from another of olivaceous yellow. The remaining space between these black bands is finely dotted and reticulated with black, sepia, and azure. The posterior half of the back is similarly banded, but the colors are here so dull as to appear as if viewed through a thick and discolored epidermis. In front of each shoulder is an azure spot about the size uf the tympanum. Half-way between the upper edges of these spots and the tympana are smaller spots of the same color, and others may be seen on the dorsal median line of 188 3. IGUANIDZ the neck. The chin and gular regions, except a large central patch of greenish olive (orange in life), (pale turquoise blue in some specimens), are Indian yellow, which color is continued over the sides, and faintly over the back of the neck, just in front of the first black dorsal band. The eye- lids and a small area surrounding the pineal “eye” are also yellow. The hind limbs are pale sepia, with indications of seven faint yellowish crossbars. The upper surface of the tail is bluish, greenish, and brownish, crossed by 21 broad dark olive or greenish olive bars. The lower surfaces of the tail, limbs, abdomen, and chest, are creamy white, tinged on the chest with olive-green and Indian yellow. (In very young individuals there are three transverse greenish bars on a yellow ground.) In the pouches at each end of the middle gular fold are patches of flame scarlet, but close examination shows that this color is due to the presence of multitudes of minute parasites. een'gth) to; annse Ss? 95 103 130 154 Tenpthom tet eS ee ee 248 coe Snout, to cates see 14 19 20 32 36 Snot to) folds sen eee ee 35 35) Beles ae Shielded part of head... = 19 20. ee =e Wadth: of head 2:25 11 15 18 28 30 Shielded, part: of (heade ee 19 200 ee = Roreslimbse 26 41 42 63 67 tind) Wim bee eee 38 63 69 90 95 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe 25 27, z= = Distribution —This beautiful lizard has been known only from the San Lucan Fauna of southern Lower Cali- fornia. It was originally described from specimens col- lected by Mr. Xantus at Cape San Lucas. Mr. Belding found it at Playitas, San Lazaro, and in the Victoria Mountains, not at La Paz. I have examined specimens from San José del Cabo, San Bartolome, Corral de Piedras, 10. UTA 189 Sierra El Taste, Miraflores, Sierra San Lazaro, Triunfo, San Bartolo, Agua Caliente, and the Sierra Laguna. Moc- quard records it from La Paz. It occurs also on Espiritu Santo Island and the close-lying Isla Partida. Habits—Mr. Slevin notes that “as a rule they are fairly abundant where found. They frequent the cracks and crevices in and between the huge granite boulders piled up in the canyon bottoms and the small adjacent arroyos. They resemble Uta mearnsi very much in their habits, crawling along the face of the rock but always keeping close to a crack or crevice into which they disappear on one’s approach. Being rather shy, they will not permit one to come closer than ten or twenty feet. On several occasions they were seen to jump from boulder to boulder a distance of four feet by actual measurement. They were found to range up to 5,400 feet in the Sierra Laguna, but at this elevation they were rare and only three were seen in a small isolated pile of granite in a mountain meadow. ‘The two specimens collected here did not show the brilliant coloring of those secured at lower levels.” 32. Uta repens Van Denburgh SyHort-NosEpD Giant Uta Uta repens Van DenBurGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p- 102, pls. VII, and VIII, figs. A-E, (type locality, Comondu, Lower California); Corr, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 303, fig. 36; Dirmars, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 123; STEs- NEGER & BarsBour, Check List. N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 51; Van DenpurcH & SiEvin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 51, 58; Nezson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115. Uta thalassina Mocouarv, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. I, 1899, p. 310, pl. Il, figs. 2, 3 (part), 190 3. I[GUANIDA Description—Head broad, short, and depressed, snout short and truncate. Nostrils large, superior, and much nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Ear-opening large, with anterior denticulation of three pointed scales. Head scales smooth, slightly convex anteriorly. Rostral very broad and low, with a median superior projection. Frontal transversely divided. Largest supraoculars separated from frontals, frontoparietals, and parietals, by two series of small plates. Interparietal very large. Five superior and seven inferior labials to below middle of eye. Several series of enlarged sublabials. Gular region covered with small granules, slightly largest centrally. A weak anterior gular fold followed by a strong posterior fold; latter covered with small subgranular plates, the largest of which, on its edge, are about equal in size to the first scales on chest. Back and sides covered with round granules, larger medially than laterally. Tail somewhat depressed and expanded at its base, and covered with whorls of small weakly keeled scales. Scales on anterior surfaces of limbs large and weakly keeled. Ventral plates larger than caudals. The color above is dull grayish olive, with four very distinct anterior, and three duller posterior, transverse black bands. The tail is similarly barred with dusky. The throat is brownish marked with blackish slate centrally. The chest and abdomen are white clouded with slate. Lengthitoyants == eee ee — 103 Snout: tor tol diate eee ee _ 34 Snout ‘to:orbit ee ay eT Snout toear = se Mate Sores = Ze Snout to back of interparietal__._____»___ a i} ‘Width: :of* seacoast eS = 918 Bore: imb, 22 8-8 2 ee — 45 Np GbeUs UA Gt nu | nse acstbesen cee cet Na eae oa ac aS 62 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe____.______ 22 LO OA 191 This species is known from four specimens. Its general aspect is very much more like that of U. thalassina than like U. mearnsi, but although so closely allied to U. thalassina, it has the hind limb much shorter, snout shorter and more truncate, and four transverse black dorsal bars in place of the anterior three of that species. Distribution.—This lizard was originally described from 2 single specimen secured at Comondu in the central portion of the peninsula of Lower California. A second specimen, collected by Diguet at Mulege in the same portion of the peninsula and figured by Mocquard, apparently belongs to this species. I have seen a third specimen, collected at San Xavier on the peninsula, and a fourth, found on Danzante Island, in the Gulf of California. 33. Uta mearnsi Stejneger Mearns Giant Uta Uta thalassina Locxincron, Amer. Naturalist, 1880, p. 295. Uta mearnsi STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 17, 1894, p. 589 (type locality, Summit of Coast Range, United States and Mexico boundary line, California); Van Drenspurcu, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 64, fig.; Mocquarp, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Ser. 4, Vol. 1, 1899, p. 308, pl. XI, figs. 1, 1a; Cops, Report. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 304, fig. 37; Mrex, Field Columbian Museum, Zool. Ser. Vol. VII, No. 1, 1905, (1906), p. 9; Drrmars, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 123; AtsatT, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p. 34; GrinnELL & Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 154; Sreynecer & Bargour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 50; Srepuens, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, No. 4, 1921, p. 61; Van DenBurcu & SreEvin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, p. 51; Newson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, p. 114; Scumipr, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 4. Description Head considerably depressed, snout elon- 192 : 3. IGUANIDA gate, very low. Canthus rostralis well-marked. Nostrils large, opening almost upward in rounded plates, much nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Plates on head large, smooth, and but slightly convex; interparietal largest. Frontal plate usually divided transversely. Two or three posterior series of supraoculars enlarged, separated from frontals by one or two series of granules. Superciliaries long and imbricate. A long, narrow, strongly-keeled subocular, followed and preceded by similar but smaller plates. Rostral very wide and low, as also the five or six supralabials. Sym- physeal plate large and followed by several large chin- shields. First infralabials much larger than others. Sub- labials long and narrow. Skin on gular region covered with small, smooth, rounded granules, slightly largest cen- trally and near edge of strong gular fold. A dermal fold on each side between limbs. Back and sides covered with smooth, convex, rounded granules, largest medially, smallest later- ally, and changing gradually to small, smooth, slightly im- bricate scales on belly. Tail and anterior and upper surfaces of limbs bearing larger imbricate scales each provided with a strong keel ending in a projecting spine. Nineteen to 25 pores forming a series along each thigh. Males with en- larged postanal plates. The color above is bluish gray or olive, strongly tinged with brown on the head and tail, and crossed by irregularly undulate bands of dark gray, brown, or slate. A narrow straight band of intense black crosses from shoulder to shoul- der over the back. The spaces between these bands are vari- ously spotted, marbled and reticulated with lighter, and thickly sprinkled with light blue dots. The limbs are irreg- ularly cross-banded with dusky. The tail is pale brownish olive with wide blackish or dark brown cross-bars; its proxi- mal fourth often bluish on the lighter portions. The lower surfaces are greenish white, suffused with deep indigo on agin Pratre 15 [Van Densurcu | xX Acap. Sct., VoL. Oc. Papers, Cau. ‘eIud “ELBE [vO ‘AjuNoD aptsadary ‘surejun 117) TUE 13) S$ 291puy Ul p LOS UA 193 the belly and flanks, and reticulated with bluish gray or slate on the chin and throat, where the ground color may be yellowish white, grayish or pinkish. The reticulations on the throat are so arranged as to enclose rounded spots of the ground color. Mengthyito) anuse se 60 75 79 82 84 90 Ikengthiiof tailo =e 127 147 164 ee 160 188 Snout to orbit... 6 i] g 7 8 8 Snoutestoiear ees ee 13% 17 18 20 20 20 Widthvot head. == ell 15 15 16 16 16 Forevimbe 31 39 4} 38 42 44 La hbevell Atfeso) nae ee _ 48 59 61 63 62 68 Base of fifth to end of fourths toc ee 19 21 21 22 22 25 Distribution.—This lizard was first found on the eastern slope of the Coast Range of San Diego County, California, et Mountain Spring near the Mexican boundary line. Here it is said to be extremly plentiful among rocks from the base to the summit of the range. It now is known to occur in various parts of the desert or east slope of the San Jacinto, Santa Rosa, and Coast ranges, of San Diego and Riverside counties. In San Diego County it has been secured at Moun- tain Spring, Jacumba and La Puerta. In Riverside County it has been collected at Palm Springs, Palm Canyon, Andreas Canyon, Tahquitz Canyon, Lower Palm Canyon, Dos Palmos Spring, Snow Creek, White Water, and in the San Jacinto Mountains west from Coachella, Cabazon and Banning. It has been found to be common in northern Lower California (Ensenada, San Salado, San Matias, Cafion Espe- ranzo, Parral and Matomi) and extends south at least to Santa Rosalia a little below the middle of the peninsula. Habits —These lizards usually are found in rocky can- yons, where they may be seen on the side walls and on the 194 3. IGUANIDA surface of boulders. They are shy and move swiftly. They sometimes jump from boulder to boulder, but usually re- treat to some crevice. Like many other lizards, they are said to be less active during the hotter hours of the day. 34. Uta slevini, new species ANGEL Istanp Giant Uta Description.—Head considerably depressed, snout elon- gate, very low. Canthus rostralis well-marked. Nostrils large, opening almost upward in rounded plates, much nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Plates on head large, smooth, and but slightly convex; interparietal largest. Frontal plate usually divided transversely. Two or three posterior series of supraoculars enlarged, separated from frontals by one or two series of granules. Superciliaries long and imbricate. A long, narrow, strongly-keeled subocular, followed and preceded by similar but smaller plates. Ros- tral very wide and low, as also the five to seven supralabials. Symphyseal plate large and followed by several large chin- shields. First infralabials much larger than others. Sub- jabials long and narrow. Skin on gular region covered with small, smooth, rounded granules, slightly largest centrally and near edge of strong gular fold. A dermal fold on each side between limbs. Back and sides covered with smooth, convex, rounded granules, largest medially, smallest later- ally, and changing gradually to small, smooth, slightly im- bricate scales on belly. Tail and anterior and upper sur- faces of limbs bearing larger imbricate scales each provided with a strong keel ending in a projecting spine. Seventeen to 23 pores forming a series along each thigh; average in 78 thighs, 21.4. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The color above is bluish gray or olive, often strongly tinged with brown, and crossed by irregularly undulate bands HO ize 195 of brown or slate, often more or less obsolete. A narrow straight band of intense black crosses from shoulder to shoulder over the back. The spaces between these bands are variously spotted, marbled and reticulated with lighter, and thickly sprinkled with light blue dots or spots. The limbs are irregularly cross-banded with dusky or nearly unicolor. The tail is pale brownish olive with wide more or less obso- lete blackish or dark brown cross-bars, its proximal fourth often bluish on the lighter portions. The lower surfaces are greenish or yellowish white, suffused with deep indigo on the belly and flanks, and reticulated with bluish gray or slate on the chin and throat, where the ground color may be yellowish white, grayish or pinkish. The reticulations on the throat are so arranged as to make the throat appear mottled with a tendency to form cross-bars. Wength "to! anus 87 95 96 97 102 104 Wength oftail ee 174 189 fnew 193 es as Snout-toorbit 8 84 9 9 10 9 Snout! to €ar= = 2 22% 22 23 23 24 Width of head______ 17 19% 20 18 20 19 Kore Mimbo _ 44 46 46 44 46 46 Relindielim by eee — 64 69 70 71 72 72 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe =. = 22 24 24 24 25 25 Distribution.—This species has been collected on Angel de la Guardia and Mejia islands, in the Gulf of California, Mexico, where it was found in rocky canyons. Remarks.—This lizard is very closely related to Uta mearnsi, but grows to a larger size and may readily be dis- tinguished by the different pattern of the markings on the gular region. Type.—No. 50506, Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Joseph R. Slevin, June 28, 1921. 196 3. I[GUANIDZ Type locality—Mejia Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. 35. Uta clarionensis Townsend Crarion Istanp Ura Uta clarionensis TownsEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 13, 1890, p. 143 (type locality, Clarion Island); Sreynecer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 23, 1901, p. 715; Van DensBurcu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. 1, 1905, pp. 3, 27; Van Den- BURGH & SLeEvin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 146; Sreynecer & Barsour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 50; Scumipt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p- 6. Our only specimens of this lizard were destroyed in the great San Francisco fire of April, 1906. I now know the species only from the original description, which is as follows: Description — “Body with irregular dorsal and lateral black marking; limbs with transverse black bars on outer sur- faces. Four dorsal ridges, consisting of single, strongly carinate scales, the middle pair separated by an irregular series of smaller simple scales. There is a shorter pair of dorso-lateral ridges of carinate scales, somewhat less regu- lar. Tail more than twice the head and body; otherwise similar in size and proportions to U. symmetrica. Colors bluish, similar to U. auriculata from Socorro Island. Adult; under parts much lighter blue than upper; young, dusky above, whitish below.” Distribution —This lizard is known only from Clarion Island, Revilla Gigedo Islands, Mexico, where it has been collected by Townsend, Anthony and Beck. LO (UTA 197 36. Uta auriculata Cope Socorro Istanp Uta Uta auriculata Copx, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 14, 1871, p. 303 (type locality, Socorro Island); Bourencrr, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 214; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 35; Townsenp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 13, 1890, p. 143; Cope, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, pp. 300, 301; Van Denspureu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. 