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OCCASIONAL PAPERS 


MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


NUMBERS 1—38:5 
1918-1917 


ANN ARBOR 
PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 


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ADVERTISEMENT 


The publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of 
Michigan, consist of two series—the Occasional Papers and the 
Miscellaneous Publications. Both series were founded and are 
being supported by Dr. Bryant Walker, Mr. Bradshaw H. 
Swales and Dr. W. W. Newcomb, except that the cost of the 
illustrations and of distribution are borne by the University. 

The Occasional Papers, publication of which was _ be- 
gun in 1913, serve as a medium for the publication of brief 
original papers based principally upon the collections in the 
Museum. The papers are issued separately to libraries and 
specialists, and, when a sufficient number of pages have been 
printed to make a volume, a title page and table of contents 
are supplied to libraries and individuals on the mailing list for 
the entire series. 

The Miscellaneous Publications include papers on field and ° 
museum technique, monographic studies and other papers not 
within the scope of the Occasional Papers. The papers are 
published separately, and, as it is not intended that they shall 
be grouped into volumes, each number has a title page and 
table of contents. 

ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN, 
Director of the Museum of Zoology, 


University of Michigan. 


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TABLE OF CONTENTS 


No. 1. Pearse, A. S.—Notes on Crustacea Recently Acquired by the 


Museum. 


No. 2. Ruthven, Alexander G—On Ameiva bifrontata Cope and 


Ameiva divisus (Fischer). 


No. 3. Pearse, A. S—Report on the Crustacea Collected by the Walk- 


er-Newcomb Expedition in Northeastern Nevada in 1912. 


No. 4. Wood, Norman A.—An Annotated Check-List of Michigan 


Mammals. (1 map.) 


No. 5. Gaige, Frederick M.—Results of the Mershon Expedition to 
the Charity Islands, Lake Huron. The Formicidae of Charity 
Island. 


No. 6. Wood, Norman A.—On the Occurrence of Neosorex palustris 
(Rich.), Serex richardsonii Bach. and Pitymys pinetorum .scalop- 


soides (Aud. and Bach.), in Michigan. 


No. 7. Walker, Bryant—Results of the Mershon Expedition to the 
Charity Islands, Lake Huron. Mollusca. 


No. & Ruthven, Alexander G. and Gaige, Helen Thompson.—The 
Reptiles and Amphibians Collected in Northeastern Nevada by the 
Walker-Newcomb Expedition of the University of Michigan. (5 


plates. ) 


No. 9. Thompson, Crystal—Notes on the Habits of Rana areolata 
Baird and Girard. (3 plates.) 


No. 10. Ruthven, Alexander G. and Gaige, Helen T.—The Breeding 


Habits of Prostherapis subpunctatus Cope. (1 plate.) 


No. 11. Ruthven, Alexander G.—The Breeding Habits of Hylodes 
cruentus Peters. (1 plate.) 


No. 12. Ruthven, Alexander G. and Thompson, Crystal—On the Oc- 


currence of Clemmys insculpta (1eConte) in Michigan. 


vi University of Michigan 
No. 13. Case, E. C—On a Nearly Complete Skull of Symbos cavifrons 
Leidy from Michigan. (2 plates.) 


No. 14.—-Ruthven, Alexander G.—Observations on the Habits, Eggs, 


and Young of Hyla fuhrmanni Peracca. (1 plate.) 


No. 15. Walker, Bryant—A List of Shells Collected in Arizona, New 
Mexico, Texas and Oklahoma by Dr. E. C. Case. 


No. 16. Ruthven, Alexander G—Description of a New Subspecies of 
Cnemidophorus lemniscatus Laurenti. (1 plate.) 


No. 17. Gaige, Helen Thompson.—The Amphibians and Reptiles Col- 
lected by the Bryant Walker Expedition to Schoolcraft County, 
Michigan. 

No. 18. Thompson, Crystal——The Reptiles and Amphibians of Man- 
istee County, Michigan. 


No. 19. Ruthven, Alexander G.—Description of a New Genus and 
Species of Lizard of the Family Gekkonidae. 


No. 20. Ruthven, Alexander G—Description of a New Tailless Am- 
phibian of the Family Dendrobatidae. 


No. 21. Ruthven, Alexander G—A New Genus and Species of Lizard 
from Colombia, with Remarks on the Genus Pseudogonatodes. 


No. 22. Ruthven, Alexander G.—Description of a New Genus and 
Species of lizard from British Guiana. 


No. 23. Cockerell, T. D. A.—Bees from the Northern Peninsula of 
Michigan. 


No. 24. Cockerell, T. D. A—-Some Bees from British Guiana. 


No. 25. Gaige, Frederick M—The Formicidae of the Shiras expedi- 
tion to Whitefish Point, Michigan, in 1914. 


No. 26. Swales, Bradshaw.—The Ornithological Writings of Charles 
Fox. 


No. 27. Wood, Norman A.,.Smith, Frank, and Gates, Frank C.—The 
Summer Birds of the Douglas Lake Region, Cheboygan County, 
Michigan. Z 

No. 28. Ruthven, Alexander G—Description of a New Species of 
Atelopus from the Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia. (1 plate.) 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology vil 


No. 29.—Walker, Bryant.—The Mollusca Collected in Northeastern Ne- 
vada by the Walker-Newcomb Expedition of the University of 


Michigan. 


No. 30. Ruthven, Alexander G—A New Species of Paludicola from 
Colombia. 


No. 31. Reighard, Jacob, and Cummins, Harold.—Description of a 
New Species of Lamprey of the Genus Ichthyomyzon. (2 plates.) 


No. 32. Ruthven, Alexander G.—Three New Species of Anolis from 
the Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia. (3 plates. ) 


No. 33. Ruthven, Alexander G—A New Genus and Species of Am- 
phibian of the Family Cystignathidae. (1 plate.) 


No. 34. Ruthven, Alexander G.—Description of a New Species of 
Eleutherodactylus from Colombia. (1 plate.) 


No. 35. LaRue, George R—Two New Larval Trematodes from Tham- 
nophis marciana and Thamnophis eques. (1 plate.) 


Erratum: The date of paper No. 6 should be 1915 instead of 1914. 


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NUMBER I DECEMBER 20, I1913- 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


NOTES ON. CRUSTACEA RECENTLY ACQUIRED BY 
THE MUSEUM. 


By A. S. PEARSE. 


The following notes are the result of the study of the 
Crustacea acquired during the past year. The Museum is 
under particular obligations to Mr. Chauncey Juday for the 
gift of certain specimens collected by J. M. Jessup in Alaska 
and Yukon Territory. Several of the species listed were col- 
lected by the Shiras Expedition (1912) to the Whitefish Point 


Region in Chippewa County, Michigan. 


PHYLLOPODA. 


Limnetis gouldii Baird—This species was abundant in a 
pond at Woods Hole, Mass., July 4, 1912, where several speci- 
mens were collected by the writer. Dr. G. S. Dodds sent four 
specimens collected near Tolland, Colorado, during the sum- 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, NO. I. 


2 University of Michigan 


mer of 1912, and more than fifty specimens were secured by 
Misses C. and H. Thompson at White's Woods near Ann 
Arbor, Michigan, June 2 and 11, 1912. Several specimens that 
probably belong to this species were taken at Alma, Michigan, 


by Professor H. MacCurdy during the spring of 1910. 


Polyartemiella hansen (Murdoch).—Collected at the fol- 
lowing localities by J. M. Jessup: Muskeg Lake, Coastal Plain 
of Arctic Ocean, Lat. 69° 40’ N., Long. 141° W., July 25, 1912 
(with Branchinecta paludosa) ; Muskeg pools on flood plain of 


Firth River, Lat. 69° 20’ N., Long. 141° We.) jie 2aeeee 


Branchinecta paludosa (O. F. Miiller)—Muskeg Lake, 
Coastal Plain of Arctic Ocean, Lat. 69° 40’ N., Long. 141° W., 
July 25, 1912 (with Polyartemiella hanseni) ; young in puddle 
at White Horse, Yukon Territory, June 7, 1912. 


Eubranchipus gelidus Hay.—In pools on flood plain of 
Klondike River, one mile above Dawson, May 27, 1911; puddle 
at White Horse, Yukon Territory, June 7, 1912; on Old Crow 
River, in pool, fifty miles north of Rampart House; in ponds 
near Carmack’s, Yukon Territory ; small puddle, Norden 
Skiiold, Yukon Territory, June 3, 1912; Ann Arbor, Michigan, 
May. 3, 1012. 

Jessup’s northern records greatly extend the range of this 
species which has not been previously recorded north of Massa- 


chusetts nor west of Indiana. 


Eubranchipus vernalis Verrill—Specimens have been re- 
ceived from Woods Hole, Massachusetts, through Mr. George 


Gray; others were taken at Ann Arbor, Michigan. 


Apus aequalis Packard.—Hyannis, Nebraska, August, 1903 ; 


three specimens. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 2 
AMPILIIPODA. 


Hyalella azteca (Saussure).—Puddle at White Horse, 
Yukon Territory, June 7, 1912; lakes forty-eight miles north 
of Rampart House, Alaska, June 7, 1911; various localities on 
the shores of Lake Erie. 


Gammarus limnaeus Smith—Small lakes forty miles north 
of White Horse, Yukon Territory; White Horse, Yukon Ter- 
ritory ; lake forty-eight miles north of Rampart House, Alaska, 


qame7, TOL. 
Gammarus locusta Linnaeus.—Arctic Ocean, Alaska, July 
Ri, 1912. 
Cragonyx vitreus (Cope).—Creek eighty miles north of 
Rampart House, Alaska. 
ISOPODA, 
Aselius intermedius Forbes.—Fifteen females were taken 


at Omaha, Nebraska, March 17, 1900; five specimens from 


Alma, Michigan, April, 1g1o. 


Porcellio rathkci Brandt—Females carrying young were 
taken on Tondron Island, Muskoka Lakes, Ontario, July 18, 


1903; Wayne Junction, Michigan, June 2, 1912. 
Armadilliidium vulgare (Latreille).—Five specimens (in 
green-house) Omaha, Nebraska, June 13, 1903. 
DECAPODA. 


Cambarus propinquus Girard—Put-in-Bay, Ohio, 1899; 
Long Point Creek, Canada, August 18, 1899; Erie Harbor, 
Erie, Pennsylvania, August 14, 1899. 


4 University of Michigan 


Cambarus virilis WHagen.—Whitefish Point, Chippewa 
County, Michigan, July 12 and August 6, 1912; Beaumaris, 
Muskoka Lakes, Ontario, July 20, 1903. 


Cambarus diogenes Girard.—The northern range of this 
species has been extended in the State of Michigan by its dis- 
covery at Whitefish Point by the Shiras Expedition, and 
through collections made by Professor Frank Smith at Douglas 


Take in Cheboygan County. 


Cambarus tmmunis Hagen.—Three specimens were col- 
lected near Littleton, Colorado, and in the reservoir at Fort 
Logan, Englewood, Colorado, September 3, 1912, by Peter 
Okkelberg. 


Cambarus tmmunis spinirostris Faxon.—Put-in-Bay, Ohio, 
July 14, 1899; Long Point Creek, Canada, August 18, 1899; 
Omaha, Nebraska, June 10, 1913 (five young). 

Potamobius trowbridgii (Stimpson ).—One male, taken at 
Cheney, Washington, July, 1905, by R. H. Johnson. 


Palaemonetes exilipes Stimpson.—There are specimens in 
the Museum that were collected by the United States Fish 
Commission, in 1899, at the following places along the shores 
of Lake Erie: Put-in-Bay; East Pond, Rondeau Harbor, 
Ontario, Canada; near Sandusky, Ohio; Big Pond, Erie, 
Pennsylvania. 


STOMATOPODA. 


Pseudosquilla lessonii (Guerin).—One specimen taken im 
False Bay, San Diego, California, July. 28, 1908, by C. S. Cass., 


NUMBER 2. DECEMBER 27, IQ13. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


Ann Arsor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


ON AMEIVA BIFRONTATA COPE AND AMEIVA 
DIAESUS: (FISCHER): 


By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN. 


In the course of a study of the reptiles of the Sierra 
Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, and environs, the writer 
has been led to investigate the status of Ameiva bifrontata 
Cope and Cnemidophorus divisus Fischer, with the results set 
forward in this paper. 

In the original description Cope’ gives as one of the char- 
acters of Ameiva bifrontata “three posterior supraoculars sur- 
rounded with granular scales in the male,’ whereas “in females 
the anterior supraocular is in contact with the second.’ The 
type locality is given as the island of St. Thomas, but it 1s 
remarked that “the specimens described as females are labeled 


as coming from New Grenada, probably incorrectly.’ Boulen- 


1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 67. 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, NO. 2. 


2 Umiversity of Michigan 


ger? subsequently listed a male specimen from Venezuela, but 
in his description does not mention the alleged sexual differ- 


ences in the original material. 


To make certain of the correctness of Cope’s description 
the writer requested Mr. Henry W. Fowler, of the Academy 
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, to re-examine the type 
material, which is in that institution, and he has kindly done 
this and submitted the following account: “The type of 
Ameiva bifrontata shows but a single series of granules separ- 
ating the first and second supraoculars. ‘Three other examples 
from St. Thomas agree. Two without data, and labeled 
females, are without granules, the first and second supraoculars 
being in contact.” It seems evident that the Ameiva bifrontata 
of Cope and Boulenger are the same, and that the males at 
least have the first and second supraoculars separated by gran- 
ular scales, but it has not been shown that the females described 


by Cope unquestionably belong to that species. 


In 1870, Fischer® described, under the name Cnemidophorus 
divisus, a new species of teeid lizard with a divided frontal 
from Baranquilla, Colombia, and in this description remarks on 
the similarity between this form and the females described by 
Cope and suggests that the latter are to be referred to his 
Cnemidophorus divisus. This name has been doubtfully re- 
ferred to the synonomy of 4. bifrontata by Boulenger. 


The writer has examined 29 specimens* of an Ameiva from 
the region of the Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia (Santa 
Marta to Minca, San Lorenzo; Salamanca Coast; Fundacion) 
that has the divided frontal of A. bifrontata. In these speci- 


mens the arrangement of the supraocular scales and granules 


2 Catalogue of Lizards in the British Museum, II, pp. 351-352. 

8 Verh. Naturw. Ver. Hamb. (2) iii, 1879, pp. 99-102, pl. V. 

* Obtained by the Bryant Walker Expediton of the University of Michican 
(1913), and now in the Museum of Zoclogy. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


is very constant, no sexual differences being apparent, and the 
series of granules on the inner margin of the supraoculars ends 
in every specimen but one at the posterior corner of the second 
supraocular, while in the exception the series on one side fails 
to reach that scute. It is quite evident that these specimens 
are not to be referred to A. bifrontata, and, except that the 
scaly portion of the tongue is not arrow-headed, they corre- 
spond so closely to the detailed description and figures of 
Cnemidophorus divisus that one cannot but believe that they 


represent the same form. 


From the study of the Santa Marta material the writer has 
thus been led to conclude, first, with Fischer, that the females 
described by Cope were probably not incorrectly labeled as he 
suppesed but actually came from Colombia and represent a 
different species, and, second, as suspected by Boulenger, that 
Fischer was in error in referring the Colombian form to the 
genus Cnemidophorus. Indeed there is good reason to believe 
that it was the males examined by Cope that were incorrectly 
labeled. Reinhardt and Luetkin,® as has been pointed out to 
me by Dr. Stejneger, questioned this locality as early as 1863, 
and it seems that no specimens have since been recorded from 
the island. It is highly probable that Ameiva bifrontata does 
not occur on St. Thomas but is a Venezuelan form that is 


represented in Colombia by Ameiva divisus (Fischer). 


5 Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. (Copenhagen), 1862, pp. 168-169. I am 
indebted to Mr. Thomas Barbour for transcripts of the original description of 
Cnemidophorus divisus and the references to Ameiva bifrontata by Reinhardt and 
Luetkin. 


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NUMBER 3. Marcu 28, 1914. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
7 ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


REPORT ON THE CRUSTACEA COLLECTED BY THE 
WALKER - NEWCOMB: EXPEDITION IN 
NORTHEASTERN NEVADA IN to1z2. 


By A. S: PEARSE. 


The Museum expedition’ sent to northeastern Nevada in 
July and August, 1912, brought back a rather extensive series 
of crustaceans, and as the members of the expedition made an 
earnest effort to make a complete collection the twelve species 
obtained may be considered as representative of the fauna of 
the region visited. Work in the spring would with little doubt 
add other species to the list, particularly phyllopods and 
entomostracans. ‘he absence of decapods is noteworthy. 


The work of the expedition was confined to Maggie Basin 


and the surrounding mountains in Elko and Eureka Counties. 


The altitude of Carlin, on the edge of the Humbolt Valley, 


‘For a general account of the expedition see Report of the Director 
of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan to the Board 
of Regents, for the year ending June 30, 1913. Ann Arbor, 1913. 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 3. 


m 


2 University of Michigan 


which crosses the end of this basin, is given as 4930 feet; and 
the collections made in the Humbolt Valley, and in Maggie, 
Susan, Annie and Woodruff Creeks were all taken at about 
this altitude. The springs in the Cortez Range are at an 
elevation of about 5,000 feet, and the specimens taken in 
James Creek were all from an altitude of about 6,000 feet. All 
of the specimens are from streams tributary to the Humbolt 
River. 

My thanks are due to Professor H. B. Ward and to Dean 
Kk. A. Birge for the loan of the proof sheets of the former’s 
“Fresh-Water Biology”, which were used in the determination 


of the Cladocera and Ostracoda. 


COPEPODA. 


1. Cyclops viridis americanus Herrick.—This species was 
collected twice during July in ponds along the Humbolt River. 


CLADOCERA. 

2. Simocephalus serrulatus (Koch).—Taken in a pond 
along the Humbolt River on July 8. 

3. Simocephalus vetulus Mueller—This species was ap- 
parently common in the ponds along the Humbolt River, Susan 
Creek, and Maggie Creek. It appeared in ten collections made 
between July 5 and 22. 

4. Chydorus sphaericus (O. F. Muller).—A single speci- 
men was collected in a pond near the Humbolt River, July 5. 

5. Cypridopsis vidua O. F. Muller.—Occurred in a pond 
near the Humbolt River, July 5. 


6. Cypris virens Jurine (?).—A single specimen, probably 
referable to this species, was collected from Maggie Creek with 


a number of Simacephalus vetulus, July 11. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


7. Cypris incongruens Ramdohr.—Collected at two sta- 
tions along Woodruff Creek in the Pinyon Range, August 9. 
8. Cypris testudinaria Sharpe.—Collected among weeds at 
two stations along Woodruff Creek in the Pinyon Range, 


August 9. 


AMPHIPODA. 


9. Gammarus limnaeus Smith—An abundant species oc- 
curring in the Humbolt River, Annie Creek, Maggie Creek, 
and in Moleen Canyon, July 12 to 30. 


to. Hyalella azteca Saussure-—Numerous among the 
aquatic plants in ponds near the Humbolt River and along 
Susan and Maggie Creeks, July 8 to 15. All the specimens in 
these collections have well developed median dorsal spines at 
the posterior angles of the first two or three abdominal seg- 
ments. ‘The number of segments in the flagella of the first 
antennae of thirty-two individuals collected from Maggie 


Creek, on July 15, was counted with the following results: 


MALES. 
Number of segments in flagellum................ LOlROP Mane (On Gay, 
Number of segments in accessory flagellum......9 8 9 10 9 7 8 
Noth ersten miatalStrsr pals 5 ta eis eroeeerone ier ade Ayo 2) he le eT 
FEMALES. 
Number of segments in flagellum............. Ohio) .7NO 8: 7-6) 6 
Number of segments in accessory flagellum.... 8 8 6 7 7 5 5 6 
Number ob eaniiials: J. s2f occa ce. 26% lujate ioe se ened Al tee ae. Sakee Te! I 


11. Hyallela ornata Pearse.—This species was found at 
higher elevations than the last. It appeared in collections from 
Annie Creek, July 16, from James Creek, July 29, and from 
the springs in the Cortez Range, July 9 to 24. The first 


antennae of the specimens examined do not quite reach to the 


4 Umversity of Michigan 


flagellum of the second antennae. A count of the segments of 
the flagella of the first antennae of forty individuals collected 
in the Cortez Range, July 24, gave the following results: 


MALES. 
Number of segments in flagellum...... 13 14 14 140 SOO es 
Number of segments in accessory 
Hagellun. gyeaten shoei loser 10 (II 10) [2° Torso aie 
INtimber onsanmimals Va-ea-c ene erie 5 4B eee 
FEMALES. 
Number of segments in 
Mawel ces as secs eeuae 13.12.15, .1E ;1O.16) 12) ee eee oes 
Number of segments in 
accessory flagellum.<.:.... 10: LO U.S+-8" "7G TO oe pie OR ecm 
Number of animals <..:223 .o32 423i 2. le Dev) Tek eee eee 


Is is apparent that in this species the flagella of the antennae 
contain more segments than those of H. agteca; in other re- 
spects the specimens examined agree with the original descrip- 
tion of the species.* H. ornata has previously been reported 
from Lake Catemaco, Vera Cruz, Mexico, at an altitude of 
1290 feet. 

ISOPODA. 

12. Cychsticus convexus (De Greer).—Collected from 
four stations above the dam in Moleen canyon, July 25 to 
August 10, All specimens have the frontal lobe of the head 
very prominent, but agree in other respects with the published 


descriptions. 


713 Ann. Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci., p. roo. 


NUMBER 4. APRIL, I, IQT4. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


‘ 


Ann Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


AN ANNOTATED CHECK-LIST OF MICHIGAN 
MAMMALS. 


By NorMAN A. Woon. 


The principal work of the Museum, at least during the 
past 12 years, has been the preservation and organization of 
the data on the abundance, local distribution and habits of the 
species composing the Michigan fauna. The task of gather- 
ing the data on the mammals has fallen to the writer, but 
owing to the small number of local naturalists interested in the 
group, the difficulties in studying the forms, and the fact that 
much of the writer’s time has been consumed in the work on 
birds, the information at hand is still too meager to permit of 
the preparation of the proposed monograph on the group. 

The present list has been prepared in the hope of stimulat- 
ing an interest in the subject that will result in the acquisition 
of additional data. It is based upon the specimens in the Mu- 
seum, the biological investigations of the Museum and the 
Michigan Geological and Biological Survey, the references in 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, No.4. 


2 Umiversity of Michigan 


the literature, and interviews with trappers and local natural- 
ists. To increase the reliability and usefulness of the list only 
those records are included that the writer believes to be free 
from doubt, and the nature of the data for each species is 
given. ‘The “specimens” referred to are in the Museum col- 
lection, the “observations” refer to live specimens or fresh 
skins seen by the writer or Alexander G. Ruthven, and the 
“records” are the reliable references in the literature, the re- 
ports of well-informed observers, and the specimens pre- 
served in other collections. ‘The data is summarized by coun- 
ties, and for convenient reference a base map giving the politi- 
cal boundaries is added. Observations and records are omit- 
ted when they are for counties from which specimens have 
been secured and deposited in the Museum collection. 

It should be pointed out that, while there are doubtless in 
the Michigan fauna other species than those listed, quite as 
important as possible additions to the list is complete informa- 
tion on the distribution within the state and the habits of 
even the most common forms. ‘This is a profitable field of 
study for local naturalists, as the data to be secured is indis- 
pensible to a proper understanding of the mammalian fauna 
of the state. 

In the literature the following species have been erroneous- 
ly reported from Michigan: Citellus franklin (Sabine), 
Reithrodontomys humilis (Aud. & Bach.), Geomys busarius 
(Shaw), Mustela allegheniensis (Rhoads), Mustela longicau- 
da Bonaparte, Microtus ochrogaster (Wagner), Mustela 
cicognanii richardsonii (Bonaparte). It should also be stated 
that the latest study of the woodchucks (Howell, A. H., Proc. 
Biol. Soc. Wash., XXII, pp. 13-18) recognizes three forms in 
Michigan, Marmota monax, M. monax rufescens and M. 
monax canadensis. Previous to this revision all Michigan 
specimens were referred to M. mona, so that it is not possible 
to distribute the records among the subspecies with certainty. 
The writer has arranged the records according to geographic 
probabilities, grouping them under the subspecies which have 
been taken in the general region. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 2 


LIVING AND RECENTLY EXTINCT SPECIES. 


Didelphys virginiana (Kerr). Virginia Opossum. 

Specimens: Washtenaw. 

Records: Jackson, Genesee, Wayne, Monroe, Calhoun, Cass, 
Oakland, Macomb, Hillsdale, Ottawa, Ingham, Eaton, Gra- 
tiot, Isabella. 


Rangifer caribou (Gmelin). Woodland Caribou. 
Records: Keweenaw (Isle Royale), Charlevoix (Beaver Isl- 
and), Luce, Chippewa, Dickinson. 


. Alces americanus (Jardine), Eastern Moose. 

Specimens: Chippewa, Schoolcraft. 

Records: Presque Isle, Missaukee, Huron, Ontonagon, San- 
ilac, Oakland, Saginaw, Alger, Gogebic, Mackinac, Luce, 
Marquette, Genesee, Dickinson. 

Cervus canadensis (Erxleben). East American Wapiti. Ex- 
tinct in Michigan. 

Specimens: Washtenaw (antlers and parts of antlers and 
skulls), Ingham (basal half of antlers). 

Observations: Jackson (antlers with parts of skull). 

Records: Washtenaw, Huron, Tuscola, Sanilac, Ingham, Sag- 
inaw, Alpena, Emmet, ‘Mason, Gratiot, Benzie, Berrien, 
Wayne, Oakland. 


Odocoileus americanus borealis (Miller). Northern Virginia 
Deer. 

Specimens: Dickinson, Schoolcraft, Wexford, Washtenaw, 
Branch, Otsego, Chippewa, Ontonagon. ; 

Observations: Luce, Cheboygan, Presque Isle, Bay, Hough- 
ton, Huron (introduced), 

Records: Jackson, Oscoda, Crawford, Alcona, Alger, Luce, 
Monroe, Huron, Genesee, Iron, Wayne, Ingham, Kalamazoo, 
Mecosta, Oceana, Montmorency, Marquette, Gogebic, Mack- 
inac, Calhoun, Allegan, Lenawee, Eaton, Benzie, Oakland, 
Sanilac, Shiawassee, Barry, Berrien, Saginaw, Manistee, 
Montcalm, Alpena, Cheboygan, Presque Isle, Osceola. 


. -Bison bison (Linnaeus). American Bison. Extinct in Mich- 


igan. 
Records: Jackson, Monroe, Wayne, Kalamazoo, Berrien, 
Oceana (?). 


Sciurus niger rufiventer (Geoffroy). Fox Squirrel. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Livingston, Huron, Osceola. 

Observations: Oakland, Monroe, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Lena- 
wee, Wayne. 


10. 


11. 


12. 


University of Michigan 


Records: Genesee, Saginaw, Lenawee, Ottawa, Wayne, Mon- 
roe, Charlevoix, Presque Isle, Ingham, Oceana, Cass, Mont- 
calm, Gratiot, Muskegon, Chippewa, Luce, Jackson, Che- 
boygan, Arenac (Charity Island, introduced and later ex- 
terminated). 


Sciurus carolinensis leucotis (Gapper). Northeastern Gray 
Squirrel, ' 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Livingston, Montcalm, Cheboygan. 

Observations: Oakland, Wayne, Monroe, Jackson. 

Records: Crawford, Oscoda, Genesee, Ionia, Alger, Chippewa, 
Ottawa, St. Clair, Wayne, Oceana, Ingham, Monroe, Mont- 
morency, Dickinson, Gogebic, Gratiot, Cass, Marquette, 
Osceola. 


Sciurus hudsonicus (Erxleben). Hudson Bay Red Squirrel. 
Specimens: Keweenaw (Isle Royale). 


Sciurus hudsonicus loquax (Bangs). Southeastern Red Squir- 
rel. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Montcalm, Kalamazoo, Oscoda, Ros- 
common, Ontonagon, Houghton, Livingston, Dickinson, Hu- 
ron, Cheboygan, Ingham, Osceola, Chippewa. 

Observations: Jackson, Wayne, Monroe, Lenawee, Oakland, 
Crawford, Alcona, Iosco, Bay, Saginaw, Mackinac, Luce, 
Schoolcraft, Alger, Marquette, Baraga. 

Records: Crawford, Iosco, Alcona, Wayne, Monroe, Lenawee, 
Jackson, Ottawa, Alger, Gogebic, Gratiot, Presque Isle, Luce, 
Mackinac. 


Eutamias quadrivittatus neglectus (Allen). Lake Superior 
Chipmunk. 

Specimens: Houghton, Ontonagon, Dickinson, Chippewa. 

Observations: Alger. 

Records: Alger, Marquette, Delta, Schoolcraft, Iron. 


Tamias striatus lysteri (Richardson). Northeastern Chipmunk. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Montcalm, Ontonagon, Dickinson, 
Huron, Oakland, Cheboygan, Marquette, Osceola, Chippewa. 

Observations: Jackson, Wayne, Monroe, Lenawee, Livingston, 
Bay, Roscommon, Crawford, Oscoda, Iosco, Alcona, Mack- 
inac, Calhoun. 

Records: Jackson, Wayne, Monroe, Lenawee, Livingston, 
Kalamazoo, Oscoda, Crawford, Genesee, Saginaw, Gratiot, 
Alger, Ottawa, Cass. 


13. 


14, 


15. 


16. 


Lic 


18. 


19. 


20. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 


Citellus tridecemlineatus (Mitchell). Striped Spermophile. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Roscommon, Osceola. 

Observations: Oakland, Livingston, Jackson, Lenawee, Os- 
coda, 

Records: Mecosta, Ingham, Oakland, Oscoda, Crawford, Em- 
met, Ottawa, Genesee, Berrien, Cass, Montcalm; Livingston, 
Jackson, Marquette. 


Marmota monax (Linnaeus). Woodchuck. 
Specimens: Cass. 


Marmota monax rufescens Howell. Rufescent Woodchuck. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Oscoda, Huron. 

Observations: Wayne, Jackson, Livingston, Oakland. 

Records: Crawford, Genesee, Lapeer, Ottawa, Berrien, Ing- 
ham, Wayne, Montmorency, Montcalm, Gratiot, Jackson, 
Livingston, Oakland, Cheboygan. 


Marmota monax canadensis (Erxleben). Canada Woodchuck, 
Specimens: Ontonagon, Chippewa. 
Records: Gogebic, Dickinson, Marquette. 


Sciuropterus sabrinus (Shaw). Northern Flying Squirrel. 
Specimens: Ontonagon. 

Observations: Alger, Dickinson. 

Records: Dickinson, Gogebic, Chippewa, Alger, Marquette. 


Sciuropterus sabrinus macrotis (Mearns). Canada Flying 
Squirrel. 

Specimens: Montcalm, Osceola. 

Sciuropterus volans (Linnaeus). Southern Flying Squirrel. 


Specimens: Washtenaw, Jackson, Gratiot, Livingston, Huron. 

Observations: Oakland, Lenawee. 

Records: Wayne, Ottawa, Berrien, Ingham, Lenawee, Cass, 
Oakland. 


Castor canadensis michiganensis Bailey. Woods Beaver. 

Specimens: Alger, Keweenaw, Dickinson, Chippewa, Saginaw. 

Observations: Cheboygan, Presque Isle, Saginaw, Ontonagon 
and Washtenaw (dams and houses). 

Records: Jackson, Wayne, Wexford, Kalkaska, Alger, Oscoda, 
Crawford, Marquette, Presque Isle, Cheboygan, Luce, On- 
tonagon, Genesee, Ingham, Montmorency, Schoolcraft, Bar- 
aga, St. Clair, Keweenaw (Isle Royale), Gogebic, Mackinac, 
Montcalm, Allegan, Sanilac, Iron, Midland, Washtenaw, 
Oceana. 


21. 


22. 


23. 


24, 


25. 


25. 


27. 


28. 


29. 


30. 


University of Michigan 


Epimys norvegicus (Erxleben). Norway Rat. 

Specimens: Washtenaw. 

Observations: Wayne, Jackson, Huron. 

Records: Wayne, Jackson, Huron, Livingston, Oakland, Len- 
awee. 


Epimys rattus (Linnaeus). Black Rat. Extinct in Michigan. 
Records: Washtenaw, Wayne. 


Mus musculus (Linnaeus). House Mouse. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Huron, Cheboygan, Cass, Chippewa, 
Lenawee. 

Observations: Wayne, Jackson, Lenawee, Kalamazoo, Liv- 
ingston. 


Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis (Fisch.). Northern 
White-footed Deer Mouse. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Ottawa, Kalamazoo, Oscoda, Huron, 
Osceola, Cheboygan, Cass. 

Observations: Oakland, Jackson, Livingston, Lenawee, Wayne. 

Records: Wayne, Oakland, Jackson, Lenawee, Livingston, 
Crawford, Huron, Genesee, Berrien, Ingham, Montcalm. 


Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner). Clouded White-footed 
Mouse. 
Specimens: Keweenaw (Isle Royale). 


Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis (LeConte). Michigan Mouse. 
Specimens: Oscoda, Ontonagon, Cheboygan, Dickinson, Chip- 
pewa, Crawford, Iron. 


Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii (Hoy and Kenn.). Prairie 
White-footed Mouse. 
Specimens: Washtenaw, Huron, Cass. 


Evotomys gapperi (Vigors). Red-backed Mouse. 
Specimens: Ontonagon, Dickinson, Cheboygan. 
Records: Keweenaw (Isle Royale) (?). 


Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord). Meadow Vole. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Oakland, Dickinson, Huron, Cass, 
Cheboygan, Chippewa. 

Records: Crawford, Oscoda, Wayne, Genesee, Ingham, Mont- 
calm, Gratiot, Livingston, Jackson, Lenawee, Osceola. 


Pitymus pinetorum scalopsoides (Aud. and Bach.). Northern 
Pine Mouse. 

Specimens: Oakland. 

Records: Ingham. 


31. 


32. 


33. 


34. 


35. 


36. 


37. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7 


Ondatra zibethica (Linnaeus). Northern Muskrat. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Livingston, Keweenaw (Isle Royale), 
Dickinson, Huron, Cheboygan, Osceola, Chippewa. 

Observations: Lenawee, Jackson, Wayne. 

Records: Ontonagon, Ottawa, Genesee, Berrien, Monroe, Ing- 
ham, Presque Isle, Oceana, Wayne, Lapeer, Mason, St. 
Joseph, Mackinac, Delta, Sanilac, Jackson, Allegan, Clinton, 
Van Buren, Hillsdale, Kalkaska, Lenawee, Iron, Montmo- 
rency, Oakland, Calhoun, Baraga, Cass, Branch, Gogebic, 
Crawford, Gratiot, Montcalm, Barry, Grand Traverse, Mar- 
quette, Arenac (Charity Island). 


Synaptomys cooperi (Baird). Cooper’s Lemming. 
Specimens: Washtenaw, Cheboygan, Cass. 


Zapus hudsonius (Zimm.). Northern Jumping Mouse. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Kalamazoo, Ontonagon, Dickinson, 
Huron, Chippewa, Oakland. 

Records: Muskegon, Schoolcraft, Keweenaw, Otsego, Branch, 
Gratiot, Cass. 


Napaeozapus insignis (Miller). Woodland Jumping Mouse. 
Specimens: Crawford, Oakland, Ontonagon. 
Records: Alcona. 


Erethizon dorsatum (Linnaeus). Canada Porcupine. 

Specimens: Ogemaw, Roscommon, Ontonagon, Huron, Dick- 
inson, Osceola. 

Observations: Presque Isle, Cheboygan, Chippewa. 

Records: Washtenaw, Jackson, Oscoda, Crawford, Alger, 
Alcona, Presque Isle, Cheboygan, Chippewa, Iron, Ingham, 
Oceana, Missaukee, Mecosta, Montmorency, Cass, Gogebic, 
Montcalm, Gratiot, Mackinac, Allegan, Muskegon. 


Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsii (Allen). Mearn’s Cottontail. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Eaton, Livingston, Huron, Osceola. 

Observations: Wayne, Monroe, Lenawee, Jackson, Oakland, 
Arenac (Charity and Little Charity Islands). 

Records: Ottawa, Genesee, Berrien, Cass, Charlevoix, Oceana, 
Presque Isle, Wayne, Ingham, Oakland, Jackson, Monroe, 
Grand Traverse, Crawford, Montcalm, Gratiot, Muskegon, 
Lenawee, Cheboygan, Hillsdale, Arenac (Charity and Little 
Charity Islands). 


Lepus americanus (Erxleben). Varying Hare. 
Specimens: Keweenaw (Isle Royale), Osceola, Oscoda, Hu- 
ron, Chippewa. 


38. 


39. 


40. 


41. 


42. 


43. 


University of Michigan 


Observations: Washtenaw, Oakland, Livingston, Arenac 
(Charity Island). 

Records: Washtenaw, Livingston, Ionia, Crawford, Presque 
Isle, Cheboygan, Marquette, Montcalm, Gratiot, Ingham, 
Otsego, Arenac (Charity Island). 


Lepus americanus phaeonotus (Allen). Minnesota Varying 
Hare. 
Specimens: Ontonagon, Dickinson, Houghton. 


Felis cougar (Kerr). Puma. Extinct in Michigan. 
Records: Washtenaw, Jackson, Ontonagon, Oceana, Mason, 
Ingham, Montcalm, Allegan, Calhoun, Kalamazoo, Eaton. 


Lynx canadensis (Kerr). Canada Lynx. 

Specimens: Keweenaw (Isle Royale). 

Records: Washtenaw, Oscoda, Huron, Monroe, Ontonagon, 
Baraga, Chippewa, Alcona, Alpena, Marquette, Schoolcraft, 
Kalkaska, Mackinac, Muskegon, Isabella, Crawford, Iron, 
Gogebic, Gratiot, Oakland, Sanilac, Dickinson. 


Lynx ruffus (Gueldenstaedt). Bay Lynx. 
Specimens: Ontonagon, Alger, Huron, Oakland, Wexford. 
Observations: Chippewa (tracks observed by the writer). 
Records: Washtenaw, Oscoda, Crawford, Monroe, Ingham, 
Delta, Marquette, Mackinac, Alcona, Baraga, Iron, Isabella, 
Dickinson, Gogebic, Wayne, Montcalm, Gratiot, Sanilac, 
hippewa, Cheboygan, Osceola. 


Canis occidentalis (Richardson). Timber Wolf. 

Specimens: Alger. 

Observations: Dickinson, Chippewa. 

Records: Washtenaw, Jackson, Oscoda, Crawford, Cheboygan, 
Huron, Ontonagon, Mackinac, Monroe, Ingham, Muskegon, 
Delta, Baraga, Marquette, Schoolcraft, Chippewa, Menomi- 
nee, Iron, Montmorency, Gogebic, Dickinson, Alcona, St. 
Clair, Kent, Kalamazoo, Branch, Cass, Lapeer, Macomb, 
Lake, Genesee, Van Buren, Wayne, Gladwin, Oakland, Cal- 
houn, Oceana, Tuscola, Allegan, Eaton, Saginaw, Sanilac, 
Shiawassee, Barry, Livingston, Lenawee, Luce. 


Canis latrans (Say). Coyote. 

Specimens: Washtenaw (introduced). 

Observations: Dickinson. 

Records: Jackson, Monroe, Cass, Gogebic, Kalamazoo, Alger, 
Wayne, Menominee, Marquette. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9 


44, Vulpes fulva (Desmarest). Red Fox. 


45. 


46. 


47. 


Specimens: Washtenaw, Montmorency, Alger, Lapeer, Dick- 
inson. 

Observations: Oscoda, Chippewa, Jackson, Livingston, Oak- 
land, Wayne, Huron. 

Records: Kalkaska, Oscoda, Crawford, Huron, Ottawa, Gen- 
esee, Wayne, Ontonagon, Monroe, Ingham, Chippewa, Mack- 
inac, Ionia, Delta, Clinton, Sanilac, Marquette, Mason, Hills- 
dale, Leelanau, Iron, Oakland, Livingston, Cass, Lenawee, 
Gogebic, Jackson, Arenac, Montcalm, Gratiot, Kalamazoo, 
Muskegon, Osceola, Cheboygan, Grand Traverse, Arenac 
(Charity Island). 


Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber). Gray Fox. 

Specimens: Washtenaw. 

Observations: Jackson, Wayne. 

Records: Jackson, Missaukee, Crawford, Oscoda, Wexford, 
Delta, Charlevoix, Mason, Montmorency, Gogebic, Mont- 
calm, Gratiot, Bay, Oakland, Cheboygan (?), Osceola. 


Ursus americanus (Pallas). Northern Black Bear. 

Specimens: Shiawassee, Chippewa. 

Observations: Ontonagon, Dickinson. 

Records: Washtenaw, Oakland, Jackson, Oscoda, Crawford, 
Cheboygan, Ontonagon, Huron, Dickinson, Ingham, Iron, 
Kalamazoo, Oceana, Monroe, Kalkaska, Schoolcraft, Baraga, 
Marquette, Delta, Alpena, Livingston, Montmorency, 
Gogebic, Mackinac, Marquette, Gratiot, Montcalm, Midland, 
Gladwin, Allegan, Wayne, Lenawee, Berrien, Barry, Clinton, 
Sanilac, Benzie, Genesee, Mackinac (Mackinaw Island), 
Houghton, Osceola, St. Clair. 


Procyon lotor (Linnaeus). Raccoon. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Livingston, Chippewa, Huron, Dick- 
inson, Arenac (Charity Island, introduced). 

Observations: Lenawee, Jackson, Wayne, Oakland. 

Records: Oscoda, Crawford, Presque Isle, Ontonagon, Otta- 
wa, Genesee, Berrien, Wayne, Monroe, Jackson, Ingham, 
Oakland, Charlevoix, Allegan, Branch, Mackinac, Kalkaska, 
Schoolcraft, Hillsdale, Montmorency, Lenawee, Iron, Van 
Buren, Lapeer, Mason, St. Joseph, Menominee, Ionia, Delta, 
Calhoun, Baraga, Cass, Clinton, Montcalm, Gogebic, Craw- 
ford, Gratiot, Sanilac, Marquette, Cheboygan, Osceola, Barry. 


Io 


48. 


49. 


50. 


51. 


52. 


53. 


University of Michigan 


Taxidea taxus (Schreber). American Badger. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Livingston, Dickinson, Lapeer, Char- 
levoix. 

Observations: Presque Isle, Cheboygan. 

Records: Jackson, Gratiot, Kent, Presque Isle, Oscoda, Craw- 
ford, Huron, Genesee, Lenawee, Chippewa, Ontonagon, Mon--. 
roe, Ingham, Cass, Hillsdale, Montcalm, Kalamazoo, Kal- 
kaska, Mason, Houghton, Sanilac, Oakland, Montmorency, 
Gogebic, Ontonagon, Gratiot, Ionia, Cheboygan, Osceola, 
Luce. 


Mephitis hudsonica (Richardson). Northern Plains Skunk. 

Specimens: Ontonagon, Dickinson. 

Observations: Chippewa. 

Records: Gogebic, Baraga, Delta, Iron, Mackinac, Chippewa, 
Marquette. 


Mephitis putida (Boitard). Eastern Skunk. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Lenawee. 

Observations: Jackson, Livingston, Crawford, Wayne, Oak- 
land. 

Records: Jackson, Oscoda, Crawford, Huron, Ottawa, Gene- 
see, Berrien, Wayne, Monroe, Oceana, Ingham, Oakland, 
Branch, Calhoun, Cass, Clinton, Ionia, Allegan, Sanilac, Os- 
ceola, Van Buren, Lapeer, St. Joseph, Mason, Montmorency, 
Livingston, Hillsdale, Kalkaska, Cheboygan, Wayne, Gratiot, 
Montcalm. 


Gulo luscus (Linnaeus). Wolverine. Extinct in Michigan. 
Records: Tuscola, Ontonagon, Sanilac, Oscoda, Chippewa, 
Schoolcraft, Gogebic, Montmorency. 


Martes americana (Turton). Eastern Marten. 

Specimens: Delta, Dickinson. 

Observations: Presque Isle, Keweenaw (Isle Royale), Che- 
boygan. 