1, 1905, pp. 3, 26; Van DenBuRGH & SLEvin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, p. 146; SreynecER & Barsour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept. 1917, p. 49; Scumipt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 6. Description—Head and body considerably depressed. Snout rounded but rather narrow, with well-developed canthi, above which the nostrils open much nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Plates on head moderately large, smooth and almost flat; interparietal largest. Frontal plate usually divided transversely. Inner series of enlarged supra- oculars separated from frontal, frontoparietal, and parietal plates by one or two rows of granules. Superciliaries long, very slightly projecting laterally, and strongly imbricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral very wide and low. Four to six long low supra- labials, to below middle of eye. Symphyseal plate mod- erately large, followed by series of large plates in contact with first pair of lower labials but separated from the others by one or two rows of sublabials. Chin and gular region covered with smooth round or subhexagonal granules largest centrally and becoming imbricate on the strong transverse fold. Edge of the fold with a series of projecting scales. Ear-opening large, with a rather short anterior denticula- tion of from two to four pointed scales of much variation in size and shape. One or two rows of medium-sized scales along middle of back, bordered on each side by one to three 198 3. IGUANIDA more or less regular rows of larger scales of which the inter- nal row is most regular and composed of largest scales. Scales of all these rows may be either keeled or smooth. Other dorsal scales very small except a more or less distinct row of sometimes widely-separated enlarged scales on pos- terior portion of upper of two lateral longitudinal dermal folds. Tail bearing whorls of strongly or weakly keeled scales, some of which are shortly mucronate. Caudals much broader above than below. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granules similar to those on sides of body. Superior and anterior surfaces of limbs provided with large smooth scales. Ventral scales smooth and about size of those on edge of gular fold. Femoral pores varying from 10 to 13 in number on each thigh. Ten to 17 of largest dorsal scales equaling length of shielded part of head. Tail less than twice as long as head and body. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The general color above is grayish blue, blue, or grayish or yellowish brown, or almost black, clearer on the head and the base of the tail, darkest along the sides of the body where crossed by from six to eight more or less definite bars of black or brown. These cross-bars are often very indis- tinct, usually interrupted on the middle of the back, and sometimes alternating with those on the opposite side. They sometimes have light edgings of blue. The sides are often dotted or marbled with blue and brown or black. The tail is not distinctly ringed; it is blue or brown, unicolor or marbled with blackish brown. The lower surfaces are blue, varying from sky blue to indigo, more or less dotted or suffused with dark brown or black. In very light specimens the chest and lower surfaces of limbs and tail may be gray. There seems to be no sexual difference in color. 10. UTA 199 Length to anus -______ _ 59 60 61 65 65 74 Length of tai]________ = WH 112 109 115 124 fee Gular fold to anus... 39 40 41 43 Ad 50 Snoutitoyears een Ss 12 13 13% 14 15 Shielded part of head__. 12 12 12 12% 12% 14 Wadthtofihead2= eee 10 10 11 12 12 13 ore) limb pee ees 26 28 28 28 30 30 Jeravol MhosVop eee eS _ 40 41 42 43 45 48 Base of fifth to end of fourth toc. 16 17 17 17 18 19 Distribution.—This lizard occurs abundantly on Socorro Island, the largest of the Revilla Gigedo Islands, Mexico. It, doubtless, is confined to this one island, for Clarion has its own peculiar species and San Benedicto seems to have no reptiles. 37. Uta ornata lateralis (Boulenger) ; Mexican Tree Uta Uta (Phymatolepis) lateralis BouLENGER, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, Vol. XI, 1883, p. 342 (type localities, Tres Marias Islands, and Presidio, Sinaloa, Mexico). Uia lateralis BouteNcrEr, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 214; Gunruer, Biologia Centrali-Amer., Rept. & Batrach., 1890, p- 61, pl. XXXI, fig. D; Scumipr, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 6. Uta gularis Cracin, Bull. Washburn Lab., 1884, p. 7 (type locality, Guaymas, Mexico). Description —Head and body considerably depressed. Snout rounded but rather narrow, with well-developed canthi, above which the nostrils open much nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Plates on head moderately large, smooth, convex or almost flat; interparietal largest. Fron- tal plate usually divided transversely. Inner series of en- larged supraoculars separated from frontal, frontoparietal and parietal plates by one or two rows of granules. Super- 200 3. IGUANIDA ciliaries long, very slightly projecting laterally, and strong- ly imbricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral very wide and rather low. Four to six long low supralabials. Symphyseal plate moderately large, followed by series of large plates in contact with first pair of lower labials but separated from the others by one or two rows of sublabials. Chin and gular region covered with smooth subhexagonal granules, largest centrally and becoming imbricate on the strong transverse fold. Edge of fold with a series of projecting scales. Ear-opening large, with an anterior denticulation of from two to four pointed scales of much variation in size and shape. About two rows of medium-sized or small scales along middle of back, bordered on each side by about two rows of much larger strongly keeled scales of which those of the outer row normally are much smaller and often are absent anteri- orly. Other dorsal scales very small except a row of widely-separated enlarged scales on upper or dorsolateral longitudinal dermal fold. A few enlarged scales on lower or lateral fold. A number of more or less well-developed oblique groups of enlarged granules or tubercles between these folds. A group of large tubercles on dorsolateral fold of neck. Tail bearing whorls of strongly keeled and sharply pointed scales, which are much broader above than below; about every third whorl larger. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granules similar to those on sides of body. Superior and anterior surfaces of limbs provided with large, keeled scales. Ventral scales smooth and about size of those on gular fold. Femoral pores varying from eight to thirteen in number on each thigh. Ten to 13 of largest dorsal scales equalling length of shielded part of head. Tail less than twice as long as head and body. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The general color above is grayish, blackish or brown- 10. UTA 201 ish, sometimes paler on the head and the base of the tail, crossed by from six to eight bars of black or brown. These cross-bars may be very indistinct, usually are interrupted on the middle of the back, and sometimes alternating with those on the opposite side. The light edgings of the dorsal bars may be present, either blue or yellowish. The tail is blackish or bluish sometimes indistinctly ringed with dusky or tinged with ochraceous. The lower surfaces are white or blue, more or Jess dotted or suffused with dark brown or black. Males usually have an intense blue patch on each side of the belly and an area of lemon yellow, which sometimes acquires a tinge of orange, on the center of the throat. Wen pthiitowarntt si eeeeene ene eee ee 43 49 49 50 IDO Che Wel ee Le eee 78 89 95 Gularetoldistoyan us sas eens oe eres 29 33 34 34 Snoutmtoy eam Nad Sat ea Wee iS) 10%4 10% 10 Width of head. a Vaie es ete aa 7 9 9 2) Rorewelimiby, eee ee a ee wees Se 15 20 20 21 Jes GegyoU! Ty) oye eee ee ee ee 28 31 31 32 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe. =12 12%, 12% 13 Distribution.—This lizard originally was described from specimens from Las Tres Marias Islands and Presidio, Sinaloa, Mexico, and probably was later described by Cragin from specimens collected at Guaymas, Sonora. Specimens are now at hand from Tiburon Island, in the Gulf of California. Remarks.—Some of these specimens have two rows of enlarged scales anteriorly, although those of the outer row are of much smaller size than those of the inner enlarged row. A few specimens from Arizona are so similar in the size and arrangement of their large dorsals that it seems necessary to consider the Mexican form a subspecies of U. ornata. 202 3. I[GUANIDZ 38. Uta ornata symmetrica (Baird) Arizona Tree Uta Plate 16 Uta ornata Bairpv & Grrarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1852, p. 126 Uta (part) (type locality, Rio San Pedro, Texas and Sonora); U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 48 (part); Yarrow, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 568 (part); Cours, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V., 1875, p. 597; Yarrow & Hensuaw, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 222; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 56 (part); BoutencER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 213 (part); Sreynecer, North Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 107; Copr, Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXX, 1896, p. 1013; Van Densurcu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 340; Van Denzurcy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 461; Her- rick, Terry & Herrick, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ. Vol. XI, 1899, p. 138; Herricx, Terry & Herrick, Bull. Univ. New Mexico, Vol. I, 1899, p. 138; Copr, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 315, fig. 41; Dirmars, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 125; Rutuven, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 531; Srong, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 226; Van DENBURGH & Sievin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 401; GrinnELL & Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p- 157; SreyneceR & Barsour, Check List N. Amer. Amph Rept., 1917, p. 51 (part); Van Denpurcu & Stevin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 51. symmetrica Barrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila, 1858, p. 253; (type locality, Fort Yuma, California); Barrp, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, p. 7; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Phila., 1886, p. 303; Cooprr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870, p. 67; Yarrow, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 569; Cours, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 597; Corr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 17, 1880, p. 16; Boutencer, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 213; Sreynecer, North Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 108; SreynecER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXV, 1892, p. 150; Van DensurcH, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 70, fig.; Cope, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p- 317, fig. 42; Dirmars, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 125, pl. XLIII, fig. 2; Sronr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1911, p. 226; Van Densurcu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 153; STEJNEGER & Barsour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 52. LON UTA 203 a nc ssn eS Uta schottii Barrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 253 (type locality Sta. Madelina, Cal.); Bar, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, p. 7; Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1870, p. 67; Corr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 48; Cope, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for' 1898, 1900, p. 319. Uta ornata linearis Barrp, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. Il, 1859, p. 7 (type locality, Los Nogales, Sonora); Scumipr, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 6. Uta schotti, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 10. Uta ornata symmetrica, Scumipt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 6. Description —Head and body considerably depressed. Snout rounded but rather narrow, with well-developed canthi, above which the nostrils open much nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Plates on head moderately large, smooth, convex or almost flat; interparietal largest. Fron- tal plate usually divided transversely. Inner series of en- larged supraoculars separated from frontal, frontoparietal and parietal plates by one or two rows of granules. Super- ciliaries long, very slightly projecting laterally, and strongly imbricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral very wide and rather low. Four to seven long low supralabials. Symphyseal plate moder- ately large, followed by series of large plates in contact with first pair of lower labials but separated from the others by one or two rows of sublabials. Chin and gular region covered with smooth subhexagonal granules, largest cen- trally and becoming imbricate on the strong transverse fold. Edge of fold with a series of projecting scales. Ear-open- ing large, with an anterior denticulation of from two to five pointed scales of much variation in size and shape. About two rows of medium-sized or small scales along middle of back, bordered on each side by about two rows of much larger more or less strongly keeled scales normally of more or less equal size in the two rows both of which usually extend forward to or onto the neck. Other dorsal scales very 204 3. IGUANIDA small except a row of widely-separated enlarged scales on upper or dorsolateral longitudinal dermal fold, sometimes becoming continuous series posteriorly. Sometimes a few enlarged scales on lower or lateral fold. A number of more or less well-developed oblique groups of enlarged granules or tubercles between these two folds. A group of large tubercles on dorsolateral fold of neck. Tail bearing whorls of strongly keeled and sharply pointed scales, which are much broader above than below; about every third whorl larger. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granules similar to those on sides of body. Superior and anterior surfaces of limbs provided with large, keeled scales. Ventral scales smooth and about size of those on gular fold. Femoral pores varying from nine to 16 in number on each thigh. Ten to 16 of largest dorsal scales equaling length of shielded part head. Tail less than twice as long as head and body. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The general color above is grayish or yellowish brown, paler and somewhat ochraceous on the head and the base of the tail, darkest along the upper lateral fold, and crossed by from six to eight light-edged bars of black or brown. These cross-bars are often very indistinct, usually inter- rupted on the middle of the back, and sometimes alterna- ting with those on the opposite side. The light edgings of the dorsal bars may be either blue or yellow. The sides are often dotted with one or both of these colors. Narrow dark lines cross the top of the head, the most distinct being on the supraocular and frontal regions. In the young the dark coloring of the upper lateral fold is continued forward as a line, passing just above the ear-opening, crossing the orbit, and ending at the nostril. The tail is indistinctly ringed with dusky and often tinged with ochraceous. The lower surfaces are white, more or less dotted or suffused Puare 16 RGH | U [Van Dent Oc. Papers, Cau. AcAp. Sci., Vout. X “GI6L “GL6L ‘laquiaydag ‘euozluy ‘ABIN ‘BUOZIIY ‘AJUNOD BUILT ‘UOSONnL, Ye pea] ‘JUNO, BUNA ‘RUIN Ve pazoa[[oo a[RIT aT Bula YP?) el L PUuOZIIVy “SLWwaut] DIVULO "an 3 31a 10. UTA 205 with dark brown or black. Males usually have a blue patch on each side of the belly and an area of lemon yellow, which sometimes acquires a tinge of blue, on the center of the throat. The coloration of living lizards, in Arizona, was noted in March, as follows: In Yuma specimens the color in life in both sexes varies on the upper surfaces from light clay to blackish brown. Most males show the blackish collar and dorsal blotches much more clearly than females. Males have a blue area on each side of the belly, absent in 19 females. One large male had deep “iron rust” orange covering the entire throat and chin. A smaller male had similar coloring of the throat but with a bright turquoise blue central patch. Five large and two medium-sized males had throats bluish yel- low, varying, without respect to size, from nearly clear blue to faintly bluish lemon yellow. One large and one small male had clear lemon yellow throats. One moderately large male had the throat gray without blue or yellow or orange. Nineteen females had no blue on the throat or sides of belly. Eight females had orange-colored, and eight had lemon-colored, throats; while one large and one small female had the throat orange with lemon center. The coloring of living specimens from Tucson shows a similar variation. Females have no blue on belly; males have. The blue of the throat varies from clear turquoise to the green-blue of old turquoises. The throat is blue in 13 males; orange in eight females; clear yellow in three males and six females; orange with yellow center in seven males; orange with blue center in eight males; orange with green center in one male; and plain gray in one female. The coloration of a fresh specimen from the Grand Canyon is given by Dr. Stejneger as follows: Ground color above grayish-drab, more pinkish on tail 206 3. I[GUANIDA and along the middle line, with a series of eight ‘herring- bone’ crossbars of dusky, growing pale posteriorly and in- cluding a light spot on the middle line; the six anterior cross-bars are bordered behind by a narrow black line, and all, both in front and behind, by a whitish line which is broader behind than in front; on the sides several rows of indistinct pale spots, many of them bordered anteriorly by dusky; a narrow dusky line across the head between the eyes; an indistinct dusky line from nostrils through eyes to above ear; legs and tail with indistinct and irregular cross- bands of a lighter shade than the ground color; underside whitish, with an elongated patch of emerald green on the flanks and a more yellowish one on the middle of the throat. Nength to anus... 30 36 49 54 55 59 Length of tail______ 49 58 85 95 102 Gular fold to anus____ 18 23 32 35 37 37 Srout to ear... 8 9 11 12 12 13 Width of head... 6 Z 9 9 10 10 Hore limb 22 _ 14 16 22 23 26 27 EvistG lati bees ee 18 24 31 36 37 38 Base of fifth to end of fourths tocon ess 7 10 14 14 14 16 Remarks.