Records: Presquge Isle, Wexford, Crawford, Huron, Kewee- 
naw (Isle Royale), Missaukee, Schoolcraft, Muskegon, 
Mackinac, Kalkaska, Baraga, Chippewa, Montmorency, Al- 
pena, Ontonagon, Marquette, Gogebic, Sanilac, Saginaw, 
Houghton. 


Martes pennanti (Erxleben). Fisher. 

Specimen: Chippewa. 

Records: Washtenaw, Wexford, Presque Isle, Alger, Ingham, 
Missaukee, Baraga, Marquette, Schoolcraft, Mackinac, Al- 
pena, Montmorency, Gogebic, Ontonagon, Houghton, Iron. 


— 


54. 


55. 


56. 


57. 


58. 


59. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology II 


Mustela vison (Schreber). Northeastern Mink. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Keweenaw (Isle Royale), Houghton, 
Dickinson. : 

Observations: Wayne, Oakland, Oscoda, Jackson, Livingston, 
Cheboygan, Huron, Lenawee. 

Records: Cheboygan, Oscoda, Crawford, Ontonagon, Chip- 
pewa, Iron, Huron, Ottawa, Genesee, Berrien, Monroe, Cass, 
Ingham, Oceana, Alger, Charlevoix, Wayne, Jackson, Hills- 
dale, Muskegon, Delta, Branch, Lenawee, Oakland, Ionia, 
Allegan, Clinton, Calhoun, Baraga, Sanilac, Van Buren, 
Mackinac, Marquette, Mason, St. Joseph, Montmorency, 
Livingston, Kalkaska, Schoolcraft, Gogebic, Lapeer, Mont- 
calm, Gratiot, Otsego, Grand Traverse, Osceola. 


Mustela cicognani (Bonaparte). Small Brown Weasel. 
Specimens: Ontonagon, Keweenaw (Isle Royale), Chippewa. 
Records: Marquette. 


Mustela noveboracensis (Emmons). New York Weasel. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Keweenaw (Isle Royale), Dickinson, 
Huron, Lenawee, Livingston, Osceola. 

Observations: Jackson, Wayne. 

Records: Jackson Cass, Monroe, Ingham, Alger, Oceana, 
Hillsdale, Wayne, Baraga, Ionia, Delta, Houghton, Lapeer, 
Van Buren, Marquette, Mason, St. Joseph, Iron, Mackinac, 
Oakland, Montmorency, Chippewa, Ottawa, Branch, Gogebic, 
Montcalm, Gratiot, Barry, Cheboygan. 


Lutra canadensis (Schreber). Canada Otter. 

Observations: Chippewa, Dickinson. 

Records: Washtenaw, Wexford, Oscoda, A ARAP SES Iron, On- 
tonagon, Monroe, Ingham, Jackson, Delta, Marquette, Mont- 
morency, Allegan, Van Buren, Muskegon, Luce, Baraga, 
Dickinson, Mackinac, Gogebic, Chippewa, Jackson, Cheboy- 
gan, Menominee, Montcalm, Gratiot, Sanilac, Livingston, 
Osceola. 


Sorex personatus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire). Masked Shrew. 

Specimens: Huron, Washtenaw, Livingston, Roscommon, 
Chippewa, Ontonagon. 

Records: Alger. 


Sorex richardsonii (Bachman). Richardson’s Shrew. 
Records: Alger. 


Microsorex hoyi (Baird). Hoy’s Shrew. 
Specimens: Washtenaw, Ontonagon. 


12 


61. 


62. 


63. 


64, 


65. 


66. 


67. 


68. 


69. 


70. 


University of Michigan 


Blarina brevicauda (Say). Short-tailed Shrew. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Jackson, Oakland, Ontonagon, Dick- 
inson, Cheboygan. 

Records: Benzie, Wayne, Gogebic, Montcalm, Gratiot, Os- 
ceola, Cass. 


Cryptotis parva (Say). Small Shrew. 
Specimens: Washtenaw. 
Records: Ingham. 


Condylura cristata (Linnaeus). Star-nosed Mole. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Kalamazoo, Ontonagon, Cheboygan, 
Dickinson, Branch, Osceola. 

Observations: Wayne, Berrien, Houghton, Branch. 

Records: Wayne, Berrien, Houghton, Ingham, Delta, Oak- 
land, Chippewa, Mackinac, Gogebic, Gratiot. 


Scalops aquaticus machrinus (Raf.). Prairie Mole. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Ingham, Wayne, Kalamazoo, Oscoda. 

Observations: Livingston, Jackson, Lenawee. 

Records: Jackson, Berrien, Cass, Ottawa, Montcalm, Gratiot, 
Crawford, Livingston. 


Myotis subulatus (Say). Say’s Bat. 
Specimens: Arenac (Charity Island), Cheboygan, Keweenaw 
(Isle Royale), Dickinson, Ontonagon, Washtenaw. 


Myotis lucifugus (LeConte). Little Brown Bat. 

Specimens: Washtenaw, Kalamazoo, Keweenaw (Isle Roy- 
ale), Chippewa. 

Records: Wayne, Ingham. 


Lasionycteris noctivagans (LeConte). Silvery Bat. 
Specimens: Washtenaw, Ingham, Huron, Arenac (Charity 
Island), Livingston. 


Eptesicus fuscus (Beauvois). Large Brown Bat. 
Specimens: Washtenaw, Houghton, Keweenaw (Isle Royale), 
Oscoda. 


Nycteris borealis (Miiller). Red Bat. 
Specimens: Washtenaw, Kalamazoo, Ingham, Kent, Arenac 
(Charity Island), Oscoda. 


Nycteris cinerea (Beauvois). Hoary Bat. 
Specimens: Washtenaw, Kalamazoo, Dickinson. 
Records: Ingham, Montcalm. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology iz 


FOSSIL SPECIES. 


. Elephas columbi (Falconer). Columbian Mammoth. 
Specimens: Jackson, 


. Elephas primigenius (Blumenbach). Northern Mammoth. 
Specimens: Jackson. 
Records: Van Buren, Macomb, Eaton, Clinton, Saginaw. 


. Mammut americanum (Kerr). Mastodon. 


Specimens: Washtenaw, Wayne, Livingston, Lenawee. 

Records: Monroe, Hillsdale, Berrien, Van Buren, Macomb, 
Eaton, Muskegon, Montcalm, Gratiot, Saginaw, Bay, Allegan, 
Jackson, Shiawassee. 


. Castoroides ohioensis (Foster). Giant Beaver. 


Specimens: Washtenaw, Shiawassee. 
Records: Lenawee, Lapeer. 


. Platygonus compressus (LeConte). Peccary. 


Specimens: Ionia. 


. Bootherium sargenti (Gidley). Musk Ox. 
Record: Type locality, Muskegon County. 


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NUMBER 5. DECEMBER I5, IQI4. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arzor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


RESULTS OF THE MERSHON EXPEDITION TO THE 
CHARITY ISLANDS, LAKE HURON. 


THR FORMICIDAE OF CHARITY ISLAND. 
By FrepericKk M. GAIGcE. 


The collection upon which this paper is based was made 
on Charity Island during September, 1910, while the writer 
was a member of the Mershon Expedition. As has been stated 
in previous papers,* this expedition was sent out from the 
Museum of Zoology and was supported by Hon. W. B. Mer- 
shon of Saginaw, Michigan. The work was done under the 
general direction of Dr. Alexander G. Ruthven, Director of 
the Museum. 

The Charity Island group is composed of three small islands 
and a rocky islet near the mouth of Saginaw Bay, several 
miles from the mainland. It lies at about 44° north latitude. 
The collection was made only on the largest of the islands, 
which has an area of about 640 acres. There is a lighthouse 


*See note page 20. 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 5. 


2 University of Michigan 


on this island, on the north side, which is surrounded by a 
small clearing. 

Habitats and Habitat Distribution.—Except for the rocky 
shores the island is built up of old dunes of varying size, and 
is nearly entirely covered with the original forest of oak, 
maple, birch, ironwood, with a few Norway and white pines. 
This forest becomes thinner at the south end, where the ridges 
support a very scattered stand of oak with a ground-cover of 
grasses. The north beach consists largely of an outcrop of 
limestone and is the narrowest of beaches. In some places 
back from the water’s edge it has a thin covering of sand. The 
east beach is wide and sandy with thickets of willow and dog- 
wood between the bare beach and forest. The south beach is 
similar to the east one except that it is separated from the true 
forest by grass-covered ridges, and is very dry. The west beach 
is the widest and has a large area covered with a sparse growth 
of coarse dune grass. Other localities noted are Rattlesnake 
Point, Lighthouse Point and South Point. There is a single 
pond on the island, surrounded by a grassy marsh which gives 
place on the north side to a cranberry bog and elsewhere meets 
the forest. 

The following habitats for ants were distinguished : 

1. Low hardwood forest. On the low ground the woods 
are damp, dark and cool with little ground-cover except for a 
few ferns and herbaceous flowering plants. The surface of the 
ground is covered with dead leaves overlying a rather loose, 
black leaf-mold. 

2. High hardwood forest. On the ridges the forest is 
drier and more open than in the swales, with a more complete 
ground-cover of grasses and other plants. The top mold is 
looser and drier and the accumulation of dead leaves less than 
in the preceding habitat. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


3. Open woodland. This habitat is distinguished from the 
dry forest by its scattered trees, sandy soil, scant amount of 
litter, and a ground-cover consisting almost entirely of xero- 
phytic grasses. 


4. Willow and dogwood thickets. The thickets are usually 
damp and well shaded and the soil covered by a damp layer of 
vegetable mold. 


5. Margins of pond, marsh and cranberry bog. This hab- 
itat is of little importance as far as the ants are concerned. 
The ground is wet and cold and there is a dense ground-cover. 


6. Grassy beach areas. ‘The dry sandy beach back of the 
storm beach, where it exists, is covered with a sparse growth 
of coarse dune grasses and more or less beach debris. ‘There 
are no trees. 


7. Rocky beaches. These beaches, principally on the north 
side of the island, are not an important habitat for ants. There 
is a large amount of beach debris, logs, etc., with the rocks. 

The collection comprises twenty-one forms distributed 
among four subfamilies and eleven genera. ‘This seems a 
rather surprisingly large representation for so restricted and 
isolated an area, but Myrmica punctiventris is rare and Lasius 
claviger is only represented by a winged specimen which may 
have been a straggler from the mainland. Some of the forms, 
particularly Aphaenogaster tennesseensis, one is accustomed 
to associate with a more southern distribution. The habitat 
distribution may be briefly summarized as follows: 


Low hardwood forest. 
Ponera pennsylvanica. Vata incomplete. 
Cremastogaster cerasi. 
Stenamma brevicorne. Peculiar to the habitat. 
A phaenogaster aquia. 


University of Michigan 


Aphaenogaster tennesseensis. Apparently prefers this 
habitat. 

Myrmica punctiventris. Data incomplete. 

Tapinoma sessile. 

L,asius americanus. 

Lasius aphidicola. Data incomplete. 

Lasius minutus. 7 

Formica subsericea. Apparently prefers this habitat. 


Formica subaenescens. 


High hardwood forest. 
A phaenogaster aquia. 
Myrmica punctiveniris. Data incomplete. 
Lasius americanus. 
Lasius minutus. Apparently prefers this habitat. 
Formica subsericea. 
Formica subaenescens. Apparently prefers this habitat. 
Camponotus pennsylvanicus. Peculiar to this habitat. 


Open woodland. 
Myrmica scabrinodis var. Peculiar to the habitat. 
Lasius americanus. 


Formica subaenescens. 


Willow and dog-wood thickets. 
Cremastogaster cerast. 
Lasius americanus. 
Formica subaenescens. 
Formica subsericea. 
Camponotus noveboracensis. Peculiar to the habitat. 


Marsh. 
Tapinoma sessile. 


Formica subsericea. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 


Grassy beach. 
Ponera pennsylvanica. Data incomplete. 
Pheidole vinelandica. Peculiar to the habitat. 
Tapinoma sessile. 
Lasius neoniger. Peculiar to the habitat. 
Lasius americanus. Apparently prefers this habitat. 
Formica nitidiventris. Data incomplete. 


Rocky beaches. 
Solenopsis molesta. Data incomplete. 
A phaenogaster aquia. 
A phaenogaster tennesseensts. 


As would be expected, only a few of the species are con- 
fined to a single one of the listed habitats, and probably con- 
tinued study would still further reduce the number, for there 
is an overlapping and interdigitation of the habitats, and cer- 
tain conditions may be common to several of them. But it may 
be seen in the notes under each species in the list which fol- 
lows, that, except in the case of Lasius americanus and Form- 
ica subsericea, the association of the species with certain gen- 


eral conditions is close, and that even these two notoriously 


generally distributed species show habitat preferences. Lasius 
(Acanthomyops) claviger has been omitted from the preced- 


ing list, as the only record was an isolated aleate female. 


Acknowledgements.—I wish here to acknowledge my in- 
debtedness to Professor W. M. Wheeler for the identification 
of the collection and to Professor A. S. Pearse under whose 
direction the laboratory study was made. I also take pleasure 
in expressing my appreciation of the hospitality and assistance 
of the lighthouse keeper, Capt. C. C. MacDonald, and the as- 
‘sistant keeper, Mr. J. Singleton, during the field work. 


6 University of Michigan 


List oF SPECIEs. 


PONERINAE. 


1. Ponera coarctata Latr. subsp. pennsylvamica Buckley.— 
The first specimen of this species seen on the island was a sin- 
gle worker taken in the very heart of a nest of Pheidole vine- 
landica in a rotten log on the dry beach. There were no others. 
in the nest or in the vicinity. Another isolated specimen, also 
a worker, was taken in the damp, black leaf-mold under the 
dead leaves in the low hardwood forest. A nest found on Sep- 
tember 21 was the only one seen on the island. It was located 
on the west beach in thoroughly rotted, dry, powdery wood. 
There were less than fifty in the colony. The ants were very 
secretive, immediately abandoning their few larvae and bur- 
rowing into the loose wood-dust when uncovered. After the 
lapse of a few minutes, three of them returned cautiously and 
each carried away a larva, but all the others were abandoned 
permanentiy. The species was decidedly rare on the island 
and the only representative of this primitive subfamily. 


MYRMICINAE. 


2. Solenopsis molesta Say.—A single individual of this: 
genus and species was collected on the island. The writer was 
sitting on the rock outcrop of the north beach writing some 
field notes when he noticed this single ant on his boot. It 
furnished the only record for the island, for although the ant 
was a worker the colony could not be found. 


3. Pheidole vinelandica Forel.—A large number of speci- 
mens of this species were found in the sand on the dry west 
beach, on September 19. There was no external evidence of 
the presence of so many ants, but on pulling up a clump of 
dune grass I found the roots literally covered with them. They 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zootogy 7 


were rather secretive, or probably. more properly speaking they 
were averse to the light, and hid by burrowing into the soft 
sand. A considerable area was dug over, but no evidence of 
a nest or even any larvae or pupae was found. The sand 
caved in very rapidly and easily, and that, with the confusion 
made by pulling up the grass at first, must have destroyed all 
evidences of a nest if one was present. There were certainly 
more than a thousand workers at a conservative estimate. Less 
than a hundred feet distant a smaller colony of a few hun- 
dred individuals was found in a decaying log. The 
outer shell of the log was still very hard and firm, but the 
center had become an almost earthy mass, damp and noticeably 
warm to the hand. Here again no larvae nor pupae were seen, 
while the nest was a very haphazard series of tunnels next to 
the firm wood. There was no external evidence here of the 
colony. Another colony was later found in the cement walk 
that ran from the lighthouse to the dock. This nest was a 
small one, and was started after the writer’s arrival on the 
island. The ants in this colony were noticeably more active 
during cloudy periods, or just at the beginning of twilight, but 
they did not work at night. They built no regular mound, but 
deposited the excavated sand in a small irregular pile near the 
single entrance to the nest, which lay under the cement. The 
pile was so frequently destroyed owing to its exposed situa- 
tion, either by wind or rain or an inadvertant footstep, that it is 
quite possible that the ants never had a chance to construct 
the usual form of nest. 
The species was, on the whole, rare on the island. The few 
records obtained show that it occurs in exposed places, 1. ¢., 
places where there is little or no shade from trees and shrubs, 
such as on the bare beaches and the sparsely covered dunes, 
that it frequently has no mound at the nest entrance, and that 


8 University of Michigan 


small supplies of seeds are stored up. The latter observation 
was imade upon only two nests. . 

4. Cremastogaster lineolata Say var. cerasi Fitch—The 
first of this species noted was a small band of isolated workers 
in a much decayed pine log on the west beach, forty or fifty 
feet from the water. They were extremely timid and hurried 
frantically for shelter when alarmed, a reaction quite different 
from those observed later. ‘The punky wood in which they 
were found was very wet, and in one end of the log, close to 
the band, was a small colony of Lasius americanus. There was 
apparently no intermingling of the two species, hostile or oth- 
erwise. On September 20 a very large colony was found in a 
soft, damp poplar log in a low dogwood thicket. The nest 
was fully five feet long and the colony must have comprised 
many thousands of individuals. Two aleate females were 
taken. Certain parts of the nest between the log and the earth 
had been constructed of a sort of vegetable felt, but the amount 
of this kind of structure was small compared with the extensive 
tunneling in the soft wood of the log. The lower part of the 
log was very soft, almost earthy in places, but the upper half 
was still comparatively sound. In this sounder part of the log 
there were numerous borer burrows, some still occupied by 
the larvae, and these ready-made burrows had been utilized 
by the ants which had continued and elaborated them greatly. 
During the opening of this nest, the decidedly repulsive odor 
so characteristic of the species was very noticeable. The ants 
themselves were ferocious, and made no attempt to escape or 
hide. ‘This was by far the largest colony found on the island. 
In the same habitat several other smaller colonies were found, 
all living under the same conditions. 

A few colonies were found along the north beach, all in 
very damp, small logs that were soft from decay. In one in- 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology | 9 


stance a colony of Aphaenogaster tennesseensis occupied the 
same log. Another large colony was located in a small, 
punky pine log in the willows along the south beach. A large 
number of winged females were noted here on September 26, 
but no males were seen. In this nest, too, old borer burrows 
had been elaborated, but no borers were present. ‘There were 
quantities of pupae in the upper part of this nest and a few 
larvae in the lower half of the log. In no case did the nests 
extend into the earth. 

The species was quite generally distributed on the island 
but occurred in smaller numbers in the drier areas of beach 
and forest. It is evidently a moisture and shade requiring 
form. The tent-building habit (See Wheeler, Bull. Amer. Mus. 
Nat. Hist., Vol. 22, pp. 1-17 and plates 1-6) was nowhere seen, 
and in only one instance was there any nest construction from 
manufactured material. From September 20 to 26 nests were 
opened that contained a greater or less number of aleate fe- 
males, but no flights were observed nor were the emigrated 
queens found widely distributed. No males were taken. The 
species is rather common on the island. 

5. Stenamma brevicorne Mayr.-— But two specimens of 
this species were secured on the island. Both were taken with 

ther ants among the dead leaves on the ground in the low 
hardwood forest. See Myrmica punctiventris and Aphaeno- 
gaster aqua. 

6. Aphaenogaster fulua Roger subsp. aquia Buckley. — 
The first record of this species was a carefully concealed nest 
found on September 16 in the low hardwood forest near the 
south end of the pond. The entrance was beneath the accumu- 
lation of dead leaves on the forest floor, and the burrow, a 
single passage, led from it almost straight down through the 
damp black leaf mold to a small twig ten inches below the sur- 


10 University of Michigan 


face. The twig had become a mere shell through decay and 
probably also by the work of the ants, and in the chamber so 
formed weer a number of larvae and a few pupae. There 
were also pupae on the ground beneath the leaves, which the 
ants immediately carried into the nest when disturbed. Three 
other species of ants were collected close to the nest in this 
same habitat—a single specimen of Stenamma brevicorne, one 
of Myrmica punctiventris and six of Lasius minutus. This 
one colony was the only record for the species in the habitat, 
but numerous colonies were found in the higher, drier and 
more open forest. Some of the nests were in dead wood 
which had become punky from decay others were in the earth 
beneath sticks and logs. ‘There seemed to be no choice be- 
tween these two situations as nest sites, the nests recorded be- 
ing divided about equally between them. 

On September 17 a nest was found in a stump occupied 
also by Lasius minutus. ‘The two nests were very closely ap- 
proximated, but the writer believes the relation to have been 
a very simple case of plesiobiosis. Old beetle larvae burrows 
had been utilized by aquia and from them a number of pupae 
were taken and a single aleate female. On the eighteenth a 
single isolated winged female was taken under a pine log in 
the dry hardwood forest, and on the same day a colony was 
found in the root of a rotten pine stump in which was a single 
winged male. On the nineteenth two aleate males were se- 
cured under debris on the west beach. A colony found on the 
twenty-first, in the moist sand under a log on the north beach, 
contained a winged female. This colony also occupied a por- 
tion of the under side of the log. 

A rather curious nest of this species was found on Septem- 
ber 17. The colony was a large one and had constructed the 


nest in the earth under a large granite boulder which was sunk 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology II 


several inches below the surface. ‘There was no external evi- 
dence of the presence of this large colony. In those passage- 
ways that were laid bare by the removal of the rock there 
were quantities of pupae, all of which were immediately hurried 
below ground by the workers. In this colony a number of the 
pale yellow workers of Lasius flaviis nearcticus were noted. 
The two species were apparently living in perfect harmony, 
as the Lasii ran about the complicated tunnels of the larger 
ants with freedom and apparent familiarity. It seems prob- 
able that this was essentially another plesiobiotic association, 
and that the nest of the Lasii had been destroyed in the dis- 
turbance caused by the removal of the stone; yet the free 
mingling of the two species without any show of mutual rela- 
tions makes it seem possible that the association might be in the 
nature of parabiosis. (See Wheeler’s Ants, p. 425 and Amer- 
ican Naturalist, 35, pp. 524-528.) Although the writer cannot 
offer a definite interpretation of the relation, he can find no 
mention of its occurrence and takes this opportunity to record 
it. 

7. Aphaenogaster tennesseensis Mayr.— Owing to the 
close association that exists between this parasitic species and 
the preceding form, it is not surprising to find it common on 
the island where the latter was so abundant. All the nests 
found were located in dead wood which was more or less 
punky, and the favorite habitat was the low, damp, hardwood 
forest. A large percentage of the nests were in the decayed 
hearts of living trees, which had openings to the outside at the 
base. At the base of almost every tree so decayed, could be 
seen accumulations of excavated wood-dust that varied in 
amount from a few particles to irregular piles that would fill 
a quart measure. Though this was certainly the characteristic 
site of the nests, others, and noticeably the largest, were found 


12 _ University of Michigan 


in logs or stumps. This may mean that these tree colonies are 
the younger ones, and choose this well protected and sheltered 
site when they first leave their host colony of A. aquia, and 
the limited space available eventually forces them to emigrate 
to more spacious quarters. It must be noted here that the ant 
never burrows in live wood. 

A very large colony was found in a decayed pine log on 
the north beach, on September 21. The log was nearly buried 
in the sand and was soft and punky. The outer and upper part 
was firm and dry, forming a stiff shell that held the soft inte- 
rior in shape. On the dry upper surface a number of the 
dwarfed females so characteristic of this species were found 
together with workers. All the females were winged. The 
raising of the shell of dry wood laid bare a large part of the 
upper portion of the nest, and here in the complicated series 
of passages and chambers were many more of the aleate queens 
and thousands of workers. ‘The nest was four feet long, but 
contained surprisingly few larvae or pupae for so large a col- 
ony. ‘hese large colonies were rare, and this was the only 
one noted outside of the low hardwood forest. 

A smaller nest found in a birch stump in the low forest 
habitat was very simple. Most of it was in a punky root of the 


stump. two to ten inches under ground. From this a single 


passage, an old borer burrow, led up through a very sound 


part of the stump for a distance of a foot or more to a cavity 
in a softer portion. This cavity had been made by the ants, 
was as large as a walnut and contained a few workers and 
pupae. In the nest below there were many larvae. The same 
day another nest almost as simple as this was found in the 
base of a dead Norway pine in the same habitat. In it was a 


single aleate male, which was being dragged along a passage- 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 13 


way by a worker when first seen. A single isolated winged 
male was taken on the north beach on September 21. 

The interesting relation between this parasitic species and 
the several varieties of .4. fulva is described in the chapter on 
temporary social parasites in Wheeler's Ants, pp. 447-8, and 
also in the American Naturalist, Vol. 35, p. 724, where it was 
first reported. 

8. Myrmica punctiventris Roger—But four specimens of 
this species were collected, and each of these were isolated. 
The first was taken on September 16 in the low hardwood for- 
est near the pond. It was one of a miscellaneous collection 
made on the floor of the forest (see Aphaenogaster aquia). 
This specimen was collected in the damp black leaf mold be- 
neath the accumulation of dead leaves that covered the surface 
of the ground. The ground-cover was a sparse growth of 
coarse grass. On the following day two specimens were se- 
cured. ‘The first was collected in the leaf-mold beneath dead 
leaves on the floor of the poplar and birch forest, a rather 
higher and drier habitat than the preceding and lying nearer 
the dunes. A miscellaneous collection made in this spot con- 
tained Formica subsericea, Stenamma brevicorne, and Lasius 
americanus. None of these had colonies in the immediate vi- 
cinity. The second specimen was taken in the dry hardwood 
forest near the beach. The soil was a light, dry leaf mold, 
with a rather more complete ground-cover than the preceding 
habitats, with a much less complete covering of dead leaves 
(see Camponotus pennsylvanicus). ‘The final record was ob- 
tained on September 20 when another specimen was collected 
in the damp black leaf mold in the low hardwood forest. Col- 
lecied simultaneously were specimens of Lasius aphidicola and 


Aphaenogaster aquia. 


14 University of Michigan 


The species was very secretive and apparently rare on the 
island. It was never noted outside of the hardwood forest, 
in which it ranged from a low damp environment to the high 
dry forest close to the beach. All four of the specimens col- 
lected were workers, and, as stated, no colonies were found. 


9. Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. var. 


A small colony of this 
species was found on September 21 in the dry oak woods near 
the beach. The nest was in a small clearing in the forest, where 
there was a fairly complete cover of fine grass and brake ferns 
with a thin litter of dead leaves. The soil was very dry, the 
sand showing no moisture even at a depth of several inches. 
The entrance to the burrow was concealed beneath a dead leaf, 
and there was no exterior sign of the presence of the colony. 
No pupae or larvae were found. A few feet from this colony 
an isolated female of Lasius minutus was found (see notes 
under that species for September 21). On September 19 three 
specimens were collected in the open woodland by the east 
beach. This was another very dry habitat with a fairly com- 
plete ground-cover of fine grass and a few clumps of wild rose 
and serviceberry bushes. All three of these specimens were 
found among the grass roots, and were within a few inches 
of a colony of Lasius americanus. More specimens were col- 
lected on the high beach fifty yards from the place just noted, 
all from earth that was disturbed in pulling up some of the rose 
bushes and from the roots of the bushes themselves or the ad- 
hering grass. The ants were not numerous, less than thirty 
were seen, but there was undoubtedly a nest that was destroyed 
in the uprooting of the rose. A single specimen of Formica 
nitidiventris was taken here on the bare sand. | 

On September 26 six winged males were collected on the 
limestone outcrop of the north beach. They were not found 
together, but all occurred on a hundred yard stretch of beach. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 15 


Three were found under flat flakes of limestone so close to the 
water that they barely escaped the higher waves which kept 
the rocks wet and cool. The other three were found higher 
up on the beach in drier places beneath beach debris. Aleate 
females of Lasius minutus and a single one of Lasius claviger 
were taken with them. 

The species was noticeably confined to the driest areas, the 
three winged males just noted obviously hardly counting as 
exceptions. It was not common on the island, though probably 
more plentiful than the records would indicate. The ants are 
very secretive and the nests always concealed effectively, both 
factors which would tend to cause the species to be overlooked. 


DOLICHODERINAE. 


10. Tapinoma sessile Say—This species was first noted 
on September 17, when a small colony was found in a decayed 
log on the beach. The log was in the high grass and willow 
bushes, well back from the water and near the forest, and was 
very soft and so wet that water could easily be squeezed out 
of it. Neither larvae nor pupae were found. The species was 
next noted on the twentieth in the low hardwood forest. In the 
bare earth in the path that ran through the forest, several 
small mounds were noted, all appeared to be uninhabited, but 
a single ant of this species was found in one. Later other col- 
onies were found in the edge of the forest along the north 
beach. ‘These were in moist sandy loam and numbered about 
three hundred individuals to the colony. There were usually 
a number of yellow pupae, but larvae were rarely noted. A 
single colony was found under a log in the low damp hardwood 
forest, on September 22, and here, too, an abundance of yellow 


pupae was noted. 


16 ~ University of Michigan 


The species is very secretive and moves with a curiously 
rapid, erratic pace. It is also adept at burrowing, and fre- 
quently uses,that means of escape when disturbed. It is inter- 
esting to note that the species was the only representative of 
its family that could be found in the cranberry bog about the 
pond. While no colonies were found in that habitat, a num- 
ber of workers were collected in the dense growth of roots and 
stems on the ground. 

CAMPONOTINAE. 


11. Lasius niger L,. var. neoniger Emery.—Though less 
abundant than the following species, L. neoniger was common 
on the island. It was restricted to the dry sandy beach areas, 
particularly along the west beach where colonies were frequent 
among the roots of the sparse dune grass. Often there was 
no exterior evidence of the presence of colonies, but this was 
not invariably true. In a dry, sandy, enclosed area that had 
been used as a hog pen and was entirely bare of ground cover, 
twelve colonies were counted in a ten foot square, each with a 
single entrance at the centre of the small crater that indicated 
the amount of excavation of the colony. ‘These mounds were 
one to four inches in diameter and less than an inch high. It 
was also noted that when bare spaces were chosen as nest sites. 
the mounds were present, but in the grassy areas none were 
constructed. The species did not occur in wood, and was never 
noted outside the one habitat mentioned, save of course the 
migrating queens. ‘The latter were found all over the island, 
and numbers were seen and collected among the loose wet 
stones on Rattlesnake Point, in the long grass about the pond, 
and in the forest. This emigration of queens with their conse- 
quent wide distribution took place about four days previous 
to that of the L. americanus, so that by the time these queens 
were appearing the neoniger queens were no longer in evidence. 
The latter were, of course, never as abundant as the former. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 17 


12. Lasius niger L,. var. americanus Emery.—-The largest 
colony of this species was found cn September 17 in a yellow 
oak log in the dry hardwood forest along the north beach. The 
tree had lodged in falling so that part of the log lay clear of 
the ground, and the region of contact between the bark and the 
wood was punky from decay. The nest was in this soft wood, 
so that it was laid bare by the removal of the loosely adhering 
bark. It extended for seven feet along the log and practically 
around it for the same distance. The first section of bark re- 
moved was from over the middle of the nest, and laid bare a 
number of small flat piles of eggs which the ants promptly 
abandoned to seek shelter for themselves. Later when larvae 
and pupae were uncovered the ants refused to leave them, but 
carried all away to undisturbed galleries. 

About two feet from the place of initial disturbance a soli- 
tary queen of Camponotus pennsylvanicus was found in a 
small cavity which her body exactly fitted. She was extremely 
sluggish and paid little attention to the Lasii, which ran all 
about and even over her. Later three more queens of the same 
species were found under the same conditions except that one 
had in the cavity with her a few eggs which were apparently 
her own. 

The network of passages beneath the bark was all in one 
plane but extremely complicated. The wood underneath was 
very hard, too much so to permit excavation by this species, 
while the bark was not used at all. ‘That portion of the nest 
which was in the earth at the end of the log was of very minor 
importance, and few ants were present in it, though the log 
above swarmed with the disturbed workers. There was no 
direct opening to this part of the nest, the ants going under 


the bark and then down below ground between the bark and 


18 University of Michigan 


the wood. Notwithstanding the size of the colony there was 
no outside evidence of its presence. 

Many other colonies were found. On the sixteenth a smalf 
nest was uncovered in the low hardwood forest near the pond. 
It was in a very cool, shaded place and the major part of the 
nest was in the damp earth, with only a few passages in a 
small rotten log that was partially buried in the ground and 
covered the nest. No eggs, larvae nor pupae were in this nest, 
but all of the other colonies found in the same habitat con- 
tained one or all three of these in more or less abundance. 
Many colonies occurred along the sandy beaches. Here the 
species sometimes constructed small circular crater mounds one 
to six inches in diameter and one quarter to two inches high, 
with a single opening at the bottom of the crater. The burrows 
led straight down from the entrance for an inch or two before 
turning, but the extreme looseness of the sand prevented fur- 
ther accurate observation. ‘This looseness of the sand also 
undoubtedly accounts for the fact that the mounds were not of 
the turret-like type that is so common in more compact soil. 
Sometimes no mounds were constructed and the nest would 
be located beneath logs and other beach debris. Frequently 
if this shelter were punky from decay, it would be utilized for 
a part of the nest and here the pupae would almost invariably 
be found. No other colonies were found that approached the 
size of the one first noted. 

On the nineteenth and twentieth winged males and females 
became abundant. They were found everywhere on the island, 
and females which had just shed their wings were collected in 
greater or lesser numbers in all habitats. Large numbers of 
them fell on the water all around the island and were then 
extensively preyed upon by the common terns. The stomachs 
of several of these birds taken at that time were gorged with 


Occasional Papers of ihe Museum of Zoology ite) 


the helpless insects. ‘The fishermen reported that at this time 
their boats swarmed with these ants which alighted upon them 
several miles from shore. 

A little before dark on the evening of the twentieth, a col- 
ony in a crater nest in the dry sand near the lighthouse was 
noticed to be in great agitation. A number of workers were 
hurrying about the surface of the ground and in and out of 
the single entrance to the nest. Just as it was becoming too 
dark to see, winged males began appearing in twos and threes 
until in a few minutes the entrance was filled with a swarm of 
aleate males and workers. The latter seemed to be driving 
out the former, which were very weak, hardly being able to 
surmount the sides of the crater and after doing so straggling 
off to any nearby cover without attempting flight. The rapid 
increase of darkness prevented any further observations that 
night and in the morning the colony presented a normal appear- 
ance, and no winged ants were in the vicinity. At the time of 
the excitement of the previous evening the surrounding colo- 
nies (and there were probably fifty in a thirty foot circle), 
were abnormally quiet, appearing almost deserted. ‘This fact 
makes it seem probable that all were offshoots of the same 
parent nest and were so closely associated that the males made 
their exit by the same passages. 

The species was one of the two most common forms on 
the island, as might be expected. This is easily accounted for 
by the great flights of the sexual phases and the distances they 
cover. It was nearly universal in its distribution in the island 
habitats, though most characteristic of the drier open forests 
and beach edges. 

13. Lasius flavus 1. subsp. nearcticus Wheeler—This 
species was first noted on September 17, when a small colony 
was found in the dry hardwood forest near the north shore. 


20 University of Michigan 


The colony was in the sand beneath a partially buried pile of 
pine chips. There was a single opening to the nest, which was 
about six inches below the surface and was simply an empty 
chamber less than an inch in each dimension. A number of 
winged males and females were present, the former outnum- 
bering the latter about two to one. Both were very secretive, 
as indeed were the workers. In a very short time after the 
initial disturbance not an ant was visible, all having buried 
themselves in the sand or taken refuge under chips. The fol- 
lowing day three workers of this species were collected beneath 
a dead poplar stub in a similar habitat on the south side of 
the island, but no colony was found. On the twentieth a second 
colony was found in a rather low damp hardwood forest. It 
was located at the base of a very badly decayed stump, part of 
the nest occupying one of the soft punky roots and part the 
damp black leaf mold. ‘This colony was small—only a few 
hundred workers, with about thirty winged females which in 
this case were about twice as numerous as the males. It is to 
be noted that in none of the colonies found were there any 
eggs, larvae or pupae. (Seed phenogaster fulva aqua for a 
further note. ) : 

The species was not common on the island. It was one of 
the most secretive forms, and was confined entirely to the hard- 
wood forest, although there it ranged from the low areas to 
the high dry ones without apparent preference. Its very light 
yellow color makes it a conspicuous object in almost any en- 
vironment, and this is particularly true in the black leaf-mold 
where it seems almost to shine. The noticeably retiring habits 
of the species could well be related to this fact. 

14. Lasius umbratus Nyl. subsp. mixtus Nyl. var. aphidi- 
cola Walsh.—A single worker of this species was taken on 
September 20 in a miscellaneous collection from the damp 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 21 


black leaf-mold in the low hardwood forest . (See data under 
Myrmuca punctiventris.) 
On 


September 17 a large colony of this species was found in a 


15. Lasius umbratus Nyl. subsq. minutus Emery. 


punky stump in the dry hardwood forest near the north beach. 
The stump was very soft from decay, and a considerable 
amount of it was scattered about on the ground at the base as. 
an accumulation of earthy wood several inches thick and a 
few square feet in area. On the surface of this decayed wood 
hundreds of ants were hurrying about, apparently in a state 
of great excitement, and when the earthy surface was slightly 
disturbed a number of winged ants were seen. ‘The majority ° 
of these were males, but females were abundant. There was. 
a hole a little less than an inch in diameter near the base of the 
stump, and at the end of it and in a little chamber several 
inches beneath the surface was a ball of winged males and fe- 
males nearly an inch in diameter. Here again the males out- 
numbered the females two or three to one. When the ball was 
exposed to the light it gradually disintegrated and the indi- 
vidual ants secreted themselves in the debris. ‘The females 
were the first to extricate themselves and hide; the males were 
slower, a fact not due to any defensive or protective instinct, 
but to a greater sluggishness. A number of dead males were 
noted about the nest, and several times workers were seen to 
seize the abdomen of a male and pinch it severely, a habit that 
might account for the dead males, for it resulted fatally in two 
observed cases. None of the winged ants tried to escape by 
flight, but ran like the workers. The stump was so soft that 
it Sould be torn to pieces with the fingers and in it were quan- 
tities of pupae, gallery after gallery above the surface of the 
eround being literally crammed with them. <A single female 
and less than ten males were seen here. The colony occupied 


22 University of Michigan 


all of the stump but a small portion on the north side, where 
a small colony, two hundred or less, of Aphaenogaster fulva 
subsp. aguia was found. (See notes under that species.) No 
relations of any nature were visible between the two colonies. 

On the following day, September 18, a still larger colony 
was found in an oak stub in the same habitat. This stub was 
thirty inches or more in diameter at the base, and on the west 
side was badly decayed, making a very soft section of perhaps 
‘one-third the volume of the entire stub. It was probably a 
place that had started to decay previous to the death of the 
tree. Toa height of five feet this weakened region was liter- 
‘ ally filled with ants—workers, winged males and females—and 
with pupae. Here, as in the former colony, the males predom- 
inated two or three to one, and were noticeably the more slug- 
gish. The nest extended only a little distance into the earth, 
less than six inches, and was well concealed as there were no 
openings or entrances except at the base of the stub and these 
were in the earth close to the wood. No ants were seen out- 
side the nest, a notable difference from the previous colony. 
On the same stub were found a few specimens of Aphaeno- 
gaster tennesseensis, but no colony was discovered. 

A smaller colony was found in the low hardwood forest in 
the interior of the island, in a large, badly decayed oak log, 
on September 20. A single winged female was taken in this 
colony. No males were noted, and no pupae were present. On 
the same date a single aleate female was collected in a very 
damp, rotten poplar stump in the same habitat, but at a distance 
from the colony, and another aleate female was seen here but 
not collected. The next day, in a clearing in the dry hardwood 
forest near the beach, an isolated and very inactive dealeated 
female was found in a small excavation in the earth beneath 
‘a leaf. On September 17 another dealeated female was taken 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 23 


beneath a flat scale of limestone rock on the north beach with 
winged females of Lasius claviger and Myrmica scabrinodis. 
All four of these females were at the very edge of the water, 
where the rock was cold and wet. Directly back of this spot, 
under driftwood on the dry sand behind the outcrop, another 
winged female was collected with two aleate females of M. 
scabrinodis. 

The species was confined to the hardwood forest, except 
for the emigrating females, where it inhabited both the low, 
damp spots and the dry areas. The workers were not wide 
ranging and were never noted away from the nests, which 
leads the writer to believe that the species was more plentiful 
than the records would indicate, the close restriction to the nest 
rendering the colonies inconspicuous. 

16. Lasius (Acanthomyops) claviger Roger—The only 
record for this species is a single winged female taken under 
beach debris on the north beach, September 21. This indi- 
vidual might well have come from the mainland, if the flights 
of L. americanus are any criterion. 

17. Formica pallide-fulva Latr. subsp. nitidiventris Emery. 
—This species must have been very rare on the island as the 
only record is a single isolated worker that was taken on the 
bare sand of the high west beach. 

18. Formica fusca 1,. var. subsericea Say —Notwithstand- 
ing its wide geographical and habitat range, FP. subsericea was 
not common on the island. It nested without exception in rot- 
ten wood, and preferably in that which was underground, 7. e., 
either roots of stumps or partially buried logs. On one occa- 
sion a hill about eight inches high was found in the low hard- 
wood forest, and this contained the largest colony found. It 
was a dome-shaped mound, much as one would expect from 
F. glacialis, but on being opened it proved to be the site of 


24 University of Michigan 


an old stump. Only the decayed roots remained, and in them 
the nest was located. The mound was composed entirely of 
excavated wood and that which had weathered. No earth had 
been excavated, though much of the wood dust had become 
mixed with earth as it decayed. ‘There were quantities of 
larvae and pupae in the lower recesses of the nest. In this 
same habitat colonies were found in logs that lay on the sur- 
face of the ground, but these were small colonies of perhaps 
a hundred or less individuals. Other colonies were situated on 
the beach—always in rotten and partly buried logs. The spe- 
cies is plainly to be associated with the damp or even wet 
places, as it was found in the cold wet marsh near the pond 
where the dense grass and ferns completely shaded the ground. 
It is noticeably active, though rather less so than the follow- 
ing variety of the same species. The workers are wide ranging, 
and were frequently seen isolated or in small bands many yards 
from the home nest. 

An isolated winged female was taken in a large well-rotted 
pine log almost entirely buried in the wet sand of the beach. 
She was the only aleate queen noted. Brief references to the 
form will be found under Camponotus noveboracensis and 
Myrmica punctiventris. 

19. Formica fusca I, var. subaenescens Emery. — F. f. 
subaenescens was much more abundant than the preceding 
form and was in fact one of the two most plentiful ants on the 
island. With a single exception the nests found were located 
in the hardwood forest. This exception was a large colony 
situated in a pine log on the open beach. Unlike subsericea, 
this variety seems to prefer the lighter and drier forest, and it 
was in that habitat that the greatest number of nests and larg- 
est colonies were found. The nests were always partly in 
wood: usually that which was rather soft and punky was chos- 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 25 


en, but very firm logs were also occupied. In less decayed logs 
larval burrows were used and elaborated. These burrows of 
beetle larvae were very common in all dead wood on the island 
and undoubtedly are of great aid to the ants, particularly to 
young colonies, but to what extent it is difficult to determine 
as it is only in the firmest wood that one can be sure of the na- 
ture of the burrows. Frequently both the larvae and the ants 
are present at the same time. A single nest of this species was 
found in the earth among a pile of limestone rocks in the hard- 
wood forest. In this one instance the nest was really in the 
earth, and not in buried wood or in old roots. No mound had 
been built, and there was no sign of a nest until a few rocks 
were moved. 

On several occasions members of the genus Aphaenogaster, 
either 4. tennesseensis or A. aquia, occupied the same stump 
or log. In each instance one of the colonies was very small, 
and there was no discernable relation between the two genera, 
the close approximation of the nests being evidently due to 
chance. The only other nest of suwbaenescens found in the 
earth besides the one mentioned above was a small one found 
beneath a log occupied by a colony of Camponotus pennsyl- 
vanicus. ‘This, too, was a case of plesiobiosis determined by 
chance, and one colony was much smaller than the other. 

A single isolated winged female of this species, the only 
one seen, was taken under drift debris on the east beach. In- 
dividuals are very active and move with such an erratic and 
jerky pace on their long slim legs that they are rather difficult 
of capture. 