—Uta ornata and Uta symmetrica were long regarded as distinct species, but when larger series of speci- mens were collected it was found that none of the supposed differences between them were more than individual varia- tions (see Van Denburgh and Slevin 1911, and Strecker 1911). There seems to be no real difference in the regu- larity of the rows of large dorsal scales, the length of the hind leg, coloration, or habitat. Schmidt recently has pointed out that in Texan speci- mens enlarged tubercles between the dorsolateral and lat- eral lines are absent or feebly developed, while in those from Arizona oblique series of tubercles in this region are evi- cent. This difference is shown also by my specimens, and 10. UTA 207 I therefore follow Schmidt in recognizing an eastern sub- species, U. ornata ornata, and a western one, U. ornata symmetrica. It seems to me that there is too much individual variation in the large series at hand to permit the recogni- tion of a third subspecies, U. ornata linearis. Distribution—The Tree Uta is common from New Mexico, Arizona and northern Sonora to southeastern California. In California, it has been found only in the valley of the Colorado River in Imperial (Hanlon’s Ranch, Fort Yuma, Pilot Knob, five miles north from Laguna, five miles above Yuma, four miles below Potholes, eight miles east from Picacho, 20 miles above Picacho, vicinity of Palo Verde, 28 miles below Ehrenberg), and San Bernardino (Needles) counties. Yarrow also recorded the species from “Nevada,” but there has been no confirmation of this record. In Arizona, this species is widely distributed and occurs from the low altitude of Yuma, near sea level, up to at least 6,800 feet on San Francisco Mountain and in the Huachucas. It has been collected in Yuma (Yuma, 10 miles below Cibola, Papago Wells), Mohave (Mohave Desert, Fort Mohave), Coconino (Grand Canyon of the Colorado, San Francisco Mountain, Little Colorado, Walnut Creek near Flagstaff, Flagstaff, Williams, Oak Creek), Navajo (Camp Apache), Yavapai (Fort Whipple, Prescott), Maricopa (Phoenix, Cave Creek), Gila (San Carlos), Pinal (Oracle), Graham (Fort Grant), Pima (Tucson, Santa Cruz River, Fort Lowell, in the Catalina Mountains at the steam pump 18 miles north of Tucson, and in Ventana and Sabino Canyons and East Sabino Basin, in the Santa Cata- lina Mountains, Sawmill and Madera canyons in the Santa Rita Mountains, and in the Baboquivari Mountains), Santa 208 3. IGUANIDZE Cruz (the vicinity of Pete Mountain and in Agua Caliente, Josephine and Gardner canyons in the Santa Rita Moun- tains, Mowry in the Patagonia Mountains, Calabasas, No- gales), and Cochise (Fairbank, Fort Huachuca, Carr, Miller, Montezuma, Brown, and Ramsey canyons in the Huachuca mountains, Warren, Parmalee, Bisbee, and in the Chiricahua Mountains at Rucker Canyon, Cave Creek and Paradise), counties. It also occurs in Sonora (two miles south of Nogales, Pinetos Camp 32 miles south of Nogales, Duros Millos) Habits—At Yuma this lizard is very abundant but is rarely seen on the ground, preferring to climb over the rough bark of the willows or to hide between the planks of the railroad bridges. It feeds chiefly upon small insects. At Tucson it frequents trees, fences, and piles of stones. Dr. Coues states, that he satisfied himself that the same individual assumed different colors. We know this to be true of other Utas and many other Iguanidz, and it prob- ably is true of most of the members of this family. 39. Uta levis Stejneger Rocky Mounrain Tree UTA Uta ornata Yarrow, Sury. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 568 (part); Copr, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 315 (part); Cary, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 33, 1911, p. 26; Exuus & HEen- pERsoN, Univ. of Colorado Studies, Vol. X, No. 2, 1913, p. 64, pls. I, fig. 5, Il, fig. 6, Van Denpurcu & SLeEvin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. V, No. 4, 1915, p. 103. Uta levis Sreynecer, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 108 (type lo- cality, Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico); Corr, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 313, fig 40; SreyneceR & Barsour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept. 1917, p. 50; Scumipt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 6. 10: UTA 209 Uta wrighti Scumipt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, pp. 3, 6 (type locality, Grand Gulch, San Juan County, Utah, eleva- tion between 4,000 and 5,000 feet). Description—Head and body considerably depressed. Snout rounded but rather narrow, with well-developed canthi, above which the nostrils open much nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Plates on head moderately large, smooth and almost flat; interparietal largest. Frontal plate usually divided transversely. Inner series of enlarged supraoculars separated from frontal, frontoparietal and parietal plates by one or two rows of granules. Superci- liaries long, very slightly projecting laterally, and strongly imbricate. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral very wide and moderately low. Four to seven long low supralabials. Symphyseal plate moderately large, followed by series of large plates in con- tact with first pair of lower labials but separated from the cthers by one or two rows of sublabials. Chin and gular region covered with smooth subhexagonal granules, largest centrally and becoming imbricate on the strong transverse fold. Edge of fold with a series of projecting scales. Ear-opening large, with a short anterior denticulation of from two to five pointed scales of much variation in size and shape. About two rows of medium-sized scales along middle of back, bordered on each side by about two rows of much larger strongly or feebly keeled or almost smooth scales. Other dorsal scales very small except a row of widely-separated enlarged tubercles on upper or dorsolateral longitudinal dermal fold, where they often are but little enlarged posteriorly and frequently are absent anteriorly. Sometimes a few small tubercles on lower or lateral fold and between the two folds. Tubercles on dorsolateral fold of neck very short, if at all enlarged. Tail bearing whorls 210 3. IGUANIDA of strongly keeled, short pointed scales, which are much broader above than below; every third whorl sometimes larger. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granules similar to those on sides of body. Superior and anterior surfaces of limbs provided with large, more or less distinctly keeled scales. Ventral scales smooth and about size of those on gular fold. Femoral pores varying from 12 to 16 in number on each thigh. Fourteen to 17 of largest dorsal scales equaling length of shielded part of head. Tail less than twice as long as head and body. Males with enlarged postanal plates. The general color above is grayish or yellowish brown, paler and somewhat ochraceous on the head and the base of the tail, crossed by from six to eight light-edged bars of black or brown. These cross-bars are often very indis- tinct, usually interrupted on the middle of the back, and often alternate with those on the opposite side. The light edgings of the dorsal bars may be either blue, gray or yel- low. The sides are often dotted with one or more of these colors. Narrow dark lines cross the top of the head, the most distinct being on the supraocular and frontal regions. There may be a dark stripe on the side of the neck and head, passing just above the ear-opening, crossing the orbit, and ending at the nostril. The tail is indistinctly ringed with dusky and often tinged with ochraceous. The lower surfaces are white, more or less dotted or suffused with dark brown or black. Males usually have a blue patch on each side of the belly and an area of lemon yellow, blue, orange or green on the center of the throat. 10. UTA 211 Length to anus... 47 47 48 50 50 52 Weength of tail = 71 Cf 81 83 83 84 Gular fold to anus_________. 31 31 32 34 32 34 Snouthto) ear 10 10% 10% 11 11 U3 Wadthot headi2= = 8 9 9 9 9 9 ore mam by ese ee ay ike) 19 20 22 20 20 1S biyyel 1rerloy ee 30 32 32 33 32 33 Base of fifth to end of fourth!) toe, 2s 10% Wy 1 12 12 12 Remarks.—Uta levis was originally described from two specimens collected at Tierra Amarilla, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. Tree Utas from Colorado and Utah seem to differ from those from Arizona in having the tubercles on the dorsolateral line much reduced, the large dorsals usually less strongly keeled and beginning usually behind a line joining the insertions of the forelimbs, and the absence of elongate tubercles on the sides of the neck. In a good series of specimens from Thompson, Utah, great individual variation is shown. The large dorsals may be strongly keeled, weakly keeled or nearly smooth. The enlarged scales on the dorsolateral line may be quite evident, or may be absent anteriorly and almost lacking posteriorly. Similar variation occurs in the caudal scales. I, therefore, regard Uta levis and Uta wrighti as synonyms. Colorado speci- mens apparently belong to the same form. Distribution—The Rocky Mountain Tree Uta, if the views stated above are correct, is known from northern New Mexico, Colorado, and eastern Utah. In Utah, it has been collected at Thompson, Grand County, and at Grand Gulch, San Juan County, at an alti- tude of 4,000 to 5,000 feet. Yarrow recorded a “Uta or- nata” as collected in “Central Utah.” 212 3. IGUANIDA 40. Uta graciosa (Hallowell) Lonc-rTaILED Uta Plate 17 Urosaurus graciosus HaLLowELt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. 7, 1854, p- 92 (type locality, “Lower [=Southern: ] California”) ; Hat- LOWELL, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, Pt. 4, 1859, p. 4, pl. VI, fig. la-le. 7? Anolis coopert Bairp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1858, p. 254 (type locality, “California’? ). Uta graciosa Bairp, U. S. Mex. Bound. Sury., Vol. Il, 1859, p. 92; Core, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 310; Corr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 48; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 54 (part); Sreynecer, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 177; Van DenBurcu, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V. 1897, p. 69, fig.; Cope, Report U.S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 325, fig. 46; Mrrx, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. 1, 1906, p. 10; Dirmars, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 125; Van DensurcH & SiEvin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, p. 402; Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 17, 1916, p. 525; GrinneLt & Camp, Univ. Cal. Pubs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 156; SreynecER & Bargzour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 50; SrepHEns, Copeia, No. 54, 1918, p. 343 SrepueEns, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, No. 4, 1921, p. 61; Van Denpurcu & SLEvIN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 51, 58; Nerson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 126; Scumipr, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Ute gratiosa Cours, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V., 1875, p. 596; Bou- LENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 213 (part)? ; Mocaquarp, Nouv. Arch. Mus., Hist. Nat., Ser. 4, Vol. I, 1899, p. 307 (?). Description—Body and tail very slender, former as well as head slightly depressed. Snout rounded but rather narrow, with nostrils opening in small round plates, much nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Plates on head mod- erately large, smooth and almost flat; interparietal largest. Frontal plate usually divided transversely. Inner series of 10. UTA 213 enlarged supraoculars separated from frontal, frontoparie- tal, and parietal plates by one or two rows of granules. Su- perciliaries long, slightly projecting laterally, strongly im- bricate. Central subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral and six or seven supralabials long and low. Symphyseal plate moderately large, and followed by a ser- ies of plates separated from the infralabials, except first pair, by one or two series of sublabial plates. Gular region covered with small smooth subhexagonal granules, which in- crease in size on, and are largest at edge of, strong trans- verse gular fold. Ear-openings large with denticulation of two to four scales, one being much larger than the others. Skin of sides of neck and body more or less folded. About five to eight rows of imbricate, keeled, more or less equal- sized scales forming a band down the middle of back, and changing very abruptly to small scales or granules on its sides. Some of scales on upper lateral fold enlarged. Larg- est scales on the tail, larger above than below, and strongly keeled and pointed. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granules similar to those on sides of body. Superior and anterior surfaces of limbs provided with keeled scales. Femoral pores about nine to 14 in number on each thigh. Tail more than twice as long as head and body. The general color above is grayish, becoming darker on the sides and slightly tinged with yellow on the snout. On the back are rather indistinct undulate blackish cross-bars, which are often interrupted on the vertebral line and some- times alternate. The tail is grayish with faint narrow rings of brown or slate, more or less obsolete. The limbs are cross-barred with dusky above. The lower surfaces are sil- very white more or less flecked with black or slate. Males have a yellow patch on the throat, and a long blue area on each side of the belly, often with whitish dots. 214 3. IGUANIDE Eength':to: anus= === 222533 50 54 55 55 59 Length, of tale ees 124 133 121 135 135 Snout stoworbit = eS 5 5 5 5 5M Snoutsto) cars eS 1144 12 11% 12 13 Width of head______-_ 6 9 9% 9 9% 10 Forevlimbs23 2-2 20 22 19 23 24 ind. limb ee 22, 34 33 32 34 38 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe) ==") 2 29 14 14 13 15 15 Distribution —This lizard was long thought to be closely restricted to the vicinity of the Colorado River in California, Nevada and Arizona. It has since been found along the western edge of the Colorado Desert and in Lower Cali- fornia. In California, it has been collected in San Bernardino (Needles, Turtle Mountains, Blythe Junction, Goffs, Bar- stow, ) Riverside (Mecca), Imperial (Meloland, Pilot Knob, Fort Yuma), and San Diego (La Puerta Valley on the east- ern slope of the Cuyamaca Mountains at an altitude of 2,200 feet), counties. In Nevada, it has been secured at Bunkerville and Call- ville, in Clark County. In Arizona, it has been collected in Mohave (Mellen, Needles Peaks), and Yuma (Parker, Ehrenberg, Colorado River twenty miles north from Picacho, and 10 miles be- low Cibola, and at Pilot Knob, Gila City, Yuma), counties. In Lower California, it has been found 85 miles south from Mexicali, and at San Felipe. It has also been recorded from Santa Rosalia, by Mocquard, but I suspect that his specimens may have been U. microscutata. Habits—This long slender lizard is chiefly arboreal, but is sometimes seen on the ground. A favorite attitude 17 PLATE | Van Densurcu | xX Acap. Sci., Vo. Oc. Papers, Cat. “PL6L ‘dy ‘euoziiy ‘Ajunop Bung v1) pa[ivy-su0'T ‘vuInga eau DSOIIVAD "yp? pa ,e][0D HOT OEIC 215 seems to be lying lengthwise on a twig of a mesquite or similar shrub. In such situations they are very easily over- looked. Mr. Camp has published some interesting notes on the habits of this species. “A number of long-tailed swifts were seen in the vicinity of Blythe Junction. Some were in creosote bushes on the open desert some in squaw-tea on the sand dunes, and some on the branches of smoke trees in the washes. They like to sun themselves on the topmost twig of a bush, hanging motionless and head downwards as though pinned there by a shrike. If disturbed they drop to the middle of the bush and flatten themselves against a limb lengthwise, keeping on the side away from the intruder, their wiry tails stretched out stiffly in line with the body. When alarmed while on the ground they make for the nearest bush and jump into it, there to dodge actively about among the branches, quite unlike their brown-shouldered relatives, which usually retreat beneath stones or into holes when pursued. The species under discussion appears to be active at least till dark in the evening, and early in the morning, as well as in the middle of the day. “A pair was seen copulating on July 13, in the hottest time of the day. The two lizards were clinging to the in- clined branch of a creosote bush and the female was colored for the occasion, being light orange with two longitudal black stripes down the sides and a row of black lozenges down the center of the back. The male was grayish over the back and yellowish on the sides. The power of color change in these lizards is greater and more rapid than in any other Californian reptile. A nearly white male held in my hand changed rapidly in two or three minutes to yellow- ish black with cross bands on the back, the originally light greenish ventral patches became blue, and a yellow spot ap- peared under the throat. 