20. Camponotus herculeanus I,. subsp. pennsylvanicus De- 
Geer.—This species was first collected on September 17, when 
a small colony was found in a badly decayed oak limb lying on 
the ground in the hardwood forest. In addition to honey- 


26 University of Michigan 


combing the limb until it was a mere shell, the ants had con- 
structed numerous chambers between the layers of fallen leaves. 
to a distance of several inches beneath the surface at one end 
of the stick. Very few ants were present in this complicated 
series of chambers, but down in the underlying sand two of 
these irregular passages were nearly blocked with an accumu- 
lation of beetle wings and the heads and other chitinous parts. 
of the different insects. In the stick itself were a few pupae 
and a number of pale, recently metamorphosed ants, which were 
feeble and inactive. In the sand beneath the limb were a num- 
ber of further excavations, and a swarm of ants was hurrying 
about the openings. The instability of the sand did not allow 
accurate observations of this part of the nest, but a few pupae 
were unearthed at a depth of two inches. No queen was found 
in this colony. 

A number of the smaller Lasius niger var. americanus 
seemed to be living in the same place. They were not noted 
until the other colony had been considerably disturbed, when 
quite a number were observed hurrying about the passageways. 
of the Camponoti with perfect freedom and apparent familiar- 
ity. As no colony was found, it is very possible that the Lasii 
were simply attracted by the opportunity for plunder. Speci- 
mens of both species were collected. In the immediate vicinity 
of this colony in an area of three square yards or less, a mis- 
cellaneous collection was made. It comprised the following 
species: Formica subsericea, I,asius umbratus subsp. minutus, 
A phaenogaster fulva subsp. aquia, and Myrmica punctiventris. 
None of these had colonies nor were numerous. 

On the following day, September 18, four of the large 
queens were found in a colony of Lasius niger var. americanus 
(see notes under that species). Four more Camponoti were 
collected beneath the bark of a fallen oak tree that had become 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 27 


slightly punky with decay. All of these were solitary, and 
there was no colony in the vicinity. Collected with them were 
four workers of another genus, Aphaenogaster tennesseensis. 
Both of these records were obtained in the dry hardwood for- 
est, and later in the day, in the same habitat, a large colony of 
the Camponotus was found. It was located in a dry maple 
stub, ten feet high and fifteen inches in diameter. The center 
of the stub was comparatively firm, but the outer part had 
become punky and rather soft. To the height of six feet the 
stub was a network of passages, the major ones being parallel 
and vertical, with short, cross openings between them. The 
colony was confined to the central part of the stub, in a cylin- 
der of perhaps ten inches diameter in the best preserved part 
of the wood. It required considerable effort to open the nest 
with a light belt axe, and when the interior was laid bare a. 
large number of winged females were immediately seen. They 
were very secretive and at once retreated to lower recesses of 
the nest. Specimens were secured including a single aleate 
male—the only one seen. There was a_ surprisingly 
small number of pupae, a few chambers in the lower half of 
the nest being partially filled with them. It is interesting to 
note that there was not a trace of the presence of this large 
colony on the exterior of the stub—no evident openings to the 
surface, no accumulation of wood dust at the base, nor any 
other indication of so extensive an amount of work. It was 
only by the presence of a few individuals at the foot of the 
stump that the colony was found. It must have been an old 
one in which the construction period was nearly over, and nat- 
ural processes had removed the evidences of the work. 

On September 20, in the lower and more damp hardwood 
forest another colony was found. This occupied a badly de- 
cayed poplar log, six feet long and six inches in diameter. The 


28 University of Michigan 


wood was so soft and wet that drops of moisture could easily 
be pressed out between the fingers. The colony occupied 
about one foot of the log, and was not a large one. Two 
small chambers full of pupae were opened and a few immature 
ants and a queen were found. ‘The same day three individuals 
of this species, all workers, were collected in a wet, decayed 
pine log on the bare limestone outcrop on the north beach, less 
than ten feet from the water’s edge, where no other ants were 
seen. On September 22 a single dealeate female was found 
alone just beneath the bark of an oak log in the hardwood for- 
est. The log was only slightly decayed, but the ant lay in a 
small depression in the wood under the bark. It looked as if 
the ant had excavated the place for herself. No other ants 
were noted. The same day another small colony of this species 
was found in a dogwood thicket at the edge of the hardwood 
forest and the beach. Jt was located in the driest end of a 
small pine log, where a few pupae, forty or fifty in number, 
were uncovered, together with some pale, recently hatched 
workers and the queen. 

This completes the records for the species on the island. 
It was not abundant and the workers were not wide-ranging. 
With the exception of the three isolated workers found near 
the water, the species was confined to the hardwood forest, and 
preferred the noticeably dry places. 

21. Camponotus herculeanus 1, subsp. ligniperda Latr. 
var. noveboracensis Fitch. 


A colony was found in a large 
punky pine log beneath the willows on the east beach on Sep- 
tember 17. ‘The log was too large and sound to be opened, 
but, though few ants were visible, there was evidence of con- 
siderable work in the form of accumulations of small piles of 
wood-dust at the ends of the log. A few ants were at work 
when the log was first noted, at six a. m. on a cold wet morn- 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 29 


ing. On the same log were collected three other species, Cre- 
mastogaster cerasi, Tapinoma sessile, and Lasius americanus. 

Five days later a small and isolated band of this species, 
not exceeding fifty individuals, was found beneath a pine block 
in the damp sand in the willow area on the east beach. On 
the same day a very large colony was found in the same hab- 
itat. The nest was in a much rotted pine log ten feet long and 
eight inches in diameter. The whole log was so honeycombed 
with passages that it could little more than maintain its shape. 
It was partly buried in the damp sand and well shaded by the 
willows. It was torn open and a great number of ants were im- 
mediately exposed. Besides the polymorphic workers there were 
many of the secretive males and females, all winged. A few 
pupae were stored in warm dry chambers in the upper part of 
the nest, but these were very few in number for so large a 
colony. A little later a few isolated workers were discovered 
under a log on the beach very near a nest of Lasius americanus. 
These were the only records obtained. ‘The form was appar- 
ently uncommon, almost rare, and was restricted to the willow 


and grass areas on the upper part of the beach. 


The results of the Mershon Expedition and additional work car- 
ried on by the Michigan Geological and Biological Survey have been 
partially summarized in the following papers: 

(The Mershon Expedition to the Charity Islands, Lake Huron, by 

A. G. Ruthven, Science, N. S. XXIII, pp. 208-200 
Results of the Mershon Expedition to ‘the Charity ‘Islands, Lake 
Huron. 
Birds, by N. A. Wood. Wilson Bull. July, 1911, pp. 78-112. 
Plants, by C. K. Dodge. 13th Ann. Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci., IQII, 
pp. 173-190. 
Mammals, by N. A. Wood. Ibid., pp. 131-134. 
Preliminary Report on the Coleoptera, by A. W. Andrews. 
Tbid., pp. 168-170. 
The Amphibians and Reptiles of Charity Island, by Crystal 
Thompson and Helen Thompson. 14th Ann. Rept. Mich. Acad. 
Sci., 1912, pp. 156-158. 
The Breeding birds of eee Island with Additional Notes on 
the Migrants, by N. A. Wood. Ibid. pp. 178-188. 


2 University of Michigan 


adult male and was found dead on the mud in a dried-up pond 
near Vermilion, on August 17. 

As elsewhere stated® but a single specimen of Sorex 
richardsonit Bachman has been recorded from Michigan. This 
specimen was taken in Alger County and is now in the collec- 
tion of the Michigan Agricultural College. A second specimen 
was secured by the writer at Vermilion, Chippewa County, on 
July 26, 1914. The habitat of this specimen is unknown as it 
was brought to the camp by a house cat. 

The only specimens of Pitymys pinetorum scalopsoides 
(Audubon and Bachman) which have been recorded from 
Michigan are the two from Ingham County and one from 
Oakland County reported by the writer? in 1913. A fourth 
specimen, an adult female taken August 2, 1910, at Bay View, 
Emmet County, has been presented to the Museum by Mr. 
Ernest Thompson Seton. ‘This is the most northern record 
for the state, and extends the known range to the northern end 


of the lower peninsula. 


3 Wood, Norman A. Science, N. $., XXXVII, p. 522-523. 


OO —— 


NUMBER 7. FEBRUARY 20, IQTS. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


RESULTS OF THE MERSHON EXPEDITION TO THE 
CHARTTY ISGANDS, LAKE HURON. 


MOLLUSCA. 
By BryANnt WALKER. 


‘The molluscan fauna of the Charity Islands, as represented 
by the collections made by the several members of the Mershon 
Expedition? of 1910, is not an extensive one, consisting of only 
thirty-five species, of which nine are terrestrial and twenty- 
six are aquatic. As would naturally be expected, it is, as far 
as it goes, the same as that of the sand dune region of the south 
shore of Saginaw Bay? and that of the mainland to the north 
and west.2 Since there are noe streams on the islands, the 
species characteristic of such an habitat are, of course, lack- 
ing, except as a few have found a suitable home in the pond in 
the interior of Charity Island. ‘The aquatic fauna found along 
the shores of the islands is the same as that which occurs all 
along the Lake Huron coast from Saginaw Bay to Mackinaw 
City. 

LA list of the published rence of this expedition is given at the end of 
aS 2 Baker, H. B., Pub. 4, Biol. Ser. 2, Mich. Geol. & Biol. Sur., 1911, 121. 

3 Walker, Bryant, Naut., VII, 1894, 125, and Baker, F. C., Trans. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. St. Louis, XVI, 1906, 1. 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 7. 


to 


University of Michigan 


The few species of land snails are all common forms of gen- 
eral distirbution throughout the northern part of lower Michi- 
gan. With the exception of the two larger species of Polygyra, 
they are also prevalent forms along the shores of the rivers 


on both sides of the Bay, and, consequently, might easily be- 


washed out by freshets in times of high water and in this way, 
perhaps, be carried on floating debris to the islands. It is 
also possible that the larger species reached the islands in this 
way. 
List oF SPECIES. 
1. Polyavra albolabris (Say). This species occurs on 


Charity and Little Charity and shows no special differentia- 
tion on either. The fourteen mature and perfect speci- 


mens collected vary in height from 17 to 20.5 mm., with an _ 


average of 18.5, and in diameter from 25 to 28.5 mm., with an 
average of 26.33. [he axial index varies drome Ggmiaegy 
with an average of .704. A comparison of the average shell 
of this series with the average shell from the Upper and 
Tower Peninsula (Walker Pr. A.-N. S. P., 1910, p. 36) may 
be made as follows: 


LOCALITY. ALTITUDE. DIAMETER. AXIAL INDEX. 
Upper Peninsula 17.02. 250i 654. 
Charity Islands 18.51. 26.33. .704. 
Lower Peninsula 18.10. 27.10. 677. 


This shows the island shells to be larger in diamerer than 
those from the Upper Peninsula and smaller than those from 


the Lower Peninsula, but more elevated than either. 


1a. Polygyra albolabris var. dentata (Tryon). A single 


specimen of this form was collected on Little Charity Island. 

2. Polyqyra thyroides (Say). A few rather thin, pink- 
tinged examples were collected “under old logs and stumps in 
the interior of Charity Island.” 

3. Polygyra monodon (Rackett). The typical form, vary- 
ing from 12 to 14 mm. in diameter, was very abundant on 
Charity Island. 


4. Pyranidula alternata (Say). Abundant on Charity 


ee, 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


and Little Charity. On Charity Island two quite distinct 
races were found. In the interior of the island, shells from 
“under rotten logs and stumps” are deeply colored, the ground 
color throughout being a reddish-yellow with dark, conspicuous 
flammules above, which extend a~short distance below the 
periphery and, in most cases, terminate abruptly, being bounded 
below by a conspicuous band of the ground color, below which 
the base is distinctly streaked. Occasionally the upper flam- 
mules extend more or less distinctly over the band and connect 
with the basal streaks, but in such cases the flammules are 
narrowed and abruptly curved as they pass over the band, 
which is, consequently, always obvious. 

In shells collected along the shore, the ground color is 
much lighter and the base is entirely without streaks, or, when 
present, the streaks are faint and narrow. 

Unfortunately this difference was not noted in the field and 
no exact records of the range of the two races were made. 
But from the occurrence of occasional individuals of the dark 
race among the beach shells and vice versa, it is probable that 
the two races inosculate more or less along the borders of their 
respective habitats. On the whole, however, the two races 
are distinctly marked and easily separable. In size they run 
about the same, but the shells from the interior of the island 
appear to be rather more elevated. 

The specimens from Little Charity are mostly bleached, 
but, though smaller than those from the main island, appear 
to be more closely related to the darker colored race found 
there. 

5. Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry. Apparently 
abundant on Charity Island. A rather thin, light colored form 
with fine stria, but otherwise typical. 

6. Zonitoides arborea (Say). Abundant on Charity 
Tsland. 

7, Bifidaria contracta (Say). A few examples were col- 
lected on Charity Island. 

8. Succinea avara vermeta Say. A single specimen was 
found on Charity Island. 


4 University of Michigan 


9g. Succinea retusa Lea. Two very distinct forms of this 
species were found on Charity Island: 

A. About typical, with a short spire, the largest specimen 
measuring I1.5 mm. in length, aperture 8.5 and spire 3. . 

RB. Larger, more elongated and very obliquely coiled. The 
largest specimen measures 16 mm. in length, the aperture 
being 9.5 and the spire 6.5. This is evidently the same race 
that has been recorded from Saginaw (Naut. vii, p. 127), but 
it does not apparently attain the same size, as the saginaw 
shells reach 19.75 mm. in length, a difference of nearly 25%. 

10. Lymnea emarginata Say. A few specimens from 
Charity Island are fairly typical of the lake form-as found so 
abundantly at Mackinac Island, but most of the specimens 
belong rather with the following variety. 

toa. Lynnea emarginata ontarioensis Muhlfeldt. Abund- 
ant on the west beach of Charity Island and also on Little 
Charity. ‘This is one of the characteristic species of the 
beaches here, as it is all along the Lake Huron shore north to 
Mackinac City. The large majority of the specimens have the 
‘“flat-sided” upper whorls and slightly impressed suture char- 
acteristic of the form, but there 1s a complete gradation into 
the rounded whorls and deeper suture of the typical form. 

11. Lymnea catascopium Say. A few specimens from 
Charity Island seem referable to this species. 

12. Lyvmnuca reflera Say. Apparently common on Charity 
Island, but the exact locality was not given. Taken as a whole 
the series seem to show that the island form is rather a small 
one. The largest specimen collected measures 29.5 mm. in 
length, but only an occasional shell exceeds 25 mm. in length 
and most of them fall below that. 

12a. Lynnea reflera walkeri Baker. A few specimens 
occurred with the typical form. They are unusually slender 
and quite small, even as compared with the average shell of 
the series. 

13. Lymnea elodes Say. A considerable number of speci- 
mens of this species were found in “dried-up water-holes” in 
the interior of Charity Island. A decided tendency toward 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 


longitudinal striping is exhibited in the series and occasional 
specimens are very conspicuously variegated in this manner. 

14. Lymnea obrussa Say. A few specimens of a rather 
small form were taken on Charity Island. 

15. Lymnea dalli Baker. A single specimen was found 
among the elodes from the interior of Charity Island. 

16. Physa ancillaria magnalacustris \Walker. A character- 
istic beach form of the Lake Huron shore. Typical examples 
were found on the west and south beaches of Charity Island 
under drift-wood. It also occurred on Little Charity, and all 
the shells found there seem rather thinner and more trans- 
parent than those from Charity Island, but as none are fully 
mature, this may not be a characteristic of the adult form. 

17. Physa integra Haldeman. Quite a number of the solid 
lake jorm of this species were taken on Little Charity and a 
few immature shells on Charity Island. 

18. Physa heterostropha Say. A few, not fully mature, 
specimens were collected on the west beach of Charity Island. 

10. Physa sayii Tappan. A single specimen, 19.5 mm. in 
length, was found on Charity Island. 

20. Physa gyrina Say. A single dead shell, without the 
apex, from Charity Island is probably referable to this species. 

21. Aplexa hypnorum (Linneus). Found abundantly 
under drift-wood on the west and south beaches of Charity 
Island. A few specimens were also found in the dried-up 
water-holes in the interior of the island. 

22. Planorbis truncatus Miles. A few specimens of this, 
the most characteristic species of the Saginaw Bay region, 
were collected on Charity Island. 

23. Planorbis campanulatus Say. Abundant on the mud- 
flats along the edge of the pond in the interior of Charity 
Island. The specimens are quite uniform in shape and belong 
to a flat form rather characteristic of the sandy region of the 
upper part of the Lower Peninsula. It has been seen from 
several localities and is more closely related to the var. rudentis 
Dall than to typical campanulatus. The largest and smallest 
specimens measure as follows: 


6 University of Michigan 


Largest, altitude (body whorl) 5.5; greater diameter, 14; 
lesser diameter, 10.5 mm. 

Smallest, altitude (body whorl) 4.5; greater diameter, 10.5 ; 
lesser diameter, 8 mm. 

24. Planorbis antrosus striatus Baker. A single specimen 
was collected with the campanulatus from the pona on Charity 
Island. 

25. Planorbis parvus Say. Two specimens only were col- 
lected on Charity Island. 

26. Segmentina crassilabris Walker. A few from Charity 
Island. 

27. Goniobasis livescens (Menke). ‘The solid, livid form 
of this species, characteristic of the Great Lakes, was found 
abundantly on the beaches of both islands. Those from Charity 
Island were collected on rocks off the west shore in from 12 to 
20 inches of water. 

28. Campeloma rufum (Haldeman). A few dead speci- 
mens of this species were found on the south beach of Charity 
Island. 

29. Lampsilis ventricosa canadensis (Lea). This depaup- 
erate form characteristic of the Great Lakes occurred in con- 
siderable abundance on the sandy beach at Light House Point, 
Charity Island. 

30. Lampsilis luteola rosacea (DeKay). The dwarf form 
of this species characteristic of the Great Lakes, though usually 
lacking the colored nacre of the typical rosacea, can not other- 
wise be distinguished from it and must bear DeKay’s name. 
It is apparently abundant along the shores of the islands. A 
few of the specimens collected were typically colored. 

31. Lampsilis nasuta (Say). A few were collected on the 
shore of Charity Island. 

32. Unio gibbosus Barnes. A few examples of the char- 
acteristic small Great Lakes form were found on Charity 
Island. ‘ 

33. Sirophitus edentulus (Say). A single valve of an 
immature specimen of this species was picked up on the beach 
of Charity Island. 


Te 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology | 


34. Spherium occidentale Prime. A large colony of this 
common and widely distributed species was found in a water- 
hole formed by the over-turning of a tree on the east side of 
Charity Island. 

35. Pisidium sp.? A single specimen of an, as yet, unde- 
termined species was collected on Little Charity Island. 


PUBLISHED REPORTS OF THE MERSHON EXPEDITION. 


The results of the Mershon Expedition and additional work on the 
Charity Islands carried on by the Michigan Geological and Biological 
Survey have been partially summarized in the following papers. 
The Mershon Expedition to the Charity Islands, Lake Huron, by A. 
G. Ruthven, Science, N. 8.; XXIII, 208-209. 
Results of the Mershon Expedition to the Charity Islands, Lake 
Huron. 
Birds, by N. A. Wood, Wilson Bull., July, ro11, 78-112. 
Plants, by C. K. Dodge, 13th Ann. Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci., roit, 
173-190. 

Mammals, by N. A. Wood, ibid., 131-134. 

Preliminary Report on the Coleopetra, by A. W. Andrews, ibid., 
168-170. 

Amphibians and Reptiles, by Crystal Thompson and Helen Thomp- 
son, 14th Ann. Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci., 1912, 156-158. 

The Formicidae of Charity Island, by F. M. Gaige, Occ. Papers of 
the Mus. of Zool., No. 5, 1914. 

The Breeding Birds of Charity Island, with Additional Notes on 
the Migrants, by N. A. Wood, 14th Ann. Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci., 1912, 
178-188. 


NuMBER 8. APRIL, 25, IQIS. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arsor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


THE REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS COLLECTED IN 
NORTHEASTERN NEVADA BY THE WALKER- 
NEWCOMB EXPEDITION OF THE UNI- 
VERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 


By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN AND HELEN THOMPSON GAICE. 


In the summer of 1912, the Museum was enabled, through 
the generosity of two of the honorary curators, Dr. Bryant 
Walker and Dr. W. W. Newcomb, to send an expedition to 
northeastern Nevada for zoological material needed in the 
study series. The party consisted of Frederick M. Gaige, 
Helen Thompson Gaige and Crystal Thompson, scientific as- 
sistants in the Museum, and the Director, in charge. All of 
July and the greater part of August was spent in the field, 
and the groups given the most attention were reptiles, amphi- 
bians, molluscs, crustaceans and ants. The study of the rep- 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 9. 


2 University of Michigan 


tiles and amphibians was the principal work of the writers, but 
considerable assistance was received from the other members 
of the party. 

GENERAL LOCATION OF THE REGION. 


The area studied is about the town of Carlin, Nevada, in 
the western part of Elko County and northern part of Eureka 
County. It includes the basin of Maggie Creek south of 
Maggie Canyon, the valley of the Humboldt River between 
Moleen Canyon and the Cortez Range, the east side of the 
Cortez Range, and the parts of the Seetoya, River and Pinyon 
Ranges which border on the basin. About all of the major 
habitats characteristic of the general region are probably rep- 
resented in this area, with the exception of those above 8,000 
feet. 

The boundaries of the region chosen for study were so 
drawn that many habitats were included in an area which 
could be examined carefully in the time available. An effort 
was then made to discover every locality where representatives 
of the groups which were to receive careful study were living, 
and these were visited many times, so that an exhaustive col- 
lection of species and detailed data on habits, habitats and 


local distribution might be obtained. 


CLIMATE. 


The region is arid. ‘The mean annual precipitation is about 
7.22 inches ; there may be as little as 2 inches in one year, and 
much of it is in the form of snow. As a rule more than half 
of the precipitation occurs between December and March and 
over 80% occurs between November and May inclusive. There 
is a high percentage of clear skies. During the summer months 
high temperatures are frequent, but there are large diurnal 
variations so that the nights are generally decidedly cool and 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


frosts occur in every month. During July and August, 1912, 
temperatures of 100°-106°F. were recorded on sixteen days, 
and on five days the diurnal variation was between 60°-64°F. 
The winters are rather mild, but low temperatures occur. 

The climatic conditions at Carlin, as recorded in the reports 
of the United States Weather Service, are summarized in the 
following tables. 


Maximum and Minimum Temperatures for July and 
August, IgI2 


JULY AUGUST 


Maximum 
Minimum 
Minimum 


| Maximum 


FE | Maximum 
(eo) 


to | = | Day 
=e (SS | Minimum 


| qj] | KS |] [cr iP | 


—<—_  —_—_——_ |_—<—_——.-_ [__————S-_S-s «|__| | —_- |_| | —_ 


| | ——S= | Ss J —_-s ds — FJ | 


+ -—— |__| —— | ——_. 


_——— 


SSS ee ee eee 


eaeefoeeoetoescee | AY | OF | FO fe c ee fe rene feove 


aly z'o+ 


3 


€z'o—L6" p'6z |tr-1—\g0°0 |6 Pie 
1p o+le6-o | bir e.gae 
gb: o-+|hg'0 eepal | ze 
g0°0-+ gz"0 gies Lo 
60'0-- dz: z°99 |gI°o—00'0 i 
arg a o'zl |gt'o 00°0 | a 

9°19 | €°o-+ 
Pigs oe ease eres pols | rep 
zS*0—|go° z ty |pS:o—|ro'o 6°9+ 
gl:o—|rr VLE o 11+ 
6°0—loo'o |rg+ |g9'b€ |€€-o—\09°0 |g-o— |e-Le |zgo—|Zr'0 |r04 
sgEmte ac imer 8 a emia ce = 


s) a) ae s) ~~ s) K 
@ o i) o oO o @ 
A Q, B ae Caalrers B 
il ee fo Lai ae Sn a at kale 
¢ DS = c nal = = 
e yy B ey 
o a. oy a ct. o + 
o & Cy o e 
— Len J 
i=} oO j=} o 

z me at (6) i (9 i 


™ 
I 


ainjeiodma yy 


I'gbh |pe 1—|S9'S jenuuy 
Le |tv'o—l1g"0 4aqmaoaq 
zg e-+1S6'z Ioqm3aaon 
gr o— Lo‘o |o'b-+ leer 13q0}90 
zI'0— zoo |r-et le1d | jsnusny 
II’0—|00°0 Ayu 
€¢-0—loz‘o |9'€+ [£99 _ oun 
by'o—|of°o AVI 
glo— o0'0 |S-z+ |z-or [udy 
09°0—|0S°o Yo1e] 
67° 0o—|0S‘o Areniqea,q 
L¢°o—|o0S'o Arenuel 
2 | 2] 2 | 8 | ssmoy 
Bo Veber aes 
5 o 
6061 


ZI6I-HOOL sivaX IY} IO} [LUION 94} Wosy sarnyiedeq YIM uoNLydrosig pu sainjesodmeay uveyy jenuuy pue Aq uoyy 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 


Summary of Annual Temperature and Precipitation for the Years 


Ig09—1912 
TEMPERATURE 
YEAR HIGHEST LOWEST aicnce peas 
1909 112 Aug.17* | —r1o Dec. 20 48.6 All Months 
1910 105 July 25* | —17 Jan. 5 48.1 a 
IQII 109 July 16 —1IlI Dec. 24 45.7 g 
IgI2 106 July 11* | —24 Jan. 2 47.2 i! 
PRECIPITATION 
nee A bona tebe ea 
2.95 Nov. 0.00 Apr.* 5.85 26.2 
0.84 Dec. 0.00 Mar.* 2.00 II.0 
0.00 July* 
0.00 Feb.* 14.2 


*Also in other months. 


TOPOGRAPHY. 


As in other parts of the Great Basin, the mountains have 
a general north and south trend and are separated by a broad 
in-filled valley.1 The Humboldt River enters this valley, which 
may for convenience be called Maggie Basin, at the east 
through Moleen Canyon, and, flowing directly across the 
southern end along the northern limit of the Pinyon Range, 
leaves it through a gap in the Cortez Range. Maggie Creek, 
a permanent stream, flows lengthwise of the basin. 


1For a topographical map of this region see Bull. 408, U. S. Geological Survey. 


6 University of Michigan 


The altitude of Carlin, situated at the southern end of the 
basin on the margin of the Humboldt Valley, is given on the . 
government maps as 4,930 feet. In general then, it can be said 
that the basin floor has an elevation of about 5,000 feet, but 
unlike many of the Great Basin valleys it is very far from 
being level. ‘The only extensive flats are in the valleys of the 
larger streams, viz., along the Humboldt River, Maggie and 
Susan Creeks (PI. I, Figs. 1, 2, Pl. II, Fig. 1). Elsewhere the 
basin floor has high ridges of waste material separated by deep 
valleys tributary to the Annie, Maggie and Susan Creeks (PI. 
II, Fig. 2). The general height of these ridges increases to- 
ward the mountains, the ridges are continuous with the divides 
between the canyons on the mountain slopes, and the valleys 
merge into the mountain canyons (Pl. I], Fig. 2, Pl. II, 
Fig. 1). 

In a general way, the soils vary from a rather compact 
loam on the flood plain of the Humboldt River, and a fine silt- 
like loam interspersed with alkali spots on the flats at the foot 
of the slopes along the sides of this valley and in the valleys 
of the other basin streams, through a more or less gravelly 
loam on the basin ridges, which becomes coarser toward the 
mountains, to a stony loam interspersed with rock outcrops and 
boulders on the mountain slopes (Pl. III, Fig. 2). 

The highest elevations in the area investigated are in the 
Cortez Mountains, the Carlin Peaks in this range attaining a 
height of 7,754 feet. As on the parts of the other ranges ex- 
amined, however, which are much lower, there are relatively 
few rock outcrops. The outcrops are, nearly everywhere, of 
small extent (PI. III, Figs. 1, 2), and many of them have also 
been broken up into large rocks, while many of the talus slopes 
have disintegrated into stony soil. The extensive rock out- 


crops occur where the larger streams flow through the ranges, 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zootogy 7 


e. g., at Moleen Canyon, Maggie Canyon and where the Hum- 
boldt cuts through the Cortez Range, and even in these places, 
with the exception of Moleen Canyon, the cliffs are buried in 
talus nearly to their summits. 

The basin is comparatively well drained. The Humboldt 
River crosses it at the southern end and receives the drainage 
by several creeks. The river varies in width but flows con- 
tinuously and with moderate velocity. The discharge in second 
feet at Palisade”, just west of the basin, is given as 485, 850, 
929, 759, 756, 284, and 13 for selected dates in April, May, 
June, July and September, 1905. It has a flat-bottomed valley 
(Pl. I, Fig. 1), and the meanders are frequently cut off to form 
oxbow ponds. The bed is mostly fine mud except where the 
river cuts through the mountains. In addition to the ox-bow 
ponds in the valley, there are numerous irrigation ditches, 
which contain water during a part of the summer. 

The only other permanent and continuous stream on the 
basin floor is Maggie Creek, which enters the basin between 
the Seetoya and Cortez Ranges and, crossing it, empties into 
the Humboldt near Carlin. This stream also flows in a flat- 
bottomed valley (Pl. II, Fig. 1) and meanders considerably, but 
it has sufficient current to keep the bed rather free from water 
plants. It only has stony banks where it cuts into the talus 
slopes in Maggie Canyon, and in this canyon there are a num- 
ber of small ox-bow ponds. 

The other three streams on the basin floor are Annie (lo- 
cally Mary), Susan and James Creeks. The first two empty 
into the Humboldt, the latter into the Maggie. Susan Creek 
drains the valley between the Seetoya and River Ranges, and 
becomes entirely dry during the summer. Annie Creek and 
James Creek drain the eastern slope of the Cortez Mountains 
by many canyons. On the basin floor the former becomes 


*U. S. Geol. Surv., Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 176, isk) Zi 


8 | University of Michigan 


entirely dry during the summer months, except during the last 
half mile of its course, where it is fed by a large spring. In 
the summer James Creek is discontinuous on the basin floor 
GEIS iL, igs 2), 

Near the heads and frequently along the sides of most of 
the canyons in the Cortez Range which are tributary to the 
Annie and James, there are small cold springs, some of which 
flow throughout the summer while others disappear in July 
and August. From these springs small streams are formed in 
the summer which usually flow for a short distance and then 
disappear entirely or reappear farther down the canyon. Fre- 
quently such streams appear and disappear several times in 
their course and all of them finally vanish on or before reaching 
the valley, except that James Creek flows for a short distance 
on the basin floor. In the spring and during cloudbursts they 
are probably continuous throughout most of their courses. In 
the parts of the Seetoya and River Ranges studied, the canyons 
are without springs and wholly dry in the summer. In the 
Pinyon Range, Woodruff Creek is undoubtedly spring fed, for 
in July and August the east branch had a continuous stream 
of water which only terminated near the mouth of the canyon, 
while the west branch was dry. There are other springs, both 
hot and cold, in the region but these are not important factors 
in the distribution of the vertebrates. They are mostly at the 
base of the talus slopes when these are near streams. Thus 
there are several on the bank of the creek in Maggie Canyon, 
a few along the bank of the Humboldt in Moleen Canyon, and 
one spring from which a considerable stream of water issues 
in the summer was found in a small gorge in the southern end 
of the Cortez Range. 

There are very few permanent ponds or lakes in the region. 
The few ox-bow ponds in the valley of the Humboldt and in 
Maggie Canyon have been mentioned. Just south of the junc- 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9 


tion of the north and south branches of James Creek, there 
are three ponds, the largest of which probably covers two or 
three acres. The smallest of these becomes dry in July and 
August, but the other two are perennial at the present time, 
probably primarily because a ditch has been dug to them from 
the north branch of James Creek so that they are enlarged in 
times of high water. They are strongly alkaline. The only 
other perennial body of quiet water in the region is a small 
lake, about one-fourth of a mile in diameter, in the Cortez 
Range. This lake was not studied. 


VEGETATION. 

A brief description of the vegetation will be sufficient. The 
sagebrush covers the whole area from the margin of the Hum- 
boldt Valley to the summit of the ranges (PI. I, Fig. 2; Pl. I, 
Fig. 2; Pl. III, Fig. 1). On the mountains it is smaller and 
more mixed with other plants, such as Balsamorhiza sagittata, 
and a few junipers (Juniperus utahensis Lemm.) and shrubs, 
and in the valley of the Humboldt and in the mouth of the 
valleys of the Maggie, Annie and Susan Creeks it is replaced 
by a zone of Chrysothamnus pinifolius Greene, and this along 
the streams by a zone of grasses (principally Elymus conden- 
satus). On the salt-spots shrubs of the genus Atriplex are 
dominant. 

Along the permanent streams and a few of the irrigation 
ditches on the basin floor there are clumps of willows and 
numerous shrubs (Pl. I, Fig. 1), and in the mountain canyons 
there are small groves of poplar, buffalo berry and other small 
trees and shrubs (PI. III, Fig. 1). 


Hapitats AND Hapirat DisTRIBUTION. 
The differences in topography, soil and vegetation provide 
a number of reptile and amphibian habitats which may be listed 


as follows: 


oo 


University of Michigan 


Water Habitats. 
Streams. 
On the basin floor. 

Permanent. Humboldt River, lower part of Annie 
Creek, Maggie Creek, James Creek and Woodruff 
Creek. 

Intermittent. Susan Creek, main course of Annie 
Creek, irrigation ditches in Humboldt Valley. 

In the mountains. 

Permanent. Woodruff Creek, James Creek, Annie 
Creek (Poplar Brook), small brooks along Hum- 
boldt Valley. 

Intermittent. Headwater branches in many canyons 
in all of the ranges. 

Ponds and lakes. 

Transient. Ponds in Humboldt Valley, ox-bow ponds 
in Maggie Canyon, pond on north branch of James 
Creek. 

Permanent. ‘Two ponds on north branch of James 
Creek, Mary Lake. 


LAND Hapirats. 
Basin floor valleys. 

With permanent streams. Humboldt Valley, Maggie 
Valley. 

With intermittent streams. Main valleys of Annie 
and Susan Creeks and lowest part of James Creek. 

Mountain valleys. 

With permanent streams. Headwater valleys of. 
James Creek, Woodruff Creek, and Annie Creek 
(Poplar Brook). 

With intermittent streams. Many canyons. 

Basin floor ridges. 
Mountain slopes. 
Soil areas. 

Rock areas. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology II 


The habitat distribution of the reptiles and amphibians is 
as follows: 


Habitat Distribution of the Amphibians and Reptiles of 
Maggie Basin 


ECOLOGICAL 


PECIES OCAL DISTRIBU 
DISTRIBUTION SPECIE LocaL Dis UTION 


i i Pituophis c. deserticola) | Mountain and i 
Occurring in all land Bascanion c. vetustum ( > a basins at 


habitats Bascanion taeniatum all altitudes 
Apparently preferring Common in mountains at 
vicinity ot rocks but Crotalus lucifer all altitudes; rare on 


not confined to them basin floor 


Common in mountains at 
Sceloporus biseriatus all altitudes; on basin 
floor only in one place 
(rocky hill) 
Common at base of mount- 
ains in two places 
Crotaphytus c. baileyi | Rather common at base of 
mountains in one place 
Eumceces skiltonianus | Found in one place in 
mountains (7,500 ft.) 


Occurring onlyon rock 
cliffs or among or Uta s. nevadensis 
in immediate vicin- 
ity of rocks 


Common on basin floor; 
Sceloporus graciosus rare in mountains but 
occurring nearly tosum- 
mits 
Phrynosoma hernandesi | Basin floor in one place; 
not abundant 
Crotaphytus wislizenii | Basin floor in one place; 
not abundant 
Cnemidophorus tigris | Basin floor in one place; 
common 


Preferring fine soil 


Canyons in mountains; 


General vicinity of Hyla regilla See 
larger watercourses. Basin floor valleys and 
Breed in water but Bufo boreas mountain canyons near- 
can endure rather ly to highest elevations; 
dry habitats during common 
other times of the : Large basin floor valleys 
year Scaphiopus hammondii to mountains: rather 
common 
Persistently low wet Valley of Humboldt and 
areas. Breeds in Rana pipiens lower part of tributary 
water valleys; common 


Immediate vicinity of | Thamnophis o. elegans | Immediate vicinity of 


water. Feed in water | Rana p.luteiventria {| Pefmanent streams on 
asin floor; common 


12 University of Michigan 


The writers believe that the above table shows that the local 
distribution of the species is principally controlled by the habitat 
preferences. Among the land forms those preferring a fine 
soil are principally basin floor forms, the saxicolous forms are 
almost exclusively mountain species, and those with general 
habits have a general distribution. ‘The distribution of the 
amphibious forms is determined by the permanence of the 
streams and the degree to which the species are dependent 
upon the presence of water. The limnicolous and paludicolous 
forms are found only on the basin floor, while those which can 
endure dry habitats for most of the year also occur in the 
mountains. As yet unexplained is the apparent confinement 
of several species to single localities. 


List oF SPECIES. 


Eighteen reptiles and amphibians were found in the region. 
As previously stated the habits, distribution, and characteristics 
of the forms were studied, and these are summarized in the 
following pages. 

Rana pipiens Schreber. 


Common in the Humboldt Valley. 

The specimens show little variation from Dickerson’s (The 
Frog Book, 171) description. The ground color in life was 
almost invariably dark gray, only one green specimen being se- 
cured; small and recently transformed individuals were grayish 
brown in color with small, round, dark brown spots. 

The leopard frog was the most common amphibian of the 
region and a large series of specimens was secured. Small 
frogs with tails longer than their bodies were frequently 
observed hopping about in the grass around the ponds. Adults 
were usually found in the water of stagnant pools or on their 
banks ; only occasionally were they observed in running water. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology ite 


The color was admirably adapted for concealment, and this, 
together with the fact that they were more shy than the eastern 
leopard frog, made them hard to capture. The stomach con- 
tents examined contained many small toads and a few tadpoles 
and insects. 


Specimens containing eggs were collected on July 18. 


Rana pretiosa luteiventris Thompson. 

Common in the Humboldt and Maggie Valleys. 

This species was described from material obtained by the 
expedition.* 

R. pretiosa luteiventris was observed frequently in Mag- 
gie Creek and Annie Creek, and only occasionally in stagnant 
pools. In habits the species is much like the eastern R. 
clamitans. The frogs were always found along the edge of 
flowing streams or with the head projecting above the vegeta- 
tion of ponds. They were very shy and disappeared quickly 
when disturbed, but usually reappeared within a short time in 
about the same place. 


The stomachs examined contained ants and water beetles. 


Bufo boreas Baird and Girard. 
(BL; IV, FIG. I.) 
Not uncommon in the Humboldt Valley and James Canyon. 
A comparison of our specimens of B. boreas with the pub- 
lished descriptions reveals deviations from the latter only in 
the shape of the ear patch, which is a distinct oval in eight 
out of the eleven adult toads examined, and in the length of 
the leg to the heel, which may be less than the distance to the 
arm insertion by a half inch or may equal the distance to the 
rear end of the parotids. The color was a dull brownish gray, 
with a broad light vertebral stripe, a patch of light color beneath 
the eye, a conspicuous black blotch between the thighs on the- 


®Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVI, 1913, 53-56. 


14 University of Michigan 


ventral surface, and with the tubercles on the fingers and toes 
tipped with orange. 

Only eleven adult B. boreas were collected, although the 
large number of tadpoles and young individuals observed in- 
dicate that the species is abundant both in the Humboldt Valley 
and James Canyon. The tadpoles were so numerous in the 
pools that the water was frequently black with them, and in 
late July the trails in James Canyon were fairly covered with 
tiny, recently transformed toads. 

Adults were first observed along the irrigation ditches near 
Annie Creek, on July 16, and several of the females taken 
on this date contain eggs. They were found in the dense grass 
along the edge of the ditches, and when disturbed slipped into 
the water, where they floated, making no further effort to 
escape. As soon as the water was turned back to the creek 
the toads disappeared and were not seen again until August 9, 
when the ditches were again filled. 

In habits our toads correspond closely to Miss Dickerson’s 
description of B. halophilus (The Frog Book, 114). The 
adults were large and tame, they usually walked instead of 
hopped, ‘and when confined in-a bag they scolded much like 
B. americanus. 


The stomach contents consist of ants and beetle fragments. 


Ayla regilla Baird and Girard. 


A large series of this species was secured in the upper part 
of James Canyon and on the Carlin Peaks. 

The sixty-one specimens collected show little variation from 
the descriptions of Test (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXI, 1898, 
477-492) and Dickerson (The Frog Book, 134-135). The 
adults were light gray in color, with brownish gray markings 
on the back. They vary in size from 1%4 to 2 inches; the 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 15 


length of the hind limb to the heel equals the body length for- 
ward to the eye or nostril; the tibia is longer than the femur. 
Small specimens were of a uniform dark green color when 
collected, but changed quickly to the characteristic adult color- 
ation. 

The species was not found in the Humboldt Valley al- 
though it was fairly abundant in James Canyon to the basin 
floor. Early in August many partly grown specimens were col- 
lected under stones and in the sage brush around the two small 
alkaline ponds near James Creek. Many tadpoles belonging to 
this species were observed in Mary Lake, and three recently 
transformed individuals were found under stones on its bank. 
Two adult specimens were taken in rock slides on the Carlin 
Peaks, one not far from a spring, the other several miles from 
water. 

This little tree frog was frequently heard singing on wet 


nights early in August, among the willows along James Creek. 


Scaphiopus hammond Baird. 


Common in the Humboldt Valley about Carlin. One partly 
grown specimen taken in a spring in the lower part of 
James Creek. 

The single adult spadefoot obtained is quite typical of the 
species. Many half grown and recently transformed speci- 
mens were taken. Those partly grown had the adult colora- 
tion except that the tubercles were tipped with orange red. 
The younger specimens were much darker in color with little 
or no trace of the curving dorsal stripes; the toes and fingers 
were frequently tipped with black, and the sole tubercle was 
prominent. 

The western spadefoot is apparently common in the Hum- 


boldt Valley, although but one adult specimen was secured, 


16 University of Michigan 


and is rare in the valleys of Maggie and James Creeks. The 
adult was found at night under a well curb in Carlin. On 
July 4, many small, recently transformed specimens were col- 
lected in mud cracks in the bed of a dried up irrigation ditch 
near Maggie Creek (Pl. IV, Fig. 2). It was found that the 
easiest method of collecting them was to stamp on the 
ground. The vibration disturbed them and they would 
thrust their heads out of the cracks. If the jar continued, 
they came out and hopped about on the ground where 
they were conspicuous and easily captured, but when the 
stamping ceased they soon disappeared. A few had com- 
pletely transformed, but the majority had tails varying 
in size from mere rudiments to the length of the head 
and body. Later many half grown specimens were observed 
coming up out of the ground behind the mowers in a hay field 


near Annie Creek. 


Crotaphytus wislizenit Baird and Girard, 


Three adults, two partly grown specimens, and two newly- 
born individuals taken on the flat west of the lower part of 
Annie Creek. 

Our specimens conform closely to the descriptions of Cope, 
VanDenburgh and Ruthven. The femoral pores are 19-22, 
average in five specimens, 20. In two large females taken 
July 13 and July 18 the under surface of the tail and two rows 
of spots on each side of the body were bright orange in color. 

The species is apparently rare in Maggie Basin. It was 
found in but one locality—the low flat north of the Humboldt 
River and west of Annie Creek, and all of the specimens were 
observed within an area a quarter of a mile square, although 
the surrounding region was worked with great care. As a 
rule, individuals are not easily alarmed, but if frightened they 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 17 


run with great speed and occasionally seek shelter in burrows. 
A large female taken on July 13 contains eggs but a second 
one does not. The first young (129 mm. in total length) were 
seen on August 14. 

The stomachs examined only contain insect remains; vege- 
table matter is entirely wanting, as in those from New Mexico 
and Arizona examined in 1906*, which is at variance with 
Merriam’s statement’ that the “leopard lizard is chiefly a vege- 
tarian.” 

Crotaphytus collaris baileyi (Stejneger). 

Seven males and seven females from the Cortez Mountains 
at the Humboldt River. 