216 3. IGUANIDA “T saw a female of this species swallow a large-winged insect it had picked up from the sand. The stomach of a male contained chewed plant stems and what appeared to be the broken shells of insect eggs. An elongate, white, tick- like parasite was seen affixed head downwards in the axilla of a long-tailed swift.” 41. Uta nigricauda Corr San Lucas Uta Uta ornata Bairp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 299; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 56 (part); Betpinc, West American Scientist, Vol. III, No. 24, 1887, p. 98. Uta nigricauda Cope, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila, 1864, p. 176 (type locality, Cape St. Lucas, Lower California); Copr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1866, p. 312; Copr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, pp. 48, 93; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 55; Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, No. 1, 1884, p- 16; Bou.Eencrr, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. I], 1885, p. 212; Core, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, p. 35; BeLpinc, West Amer- ican Scientist, Vol. III, No. 24, 1887, p. 98; Van Densurcu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 106; Corr, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 322, fig. 44; Van Densurcu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. 1, 1905, pp. 3, 25; Drr- Mars, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 125; Van DenBurGH & SLEvin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 145; SreynecER & Bargour, Check List. N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 51; Van Denpurcu & Sievin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, p- 51, 58; Nexson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115; Terron, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. Antonio Alzate, Vol. 39, 1921, p. 164; Scumipr, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, pp. 5, 6. ; Uta schotti Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 55 (part). ? Uta gratiosa Mocquarp, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Ser. 4, Vol. 1, 1899, p. 307. Description Body and tail not very slender, former as well as head slightly depressed. Snout rounded but rather narrow, with nostrils opening in small round plates, much 10. UTA 217 nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Plates on head mod- erately large, smooth and almost flat; interparietal largest. Frontal plate usually not divided transversely. Inner ser- ies of enlarged supraoculars separated from frontal, fronto- parietal, and parietal plates by one or two rows of granules. Superciliaries long, slightly projecting laterally, strongly im- bricate. Central subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral and six or seven supralabials long and low. Symphyseal plate moderately large, and followed by a series of plates separated from the infralabials, except first pair, by one or two series of sublabial plates. Gular region covered with small smooth subhexagonal granular scales, which become imbricate and increase in size on, and are largest at edge of, strong transverse gular fold. Ear-open- ing large, with anterior denticulation of three to five scales. Skin of sides of neck and body more or less folded. About five to eight rows of imbricate, keeled, nearly equal-sized scales forming a band down the middle of back, and chang- ing abruptly or gradually to smaller keeled scales and then to smooth granules on its sides. Seventeen to 24 of the larg- est dorsals equal length of head to back of interparietal. Two more or less definite longitudinal lateral dermal folds. Rarely a few scales on upper lateral fold enlarged. Largest scales on the tail, larger above than below, and strongly keeled and pointed. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granules similar to those on sides of body. Superior and anterior surfaces of limbs provided with keeled scales. Femoral pores about nine to 14 in number on each thigh. Tail less than twice as long as head and body. The general color above ranges from a pale grayish or yellowish brown, through various shades of olive, gray, brown, and slate to nearly black, but often is lighter on the sides and head. On the back are wide blackish blotches or cross-bars, usually interrupted on the vertebral line and 218 3. I[GUANID& sometimes alternating there. These dark markings may be nearly absent. They often are edged with blue. In many specime:.s the black bar on the shoulder is particularly dis- tinct. ‘Lhe limbs usually are unicolor, but rarely are cross- barred with dusky above. The sides often show small blue dots. Lhe lower surfaces are yellowish white more or less flecked with black or slate. Males have a long blue area on each side of the belly. The color of the throat in maics varies from canary yellow to deep Chinese orange; in fe- males from white to pale yellow. The upper surface of the tu! is gray, brown or black with or without indefinite cross-bands. Pength tosanis _ 41 44 44 44 49 Length of (tal== = 73 79 79 84 89 Gular fold to anus__.______- = N27 31 30 30 34 Shielded part of head______ 9 9 10 10 Snout to ear 10 10 10 10% Width of head CTY 8 9 9 9 Bore. limbs) 22 ee 17 18 20 19 20 Pinds limba ne 26 28 29 31 32 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe ___ so be ene: Slit jt 12 1244 13 Distribution —This lizard occurs throughout the south- ern end of Lower California. It is not strictly confined to the Cape Region, for it has been found on Magdalena Is- land and on Espiritu Santo and Ballena islands. In the Cape Region, it has been collected at La Paz, Cape San Lucas, San Jose del Cabo, Miraflores, Sierra San Lazaro, Todos Santos, Agua Caliente, Santiago, San Antonio, Triunfo, San Pedro, and in the foothills of the Sierra Laguna. Habits—These lizards frequented rock piles, stone fences, and the granite boulders in the canyon bottoms, but more commonly were found in mesquite and other trees LOCA 219 growing at the lower levels. They seldom were seen on the ground. On several occasions they were observed eat- ing ants which they had captured crawling up the tree trunks. 42. Uta microscutata Van Denburgh SMALL-SCALED UTa Uta microscutata VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 4, 1894, (type locality, San Pedro MartirMountain, Lower Cali- fornia, Mexico); Van Densurcu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 106, pl. VIII, figs. F. and G., and IX; Meerx, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. 1. 1906, p. 10; STEJNEGER & BargBour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p- 50; Van DenpurcH & Sxievin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 51, 59; Nexson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115, 159; Scumipr, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Uta parviscutata Corr, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 324, fig. 45; Dirmars, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 125. Uta stansburiana Mocquarp, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., Ser. 4, Vol. 1, 1899, p. 306. Description Head and body depressed. Snout rounded and rather short, with well-developed canthus. Nostrils large, opening upward and outward, much nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Plates on head large, smooth, and us- ually more or less convex; interparietal largest. A single frontal. Four large supraoculars, separated from frontal by one row of granules. Superciliaries long, somewhat pro- jecting laterally, and strongly imbricate. Central subocular very long and narrow. A strong gular fold, edged with rounded scales slightly larger than those preceding. A dor- solateral dermal fold extends from near upper end of ear- opening to above thigh. Largest dorsal scales along median dorsal line keeled, becoming gradually smaller laterally un- til a granular form is assumed from four to nine rows from 220 3. IGUANID& median line. Thirty-two to 34 of largest dorsals equaling shielded part of head. Dorsal and posterior surfaces of thighs and posterior surfaces of arms finely granular; other portions of limbs covered with scales which are smooth on ventral surfaces of thighs, legs, arms, and forearms, but keeled elsewhere. Caudal scales much larger above than below, all strongly keeled. Femoral pores 11 to 15. En- larged postanal plates present. Sooty black, brown, or slate-gray above, usually with small, scattered pale blue or white dots, and often with more or less definite vertical bars of deeper brown or black. Lower surfaces blackish, gray, or almost white; chest and sides of belly indigo, pre- and postanal regions tinged with azure. There is no lateral blue blotch behind axilla, as in U. stans- buriana. Chin and throat azure in male, lemon yellow in female. Length to anus... 41 42 43 45 46 48 Length of tail... 81 76 84 89 Shielded part of head 9 8 9% 10 9% 9% Snout toncane eas 9 9 10 10 9% 9% 7 7 Width of head_._____ 8 8% 8 84 84 Bore Jimb ee 18 1 19 21 19 17 Hind limbo 2 29 27 30 31 29 29 Base of fifth to end of fourth, toe 22 = 10 124% 11 12 PY Distribution..—This lizard, first described from speci- mens taken at San Pedro Martir Mountain in the northern part of lower California, has been found to range south to San Francisco Island. It has been taken at San Matias, Cafion Esperanza, San Salado Canyon, Parral, San Antonio, San Pedro Martir Mountain, San Quintin, Rosarito, An- geles Bay, San Francisquito Bay, San Ignacio, Santa Rosalia, Mulege, Concepcion Bay, San Xavier, San Nicolas Bay, and 10. UTA 221 Puerto Escondido, on the peninsula, and on San Marccs, Coronado, Carmen, Danzante, San Jose, and San Francisco islands, in the Gulf of California. 43. Uta palmeri Stejneger San Pepro Martir Istanp Ura Uta palmeri, SteyNEGER, North American Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 106 (type locality, San Pietro Martir Island, Gulf of California) ; Van DenBurcH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 106; Corr, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 313, fig. 39; Dirmars, Reptile Book, 1907, p. 124; Van DensurcH & SLEvin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 147; Srrj- NEGER & Barzour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 51; Nexson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci, Vol. XVI, 1921, p. 114; ScumipT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Description.—Body and head considerably depressed; snout low, rounded and rather long; nostrils large, open- ing upward or outward nearer to end of snout than to or- bit. Head-plates large, smooth, nearly flat, interparietal largest; frontal divided transversely; four or five enlarged supraoculars, separated from the frontals and frontoparie- tals by one or two series of granules. Superciliaries long, narrow and projecting. Central subocular very long, nar- row and strongly keeled. Rostral and supralabials long and low; usually six or seven supralabials. Symphyseal moderately small, followed by several pairs of large plates separated (except first) from the infralabials by one or two series of moderately enlarged sublabials. Gular region cov- ered with small, smooth, hexagonal or rounded scales which change gradually to granules on sides of neck and to larger imbricate scales on strong gular fold, largest usually on den- ticulate edge of gular fold where somewhat larger than ventrals. Several slightly enlarged convex plates in front of ear-opening. Ear denticulation short, of two to four 222, 3. IGUANIDA scales, the largest exceeding in length diameter of largest plate in front of ear. Back covered with scales or tubercles of nearly uniform size becoming granular toward neck and sides of body, scales of posterior part of back strongly or weakly keeled, not imbricate, not mucronate, usually sep- arated by minute granules. Scales largest on tail, strongly keeled, shortly mucronate above and on sides, not imbricate. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granular scales similar to, but smaller than, those on sides of body; other surfaces of limbs provided with keeled scales, which are scarcely if at all imbricate. Femoral pores 15 to 19; average in 100 thighs, 16.26. Twenty-one to 25 larg- est dorsals equal shielded part of head. About 106 to 116 scales in a row between interparietal and backs of thighs. Fifth finger not reaching end of second; fifth toe not reach- ing end of second; adpressed fore limb not reaching inser- tion of thigh. The head is uniform olive brown or gray above. The central portion of the neck, back and base of tail are uni- form brown or bluish gray, rarely unicolor but usually with thickly scattered dots of light blue on groups of from one to five scales or granules. The sides are colored like the back. The upper surfaces of the limbs and tail are light brown or bluish gray, sometimes dotted with pale blue. The gular region is blackish or grayish indigo. The other lower surfaces are grayish or yellowish white, more or less suf- fused with blackish or grayish indigo. There is a large post- axillary blotch of blackish indigo. No specimens show dark brown dorsal or lateral blotches. OSTA 223 Length to anus________. 46 55 67 68 69 70 Tengthvot tail 78 91 112 106 113 Snoutwtom ears ss) eee dtl 13 15 15 14 15 Shielded part of head___._ 10 12 13%, 14 13 14 Widthvot head) == =e) 19 10 13 13 13 14 Hone ye limb eee 25 29 29 28 29 Wind) Jimb, 22 =37, 41 48 49 48 Si Base of fifth to end of fourth) toe, 2 —_ 14 17 19 19 18 19 Remarks.—This species is a member of the U. stans- buriana group but is easily distinguished by the character of its dorsal and caudal scales, its large size, and its coloration. It is most like Uza stellata but is a much larger, heavier lizard. Distribution —San Pedro Martir Island, Gulf of Cali- fornia, Mexico. 44. Uta nolascensis Van Denburgh & Slevin San Pepro Notasco Istanp Uta Uta nolascensis Van DENBURGH & SLEvin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, No. 17, 1921, p. 395 (type locality, San Pedro Nolasco Island, Gulf of California, Mexico). Description ——Body and head considerably depressed; snout low, rounded and rather long; nostrils large, opening upward and outward, nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Head plates large, smooth, nearly flat, interparietal largest; frontal divided transversely; three to five enlarged supra- oculars, separated from the frontals and frontoparietals by one or two series of granules. Superciliaries long, narrow and projecting. Central subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral and supralabials long and low; usually six or seven supralabials. Symphyseal moderately small, followed by two or three pairs of larger plates sep- 224 3. IGUANID& arated(except first) from the infralabials by one or two series of moderately enlarged sublabials. Gular region ered with small, smooth, hexagonal or rounded scales which change gradually to granules on sides of neck and to larger imbricate scales on strong gular fold, largest on denticulate edge of gular fold where somewhat larger than ventrals. Several enlarged plates in front of ear-opening. Ear den- ticulation short, of two to four scales, the largest exceeding in length diameter of largest plate in front of ear. Back covered with very small scales of nearly uniform size be- coming granular toward neck and sides of body, scales of central rows very weakly keeled, imbricate, not or weakly mucronate, rarely separated by minute granules. Scales largest on tail, strongly keeled, strongly mucronate above and on sides, imbricate. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granular scales similar to those on sides of body; other surface of limbs provided with imbri- cate scales, keeled on arm, forearm, thigh, and upper sur- face of leg. Femoral pores 13 to 16; average in 20 thighs, 14.5. Twenty-three to 27 largest dorsals equal shielded part of head. About 110 to 120 scales in a row between interparietal plate and backs of thighs. Fifth finger not reaching end of second; fifth toe not reaching end of sec- ond; adpressed fore limb not reaching insertion of thigh. The color above is grayish or light blue becoming yel- lowish or olive on the head and tail, without any dark or light markings except sometimes a few scattered pale blue dots on single scales. A large blackish blue blotch behind the axilla, and often another smaller blotch of the same color in front of shoulder. The chin and gular region are deep indigo with yellowish markings or suffusion laterally and on the labial plates. The lower surfaces of the body and limbs are indigo throughout, or grayish or yellowish 10. UTA 225 white on feet, distal part of tail, and sometimes on middle of chest and belly. Length to anus_____ 36 36% 44 46 49 50 Length of tail_____. =6l 80 81 Snouti ito) ear _ 9% 9 11 11 11 12% Shielded part of head 9 84 10 10% 10% 12 Width of head. Tat: 7 84 9 9 10 Bore) Jam bye = 6 16 20 22 20 22 Hind) limbs se 29 281435 364%4 35 40 Base of fifth to end of fourth!) toes === 11 1% 15 15 13%4 15 Remarks.