Our material agrees with the type description, and shows 
that the characters used to distinguish the form are suffi- 
cient. The snout is longer than in C. collaris and there are 
two rows of interorbital scutellae in every specimen. The 
coloration of our specimens is the striking and variable one 
characteristic of the species. In both males and females the 
black collars are well defined and but narrowly interrupted on 
the median dorsal line. In the females they are both broadly 
interrupted on the throat, but in the males the anterior band 
is broadly continuous in this region. All of the males have a 
large black blotch in the region of the groin. The femoral 
pores are 14-19, average in thirteen specimens 16.5. 

We only found the collared lizard in one locality and habi- 
tat—the rocky summits of the Cortez Range at the Humboldt 
River. It was not common, as not more than six were ever 
seen in four or five hours work, and on many days we could 
not find a single specimen. On one or two occasions we ob- 
served individuals on the ground, but they were mostly found 
on the rocks. Apparently they do not climb with the facility 


4Bull. Amer: Mus. Nat. Hist., XXIII, 517-518. 
5No. Am. Fauna, No. 7, 168 


18 University of Michigan 


of the Sceloporus biseriatus and Uta stansburiana nevadensis, 
but are usually found upon the tops of rocks or clinging to 
sloping rock faces and not on cliffs. When alarmed they rush 
down into the crevices. ‘The stomach of one specimen con- 
tains only insects and spiders; another contains insects and 


some vegetable matter, the latter probably taken accidentally. 


Uta stansburiana nevadensis Ruthven. 


Thirty-four specimens taken in the Cortez Range at the 
Humboldt Valley and twenty in Moleen Canyon. 

The specimens have been fully described by Ruthven.® 

After a careful study of the forms of Uta stansburiana, 
Richardson’ has concluded that the specimens from the north- 
ern part of the Great Basin are subspecifically distinct from 
those from the desert regions of the southwest, but retains the 
name U. stansburiana for the northern form and gives to 
the southern variety the name of U. stansburiana elegans 
(Yarrow), thus making U. s. nevadensis a synonym of U. 
stansburiana. From Richardson’s investigations. it seems not 
improbable that the species was described from the northern 
form, but until this has been determined by an examination of 
specimens from the type locality we feel justified in distinguish- 
ing the specimens from Maggie Basin as U. s. nevadensis. 

This lizard was not common in the Cortez Range but in 
Moleen Canyon it occurred in some numbers. It was closely 
confined to the vicinity of rocks. Occasional specimens were 
found on the ground, but the majority were on the large rocks 
along the cliffs, upon which it climbs with all the facility of 
Sceloporus biseriatus. ‘The stomach contents of two specimens 
are made up of insects and spiders. Females taken on July 6 


6Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXVI, 27-30. 
TRichardson, C. H., Reptiles of Northwestern Nevada and Adjacent Territory. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, 403-435. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 19 


contained large eggs while those taken on July 8 had none, 
which would indicate that they were laid about this time. On 
August 14 the young were seen for the first time. On this 
date four individuals between 22-24 mm. in body length were 
found on the ground between the large rocks in Moleen Can- 
yon. They were very agile and when alarmed quickly sought 


shelter under loose stones. 


Sceloporus biseriatus Hallowell. 
(25. VGFIG. Ts) 

One hundred and twenty-nine specimens taken on the east- 
ern slope of the Cortez Range from the Humboldt Valley to 
Maggie Canyon, in the Seetoya Range east of the canyon, in 
the River Range from Moleen Canyon northward for several 
miles, and on the low rocky hills between Susan and Maggie 
Creeks. 

Our material is not relatively very variable. In no speci- 
men is there more than one gular spot, the females all have 
bluish abdominal spots, and the posterior side of the thighs 
(particularly along the femoral pores) and the posterior side 
of the forelimbs are nearly always bright orange yellow. 
With age the dorsal spots, generally very distinct in the young, 
tend to become less distinct, and in very old specimens may 
be quite obscure, but they are generally discernible even in 
the old individuals. The white of the ventral parts is nearly 
always more or less spotted or suffused with black in the males 
and with grayish slate in the females, but the extent of macu- 
lation is very variable and not plainly influenced by age. The 
abdominal spots vary from a deep greenish blue to a 
pale bluish in the males; in the females they are generally 
bluish slate but occasionally nearly as in the males. The 
femoral pores vary from 13 to 19, with an average of 16.8 in 
110 specimens. 


20 University of Michigan 


This lizard is the characteristic reptile of the mountains, and 
was found elsewhere only on the group of low hills between 
the Susan and Maggie Creeks and in the lower part of James 
Canyon. It was not, however, of general distribution in the 
mountains nor confined to particular elevations, but was very 
closely restricted to rocky places such as cliffs, outcrops, talus 
slopes, stream beds and similar places. Wherever such condi- 
tions were encountered, from the basin of the Humboldt to 
the top of the Carlin Peaks (7,754 feet), the species was found 
in numbers. Occasional individuals both in the mountains and 
on the plain were observed at a little distance from rocks but 
these were only rare stragglers. The importance of rocks in 
the habitat was also shown by the presence of a considerable 
colony on the group of low rocky hills in the valley of Maggie 
Creek and several miles from other outcrops. It is of interest 
that the species was also present in some numbers on large 
blocks of earth at the foot of a steep bank in the lower part of 
James Canyon. In this place the earth was very hard and the 
blocks were quite like rocks in form. That it was not found in 
the Pinyon Range is with little doubt to be attributed to the 
fact that the outcrops in the area studied were very small. 

As has often been noted, this Sceloporus is an excellent 
climber. It clings with ease to a vertical or even overhanging 
rock face and when alarmed rushes away with surprising 
swiftness. In this habitat it is quite inconspicuous, the pattern 
of light-colored individuals resembling the color of the rock, 
and the dark individuals appearing very like a crevice or angle 
in the rock face. When on the rocks, many of the old individuals 
are entirely black above to the obliteration of the pattern, but 
this color rapidly changes when they are removed. This black 
color is not only acquired when the lizard is upon black rocks 


but also when it is on red or brown rocks. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 21 


From the local distribution just described, it is evident that 
one cannot from our material conclude with Taylor’ that S. 
biseriatus is less typically a mountain-dwelling species than S. 
graciosus. According to Taylor’s observations it does not in 
Humboldt County, Nevada, range much higher than 5,000 feet, 
but in our region it not only occurs principally in the moun- 
tains but at least to an elevation of 7,754 feet. We believe 
that it may be said that S. biseriatus is in this region almost 
exclusively found in the mountains because it is a saxicolous 
form and suitable habitats are almost entirely confined to the 
hills. 

On warm days the lizards, after they appear in the morn- 
ing, are quite common everywhere over the rocks until the 
hottest part of the day, when they retire to the shaded side. 
The food in the stomachs examined consists entirely of in- 
sects. Large females taken on and before July 12 contain 
large eggs apparently about ready to be laid, while those col- 
lected on July 22 had deposited their eggs. The first young 
were observed on August 14. On the latter date several young 
ones which could have been but a few days old were found 
among the rocks in Moleen Canyon. The one obtained meas- 
ures 55 mm. in total length and 25.5 mm. exclusive of the tail. 
They ran about over the ground and small rocks at the base of 
the cliff and were very agile and shy, quickly seeking conceal- 
ment under loose stones when alarmed. 


Sceloporus graciosus Baird and Girard. 
(PE. BIG? i) 
Eighty specimens collected in the basin and on the slopes 
of the Cortez and Pinyon Ranges. 
The specimens need little description. In nearly all of the 
old females the lower light band from the eye to the shoulder, 


8Univ. of Cal., Pub. in Zool., Vol VII, 349. 


22 University of Michigan 


the pale vertical line in front of the shoulder, the edge of the 
lateral neck fold and the area partially covered by the fold are 
bright orange. The ventral blue spots characteristic of the 
male are usually absent but occasionally present in the females. 

Sceloporus graciosus is the most common and widely dis- 
tributed lizard in the region. We found it in Maggie Basin 
from the grass and Chrysothamnus zones along the streams to 
an altitude of about 7,500 feet in the Cortez Range. It was also 
observed in the Pinyon Range and will undoubtedly be found to 
occur in the Seetoya and River Ranges. Although of quite gen- 
eral distribution in the region, S. graciosus was not equally com- 
mon everywhere. It was very abundant on the low flat and 
first hillside north of Carlin, and quite common along the sides 
of the valleys of the Susan, Maggie, Annie, and lower part of 
James Creek, on the basin floor. Only occasional specimens 
were found on the higher ridges in Maggie Basin and in the 
Cortez Range. It was not observed among the rocks except 
very rarely and then only where there was considerable soil. 

This distribution, which is very similar to the distribution 
in Humboldt County described by Taylor®, may be explained 
by the fact that the species is in this region pre-eminently a 
ground form (see below), and prefers a fine soil. In Maggie 
Basin it is much more a plains form than a mountain species, 
for it is by far the most abundant on the finest soil which is 
found along the sides of the valleys on the basin floor. 

One generally finds this lizard on the ground beneath the 
sage and other bushes and in this situation the coloration is 
protective (Pl. V, Fig. 1). It climbs about among the branches 
of the bushes to some extent, but when alarmed generally runs 
to the ground to seek safety under dead brush or in a conveni- 
ent burrow. At night it buries itself in the loose soil. The food 


®Loc. cit., 349. 
/ 


/ 
/ 
j 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 23 


consists of insects, as shown by the examination of stomachs. 
Females collected on July 4 contained large eggs apparently 
about ready to be laid, while those taken on July 11 and subse- 
quently had none. 


Phrynosoma hernandest Girard, variety. 


Thirty specimens taken in Maggie Basin at Carlin and near 
James Creek. 

The Nevada specimens differ from Utah (Green River) 
specimens in having larger spines, both on head and body, and 
a flatter temporal region. As these characters are constant in 
the series of thirty obtained, the Nevada specimens may repre- 
sent a distinct race. Our material is not sufficient for a deter- 
mination of this point. 

The size is large. The length of the largest specimens is 112 
to 128 mm., of which the tail constitutes 29.9-31-4%, average 
30.9%, in eleven females, and 37.1-39.2%, average 37.6% in 
three males. The femoral pores vary from 13-18 with an aver- 
age of 15 in thirty specimens. ; 

The coloration of the adults is as follows. The ground 
color varies from pale gray to a dull yellow, the smaller speci- 
mens (100 mm.) being more generally gray, while the larger 
ones are more yellow or brown. The black spots are distinct 
and margined rather definitely behind, and indistinctly in front 
with pale yellow. Specimens 100 mm. or more in length 
exhibit a varying amount of red. ‘This first appears as a 
broken line above and below the peripheral spines, and on the 
lips. In the largest individuals it is spread over the back, tail 
and limbs as irregular reticulations, suffuses the temporal re- 
gion and temporal horns, but seldom the occipital horns, and 
often occurs on the gular region and throat and as spots on the 
bases of the abdominal scales. The ventral surfaces are pale yel- 
low with black spots, the latter varying from only a few on the 


24 University of Michigan 


gular region to many on the gular region and belly, the former 
being sometimes nearly entirely black. Generally there is a 
preanal streak of orange yellow. The youngest specimens 
(38-40 mm.) are pale gray with dull white heads; the dorsal 
spots are indistinct with the exception of the tail and nuchal 
spots which are rather better defined and the ventral parts are 
white with a very few indistinct spots. 

We found this lizard decidedly local in its distribution. It 
was observed in but two places—north of the town of Carlin to 
Annie Creek on the flat that extends along the valley of the 
Humboldt (an area not more than a mile long and a half mile 
wide), and a low ridge near James Canyon. Although said by 
the residents to be usually common north of Carlin, we did not 
find it in numbers ; only seventeen adults and thirteen young of 
the year were taken although the area was worked carefully at 
various times. One young specimen was captured on the ridge 
near James Creek, and Mr. George Arthur informed us that he 
had often seen them there but nowhere else except at Carlin. 

As a rule the horned toads were found during the warmer 
parts of the day. At night they burrowed beneath the surface of 
the ground. The adults kept rather closely to the shelter of 
the bushes, in which situation their coloration is quite protec- 
tive as they very closely resemble the lumps of earth spotted 
with shadows which are common in this habitat. The young 
seem to roam about more than the adults, at least they were 
more often found in the open. Owing to their form,and the 
absence of markings they look very much like small lumps of 
earth in the sunshine. The single stomach examined was 
gorged with ants and contained small sticks, leaves and stones. 
The vegetable matter consists of a very few dry fragments 
and, like the stones, was undoubtedly eaten accidentally. 


As is well known, this species is viviparous. The females 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 25 


were all pregnant on July 26, and on August 7 and 8 the young 
were found in numbers, and all of the adult females taken had 
given birth to their young. 


Cnemidophorus tigris (Baird and Girard). 


One hundred and twenty-two specimens collected between 
the lower part of the valley of Annie Creek and the Cortez 
Range. 

The material needs little description, for while the varia- 
tions are extensive they are mostly within the known limits for 
the species. The stripes are easily distinguished in every speci- 
men. They are particularly distinct anteriorly where they in 
no specimen encroach upon the black midfields sufficiently to 
lose their identity. Posteriorly, in old specimens, the pale color 
of the stripes usually encroaches upon the black ground color 
sufficiently to break up the latter into spots, and in the largest 
individuals partly crowd out the spots, so that the posterior 
part of the body tends to become unicolored, but this tendency 
does not in our material go so far as to cause the stripes to 
disappear. ‘The markings on the ventral surface also vary con- 
siderably. ‘The dark blotches are usually black, but occasion- 
ally dark slate, and are principally on the chin, throat and an- 
terior part of the abdomen. However, the posterior part of 
the abdomen is also more or less spotted, occasionally nearly 
as much as anteriorly. The spots on the gular region are 
obscure in the smallest specimens (60-63 mm. from snout to 
vent) although distinct on the belly, and in the larger in- 
dividuals they are fewer in number but larger than those on 
the belly. In 114 specimens the femoral pores vary from 16 
to 23 with an average number of 109.24. 

With the exception of two specimens, this lizard was only 
found on the flat north of the Humboldt Valley, between the 
east side of the valley of Annie Creek and the Cortez Range. 


26 University of Michigan 


‘wo specimens were found among the rocks on the eastern- 
most ridge of the mountains bordering the flats. It was very 
common among the sagebrush, salt bushes and Chrysothamnus 
bushes on the flats, by far the most abundant where the 
Chrysothamnus was dominant and the vegetation was thus 
densest, and was less common in the more open places dom- 
inated by the sagebrush and Atriplex. In this habitat specimens 
were decidedly inconspicuous, the light and dark markings re- 
sembling the lights and shadows beneath the bushes. When 
alarmed they take to flight, running swiftly with the tail ele- 
vated from the ground, or dodge into a mammal burrow. All 
but one of the stomachs examined contain spider and insect re- 
mains exclusively, grasshoppers, beetles, larvae, pupae and 
spiders being identifiable. One stomach of a lizard taken on 
August I4 contains a young Cnemidophorus but recently 
hatched. ‘The females collected as late as July 13 still carried 
their eggs, but those taken on August 8 had laid them, and, as 
mentioned above, an adult brought in on August 14 had eaten 
a young one but recently hatched. It is preyed upon by the 
racer (Bascanion taeniatum) a colony of which lived in the 
habitat. 

It is difficult to explain the local distribution of this lizard, 
which is paralleled by that of several other species in the region. 
The same vegetation prevails over scores of square miles of 
adjacent territory, and while the soil is finer than on the ridges 
to the north, it is to all appearances the same as in the valley 


of the Humboldt east of Carlin, and these areas are continuous. 


Eumeces skiltonianus (Baird and Girard). 
Five specimens taken on the most northern of the Carlin 
Peaks. ! 
The specimens measure 52 mm. 5514 mm., 561% mm., 60 
mm., and 64 mm. in length (snout to vent). The stripes are 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 257 


well defined on the head and body, the upper pair extending 
upon the base of the tail. The lower stripes are dull white, 
the upper brownish white and in one specimen dull reddish 
brown on the base of the tail. The upper stripes vary slightly 
in width, cover the adjacent two-thirds or three-fourths of the 
second and third scale rows from the median dorsal line and 
are bordered above with black. The ground color between the 
upper and lower stripes is black in two specimens, dark brown 
in one, and dark brown spotted with black in another. Be- 
tween the upper stripes, the ground color is greenish or, brown- 
ish olive and in three specimens is interrupted by dark brown 
or blackish stripes extending from the head upon the base of 
the tail. In one specimen the dark dorsal stripes are absent, 
in another they are indicated by small black spots. The ground 
color of the tail is greenish blue or pale yellowish olive at the 
base, and bright blue on the distal part. The belly is pale 
greenish or bluish slate, the chin, throat and median portion of 
tail dull yellowish white in three specimens. In two specimens 
the chin and throat are pale reddish orange, and in one of 
these the under surface of the tail is pale reddish. There are 
26 scale rows in four specimens, and in the fifth an extra row 
is present on each side for a short distance behind the four 
limbs, making 28. The frontal is in contact with the azygos 
prefontal in four specimens and widely separated in one. 

It will be noted that these specimens are typical E. skil- 
tomianus and do not resemble £. gilberti Van Denburgh in any 
of the characters which are given as distinctive of that form. 
The habits are, on the other hand, those of the latter species, 
as described by Van Denburgh. Van Denburgh’” says of &. 
gilberti, “common in the mountains near Yosemite Valley. 
* * * * Tt is often seen in grass and among roots, retreating 


1°QOcc. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., V. 


28 University of Michigan 


swiftly to holes under stones and boulders when frightened,” 
and of E. skiltonianus “this lizard seems to be most abundant 
in damp places, such as are found throughout the redwood 
forests of the Coast Range. Here it is usually found under 
decaying logs or behind the loose bark of old stumps.” It will 
be seen from the following description of the habitat of the 
Nevada specimens that they live in an environment similar to 
that in which £. gilberti has been found. 

Only seven of these skinks were seen, and the only place 
where they were found was at the head of the northern canyon 
of James Creek, on the east side, and near the summit of the 
most northern of the Carlin Peaks. The slope was covered 
by a rather profuse growth of grasses and short herbaceous 
plants, and there were many loose rocks. The skinks were 
found the rocks (PI. III, Fig. 1). 

This is apparently the first Nevada record for the species. 
As this is well in the northeastern part of the state and the U.S. 
Biological Survey™ found it nearly as far east in southern Cal- 
ifornia, it would seem to be a justifiable conclusion that it will 
be found throughout most of the state. 


Bascanion taeniatum (Hallowell). 


Four specimens secured on the flat west of Carlin, and one 
in the canyon west of Maggie Canyon in the Seetoya Range. 

The specimens need little description. The upper labials 
are 8; the lower labials 9 or 10; the ventral plates 203, 204, 
206, 206 in four females, 212 in a male; the subcaudals 122, 
127, 128 in three females. Two females have a total length 
of IIIT mm. and 1217 mm., and a tail length of 339 mm. and 
358 mm. respectively ; two males have a total length of 1333 
mm. and 1358 mm., with a tail length of 362 mm. and 418 mm. 


11 Stejneger, L., North American Fauna, No. 7, 201-202. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 29 


respectively. The ground color above is olive brown, darker 
_on the body and lighter on the neck. The sides are pale yel- 
low between the stripes. The belly is bright yellow for most 
of the length, on the posterior part and the tail becoming dull 
red or reddish orange. Along the ends of the ventrals is a 
more or less complete and distinct dusky band which on the 
anterior part becomes broken up into spots, and may be pale 
reddish orange. The chin and throat and anterior part of the 
ventral surface are spotted with black, the spots exhibiting a 
tendency to be arranged in two rows, and there may be two 
rows of small spots on the posterior part of the abdomen. 

A colony of striped racers was found in the habitat of 
Cnemidophorus tigris, i. e., on the flat along the north side 
of the Humboldt Valley west of Annie Creek. Four speci- 
mens were taken here among or near some ‘rocks which had 
been exposed. Another was seen on the sagebrush flat north of 
Carlin, and one was taken among large rocks in the canyon 
east of Maggie Canyon in the Seetoya Range. It is probably 
a comparatively common snake throughout the region. The 
stomach of one specimen contains an adult Cnemidophorus 
tigris. 

Bascanion constrictor vetustum (Baird and Girard). 


One specimen taken in the valley of the Humboldt River, 
one at the foot of the slope and two near the summit of the 
Cortez Range. 

The dorsal scale formula is 17-15 in two specimens, and 
17-15-13 intwo. In one of the specimens with 17-15, the rows 
are dropped before the middle of the body, in the other just 
behind the middle. In the specimens with the formula 17-15- 
13, there are 17 only on the neck in one and 13 to beyond the 
middle of the body, in the other there are 17 nearly to the 
middle and 13 for only a short distance. There are 7 supra- 


30 University of Michigan 


labials in two specimens and 8 in two. The infralabials are 9 
in one and 8-9 in three. Three females have 173, 175 and 177 
ventral plates, and one male has 169. The subcaudals are 72 
and 79 in two females. Two females have a total length of 
975 mm. and 870 mm., and a tail length of 216 mm. and 214 mm. 
respectively. In every specimen the greatest head width in 
the supraoccular region is one-half or a little more of the 
distance from the end of the snout to the posterior end of the 
parietal suture. The colors could not be determined accurately 
as most of the specimens were about to shed when captured, 
but they may be generally described as brownish olive above 
and yellow beneath. In one brightly colored specimen the 
ventral surface was pale orange yellow anteriorly, becoming 
much paler posteriorly ; in the others the posterior part of the 
abdomen and the tail are also orange yellow. 

The status of vetustum and flaviventris have not been sat- 
isfactorily determined and our material is not sufficient to 
throw much light on the question. It should be pointed out, 
however, that in the apparently strong tendency to have less 
than 17-15 scale rows, the Nevada specimens differ from 
typical. B. constructor and from specimens of B. c. flavi- 
ventris from the Great Plains region. It is probable also that 
the head is slightly broader in B. c. vetustum. 

This racer was found in numbers on a stony slope just be- 
neath the northern peak of the Cortez Range, in an area about 
one-fourth of a mile square. One specimen was taken and 
another seen among the grass and bushes in the Humboldt 
Valley, and one was taken on the margin of the valley and 
mountain slopes. These observations indicate a wide range 
of habitat. The individuals seen were very agile, and in the 
mountains rushed away to the shelter of the rocks when 
alarmed. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 31 


Pituophis catenifer deserticola Stejneger. 

Eleven specimens secured in Maggie Basin and the Cortez, 
Seetoya and River Ranges. 

Our material seems to lend weight to the view that the 
Great Basin bull-snakes are recognizably different from those 
of California, but the differences are so slight and variable 
that their importance cannot be accurately determined until 
much more work has been done on the geographical variation 
within the genus. The number of dorsal scale rows varies 
within narrow limits. It is 27-25-27-29-27-25-23-21, 27-29-27- 
25-23-21, 29-31-29-37-25-23-21, and 29-31-29-27-25-23-21. The 
number of rows of smooth scales varies from 4 to 7, average 
between 5 and 6. The ventrals vary from 233-242 in eight 
females, and are 231 and 236 in two males. The subcaudals 
vary from 34-38 in seven females and are 61, 61 and 62 in 
three males. The largest specimen observed measured IIIO 
mm.; the proportionate length of the tail is 12.9%-18.8% in 
seven females, 14.3% and 14.6% in two males. The color 
needs no description except that the dorsal blotches vary from 
33-66 on the body and from 13-18 on the tail. 

The bull snake is one of the wide ranging species. It was 
found in the Chrysothamnus zone along the streams, in the 
sagebrush on the hills and flats on the basin floor, and on the 
slopes and rock slides and in the canyons of all of the moun- 
tains (except the Pinyon Range) to the summit of the Carlin 
Peaks. It is apparently common everywhere, and we could 
not discover any habitat preference. A large female taken 
on July 30 contains large eggs. The specimens examined had 
all eaten small mammals, and to judge by the extent to which 
the alimentary duct was filled with remains the number con- 


sumed by this species must be enormous. 


32 University of Michigan 
Thamnophis ordinoides elegans (Baird and Girard). 


Twenty-eight specimens taken in the Humboldt Valley, 
along Maggie Creek from the Humboldt to Maggie Canyon, 
and in the lower part of the valley of Annie Creek. Thirty 
specimens were born in captivity. 

The specimens obtained are typical T. ordinoides elegans 
(=—vagrans Auct.) as understood by the senior writer. The 
dorsal scale rows are mostly 21-19-17, occasionally 19-21-19- 
17; the supralabials are 8 except in one specimen which has 7 ; 
the inferior labials are usually 10, occasionally 9 or 11; the 
ventrals vary from 169 (male) to 181 (female) ; and the sub- 
caudals vary from 73 (female) to 89 (male). It is of interest 
to note that the preoculars, while usually single (on one side 
in six and on both sides in twenty in a series of twenty-seven), 
are occasionally divided, the dominant condition in northern 
California, east central Oregon and Washington, and probably 


in northeastern Nevada. 


The gartersnake is common in the region studied but only 
along the larger permanent streams. It is abundant along the 
Humboldt and in the lower parts of the Annie and Maggie 
Creeks and occurs in smaller numbers along the upper part of 
the Maggie, at least to Maggie Canyon, but we did not find 
it along the Susan or any of the small streams in the Cortez 
Mountains. The species is quite aquatic in its habits. It is 
generally found in the immediate vicinity of water, and often 
in the streams or ponds. From the stomachs examined it 
would appear that most of the food is secured in the water. 
One specimen had eaten a small toad, and five others had cap- 
tured fish and tadpoles. It is a voracious feeder. The 
stomach of one individual contained eight large tadpoles, that 


of another five fish, and one had eaten a fish 141 mm. in length 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology aa 


besides a smaller one. Three pregnant females brought back 
alive gave birth to eight, ten and twelve young on August 25, 


September 2 and September Io. 


Crotalus lucifer Baird and Girard. 


Five specimens from the Cortez Mountains. 

The five specimens are typical C. lucifer as it occurs in the 
Great Basin. The ground color above is very pale, varying 
from pale gray to light olivaceous, dorsal blotches pale brown. 
The dorsal scale formula is 25-27-25-23-21 dnd 25-23-21-19, 
the upper labials 14-16, the lower labials 15-16. The ventral 
plates in three females are 183, 185, 188, and in a male 177; 
the subcaudals in three females are 17, 18 and 19, in a male 21. 

This rattlesnake is not uncommon, in the general region 
studied, according to the statements of the residents and our 
observations. We observed it at various places in the Cortez 
Range, a dead specimen was seen on the Southern Pacific 
Railroad tracks in Moleen Canyon, and it was reported to be 
very common in a canyon near the station of Moleen. In this 
region C. lucifer is primarily an inhabitant of the most rocky 
places and four of the specimens were found on talus slopes, 
but it is occasionally seen on the desert floor. A specimen was 
killed on one of the ridges near the lower part of James Canyon 
during our stay at that place, another in a cultivated field on 
James Creek, and residents informed us that rattlesnakes are 
occasionally observed in the Humboldt Valley near the moun- 
tains. The stomachs examined contained small mammals. 

Large females taken on July 6 and Io contain large eggs 


(36mm. long in one) upon which the embryonic area is visible. 


University of Michigan 


PEATE 4. 


Figure 1. The valley of the Humboldt River in Maggie Basin. On 
the right the valley rises to the foothills of the Pinyon Range, on the 
left to a dry flat covered with fine soil. The lowest part of the valley has 
a vegetation of grasses, with small trees and shrubs along the streams, 
ponds and ditches, which is replaced near the sides by a zone of 
Chysothamnus pinifolius, and the reptile-amphibian fauna -comprises 
the following forms: Thamnophis ordinoides elegans, Rana pretiosa 
luteiventris, Rana pipiens, Bufo boreas, Pituophis catenifer deserticola, 
Bascanion constrictor vetustum and Bascanion taeniatum. 


Figure 2. The flat on the north side of the Humboldt Valley. The 
basin ridges of waste limit this flat on the north (background). The flat 
has a fine soil and numerous alkali spots, and supports an open growth 
of sagebrush. The reptiles found here were Cnemidophorus tigris, 
Phyrnosoma hernandesi, Sceloporus graciosus, Crotaphytus wislizenii, 
Pituophis catenifer deserticola, Bascanion consirictor vetustum, Bas- 
canion taeniatum. No amphibians were found on the flat. 


EXxPED. To NEVADA. PLATE I. 


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University of Michigan 


PLATE IL. 


Figure 1. The sower part of Maggie Creek. The photograph was 
taken in July and shows the normal size of the stream during the sum- 
mer months. The flat valley may be seen in the background. In the creek 
or in the immediate vicinity were found Scaphiopus hammondu, Rana 
pretiosa luteiventris, Thaninophis ordinoides elegans, Sceloporus gra- 
closus, Bascanion taeniatum, Bascanion constrictor vetustum and 


Pituophis catenifer deserticola. 


Figure 2. The valley of James Creek, on the basin floor. The pho- 
tograph was taken from the mountains and shows the ridges of waste 
which form the sides of such valleys on the basin floor, and the scanty 
growth of trees which borders:the permanent streams. The reptiles and 
amphibians on the bottom of the valley are Scaphiopus hammondiu, Bufo 
boreas, Sceloporus graciosus (fine soil at mouth of valley), Sceloporus 
biseriatus (occasional on rocks along stream), Crotalus lucifer, Bas- 
canion taematum, Bascamon constrictor vetustum and Pituophis cat- 
enifer deserticola. The last four species make up the principal fauna 
of the ridges, and Sceloporus graciosus may be present in small num- 
bers where the soil is fine. 


ExprEp. To NEVADA. Priare II. 


» 


University of Michigan 


PLATE III. 


Figure 1. One of the mountain valleys continuous with the main 
valley of James Creek, showing the stony slopes, restricted outcrops 
(background), and small groves characteristic of such valleys. The 
stream is spring fed but disappears during the summer months. The 
dominant plant on the ridges is the sagebrush. The reptiles and amphi- 
bians found:at the bottom were Hyla regilla, Bufo boreas and Scelop- 
orus biseriatus (where rocks were present), Bascanion taeniatum, Bas- 
canion constrictor vetustum and Pituophis catenifer deserticola. On 
the stony slopes were found the last two species with Eumeces skil- 
tonianus, Crotalus lucifer, and, in the few places where the soil was 
very fine, Sceloporus graciosus. 


Figure 2. A rock outcrop in the Pinyon Range. These outcrops are 
small, except where the permanent streams cut through the mountains, 
and they are usually broken up into large blocks. Sceloporus biseriatus 
is to be found on nearly every outcrop, and Hyla regilla, Crotaphytus 
collaris baileyi, Uta stansburiana nevadensis, Crotalus lucifer, Pituophis 
catenifer deserticola, Bascanion taeniatum and Bascanion constrictor 
vetustum were also found in such places. 


Exprrp to NEvADA. Brace Lie 


University of Michigan 


PLATE IV. 


Figure 1. Bufo boreas Baird and Girard. 


Figure 2. Mud cracks on an irrigated flat in Maggie Valley. In 
these cracks the recently metamorphosed spadefoot toads (Scaphiopus 
hammondu Baird) sought concealment. 


Expr 


Prats IV. 


+ 


D. TO INEVADA. 


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Ps 


University of Michigan 


PLATE V. 


Figure 1. Sceloporus graciosus (right) anu \Sceloporus biseriatus 
(left) in their natural habitats. S. graciosus is on the ground on the 
litter under a sagebrush; S. biseriatus is on a rock cliff. 


Figure 2. A specimen of the variety of Phrynosoma hernandesi 
which inhabits Maggie Basin. 


Exprep to NEVADA. 


Numper 9. : APRIL, 27, IQTS. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


NOTES ON YTHE HABITS ‘OF KANA AREOLATA 
BAIRD AND GIRARD. 


By Crystal, THOMPSON. 


So little is known of the habits and distribution of the 
gopher frog, Rana areolata, and so few are to be found in 
museum collections that the Museum of Zoology is fortunate in 
having received, in 1913, from Professor George R. LaRue, 
four specimens of this species which he had collected in 
March, 1910, near Calhoun, Illinois. Professor LaRue re- 
ported the species as occurring in considerable numbers in the 
region east of Calhoun and in May, 1913, Helen Thompson 
Gaige and the writer were sent to that locality to obtain addi- 
tional specimens and further investigate the habits, abund- 
ance, and local distribution of the form. Eleven days were 
spent in the field, from May 14 to May 24, and the studies 
were made in the locality from which Professor LaRue’s speci- 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 10. 


2 University of Michigan 


mens were obtained—a farm one mile east of Calhoun. Twelve 
specimens were secured, with photographs of the animals and 
the burrows in which they lived, casts of the burrows and 
notes on the habits. 

Apparently the only detailed notes on the habits of Rana 
areolata which have been published are those of Hurter.t His 
observations were made in Montgomery County, Missouri, and 
as far as they go agree quite closely with ours. 

General Environmental Conditions: The country is in gen- 
eral a flat plain with occasional low rolling hills; there are few 
streams and no natural lakes or ponds. The soil is mostly 
clay with occasional stretches of sand, especially near the 
streams. The whole is underlaid at a depth of about three 
feet with “hard pan”, a hard silty clay. A considerable portion 
of the land is cultivated, but there are many old meadows 
and along the streams some wooded areas. Scattered about 
the region are frequent “horse ponds”, shallow cisterns which 
are formed by scraping away the soil from the “hard pan” and 
using it as a dike to hold the water which falls (Pl. II, Fig. 1). 
These ponds cover an area of from one-third to one-half of an 
acre, are from two to four feet deep, and are used as stock- 
watering places. They bear no relation to the topography of 
the country, but are located entirely at the convenience of the 
farmers. 

Burrows: ‘The region is a particularly favorable habitat 
for Rana areolata because of the presence in great numbers of 
the crayfish burrows, in which, as reported by Hurter, this 
species makes its home. These burrows are quite generally 
distributed in the meadows and cultivated fields but not in the 
sandy areas. Their distribution apparently bears no relation 
to the ponds and streams, which is to be expected.since the 


1J'‘rans, Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Vol. XX,-No. 5, pp. 116-117 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


ground water level is above the hard pan and it is only neces- 
sary for the crayfish to extend their burrows into the subsoil 
to insure a constant supply of water. 

The old burrows occupied by crayfish were entirely without 
chimneys, and were approximately round at the entrance, which 
had a diameter of about three inches. The entrance was more 
or less overhung with grass and at one side was a small bare 
space about six inches in diameter. ‘These bare ‘‘platforms” 
are evidently the result of the activities of the crayfish in 
cleaning out the burrows. The mud that is brought up is more 
or less fluid and in the case of the old burrows is deposited only 
occasionally and in small quantities. The mud impedes the 
growth of grass and serves to keep the earth at the front of 
the entrance free from vegetation. Immediately inside the en- 
trance the burrows slanted obliquely downward for a few 
inches and then became nearly perpendicular for the rest of the 
depth, three feet or more, and the walls were slightly rough- 
ened. It is to be presumed that the burrows always extended 
to water but this could not be verified in some cases. 

The burrows occupied by frogs (PI. III) differed but slight- 
ly from those just described. Hurter says of the burrows inhab- 
ited by frogs, “The inhabited holes are easily recognized as the 
entrance as well as a little platform in front of it is worn 
smooth.” Our observations did not bear out this statement. 
We were quite unable to distinguish by external appearance 
the old holes occupied by crayfish from those inhabited by 
frogs. The openings were of approximately equal size and 
overhung with grass, and the platforms were nearly always 
present (Pl. IH, Fig. 2). Only rarely was an old hole found 
without a platform and in such cases when dug out it was found 
to be either entirely abandoned or to contain a crayfish. On the 


other hand many holes with well-developed platforms contained 


4 University of Michigan 


crayfish. After excavating for some distance we were able 
to determine holes occupied by frogs by the slightly smoother 
appearance of the walls and by the presence of beetle frag- 
ments adhering to them. At the bottom of the frog burrows, 
which usually terminated at a distance of about three feet, was 
a mass of foul smelling clayey material containing quantities 
of beetle remains and considerable dead grass, the latter prob- 
ably having been washed in or accidentally carried down by the 
frog. 

The crayfish in keeping their holes free from debris and 
open to the water level roughen the walls in the journeys to 
and from the surface. The frogs of course do not clean their 
burrows and so the latter tend to fill with soil washed in by 
the heavy rains. The frogs so nearly approximate the size 
of the holes that the rubbing of their soft bodies probably 
tends to smooth the walls, and the longer a burrow has 
been occupied by a frog the more shallow it becomes by reason 
of accumulated debris and the less liable it is to contain water. 
During the spring months, however, the water stands at the 
very surface of the ground and all the holes are practically 
filled at that time. 

Mode of Life: The frogs were sought in the meadows and 
fields during the day and at night, and many burrows were 
opened. The species is so secretive, however, that our observa- 
tions on the habits are meager. Hurter suggests that the frog 
comes out in the early morning, “preferring dawn to full day- 
light”, and again that it watches for its prey on the clearing 
and “as soon as it hears an unusual noise or sees someone 
creeps back in the hole.” These suggestions are supported by 
our observations. The species is apparently not distinctly noc- 
turnal as repeated search for it at all hours of the night with 
an acetylene lamp only discovered one specimen and this not 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 


in the vicinity of a burrow. On the other hand, it does not 
roam about during the day, as only two were found away from 
holes in the day time and one of these had evidently been 
turned out of its home by the harrow. ‘Two frogs were 
observed to drop hurriedly into their holes when frightened by 
our approach. These individuals had evidently been sitting on 
the bare spots at the entrance. It is difficult to determine the 
amount of time which the frogs spend on the clearing at the 
burrow entrance for at the slightest cause for alarm they dis- 
appear into the holes. Hurter states that in Missouri many 
are killed by mowers, and the farmers in Illinois informed us 
that in the spring, when the grass is short, they are frequently 
seen at the mouths of the burrows, observations which seem to 
indicate that considerable time is spent on the clearings. 

Apparently when alarmed the frogs do not ordinarily 
descend far into the burrows, for they are plowed out in num- 
bers and the ground in that region is only plowed to a depth 
of about three inches. When one attempts to dig them out, 
they descend farther into the holes, but even then do not gen- 
erally go to the bottom. We found it difficult to capture them 
without enlarging the holes, the exceptionally powerful hind 
limbs and the extent to which they can distend the body serving 
to secure them so firmly that they could be mutilated before 
being dislodged. Even when water or thin plaster was poured 
into the holes the frogs remained to drown rather than come 
to the surface. 

Food Habits: ‘The stomach contents of several frogs taken 
by us have been examined by Mr. A. W. Andrews, and he re- 
ports that from 60-70% of the total contents consists of Scarites 
subterraneus and several species of Chlaenius, beetles nocturnal 


in their habits. ‘This would seem to indicate that the frogs, 


6 University of Michigan 


since they are not nocturnal, feed in the early morning. The 


stomach contents of four individuals are tabulated below. 


Mus. No. Beetles Spiders Larvae Ants Crickets | Total 


44463 2 Carabidae 2 1 5 


1 Elateridae 
44465 9 Carabidae 1 1 1 15 
2 Scarabidae 


44467 4 Carabidae 1 (ng 


44468 16 Carabidae 1 | 17 


Breeding Habits: Unfortunately the breeding season had 
passed at the time the investigations were made, but Professor 
LaRue obtained his specimens in March and made notes on 
the breeding habits, which he has kindly placed at our dis- 
posal. During the latter part of March, 1910, the frogs were 
found in numbers about the ponds at night, and many large 
masses of eggs were seen. One captured female laid her eggs 
in the collecting bag. The song is described as a loud trill, 
hoarser than that of the leopard frog and pitched somewhat 
higher than that of Rana catesbiana. We were not successful 
in finding the tadpoles in May, altho the ponds were searched 
for them. Professor LaRue found the frogs in the mammal 
burrows along the shores of the ponds, as well as in crayfish 
holes, but it is probable that they were only temporarily occupy- 
ing the former during the spawning season for we were unable 
to discover any mammal burrows, either in the vicinity of ponds 
or elsewhere, inhabited by frogs. 

General Notes: Altho very agile in seeking the conceal- 
ment of their burrows when alarmed, these frogs are in many 
ways rather sluggish and appear stupid in their actions. As 
stated, they usually do not retreat to the bottom of the hole 
when one is digging them out, and they do not try to escape 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7 


when the holes are filled with water. Similarly, when handled 
they make very little effort to escape. They do, however, char- 
acteristically assume a defensive attitude (PI. 1, central figure ) 
by puffing up the body, raising themselves rigidly upon their 
legs and occasionally snapping their jaws at their captor. 

We did not find the species as abundant in the region as 
reported by Professor LaRue, and the farmers stated that it 
is yearly becoming more rare. This is to be expected since 
more of the land is being cultivated, and the frogs are killed 
in comparatively large numbers each year by the plows and 
mowers. We found them much more numerous in the meadows 
than in the cultivated fields, and it was evident that with the 
continued breaking up of the meadows the species would be- 
come even more rare in the region. It is also probable that 
many of the individuals, living as they do in burrows far re- 
moved from the ponds, do not breed each year and this acts 


as an additional check to the increase 1n numbers. 


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Charactéristic attitudes of Rana areolat 


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RANA AREOLATA 


University of Michigan 


PLATE II. 


Figure I. Artificial pond near Calhoun, Illinois. Breeding 
place of Rana areolata Bd. & Gir. 


Figure 2. Entrance to abandoned crayfish burrows inhabited 
by Rana areolata Bd. & Gir. One-sixth natural size. 


Prat. 


RANA AREOLATA 


Prave 


A sketch of a crayfish burrow inhabited by a frog. Draw 
scale from a plaster cast in the Museum of Zoology 7 


. 
‘e 


(Cat. No. 44545), one-sixth natural size. 


RANA AREOLATA PLATE: ERT 
[ 


NUMBER IO. May 15, 1915. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


THE BREEDING HABITS OF PROSTHERAPIS SUB- 
BOUNCTATUS COPE. 


By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN AND HELEN T.. GalceE, 


The Bryant Walker Expedition to the Santa Marta Moun- 
tains, Colombia, in 1913, secured a series of specimens, and 
notes on the habits, of a small frog which corresponds so 
closely to the original descriptions of Prostherapis subpunctatus 
Cope’ and Prostherapis variabilis Werner? as to leave little 
doubt that these species are identical, as held by Boulenger*. It 
should be recorded that the type specimen of P. subpunctatus, 
which was in the collection of The Commercial Museums, 
Philadelphia, has disintegrated, so that one must rely upon the 
published description, but the only apparent difference between 
our material and the original description is that the adults in 

1 Contributions to the Herpetology of New Grenada and Argentina. The Phila- 
delphia Museums, Scient. Bull. No. 1 (1899), p. 5, Pl. 1, Fig. 2. 


2 Ueber Reptilien und Batrachier aus Colombien und Trinidad. Verh. Ges. 
Wien, xlix, pp. 474-475. 


3 Zool. Record, 1899, p. 27. 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. Il. 


2 University of Michigan 


our series have a length (head and body) of from 19.5 mm. 
to 24-mm., whereas the length of the specimen measured by 
Cope is given as 43 mm. In this connection it may be noted 
that the specimen figured by Cope* was but 23 mm. long, if, as 
stated, the figures are natural size. In size, as well as in the 
other characters, the Santa Marta specimens conform closely 
to the description of P. variabilis. 

Apparently the only notes on the habits of the species are 
those published by Werner’, who states that the specimens 
taken near Bogota which he examined were accompanied by the 
following field note, “Frosch, Larven im Laich auf dem 
Ricken tragend.”’ 

In the Santa Marta Mountains the species was found be- 
tween altitudes of 2,200 feet and 5,000 feet, on the slope near 
the town of Santa Marta. It occurred in considerable numbers 
at the bottom of ravines, in the litter along the banks of the 
streams, where specimens could be studied and captured only 
with considerable difficulty, owing to their sinall size, secret- 
iveness and agility, and the many places of concealment af- 
forded by the debris on the forest floor in such situations. For- 
tunately the frogs may still exist in ravines which have been 
cleared and subsequently permitted to become grass-covered, 
and in such a ravine, at an altitude of 4,500 feet, the species 
was found in some numbers and was studied by the senior 
writer in as much detail as time and other work permitted, 
from July 2 to July 26, 1913. 

The frogs were in song throughout the time spent in the 
region where they were found, and they were heard at all 
times of the day, but in largest numbers during the rains. The 
song consists of a piping note repeated rather regularly a vary- 
ing number of times. No eggs could be discovered, but from 

4'Loc. cit:, Pl) az, Pic. 2: 

Soc, cits, Dp. 475. =f 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 23 


July 3 to July 26 tadpoles were found in pools, and on July 
3, 9, 11, and 14, single adults with tadpoles on their backs were 
observed hopping about on the land. The nurse frog was in 
each case a male, and the number of tadpoles carried was three, 
four, eleven and fifteen. The tadpoles were all very small 
(from 9 mm. to 12 mm. in length), apparently of about the 
same age, and were usually arranged on either side of the mid- 
dorsal line and at right angles to the axis of the body of the 
nurse frog. (Pl. I, Fig. 2). They apparently clung to the back 
of the nurse frog by means of the lips, and were rather active 
in that they were observed to wriggle about over the back and 
even over the other tadpoles. In the case of the nurse frog 
with fifteen tadpoles, there was room on the back and head for 
but fourteen young and one wriggled about over the others. 
When removed from the adult these tadpoles would cling to a 
wet finger or to the sides of a glass bottle. 

When the nurse frog entered the water the tadpoles one 
by one dropped off the back and swam away. Possibly if the 
adult lingered in the water for a sufficient time the young 
would all escape at the first submersion, but the frogs are very 
active and the ones under observation entered and left the 
water several times before all of the young had released them- 
selves. This may account, at least in part, for the observed 
differences in the number of tadpoles on the nurse frogs. 

The tadpoles found in the pools varied in size from 12 
mm. to 20 mm., and up to July 26 none had progressed so far 
as to show limb buds. The smallest ones would, when re- 
moved from the water, cling to the fingers and permit them- 
selves to be carried about, only slipping off when the fingers 
were immersed, but the larger ones were apparently unable 
to cling to any surface when removed from the water. 

This kind of nursing habit has been recorded for Arthro- 
leptis seychellensis Bottger, Phyllobates trinitatis Garman, 


4 University of Michigan 


Dendrobates baccatus Cope, and Dendrobates trivittatus Spix, 
but the observations are so incomplete that it is impossible to 
determine if the habit serves the same purpose, or is even 
the same in detail, in the different species. For none of the 
forms have we complete information as to place of egg deposi- 
tion, sex of the nurse, number of tadpoles, stage at which the 
tadpoles are taken up by the nurse, method of attachment of 
tadpoles to nurse, and stage at which the tadpoles leave the 
nurse. The observations upon P. subpictatus are also incom- 
plete, but it is believed that from them may be drawn the con- 
clusion that the eggs are laid on the land (possibly but not 
probably, in the opinion of the writers, placed upon the back 
of the male) and the male remains with them. At an early 
stage the tadpoles attach themselves to the male and are car- 
ried to the water, where they leave the nurse frog and complete 
their metamorphosis. 

The following description of the tadpole has been pre- 
pared by the junior writer on the basis of thirty-one specimens 
from nurse frogs and six from pools. 

Length of body of specimens from nurse frog 12 mm.; 
width 3 mm.; length of tail 8 mm.; depth 2 mm. Length of 
body of largest specimen from pool 20 mm.; width 5 mm.; 
length of tail 13 mm.; depth 31/2 mm. Nostrils equidistant 
between end of muzzle and eye; distance between them slightly 
smaller than interocular space. Spiraculum half way between 
end of snout and anus. 

Body distinct from tail, muzzle rounded. Eyes small, on 
upper surface of body. Spiraculum sinistral, small, in large 
specimens visible from above and below. Anal opening dextral, 
in muscular part of tail. Tail pointed. Crests scarcely visible 
near the body, posteriorly widening and becoming convex. 
Lines of crypts indistinct. 

Lower lip and sides of mouth bordered by papillae. Beak 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 


with margin of black. Teeth occupying whole width of inner 
surface of lip; formula 2/3. In smaller specimens (from nurse 
frogs and pools, Pl. I, Fig. 3), the upper row is interrupted in 
the middle, the first lower series is very feeble and the upper 
lip is strongly developed. With an increase in size the lower 
lip becomes relatively less prominent and the first lower row of 
teeth larger. (PI. I, Fig. 1). In the largest specimens from 
the pools (20 mm.) the second upper row of teeth is not always 
interrupted. 

In alcohol the coloration is as follows: blackish above, snout 
semi-translucent with dark blotches on sides and above nostrils, 
sides lighter with dark spots, ventral surface uniform grey, 
tail crests immaculate, yellowish grey, muscular portion of tail 
colored with an occasional sprinkling of black dots. In life 
small tadpoles were uniform black, the heads of the older 
specimens conspicuously golden. 


University of Michigan 


PLATE I. 


Figure 1. Mouth of large tadpole taken from a pool. En- 


larged 16 times. 


Figure 2. Adult male nurse frog with young. Natural 


size. 


Figure 3. Mouth of tadpole taken from the back of a 
nurse frog. Enlarged 16 times. 


PROSTHERAPIS SUBPUNCTATUS IRreaarisy If 


Mt ET AETV ay, 


a 
vivant! 


Mh 
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amanda nin 


NUMBER It. NOVEMBER I, IQI5. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 


ZOOLOGY 
% UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 
nee Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


TIE BREEDING HABITS OF HYLODES CRUENTUS 
a PETERS. 


= By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN. 


The large collection of amphibians from the Sierra Nevada 
de Santa Marta, Colombia, in the Museum, contains a series 
of specimens of Hylodes cruentus Peterst which illustrates 
rather fully the life-history of the species. A part of this 
material was gathered by the writer, who had an opportunity 
to study the form in its environment while a member of the 
3ryant Walker Expedition sent to the region by the Museum 
in 1913, and a part was collected by M. A. Carriker on April 
24, 1QT4. 

' The specimens obtained are from two localities, San 
Lorenzo and the heights east of San Miguel, the former col- 
lected by the writer, the latter by Carriker. On San Lorenzo 


1 For the identification of the specimens the writer is indebted to Dr. George 
A. Boulenger, of the British Museum. 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO, IR, 


2 University of Michigan 


the species was found from an altitude of about 5,000 feet to 
the summit (about 8,300 feet), the San Miguel specimens 
were obtained at altitudes of 6,000 to 7,000 feet. The principal 
habitat of this frog is evidently a large species of Bromeliacez. 
At 5,000 feet these epiphytes occur almost exclusively on the 
trees and mostly above a height of five feet, but at altitudes 
above 6,500 feet, generally speaking, they descend and above 
7,500 feet occur on the bases of the tree trunks, on logs and 
occasionally on the ground. The mountain top is devoid of 
trees and the Bromeliacex, here of large size and of course 
growing on the ground, become the dominant plants. At 5,000 
feet all of the specimens of this frog were obtained in the 
epiphytes growing from 5 to 20 feet from the ground,* and 
none were found elsewhere. At higher elevations they were 
found in the plants growing on the ground and on the bases 
of the trees, and on the mountain top they were discovered in 
the plants on the ground and in the litter about them. It will 
be noted that on the summit, and there only, were individuals 
found outside of the plants, but it is probable that the frogs 
also occur to some extent on the ground in the higher parts of 
the forest where the epiphytes are growing low down on the 
trees. 

The breeding habits of Hl. cruwentus are evidently similar 
to those of H. martinicensis Peters in that the eggs are de- 
posited on the leaves of plants and the metamorphosis takes 
place in the egg, the young emerging in the adult form (see 
plate). The acts of fertilization and egg-laying were not seen, 
but the eggs were found in some numbers. They were all 
attached to the inside surface of the leaves, and mostly but not 
always, near the center of the plant. All of the sets were well 
above the water held by the plant. The eggs were found in 


2 Plants higher than 20 feet on the trees were not examined. 


‘Occasional Papers of the Musewm of Zoology 3 


sets of from four to eight and the number of sets found in a 
single plant varied from one to four. They were often at- 
tacked by a fungus which destroyed them, but when this had 
occurred sufficient gelatinous matter remained to show that 
the eggs which survived were not the complete set. 

In 1913 the eggs were first observed between July 19 and 
23, but it was evident that at this time most of them had 
hatched, and a number of recently hatched young were found 
in the plants. In the San Miguel collection there are eggs 
collected on April 24, 1914, which have small embryos. 

The eggs are large and transparent and the developing 
embryo floats freely in a fluid. The smallest eggs (five milli- 
meters in diameter), those from San Miguel, contain the 
youngest embryos. The latter are about four and three-fourths 
millimeters in length (exclusive of tail) and have the head, tail 
and limb buds, but not the body, folded off. Eggs with slightly 
older embryos, from San Lorenzo, have a diameter of six to 
six and a half millimeters, and those which have nearly or 
quite reached the time of hatching are eight or nine millimeters 
in diameter and the young are six to eight millimeters in length 
exclusive of the tail. 

Metamorphosis is completed in the egg except that the tail 
is apparently not usually entirely absorbed before hatching. 
The limbs begin to appear very early, in fact before the body 
has been folded off. The yolk is large in amount and still 
distends the body of the frog at the time of hatching. The tail 
is very large, thin and vascular and in the early stages is closely 
applied to the yolk (Fig. 2). Previous to the time that the 
young frog leaves the egg the tail decreases in size (Fig. 3), 
but in the cases observed it still persisted until after the frogs 
had hatched, either in its embryonic form or as a filamentous 


appendage or as a small rudiment. It must entirely disappear 


4 University of Michigan 


shortly after hatching as no trace of it can be seen in the young 
frogs, presumably of the year, found in the plants. 

As soon as the legs are sufficiently developed and the yolk 
reduced the frogs struggle about in the egg, and it is evidently 
by means of this struggle that the egg envelope is finally 
broken. Many sets of eggs found between July 19 and July 23, 
1913, were near the time of hatching, and the eggs in several 
sets were observed to hatch between July 22 and July 25. The 
eggs were all at about the same stage of development, and the 
eggs in the same set hatched within a few hours. 

There was no evidence of any kind of brooding habit. 
Adult frogs were occasionally found in plants containing egg 
masses, but by no means as a rule, and in no case in proximity 


to the eggs. 


PLATE 


6 University of Michigan 


PLATE 1: 


Figure tr. Eggs of Hylodes cruentus Peters on the leaf of a species 
of Bromeliacee. 


Figure 2. Large embryo within the egg, showing the large vascu- 
lar tail and the position of the limbs. 


Figure 3. Embryo removed from the egg. This embryo was 
within a few days of the time of hatching. The limbs are in the 
characteristic position and the tail has been partly absorbed. 


HYLODES CRUENTUS PLATE I 


COCKAYNE, BOSTON. 


NUMBER 12. NOVEMBER II, IQIS. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


Ann Arzor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


ON THE OCCURRENCE OF CLEMMYS INSCULPTA 
(LECONTE) IN MICHIGAN. 


By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN AND CrysTAL, THOMPSON. 


The range of Clemmys insculpta (IeConte) is usually 
given as northeastern United States, westward to Ohio. It is 
not reported from Ohio by Morse,' but Smith? states that the 


‘ 


species occurs in eastern Ohio but is “rare in the State.” It 
has been recorded by Nash* as “Tolerably common in south- 
western Ontario, less frequently eastward.” There are ap- 
parently no records for Michigan. 

During the summer of 1915 the species was found in three 
localities in the state, near Manistique, Schoolcraft County, by 
the Bryant Walker Expedition, and near Manistee, Manistee 
County and in Missaukee County by the junior writer in the 
ie ieee Ohio State Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, Pp. 91-144. 


* Rept. Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. IV, Pt. 1, p. 658-9. 
3 Vertebrates of Ontario. Dept. Educ., Toronto. 1908. 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 13. 


2 University of Michigan 


course of field work done for the Michigan Geological and 
3iological Survey. The retiring habits of the species made it 
impossible to determine its abundance in the localities where 
it was found. Eleven specimens were obtained in Schoolcraft 
County and one other seen. In Manistee County one specimen 
was secured and two others seen. The Missaukee County 
record is based upon a single individual observed on the bank 
of the Manistee River. 

All of the specimens secured were found in wet grassy 
sloughs or on the banks of rivers. 

So far as we are able to discern the Michigan specimens 
differ from the eastern specimens which we have seen and 
from published descriptions of Clemmys insculpta only in that 
the color of the ventral side of the soft parts is ochraceous 


orange instead of “reddish” or “bright brick red.” 


NUMBER 13. NOVEMBER I2, IQI5. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


ON A NEARLY COMPLETE. SKULEVORS VMBOS 
CAVIFRONS LEIDY FROM MICHIGAN 


By B. €.-Case 


About the first of August of this year an account of the 
discovery of a fossil skull appeared in the Manchester ( Mich- 
igan) Enterprise. This upon examination turned out to be a 
nearly complete skull of the extinct musk ox Symbos cavifrons. 

The skull was found on the farm of Wm. J. Schlicht, about 
three miles northeast of Manchester, Michigan, in the excava- 
tion of a drain. It lay on a bed of clay four feet below the 
level of the rather swampy surface and was covered by a black 
muck filled with plant remains and interrupted by a few thin 
layers of fine gravel. Unfortunately one of the workmen 
struck the end of the nose with his spade and in the subsequent 
handling of the specimen the pieces were lost: a few of these 
were recovered in the examination of the locality and the 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 14, . 


2 University of Michigan 


search for more of the remains. Nothing further was found. 

The skull is evidently that of a large bull of Symbos cavi- 
frons. It tallies so perfectly with descriptions already given’ 
that no repetition is necessary. The strong rugosities meeting 
over the forehead and the lack of any burr at the base of the 
horns, and the outline of the basisphenoid bone and the relative 
width of the base of the skull, together with the large size 
render it certain that the specimen can not be placed in the 
genus Bootherium. 

Some years ago an imperfect skull of a smaller animal 
referred to Bodtherium sargenti was discovered near Grand 
Rapids and described by Gidley? and Hay,* but so far as known 
this 1s the only specimen referable to Symbos -cavifrons yet 
discovered in Michigan. 

Differences of opinion have resulted in considerable dis- 
cussion of the exact nomenclature of this animal, some con- 
sidering Syubos as a mature form of Bodtherium, but the 
differences in the two forms as revealed by recovered speci- 
mens warrants the retention of the two names, at least pro- 
visionally. 

Symbos ranged well over the United States in Pleistocene 
times, one specimen having been found as far south and west 
as Oklahoma. Allen records eleven known specimens previous- 
ly collected. 

An interesting peculiarity of this specimen is the presence 
of a large cavity in the left cheek just below and anterior 
to the orbit. Evidently the animal had suffered a severe injury 
in some combat from which it had, in part at least, recovered, 
as the edges of the wound are rounded and partly replaced by 


new bone. 


+ Allen. Mems. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. S., Vol. I, p. 2t4. 
* Gidley. Proc. U.S. Nat: Mis., Vol. 34, p- 683, Pl: WIEX,; 1908: 
HayseProc: Ui S> Nat. Mus: Wol:, 48, "p: "525, sel) sz, vomee 


wo 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


The specimen is preserved in the yalentological collection 
ro) 


of the Department of Geology of the University of Michigan, - 


No. 3450. 

MEASUREMENTS: MM. 
iio 40) tip Ol WOGMS a. gels ue -- 604.8 
Condyle to anterior tooth....... 429 
Width -actoss orbits: ......2~-- 249 
Width base of horns. ...-....-- ja eres a a 
Width across zygomas......... 224 
Width across condyles......... [32 
Width backror skill. 222. 22 ....cc- 204 


Height back of skull........... 204 


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Figure 2. Lower surface of skull. 


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NUMPER 14. DECEMPER 12, IQTS. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


OFSERVATIONS ON THE HABITS, EGGS, AND 
YOUNG OF HYLA FUHRMANNI PERACCA. 


By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN. 


The Bryant Walker Expedition to the Santa Marta Moun- 
tains, Colombia, in 1913, secured two adults and two broods 
of young of a large tree-frog which correspond so closely 
with the description of Hyla fuhrmanni Peracca’ as to leave 
no doubt that they are to be referred to that form. The type 
specimen of H. fuhrmanni is a female bearing eggs, and it 1s 
stated that the eggs, thirty-three in number and averaging 
seven mm. in diameter, are glued to the back, and the young 
frogs about to hatch are devoid of tail. The writer studied 
the Santa Marta specimens in the field and secured notes and 


photographs which supplement the notes published by Peracca., 


1 Voyage d’Exploration en Colombia, pp. 108-110, Paris, 1914. 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 15. 


2 University of Michigan 


The Santa Marta specimens are both females bearing eggs, 
‘and they were found in similar situations—on the steep bank 
of a mountain stream at an altitude of 4,509 feet on the moun- 
tain of San Lorenzo. One was in a niche in the rock about 
ten feet above the water, the other was in a hollow in a bank 
of earth about seventy-five feet above the stream (Fig. 6). 

One of the females taken was found on July 13, and car- 
ried on the back twenty-eight pale yellow eggs, in each of 
which the embryo can be easily distinguished as a dark 
streak lying in a deep groove in the enormous yolk (Figs. 4 
and 7). ‘These embryos have the head, limb buds and tail 
differentiated, the tail being short and filamentous in form. On 
each side of the neck a large gill membrane arises and is 
spread over the anterior quarter of the egg, the two mem- 
branes together covering practically the anterior half of cach 
ovum (Fig. 2). 

The embryos on the second female (Fig. 5), taken on 
July 22, twenty-one in number, had reached the time of hatch- 
ing and during the ensuing forty-eight hours the young were 
observed to leave the egg. During this time the young frogs 
struggled about within the egg membranes at intervals, and 
through these struggles each finally ruptured the membrane and 
thrust its head through the rent. They did not at once leave the 
nurse, but remained upon her back, the hind limbs enveloped in 
the ruptured membranes. Within one or two hours after hatch- 
ing, two or three of the young had left the nurse, but whether 
voluntarily or owing to the movement of the nurse was not 
determined. 

The young frogs at the time of hatching (Figs. 1 and 3), 


do not have even a rudiment of tail, are about 10 mm. in length, 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


have well developed discs, and possess a prominent rudiment of 
a gill membrane on each side of the neck. The color is pale 
yellow, more or less speckled with lght reddish brown, the 
punctulations often grouped to form cross bars on the femora 
and, occasionally, irregular blotches on the body. As stated by 
Peracca the eggs are glued to the back of the nurse frog by a 
gelatinous substance. On the sides of the body of the nurse 
the skin forms a fold against which lie the outermost eggs, but 
this fold is not reflexed to form even a rudimentary pouch. 

In captivity one of the adults fed freely upon individuals 


of the small frog Prostherapis subpunctatus Cope. 


4 | University of Michigan 


PLATE, I. 


Figure 1. Recently hatched individual, showing relative size and form 
of gill membrane rudiments. Enlarged 2.3 times. 

Figure 2. Embryo removed from egg membrane; right gill membrane 
slightly raised, left gill membrane in position. Enlarged about 4.5 
times. 

Figure 3. Embryo just previous to the time of hatching, showing the 
relative size of the gill membranes. Enlarged about 5 times. 

Figure 4. Photograph of living female bearing eggs. Reduced about 
4% times. 

Figure 5. Photograph of living female with young emerging from the 
eggs. About 4 natural size. 

Figure 6. Cavity in which one of the females was found. 

Figure 7. Photograph of living female bearing eggs. Reduced about 
2.7 times. 


HyYLA FUHRMANNI PLaTE | 


COCKAYNE, BOSTON. 


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NUMBER 15. DECEMBER 16, IQI5. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arzor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


A LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED IN ARIZONA, NEW 
MEXICO, TEXAS AND OKLAHOMA 
BY DR. Exe. CASH. 


By BryvAnt WALKER 


During several of his recent paleontological explorations 
in the western states, Dr. E. C. Case of the Department of 
Geology, University of Michigan, very kindly took the trouble 
to collect samples of drift from many of the localities visited 
by him. The net result is a valuable and interesting contribu- 
tion to our knowledge of the distribution of the species belong- 
ing to the arid lands of the west, and especially so because very 
many of the localities have never been visited by conchoiogists 
and are not likely to be on account of the local conditions. 

The writer is indebted to Dr. V. Sterki and Dr. George 
H. Clapp for the identification of all of the land species, except 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO, 16. 


2 University of Michigan 


the Succineas, and to Dr. Sterki for the determination of the 
Spheeriidee. The fresh-water species, with the exception of the 
Spheeriide, and the Succineas were identified by the writer. 


1. Fort Defiance, Arizona. ‘‘Post-pleistocene,” Case. 
Zonitoides arborea (Say). 
Zomitoides singleyana Pils. 
Succinea avara Say. 
Lymnea proxina Lea. 
Lymnea humilis rustica Lea? Two specimens in very 
poor condition seem to be this. 
Planorbis Deftectus Say. 
Planorbis parvus Say. 


2. Fort Defiance, Arizona. ‘Drift,’ Case. 
Identified by Clapp. 
Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). 
Zonitoides singleyana Pils. 
Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey. 
Pupoides marginata (Say). 
Pupoides hordacea (Gabb). 
Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. 
Bifidaria procera (Gld.). 


2. Canones Creek, east of Mt. Pedernal, Rio Arribo Co, 
N. M. 
Identified by Sterki. 

Pupoides hordacea (Gabb). 

Pupilla blandi (Mse.). 

Bifidaria pilsbryana St. 

Valloma gracilicosta Reinh. 

Iallonia cyclophorella Ancey. 

Vailonia perspectiva St. 

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


Zomtoides singleyana Pils. Z. leviuscula St. teste Sterki. 
Euconulus fulvus (Dr.). 


4. Coyote Creek, near Rio Puerco, Rio Arribo Co., N. M. 
Identified by Sterki. 

Pupoides hordacea (Gabb). 
Pupilla blandi (Mse.). 
Bifidaria pilsbryana St. 
Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. 
Vallonia graciliocosta Reinh. 
Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey. 
Punctum pygmeum (Dr.). 
Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). 
Zonitoides arborea (Say). 
-Zomtoides minuscula (Binn.) 
Cochlicopa lubrica (Miull.). 


5. Arroya Augua and Rio Puerco, (near together), Rio Ar- 
ribo Co., N. Mv: 
Identified by Sterki. 
Pupoides hordacea (Gabb). 
Bifidaria pilsbryana St. 
Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. 
Pupilla blandi (Mse.). 
Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey. 
Zonitoides singleyana Pils. Z. leviuscula St. teste Sterki. 


6. Outlet of El Cobra Canyon, five miles north of Albu- 
querque, N. M. 
Identified, except the Swccinea, by Sterki. 
Pupoides hordacea (Gabb). 
Pupilla bland: (Mse.). 
Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. 
Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey. 


Succinea avara Say. 


4 University of Michigan 


7, Cuervo River, San Miguel Co., N. M. 
Land species identified by Clapp. 

Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). 

Zonitoides singleyana Pils. 

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). 

Vallomia costata (Mull.). 

Pupoides marginata (Say). 

Pupilla sonorana (St.). 

Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. 

Bifidaria cristata P. & V. 

Bifidaria procera (Gld.). 

Bifidaria holzingeri St. 

Planorbis lentus Say var.? 

Segmentina obstructa (Mor.)? A few very young ex- 
amples are probably this species. 

Planorbis parvus Say. 

Physa sp.? A single, immature example, too young to 
be sure about, but different from young forsheyi 
of the same size. 


8. Fourteen miles northeast of Tucumeari, N. M. 
Identified, except the Succinea, by Clapp. 
Zonitoides minuscula ( Binn.). 

Zomitoides singleyana Pils. 
FHelicodiscus parallelus (Say). 
Vallonia costata (Mull.). 
Pupoides marginata (Say). 
Pupoides hordacea (Gabb). 
Pupilla sonorana (St.). 
Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. 
Bifidaria procera (Gld.). 
Bifidaria cristata P. & V. 


Succinea grosvernori Lea? Very young. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 


9. Red or Canadian Canyon, east of Wagon Mound, Mora 
Co., N. M. 

Identified by Clapp. 
Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). 
Zomtoides singleyana Pils. 
Vitrea indentata (Say). 
Vallonia costata (Miull.). 
Vallonia sp.? 
Frelicodiscus parallelus (Say). 
Pupilla sonorana (St.). 
Bifidaria armifera (Say). 
Bifidaria cristata P. & V. 
Bifidaria procera (Gld.). 
Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. 
Bifidaria holzingeri St. 


10. ‘Turkey Creek, near Wagon Mound, Mora Co., N. M. 
Identified by Clapp. 
 LZonitoides minuscula (Binn.). 
Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). 
Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. 
Pupilla sonorana (St.). 
Bifidaria procera (Gld.). 
Vertigo ovata Say. 
Lymnea humilis rustica Lea. 
Physa forsheyi Lea. 
Planorbis lentus Say var.? 
Planorbis parvus Say. 
Pisidium sp.? “One, (fresh), somewhat like P. ash- 
muni St., but larger and probably immature at 
that.” 


ae 


ge 


University of Michigan 


Pisidium sp.?2 *“IT'wo valves and two juveniles, near 
compressum, but more rounded, less oblique; more 
like fallax, but probably distinct” (Sterk1). 


Staked Plain, Crosbyton, ‘Texas. 


Planorbis lentus Say var.? 


Double Mountain, Aspermount, Texas. 
Identified by Clapp. 


Bulimulus alternatus (Say) var. 


Double Mountain Fork of the Brazos, eight miles south- 
east of Aspermount, Texas. 
Land species identified by Clapp. 
Polygyra texasiana (Mot.). 
Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). 
Zonitoides singleyana Pils. 
Zonitoides numumus Van. 
Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). 
Vallonia costata (Miull.). 
Pupoides marginata (Say). 
Bifidaria cristata P. & V. 
Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. 
Bifidaria procera (Gld.). 
Physa forsheyi Lea. 
Planorbis parvus Say. 
Segmentina obstructa (Mor.)? Very young. 


14. Red River, Burkeburnett, Texas. 


Identified by Clapp. 
Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). 
Zonitoides singleyana Pils. 
Zonitoides nummus Van. 
Vitrea indentata (Say). 
Pupoides marginata (Say). 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7 


Strobilops labyrinthica texasiana P. & F. 
Bifidaria contracta (Say). 
Bifidaria cristata P. & V. 
Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. 


15. North Fork of the Little Wichita River, south of Dundee, 
emace 
Land species, except Succinea, identified by Clapp. 
Polygyra texasiana (Moric.). 
Zonitoides minuscula ( Binn.). 
Zonitoides singleyana Pils. 
Zonitoides nummus Van. 
Punctum pygmeum (Dr.). 
Valloma costata (Mull.). 
Pupoides marginata (Say). 
Bifidaria procera (Gld.). 
Bifidaria tappaniana (C. B. Ads.). 
Bifidaria cristata P. & V. 
Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. 
Succinea grosvernort Lea. 
Lymnea bulimoides techella Hald. 
Physa forshey Lea. 
Planorbis lentus Say var.? 


Segmentina obstructa (Mor). 


16. Red River or Prairie Dog Fork, Silverton-Clarendon 
Road, Texas. 
Identifed by Clapp. 
Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). 
Zonitoides singleyana Pils. 
Pupoides marginata (Say). 
Bifidaria cristata P. & V. 
Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. 


8 University of Michigan 


17. Piedroso Creek, north of Amarillo, Texas. “Loess”? 
Case. 
Succinea grosvernort Lea. 
Lymnea caperata Say? A single, badly broken speci- 
men may be this species. 
Physa gyrina Say. 
Physa forsheyi Lea? <A single, decollate, very much 
distorted specimen may be this species. 
Planorbis lentus Say var.? 
Spherium aureum Pme. 
Spherium sp.? “One valve, more like striatinum, but?” 
Spherium sp.? “One valve distinct.” 
Spherium sp.? “This deposit must have other good 
things, but it does not appear to be “zolian loess.” 
(Sterk1). 
18. Orland, Oklahoma, 
Identified by Clapp. 
Bifidaria cristata P. & V. 
Bifidaria procera (Gld.). 
19. Beaver Creek, Riverside, Beaver Co., Oklahoma. 
Jdentified by Clapp. 
Zonitoides nummus Van. 
Pupoides marginata (Say). 
Bifidaria cristata P. & V. 
Bifidaria procera (Gld.). 
20. Cimmaron River, Ripley, Oklahoma. 
Identified by Clapp. 
Polygyra texasiana (Moric.). 
Polygyra monodon alicie Pils. 
Zomitoides minuscula (Binn.). 
Zonitoides singleyana Pils. 
Vitrea indentata (Say). 


Zils 


22. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology ) 


Euconulus sp.? 

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). 

Punctum pygmeum (Dr.). 

Strobilops sp.? 

Pupoides marginata (Say). 

Bifidaria armifera (Say). 

Bifidaria contracta (Say). 

Bifidaria cristata P.& V. 

Bifidaria hordeacella Pil. 

Bifidaria pentodon (Say). 

Bifidaria procera (Gld.). 
Red Rock Creek, near Billings, Noble Co., Oklahoma. 
Land species identified by Clapp; Musculium by Sterki. 

Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). 

Zonitoides singleyana Pils. 

Zonitoides nummus Van. 

Euconulus sp. ? 

Vallonia costata (Mull.). 

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). 

Pupoides marginata (Say). 

Bifidaria armifera (Say). 

Bifidaria contracta (Say). 

Bifidaria holzingeri St. 

Bifidaria pentodon (Say). 

Bifidaria procera (Gld.). 

Bifidaria tappaniana (C. B. Ads.). 

Planorbis lentus Say var.? 

Musculum sp.? “Two, nepionic and very young at 

that, probably transversum.” (Sterki). 

Creek, fifteen miles east of Chicasha, Oklahoma. 
Land species identified by Clapp. 


Zonitcides arborea (Say)? 


10 University of Michigan 


Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). 
Zomitoides nummus Van. 
Vitrea indentata (Say). 
Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). 
Pupoides marginata (Say). 
Bifidaria armifera (Say). 
Bifidaria contracta (Say). 
Bifidaria cristata P.& V. 
Bifidaria pentodon (Say). 
Bifidaria procera (Gld.). 
Bifidaria tappamiana (C. B. Ads.). 
Physa forsheyi Lea. 
23. Blue Creek Canyon, Wichita Mountains, Oklahoma. 
Land species identified by Clapp; Pisidiwm by Sterki. 
Polygyra texasiana (Moric.). 
Zomitoides minuscula (Binn.). 
Zonitoides singleyana Pils. 
Zonitoides nummus Van. 
Euconulus trochulus Reinh. ? 
Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). 
Pupoides marginata (Say). 
Bifidaria contracta (Say). 
Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. 
Bifidaria procera (Gld.). 
Bifidaria tappaniana (C. B. Ads.). 
Physa forsheyi Lea 
Pisidium sp.? “One example, probably not full grown, 
appears to be friersoni St.” (Sterki). 


24. Santa Fe Lake, one and one-half miles south of Tecum- 
seh, Oklahoma. 
Land species identified by Clapp. 


Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology II 


Zonitoides nummus Van. 

Vitrea indentata (Say). 

Strobilops labyrinthica texasiana Pils. 

Bifidaria contracta (Say). 

Bifidaria cristata P. & V. 

Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. 

Bifidaria pentodon (Say). 

Bifidaria tappaniana (C. B. Ads.). 

Vertigo decora (Gld.). 

Physa forsheyi Lea. 

Planorbis lentus Say var.? Nearly all of the larger 
Planorbes collected by Dr. Case have the strongly 
sculptured inner whorls with raised revolving lines, 
giving a tresselated effect, which appears to be char- 
acteristic of the southern form that has been received 
both as lentus and twmidus. ‘This sculpture is usually 
very strongly developed for about the first three or 
four whorls, after which the spiral lines become 
obsolete. The longitudinal sculpture is more per- 
sistent, but varies greatly at maturity. There is also 
great variation in shape accordingly as the shell is 
compactly or loosely coiled. This form, which is 
widely distributed through the western states from 
South Dakota to Texas, is quite different from typi- 
cal tumidus. It seldom attains the size of what 
Crosse and Fischer regard as typical lentus from 
New Orleans, but, as stated, agrees better with that 
in its sculpture than with the typical northern frivol- 


vis, to which it is often referred. 


25. Sand flats on the east bank of the Cimmaron River, west 
in a straight line from Alva, Oklahoma. 


Succinea grosvernort Lea. 


NUMBER 16. DECEMBER 15, IQI5. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arsor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SUBSPECIES OF CNEMI- 
DOPHORUS LEMNISCATUS LAURENTI. 


By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN. 


A study of a large series of specimens from Colombia and 
British Guiana reveals the fact that the Colombian specimens 
usually referred to Cnemidophorus lemniscatus differ from 
specimens from British Guiana sufficiently to merit subspecific 
recognition. The material studied consists of the collections 
of the Bryant Walker Expeditions to British Guiana and the 
Santa Marta Mountains, and nine specimens from the Santa 
Marta Mountains in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 
Cambridge, Massachusetts. 


Cnemidophorus lemniscatus gaigei,’ subsp. nov. 


Diagnosis: Similar to Cnemidophorus lemniscatus but 


differing in the following particulars: size larger; the width 


1 Named for Frederick M. Gaige, entomolegist of the expedition to Colombia. 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN No. 17. 


2 University of Michigan 


of the parietal shields as great as the width of the head meas- 
ured between the superciliaries at the third supraoculars ; outer 
parietal scales on each side in contact with the enlarged postor- 
bital scale or separated from it by one or, rarely, two small 


scales. Femoral pores 16-24. 
Habitat: Santa Marta Mountains and vicinity, Colombia. 


Type Specimen: Cat. No. 45352, Museum of Zoology, 
University of Michigan; Fundacion, Colombia; August 11, 
1913; Frederick M. Gaige, collector. 


Description of Type Specimen: Male. Parietal scales 
five, their width equalling the width of the head between the 
superciliaries at the third supraoculars, the outer scale on each 
side separated from the enlarged postorbital scale by one small 
scale; supraoculars four; superciliaries five and six; dorsal 
scales granular, smooth; an anterior row of brachials followed 
by three rows of smaller scales; antebrachials proximally in 
two rows, distally in one; femorals in six rows, the upper 
much the largest; under side of tibia with two irregular rows 
of large scales flanked by smaller scales; anterior gular scales 
subequal; mesoptychium with four rows of enlarged scales 
separated from the edge of the collar by two rows of granules; 
ventral plates in eight longitudinal rows and thirty transverse 
rows; enlarged preanal scales seven, the three largest in a 
triangle flanked by a pair of smaller scales the outermost of 
which bears a spine; caudal scales oblique, keeled, shortly 


pointed posteriorly. Femoral pores 20 and 21. 


The color of the sides is bluish olive spotted with dull 
white, and suffused with bright orange yellow behind the | 
fore limbs. Two pale, faintly indicated lateral stripes, the 


lower extending backward from above the temporal region, 


Occasional Papers of the Musewm of Zoology 3 


the upper from the occipital region, inclosing a broad, dark 
brown band. Dorsal region light reddish brown with a poorly 


defined and lighter vertebral stripe. 


dbl Leno iklee eos. ohn ag cao) OS Saree dia. ps one ass 327 mm. 
Renepheor tead-and- -body- ... 2.0. <, . 1.4 fa 96 mm. 
Length of head to posterior margin of ear.. 27 mm. 
TES AOe ee QR a ane a Sener ee ae 23r mm. 
Wireline AG icopternce rasa 3: ee See 27 min. 


Notes on Paratypes: Sixty specimens of this form have 
been examined, and in forty-five of these the width of the 
parietal plates was measured. In every specimen the width 
of the parietal plates is equal to the width of the head between 
the superciliaries at the third supraocular plate, and the outer 
parietals on each side are in contact with the enlarged post- 
orbital scale or separated from it by one 6r rarely two scales, 
average in forty-five specimens 1.08. Five of the largest 
males vary from 88 mm. to Ioo mm. in length, exclusive of 
tail, average 93.5 mm., and four of the largest females range 
from 69 mm. to 81 mm. in length, average 76.2 mm. The 
number of femoral pores in forty-four specimens varies from 


16 to 24, average 20.2. 


Remarks: The series of specimens from Colombia has 
been compared with a series of sixty-four specimens from the 
sand ridges on the Demerara River, about thirty-five miles 
from Georgetown, British Guiana, with the following result. 

In forty-eight specimens from Guiana the width of the 
parietals is decidedly narrower, being about equal to the dis- 
tance between the outer margins of the first supraorbital 
plates, and the outer parietal plates are separated from the 
enlarged postorbital scales by from two to four scales, average 


4 University of Michigan 


3.05. Fifteen of the largest males vary from 61 mm. to 73 
mm. in length, exclusive of tail, average 66.46 mm., and 
seventeen of the largest females vary from 51 mm. to 61 mm. 
in length, average 55.38 mm. The femoral pores in fifty- 
seven specimens vary from 23 to 29, average 26. The writer 
proposes to restrict the name C. lemniscatus Laurenti, type 
locality Guiana, to this form. Laurenti (Syn. Amph., 1768, 
p. 60) gives the locality of Seba’s specimen upon which he 
bases his description as “Guinea” which is evidently a lapsus 
and so pronounced by Daudin (Hist. Nat. Rept., 1802, iii, p. 
180) .? 

It is believed that the relative size attained by adults in the 
two regions is fairly revealed by the material examined, as the 
collections are not haphazard but were made by the writer for 
the purpose of determining the maximum size and the varia- 
tions due to age and sex in the two regions. In the opinion of 
the writer, the Guianan form is a depauperate race very close- 
ly related to the Colombian form with which it will probably 


be found to intergrade. 


2It may be pointed out that if the name be credited to Daudin, as is usually 
done, it may still be applied to the British Guiana specimens as the type locality 
is then ‘‘Surinam.” 


PLATE 


PLATS 1: 


Heads of Cnemidophorus lemniscatus gaigei (type) and typical C. 
lemniscatus from British Guiana (Univ. of Mich. No. 47592), 
showing the differences in the relative width of the parietal scales. 
In the specimen of C. |. gaigei the outer parietal scute is separated 
from the large postorbital scale on the angle between the parietal 
and temporal regions by one scale, while in the specimen of C. 
lemniscatus these scales are separated by several rows of small 


scales. 


CNEMIDOPHORUS. PEAteak: 


CNEMIDOPHORUS LEMNISCATUS GAIGEI. 
(3.3 times natural size.) 


CNEMIDOPHORUS LEMNISCATUS. 
(4.3 times natural size.) 


Weep, Z 
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Ly 
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Sof tes, J 
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CAT 
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NUMBER 17. DECEMBER I5, IQI5S. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES COLLECTED BY 
TEE BRYANT WALKER» EXPEDITION »TO 
SCHOOLCRART -COUN TY; MICHIGAN. 


By HeLen THompson GAIGE. 


Through the generosity of Dr. Bryant Walker, Honorary 
Curator of Mollusca, the Museum was enabled to investigate 
the fauna of a part of Schoolcraft County, in the northern 
peninsula of Michigan, during the summer of 1915. The 
region studied was on the Manistique River, about twenty 
miles northeast of Manistique, and included sections 11, 12, 
13, 14 and 23, T. 43 N., R. 14 W., and section 7, T. 43 N., R. 
13 W. The work on the amphibians and reptiles was done by 


the director of the expedition, Dr. Alexander G. Ruthven, and 


1A general account of this expedition will be given in the annual report of 
the director of the Museum for 1915-1916. 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNTVERSITY OF MICHIGAN No. 18. 


2 University of Michigan 


the writer, by the former during the first three weeks in July, 
by the latter during the frst two weeks in August. 

Although the locality selected had been partially lumbered, 
it was favorable for study as the conditions were otherwise 
undisturbed and it was almost uninhabitated. The reptile- 
amphibian fauna was meager but an effort was made to work 
thoroughly. all of the habitats so that the list of species is 
probably nearly complete. One species, Clemmys msculpta, 
was added to the known fauna of the state.? 

The country about the Manistique River is a sandy plain 
with alternating swamps and sand ridges. In the northern 
part of the region, near Meesic Lake, there are morainal 
ridges, two of which were studied. The flora of the plains 
may be divided roughly into three types, the river flood-plain, 
swamp, and sand ridge types. The flood-plain forest is domin- 
ated by the maple, yellow birch, elm, balsam and hemlock. 
The swampy areas subjected to flooding are occupied largely 
by grasses and sedges and are fringed with tag alder. The 
wooded swamps are of two general kinds, those dominated by 
the arbor-vitae and those occupied by the tamarack, white 
spruce, balsam, jack pine, and associated bog plants. The sand 
ridges were evidently originally clothed with the white pine 
forest, but this has been largely removed and the forest now 
consists of jack pine, paper birch, poplar, balsam, hemlock, 
white spruce and tamarack with a few white pines. On the 
moraines the beech, maple, yellow birch and basswood are the 
dominant trecs. 

‘The Manistique River, about a hundred feet wide at this 
point, is a swiftly flowing stream, which varies rapidly in 
depth and meanders greatly. While the banks are usually 


high, there are frequent depressions representing the ends of 


2 Occ. Papers Museum of Zool., Univ. of Mich., No. 12. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


former channels. There are two large tributary streams, Bear 
Creek and Buschwahr Creek, in the region studied, and several 
smaller ones; like the river, they have considerable current 
and little vegetation. The only large body of quiet water is 
Meesic Lake, in the northern part of the area, which is about 
a mile and a half long and a mile wide and is margined on 
three sides by spruce swamps and on the other by a ridge 
clothed with a forest of hardwoods. The small bodies of 
quiet water are beaver ponds, varying in size and depth, and 
small, stagnant ox-bow ponds cut off from the river, which 
are filled with water plants. 

The habitats frequented by the reptiles and amphibians, as 


revealed by our studies, are shown in the following table. 


Aquatic habitats. 
River and creeks. Mud puppy, leopard frog, green frog, 
snapping turtle, painted turtle. 
Ponds and lakes. Leopard frog, green frog, mink frog, 
snapping turtle. 


Semi-aquatic habitats. 
Wooded swamps. Wood frog, green frog, peeper, leopard 
frog, garter snake. 
Grass and sedge swamps. Leopard frog, green frog, gar- 
ter snake, wood tortoise. 


Land habitats. 
Sand ridges. Red-backed salamander, toad, green snake, 
red-bellied snake, garter snake. 
Hardwood ridges (not exhaustively studied). Red-backed 
salamander, toad: 
Flood-plain of the river. Toad, wood frog, leopard frog, 
garter snake, green snake, red-bellied snake. 


4 University of Michigan 


List OF SPECIES. 


t. Necturus maculosus Raf. Mud Puppy.—A single im- 


mature mud puppy was collected from the Manistique River. 

2. Plethodon erythronotus (Green). Red-backed Sala- 
mander.—Common in decayed logs on the hardwood ridges, 
more rare on the sand ridges. FEiggs in a late stage of develop- 
ment were taken on August 10. 

3. Bufo americanus LeConte. American Toad.—Abund- 
ant in al! land habitats. 

4. Hyla pickeringii Holbrook. Spring Peeper—Numer- 
ous recently transformed individuals were observed in the grass 
about the edge of the marshes and swamps. 

5. Rana pipiens Schreber. Leopard Frog—Commonly 


found about the marshes and swamps. 


6. Rana clamitans Latreille. Green Frog.—This was the 
mest common frog of the region. It was especially abundant 
in the creeks and ponds. Many of the specimens show little or 
no trace of the dorso-lateral folds, but the feet are webbed as 


in typical FR. clamitans. 


7. Rana cantabrigensis Baird. Wood Frog.—Not uncom- 


mon in the vicinity of water. Frequently found under logs and 


loose bark on the river bank, and in numbers in the forest pools. 


8. Rana septentrionalis Baird. Mink Frog.—This species 
was closely confined to Meesic Lake, where it was fairly 
abundant. Occasional specimens were observed in temporary 
pools on the flood-plain of the river. The song is a hoarse 
metallic “clack.” 


9. Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer). Red-bellied Snake. 
—Found commonly in decayed logs and under boards in clear- 
ings on the sand ridges. The stomach of one specimen con- 
tained several slugs. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 


10. Liopeltis vernalis (DeKay). Green Snake—Not un- 
common in dry, open woods and clearings. 

11. Lhamnophis sirtalis (Linn.). Garter Snake—Found 
in both wet and dry habitats. It was most characteristic, how- 
ever, of dry clearings on the sand ridges. 

12. Chelydra serpentina (Linn.). Snapping Turtle— 
Rather uncommon but not rare. A large female contained 
thirty-seven eggs. 

13. Chrysemys bellii Gray. Bell's Painted Turtle—Com- 
mon in the river; a few were observed in large beaver ponds. 
The single specimen collected is so dark that the coloration is 
obscure, and the plastronal blotch is small as in C. cimerea. 
However, the blotch extends on the sutures to the edge of the 
plastron so the specimen is evidently an aberrant C. belli. 