—This species is a member of the U. stans- buriana group but is easily distinguished by the small size of its dorsal scales and the absence of markings. Distribution.—San Pedro Nolasco Island, Gulf of Cali- fornia, Mexico. 45. Uta stellata Van Denburgh San Benito Istanp Uta Uta stellata Van DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, 1905, p. 21, pl. VIII (type locality,San Benito Island, Lower California); Van DrenspurcH & Srevin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 143; SreynEGER & BarsBour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 52; Nexson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, p. 114; Scumipr, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Description—Body and head considerably depressed; snout low, rounded and rather long; nostrils large, opening upward and outward nearer to the end of snout than to orbit. Head-plates large, smooth, nearly flat, interparietal largest; frontal divided transversely; four or five enlarged supra- oculars, separated from the frontals and frontoparietals by one or two series of granules. Superciliaries long, narrow 226 3. IGUANIDZE and projecting. Central subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral and supralabials long and low; usually six or seven supralabials. Symphyseal moderately smail, followed by two or three pairs of larger plates sep- aratcd (except first) from the infralabials by one or two series of moderately enlarged sublabials. Gular region covered with small, smooth, hexagonal or rounded scales which change gradually to granules on sides of neck and to larger imbricate scales on strong gular fold, largest on den- ticulate edge of gular fold where somewhat larger than ventrals. Several enlarged plates in front of ear-opening. Ear denticulation short, of two to four scales, the largest not exceeding in length diameter of largest plate in front of ear. Back covered with tubercular scales of nearly uni- form size becoming granular toward neck and sides of body, scales of central rows very weak keeled, not imbricate, not mucronate, often separated by minute granules. Scales largest on tail, weakly keeled, shortly mucronate above and on sides, not imbricate. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granular scales similar to those on sides of body; other surfaces of limbs provided with imbri- cate scales, nearly smooth on arm, forearm, and thigh, keeled on upper surface of leg. Femoral pores 12 to 18 usually 14 to 16. Twenty-six to 30 largest dorsals equal shielded part of head. Fifth finger not reaching end of second; fifth toe not reaching end of second; adpressed fore limb not reaching insertion of thigh. The head is uniform olive brown above. The central portion of the neck, back and base of tail are uniform brown with thickly scattered dots of pale blue on single scales. The sides are yellowish brown with scattered scales of pale yel- low. The upper surfaces of the limbs and tail are light brown or bluish gray, sometimes dotted with pale blue. The chin and gular region are deep indigo with yellowish mark- 10. UTA 227 ings laterally and on the labial plates. The lower surfaces of the body and limbs are grayish indigo. There is a large postaxilliary blotch of blackish indigo. The female is similar but the light dots are less distinct and there are dark brown dorsal and lateral blotches. The limbs have faint brown cross-bars above. Hength, to anus 49 56 56 58 58 61 enpthy of, tail 59 95 94 88 98 76 Suout, toy ear 11 12 13% 12 13 14 Shielded part of head. 11 13 13 12 12 13 Width of head_...___ Baes0 11 11 11 11 12 Roreglim by see ea 22 23 25 24 25 26 Bind limb 237, 41 42 36 41 43 Base of fifth to end of fourth) toc eee lS 16 16 15 17 18 Remarks.—This species is a member of the U. stans- buriana group but it is easily distinguished by the character of its dorsal and caudal scales. Distribution—This lizard is known only from West, Middle and Fast San Benito islands, off the west coast of Lower California. It is a ground dwelling species and is most abundant on the lower portions of the islands. 46. Utastansburiana stansburiana (Baird & Girard) NorTHERN BROWN-SHOULDERED UTA Uta stansburiana Barrp & Grirarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Vol. VI, 1852, p. 69 (type locality, Valley of Great Salt Lake, Utah) ; Bairp & Girarp, Stansbury’s Exped. Great Salt Lake, 1853, p. 345, pl. V, figs. 4-6; Bairp, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. X, 1859, p. 37; Corr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 48 (part); Yar- row & HensHaw, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 122, (part); Yarrow, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 568, (part); Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 56 (part); Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. 1883, pp. 15, 18, 21; BouLeNncer, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 211 (part); SreyneceEr, N. 228 3. I[GUANIDZ Amer, Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 175 (part); Van Densurcu, Report U. S. Fish Commiss., 1894, p. 56; Van Denpurcu, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 66 (part); McLatin, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 3 (part); Cope, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p- 306 (part); Cary, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 33, 1911, p. 26; Van DenBurcH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 156; Taytor, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 7, No. 10, 1912, p. 348; Exus & Henperson, Univ. Colorado Studies, Vol. X, No. 2, 1913, p. 65; Van DensBurcuH & SLEvin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 5, 1915, p. 103; RicHarpson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 48, 1915, p. 412. Uta stansburiana nevadensis RUTHVEN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 26, 1913, p. 27, fig.(type locality, Maggie Basin, Cortez Range near Carlin, Nevada); Ricuarpson, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 1915, p. 413; Ruruven & Garce, Occas. Papers Mus. Univ. Mich., No. 8, 1915, p. 18. Uta stansburiana stansburiana Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 7, 1916, p. 68; GrinneLt & Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs, Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 154; SreynecEr & Barpour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 51; Van DenBurcH & SLEviN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 28, 33, 40; ScumipT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Description.—Body and head considerably depressed. Snout low, rounded and rather short, with well-developed canthus. Nostrils large, opening upward and outward, nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Plates on head large, smooth and usually more or less convex; interparietal larg- est. Frontal plate usually divided transversely. Three to five supraoculars, enlarged, and separated from frontals by ene row of granules. Superciliaries long, somewhat project- ing laterally, and strongly imbricate. Central subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral and supra- labials very long and low. Other plates of upper surface of head very irregular in size and position. Symphyseal plate rather small, followed by three or four pairs of larger smooth plates separated from small infralabials by from one Oe UEIVA 229 to three series of moderately enlarged sublabials. Gular region covered with small, smooth, hexagonal scales, which change gradually into granules on sides of neck, and into larger scales on strong transverse gular fold, where they are about the size of those on belly. Edge of gular fold with a series of larger propecting scales. Ear-opening with strong denticulation of three or four pointed scales. Several Icngitudinal dermal folds usually present on sides of body and neck. Back covered with weakly keeled scales of nearly uniform size, becoming gradually granular on neck and sides. Number of dorsal scales in a line from interparietal plate to a line joining posterior surfaces of thighs va-ying from &9 to 116; average, 103.4. Scales on tail largest, strongly keeled, sharply pointed, and larger above than below. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small graaular scales similar to those on sides of body. Other surfaces of limbs provided with large scales, keeled except on ventral surfaces of thighs, legs, and arms. Ferroral pores varving in number from 11 to 17; average, 14.1. About 23 to 30 dorsal scales equaling the shielded part of hezd. This lizard displays a very great amount of variation in both the pattern and intensity of its coloring. The back and sides are variously striped, spotted, dotted, or marbled with dark brown, blue, green, gray or yellow; the former often with a double series of large brown spots, light edged be-- hind, which usually are much more distinct in females and young than in adult males. The tail is similarly marked but is often ringed with brown. Below, the general color is yel- lowish white, usually more or less tinged with greenish or bluish on the sides of the belly. The throat in adults is blue, dotted or narrowly banded on the chin and sides with white, yellow or orange. There is a round indigo spot be- 230 3. IGUANIDZ hind the axilla, and usually a brown patch in front of the shoulder. Length to anus______._ 44 45 46 46 48 50 Length of tail__._ ass 2 77 80 66 Snont tovear= == 10 10% 10 10% 10 10 Snout to back of interparietal -_.___- — 9% 10 10 10 10% 10 Width of head_____ ET 9 9 94 10 9 Fore limb) == 19 19 20 21 20 19 Hind Jimb2 32 33 33 35 34 31 Base of fifth to end of fourth) toe! _ 12 12 13 13 124% 12 Remarks.—Brown-shouldered lizards are probably more generally distributed in western North America than any other species. They range from Texas to the Pacific Ocean and from Idaho and Utah to Cape San Lucas. In such a vast area one might well expect to find geographic varia- tion, and such variation has been described. A number of insular forms have been named, and the mainland specimens have been divided, by Richardson, into three subspecies. The group, however, is a fairly compact one. Some of the in- sular species are well differentiated, but the characters as- signed to the mainland subspecies are average differences in scale-counts and proportions which, to some extent at least, are so concealed by individual variation that identification of specimens by means of a “key” is most difficult and un- certain. The whole group is in need of thorough study and revision. It may be that such study would result in the dis- covery that geographical races are more local and numer- ous, and individual variations 'ess important, than they iow appear. Color differences in these lizards can be of little aid, fcr the same individual lizard has been observed te. dis- play a whole series of patterns from longitudinal stripes and OS OA 231 large dark dorsal blotches to a plain ground color sprinkled with small blue dots. While the distribution of the various subspecies of Uta stanburiana, as indicated by Richardson and redefined by Camp, will be followed here, there are on record numerous localities at which specimens have been taken but not exam- ined as to their subspecific status. These records are here assigned to the three subspecies purely on a geographical basis, each being referred to that subspecies within whose range, as defined by Richardson and Camp, the locality on record seems to fall. This method, of course, is open to criticism, but, since there was no opportunity to examine the specimens, the alternative was to omit these localities en- tirely. As there is enormous individual variation and the differences are only average differences, the results probably would not be changed much by an actual examination of all specimens. The whole group is in need of thorough study and revision. Until this has been carried through, the pres- ent method of treatment seems best, for the recognition of these various subspecies is rendered so difficult by individ- ual variation that the present arrangement must be regarded as tentative. Thus, Richardson records “almost typical ele- gans” from Pine Mountain near Escondido, San Diego County, not far from the center of the range he assigns to U. s. hesperis, and records the Utas from the San Joaquin Valley as U. s. elegans whereas Camp later refers them to U. s. hesperis. Adequate revision of the group will require so much work that I doubt if anyone will soon undertake it and carry it through thoroughly. It, therefore, seems best to adopt the present method of treatment here. Distribution—Uta stansburiana stansburiana, as re- stricted by Richardson, occupies most of Utah, northern Nevada, Mono and northern Inyo counties, California, east- 232 3. IGUANID ern Oregon, and southern Idaho. The places at which it intergrades with U. s. elegans have not been determined, except that such intergradation has been stated to occur in Owens Valley, Inyo County, California, near Laws, Carrol Creek, Kearsarge Pass at 6,000 feet, and Independence (Camp). California specimens, recorded as this subspecies by Rich- ardson and Grinnell and Camp, have been secured in Inyo (Round Valley, Lone Pine, Laws, Independence), and Mono (Benton) counties. Nevada specimens which probably may be referred to this subspecies have been collected in Lyon (Mason), Storey (Virginia City), Washoe (Derby, Little High Rock Can- yon, Pyramid Lake at Indian Agency, Pyramid, Sutcliffe, and Anaho Island), Humboldt (Virgin Valley, Big Creek Ranch at 4,450 to 5,000 feet, Alder Creek, Pine Forest Mountains, Quinn River Crossing), Eureka( Cortez Range at the Humboldt Valley), and Nye (Toityabe Mountains), counties. In Oregon, this Uta has been secured in Lake County, near Abert and Summer lakes, and in Warner Valley. In Washington, this lizard has been recorded from Yak- ima Valley, Yakima County. Idaho localities are Twin Falls (south side of canyon be- tween Shoshone Falls and Twin Falls), Jerome (Blue Lakes to Shoshone Falls), and Gooding (plains between Bliss and the Snake River, Snake River bottom near Bliss) coun- ties. Utah records are Tooele (Stansbury Island), Salt Lake (Salt Lake City), Utah (Fairfield), Millard (Fillmore, Dome Canyon, Cove Fort, four miles north of Scipio, Mea- dows), Beaver (Beaver Creek, Newhouse), Iron (Buckhorn twelve miles north from Parowan, Rush Lake), Washing- ton (Springdale, Rockville, Leeds, Virgin City, Bellevue, —— 10:3) UTA 233 South Ash Creek, North Ash Creek, St. George), Emery (Green River), and Grand (Elgin, Thompson), counties. 47. Uta stansburiana hesperis Richardson CaLIFORNIA BROWN-SHOULDERED UTA Uta stansburiana Core, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 1, 1875, p. 48 (part) 5 Yarrow & Hensuaw, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv: W. tooth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 222 (part); Yarrow, Bull: U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 56 (part); Cope, Proc. Acad- Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 28; Townsenp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.» Vol. 13, 1890, p. 144; STEYNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893» p. 175 (part); Van Densurcu, Occas. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 66 (part); McLarn, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 3 (part); Core, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 306 (part); Van Den- BURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. 1, 1905, pp. 13, 14, 16, 17; GrinnELL & GrinneELL, Throop Inst. Bull., No. XXXV, 1907, p. 19, fig. 2; GrinneLL, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 5, No. 1, 1908, p. 161; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 226 (part); Hurrer, First Ann. Rep. Laguna Marine Lab., 1912, p. 67; Van DensBurGu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, pp. 148, 149, 150, 151; Arsatr, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p. 35 (part); Van DenBuRGH & SteEvin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 136, 138, 139, 140. Uta stansburiana hesperis RicHarpson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 1915, p. 415 (type locality, Arroyo Seco Canyon, near Pasadena, Los Angeles County, California); Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 17, 1916, p. 524; Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 7, 1916, pp. 68-70; GrinnELL & Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 156; STEJNEGER & Barzour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., p. 52; Cow.es, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, 1920, p. 66; STEPHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. III], No. 4, 1921, p. 61; Van Densurcu & Stevin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, p. 51; Netson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 130; ScumipT, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Description —Body and head considerably depressed. Snout low, rounded and rather short, with well-developed canthus. Nostrils large opening upward and outward, 234 3. IGUANIDA nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Plates on head large, smooth and usually more or less convex; interparetial larg- est. Frontal plate usually divided transveisely. Three to five supraoculars, enlarged, and separated from frontals by one row of granules. Superciliaries long, somewhat project- ing laterally, and strongly imbricate. Central subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral and supra- labials very long and low. Other plates of upper surface of head very irregular in size and position. Symphyseal plate rather small, followed by three or four pairs of larger smooth plates separated from small infralabials by from one to three series of moderately enlarged sublabials. Gular region covered with small, smooth, hexagonal scales, which change gradually into granules on sides of neck, and into larger scales on strong transverse gular fold where they are about the size of those on belly. Edge of gular fold with a series of larger projecting scales. Ear-opening with strong denticulation of three or four pointed scales. Several longi- tudinal dermal folds usually present on sides of body and neck. Back covered with small, keeled, imbricate scales of nearly uniform size, becoming gradually granular on neck and sides. Number of dorsal scales in a line from inter- parietal plate to a line joining posterior surfaces of thighs varying from 87 to 117; average, 102.3. Scales on tail lar- gest, strongly keeled, sharply pointed, and larger above than below. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granular scales similar to those on sides of body. Other surfaces of limbs provided with large scales, keeled except on ventral surfaces of thighs, legs, and arms. Femoral pores varying in number from 12 to 17; average, 14. About 23 to 28 dorsal scales equaling the shielded part of head. This lizard seems not to differ from the other sub- species either in the color pattern or intensity. The amount of variation is equally great. The back and sides are vari- 10. UTA 235 ously striped, spotted, dotted or marbled with dark brown, blue, green, gray or yellow. There often is a double series of large brown spots, light-edged behind, along the back. These usually are much more distinct in the females and young than in adult males. The tail is similarly marked or ringed with brown. The ground color below is yellowish white, usually more or less tinged with greenish or bluish on the sides of the belly. The throat in adults is blue, dotted or narrowly banded on the chin and sides with white, yellow or orange. There is a round spot of deep indigo behind the axilla, and usually a brown patch in front of the shoulder. Nkenie thytoyvarius ees 45 47 47 48 51 51 Joc ai Kope eyh A 72 pL 83 88 83 88 yevayete (%o) Chip ea 11 11 11 11 Lael Snout to back of interparietal __.10 10 10 10 10 11 Wiaidthviof thead) =S2eera se ies 9 9 9% 9% 9% 10 Hore ee lam gee erties ak eee 19 21 21 22 21 21 Le btevalls Abbr sfoys ei 8 Sue a ee 37, Bi 37, 38 38 39 Base of fifth to end of LOUTt hye toc meee eee ee 1314 14 144%, 1444 14 15 Remarks.—What has been said under this heading in writing of U. s. stansburiana may be applied here. These lizards are very abundant. Large series could be collected in many localities. If such a series were secured and rhor- oughly studied it is possible that interesting facts in varia- tion and distribution might result. The amount of study involved would be very great, and individual variation might prevent any really satisfactory conclusions. As Richardson states, this subspecies resembles U. s. ele- gans in size of body and in the character of the squamation, but the dorsal scales are smaller. In other words, U. s. hes- peris is similar to U. s. stansburiana, except that it has dorsal scales more strongly keeled and changing less gradually to the granular laterals. This difference is manifestly slight and 236 3. I[GUANID# difficult to determine. I have not been able to find any material difference in the number of femoral pores in the three races. Distribution —Uta stansburiana hesperis is stated to oc- cupy the western parts of southern California and northern Lower California, certain islands off the coast, and the San Joaquin Valley with parts of San Luis Obispo county. It is said to blend completely with U. s. elegans along the Coast Range in Riverside and San Diego counties and in the northwestern part of Lower California (Richardson), and to intergrade with that subspecies also in San Bernardino, Los Angeles, and Kern counties (Camp). Within this area Utas have been collected in San Diego (Pine Mountain near Escondido, Warner’s Pass, Cuyamaca Lake, Julian Mountains, Campo, San Diego, Poway, Witch Creek, Oak Grove, Descanso, Sorrento, Cuyamaca, Jacumba Hot Springs), Riverside (San Jacinto Mountains at Snow Creek, Shain’s Ranch, Palm Canyon, Strawberry Valley, Andreas Canyon, Tahquitz Canyon, Keen Camp, Kenworthy, and Fuller’s Mill, Hall Grade near Cabazon, Dos Palmos Spring in the Santa Rosa Mountains, Riverside, Banning, Hemet Lake, San Jacinto, Hemet Valley, Coahuila Valley, six miles southwest from Beaumont, Temescal Mountains), Orange (Laguna Beach), San Bernardino (Swartont Can- yon, Cajon Wash, Reche Canyon near Colton, San Bernar- nino Mountains at Fish Creek, Mill Creek, Santa Ana Can- yon, Seven Oaks, Waterman Canyon, Lytle Creek, War- rens, and Bluff Lake, Ontario, Colton), Los Angeles (Ar- royo Seco Canyon, Pasadena, San Fernando, Tejunga Val- ley, Sierra Madre, Altadena, West Fork San Gabriel River, Mt. Lowe, Roscoe, Claremont, Lankershim, Mt. Wilson, Alhambra, Placerita Canyon, Boquet Canyon, San Gabriel Canyon, San Pedro, Pallett, Gorman Station in Antelope 10. UTA 237 Valley, Santa Catalina Island, San Clemente Island), Ven- tura (Ana Capa Island, San Buenaventura, Matilija, Mount Pinos), Santa Barbara (Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara), Kern (Fort Tejon, Tehachapi Mountains, west side of Wal- ker Pass, head of Kelso Valley near Weldon, Fay Creek six miles north from Weldon, Canebrake east of Onyx, Onyx, Kern River at Isabella and near Kernville, Bodfish, Bakers- field, Edison, McKittrick, Buena Vista Lake, San Emigdio Plains, Caliente, Rose Station), San Luis Obispo (Simmler, Cuyama Valley, San Juan River near Shandon, Edna), Monterey (Metz), Tulare (Tipton, Earlinart, White River), Fresno (Lane Bridge, Fresno, Pleasant Valley 10 miles west from Huron), Madera (Raymond), San Benito (Bear Valley, New Idria), Merced (five miles north from Los Bafios), San Joaquin (five miles south from Lathrop, Corral Hollow near Tracy), and Contra Costa (Mount Diablo), counties, California. How much of northwestern Lower California is occu- pied by this subspecies is not known. It has been reported from Los Coronados Islands (East and South Islands) and Tiajuana, and may range down to or beyond Ensenada. It is said, however, that this subspecies quickly changes to U. stansburiana elegans, which occupies the rest of the penin- sula. Habits —The Brown-shouldered Lizard is a ground lov- ing species usually found in open fields or deserts or among rocks. Upon the approach of an enemy it quickly retires to some hole or crevice and shyly peeps out from time to time to see if the intruder has departed. At the old mission at Santa Barbara before its “restoration” these graceful lit- tle lizards were especially tame and abundant, and lived among the stones of the walls and fountains, darting in and out of the crevices which once were filled with mortar, sun- 238 3. I[GUANIDA ning themselves on the sheltered surfaces, or chasing one another with all the abandon and apparent delight of chil- dren playing tag. Dr. and Mrs. Grinnell write of its habits, in Los An- geles County, as follows: “This is undoubtedly the most abundant and wide spread species of lizard in this region. It occurs from seashore, where we have seen it in the vicinity of San Pedro, to the higher slopes of the San Gabriel mountains. This is the lit- tle lizard which is so often to be seen along hedges close into town, in vacant lots, in sandy ‘washes,’ and in stubble fields. ‘The boys call it ‘sand lizard? and ‘swift,’ and most often amuse themselves by throwing rocks it it. The lizards take refuge under brush heaps, or in stone piles, or disap- pear down old gopher or ground-squirrel holes. Sometimes they have little burrows, with crescent-shaped mouths, which are probably dug by themselves; for if kept in a box with enough sand in it they very soon dig down out of sight, using their front feet and working the head from side to side. “Tf injured, even slightly, as one is cornered and a per- son attempts to pick it up, the lizard’s tail becomes discon- uected from the rest of the body and squirms independently for some minutes. This is what usually invites the attack of the small boy, who is ever curious, and at the same time oblivious of cruelty. The fusillade of rocks may not prove fatal to the lizard, and while tail squirms energetically, the rest of the animal continues to seek safety, often with suc- cess; or it may ‘play possum,’ and with both eyes shut, or with but a narrow slit between the lids, look limp and very dead. But it is ready to dart away, as soon as the chance offers, and in course of time grows a new tail. Lizards are to be seen with stub-tails in various stages of elongation. “We do not say that the lizard drops its tail voluntarily, ——— Os UA 239 but that only a slight injury is sufficient to loosen its at- tachment to the rest of the animal. “The brown-shouldered lizard is a very useful inhabi- tant of the garden. It takes the place in the day time oc- cupied by the hop-toad at night. Flies, beetles, bugs, and ants are eaten at a surprising rate. “TV izards are ordinarily supposed to spend most of their time ‘sunning themselves.’ But their quietness is due either to their effort to escape one’s notice, for more than likely they have seen you first, or to their cautious maneuvers in endeavoring to catch some lively insect. It is a most inte- resting nature-lesson to watch a lizard on the hunt for in- sects. Sometimes it lies in wait, like a cat, until the unsus- pecting bug crawls within reach, then a quick pounce, a cou- ple of crunching bites, a gulp or two, and the lizard is ready for another. Sometimes it goes after a bug and runs it down dog-fashion. “All summer long the brown-shouldered lizards are ac- tive, but during the mid-winter months they lie in a semi- dormant condition, from which, however, a little warming rouses them into their usual alertness. They can at that season be found by turning over logs and rocks.” 240 3. I[GUANIDE 48. Uta stansburiana elegans (Yarrow) SouTHERN BROWN-SHOULDERED UTA Plate 18 Uta stansburiana Batrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 299; Bairp, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Vol. II, 1859, p. 7; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 177; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 312; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 48 (part); Yarrow, Surv. W. tooth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 568 (part); Coves, Surv. W. tooth Merid., Vol. V, 1875, p. 596; STREETS, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 1877, p. 37; YARRow & HeEnsHaw, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. tooth Merid., Appendix NN, 1878, p. 222 (part); Lockincron, Amer. Naturalist, 1880, p. 295; YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. 56, 57 (part); Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 12; Cracin, Bull. Washburn Laborat., Vol. I, 1884, p. 7; BouLENGER, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 211; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 35; Betpinc, West Amer. Scientist, Vol. III, No. 24, 1887, p. 98, Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 12, 1889, p. 147; STEJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 106; SreJNEGER, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 175 (part); VAN Densurcu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 104 (part); Van Densurou, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1896, p. 1004; VAN DeENBuRGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 6, 1896, p. 340; Van Densurcu, Occas. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V, 1897, p. 66 (part); McLatn, Critical Notes, 1899, p. 3 (part); Herrick, Terry & Herrick, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., Vol. XI, 1899, p. 138; Herrick, Terry & Herrick, Bull. Univ. New Mexico, Vol. I, 1899, p. 138, pl. XXI, fig. 19; Cope, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, 306, fig. 38 (part); Srone & Renn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 31; Brown, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, pp. 546, 552; Bartey, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 25, 1905; p. 41; Van Densureu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., Vol. 4, No. 1, 1905, pp. 23, 24; Meek, Field Columbian Mus., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, No. 1, 1906, p. 10; RutHven, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 526; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 226 (part); Van Densurcu, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1912, p. 152, 153; Van DensBurGH & SteEvin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, 1913, pp. 392, 400; Arsatr, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 3, 1913, p- 35 (part); Van DENBURGH & Sievin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 142, 144, Uta Uta Uta Uta Uta Uta 10. UTA 241 145, 148; SrreckeR, Baylor Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, 191s, ps) 1S. elegans Yarrow, Prac. U. S. Nat.Mus., Vol. 5, 1882, p. 442 (type locality, La Paz, Lower California); Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 55; BouLencer, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., Vol. II, 1885, p. 211 (part); Betpinc, West Amer. Scientist, Vol. III, No. 24, 1887, p. 98; Townsenp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, p. 144 (part); Mocquarp, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 4, Vol. I, 1899, p. 306; Scumipr, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921,.p; 5. schotti Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, p. 55; BELpDING, West Amer. Scientist, Vol. III, No. 24, 1887, p. 98. stansburiana elegans Ricuarpson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 1915, p. 413; Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 7, 1916, pp. 68-69; Camp, Univ. Cal, Publs. Zool., Vol. 12, No. 17, 1916, p. 524; Grinnett & Camp, Univ. Cal. Publs. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1917, p. 155; STEJNEGER & Barsour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 52; Cowxes, Journ. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona College, Vol. XII, No. 3, 1920, p. 65; SrepHENS, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. II], No. 4, 1921, p. 61;VAN DEn- BURGH & Sievin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. XI, 1921, pp. 51, 59; Netson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 1 rly 8 Ul concinna DickERsON, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, Pp. 470 (type locality, Cerros Island, Lower California, Mexico); Nexson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 17]; Scumipt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. S. parva Dickerson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 471 (type locality, San Bartoleme Bay, Lower California, Mexico); Netson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 126, 171. Stansburiana stejnegeri Scumipt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 15, 1921, p. 2 (type locality Mouth of Dry Canyon, Alamogordo, Otero County, New Mexico); Scumipr, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Description—Body and head considerably depressed. Snout low, rounded and rather short, with well-developed canthus. Nostrils large, opening upward and outward, nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Plates on head large, 242 3. I[GUANIDA smooth and usually more or less convex; interparietal lar- gest. Erontal plate usually divided transversely. Three to five supraoculars, enlarged, and separated from frontals by one row of granules. Superciliaries long, somewhat pru- jecting laterally, and strongly imbricate. Central subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral and supra- labials very long and low. Other plates of upper suriace of head very irregular in size and position. Symphyseal plate rather small, followed by three or four pairs of iar- ger smooth plates separated from small infralabials by from one to three series of moderately enlarged sublabials. Gular region covered with small, smooth, hexagonal scales, which change gradually into granules on sides of neck, and into larger scales on strong transverse gular fold where they are about the size of those on belly. Edge of gular fold with a sezies of larger projecting scales. Ear-opening with strony denticulation of three or four pointed scales. Several longi- tudinal dermal folds usually present on sides of body and neck. Back covered with small keeled scales of nearly uni- form size, but larger, more strongly keeled and more acutely pointed than the dorsals of U. 5s. stansbu- riana, becoming gradually granular on neck and sides. Number of dorsal scales in line from interparietal plate to a line joining posterior surface of thighs varying from 78 to 103; average, 86.5. Scales on tail largest, strongly keeled, sharply pointed, and larger above than below. Posterior surface of thighs and arms covered with small granular scales similar to those on sides of body. Other surfaces of limbs provided with large scales, keeled except on ventral surfaces of thighs, legs, and arms. Femoral pores varying in number from 12 to 17; average, 14.45. About 20 to 26 dorsai scales equaling the shielded part of head. This lizard seems not to differ from the other sub- species either in the color pattern or intensity. The amount 18 PLATE [Van Denpurcu | Acap. Sc1., Vou. X Paprers, Cau. Oc. prez pesepyt ep ‘AqunoD epi 1 wed NOYS-UMOLE uloy Nos “SUD /? PUVLA a] Bulk 1R pure peyo uUvIS PIS) 10. UTA 243 of variation is equally great. The back and sides are vari- ously striped, spotted, dotted, blotched or marbled with dark brown, blue, green, gray or yellow. There often is a double series of large brown spots, light or dark edged be- hind, along the back. These usually are much more dis- tinct in females and young than in adult males. The tail is similarly marked with brown. The ground color below is ycllowish white, often more or less tinged with greenish or bluish on the chest and sides of the belly. The throat in adults is blue, dotted or narrowly banded on the chin and sides with white, yellow or orange. There is a round spot of deep indigo behind the axilla, and often a more or less distinct brown patch in front of the shoulder. Tengthyto Janus) 44 44 46 47 53 55 Mengthijof: tail) eee 82 85 82 Snoutstowearyem ame seen! 10 10 104 W% 12 12 Snout to back of interparietal 10 9% 10 10% WA Wy Wiadthvof head, = 9 9 9 9% 10 10% ores iim be eee 220 21 21 21% 21 22 Pind beet 315 35 35 39 39 39 Base of fifth to end of fourthentocy se ease 14 14 14 144%4 15 15 Remarks.