14. Clemmys insculpta (1eConte). Wood Tortoise. — 
Apparently not rare. The species is evidently partially aquatic 
in this region since the eleven specimens secured were all 


taken in swales or on the margin of the river. 


ai tA ¥ 


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NuMber 18. DECEMBER I5, IQTS. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


THE REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS OF MANISTEE 
COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 


By Crysratr, THOMPSON. 


The following report is based upon data secured by the 
writer while engaged in a study of the reptile-amphibian 
fauna of Manistee County fot the Michigan Geological and 
Biological Survey. Headquarters were established at the town 
of East Lake, and an intensive study made of the surround- 
ing region. The work about East Lake was supplemented by 
a trip to Onekama, twelve miles north, and two trips along the 
Manistee River in the eastern part of the county. 

The country worked is the typical sand region bordering 
Lake Michigan. The town of East Lake is located on the 
east shore of Lake Manistee, an inland lake about four miles 
long and one mile wide, which lies approximately parallel to 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN No. Ig. 


2 University of Michigan 


Lake Michigan and about one mile distant from it. The 
shores are for the most part high sand bluffs, except on the 
north where they are low and marshy. The Manistee River, 
the main water course of the county, enters the lake on the 
northeast and flows out on the northwest through a deep chan- 
nel into Lake Michigan. ‘The Little Manistee, a much smaller 
stream, empties into Lake Manistee at the southern end. There 
are very few small lakes or ponds in the vicinity. 

Most of the region studied consists of slightly rolling sand 
plains high above the surface of the lake. These sand plains 
were once covered with pine but have been cut over and are 
growing up to bushes and small second growth timber. Por- 
tions of the plains are being cleared for farms, but much of 
the country is still wild land. Large dunes occur along Lake 
Michigan, and many of these are shifting. 

Perhaps the most striking physiographic feature of the 
country is the flood-plain of the Manistee River. For eighteen 
or twenty miles above Manistee the river has a flood-plain 
varying in width from one-half to three or four miles through 
which it has meandered leaving it intersected by hundreds of 
bayous. The vegetation on the flood-plain is of the low marsh 
type—willows and other lowland bushes, reeds, rushes, and 
marsh grass. The bayous are largely choked with water plants. 

The slope from the sand-plain to the flood-plain is for the 
most part very steep, although in some few places it is more 
gradual. The vegetation of the slopes is similar to that of the 
sand plains except that it is more luxuriant. 

The reptile-amphibian fauna of the region, though com- 
posed of a comparatively large number of species, is not repre- 
sented by large numbers of individuals. Only a few of the 
more common species occur in large numbers and many are 


only occasionally met with. As was to be expected, the flood- 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


plain of the Manistee River, with its many bayous, and the 
moist slopes to the sand. plains furnished by far the largest 
number of species. 


List oF SPECIES. 


1. Necturus maculosus Rafinesque. No individuals of 
this species were observed, but fishermen are reported to have 
taken them in nets in Lake Manistee and Lake Michigan. 

2. Ambystoma punctatum (Linnaeus). Although no 
spotted salamanders were observed, specimens from Manistee 
County are in the museum collection. The species is probably 
not rare but locally distributed. 

3. Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green). The museum 
collection contains specimens from Manistee County. None 
were found by the writer. 

4. Plethodon erythronotus (Green). ‘This appears to be 
the common salamander of the region. Although widely dis- 
tributed it is closely confined to the shady, damp banks of the 
rivers, bayous, and lakes, where many of the decaying logs 
yielded a dozen or more individuals. On the plains it was 
found only in the larger decaying logs. In late June and early 
July many females were found with nests and eggs, all of the 
latter in early stages of development, and many females taken 
at this time contained almost fully developed eggs. It is prob- 
able that the egg laying period in the region is approximately 


from June 25 to July 5. 


5. Bufo americanus 1,e Conte. The toad is common but 
not abundant. A few light-colored specimens were collected 
along the shore of Lake Michigan, and small individuals were 
observed on the sand-plains in July. In late September several 
adults were taken in gardens and about wells where they were 


apparently preparing to hibernate. 


4 University of Michigan 


6. Kana pipiens Shreber. ‘The leopard frog is common 
throughout the region. It is closely confined to the semi- 


aquatic habitats, seldom wandering to the sand plains. 


7. Rana palustris Le Conte. While not occurrirg abund- 
antly in the region about East Lake the species was found 
about cold springs and streams in the vicinity of Onekama. 
It was also found in considerable numbers on the banks of 


the Manistee River in the eastern part of the county. 


8. Rana clamitans Latreille. The green frog is common 
in all favorable habitats. It occurs in numbers about the small 


lakes and along the rivers, bayous, and drainage ditches. 


9. Rana cantabrigensis Baird. The wood frog is appar- 
ently not common. A single specimen was taken in a cold 
stream at Onekama and a few were observed along the Manis- 


tee River in the eastern part of the county. 


10. Rana catesbeana Shaw. The bull frog is apparently 
not rare in Manistee County. No specimens were taken, but 
they were frequently heard at night and two caught along the 


river by fishermen were examined. 


tr. Eumeces quinqguilineatus (Linnaeus). The known 
range of the blue-tailed skink in Michigan is considerably 
extended by the taking of a single specimen in Manistee 
County. Hitherto it has been known only from the southern 
half of the southern peninsula.t. It has been reported from 
counties in the southwestern part of the state, but no speci- 
mens have been available for examination except from Huron, 
Gratiot, St. Clair, Oakland, Lenawee, and Monroe Counties. 
The specimen taken in Manistee County is a nearly adult 
individual and was found in a pile of old timbers at the edge 


1 Ruthven, A. G. The Reptiles of Michigan. Mich. Geol. and Biol. Surv., 
Pub. 19, Biol. Ser. 3, pp. 79-81. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 


of a bayou. The species seems to be rare but probably occurs 


in favorable habitats throughout the region. 


12, Storeria dekayi (Holbrook). The brown snake is 
common. It frequents the second growth woodlands, especial- 


lv the damper portions. 


13. Heterodon platyrhinus Latreille. The sand region 
furnishes a favorable habitat for the hog-nosed snake. Though 
not occurring in large numbers it is common on the plains and 


along the sandy shores of bayous and lakes. 


14. Natrix sipedon (Linnaeus). The water snake fre- 
quents the many bayous of.the Manistee River flood-plain but 


is apparently nowhere abundant. 


15. Regina leberis (Linnaeus). A single specimen of the 
queen snake from Manistee County is in the museum collec- 
tion. It is probably not common in the region. 

16. Luiopeltis vernalis (DeKay). The green snake is re- 
ported as common in the vicinity of East Lake and there are 
specimens from near Manistee in the museum collection, but 


it was not observed by the writer. 


17. Lampropeltis doliatus triangulus (Boie). The sand 
plains furnish a favorable habitat for the milk snake. Secret- 
ive in its habits, it is rather difficult to capture and is not fre- 
quently seen. It seems, however, to be a common species in 


the region. 


18. Thanmnophis sirtalis (Linnaeus). The common garter- 
snake is one of the most abundant reptiles of the region. It 
occurs in numbers in the semi-aquatic habitats, and less fre- 
quently on the sand plains. 


19. Sistrurus catenatus (Rafinesque). No rattlesnakes 


were seen and they are reported as rare in the vicinity of East 
Lake but are said to occur frequently in the swamps farther 


6 University of Michigan 


inland. They are undoubtedly becoming more rare with the 


clearing of the land. 


20. Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus). The snapping turtle 
evidently does not occur in large numbers in the region. Only 
one specimen was taken, and no others were seen, although 
the many bayous would seem to furnish an especially favorable 
habitat. 


21. Chrysemys cinerea (Bonnaterre). This is the com- 
mon turtle of the region. It occurs in numbers everywhere in 
the bayous, streams, and lakes, and many were found on the 


plains. 


22. Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus). The box turtle is 
not common. No specimens were taken, but two individuals 
which were said to have been taken along the river about 
fifteen miles from East Lake, were examined. It is probable 
that the species occurs only rarely. This is to be expected since 
in this region it is probably reaching the northernmost limit of 
its range in the state. It has not before been known except in 
the southern part of the southern peninsula. (Ruthven, op. 
cit, p. 157.) There are specimens from Cass, Calhoun, and 
Washtenaw Counties in the Museum, and it has been reported 
from Van Buren, Kalamazoo, Barry, Eaton, and Montcalm 


Counties. 


23. Clemmys insculpta LeConte. One specimen of the 
eastern wood tortoise was taken and two others examined. 
The individual taken was found on a sand bank along the 
Manistee River. Previous to 1915 this species was not known 
to occur in Michigan. During the field work of this year it 
was found in Schoolcraft County in the northern peninsula 
and in Manistee County and Missaukee County in the southern 


peninsula. 


NUMBER I9. DECEMBER I5, I915. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF 
LIZARD OF THE FAMILY GEKKONID. 


By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN. 


Among the reptiles obtained by the Bryant Walker Expedi- 
tion to the Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia, in 1913, there 
are two specimens of a gecko which is undescribed and which 
differs from the known forms in the family Sener to 


warrant the erection of a new genus. 


Pseudogonatodes, new genus. 


Description: Digits rather short, slender, slightly de- 
pressed at base, the ventral surface with transverse lamellz 
the last two to four of which are divided, the distal joints a 
little compressed and forming an angle with the basal portion, 
provided with claws retractile in a compressed sheath formed 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 20. 


2 University of Michigan 


by five scales—two large petaloid laterals, two narrower later- 
als which meet above except at their distal extremities, and 
a narrow dorsal scale on the distal curve of the sheath. Body 
a little depressed, covered above with fine tubercular scales, 
below with smooth, slightly imbricate scales. Tail long, cylin- 
drical, covered with imbricate scales, the dorsals regularly a 
little elongate and obtusely pointed, the ventrals larger, irreg- 
ular in shape, being rounded or sharply or obtusely pointed. 
Pupil round. Males without femoral pores. 


Type: Pseudogonatodes furvus, new species. 


Pseudcgonatodes furvus, new species. 


Description: Adult male. Head long and narrow, the 
length (to the ear) contained 4.5 times in the length of the 
head and body, the greatest width (at the ear) three-fifths of 
the length; snout pointed, its length a little more than twice 
the diameter of the orbit; diameter of orbit one-half of the 
distance between the eye and ear; ear opening very small, oval. 
Body elongate, a little depressed, with two erect longitudinal 
vertebral folds; dorsal scales tubercular. Rostral large, cleft 
above, bounding the nostril anteriorly. Five upper labials; 
four and five lower labials, the first very long, reaching nearly 
to the vertical of the anterior margin of the orbit. Several 
small scales behind the mental; gular scales very small and 
somewhat tubercular; abdominal scales large, flat, imbricate. 
Dorsal caudal scales a little elongate and bluntly pointed, 
ventrals variable in form, being rounded or obtusely or acutely 
pointed. 

Ground color above bone brown, mixed with buffy brown 
on the muzzle. Sides with small, inconspicuous, round, gray 
spots mostly in two rows from the head to the groin. A faint 


light streak from the eye to the occipital region, and two on the 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


o 


nape. Two rows of pale spots on the back, distinct in the 
lumbar region, barely discernible anteriorly, represented on 
the tail by two broken, wavy, dark olive lines. A lateral series 
of gray spots on the tail. Labials with pale pinkish buff mark- 
ings, and an oblique line of the same color margined with 
dark brown from below the orbit to the anterior region of the 
throat. Gular region, throat and axillary region cartridge 
buff to pinkish buff with irregular blackish brown markings. 
Ground color of belly olive buff, of pelvic region army brown, 
mostly obscured by irregular markings of chaetura drab. Tail 
beneath chaetura black with small gray spots. 

Length of head and body, 45 mm.; length of tail, 48.5 
mm.; length of head (to ear), 10 mm.; width of head, 6 mm. 

Habitat: Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia. 

Type specimen: Cat. No. 47782, Museum of Zoology, 
University of Michigan; San Lorenzo (altitude of 5,000 feet), 
Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia; July 20, 1913; F. M. 
Gaige, collector. 

Notes on habits: ‘The type specimen was found in a wet 
and very much decayed log in the forest. The only other 
specimen obtained was a much mutilated one taken from the 
stomach of a snake (Drymobius boddaerti) found near the 
same place. 


- ~ ? ‘ ery < 


The 0 


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META ALD RIAA 
PYAAE AEA TARDE | 
es 
. a 
: - 
: 
4 
- . a ‘er 
. err . he 


NUMBER 20. DECEMBER 20, IQTS. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW TAILLESS AMPHIBIAN 
OF THE FAMILY DENDROBATID/:. 


By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN. 


Several specimens of an undescribed amphibian were ob- 
tained in the Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia, by the 
Bryant Walker Expedition, in 1913. As will be seen from the 
description, the form falls under Boulenger’s definition of the 
family Dendrobatidz, but it differs from the known forms in 
this family sufficiently to warrant its recognition as the type of 
a new genus. 


Geobatrachus, new genus. 


Description: Pectoral girdle firmisternal; precoracoids 
present, very slender; omosternum and sternum cartilaginous. 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 21. 


2 University of Michigan 


Maxillary teeth none. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra not 
dilated. Tympanum concealed. Pupil horizontal. Tongue 
elongate, entire and free ‘behind. Fingers and toes entirely 
free; terminal phalanges simple; toes four, occasionally a 
projecting rudiment of a hallux, the tips not or but little 
dilated, flattened into pointed disc-like structures. 


Type: Geobatrachus walkeri, new species. 


Geobatrachus walkeri, new species.' 


Description: Head short and broad; snout a little longer 
than the diameter of the eye, with angular canthus rostralis, 
upper surface flat or a little concave, loreal region oblique. 
Interorbital space broader than upper eyelid. Tympanum con- 
cealed. Fingers and toes short and stout; the first finger not 
extending as far as the second; tips of fingers and toes flat- 
tened, and sometimes a little enlarged, into pointed disc-like 
structures; a more or less distinct outer metatarsal tubercle. 
The hind limb being extended along the side #€ the tibio-tarsal 
articulation reaches the shoulder or falls short of that point. 
Skin above smooth or with low warts which are mostly con- 
fined to the lumbar region and sides, a fold from the eye to 
the insertion of the fore limb; belly coarsely granular. Uni- 
form olivaceous black (3) above; ground color below dull 
white, this color more or less-replaced by brown dots; chin 
and throat darker. 

Total length (head and body) of the type specimen, 19 
mm., length of hind limb (to tip of longest toe), 25.5 mm. 


Habitat: Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia. 


Type specimen: Cat. No. 47785, Museum of Zoology, 
University of Michigan; San Lorenzo (altitude of 8,000 feet), 


1 Named fer Dr. Bryant Walker, the conchologist. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia; July 19, 1913; Alexander 
G. Ruthven, collector. 


Notes on habits: The summit of San Lorenzo is devoid of 
trees and the dominant plant is a species of Bromeliacee 
which attains a large size. The plants are connected by large 
stems, and it was beneath these stems and under stones in the 
treeless area and in the edge of the surrounding forest that 
the specimens of this species were found. ‘That this habitat 
was a favorable one is indicated by the fact that eight speci- 
mens were found in an hour’s time. 

Acknowledgement: ‘The writer is indebted to Dr. George 
A. Boulenger, of the British Museum, for assistance in diag- 


nosing the form. 


NUMBER 21. FEBRUARY 10, IQI6. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arbor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


A NEW.GENUS AND SPECIES OF LIZARD FROM 
COLOMBIA, WITH REMARKS ON THE 
GENUS PSEUDOGONATODES. 

By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN. 


A small lizard was obtained in the region of the Santa 
Marta Mountains, Colombia, by the Bryant Walker Expedi- 
tion, in 1913, which apparently represents an undescribed 


species and genus in the family Eublepharidae. 


Lathrogecko, new genus. 


Description: Digits short, stout, cylindrical, the distal 
joints forming an angle with the basal portion, provided with 
transverse lamellae on the ventral surface, terminating in a 
large compressed sheath formed by six scales—two large 
petaloid laterals, two elongate upper laterals, an elongate 
dorsal covering the suture between the upper laterals, and a 
small dorsal in the angle formed by the ends of the upper 
laterals and large dorsal. Head and neck covered with granu- 
lar scales, those on the snout enlarged. Body depressed, 
covered with rather large, smooth, imbricate scales, the dorsals 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO, 22. 


2 University of Michigan 


a little smaller than the ventrals. Tail cylindrical, thick, a 
little less than half of the total length, covered with smooth 
imbricate, rounded scales. Pupil round; eyelid well developed 
above. Male without femoral pores. 


Type: Lathrogecko sancte-martc, new species. 


Lathrogecko sanctae-martae, new species. 


Description: Size small. Head about one-fourth of the 
total length, exclusive of tail, its width five-sevenths of its 
length; sneut less than twice the diameter of the orbit, equal 
to or a little shorter than the distance between the ear and 
orbit; ear opening moderate. Body depressed; dorsal scales 
rounded, imbricate, smooth. Rostral large, cleft above, bound- 
ing the nostril anteriorly. Upper labials four or three, the first 
very large; lower labials three, the first the largest. Mental 
large, deeply grooved; gular scales small, tubercular ; abominal 
scales rounded, smooth, imbricate, a little larger than the 
dorsals. Caudal scales rounded, smooth, imbricate. 

Male dark brown above with a yellowish white head band 
which begins at the tip of the snout, extends to the orbit along 
the canthus rostralis and is continued from the posterior mar- 
gin of the orbit across the temporal and occipital regions. 
Belly, chin and throat white or pale yellow, the scales of the 
belly, chin and throat margined with small brown spots, those 
of the pelvic region and sometimes those of the axillary region 
more generally spotted. Posterior side of the thighs dark 
brown with large white spots. Female paler, the upper region 
of the head pale brown with an indistinct paler band across 
the occipital and temporal regions. Throat and lips banded 
with white and brown. . 

The measurements of the type specimen are as follows: 
length (exclusive of tail) 21.5 mm., length of head 5.25 mm., 
width of head 3.75 mm. Tail reproduced, 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zootogy 3 


Habitat: Region of the Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia. 

Type specimen: Cat. No. 47790, Museum of Zoology, 
University of Michigan; Fundacion, Colombia; August 14, 
£9133, A. 9. Pearse, collector. 

Flabits: Four specimens of this lizard were obtained, all 
in the vicinity of Fundacion. ‘Two were taken from a hollow 


stump, and two were found on the ground at the base of trees. 


Remarks: This gecko resembles the recently described 
Pseudogonatodes’ in having a round pupil, cylindrical, angu- 
larly bent digits, and compressed ungual sheaths, but it differs 
conspicuously from that form in having a larger number of 
scales in the ungual sheath, a different dorsal lepidosis, and a 
short, stout tail. 

The writer was in error in referring the genus Pseudo- 
gonatodes to the family Gekkonidae; like Lathrogecko it is a 
Eublepharid. 


1 Occ. Papers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, No. 19. 


NUMBER 22. FEBRUARY I0, IQI6. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN AkbOoR, MICHIGAN. PUBLISILED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES ‘OF 
LIZARD FROM BRITISH GUIANA. 


By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN. 


Two specimens of a lizard which is apparently undescribed 
are in the collections made by the Bryant Walker Expedition 
to British Guiana in the summer of 1914. The form belongs 
to the family Teiidae and is evidently nearly related to the 
genera Iphisa and Tretioscincus, but it differs from both of 
these genera sufficiently to warrant its recognition as the type 


of a new genus. 
Calliscincopus, new genus. 


Description: abit of Tretioscincus. Tongue rather 
elongate with sagittate head and bifid tip. Head with large 
regular shields. Anterior nasal plates separated by a fronto- 
nasal. Praefrontals small, widely separated, the frontal and 
frontonasal plates forming a suture. Frontoparietals present. 
Nostril in lower part of a semidivided nasal. Limbs well de- 
veloped, inner finger rudimentary, clawless. Ear exposed. 
Eyelids with well developed lids, the lower with a transparent 
disk. Dorsal and lateral scales smooth, imbricate, rounded, 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 23. 


2 University of Michigan 


and subequal on the body and tail; the dorsals enlarged, more 

or less truncate and in two rows on the anterior region of the 

neck. Ventral and subcaudal scales rounded, imbricate, sub- 

equal, smooth. No collar fold. Male with femoral pores. 
Type: Calliscmcopus agilis, new species. 


Calliscincopus agilis, new species. 


Description: Male. Body moderately elongate. Head 
flattened, 1.35 times as long as broad, the length about 2.5 
times the length of the snout and contained 434 times in the 
length of the head and body. Frontonasal very broad, the 
width 1.5 to 1.7 times the length. Praefrontals small, sub- 
triangular, separated by nearly the entire width of the frontal. 
Frontal a little longer than the frontonasal. Parietals very 
large. Interparietal trapeziform. A row of infraorbitals. 
Supraoculars two, the first the larger. A single loreal. Chin 
shields one anterior and three pairs, all in contact or the last 
pair narrowly separated. Dorsal and lateral scales smooth, 
rounded, imbricate, subequal on the body; the dorsals much 
larger than the lat-rals, more or less truncate, and in two rows 
on the anterior region of the neck. Ventrals smooth, imbri- 
cate, a little larger and more elongate than the dorsals. Caudal 
“scales rounded, smooth, imbricate, subequal. ‘fail a little more 
than half of the total length. Male with four femoral pores 
on each side. 

The color of thetype specimen in life was as follows: Above 
bister becoming darker in the lumbar rcgion. A light stripe on 
each side from the end of the snout to the base of the tail; this 
stripe chamois on head and neck, deep chrysolite green on the 
body, and narrowly margined above with black on neck and 
body. Sides of head, neck and body, and the dorsal surface 
of limbs, black, on the neck this band margined below with a 


line of amber yellow.. The scales in the submental region dull 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


white (about to be shed). Throat light lumiere green, the 
outer scales with a black base, the middle ones with small 
black spots at the base. Belly and ventral surface of limbs 
lumiere blue, the base of each scale black.” Tail proximally 
diva blue with three black bands—continuations of the dorsal 
and lateral dark areas—diminishing in width and disappearing 
about the middle, distally entirely induline blue. 

The measurcments of the type specimen are as follows: 
total length 143.5 mm., length of head 11.5 mm., width of head 
8.5 mm., length of snout 4.75 mm., length of tait 88 mm. 

Habitat: Sand ridges on the Demerara River, British 
Guiana. 

Type specimen: Cat. No. 47798, Museum of Zoology, 
University of Michigan; sand ridge near Dunoon, British 
Guiana; August 24, 1914; Alexander G. Ruthven, collector. 

Notes on paratype: A second specimen differs from the 
type only in size and brightness of color. The length of the 
head and body is 45 mm., the length of the head 9.5 mm., the 
width of the head 7 mm., and the length of the snout 3.75 mm. 
The tail has been reproduced. In life the specimen had the 
same color pattern as the type, but the head was cinnamon 
brown above, the dorsal region from the occiput to the middle 
of the back Prout’s brown, the lumbar region black; the lateral 
stripe was antimony yellow on the head, straw yellow on the 
shoulder, and courge green on the body; the chin as well as the 
throat was light lumiere green, and the tail was amparo blue. 

Habits: ‘his lizard was only found in the woods on the 
sand ridges. But six individuals were observed in the course 
of the field work, and only two of these were captured. All 
of those seen were on trees and stumps, and were very agile 
and shy, quickly sceking concealment at the slightest alarm. 


The actions are very skink-like, so much so that individuals 


4 University of Michigan 


could be distinguished from the young of Mabuwia aurata in 
the field only by the brighter coloration. 

Remarks: This form is near the genera Iphisa asd 
Tretioscinus. It differs from both of these genera in having 
small and widely separated praefrontals and a semidivided 
nasal, from Tretioscincus also in having relatively larger 
scales on the dorsal region of the neck and a larger frontal 
and frontonasal, and from Iphisa in having subequal dorsal 
scales on the body and ventral surface and a small number of 
femoral pores. On the whole it seems to be nearest to 
Tretioscincus and it bears a superficial resemblance to Tretios- 


cincus bifasciatus Dum. 


NUMBER 23. MarcH 2, I9Q16. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


BEES FROM THE NORTHERN PENINSULA OF 
MICHIGAN. 


By ID. AS CocKERELE. 


The following report on bees collected by the Shiras Expe- 
ditions to Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, Michigan, in 
1G¢13 and 1914, and by the Bryant Walker Expedition to 
Schoolcraft, County, Michigan, in 1915, represent a first con- 
tribution to the knowledge of the bees of the northern penin- 
sula of the state. The collection shows strong boreal affinities. 
It has seemed useful to throw the material into the form of a 
key, in order to assist subsequent workers in the field in the 
examination of their specimens. It is to be understood, of 
course, that all determinations based on the key will be checked 
by reference to specimens or to the full descriptions, since the 
key only undertakes to separate the listed species from one 


another. 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 24. 


2 University of Micligan 


A few abbreviations have been used: s.m.—submarginal 


cell; t.c.—transverse cubital nervure; r.n—recurrent nervure. 


al. Anterior wings with two submarginal cells. 

bt. Small black species, with yellow spot on tubercles; stigma 
well developed. 

ct. Face of female almost wholly black; upper border of proth- 


orax with yellow marks. 


Prosopis gaigei n. sp. 


Female. Length about 6 mm., black, the face without light 
markings except some microscopical yellow spots at sides; 
collar above with two slender yellow lines, tubercles with a 
large chrome yellow spot, hind tibiae broadly yellow at base; 
tegulae entirely black, minutely sculptured with concrete lines ; 
wings smoky; second s. m. large, first r.n. mecting first t. c. ; 
flagellum only obscurely dark reddish beneath. Head rather 
long; mesothorax and scutellum strongly punctured; area of 
metathorax rugose; first abdominal segment shining, 1m- 
punctate, remaining segments very minutely roughened. 

Fioodwood, Schoolcraft Co., Michigan, July 26, 1915. 
(Gaige, 29, 30), 29 is the type; 30 unfortunately lacks the 
head. On account of the black face, this at once suggests 
P. personatella Ckll. from Colorado. P. personatella is how- 
ever very distinct, having a shorter head, much more finely 
sculptured mesothorax, and dark tubercles. On account of the 
long face, this cannot be a variation of P. modesta Say. The 
minutely aciculate, sparsely and shallowly punctured clypeus 
of P. gaigei is 700 microns long and 370 microns wide at top, 
thus unusually long and narrow. The coarse irregular sculp- 
ture of area of metathorax and more sparsely (though very 
distinctly) punctured pleura indicate that P. gaigei 1s not a 


melanic P. elliptica Kirby. 


. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


c*. Face of female with long yellow lateral marks, and a band 
across lower margin of clypeus, the last not always well 
developed; upper border of prothorax without yellow 


marks. . 


Prosopis elliptica Kirby. 
Floodwood, Schoolcraft Co., July 29, 1915, (Gaige 33). 

b?. Larger species, with hairy thorax; no yellow spots on 
tubercles, stigma small. 

ct. Black, comparatively narrow and elongate in both sexes; 
male antenne greatly modified, the flagellum thickened 
before the middle. Feet with pulvilli. Ventral scopa of 
female pale. 


Andronicus cylindricus Cresson. 


Floodwood, Schoolcraft Co., July 13-14, (Gaige 19, 20). 
Beth sexes. In his original description, based on a male from 
Connecticut, Cresson says that the first r. n. meets the first t. c., 
and second r. n. joins second s. m. “a little within its apex.” 
He also states that the vertex is sparsely clothed with short 
pale hairs, and the upper surface of the thorax is sparsely 
hairy. In our male the pale hair of the vertex and thorax 
above is long and qnite abundant, while in both sexes the first 
r. n. joins the second s. m. a moderate distance from its base, 
while the second joins it twice as far from the apex. Robert- 
son’s account of both sexes, as found in Illinois, appears to 
agree with the Michigan insect. I infer that Cresson’s type 
was worn, and that the venation is variable, but it is just pos- 


sible that there are two species. 


c?. Blue and green; male antenne ordinary. Feet with pul- 
villi. Ventral scopa of female black. 


4 University of Michigan 


Osmia melanotricha [Lovell & Cockerell. 

Floodwood, Schoolcraft Co., July 14, 22, 29, (Gaige 20, 25. 
26, 34). Four females. Previously known from Maine and 
Colorado. 


c*. Black; male antenne ordinary. Feet without pulvillt. 

d'. Female with red ventral scopa, and segments 4 and 5 dor- 
sally with white hair-bands; male with anterior legs 
much modified, anterior femora with the outer margin 


only black at end, where there is a short keel. 


Megachile vidua Smith. 


Floodwood, Schoolcraft Co., July 6, 8, 11, 21 (males), and 
26 (female), (Gaige 3, 7, 11, 24). Whitefish Point, Chippewa 
Co., July 29, (Andrews, 20) female, and (Andrews 17) male. 


d?. Female with red or black ventral scopa; dorsal segments 
4nd 5 of abdomen without white hair-bands; male with 
anterior legs much modified, the anterior femora with a 
broad black stripe from base to apex on outer side, and 
no apical keel. 


Megachile melanophaea Smith. 


Floodwood, Schoolcraft Co., July 11, 30, two females 
(Gaige 9, 35) ; July 11, 12, two males (Gaige 12, 14). White- 
fish Point, Chippewa Co., July 29, one male (Andrews 18). 
None of these are typical 1. melanophea, which has the ven- 
tral scopa of female rich dark chocolate color throughout. The 
female No. 35 (July 30), which has the lower part of the 
pleura black-haired, and the ventral scopa bright red, black at 
base and to some extent at sides, is a slightly modified form of 
the western (Washington State) 17. melanophea calogaster 
(Ckil.). The other female (July 11), with the hair of pleura 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zootogy 5 


all pale, and the scopa red and black, approaches the Rocky 
Mountain M. melanophea wootoni (CkIl.). There are three 
subspecific forms, melanophea of the northeastern part of 
America, calogaster of the northwest, and wootoni of the 
Rocky Mountains. In the middle regions of the north they 
appear to intergrade, and it will be very interesting to learn 
more about the variations occurring in Michigan and the ad- 
jacent states. The type locality of M. melanophea is Nova 
Scotia. The type of calogaster is from Olympia, Washington ; 
the type female has the lower part of the pleura black-haired, 
and a large patch of black hair on middle of mesothorax. The 


type of wootoni is from New Mexico. 


d*. Female with cream-colored ventral scopa; male with an- 


terior legs not modified. 


Megachile decipiens Lovell & Cockerell. 


Whitefish Point, Chippewa Co., July 29, one male (An- 
drews 21). Described from Maine. This is the most western 


record. 


a®. Anterior wings with three submarginal cells. 
bt. Eves hairy; marginal cell very long and narrow, abdomen 


fulvous and black. 


Apis mellifera ligustica Spinola. 


Floodwood, Schoolcraft Co., July 26, (Andrews). The 
Italian honey-bee. 


b?. Eyes not hairy. 

ct. Clypeus, V-shaped lateral face-niarks, and supraclypeal 
band yellow in males; black bees, with hairy thorax; first 
discoidal cell longer than marginal. The female has red 


hair at apex of abdomen. 


6 University of Michigan 


Clisodon terminalis (Cresson). 
Floodwood, Schoolcraft Co., July 12, one male (Gaige 13). 
Whitefish Point, Chippewa Co., July 29, two males (Andrews 


HO). 


c?. Clypeus not yellow. 
d'. Terra-cotta red bees with little hair; abdomen with yellow 
spots. Mandibles bidentate at end. 


Nomada bella Cresson. 


Floodwood, Schoolcraft Co., July 27, two females (Gaige 
1). ‘The male is a very different looking insect, with yellow 


bands on the abdomen. 
d?. Small green bee, basal nervure strongly curved. 


Halictus pilosus Smith. 


Floodwood, Schoolcraft Co., August 2, (Gaige 42). Wiaide- 


ly distributed in the Eastern States. 


d*. Bees with black integument, though often with colored 
hair. 

et. Second s. m. not far from square, the lower basal corner 
not strongly produced, color of hair not bright. 

f'. Lower part of basal nervure strongly bent or arched; ab- 
domen with bands of white pubescence at bases of seg- 


ments 2 to 4. 


Halictus craternus [ovell. 


Floodwood, Schoolcraft Co., July 31, one female (Gaige 
39). Whitefish Point, Chippewa Co., July 26-29, four males 
(Andrews 23, 24, 40). Allied to H. discus Smith, but dis- 


tinguished by the more closely punctured mesothorax. It is 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7 


readily distinguished from H. parisus (Lovell) and H. gulosus 
(Ckll.),—both described as varities of HH. arcuatus, Rob., but 
distinct species,—by the punctured apical part of the first ab- 
dominal segment and the smaller stigma, H. craterus was 
described from Maine; the present record greatly extends its 


known range. 


f°. Basal nervure nearly straight; abdomen shining black, 


without hair-bands. 


Andrena vicina Smith. 


Floodwood, Schoolcraft Co., July 12, 13, two females 
(Gaige 16, 18). Whitefish Point, Chippewa Co., July 26, one 
female (Andrews 22). All three females badly worn. Wiaide- 

‘ly distributed in the Northern States. 


e*. Lower basal corner of second s. m. produced and pointed ; 
hair often brightly colored. 

f'. Abdomen with a broad band of bright ferruginous-red 
hair; yellow hair of scutellum more or less divided in 
ihe middle. 


Bombus ternarius Say. 


Very many specimens taken in July at Floodwood, School- 
craft Cu., in July (Gaige) and at Whitefish Point, Chippewa 
Co. (Andrews). It is apparently the commonest Bombus of 
the region. 


£2, Abdomen without a red band. 

g'. Hind tibie hairy on outer side; face and front of males 
with hair entirely black. 

ht. Thorax above without a black band; abdomen with black 


hair, a little yellow at sides of third segment. 


8 University of Michigan 
Psithyrus laboriosus (labricius). 


Whitefish Point, Chippewa Co., June 27, one female (An- 
drews 2). Fabricius bestowed the specific name, supposing 
that he had a Bombus before him; it is scarcely appropriate 
for a Psithyrus. 


h?. Thorax above with a black band of hair. 


it. Vertex with a patch of yellow hair; pleura with much light 


hair. 


Psithyrus insularis (Smith). 


Floodwood, Schoolcraft Co., July 6, 15, two females 
(Gaige 1, 22). Whitefish Point, Chippewa Co., July 24, one 
male (Andrews 9). The male is much smaller than the female.. 


i. Vertex without a patch of yellow hair; only upper part of 
pleura with yellow hair. 


Psithyrus ashtoni (Cresson). 


Floodwood, Schoolcraft Co., July 6, 8, 15, three females 


(Gaige 2, 6, 22). Whitefish Point, Chippewa Co., July 23, one 
male (Andrews 10). 


eg’. Hind tibe with a smooth, shining, pollen-collecting surface 
on outer side in queens and workers, which alone are 
represented in the collection. 


ht. First abdominal segment with light hair. 


. A luft of yellow hair near bases of antenne,; malar space 
rather long; black band on thorax extremely broad; 
yellow hair of scutellum interrupted in the middle. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9 


Bombus ternarius Say var. expallidus n. var. 


Female (queen) with hair of first four segments of ab- 
domen reddish tawny, without any bright ferruginous; the first 
and fourth segments are tawny like the second and third, not 
clear pale yellow as in the typical form. 

Floodwood, Schoolcraft Co., July 20, one female (Gaige 
22). Franklin speaks of the red color of Bombus “fading 
out,” producing pallid forms. Experimental evidence on this 
point is wanting, but I believe that the pale varieties, which 
seem to occur in almost all the species with bright red hair, 
are true varieties, probably recessive to the normal forms. 
Thus in the present collection there is one expallidus, among 
a great number of ternarius, which do not present various 
degrees of “fading out.” In other localities the pale forms 
occur in some numbers, and appear to be practically uniform. 
Thus Mr. Kenoyer took four examples of B. edwardsu v. 
kenoyeri Ckll., a variety entirely analogous with evpallidus, at 
Tolland, Colorado, along with typical examples of the form 
having red hair (bifarius Cresson). It must also be noted 
that the first and fourth regments of erpallidus have a redder 
shade than the typical form, and this cannot well be due to 
fading. 


i°. Hair of face and front all black, yellow hair of scutellum 
not divided. 

j'. Hlair of abdomen tawny yellow on first four segments, 
black beyond. Malar space long. 


Bombus fervidus (Fabricius). 


Whitefish Point, Chippewa Co., June 27, one queen (An- 
drews I). 


j°. Hair of abdomen yellow (not tawny) on first two seg- 
ments, black beyond. 


10 University of Michigan 


Bombus pleuralis Nylander. 


Whitefish Point, Chippewa Co., July 24, a small worker 
(Andrews 7). A very puzzling specimen. It looks like B. 
Havifrons dimidiatus (Ashm.), but the malar space is much too 
short. The general coloration is like B. consimilis, but it can- 
not be a melanic variety of that, the malar space being too 
short; it is also much too short for B. kirbyellus. ‘The face is 
too narrow and the malar space too long for B. affinis. ‘The 
specimen agrees well enough with Franklin’s account of 
B. pleuralis (though the light hair has none of the tawny tint 
of Friese’s figure), but pleuralis has not previously been 
found nearer than Alaska. It is possible that a complete series 
of all forms will indicate a new species or subspecies, but at 
present there are apparently no grounds for separating the 
insect from B. pleuralis. The abdomen is entirely black-haired 


beyond the second segment. 


h?. First abdominal segment with black hair; malar space 
short. 


Bombus terricola Kirby. 


Floodwood, Schoolcraft Co., July 8, 10, 25, three workers 
(Gaige 5, 8, 27). Whitefish Point, Chippewa Co., July 26-7, 
eleven workers (Andrews). 


NUMBER 24. MARCH 27, 1916. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpsor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


SOME BEES FROM BRITISH GUIANA. 


By T. D. A. CocKERELL, 


The bees listed below were collected at Dunoon, British 
Guiana, in 1914, by the Bryant Walker Expedition from the 
Museum of Zoology. Mr. F. M. Gaige, who collected the 
specimens, has supplied some notes on the habits of the species. 
Although there are no new species, the range of several is 
considerably etxended, and the specimens of Eulema bruesi in- 
clude the hitherto unknown male. 

A glaé cerulea Lepeletier—One specimen, August 29. It is 
a very fine shining dark blue; a specimen from Brazil is much 
greener. 

Exerete dentata (L.).—Four specimens, August 1 and 14. 
This is very like &. smaragdina (Guerin), but is a little 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 25. 


2 University of Michigan 


smaller, with the ocelli not so close together, and the meso- 
thorax more closely punctured. 

Euglossa cordata (1,.).—One specimen, August 2. A wide- 
ly distributed species. | 

Eulema bruesi Cockerell—-Four females and two males, 
August 2. The female exactly agrees with the type of &. 
bruesi from Guayaquil, Ecuador. The male, not before known, 
has the front and sides of face brilliant green; the meso- 
thorax (nearly hidden by black hair) and the tegule green; 
the first abdominal segment purplish, not pure black, with black 
hair; concealed part of second segment dark; clypeus with a 
large oval depressed space, having raised margins, and through 
the middle of this a strong keel. In structure and general 
characters this agrees closely with E. mexicana Mocsary, but 
the pronotum is entirely black haired, as is the whole of the 
thorax, and the swollen hind tibiae have a brilliant shining 
green area behind. The size is also greater, about 20 mm. 

Ducke remarks that the E. smaragdina group is insufficient- 
ly known, and suggests that perhaps various species have becn 
confused. This secms to be the case. The neotropical 
Xylocopa and Oriental Crocisa have similarly been supposed 
to consist of relatively few very variable species, but when 
good series of the several forms are obtained, it is se_n that 
they are constant, the supposed variability being due to the 
mixing of different things from various localities. 

Eulema auripes (Gribodo), based on a male, 21 mm. long, 
from Cayenne, differs from the male of brwesi in the subob- 
solete median carina of the clypeus, the golden hair on the 
middle tibia and basitarsi; (in &. bruesi black on middle tibiae, 
dense and shining cream-color on outer side of basitarsi), and 
the golden hair on outer side of hind tibiae (this part in &. 


bruesi bare, with only very minute inconspicuous scattered 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


hairs). Apparently related to E. auripes is E. concava 
(Friese), described as a variety of E. mexicana from four 
males collected in Nicaragua. This is 19 mm. long, with the 
clypeal keel almost obsolete. Ducke reports that it is also 
found in Brazil (Para). 

E.. bruesi was tolerably common locally. A number of in- 
dividuals lived beneath the hut that served as headquarters for 
the expedition. ‘They constructed nests of wood shavings in 
chinks between the floor and the posts that kept the hut out of 
water at high tide, and were frequently seen bearing shavings 
across the little clearing. Where they retired to make the 
shavings is a mystery, but they were not made at the nest site. 

Epicharis scutellata Smith:—One specimen, August 20. The 
specimen of this rare species, described from Brazil, is a 
female. It is 22 mm. long and has the band on first abdominal 
segment entire, though narrowest in middle, while segments 
A to 6 (except base of 4) are feruginous. There is a minute 
cream-colored spot at apex of anterior and middle femora. 
According to Ducke, this is the female of E. sonata Smith, 
which has priority. The species was common on the sand 
hills where the forest thinned to dry, open areas of bare sand 
and stunted trees known locally as “mouries.” Here in the 
bare sand were scores of burrows made by this bee. They 
were about /% inch in diameter, of undeterminable depth, with 
a small pile of sand at the entrance, and in general appearance 
were much like a very small rodent burrow. 

Megalopta idalia Smith—One female, September 2. 
Previously known from Brazil. 

Trigona amalthea Oliv. (fuscipennis Friese) —Five work- 
ers, July 17. A common and widely distributed species. 


~ Abundant on the tall, sweet lilies about camp. 


NUMBER 25. ABRIL 15, 1916. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Argor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


THER FORMICIDAE OF THE SHIRAS EXPEDITION 
TO WHITEEISH POINT, MICHIGAN, IN tora. 


By FREDERICK M. GAIGE. 


The collection of Formicidae upon which this report is 
based was made by Mr. N. A. Wood while he was engaged in 
ornithological studies as a member of the Shiras Expedition 
to Whitefish Point, Michigan, in 1914. The report is pub- 
lished now primarily that there may be connected and easily 
available data on the faunistic collections made by the expedi- 
tion. At a later time the writer plans to publish a compre- 
hensive list of the Formicide of the state, based on the 
accumulating collections in the Museum of Zoology. Since 
1900 no collections have been made of the ants of the northern 
peninsula of the state, and as the present collections were 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN No. 26. 


2 University of Michigan 


made in the east instead of the west portion of the region, 
they are of interest. 

The writer is indebted to Prof. W. M. Wheeler, of the 
Bussey Institution, for assistance in the identification of the 
forms. The notes under the several species in the following 


list are from the collector’s field book. 


MVRMICINAE. 


Cremastogaster lineolata Say.—Two lots of this species 
occur in the collection. ‘The first series collected on June 24 
was found in a rotten pine log on the burned lands of the 
region. ‘The second series was taken from a very large colony 
located in a rotten log in the pine forest along the Sheldrake 
River. At the time of collection, August 17, hundreds of 
aleate sexual forms, both male and female, were about to 
swarm from the nest. | 

Aphaenogaster fulva Roger subsp. aquia Buckley—Two 
colonies of this ant were found in rotten logs in the burned- 
over areas. 

Myrinica scabrinodis Nyl. var. schenki Emery.—A single 
colony was found near a marsh beneath a much decayed log 
on August 10. At that time several aleate males and females 
were present in the nest. 

Myrmica brevinodis Emery var. canadensis Wheeler.— 
A small colony of this species was found in the earth beneath 


a fragment of bark in the pine forest west of Vermilion. 


DOLICHODE RINAE, 


Tapinoma sessile Say—A number of colonies of this 
species were found about Vermillion, both on the plains and 
in the pine forest. A nest was found beneath the loose bark - 


of a dead tamarack in a rather dry swamp, and at the time, 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


July 9, contained a number of aleate females. Judging from 
the collection, this species was one of the most abundant in 


the region. 


CAMPONOTINAE. 


Lasius niger 1. var. americanus Emery.—This species was 
frequently collected in the region, and often occurs in vials 
containing other species. ‘Two colonies of the large form of 
this variety were found. 