—What has been said in connection with the other subspecies, U. s. stansburiana, need not be repeated here. Richardson states that U. s. elegans is like U. s. stans- buriana, but with larger and more heavily carinated and acutely pointed dorsal scales. Also, the general size is lar- ger than that of U. s. stansburiana, and the change from heeled dorsals to smooth granules occurs nearer the dorso- tateral line and more abruptly. The general character of the dorsal lepidosis seems to be maintained throughout the range as given below. The dorsal scales are imbricate and strong!y keeled, and change 244 3. I[GUANIDZ 9 granules rather abruptly on the dorsolateral region. The caudals are spinose, with some variaticn in the length of the spines. The dorsals vary from about 68 to 109 in a row from the interparietal plate to a line connecting the backs of the thighs, but seem to average fewer than 100 in all localities from which series are at hand. There may be some geographical variation in the number of dorsals, but, if so, it is largely hidden by individual variation. Thus, counts on a few specimens show Cape Region 78 to 95; Es- piritu Santo Island 88 to 98; San Jose Island 86 to 100; San Marcos Island 82 to 109; North San Lorenzo Island 84 to 89; South San Lorenzo Island 76 to 86; Sal Si Pu- edes Island 82 to 91; Tortuga Island 87 to 96; Ildefonso Island 92 to 109; San Esteban Island 91 to 96; Monser- rate Island 88 to 95; Isla Raza 83 to 94; Isla Partida 80 to 89; Angel de la Guardia Island 76 to 86; Mejia Island 87 to 90; Las Galeras Islands 87 to 89; Patos Island 89 to 95; Tiburon Island 91 to 97; Pelican Island 88 to 92; Te- poca Bay 85 to 94; San Pedro Bay, Sonora, 103, 105; An- geles Bay, Lower California 90 to 99; San Geronimo Is- land 86 to 96; Cerros 96 to 98; Natividad 96 to 98. These counts do not show the extremes of variation for only a few specimens from each locality were counted. In this, as in most other lizards, there is great variation in pioportions, particularly in the length of the limbs and toes. Sometimes the measurements of the two sides of the same individual vary much. Certainly, species or sub- species based upon small proportionate differences rest upon a most precarious foundation, as may be seen by anyone who will compare the measurements given of specimens of each species. Distribution —Uta stansburiana elegans, according to the views of Richardson and Camp, inhabits the whole of 10. UTA 245 the peninsula of Lower California, except the northwestern corner, the desert regions of southeastern California north to Inyo County, southern Nevada, all of Arizona, and ex- tends thence to New Mexico, Texas and Sonora. In California, this Uta has been collected in San Diego (La Puerta Valley, Carrizo Creek, Mountain Spring, Val- lecito, Warner Pass), Imperial (Cane Spring, Salt Creek, Salton Lake, Hanlon Ranch, Fort Yuma, Yuma Indian Res- ervation, Pilot Knob, Meloland, Imperial Junction, New River, Colorado River twenty miles above Picacho and op- posite Cibola), Riverside (Colorado River opposite Ehren- berg, Blythe, Riverside Mountain, Mecca, Indio, Cabazon, Carrizo Creek, Santa Rosa Mountains, Palm Springs, Snow Creek), San Bernardino (14 miles northeast from Blythe Junction, Turtle Mountains, Hesperia, Victorville, Barstow, Ludlow, Needles, Goffs thirty miles west from Needles, five miles south from Lovic, Oro Grande, Leach Point Spring, Borax Flat, Pilot Knob, Lone Willow Spring), Kern (Mohave), and Inyo (Olancha, Lee Flat, Shoshone, 15 miles north from Darwin, Keeler, Owens Valley, Coso Valley, Coso, Coso Mountains, Panamint Valley, Ballarat, Panamint Mountains at Johnson Canyon and Emigrant Spring, Mesquite Valley, Death Valley at Salt Wells, Mes- quite Well, Saratoga Springs, and Furnace Creek, Funeral Mountains), counties. It is said to intergrade with U. s. hesperis along the western edge of its range, as at Julian and Mountain Springs, San Diego County, Palm Canyon, Snow Creek, and Banning, Riverside County, Cajon Wash, San Bernardino County, Pallett and Gorman, Los Angeles County, and Walker Pass and Weldon, Kern County. Speci- mens from Laws, Kearsarge Pass, Independence, and Car- roll Creek, in Inyo County, are said to show intergradation with U. s. stanburiana. Nevada specimens which probably represent this sub- 246 3. IGUANIDZE species have been collected in Esmeralda (Goldfield), Nye (Ash Meadows, Rhyolite, Round Mountain, Tonopah, Pah- rump Valley), and Lincoln (Caliente, Las Vegas, Virgin River, Vegas Valley, Pahranagat Valley and Charleston Mountains at Mountain Springs) counties. Utah specimens from Washington County (St. George) may perhaps belong here, or these and some of those from southern Nevada may be closer to U. s. stansburiana. In Arizona, Utas of this species (subspecies? ) have been taken in Mohave (Mohave Desert, Topock, Kingman, Hackberry, Mellen, Colorado River above Bill Williams Fork), Coconino (Grand Canyon of Colorado, Painted Des- ert near Little Colorado River, Williams), Yavapai (Fort Verde, Beaver Creek), Yuma (Yuma, Dome, Papago Wells, Tinajas Altas, Gila City, Vicksburg, Parker, Gila River near Adonde), Maricopa (Phoenix, Tempe, Cave Creek, Agua Caliente, Sentinale), Apache (Chin Lee), Pima (Ajo, Tucson, Fort Lowell, Catalina Mountains), and Santa Cruz (Camp Crittenden, Sonoyta), counties, and at Warsaw Mill, Tappan Spring, Soap Creek, Big Sandy River, Har- quahala Mountains, and Cave Spring. In Lower California, this subspecies occurs the whole length of the peninsula and on some of the islands, while the extreme northwestern portion and Los Coronados Is- lands are occupied. by Uta s. hesperis, and some of the other islands have peculiar but closely related species. Specimens from the northern portion of the peninsula, which probably should be referred to Uta stansburiana elegans, have been collected at Hanson’s Lagoon, San Antonio, El Alamo, San Salado Canyon, Trinidad, San Matias, Cafion Esperanza, Agua de las Fresas, San Felipe, San Luis Gonzales Bay, Santa Rosa, Parral, Matomi, San Fernando, San Telmo, San Rafael Valley, Villaderes, San Tomas to Guadalupe, Guadalupe to Colnett, San Pedro Martir Mountains, and 10. UTA 247 San Quintin. In the central portion they have been taken between San Quintin and Comondu, at San Bartolome Bay, Ballenas Bay, Angeles Bay, Concepcion Bay, Santa Rosalia, San Ignacio, San Francisquito Bay, San Nicolas Bay, Puerto Escondido, Agua Verde Bay, San Xavier, and San Evaristo, In the Cape Region, or southern end of the peninsula, this lizard has been secured at La Paz, Cape San Lucas, San Jose del Cabo, Buena Vista, and Todos Santos. It or a closely related species has been taken on San Geronimo, San Martin, Cerros, and Natividad islands, on the Pacific coast of Lower California. In the Gulf of California, it has been collected on Smiths, Mejia, Angel de la Guardia, Isla Partida, Isla Raza, Sal Si Puedes, North San Lorenzo, South San Lorenzo, San Esteban, Patos, Tiburon, Pelican, Tortuga, San Marcos, Ildefonso, East and West Las Galeras, Monserrate, San Jose, San Francisco, Espiritu Santo, and Ballena islands. In Sonora, it occurs at Tepoca Bay, San Pedro Bay, and on Tiburon, Patos and Pelican islands. 49. Uta martinensis Van Denburgh San Martin Istanp Ura Uta martinensis VAN DenxBuRGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool. Vol. 4, 1905, p. 18, pl. VI (type locality, San Martin Island, Lower California); Van Denspurcu & Stevin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, pp. 132, 142; STEJNEGER & Barsour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 50; NeLrson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, p. 114; Scumipt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Description—Body and head considerably depressed. Snout low, rounded; nostrils large, opening upward and outward nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Head plates large, smooth, nearly flat, interparetial largest; frontal di- vided transversely; three or four enlarged supraoculars, 248 3. I[GUANIDZ separated from frontals and frontoparietals by one series of small plates or granules; superciliaries long, narrow and projecting. Central subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral and supralabials long and low; six supralabials. Symphyseal small, followed on each side by a series of five or more large plates which (except first) are separated from the infralabials by one or two series of sudlabials. Gular region covered with smooth, hexagonal or rounded scales, changing to granules on the sides of the neck and to larger imbricate scales on the strong gular fold, Jargest on the denticulate edge of gular fold where larger than scales on belly. A group of enlarged plates in front of ear-opening. Ear denticulation very long, of three scales, largest equalling or exceeding largest plate in front of ear. Back covered centrally with nearly uniform imbri- cate, keeled scales which change gradually to granules on neck and sides of body, and become mucronate posteriorly. Scales largest on tail, strongly imbricate, strongly keeled and mucronate above and on sides. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granular scales similar to those on sides of body; other surfaces of limbs provided with imbricate scales, keeled on upper surfaces of arm, fore- arm, thigh, leg, and foot; adpressed forelimb not reaching insertion of thigh. Femoral pores 12 to 15. Seventeen to 23 of largest dorsals equaling shielded part of head. The head is grayish olive above. The central portions of the neck and back are dark brown with two series of rather indefinite darker brown blotches, each bordered be- hind and sometimes laterally by pale blue scales. There are some scattered pale blue dots on the back and on the upper surfaces of the limbs and tail. The tail is marbled with brown and blue. The sides are mottled with brown and pale bluish or greenish yellow, forming stripes on the sides of the neck. The chin and gular regions are indigo, LOS SUA 249 mottled with yellow at the sides. A large postaxilliary blackish indigo blotch is present in both sexes. The lower surfaces of the body, limbs and tail are yellowish white more or less suffused with grayish indigo. Wrengthy tomeanuse= = semew es 53 54 62 63 64 Wen pthixo fs tar] eens ee _ 68 77 92 108 Snoutito) cane eee Plz 13 15 14 14 Shielded part of head________ 11 12 14 13 13 Wadthtroterhead sss eee eee 10 10% 13 13 14 Bore slim bee eee eee? () 21 26 25 oa7f land ee one ee ee BN 35 46 41 45 Base of fifth to end of fourths toes at a eee 13 13 18 17 19 Fifth toc: 2 ee fe ee fos Ue 6 10 8 9 Remarks.—This lizard belongs to the U. stanshuriana group, but is larger than the other species except U. palmeri The scales of the ear-denticulation are often longer than the longest diameter of the largest temporal. The dorsals are imbricate, mucronate, and strongly carinate, as are also the caudals. Distribution —This lizard is known only from San Mar- tin Island on the northern part of the coast of Lower Cali- fornia. 50. Uta squamata Dickerson Santa Caratina Istanp Ura Uta squamata Dickerson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 471 (type locality Santa Catalina Island, Gulf of California, Mexico); Netson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1921, pp. 114, 115, 171; Scumipt, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 22, 1921, p. 5. Description—Body and head considerably depressed; snout low, rounded and rather long; nostrils large, opening upward and outward nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Head plates large, smooth, nearly flat, interparietal largest; 250 3. IGUANIDA frontal divided transversely; three to five enlarged supra- oculars, separated from the frontals and frontoparietals by one or two series of granules. Superciliaries long, narrow and projecting. Central subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral and supralabials long and low; usually five or six supralabials. Symphyseal moderately small, followed by two or three pairs of larger plates sep- arated (except first) from the infralabials by one or two series of moderately enlarged sublabials. Gular region covered with small, smooth, hexagonal or rounded scales which change gradually to granules on sides of neck and to larger imbricate scales on strong gular fold, largest on den- ticulate edge of gular fold where somewhat larger than ventrals. Several enlarged plates in front of ear-opening. Ear denticulation short, of two to four scales, the largest ex- ceeding in length diameter of largest plate in front of ear. Back covered with scales of nearly uniform size becoming rather abruptly granular on sides of body, scales of central rows strongly keeled, imbricate, shortly mucronate, not sep- arated by minute granules. Scales largest on tail, strongly keeled and mucronate above and on sides, imbricate. Pos- terior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small gran- ular scales similar to those on sides of body; other surfaces of limbs provided with imbricate scales, strongly keeled on upper surfaces. Femoral pores 11 to 17; average in 78 thighs, 14.1. Sixteen to 20 largest dorsals equal shielded part of head. Number of dorsal scales in a row from inter- parietal plate to a line joining backs of thighs varies from 70 to 81; average in 30 specimens, 74.6. Fifth finger not reaching end of second; fifth toe not reaching end of second. The head is brownish or grayish olive above, often with light bluish spots. The side of the head is brownish with two longitudinal light bluish or yellowish lines or series of spots along the lip and neck, passing through the ear, and 103 UTA 251 from the eye back along the neck. The back and sides of the body are brownish olive with numerous bright or green- ish yellow scales scattered singly or in small groups. The upper surfaces of the limbs are brownish or bluish with simi- lar spots. The upper surface of the tail is light brown or greenish or grayish olive, sometimes dotted with pale blue near its base. The chin and gular region are washed with light blue or indigo, with yellowish markings laterally and on the labial plates. The lower surfaces of the body and limbs are grayish, more or less suffused with indigo, which may be very intense on the body, thighs and base of tail. There is no definite postaxillary blotch of indigo, but an ill- defined deep indigo suffusion in this area often is present. The female is similar in coloration. Length, toanus. es ~ 44 47 47 52 54 54 Length of tail.—-—-— 27183 90 86 89 82 103 Snoutiitoy sear = ae 11 WY 11% 13 13 13 Shielded part of head 10% 11 11 12 12 12 Wadthvof headaa ss 9 9 9% 11 11 11 ores limby= ee 20 19 21 24 24 26 inde im bly 34 35 35 40 38 43 Base of fifth to end of fourthmtoc yee 13% +14 14 15%A 15 17 Remarks.—This species is a member of the U. stans- Luriana group but is easily distinguished by the size of its dorsal scales and the absence of a definite blue blotch be- hind the axilla. Distribution.—Santa Catalina Island, Gulf of Califor- nia, Mexico. 252 3. I[GUANIDA 51. Uta mannophorus Dickerson CarMEN IsLanp Uta Uta elegans TownsEnp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, p. 144 (part). Uta stansburiana Van DenBurcy, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. 5, 1895, p. 104 (part); Cope, Report U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1898, 1900, p. 310 (part); Van Densurcu & Svevin, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, Vol. 4, 1914, p. 147. Uta mannophorus Dickerson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 470 (type locality, Carmen Island, Gulf of California, Mexico); Netson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, 115, 171. Description.—Body and head considerably depressed; snout low, rounded and rather long; nostrils large, opening upward and outward nearer to end of snout than to orbits. Head plates large, smooth, nearly flat, interparietal lar- gest; frontal divided transversely; four to five enlarged supraoculars, separated from the frontals and frontoparie- tals by one or two series of granules. Superciliaries long, "narrow and projecting. Central subocular very long, nar- row and strongly keeled. Rostral and supralabials long and low; usually six or seven supralabials. Symphyseal moderately small, followed by two or three pairs of larger plates separated (except first) from the infralabials by one or two series of moderately enlarged sublabials. Gular re- gion covered with small, smooth, hexagonal or rounded scales which change gradually to granules on sides of neck and to larger imbricate scales on strong gular fold, largest on denticulate edge of gular fold where somewhat larger than ventrals. Several enlarged plates in front of ear-open- ing. Ear denticulation moderately long, of two to four scales, the largest exceeding in length diameter of largest plate in front of ear. Back covered with scales of nearly uni- form size changing rather abruptly to granules near the dorsolateral line, scales of central region strongly keeled, 103 UTA 253 imbricate, not or very shortly mucronate, not separated by minute granules. Scales largest on tail, strongly keeled, mucronate above and on sides, imbricate. Dorsals in a row from interparietal plate to backs of thighs varying from 93 to 108; average in 30 specimens, 97.56. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered with small granular scales sim- ilar to those on sides of body; other surfaces of limbs pro- vided with imbricate scales, which are keeled on all dorsal surfaces. Femoral pores 12 to 18; average in 80 thighs, 14.71. Twenty-one to 27 largest dorsals equal shielded part of head. Fifth finger not reaching end of second; fifth toe not reaching end of second. The head is grayish or brownish olive brown above, often with dark or light dots. The neck, back and base of tail are variously blotched, spotted or marbled with dark brown, light yellowish or reddish brown, yellow, gray, and bright blue. The sides are yellowish brown with scattered spots of pale yellow. The upper surfaces of the limbs and tail are light brown or bluish gray, sometimes cross-barred with brown or dotted with pale blue. The chin and gular re- gion are more or less deeply suffused with indigo, with yellowish markings laterally and on the labial plates. The lower surfaces of the body and limbs are yellowish white more or less clouded with dark gray or grayish indigo. There is no postaxillary indigo blotch. The female is similar but the light dots are less distinct and the dark brown dorsal and lateral blotches are more evident. 254 3. IGUANIDZ® Length to anus________ 45 48 51 52 52 56 Length of tail______._ 92 84 94 101 106 86 Snout to: Car eee 11 yy 12 13 12 13 Shielded part of head. 10 11 11 11 11 12 Width of head____.-._ 9 9 9% 10 10 10 Fore limb ___________._ 20 22 23 24 24 25 Hind jimb 2222 ooaee 38 37 40 44 42 45 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe _______ 16 15 16 18 17 19 Remarks——This species is a member of the U. stans- buriana group but is easily distinguished by the absence of the postaxillary blue blotch and the small size of its dorsal scales. The postaxillary blotch is entirely wanting, while in U. squamata a trace of it may sometimes be seen. Although described from Carmen Island specimens, those from Danzante and Coronado islands seem identical. Distribution —Carmen, Danzante and Coronado islands, Gulf of California, Mexico. Genus 11. Sator Sator Dickerson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 468 (type, grandevus). The head is little depressed. The body and tail are somewhat compressed, and there may be a slight vertebral elevation or ridge. The tail is more than twice as long as the head and body and is covered with large, keeled, muc- ronate scales. The head-plates are moderately large, the interparietal and frontal largest. The dorsal scales are large, of nearly equal size, strongly keeled, mucronate, and strongly imbricate. The ear-opening is large, with a well- developed anterior denticulation. The labials are juxta- posed. A more or less well developed transverse gular fold usually is present but may be absent. There is little 11. SATOR 255 or no differentiation of scales on this fold, but its situation may be indicated by one or two rows of smaller scales. The lateral scales are very small or granular and a longitudinal dermal fold extends along the side between the limbs. Fe- moral pores are numerous. The superciliaries are imbri- cate. Males do not have large postanal plates, although some specimens show slightly enlarged ones. This genus includes two species from islands in the Gulf of California. It is related to both Usa and Sceloporus. The compressed body and tail, the larger dorsal scales, and the lack of a well differentiated gular fold, distinguish it from Uta. Unlike Sceloporus, it has a lateral fold and usu- ally a more or less definite gular fold. It differs from both these genera in the absence of enlarged postanal plates in males. Its closest relative is perhaps, Sceloporus utiformis, of the Mexican mainland, which has very small lateral scales and may have a lateral fold but no gular fold. SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES a.—Temporals mostly smooth or conical, keeled only over ear; lateral scales on middle of body larger, keeled, changing gradually to larger dorsals and ventrals; 61 to 75 scales in a row between interparietal and backs of thighs; femoral pores 11 to 17, average 13.43; belly with lateral blackish cross-bars in males. S. angustus.—p. 256. a.—Temporals mostly strongly keeled; lateral scales on middle of body smaller, often granular, changing rather abruptly to larger dorsals and ventrals except some- times in a narrow zone at middle of body; 56 to 69 scales in a row between interparietal and backs of thighs; femoral pores 14 to 22, average 17.04; belly without lateral blackish cross-bars. S. grandevus.—p. 259, 256 3. IGUANID 55. Sator angustus Dickerson Santa Cruz Istanp SaTor Sator angustus Dickerson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, pp. 469, 470 (type locality, Santa Cruz Island, Gulf of California, Mexico); Netson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 114, IIs, 171. Description—Body and tail somewhat compressed; snout low, narrow, rounded and rather long; nostrils large, opening upward and outward nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Head plates large, smooth, nearly flat or slightly convex, interparietal largest; frontal not divided transverse- ly; four to six enlarged supraoculars, separated from the frontals, frontoparietals and parietals by one or two series of granules. Superciliaries long, narrow, imbricate and projecting. Central subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral and supralabials long and low; usually six, or sometimes five or seven, supralabials. Sym- physeal large, followed by a series of large plates separated (except first) from the infralabials by one or two series of moderately enlarged sublabials. Gular region covered with small, smooth, imbricate, rounded scales which change gradually to granules on sides of neck. Usually a trans- verse line of smaller scales across throat and sometimes at this point a more or less well developed or rarely strong gular fold. A patch of enlarged, convex or conical, smooth upper temporals, the posterior ones just above ear often keeled. Ear denticulation short, of two to four scales, the largest exceeding in length diameter of largest plate in front of ear. Back covered with fairly large scales of nearly uniform size, in parallel rows, becoming smaller or granu- Jar on sides of body; dorsal scales very strongly keeled, im- bricate, very shortly mucronate, with entire posterior edges; 61 to 75 scales in a row from interparietal plate to backs of 11. SATOR 257 thighs, average in 30 specimens 67.66. Scales on lower surface of body a little smaller than dorsals, smooth, some- times bicuspid on chest, belly and throat. Lateral scales small and keeled, smaller or granular near limbs and on neck, changing gradually to larger dorsals and ventrals in middle of body. A well developed lateral fold usually present between limbs. Scales largest on tail, imbricate, strongly keeled, and mucronate above, below and on sides. Posterior surfaces of thighs covered with small granular scales; other surfaces of limbs provided with imbricate scales, keeled on dorsal surfaces. Femoral pores 11 to 17; average in 100 thighs, 13.43. Fifteen to 18 dorsals equal shielded part of head. Males without much enlarged postanal plates. The head is uniform olive brown above and laterally, sometimes speckled with light yellow; often pink or brick red in females. The central portion of the neck and the back of the body are grayish, yellowish or dark olive brown with thickly scattered dots of pale blue or yellow. The sides and limbs are brown, slaty or almost black, often with scat- tered scales of pale blue or yellow. In front of the shoul- der is a blackish blotch or collar, bordered with pale blue or yellow, which rarely extends high on the shoulder and usu- ally is not connected with its fellow across the back. The tail is olive or yellowish brown, more or less distinctly ringed with darker brown. Similar cross-bars are often present on the back of the body. The limbs usually are cross-barred. The lower surfaces are yellowish white more or less heavily suffused with gray on the throat, body, limbs and base of tail. The chin and throat often are obliquely banded and the sides of the belly in males are heavily cross-barred with black. The female and young have the back dark brown with a central row of light yellowish or bluish spots and a dorso- 258 3. IGUANIDA lateral light band of yellowish or brownish gray. The limbs are cross-barred. Length to anus________ 65 78 80 84 85 87 Tengeth: of; tale _140 183 173 189 183 175 Snout to) ears lS 19 19 20 21 21 Snout to back of interparietal _____. meee 17 17 18 18 19 Width of head_____.. 12 14 15 15 15 15 ore ya) srry by eee eee 30 37 35 39 38 39 Hind jimby2= 53 63 60 67 65 66 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe. = 21 25 24 26 23% «24 Distribution —Santa Cruz and San Diego islands, Gulf of California, Mexico. Habits —Mr. Slevin states that lizards of this species were numerous in rocky canyons and in the thick brush of the dry washes. They were particularly abundant on a small beach at the southwest end of Santa Cruz Island, where they were feeding on the numerous flies attracted by dead turtles and sharks left by the Mexican fishermen. Five or six were seen here on the ground about a single tur- tle shell. Up ina rocky canyon one was observed about 15 feet above the ground. It was on the top of a giant cac- tus catching flies or bees which came to feed on the blos- soms about it. When frightened, it immediately turned head downward in one of the grooves of the cactus trunk, steadied itself by pressing its long tail up against the sides of the groove, and rushed down behind the spines. 11. SATOR 259 56. Sator grandzvus Dickerson CERALBO IsLaND SaToR Sator grandevus Dickerson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLI, 1919, p. 469 (type locality, Cerralvo Island, Gulf of California, Mexico); Netson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. XVI, 1921, pp. 1I4,y 1155 zl Description Body and tail somewhat compressed; snout low, rounded and rather long; nostrils large, opening upward and outward nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Head plates large, smooth, nearly flat or slightly convex, interparietal largest; frontal not divided transversely; four to six enlarged supraoculars, separated from the frontals, frontoparietals and parietals by one or two series of gran- ules. Superciliaries long, narrow, imbricate and projecting. Central subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled. Rostral and supralabials long and low; usually six, or some- times seven supralabials. Symphyseal large, followed by a series of large plates separated (except first) from the in- fralabials by one or two series of moderately enlarged sub- labials. Gular rgion covered with small, smooth, imbricate, rounded scales which change gradually to granules on sides of neck. Usually a transverse line of smaller scales across throat and sometimes at this point a more or less well de- veloped or rarely strong gular fold. A patch of enlarged, keeled upper temporals. Ear denticulation short, of two to four scales, the largest exceeding in length diameter of lar- gest plate in front of ear. Back covered with fairly large scales of nearly uniform size, in parallel rows, becom- ing rather abruptly smaller or granular on sides of body; dorsal scales very strongly keeled, imbricate, shortly muc- ronate, with entire posterior edges; 56 to 69 scales in a row from interparietal plate to backs of thighs; average in 30 specimens 62.93. Scales on lower surface of body a little 260 3. IGUANIDE smaller than dorsals, smooth, sometimes bicuspid on chest and throat. A well developed lateral fold usually present between limbs. Scales largest on tail, imbricate, strongly keeled, and mucronate above, below and on sides. Posterior surfaces of thighs covered with small granular scales similar to those on sides of body; other surfaces of limbs provided with imbricate scales, keeled on dorsal surfaces. Femoral pores 14 to 22; average in 100 thighs, 17.04. Thirteen to 16 dorsals equal shielded part of head. Males without en- larged postanal plates. The head is uniform olive brown above and Jaterally, sometimes pink or brick red in females. The central por- tion of the neck and the back of the body are grayish, yel- lowish or reddish brown with thickly scattered dots of pale blue. The sides and limbs are brown, slaty or almost black, often with scattered scales of pale blue which may outline vertical blackish blotches. These blotches may be indefinite or may form a regular series of large rounded ocelli along the side. In front of the shoulder is an intense black blotch or collar, bordered with pale blue or yellow, and sometimes connected with its fellow across the back. The tail is olive or yellowish brown, unicolor or more or less distinctly cross- barred with darker brown. Similar cross-bars may be pres- ent on the body. The lower surfaces are yellowish white more or less heavily suffused with gray on the throat, body, limbs and base of tail. The female and young may have the back dark brown with a central row of light spots and a dorsolateral light band of yellowish or brownish gray. The limbs may be cross-barred. 11. SATOR—12. SCELOPORUS 261 Length to anus_.._______ 58 72 77 Tid 81 81 TEengthiof tail 123 172 164 187 179 195 SHORE (fy Qi 18 194% 191% 19% 20 Snout to back of interparietal _____ a 1g 16 17 17 17 18 Width of head_______ 11 14 14 16 14 15 ore slim bye 27) 36 35 35 35 35 Eindglim> ee 44 63 62 64 65 66 Base of fifth to end of fourth toe=— (19 24 22 24 2314 «24 Distribution—Ceralbo Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. Habits——This lizard was very common on the southern end of Ceralbo Island, where it was found from just back of the beaches. up to the heads of the canyons. It was both terrestrial and arboreal, and fed upon insects. Genus 12. Sceloporus Sceloporus WiecMann, Isis, 1828, p. 369 (type, torguatus). Tropidolepis Cuvier, Regn. Anim., Ed. 2, Vol. II, 1829, p. 38. Tropidurus WacuEr, Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 146. The head and body are slightly depressed and shorter than the tail. The head-plates are of moderate size, ex- cepting the interparietal which is very large. The dorsal scales are large, nearly equal-sized, mucronate, and strongly imbricate. The ear-opening is large with a well-developed anterior denticulation. The superciliaries are imbricate. The labials are juxtaposed. There is no complete transverse gular fold, but a pouch is present on each side of the neck. There is no dorsal crest. Femoral pores are numerous. This genus includes numerous species of North and Central American lizards, of which about 20 kinds occur in western North America. These are all of small or mod- erate size, and often are brilliantly colored. Most of these 262 3. IGUANIDZ species and subspecies are common where they occur, at least in certain parts of their range, or perhaps one should say that their habits are such as to make them more readily found than many other reptiles. The following table may be of use in the identification of the lizards of this genus. It shows the number of dorsal scales in a row from the interparietal plate to a line joining the backs of the thighs, the number of dorsal scales equal to the length of the head from the end of the snout to the back of the interparietal plate, and the number of femoral pores, in each species and subspecies. Sceloporus Scales on back Pte d Femoral! pores SCalarise ss ccs te sysrseie cio 39-42 (40.8) 8-10 19517 Praclosuswaeeem cess 42-53 (47.8) 9-13 9-16 (13) eracilisns scenes 52-68 (60.8) 13-17 12-20 vandenburgianus...... 48-66 (54.8) 19217 13-19 consobrinus........... 36-47 (39) 8-11 12-19 (15.3) elongatus.. 6.2 sa. 40-53 (47.3) 8-13 16-22 (18.7) occidentalis: <5... 0... 35-46 (41.8) 7-12 13-20 biseriatus: 2. s.ceseanes 35-44 (40.2) ert 13-18 tehdloalas ehapooden eat 49-51 (47-5) 8-11 14-19 (16.5) beckigagissence eaeagen 43-48 9-12 14-19 (16.3) WAEPOVALS on se eee caytiers 38-46 (43) 9-11 13-18 (15.2) POINSECEM 5 2. oa