Lastus brevicornis Emery.—A single small colony of this 
species was found in a nest in the earth beneath a rotten log. 

Lasius (Acanthomyops) latipes Walsh—tThe single colony 
of this form was found in a nest beneath the bark on the under 
side of a rotten log. The colony consisted of about fifty work- 
ers and two dealeate females. It was found on June 13. 

Formica sanguinea Latr. subsp. aserva Forel.—Several 
colonies of this form were noted. A very large nest that was 
opened June 18 contained many female pupe. On July 8 and 
g, thousands of aleate males and females were noted along the 
Lake Superior beach, a part of them were living while many 
dead ones had been washed ashore. The females were much 
in the majority. 

Prof. Wheeler designates this subspecies as essentially 
boreal (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 53, p. 404). 

Formica truncicola Nyl. subsp. integra Nyl.—One colony 
of this species is represented in the collection. Its nest was 
in a decaying stump of a Norway pine, and was situated both 
in the roots and in the portion above the ground. 

Formica fusca V,. var. subsericea Say.—lIt is curious that 
but a single colony of this most abundant form is represented 


in the collection. 


Formica fusca L,. var. subenescens Emery—This form, 


4 University of Michigan 


judging from the collection, was abundant in the region. Many 
nests were found over the jack pine barrens, usually in the 
soil beneath logs, etc. ‘The nests opened between August 4 
and 12 usually contained aleate males and *females. 

Formica (Proformica) neogagates neogagates Emery.— 
A few individuals of this species were collected on Spirea 
flowers, August 4. 

Camponotus herculeanus L. subsp. pennsylvanicus DeGeer. 
—A single colony of what seems to be the typical subspecies 
is represented in the collection. 

Camponotus herculeanus 1. var. whymperi’ Forel.—This 
variety was one of the very abundant forms in the region, and 
is well represented in all its phases in the collection. Aleate 
males and females were found in nests from May 14 to August 
14, practically all the time the party was in the field. Its 
habits seem to be similar to those of the well known preceed- 


ing subspecies. The ant is strongly boreal in its affinities. 


NUMBER 26. APRIL, 15, 1916. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


THE ORNITHOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF 
CHAKDES BOX: 


By BrapsHaw H. SwWALes. 


lor many years students of Michigan ornithology have 
encountered in the literature references to a paper on the birds 
of the state by Rev. Charles Fox. Fox came to Michigan from 
New York in 1830 and settled on Grosse Isle, in the lower 
Detroit River, where he remained until his death, by cholera, 
in 1854. He seemed to have been a man of rather unusual 
scientific attainments for his time. At Grosse Isle he occupied 
a church on the west side of the island, and at the same time 
was lecturer in agriculture in the University of Michigan and 
senior editor of the Farmer’s Companion and Horticultural 
Gazette. He was apparently broadly interested in zoology, 
particularly in herpetology, and supplied Professor Baird, of 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 27. 


2 University of Michigan 


the Smithsonian Institution, with a number of specimens from 
Michigan. 

The place of publication of the paper on the birds of Mich- 
igan has never been given, and recent authors have been unable 
to find it, although several, including the writer, have care- 
fully searched for it. In 1913, while working over the sepa- 
rates of the Division of Birds, U. $. National Museum, the 
writer found the paper in a bound volume of separates former- 
ly belonging to Professor $. F. Baird. It had evidently been 
extracted from a bound volume, and the pages were numbered 
from 159 to 163, but there was nothing by which one could 
determine the name of the volume of which it had formed a 
part. In September, 1914, Dr. Charles W. Richmond, U. S. 
National Museum, kindly informed the writer of the discovery 
that it had been published in Volume I of “The Peninsular 
Journal of Medicine and the Collateral Sciences. Edited by 
E. Andrews, A.M., M.D., Demonstrator of Anatomy in the 
University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Printed for 
the Proprietors, by George EF. Pomeroy & Co., Tribune Office, 
Detroit, 1853-4.” 

A copy of this volume is in the library of the University of 
Michigan. In it there is a second paper by Fox, pages 352 and 
353, entitled “Art. I[—The Birds of Michigan,” which con- 


sists of notes supplementary to the first paper. 


NUMBER 27. May 15, 1916. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
. ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arsor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


(te. - SUMMER: BIRDS: OF - THE DOUGLAS: LAKE 
REGION, CHEBOYGAN COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 


By Norman A. Woop, FRANK SMITH and FRANK C. Gates. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The following list of birds, comprising one hundred twen- 
ty-eight species, was compiled by N. A. Wood from his own 
observations im 1915, and from those of Prof. Frank Smith 
and Dr. Frank C. Gates, who placed at his disposal their un- 
published manuscript, and from a report by J. 5. Compton." 
The records of Prof. Smith and Dr. Gates were obtained in 
the summer of 1911, when the former was in charge of the 
work in field ornithology at the University of Michigan Bio- 
logical Station and the latter was instructor in botany. Together 

‘The Birds of the Douglas Lake Region, Wilson Bulletin, Vol. 
XXVI, Dec., 1914, pp. 173-180. 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 28. 


2 University of Michigan 


they recorded ninety-seven species, with a daily average of 
nineteen. In addition to his bird observations, Dr. Gates con- 
tributed the detailed ecological portion of this report. In 1912 
Prof. Smith was again at the Biological Station and for eight- 
een days made observations on the bird fauna, which are incor- 
porated in this paper. In 1913 and 1914, Mr. Compton was in 
charge of the bird work; his list includes one hundred eleven 
species, with notes on abundance and habitat preferences. Mr. 
Wood taught the course in field ornithology in 1915, and se- 
cured data on one hundred fifteen species, noting a daily aver- 
age of twenty-two. 

In the following paper, which has been partly designed to 
meet the needs of the students of the Biological Station, the 
authors have endeavored to present accurately the status of 


each species, with its activities and habitat so far as known. 


LOCATION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION. 


Douglas Lake is situated in Cheboygan County, about mid- 
way between Lakes Huron and Michigan, seventeen miles 
from the northern end of the Southern Peninsula. The ex- 
treme length of the lake is about four miles, the width one and 
one-half miles. In the vicinity are other lakes, of which Burt 
Lake, two and a half miles south of the station, is larger than | 
Douglas Lake. The soil throughout the region is sand or sandy 
loam. There are few rivers and but three are worthy of 
mention—Maple River, draining Douglas Lake into Burt 
Lake by surface drainage, Carp Creek, draining Douglas Lake 
into Burt Lake by underground channels which come to the 
surface as the Big Springs, and Bessey Creek, emptying into 
Douglas Lake. 

At the mouth of Bessey Creek there is a marsh of small 
extent, and the rest of the land either is or has been wooded. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


Originally there were three types of vegetation—pine, hard- 
wood and cedar tog. Following the destructive advent of 
man the pine nowhere exhibits any of its former glory, a few 
fair and several poor hardwood areas remain, while the cedar 
bogs, which can replace themselves easiest, predominate. An 
additional type of vegetation, the aspen, has been introduced. 
It occurs on any of the three types of land following fire or 
lumbering, and furnishes a favorable habitat for the birds char- 


acteristic of thickets. 


THE ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BIRDS. 


The Aquatic Association: According to the genetic order 
there are eight groups of birds present in the Douglas Lake 
region. One of these comprises the water birds, which were 
much less frequent than was anticipated, probably because of 
the spring hunting. No one of the lakes in the vicinity seemed 
to be favored by the different water birds. 

The strictly aquatic species are Pied-billed Grebe, Loon, 
American Merganser, Red-breasted Merganser, Herring Gull, 
Bonaparte’s Gull, Common Tern and Caspian Tern. The 
semi-aquatic species are Bald Eagle, Osprey and Belted King- 
fisher. The non-aquatic species which feed over the water as 
well as the land are Nighthawk, Chimney Swift, Purple Mar- 
tin, Cliff Swallow, Barn Swallow and Tree Swallow. 

The Strand Association: The typical sand strand is pres- 
ent around each lake and along most of the streams of the 
region with but few exceptions. An abundance of food, espe- 
cially insects and mollusks, is frequently present. The bird 
population during the summer is very scanty but is augmented 
somewhat during the fall migration. The summer birds. of 
the sand strand association are, Pectoral Sandpiper, Semipal 


mated Sandpiper, Semipalmated Plover, Solitary Sandpiper, 


4 University of Michigan 


Knot, Greater Yellowlegs, Lesser Yellowlegs, Spotted Sand- 
piper and Nilldeer. 

The Marsh Association: Marshes are so poorly developed 
in this region that no adequate description is possible. The 
one at the mouth of Bessey Creek is little more than an acre 
in extent. In it occurred a small colony of Great Blue Herons 
and one or more Marsh Hawks were not infrequently in the 
vicinity. After the migration had commenced bitterns were 
occasionally seen. At Smith's Bog, two miles east of the sta- 
tion, are several acres of typical marsh and here the Virginia 
Rail, Cooper’s Hawk, Killdeer, Solitary Sandpiper and tracks 
of the Great Blue Heron were observed. 

The Lowland Thicket Association: Distinctly hydrophytic 
thickets, such as the Salix-Cephalanthus association and the 
Alnus-Betula association, are represented by very narrow strips 
along the streams and lakes, and it is hard to detect a typical 
avian fauna. ‘lhe birds most commonly seen in the thickets 
are the Song Sparrow, Swamp Sparrow, Indigo Bunting, 
Warbling Vireo, Maryland Yellowthroat, Catbird, Winter 
Wren, Black-capped Chickadee and Whip-poor-will. 

The Cedar Bog Association: A considerable portion of the 
region is occupied by this type of vegetation, which occurs in 
low wet areas where there is usually little drainage. ‘The cedar 
(Thuja occidentalis), balsam (Abies balsamea), tamarack 
(Larix laricina) and the spruce (Picea mariana) form a nearly 


impenetrable jungle. 


3irds are really quite plentiful, though on account of their 
shyness and the ease with which they can hide in the dense 
coniferous growths, a different impression is usually received. 
Species of this group are much more likely to be discovered 
by note alone than birds of the other vegetational types. They 


are Ruffed Grouse, Broad-winged Hawk, Hairy Woodpecker, 


Occastonal Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 


Flicker, Crested Flycatcher, Olive-sided Flycatcher, Wood 
Pewee, Blue Jay, Crow, White-throated Sparrow, Song Spar- 
row, Red-eyed Vireo, Canadian Warbler, Redstart, Brown 
Creeper, Black-capped Chickadee, and Golden-crowned Kinglet. 

The Aspen Association: About three-fourths of the area 
is characterized by this type of vegetation. Aspens occur on 
the cut-over and burned-over pine and hardwood land, but 
the birds did not seem to discriminate between them. ‘The type 
of vegetation is an upland thicket formed by young trees, of 
which trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) in the moister 
parts, large toothed aspen (Populus grandidentata) in the drier 
parts, white birch (Betula alba papyrifera) and pin cherry 
(Prunus pennsylvanica) form nearly the whole tree population. 
The ground vegetation is largely bracken (Pteris aquilina) and 
bush honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera), growing fairly densely 
but not sufficiently so to hide the abundant sand. 

Birds are rather plentiful in the aspens, particularly in 
June and July. Those particularly characteristic are the Ves- 
per Sparrow, Chipping Sparrow, Towhee, Black-billed Cuckoo, 
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Flicker, Whip-poor-will, Night- 
hawk, Wood Pewee, Cedar Waxwing, Red-eyed Vireo, Blue- 
bird, Purple Finch, Brown Thrasher, Red-headed Woodpecker, 
Chestnut-sided Warbler, and Robin. 

The Hardwood Association: The hardwood type of vege- 
tation has been so nearly destroyed by fire and wasteful meth- 
ods of lumbering that only a vestige of its former condition 
remains. Successions on the better types of land are leading 
to hardwood but as yet they are in the aspen stage. ‘The hard- 
woods are typically dense high woods whose most important 
trees are sugar maple (Acer saccharum), beech (Fagus grandi- 
folia) and hemlock (Tsuwga canadensis). ‘The ground vegeta- 


tion is scanty on account of the lack of light. 


6 University of Michigan 


The birds of the hardwoods are so typical that many of 
them are not found in any other habitat in the region. They 
are birds which inhabit the crowns of trees and many of them 
would ordinarily escape notice were it not for the song. They 
are the Red-tailed Hawk, Bald Eagle, Hairy Woodpecker, 
Downy Woodpecker, Ruby-throated Humming Bird, Crested 
Flycatcher, Wood Pewee, Least Flycatcher, Crow, Rose-breast- 
ed Grosbeak, Scarlet Tanager, Red-eyed Vireo, White-breasted 
Nuthatch and Red-breasted Nuthatch. 

The Cultivated Areas: In the cultivated lands at the east- 
ern boundary of the area under consideration flocks of bobo- 
links were seen during the course of the first two weeks of the 


1911 fall migration. The habitat was not studied. 


LIST OF SPECIES? 


1. Podilymbus podiceps. Pied-billed Grebe.—Recorded 
in 1911 and 1912 by Gates and Smith. Observed on July 25, 
1915, on the Indian River. 

2. Gavia immer. Loon.—Observed by Gates and Smith 
in 1911 and 1912. In 1915 a pair came often to Douglas Lake 
to feed, flying from the direction of Burt Lake, where they 
probably nested. The call was heard at night and during 
the day. 

3. Larus argentatus. Herring Gull—A few Herring 
Gulls were reported by Gates and Smith. ‘The species was ob- 
served twice in 1915, two adults on June 26 at Douglas Lake, 
and seven adults and young on August 29 at Burt Lake. These 
birds were probably only stragglers on the inland lakes as the 
nearest breeding place is Thunder Bay, Lake Huron. 

4. Larus philadelphia. Bonaparte’s Gull—This species 


was not observed by the writers but has been previously re- 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7 


ported from the Biological Station, where it occurs only as a 
migrant. 

5. Sterna caspia. Caspian Tern.—This rare species was 
not observed in 1911, but Smith lists it for 1912, and it was 
found in 1915 on both Burt and Douglas Lakes, where, after 
July 9, a pair came regularly for fish. On August 9, a flock 
of twenty appeared on Douglas Lake, which had increased to 
fifty by August 11. Most of them were birds of the year, 
able to fly but so young that they were still fed by the parent 
birds, and no doubt they came from Lake Michigan where they 
breed near the Beaver Islands.” 


6. Sterna hirundo. Common Tern.—The common tern 
was not rare in 1911 and 1912. In 1913 Compton reports it 
“rare, beach and open water,’ and in 1915 the species was 


observed but twice, July 29 and once later. 


~ 


7. Mergus americanus. Goosander.—Adults and young 
of this species were listed in 1911 and 1912. June 27, IQI5, 
a pair of adults appeared, which nested and reared a brood of 
fourteen young. On August 20 the little birds were still un- 
able to fly but could use both feet and wings in the water. 

8. Mergus serrator. Red-breasted Merganser.—In 1915 
a single pair of this species was observed, and but three young 
were raised. Compton reported the young to be common 
selene Ney 

g. Anas platyrhynchos. Mallard.—The first record for 
this duck was June 26, 1915, on the Maple River. The species 
was again seen in August on Indian River, where it is said 
to breed. 

10. Anas rubripes. Black Duck.—This species has been 


recorded from Douglas Lake for 1909 and I9gto, but was not 


Barrows, Michigan Bird Life, p. 58. 


8 University of Michigan 


again seen until August I1, 1915 


. 
. 


It probably breeds in the 
wet marshes in the vicinity of Indian River. 


tr. Querquedula discors. Blue-winged Teal.—Not ob- 
served by the writers but reported by Compton. 


12. Aix sponsa. Wood Duck.—Compton reports this 
species as “rare, on beach and open water.” None seen by the 
writers. 

. 13. Charitonetta albeola. Bufflehead. — Reported by 
Smith in 1913 and 1914, and by Compton. 

14. Botaurus lentiginosus. Bittern—Observed by Wood 
in 1915 on the Maple River. Reported by Smith, August 15, 
tgt1, and by Compton. 


15. Ardea herodias herodias. Great Blue Heron — 
Found to be common by Gates, Smith, and Compton. A single 
bird was observed frequently during the summer of 1915, on 


the beaches, where it came to feed. 


16. Rallus virginianus. Virginia Rail—A rare resident. 
Compton records one nest, and a young bird was secured, July 


27, 1915, in a wet marsh east of the lake. 


17. Philohela minor. \Woodcock.—A_ single specimen 
was reported by Smith, July 18, 1911, near the mouth of Bessy 
Creek and another was flushed from the same place on July 
2M: 

18. Tringa canutus. Knot—The Biological Station rec- 
ords show that this species was observed before 1911. It was 
not seen by the writers. 


19. Totanus melanoleucus. Greater Yellow-legs.—Also 
reported before 1911 but not observed by the writers. 


20. Totanus flavipes. Lesser Yellow-legs.—This species 
was reported previous to I9g1I. On July 29, 1915, a single 
specimen was secured. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9 


21. Helodromus solitarius cmnamomeus. Solitary Sand- 
piper—Listed by Smith on July 4, 6, 7, 19; 25, 26, August 1, 
5, 6, 12, 13, and 18, 1911. In 1915 this was the first fall mi- 
grant; it was fairly common on the lake beaches after July 15. 

22. Actitus macularia. Spotted Sandpiper.—This species 
was seen daily in 1915 and nested all around the lake. A nest 
with four young was found on June 29, and on July 1 another 
nest with four eggs was observed near the Station. Several 


families were reported in 1911 and 1912. 


23. Oxyechus vociferus. Willdeer—Reported by Gates 
and Compton. In 1915, four adults were observed on July 
20; later their young increased the number to I1, which were 
still about the lake on August 20. 

24. Colinus virginianus. Quail—One pair of quail was 
reported by Gates in 1911, and the species was reported as rare 
by Compton. 

25. Bonasa umbellus umbellus. Ruffed Grouse.—This 
species was found by the writers to be abundant in several 
habitats. Several broods of young were seen in 1911 by Gates 
and Smith. 


26. Bonasa umbellus togata. Canada Ruffed Grouse.— 


Common in 1915, many being observed. 


27. Zenaidura macroura carolinensis. Mourning Dove.— 
Recorded by Gates and Smith, July 1, 1911. In 1915 they 


were rare in aspens where they probably breed. 


28. Circus hudsonius. Marsh Hawk.—Reported by 
Gates and Smith in 1911 and 1912. In 1915 the species was 
common in wet open marshes, and rare about the lakes and 


streams. 


29. Accipiter velox. Sharp-shinned Hawk—Recorded 
by Compton but not observed by the writers. 


10 University of Michigan 


30. <Accipiter cooperi. Cooper's Hawk.—A single speci- 


men was seen on July 21, 1915, in the hardwoods. 


An adult 
female in breeding plumage was captured near Burt Lake, 


31. Astur atricapillus atricapillus. Goshawk. 


August 6, 1912. 

32. Buteo borealis borealis. Red-tailed Hawk.—Prob- 
ably a rare breeder in the region. Smith observed two in 1912 
and 1911, and Wood records a single specimen, July 27, 1915, 


at Smith’s Bog. 


33. Buteo lineatus lineatus. Red-shouldered Hawk.— 
Wood records this species on July 20, 1915, in the beech-maple 
forest north of Douglas Lake. 


34. Buteo platypterus. Broad-winged Hawk—On July 
21, 1911, young birds were seen being fed by the adult. The 
species was observed but once in 1915, on July 14, at the edge. 
of Reese Bog. 


35. Halicetus leucocephalus leucocephalus. Bald Eagle. 
—Gates and Smith record a nest near the Biological Station in 
1911, with adults and young. This nest was abandoned in 
1913. Adults were seen by Wood in 1915, on June 26, July 1, 
and later; on July 15, an immature bird was seen north of 
Douglas Lake. 


36. Falco sparverius sparverius. Sparrow Hawk.—This 
is the most common breeding hawk of the region. On July 18, 
1915, a nest was found in a dead pine in the open plain south- 
east of the Station. 

37. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis. Osprey-—The Os- 
prey was recorded once in 1911, twice in 1912, and on July 2, 
1915, a specimen was seen catching a fish in Douglas Lake. 

38. Asio flammeus. Short-eared Owl.—Not observed by 


the writers, but a single record is given by Compton. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology Ee 


39. Strix varia varia. Barred Owl—This species was re- 
corded but once, July 3, 1915, in the hardwoods. 

40. Otus asio asio. Screech Owl—A screech owl was 
heard calling near the Station on the night of June 26, 1915. 
Compton lists it as rare. ; 

At. Bubo virginianus virginianus. Great Horned Owl.— 
This species was seen and heard several times in IQI5. 

42. Coccysus americanus americanus. Yellow-billed 
Cuckoo.—Recorded before 1911, and on August 25, 1915, near 


the Maple River. 
43. Coccyszus erythrophthalmus. Black-billed Cuckoo— 


A rare breeder in the hardwoods. On July 18, 1911, a nest 
witl three eggs was found. In 1915 the species was first 
observed on July 15, in the beech-maple forest, and it appeared 


later in the same habitat. 


44. Ceryle aleyon. Belted Kingfisher—Reported in 
1911 and 1912. In 1915 two pair were observed daily, and on 
August 16 they were joined by five young. 

45. Dryobates villosus villosus. Hairy Woodpecker.— 
Not uncommon in 191It and 1912. The species was observed 
on July 3, 1915, on Fairy Island, and later in the beech-maple 
forests. 


46. Dryobates pubescens. Downy Woodpecker.—Comp- 
ton lists this species as abundant in all habitats, but the writers 
found it common only in the aspens and hardwoods. 

47. Sphyrapicus varius varius. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. 
—Common. In 1915 broods of young were observed after July 
1. A birch tree thickly perforated with the square holes made 
by this species was found on Grapevine Point, and several 
young birds were noted making regular visits to this tree as 
late as August I. 


12 University of Michigan 


48. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. Red-headed Wood- 
pecker.—Recorded by Gates and Compton, In 1915 they were 


found nesting occasionally in pine stubs in the burned area. 


49. Colaptes auratus auratus. Flicker—Gates and Smith 
found this species to be common among aspens. Compton lists 


it as abundant in all the habitats, an observation verified by 
Wood. : . 


50. <Antrostomus vociferus vociferus. Whip-poor-will— 
Listed by Gates, Smith, and Compton as abundant. In 1915 it 
was common in all land habitats but the marshes, and the call 


was heard every evening at the Station. 


~ 


51. Chordeiles virginianus virginianus. Nighthawk.—In 
1911 and 1912 this species was abundant, flocking in August. 
In 1915, it was found to feed over all habitats, but it usually 
nested in the birch-aspen scrub-oak forests. A nest with two 
eggs was found, July 18, 1915, east of the Station. Although 
the species usually rests on the ground during the day, a few 
were observed on the limbs of tall hardwood trees on Grape- 
vine Point. Their booming was frequently heard during the 
evening, and they flew, singly or in flocks of thirty or more, 
over the lake and shore. 

52. Chaetura pelagica. Chimney Swift—Chimney Swifts 
were not common in IQII, 1912, and 1915. Compton lists them 
as abundant in all habitats in 1913 and 1914. 

53. Archilochus colubris. Ruby-throated Humming-bird. 
—Abundant. In July it is most often found in the open for- 
ests, and in August about the blossoming’ fireweed which covers 
the open plains. 

s4. Tyrannus tyrannus. Kingbird—This species may be 
found in all land habitats, but it is most abundant in the aspens 


and open plains. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 13 


55. Myiarchus crinitus. Crested Flycatcher—A_ rare 
breeder. Gates and Smith record one nest in Reese Bog. Ob- 
served on July 24, 1915, in the heavy forest near Bessey Creek. 

56. Sayornis phoebe. Phoebe-—Common. Nests of this 
species were found everywhere, even on the porches of cottages 
on Fairy Island, where there are no open or cultivated areas. 

57. Nuttallornis borealis. Olive-sided Flycatcher.—The 
species has been reported but three times. In I9I5 a single 
specimen was seen on August 10 at the edge of Reese Bog. 

58. Myiochanes wvirens, Wood Pewee.—Abundant in 
hardwoods, aspens and bogs. A nest was found in the aspens, 
July 2, 1911, by Smith, containing young which were nearly 
ready to fly on July 15. 

59. Empidonax virescens. Acadian Flycatcher—Re- 
corded by Gates and Smith, August 18 and August 23, I9QI1, 
and by Compton as rare. This is the most northern record for 
the species in Michigan. 

60. Empidonax minimus. Least Flycatcher —Observed 
once in June, 1911; not rare in 1915. 

61. Otocoris alpestris praticola.. Prairie Horned Lark.— 
Recorded at the Station before 1911 and given by Compton 
as rare. 

62. Cyanocitia cristata cristata. Blue Jay.—In 1911, 
1912, and 1915, this species was rather rare. Compton records 
it as common in the bogs in 1913 and 1914. 

63. Corvus brachrhynchos brachrhynchos. Crow—Ob- 
served daily in all habitats. A nest with young was found on 
Fairy Island, July 3, 1915. 

64. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Bobolink.—Gates and Smith 
saw flocks of this species in the cultivated areas east of the 
Station in August, 1911. On July 2, 1915, they were observed 


in meadows near Ingleside. 


14 University of Michigan 


65. Molothrus ater ater. Cowbird—Not common. Gates 
and Smith saw the young cowbirds fed by Pine Warblers and 
Red-eyed Vireos in 1911. 

66. Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus. Red-winged Black- 
bird.—Occasionally seen on the lake shore and in the marshes. 
On July 24, 1915, a flock of twenty were feeding in the fields 
near Ingleside. 

67. Sturnella magna magna. Meadow Lark.—In 1915 
this species was recorded twice from the open plains between 
Pellston and the Station. 

68. Icterus galbula. Baltimore Oriole—A single speci- 
men was seen, on July 18, 1915, east of the Station. 

69. Quiscalus quiscula aeneus. Bronzed Gackle——Rare. 
Young of the year were recorded on July 7 and 12, I9QII, 
by Gates. 

70. Carpodacus purpureus purpureus. Purple Finch— 
This species bred in the region in 1911 and 1915, but it was not 
common. It was found only among the aspens where the 
young were observed on June 28, I91T. 

71. Astragalinus tristis tristis. Goldfinch—Gates and 
Smith reported this species from the aspens where the young 
appeared on August 2; Compton found it abundant in all habi- 
tats; Wood found it frequently in the aspens, but also in the 
cultivated areas. 

72. Pooecetes gramineus gramineus. Vesper Sparrow. 
One of the most common species in the aspens and cultivated 
areas. The young appear in August. 

73. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna. Savannah Spar- 
row.—Rare. Two were reported near Maple River, August 


II, 1915. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 15 


74. Zonotrichia albicollis. White-throated Sparrow.— 
This species nested commonly in the edge of the hardwoods 
and bogs. In 1915, the first young appeared on July 17. 

75. Spisella passerina passerina. Chipping Sparrow.— 
Common in the aspens and hardwoods, and in the cultivated 
areas about dwellings. A nest was found on July 4, 1911. 

76. Spizella pusilla pusilla. Field Sparrow.—Probably a 
rare breeder in the region. In 1915, it was observed only once, 
July 22, near Maple River. 

77. Junco hvyemalis hyemalis. Slate-colored Junco.— 
Common among the aspens. A nest containing three incubated 
eges was found in this habitat on July 23, 1915. 

78. Melospiza melodia melodia. Song Sparrow.—Com- 
mon about the marshes near water. A nest with four eggs 
was found on August 2, 1911. The eggs hatched on August 6 


and the young had left the nest by August 16. 


79. Melospiza lincoln lincoln. Lincoln’s Sparrow.— 
Given by Compton as “young, rare, hardwoods”. This is prob- 
ably a case of mistaken identity, as the species has never been 
known to breed in Michigan, and the earliest fall record known 


for the species is September 6. 


80. Passer domesticus. English Sparrow.—This species 
is occasionally seen around dwellings but is not common. 

81. Melospiza georgiana. Swamp Sparrow.—Rare. Ob- 
served near the marsh at the edge of Maple River, July 22, 
IQT5. 

82. Pipilo erythophthalmus erythrophthalmus. ‘Towhee. 
—A common breeder in the aspens and at the edge of the hard- 
woods. Two eggs were found in a nest on July 27, 1911; they 
hatched on August 9, and by August 17 the young had left 


Cs 


the nest. 


16 University of Michigan 


83. Zamelodia ludoviciana. Rose-breasted Grosbeak.— 
Recorded on June 26, July 12, and July 16, 1915, in the hard- 


woods. In 1911, the young appeared on July 12. 


84. Passerina cyanea. Indigo Bunting—Not a common 
breeder in the region. In 1911, two nests were found, one on 
July 14, with four eggs, which hatched on July 21, another on 
August I with four eggs, one of which was a cowbird’s. The 
species was observed on July 15, 1915, in the aspens, and later 
in the hardwoods near Burt Lake. ; 


85. Piranga erythromelas. Scarlet Tanager—Rare, in 
the hardwoods. Observed on July 1, 1915, and occasionally 
after this date. 


86. Progne subis subis. Purple Martin—A rare species in 
cultivated areas. Migrating flocks were recorded from August 
I to August I1, 1911. The species was observed on July Io, 
1915, near Bryant’s. 


87. Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons. Cliff Swallow.— 
Although Compton lists this species as common, the writers 
found it to be only a rare breeder. In 1911, migrating flocks 
were observed from August 4 to August 14, and in 1915 it was 
recorded on July 22. 


88. Hirundo erythrogastra. Barn Swallow.—Common in 
cultivated areas. Migrating flocks were seen from August 4 
to August 14, 1911, over the lake. In 1915, a large colony 


nested at Ingleside and at a barn on the west side of Burt Lake. 


89. Iridoprocne bicolor. ‘Tree Swallow.—This species 1s 
found commonly nesting in old stubs near the lake beaches and 
feeding over the lake. Migrating flocks were observed from 
August 4 to 14, IQII. 

90. Riparia riparia. Bank Swallow.—Rare on the beaches 


and open water. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology KY 


gt. Bombycilla cedrorum. Cedar Waxwing.—This was 
the most abundant and widely distributed species in the region, 
and nested everywhere. In 1911, four nests were recorded, 
one on July 9 with four eggs which hatched July 27, the young 
leaving the nest on August 9, another on August 4 which con. 
tained two young which had left the nest by August 5. 

92. Vireosylva olivacea. Red-eyed Vireo—Common in 
the aspens, bogs and hardwoods. In 1915 a nest was discov- 
ered in the latter habitat. 

93. Vireosylva gilva gilva. Warbling Vireo.—Recorded 
in I91I from the lowland thickets. In 1915, a few were 
observed among the white birches, aspens and hardwoods. 

94. Lanizireo flavifrons. Yellow-throated Vireo.—Comp- 
ton records one specimen in the hardwoods. The species was 
not seen by the writers. 

95. Lanicvireo solitarius solitarius. Blue-headed Vireo.— 
Rare. In 1915 a single individual was observed in the beech- 
maple forest west of Burt Lake. 

96. Mniotilta varia. Black and White Warbler.—In 
1911, this species was recorded after July 26. A few were ob- 
served in the hardwoods in 1915, but they were seen most fre- 
quently in the sphagnum bog, where they no doubt nested. 

97. Vermivora rubricapilla rubricapilla. Nashville Warb- 
ler—Recorded by Gates and Smith on July 17- In 1915, a 
pair was observed on July 10 among the aspens on a burned 
over area, another pair was seen on July 22 in the aspens west 
of Bryant’s, and a family was found on July 30. 

98. Vermivora peregrina. ‘Tennessee Warbler.—Rare. 

In 1915 the species was observed but once, in the birch-pine 
forest on Fairy Island, on July 3. 

99. Dendroica aestiva aestiva. Yellow Watrbler.—Re- 


corded from the lowland thickets on Grapevine Point, August 


18 University of Michigan 


12, 1912. In 1915, it was listed twice, July 13, and August 14, 
from the willows along the Maple River. 

100. Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens. Black-throat- 
ed Blue Warbler.—Rare in the hardwoods and cedar bogs. 
Listed on July 12 and July 21, 1915, on the edge of the burned 
over beech and maple forest. 

tol. Dendroica coronata. Myrtle Warbler—Rare. First 
observed in 1915 on July 22, when two juvenile birds were 
found in the forest near Maple River. 

102. Dendroica magnolia. Magnolia Warbler. — Ob- 
served but once in 1915, on August 9, when a female was taken 
in the thick sphagnum bog west of Burt Lake. 

103. Dendroica pensylvanica. Chestnut-Sided Warbler. 
—This was the most abundant warbler of the region and nest- 
ed commonly among the aspens, birches and oaks. A nest 
with two eggs was found on July 15, 1915, at the edge of the 
forest north of Douglas Lake, and the eggs hatched on July 20. 

104. Dendroica striata. Black-poll Warbler.—Compton 
lists the young as rare in the hardwoods. ‘The species was not 


observed by the writers. 


105. Dendroica fusca. Blackburnian Warbler—Smith 
records this warbler but once, August 9, 1912, in Reese’s Bog, 
and in 1915 a single male was seen on July 25 in a cedar bog. 

106. Dendroica virens. Black-throated Green Warbler. 
—Common after July 1, 1915, in the beech-maple forest north 
of Douglas Lake. 

107. Dendroica vigorsi. Pine Warbler—This species 
probably bred in the pine trees along the east beach of Douglas 
Lake. Gates and Smith record it on July 12, 13, 16, 22, 26, 
August 2, 6 and 12, 1911. In 1915 it was seen twice in the 


forest on Fairy Island. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zooloyy 19 


108. Seirus aurocapillus. Oven Bird—tThis bird nested 
commonly in the birches, aspens and red oaks. 

109. Oporornis philadelphia. Mourning Warbler—This 
species was not seen by the writers but Compton lists it as rare 
in the hardwoods and on the beach. 

110. Geothlypis trichas trichas. Maryland Yellow-throat. 
—Gates and Smith recorded a few of this species early in the 
summer in the lowland thickets. In 1915, they were rather 
common in the birches, aspens and red oaks, where thickets of 
berry bushes furnished a thick cover. A mating pair was seen 
in this habitat on July ro. 

111. Wailsonia canadensis. Canadian Warbler.—Record- 
ed by Gates and Smith, July 21, 1911, in a bog. Compton lists 
it as rare. 

112. Setophaga ruticilla. American Redstart.—A com- 
mon breeder in the hardwoods and the birch-pine forests. Re- 
corded on July I1, 1915. 

113. Dumetella carolinensis,- Catbird.—In 1911 and 1015, 
this species was common in the lowland thickets. 

114. Toxrostoma rufum. Brown Thrasher-—Not very 
common, in the hardwocds and aspens. ‘Two nests were found 
in 1911, one on July 5 which contained three eggs which 
hatched July 11, the young leaving the nest on July 22, the 
cther on July 12 with three ezgs which hatched on July 23. 
On July 10, 1915, a nest with four eggs was discovered in the 
aspens. 

115. Troglodytes aedon aedon. House Wren.—Gates 
and Smith recorded five nests between July 8 and July 16. In 
IG15 the species was common in the aspens and birches; a nest 
was observed near Bessey Creek on July to. 

116. Nannus hiemalis hiemalis. Winter \Wren.—QOften 


observed at the edze of sphacn:m Lozs and in lowland thickets. 


20 University of Michigan 


In 1915, a nest with five eggs was found at the edge of a bog 
on July 15. It was made of green moss which was packed in 
a large crack in the bark of a fallen hemlock. The bulk of 
the nest hung suspended under the log two feet above the 
ground, and it was lined with grouse feathers. 

117. Certhia familiaris americana. Brown Creeper.— 
July 18, 22, and 27, 1911, migrants were observed in a cedar 
bog, and Smith reported a single specimen on August 10, Ig12. 
Compton saw the species but once. 

118. Sitta carolinensus carolinensis. White-breasted Nut- 
hatch.—Common in the cedar bogs, aspens and hardwoods. 

119. Sitta canadensis. Red-breasted Nuthatch.—Smith 
reported three specimens of this species on August 8, 1912. 
Compton lists it as rare in the bogs. 

120. Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus. Chickadee — 
Recorded from the cedar bogs, aspens and hardwoods. In 1915 
they were first observed on July 3 on Fairy Island. 

121. Regulus satrapa satrapa. Golden-crowned Kinglet. 
—Not common. A few were recorded in 1911 from Reese’s 
Boz. In 1915 the species was first observed on July 17 in the 
hemlock trees near Bryant’s Bog, and later it was occasionally 
seen in Reese’s Bog. 

122. Polioptila caerulca caerulea. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. 
—Recorded by Smith on July 11, 1911. Listed by Compton 


aS Fare. 


123. Hylocichla mustelina. Wood Thrush—Rare. Gates 
recorded a few in the cedar bogs in 1911, and Gates reported 
the song on July 3 and 12, 1912. 

124. Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens. Wilson’s Thrush. 
—Usually found at the edge of the aspens and bogs. In 1015, 


it was observed on July 6 and 24, and later. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 21 


125. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni. Olive-backed Thrush. 
—Recorded from the hardwoods, July 1-11, 1911. In 1915, 
the species was observed in the birches and aspens on July 3, 
17, and August 20. 

126. Hylocichla guttata pallasi. Hermit Thrush -—This 
is the most common thrush of the region. The writers found 
it in the hardwoods, birches, aspens and at the edge of the bogs 

127. Planesticus migratorius migratorius. American 
Robin.—Rather common in all habitats. 

128. Sialia sialis sialis. Bluebird.—Common in cultivated 
areas, birches, aspens and hardwoods. In 1915, they were 


nesting in the old pine stubs on the brush covered plain. 


NUMBER 28. May 25, 1916. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ATELOPUS 
FROM THE SANTA MARTA MOUNTAINS, 
COLOMBIA. 


By ALEXANDER G. RUYTHVEN. 


The Santa Marta Mountains collections in the Museum 
of Zoology contain a number of specimens of an apparently 
undescribed amphibian collected by M. A. Carriker, Jr., in 
1914. The species undoubtedly belongs to the genus Atelopus 
(Phryniscus Gunther nec Wiegmann), and is apparently near- 
est to A. ignescens (Cornalia). 

In diagnosing this form the writer has had the assistance 
of Dr. George A. Boulenger of the British Museum. 


Atelopus carrikeri, new species. 


Diagnosis: Habit stout. Pupil horizontal. Tongue ellip- 
tic, entire, free behind. Palate smooth. No tympanic disk. 
Tips of fingers and toes rounded. Fingers free; toes broadly 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 29. 


2 University of Michigan 


webbed; first toe perfectly distinct. Head as broad as long, 
its length contained from three to three and a third times in 
the total length. Snout subacuminate, protruding, slightly 
longer than diameter of eye. Legs short, the hind leg being 
carried forward along the body the heel reaches or falls a little 
short of the arm insertion. Skin smooth in adult specimens, 
except for a patch of spiny warts on the sides. Color black, 
uniform or a little lighter beneath. Coracoids and precoracoids 
slightly divergent; no omosternum; sternum a large cartil-- 
aginous plate. 

Habitat: Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia. 

Type Specimen: Cat. No. 48271, Museum of Zoology, 
University of Michigan; Paramo de Macostama (8,000 to 15,- 
ooo ft.), Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia; April 21, 1914; 
M. A. Carriker, collector. 

Description of Type Specimen: Head as broad as long, 
its width contained three and a third times in total length. 
Snout protruding, slightly longer than diameter of eye. Can- 
thus rostralis angular, interocular space and sides of snout 
concave. Nostrils slightly nearer tip of snout than eye. Inter- 
orbital space as broad as the upper eyelid. ‘Tongue elliptical, 
extensively free behind. Fingers short, not webbed, tips 
rounded, first finger slightly shorter than second; subarticular 
tubercles rounded, scarcely discernible, metacarpal tubercles 
not prominent. Hind limb short and stout, the heel falling 
just short of arm insertion. ‘oes short, depressed, tips round- 
ed, broadly webbed ; subarticular tubercles missing or indistinct, 
two flat metatarsal tubercles. Skin smooth except for a small 
patch of spiny warts between the eye and arm, which extends ~ 
a short distance on humerus. Color uniform black above, a 


little lighter beneath. 


ATELOPUS CARRIKERI PLATE | 


COCKAYNE—BOSTON 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 2 


Total length (head and body), 52 mm.; length of head, 16 
mm.; width of head, 16 mm.; fore leg from axilla to tip of 
longest finger, 33 mm.; hind leg to tip of fourth toe, 65 mm. ; 
hind leg to heel, 35 mm. 

Notes on Paratypes: The five adult and five partly grown 
specimens examined show little variation from the type, the 
only appreciable difference being in the position of the spiny 
warts. ‘These may form only a small patch between the eye 
and arm, or may extend along the side from eye to femur ; and 
a single young specimen is entirely covered above with spiny 
warts, beneath with flat tubercles. The coloration is constant 
in the series. 

Habits: The specimens were taken on the banks of small 
streams—the headwaters of the River Macostama. 

Remarks: As previously stated, 4. carrikert is apparently 
near A. ignescens, but it may be readily distinguished from 
the latter by the characteristic coloration, the proportion of the 
head to the trunk, the narrow interocular space, and the pro- 


portionate length of the hind limb. 


NUMBER 20. JUNE 6, 1916. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arzor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


THE MOLLUSCA COLLECTED IN NORTHEASTERN 
NEVADA BY THE WALKER-NEWCOMB EXPE- 
DITION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 


By Bryant WALKER. 


The Walker-Newcomb Expedition of the University of 
Michigan spent a portion of the summer of I912 in north- 
eastern Nevada. ‘The area studied was about the town of 
Carlin, Nevada, in the western part of Elko County and the 
northern part of Eureka County. It lies in the Lahontan Area 
of the Great Basin. The topography and physical charac- 
teristics have been given in detail by Ruthven and Gaige in 
their report upon the reptiles and amphibians collected by the 
expedition (Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool., U. of M., No. 8) and 
may be briefly summarized as follows: 

The region includes a broad in-filled valley called the Mag- 


gie Basin and the sides of the Cortez, Seetoya, River and 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 30. 


2 University of Michigan 


Pinyon Ranges which surround it. The valley is drained by 
the Humboldt River, which flows across the south end, and its 
tributaries, the principal ones being known as Maggie, Annie, 
Susan and James creeks. The Humboldt River and Maggie 
Creek are the only permanent and continuous streams in the 
valley, the others becoming either entirely dry or discontinuous 
in the summer. ‘These creeks are fed from numerous canyons 
in the surrounding mountains, which for the most part become 
entirely dry in the summer. Occasionally, springs, more or 
less continuous, are found. 

The region is an arid one. ‘The sage brush covers the 
whole area to the summit of the ranges. ‘There is no forest 
and, except for the willows and shrubs along the permanent 
water courses and small groves of poplar, buffalo berry and 
other small trees and shrubs in the mountain canyons, the 
‘region is treeless. 

As might be expected, the molluscan fauna is very meagre, 
as indeed it is throughout the Great Basin. 

In 1884 R. E. Call published an elaborate report “On the 
Quarternary and Recent Mollusca of the Great Basin”, (Bull. 
U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 11, pp. 359-410), which embodied all 
of the information in regard to the fauna available at that 
date. Call’s material came mostly from the western part of 
the state, in the Pyramid Lake region, but he also lists a few ~ 
(four marked with an asterisk in the Call column given below) 
species from the Humboldt River at Elko, which is a little 
east of the area covered by the University Expedition. His 
list of the recent species known to him from the Lahontan 
Area is, therefore, of interest as a basis of comparison of the 
faunas of the eastern and western portions of the state. This 


is shown by the following: table, 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 


TABLE. 


(Species marked with an asterisk were not found by Call but are 


quoted from papers by W, G. Binney.) 


Name. 
tOrcohelvm stragasa- Gildas tc. ti Sheth slows hea Olek 
*Oreohelix strigosa idahoensis Newc......>........-- 
*Oreohelix strigosa. hemphilli Newc....-........--.. 
EZ ONL OWE SEC APROFED SAY) vs Soe us Ores oo. Pong ete 
ELONUOI ES ited aN) he «jones tis oss sand cs eee Oe 
Puen NOMILONTS LC OErOIN pis «mB ae hosts wah Sas 
EE OMIM 1 NICHES, SCE Ne 2 note. he Sei hime ew ng Pb oe we 
Parma alosmig. Walle: se-c sa.4 We wat wend eS A 
iaallonia costatas (Nn eas ae. ieee oes - Soe 
Pallowma qragieosta Remi... y. F055. cae ss eos ests 
Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey ........... PALS crate 
SWECIned Stlimrants ENG)o1 2228898 aniees «os bag. wh aed o's 
Shemmca. siretehana. Bde. 5 Ricshor oe odes. tas ceases 
*Succinea grosvernori Lea. “S. lineata W. G. Binn.”.. 
eSucomen susttcund Gld. oc cs op dices as So ccn sess wasses 
ASUEGUGS ROUT IIA OG) ALTER pots <a a te Mio ae Eecinla Sennen aoe 
PAD ULE: MAWSGO RULING Gs Gly.) erste ep mie os eee ate He heeinie ed es 
*Vertigo modesta corpulenta (Mse.)................. 
*Pupoides hordaceus (Gabb). “Arizonensis Gabb”... 
Emme ae staenalisa (lah). mOCIIILOSSII 2 eee yriec er eee 
ONO RETA ET OSE AS ANIC Se aera are eae Re Ae Pie eer oie 4 
LE NMNE TE SUINGSSIG Cis, c SAR eis Silene RAS eee ls Sew OR eS 
TEMMUUCC ID WULIVOLECS. Weal: sce Sse eikas ee ome eco eee 
VES EH BOMMUINULES | DAY 6 a Castres Be ats © ste + ea eae ek oes 
Eymnea hunvlis, yustica Aedes: as2.-. 25.224 222 cee ne 
Lymnea humilis modicella Say............+...0.6-5. 
EMAC WON BAKEL ants. a0 s-).0 oe hairs ae won neg Se 
Damn COPETOLle Sante) on sn. high ha pe shioee wea 
PREVSIE EUAN ONY Sati se otaae oie wr enngse eee ize ears oe 
Epysannnverosas Gd 22 6 siske ho se ktaeed A osteitis wae 
Phiysa: ampullicea Guar. : =. :23. 202 ved ee ae ee tee Re 
Phisa Meterostroppd Say. fa 5 kale < 5 PO ese ole at 
Planorbis binneyi Try. “P. corpulentus Say”.......... 
Planorbis ammon Gld. “Semifossil’.................. 
Pa vOt bisa IKLUOLUIS a SAN Se torn srs He 2 ceeds alae Seco ois 
Plaviorbis SUC CHOLUS © Dies gsc tec accion a aoe 
Blanorbis vernneularis (Gldervies 2 Ses08 sees n ne a: 
Piaworuis opercuiarts Gd ae iia op ar wile ele gp e's ae =a 
Pompholyx effusa Tea. is. eee eee cece e cece ee eens 


Call. 


tal 


VA ke Tel I Pm 


Aw ny 


Pe A Pata A banal be eh 


1 spa treba Aa hel IRR ba bg 


4 


3 


W.-N. 


An wm A 


4 University of Michigan 


Name. Call. W.-N. 
ATANACOLPE COI AN sists. ocho) 9+ ane «2,00 yoeyene ete x 
Prroulopsis: temoensis Stearns... . « .<.« otae ee x 
Flumiucola nevadensis Walker..-.......-.+..5-+++++< i x 
Morecomtana morecoritiferd (i). 25... 22. cere ee xen x 
Anodonta muttalliana Vea... ...)<i2 001 < « 3hoi5=/ eee x 
Anodonia oregonews¢s. Wat... 42> ers © eee eee ae Be 
Sphenuwmn striatmunt Vail. 4...) 406 =e eee Bee ae 
Pisin compressuim Pine... 225. c2. 4.092 3 eee ace DS 
Pisidiuwn huachucanwm, P. & F..............2.0:265:- Re x 


As might naturally be expected the Call list shows a con- 
siderable infusion of western species, which, so far as the 
University of Michigan collection shows, do not seem to have 
extended into the eastern portion of the state. It is also quite 
possible that a review of both series by the same student might 
eliminate some of the apparent discrepancies between the two 
list of species. But, taken as a whole, and especially if the 
species quoted from Binney are eliminated, the two lists are 
very similar. I am indebted to Dr. V. Sterki for the identifi- 


cation of the Sphzeriide. 


LIST OF SPECIES. 


1. Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.—A single specimen from 
a spring in the Cortez foot-hills. 
2. Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey.—A single example from 


an ant nest in Maggie Canyon. 


3. Succinea nuttalliana 1ea.—Spring in Cortez foot-hills ; 
bed of diverted spring stream, Cortez Range, and irrigation 


ditch and marsh ponds near the river, Humboldt Valley. 


4. Succinea rusticana Gld.—Near hot springs and in drift 


in river dam, Humboldt Valley. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 


5. Lymnea palustris Mull—Pools in the bed of and 
along the Humboldt River and along the rail-road track near 
the river; Annie Creek; irrigation ditches near the Humboldt 
River and near Annie Creek and north of the ranch house, 
Carlin; dry pond west of tunnel, Moleen Canyon. 

Very abundant and exceedingly variable, but, as in the 
case of the Physas, it is practically impossible to draw any 
fixed lines between the varigus forms represented, and it would 
seem best to refer them all to one species. 

6. Lymnea caperata Say—Very abundant in pools in 
the bed of Humboldt River. Apparently a well marked local 
form characterized by the almost entire obsolescence of the 
spiral sculpture. Many of the specimens are conspicuously 
striped longitudinally. 

8. Lymnea humilis modicella Say—Maggie Creek ; bed 


of diverted spring stream, Cortez Rang 


xe; marshy ponds near 
the Humboldt River, and Woodruff Creek. 

9. Laymnea dalli Baker var—Spring in Cortez foot-hills ; 
bed of diverted stream, Cortez Range, and Woodruff Creek. 
\ considerable portion of the specimens of both this and the 
preceding species from Woodruff Creek are conspicuously 
striped longitudinally. 

10. Physa ampullacea Gld—Ponds by the rail-road track 
and in the bed of and along the river and along Susan Creek, 
Annie Creek, and Maggie Creek; oxbow pond in Maggie 
Canyon; mud-flat along the river, Humboldt Valley ; irrigation 
ditch, Annie Creek; spring in Cortez foot-hills, and diverted 
spring stream in Cortez Range. 

This species is by far the most common one in the collec: 
tion. There is, as might be expected, a very considerable vari- 


ation in size and several of the lots have only immature speci: 


6 University of Michigan 


mens. But, taken as a whole, I think that they are all referable 
to one species. 

11. Planorbis trivolvis Say—Abundant in ponds in the 
bed of and along the Humboldt River, and in dry pond, west 
of tunnel, Moleen Canyon. 

12. Planorbis parvus Say.—Ponds along Susan Creek; 
Maggie Creek ; oxbow in Maggie Canyon; oxbow and marsh 
ponds by the Humboldt River; jfond by railroad track and 


spring in Cortez foot-hills. 


13. Fluminicola nevadensis n. sp. 


Shell minute, narrowly umbilicated, globose, rather thick 
for so small a species, pale greenish horn-color, smooth, with 
very fine, regular lines of growth; whorls 312; spire short, 
apical whorl small and somewhat elevat- 
ed, giving a mamilliform appearance 
to the spire, the succeeding whorls are 
low and flatly rounded, not constricted 
by the suture, which is well impressed 


and becomes deeper and wider towards 


the aperture; body-whorl large, glo- 
bosely rounded and in its last half descends rapidly ; aperture 
large, decidedly angled above and regularly rounded below, 
entirely solute or barely touching the body whorl, thickened 
throughout by a callous deposit, which is heavier and some- 
what flattened on the columellar margin; inner lip separated 
from the umbilical region by a distinct groove. 

Alt. 2, diam. 2 mm. 

A spring in the Cortez foot-hills, Humboldt Valley, Elko 
County, Nevada. Cotypes in the collections of the University 
of the Michigan, the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences 


and Bryant Walker. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology i, 


This pygmy species is an interesting addition to the num- 
ber of dwarf forms characteristic of the arid region of the 
western states. In size it may be compared with F. minu- 
tissima Pils., but differs entirely in shape and proportions. It 
was quite abundant in the one locality where it was found. 

14. Alargaritana margaritifera (L,.)—Humboldt River. 
Only a few collected. 

15. <lnodonta oregonensis Lea. — Humboldt River. 


Abundant. 


16. Spherium striatinum (Lam.)—Marsh pond near the 
Humboldt River; drift in river dam and mud flat along the 
river. 

“It appears that all of the shells are of the same species, 
although of markedly different forms. I see no way of sep-. 
arating them cleanly and so it is better not done. Most of the 
specimens are much like S. striatinum (Lam.), and if they 
were from somewhere east, there would be barely a doubt 
about it: that is, the more elongafe and subequipartite ones. As 
stated, some are markedly different, oblique, with the posterior 
part much larger, higher and grown downward, much like S. 
acuminatum (Pme.) ; but there appear to be intermediate forms 
and some eastern (Mississippi Valley and eastward) forms, 
apparently also of siriatimimumn, are much like those. Of course, 
it sounds strange to take specimens from that region for 
striatinum, but I have seen specimens occasionally from far 
west, which appeared not separable from that species. Un- 
fortunately, very little material is at hand from the intermediate 
country and the Central and Pacific regions are insufficiently 
known. So, for the present, it appears preferable to take 
them for the species, which they resemble most, at least tenta- 


tively, 


8 . Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 


“They can hardly be any other of the known western 
Spheria: S. dentatum is barely known. ‘T. Prime states that 
he has seen one adult and one young specimen and his descrip- 
tion is insufficient for distinction in this difficult genus.” 
(Sterki). 

17. Pisidium huachucanum P. & F.—Spring in Cortez 
foot-hills, Humboldt Valley, Elko County, Nevada. 


me 


NUMBER 30. SEPTEMBER 20, 1916. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


NEW SPECIES OF PALUDICOLA- FROM 
COLOMBIA. 


By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN. 


A number of specimens of a small frog referable to the 
genus Paludicola, and apparently undescribed, were obtained 
by the Bryant Walker Expedition to the Santa Marta Moun- 


tains, Colombia, in 1913. 


Paludicola pusilla, new species. 


Diagnosis: Size small. Head small; interorbital space 
as broad as, or a little broader than upper eyelid. No vomer- 
ine teeth. Ear hidden. <A tarsal tubercle. Toes with rudi- 
ment of web. First finger not extending beyond second. 
Skin of back usually with small warts and a series of large, 


low warts from the eye to the sides of the body, occasion- 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NOE: 


2 University of Michigan 


ally smooth except for an indication of the large lateral 


warts; no longitudinal glandular fold; no lumbar gland. 


Habitat: Region of the Santa Marta Mountains, Col- 


ombia. 


Type Specimen: Cat. No. 48305, Museum of Zoology, 
University of Michigan; Fundacion, Colombia; August 8, 


1913; Alexander G. Ruthven, collector. 


Description of Type Specimen: Tongue moderately 
large, oval, entire and free behind. Vomerine teeth none. 
Snout subacuminate, 1.57 times the greatest orbital diam- 
eter. Nostril much nearer the tip of the snout than the eye. 
Interorbital space a little broader than upper ey lid. Tym- 
panum concealed. ‘T'arsal tubercle present. Fingers mod- 
erate, the first not extending beyond second.  Subarticular 
tubercles well developed. Metatarsal tubercles small, the 
inner oval, the outer rounded. The tibio-tarsal articulation 
reaches the angle of the jaw when the hind limb is extended 
along the side. Skin of the back with small warts and a 
series of large, low warts from the eye to the side of the 
body. Above grayish olive with indistinct darker variegations 
and a broad orange yellow vertebral band from the end of 
the snout nearly to the anus; upper lp paler with vertical 
cross bands; thighs crossbanded and with a black streak on 


the posterior surface; lower sufaces white, immaculate. 


mim. mm. 
Mpotal: aera tage: 06 bo tus 16:5. Length of Mind Wer aeece 
Pheaduleneithienc: .ciseiwl. es 6.5. Length of fore tea eee 
Width of dnead «aioe 5.0" . Jjength, of snoutieeeeee 2.75 


Notes on Paratypes: Four specimens besides the type, all 


from Fundacion, have been used in the preparation of the diag- 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


nosis. The following variations may be noted: the snout may 
be from 1.25 to 1.6 as long as the greatest orbital diameter ; 
the interorbital space equals or slightly exceeds the width of 
the upper eyelid; the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the orbit, 
the angle of the jaw, or some point between; the skin of the 
back may be quite smooth except for a few smail warts on the 
head and indications of the large lateral warts, or, there are 
more or less numerous small warts scattered over the back 
and the large lateral warts are relatively prominent; the light 
vertebral band is present or absent, and is orange yellow or 
bright orange red; in those which do not have the light verte- 
bral stripe there may be an indistinct dark cross on the nape 


and a triangular spot between the orbits. 


Remarks: Sixteen specimens of this species have been 
examined, all of which were collected by the writer in August, 
1913, seven about Fundacion and nine at Gaira. Two of the 
specimens from Fundacion have been presented to the British 
Museum, and two from Gaira have been deposited in the 
Museum of Comparative Zoology; the others, including all of 
the paratypes, are in the Museum of Zoology, University of 


Michigan. 


NUMBER 31. NOVEMBER 20, 1916. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN ArRBor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


DESCRIPTION OF A-NEW-SPECIES OF LAMPREY 
OF THE GENUS ICH TAY OMY ZON. 


By JAcop REtGuarRD AND HARoLD CUMMINS. 


Lampreys representing the apparently new species de- 
scribed below were first observed and collected on May 23, 
1905, spawning in Mill Creek, a tributary of the Huron River 
west of Ann Arbor, Michigan. Other specimens were later 
taken in the Huron River, near Ann Arbor. The type material 


is in the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. 


Ichthyomyzon fossor, new species. 


Diagnosis: Maximum length about 150 mm.; larvae at 
transformation with maximum adult length; buccal funnel 
small; disc teeth small and blunt, occasionally obsolete; supra- 
oral lamuna with two small, blunt, well separated cusps; ante- 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 32. 


iS) 


University of Michigan 


rior lingual lamina with a single transverse element, provided 
with minute rounded denticles; anal fin well developed, partic- 
ularly in the female. 

Habitat: Southern Michigan. 

Type Specimen: Cat. No. 48377, Museum of Zoology, Uni- 
versity of Michigan; Mill Creek, Washtenaw County, Michi- 
gan; May, 1905; Jacob Reighard, collector. 

noes of Type Specimen:* (P1. I, fig. 1.) Length, 121 
im. ; tip of snout to vent, 67.76; tip of snout to anterior margin 
of er , 45.59; last gill opening to vent, 47.11; last gill open- 
ing to anterior margin of dorsal, 28.92; tip of snout to first gill 
opening, 9.92; tip of snout to last gill opening, 20.66; width of 
body immediately behind branchial basket, 5.78; depth of body 
immediately behind branchial basket, 7.44; diameter of eye, 
1.24; tip of snout to anterior margin of orbit, 5.78; tip of snout 
to nasal pit, 4.55; antero-posterior diameter of buccal funnel, 
5.6; transverse diameter of buccal funnel, 5.5. Muscular im- 
pressions between last gill opening and vent, 49. Disc bordered 
by timbriae arranged in a single row except anteriorly, where 
they tend to form a double row; anterior ones (PI. I, fig. 2) 
simple or biramous, with an increase in size and number of 
lobes posteriorly ; extremities of lobes blunt; lobes of adjacent 
fimbriae sometimes fused. A prominent lip-like fold within 
fimbriae forming outer boundary of disc. Extraorals (PI. II, 
fig. 1) 5 on right side and 4 on left, larger than disc teeth, low, 
blunt, borne on papillae with distinct boundaries. Disc teeth 
low, blunt, arranged in radiating lines; each line composed of 
three teeth except posteriorly, two; those in posterior portion 
of disc and the marginal ones anteriorly and laterally nearly 
obsolete. Supraoral lamina narrow, well imbedded within the 


1Throughout this description the proportions are indicated in hundredths of 
the total length, which includes the caudal fin. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


ileshy suproaral papilla, with two cusps, one in the center of 
each half of supraoral papilla; cusps low, blunt, of about same 
size as extraorals. Infraoral lamina crescentic, bearing 9 round- 
ed cusps of unequal size. Anterior lingual lamina a single bi- 
crescentic plate, with an anterior median prominence ; minutely 
denticulated; the anterior element as found in more typical 
members of the genus either lacking or so nearly obsolete as to 
be overlooked. Anterior and posterior fins united, with a notch 
in front of vent; posterior dorsal continuous with caudal. Tip 
of snout to middle of dorsal notch, 66.12; tip of snout to mid- 
dle of dorsal-caudal notch, ¢2.97; greatest height of anterior 
dorsal, 2.48; height of dorsal at middle of notch, 2.07; greatest 
height of posterior dorsal, 4.14. Anal fin continuous with 
caudal, greatest height, 1.24. Sensory papillae indistinct; one 
series above each eye, directed postero-dorsally; a series be- 
neath eye, curving upward and directed anteriorly; a series 
continuing as a broken line below end of last to tip of snout; 
none distinguishable on ventral surface of body. Urinogenital 
papilla prominent. Color in life uniform grayish-brown over 
entire surface posterior to vent, two-thirds the distance down 
sides between vent and last gill opening, and half way down in 
region of gill openings and snout; elsewhere light yellowish- 
brown except for a narrow line of grayish brown connecting 
gill openings; fins grayish-brown, lighter than body color. 
Notes on Paratypes: Lesides the type fifteen adults have 
been examined as follows, eleven females and three males from 
Mill Creek, May, 1905, and one female from the Huron River, 
near Ann Arbor, April 23, 1912. (Cat. Nos. 4368-48376, 48378- 
48383, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan.) There 
are some variations in the material. The extraorals vary in 


number from 4 to 6; a noteworthy fact is the frequent lack of 


4 University of Michigan 


bilateral symmetry—a different number on the two sides, as in 
the type. In several specimens extraorals are indistinguishable. 
Dise teeth vary in size and number; in specimens where they 
are prominent four teeth may be made out within each radiat- 
ing series over entire surface of disc. Where the dentition is less 
strong three, two, or only one may constitute a series poste- 
riorly ; but always with three in each series anteriorly and lat- 
erally. In several specimens no disc teeth can be made out.” 
It is needless to say that weak disc dentition is associated with 
weak extraorals, supraorals, etc. Infraoral lamina has 8 to 10 
cusps, always more or less irregular, as in the tvpe. The anal 
fin in females (PI. J, fig. 3) is higher and more convex in out- 
line than in males. Females possess a fin-like swelling anterior 
to vent. The urinogenital papilla in females does not protrude 
from the vent. Pronounced individual variation in propor- 
tions of the body occurs here, as in other lampreys. These 
variations, as well as differences in the number of muscular 


impressions, are presented in the following table: 


2'The teeth are much more readily seen if stained yellow by immersing the 
oral disc for five minutes in a saturated solution of picric acid in yo% alcohol. 
The specimen may then be placed in 70% alcohol, in which the color is but slowly 
extracted. 


Catalog 
Total len 


Sex 
Tip of si 


Tip of st 
marg 


Last gill 


Last gill 
marg 


Tip of sn 
Tip of sn 


Tip of st 
dorsa 


Tip of sn 
dorse 


Height o 
Height o 
Height o 
Height o 


Width of 
branc 


Depth of 
branc 


Diameter 


Tip of sr 
marg 


Tip of st 


Muscular 
last ¢ 


¥ Much <s 


* No not 


Tuseum of Zoology 


a 


MEASUREMENTS OF SIXTEEN ADULTS EXPESSED IN HUNDREDTHS OF THEIR Torar LENGTHS, 


Catalog Number ............ 48368 483690 48370 48371 48372 48373 48374 48375 48376 48377 48378 48370 48380 48381 48382 
Total length in millimeters... 149 137 133 132 131 130 129 126 125 121 121 121 119 116 113 
Sexcari cies tcenteronc testers female female female male female female male female female male female female female female female 
Tip of snout to vent......... 69.07 71.53 72.18 70.45 69.28 68.46 70.54 69.44 69.60 67.76 71.49 68.5G ‘1.01 68.97 70.79 
Tip of snout to anterior 

margin of dorsal ........ 44.30 47.44 42.48 43.03 40.46 46.02 46.51 46.43 40.00 49.50 47.03 44.63 49.16 44.83 42.92 
Last gill opening to vent..... 52.29 52.55 52.63 51.51 57-44 49.23 51.07 50.00 50.80 47.11 51.65 49.58 57.93 49.14 53.08 


Last gill opening to anterior 

margin of dorsal ........ 27.52 28.46 22.93 24.09 21.75 27.60 27.13 26.99 21.20 28.92 27.68 25.62 30.08 25.00 26.11 
Tip of snout to 1st gill opening 7.72 8.76 9.02 8.71 8.40 9.23 9.30 9.52 8.80 9.02 9.00 o.5t 8.82 9.92 7. 
Tip of snout to last gillopening 16.78 18.98 19.55 18.94 10.46 19.23 19.38 19.44 18.80 20.66 20.25 19.01 19.08 19.83 16.81 


Tip of snout to middle of 


dorsal notch ............ 50.79 64.96 63.91 ..*.. 62.98 61.92 62.79 64.29 61.60 66.12 68.59 63.62 65.06 ..*.. 64.60 
Tip of snout to middle of 

dorsal-caudal notch ..... QOVOT site O3823) lat OOKOSN G2, 008 (g2725ulO2eOGM OU, 20 O2kQ78 0.22. OL 75) 0200 \o0152 | Oleus 
Height of anterior dorsal..... Meds edo. eS Se eon aO2) s TOAm MICOS 008 2245) 28078) 66) 2510) 2ar60) 2166 
Height of dorsal at notch..... (Oya We tey ses} Ret SE We ago) Slo apollo? aati Wea ietsteh end Tinie 
Height of posterior dorsal... 2.01 2.55 2.26 2.28 3.05 3.08 3.49 3.57 2.40 4.14 2.48 3.32 2.52 3.02 3.08 
HMeighteot anal AM ape cies re OMe LO! RE ese 8 230) TSA ee Ous sm aRON ICON NM  Teedh eOU)  TeOc8 eA GON anaes 
Width of body just behind 

branchial basket .......-.. A GOmeSe Uma yop sateen 200 68e4ON SV OnmmRARGramrrrii ee Scrolls 6.20 3.78 6.04 3.54 
Depth of body just hehind : 

branchial basket ......... (HS Ye CHE ootton CO) Gest) Wr Bale) caifao Fine Golfn acer Giclees eh} (Oe-70) 
Diameter Of eve cemnns sees aie TOO Ueto |oea2) Tels! ts 0-35) GNRGeeOm e200 Taq Serb) They “Teeh) TO8) a 
Tip of snout to anterior 

margin of orbit........... An7ONe Sell hs 0008 e492) 4500) SALON Oe 20m SiO 65.20) ses e7DReesaaci (00m. 0250 1G,0400Na.05 
Tip of snout to nasal pit.. .. 3.36 3.30 3-36 3.79 3-05 4.23 5.05 3.37 4.00 4.55 3.07 4.14 3.36 4.74 3.54 


Muscular impressions between 
last gill opening and vent 53 


an 
wn 
o} 
st 
) 
on 
st 
to 
st 
zi 
us 
1 
un 
iS} 
mn 
Cc 
n 
ne 
un 
a) 


5 52 40 


+ Much shrunken, 


* No notch. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 


Description of Larva: Eight larvae have been examined 
(Cat. Nos. 48384-48391, Museum of Zoology, University of 
Michigan), six from Mill Creek and two from the Huron 
River near Ann Arbor. ‘The following description is based on 
specimen number 48386 taken in Mill Creek, Washtenaw Coun- 
ty, Michigan, May 21, 1916. 

With the usual ammocoetes facies. Length, 135 mm.; tip- 
of snout to vent, 70.37; tip of snout to anterior margin of dor- 
sal, 50.37; last gill opening to vent, 51.85; last gill opening to 
anterior margin of dorsal, 31.85; tip of snout to last gill open- 
ing, 18.52; tip of snout to first gill opening, 8.15; width imme- 
diately behind branchial basket, 5.19; depth immediately be- 
hind branchial basket, 6.67. Muscular impressions between 
last gill opening and vent, 51. Shape of mouth and form of 
oral villi as in Entosphenus wilderi. Dorsal fin (PI. I, fig. 4) 
continuous, not separated into anterior and posterior dorsals, 
increasing gradually in height posteriorly to reach its maximum 
height behind the vent; height in its anterior portion, .56. 
Posterior portion slightly convex in outline; greatest height, 
1.48; continuous with caudal, the junction indicated by a shal- 
low notch. No anal fin. 

The larval characters seem to be more constant than those of 
adults. There are, however, slight variations in propertions 


as may be seen in the following table: 


6 


MEASUREMENTS OF Eicnt LARVAE EXPRESSED IN 


University of Michigan 


oF THEIR TOTAL LENGTHS. 


HUNDREDT AS 


Catalog Number 48384 48385 48386 48387 48388 48389 48390 483201 
Total length in milli- 

WMSteESe; eee ee), 158 T50 n35 130 124 95 G4 80 
Tip of snout to vent.. 72.47 609.67 70.37 60.24 68.55 73.68 73s4m 974-30 
Tip of snout to ante- 

rior margin of dorsal 50.32 46.67 50.37 48.47 47.59 54.21 490.47 51.88 
Last gill opening to 

WEIDER ehctAe © Sayed ove 53.48 52.00 51-85 50.57 50500 53.000 santo mesa 9s 
Last gill opening to 

anterior margin 

Oisdonsallesc. acct see 31.33 20.00 31-85 3C.00 20:04 34°20)2022,)5 40,07 
Tip of snout to first 

orlltopening ©... <5 4 7.60 | 7.33. 48.15 8,08 8.00" (Bea eee 
Tip of snout to last 

gill opening ....... 18:09 17.67. 18.52 18.47 18255) e207 0emeoEcem ine 
Tip of snout to middle 

of dorsal-caudal 

MYO\UCI OI” 24 GREP i cor 94.34 89.67 91.85 03:46 02.74 80:47 90.43) 01-25 
Height of anterior 

AGES Sia ie cess cok 0.44 0.50 (0.56 (0.54. “OlGRe Osteo Ears 
Height of posterior 

CORSA ee ea 0.95 1.33 1.48 1.54 “ 15G@p es So eeeeees 
Width of body just 

behind branchial 

basket ie tase ate 4.75% 5:00 5.10 5:00" <dpSA e5ee a myee cameo 
Depth of body just 

behind branchial | 

basket. Siccnemncsct 5-70 6.00 6.67 6,16 (6:05 (6132 SsG@5eeen@ 
Length of oralopening 3.64 3.17 4.20 3.85 32635003 0it see eas 
Muscular impressions 

between last gill 

opening and vent... 51 51 5I 50 50 50 51 51 


Habits of Larvae: 


In Mill Creek, larvae occur most abun- 


dantly where eddies have deposited silt in concavities of the 
stream bed, and where the current is slow. An admixture of 
silt and sand seems to produce the most favorable situation, 
although larvae were collected in small numbers from gravelly 
and pure sand bottoms. None were found in stiff muck. An 
idea of their abundance in a very favorable locality may be 
obtained from the fact that in an hour’s dredging sixty-one 
were collected from an area not larger than 5 x 10 feet. When 
earth containing larvae is thrown from the dredge net to the 


bank, individuals almost immediately wriggle to the surface. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7 


The same activity follows if the stream level lowers rapidly, 
so that their haunts are exposed. For instance, in 1913, when 
the Huron River level was lowered during the construction of 
a dam, many larvae emerged to the surface of the mud flats 
thus uncovered. 

When a larva is liberated in an aquarium or in the stream 
it swims a short distance, then erects the body almost vertically, 
head downward, and burrows with a rapid vibratory move- 
ment. It does not continue straight down, but turns horizon- 
tally, then upward, forming a burrow in the shape of a flat- 
tened U. The dorsal surface of the body is kept uppermost 
throughout this process. Ii the aquarium floor is covered with 
but a thin layer of sand the burrow is much more flattened; 
under these conditions the tail frequently protrudes, but we 
have never seen the head exposed. When disturbed, the ani- 
mal leaves its burrow and swims vigorously. When placed in 
an aquarium with no sand or cther material the larva alter- 
nately swims about and lies on its side—either right or left. 
As vet we have not determined the duration of larval life or 
time of metamorphosis. It is to be noted that the habits, as 
above described, are identical with those of the larvae of 
Entosphenus wilder. 

Habits of Adults’ The spawning activities of 1905 were 
first observed on May 23, and they continued until May 27; 
the last adult seen in that year was a weakened individual noted 
June 2. For two or three days following May 27 the water 
was so muddy that no observations were possible. Spawning 
may have continued during that period. All the adults were 
observed within a radius of twenty-five feet, on a bottom of 
coarse gravel and shingle which contained stones from one to 


3'The writers are indebted to Prof. F E. Wood for the use of his notes on the 
spawning habits of this lamprey. 


8 University of Michigan 


six inches in diameter, and in water from eight to eighteen 
inches deep. The stream at this point is not more than thirty 
feet wide, with a strong current. Adults have been seen or 
collected only during the spawning season. 

They are rarely seen to swim free even for a few feet, but 
are often found progressing or wriggling between stones. They 
are usually so hidden among or beneath stones of three to six 
inches diameter that only the tip of the tail is visible. The 
animals take possession of chinks beneath such stones as may 
be lodged loosely, and extend the naturai cavities by removing 
sand and gravel. In enlarging the cavity the lamprey attaches 
itself by the mouth to pebbles, and tosses them up and out 
from between the larger stones. Active lashing of the body 
at the same time serves to stir up the sand, which is swept 
away by the current. On rare occasions an individual may 
attempt to remove a larger stone by attaching himself to it, 
loosening the stone by wriggling the body and then allowing 
the current to carry himself and burden downstream—as is 
the common habit in Lintosphenus wilderi. Like the brook 
lamprey, this species has the habit of attaching the mouth to 
large stones and throwing the body into vigorous vibrations. 
However, the habit differs from that of the brook lamprey in 
that the axis of the body is often nearly vertical, and what- 
ever inclination there may be toward the horizontal is quite as 
likely to be upstream as downstream. The vibrations occur 
when the animal is partially hidden among stones as well as 
when it is in the open. ‘The brook lamprey lies with the body 
nearly horizontal and with the head directed upstream during 
these vibrations. When placed in a bacteria dish in bright 
light the animal becomes restless and moves continually until 
the dish is covered. Although not so sensitive to current as 
the brook lamprey, /chthomyzon fossor does exhibit a tendency 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9 


to avoid remaining in a very strong current. When confined 
in an aquarium containing a pile of smooth glass objects the 
lamprey shows little or no inclination to retreat among them, 
but it will at once hide among stones. [f a number of them 
are placed in bright light in a dish one-half of which is cov- 
ered with ruby glass, they are at first active but soon collect in 
the area of red light and come to rest. It seems then that the 
preference for weak light determines the burrowing habit. 
The spawning nests are very ill-defined; they are little more 
than areas on the stony bottom where the sand and pebbles 
have been cleared away from between or beneath larger stones. 
Other nests three or four inches in diameter and of about the 
same depth are sometimes excavated in sand or gravel. Dur- 
ing the excavation of such a nest the lamprey’s body 1s nearly 
vertical, with no tendency to incline in a particular direc- 
tion with respect to current. The pebbles are thrown out in 
any direction. Although the excavation of nests is prosecuted 
with great vigor, with sometimes as many as seven or eight 
individuals present, attempts at spawning in them are rarely 
seen. On the contrary, the spawning act takes place almost 
invariably when the animals are more or less hidden among 
stones. Consequently it has been dithcuit to determine the 
exact details of the act. Apparently the male attaches him- 
self by the buccal funnel either to a stone close to where the 
female is likewise attached, or to the body of the female near 
her head. Then the bodies of both are thrown into spasmodic 
vibration. At the same time the eggs may be seen to escape. 
Some of them are carried down by the current. The male, so 
far as our observations go, seldom winds his tail about the 
female. Infrequently an individual may wind his tail about the 
head of another, vibrating his body at the same time, or may 


seize another near the branchial region, wind his tail around 


IO University of Michigan 


the body, and vibrate feebly. But in such cases no emission of 
eggs or milt is discernible. In the confined space where spawn- 
ing ustially occurs there would seem to be no room for the en- 
wrapping of the female by the male, and it is doubtful if it 
occurs with any regularity. Spawning seldom takes place 
when the water is below 18°C., and is most vigorous at 20 to 
22°C, 

Affinities of the Species: 


in the spawning season and are not found attached to fish, and 


Since adults have been taken only 


since our sections show that the alimentary canal of the adult 
is degenerated, there seems to be no ground to doubt that all 
adults die soon after spawning. /. fossor is then analogous 
to Entosphenus wilderi in which the aduit parasitic life has 
been lost. It is interesting to note that in both species the non- 
parasitic condition is associated with a size small for the group 
and with life in small bodies of water. Jchthyomyzon fossor 
thus bears the same relation to members of its genus that En- 
tosphenus wilderi bears to its congeners, &. tridentatus, E. 
Spadiceus, ete. 

This species may be readily separated from other North 


American Ichthyomyzons by the following characters: 


Ichthyomyson fossor 
Maximum length about 150 mm. 


Larvae at transformation equal in 
length to maximum adults. 


3uccal funnel small. 


Disc teeth small and blunt—some 
even obsolete. 

Supraoral lamina with two small, 
blunt, well separated cusps. 


Other species of Ichthyomyzon 
Maximum length about 300 mm. 


Larvae at transformation muclr 


smaller than maximum adults. 
Buccal funnel large. (in an im- 

mature /. concolor it is about 

twice as large as in a mature 

TI. fossor of the same length.) 
Disc teeth large and sharp. 


Supraoral lamina with two or 
more large, sharp; closely ap- 
pressed cusps. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology II 


Anterior lingual lamina with a Anterior lingual lamina with an- 


single transverse element, which terior and posterior transverse 
is provided with minute round- elements, each provided with 
ed denticles. prominent sharp denticles. 
Anal fin well developed, particu- Anal fin usually lacking; when 
Jarly in females. present it is low and not prom- 
inent.* 


No specific larval characters have been worked out. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


DEAN, BAsHFoRD and SUMNER, Francis B. Notes on the 
Spawning Habits of the Brook Lamprey (Petromyzon wild- 
eae i rans. NY. Acad Set VE -1897. 


FowLEerR, H. W. Notes on Lancelets and Lampreys. Proc. 
Acad! Nat. Set. Philad:,. LEX, 1907. 


GaAcE, S. H. and Merk, S. E. The Lampreys of Cayuga Lake. 
Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci., XX XV, 1886. 


Gacr, S. H. The Lake and Brook Lampreys of New York, 
especially those of Cayuga and Seneca Lakes. Wilder Quar- 


ter-Century Book, 1893. 


GacE, S. H. ‘Transformation of the Brook Lamprey (Leii- 


petra wilderi), and Parasitism among Lampreys. Proc. 
Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci., XLVII, 1808. 


Git, Taropore. Note on the Petromyzontids. Proc. U. S$. 
Nat. Mus., 1882. 


4Girard’s generic diagnosis of Ichthyomyzon definitely states that there is no 
anal fin, and his type specimens do not exhibit this structure. But the junior 
author has examined, in the U. S. National Museum, individuals which have the 
anal fin. Its presence or absence cannot then be considered a generic character. 
Very likely it is of seasonal appearance in the typical Ichthyomyzons. 


12 University of Michigan 


Gitt, THropore. On the Nomenclature and Characteristics 


of the Lampreys. Ibid., 1894. 
Grrarp, W. H. Fishes. Fac. R. R. Survey, 1860. 


Harra, S. On the Lampreys of Japan, together with Notes 
on a Specimen from Siberia. Annot. Zool. Jap., [V, Part 
ae Revo s 


Harra, S. Ueber die Variabilitat und den Dimorphismus des 


Japanischen Neunauges. Ibid., VII, Part 5, 1911. 


Hussaxor, L. The Spawning Habits of the Sea Lamprey, 


Petromyson marimus. Amer. Nat., XLVI, 1912. 


Jorpan, D. S. and Girpertr, C. H. Synopsis of the Fishes of 
North America.’ Bull. U. $. Nat. Mus., No: 16771882: 


Jorpan, D. S. and Forptcr, M. W. A Review of the North 
American Species of Petromyzontidae. Ann. N. Y. Acad. 
Sci) LIT, 13357 


Jorpan, D. S. and EvErMANN, B. W. The Fishes of North 


and Middle America. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, 1896. 


Loman, J. C. C. Ueber die Naturgeschichte des Bachneunau- 
ges Lampeira planeri (Bloch). Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. 15, Band 


i; 1912! 


Recan, C. Tate. A Synopsis of the Marsipobranchs of the 
Order Hyperoartii. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VII, Series 
&, IOP. ; 


ReEIGHARD, JAcon.. An Experimental Study of the Spawning 
Behavior of Lampetra wilderi. Science, N. $., XVII, 1903. 


Younc and Coir. On the Nesting Elabits of the Brook Lam- 
prey. Amer. Nat., 1900. 


University of Michigan 


PLATE: L 


Figure 1. Male, taken during spawning. x34. (Photographed in 
life.) 


Figure 2. Female, dorsal surface. x34. (Photographed in life.) 
Note that the expanded buccal disc is not greater in diameter than the 


width of body. 


Figure 3. Female, taken during spawning. x34. (Photographed 


in life.) 


Figure 4. Posterior portion of a larva, to show fin outline. xl. 


ICHTHYOMYZON FOSSOR PLATS I 


> 


io) 


wees 
ew x Ag 


ve 2s , ; i 


‘University of Michigan — 
3 
“ 
PLATE II. re 


Figure 1. Sketch of mouth. xz1o. 


Figure 2. Oral fimbriae. a, middle anterior; b, — 
c, middle posterior. x50. 


* , 
» 
~ 
AP 
- 
é 
> 
# + 
° - 
: pe a / 
J wi) hoor 


ICIITIVOMYZON FOSSOR PrLate IT 


NUMBER 32. DECEMBER 6, 1916. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


TAREE. NEW SPECIES OF ANOLIS. ROM. TEE 
SANTA MARTA MOUNTAINS, COLOMBIA, 


By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN. 


The collections of reptiles and amphibians from the Santa 
Marta Mountains which the writer has had for study, one from 
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, one made by the Bryant 
Walker Expedition of the University of Michigan (1913), 
and one made for the University of Michigan in 1914 by M. A. 
Carriker, contain “specimens of three undescribed species of 
Anoles which are described below. ‘The identification of species 
in this genus becomes more difficult as the number of known 
forms increases, so that in order to make sure of the identity 
of these forms the writer has again had to solicit the aid of 
Dr. George A. Boulenger, of the British Museum. Dr. Bou- 
lenger has kindly examined specimens of the species described 
below as <lnolis solitarius and Anolis gaigei, and he has ex- 
pressed the opinion that they belong to undescribed species. 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 33. 


2 University of Michigan 
Anolis solitarius, new species. 


Diagnosis: Tail subcylindrical. Dorsal scales very small, 
juxtaposed, smooth, a little larger than the granular laterals. 
Digital lamellae well developed. Occipital scale enlarged, much 
larger than ear. Scales of supraorbital semicircles enlarged, in 
contact in interocular region. Snout a little flattened and pro- 
duced. ‘Tibia as long or nearly as long as the distance between 
the end of the snout and the middle of the orbit. Ventrals 
rather small, rounded, smooth, imbricate. 

Habitat: Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia. 

Type Specimen: Cat. No. 48303, Museum of Zoology, 
University of Michigan; San Lorenzo, elevation of 5,000sfeet, 
Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia ; June 9, 1913; F. M. Gaige, 
collector. | 

Description of Tvpe Specimen: Female. Head long and 
narrow, the length to the posterior margin of the ear 1.86 times 
the width, the width slightly less than the length of the tibia, 
equal to the length of the snout, the length of the tibia a little 
less than the distance between end of snout and middle of orbit ; 
frontal ridges feebly developed; upper head scales smooth; 
supraorbital semicircles enlarged, sepatated by two rows of 
scales, except at one point where they are in contact ; about six 
enlarged and slightly rugose supraoculars; occipital scale en- 
larged, 2.5 times the greatest diameter of ear; 7 and 8 upper 
labials to below the middle of orbit; 4 rows of loreal scales. 
Far opening small. Gular appendage indicated. ‘Tail sub- 
cylindrical, constituting about 65% of the total length. Dorsal 
scales very small, juxtaposed, smooth, a little larger than the 
granular laterals ; ventral scales rather small, rounded, smooth, 
imbricate. ‘The hind limb reaches to the front of the shoulder 
when the limb is extended along the side; sixteen lamellae under 
the second and third phalanges of the fourth toe. Sides of body 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology a 


benzo brown with a few lighter and darker spots, the former 
white, the latter bone brown; the vertebral region occupied 
by an army brown stripe interrupted by five hour-glass-shaped 
bone brown spots; head bone brown except for some ereenish 
white markings on the upper lip; tail alternately banded with 
bone black and army brown; ventral surfaces white, the sides 
of the belly encroached upon by the color of the sides, the sub- 
mental region faintly spotted with darker, the skin of the 


region of the gular pouch black. 


mm. mm. 

‘otal lengths ol ac ae Tag Wadth-of head Sass iess 7.5 

Weneth Ol tall. 2. es or “wencthrot hiad*limnb.<. .-28 

Length of head and body 48 Lengthoftibia......... 8.5 

Length of head to pos- Vensth-or forelimb 3.2. 17 
terior border of ear .. 14 


Notes on Paratypes: ‘Two paratypes, both females, agree 
with the type in structural characters, except that the head is 
a little smaller, the length of the tibia is as long as the head 
to the middle of the orbit, and the supraorbital semicircles are 
broadly in contact. One of these specimens has the same total 
length as the type, 139 mm., but the head measures 13 mm. ; 
the other is smaller, the total length being 124 mm., of which 
the head occupies 12 mm. The smaller of the specimens was 
uniform green when captured but this quickly changed to that 
of the type. In the other the head is natal brown with some 
poorly defined white spots below the orbit, the sides are wood 
brown without spots, and there are two bone brown dorsal 
stripes on either side of a vertebral stripe, Rood’s brown in 
color, which extends from the occiput well toward the end of 
the tail. 

Remarks: Five specimens of this species from the Santa 
Marta Mountains have been examined. Three taken at alti- 


4 University of Michigan 


tudes of 4,500 and 5,000 feet on San Lorenzo by the Bryant- 
Walker Expedition are in the University of Michigan collec- 
tion, one from Pueblo Viejo, altitude 8,000 feet, collected by 
M. A. Carriker on March 21, 1914, has been deposited in the 
British Museum (Natural History), and there is a specimen 
collected at Palomina, by W. W. Brown, between June 3 and 
10, 1898, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The speci- 
men from Palomina has considerable white on the side of the 
head and there is a dark brown vertebral stripe from which 
narrow bars descend on the flanks ; the supraorbital semicircles 


are in contact. 


Anolis solifer, new species. 


Diagnosis: Apparently allied to A. copei Bocourt. Tail 
slightly compressed, with slightly prominent upper edge. Dor- 
sal scales a little smaller than those on the flanks. Digital ex- 
pansions well developed. Occipital scale very small, one halt 
the longest diameter of the ear opening. Scales of supra- 
orbital semicircles enlarged, separated by two rows of scales. 
Tibia as long as the head to the posterior border of the orbit. 
Ventral scales distinctly keeled. 

Habitat: Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia. 

Type Specimen: Cat. No. 6549, Museum of Comparative 
Zoology ; La Concepcion, Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia ; 
March 28, 1899; W. W. Brown, collector. 

Description of Type Specimen: Male. The width of the 
head slightly less than the length of the tibia, about two-thirds 
of the length of the head (to the posterior border of ear) ; 
frontal concavity present, no frontal ridges; scales involved in 
frontal concavity smooth, those on either side of the concavity 
obtusely keeled or with a median tubercle, those anterior to the 


Occasional Papers of the Musewm of Zoology 5 


concavity keeled; scales of supraorbital semicircles enlarged, 
separated by two series of scales; enlarged supraoculars nu- 
merous, smooth or with a central swelling ; occipital small, one- 
half the longest diameter of the ear; canthal scales five; ten 
upper labials to below the center of the eye; six rows of scales 
in the loreal region; ear opening moderate, a vertical oval. 
Gular appendage small. Body somewhat compressed; tail 
slightly compressed, with slightly prominent upper edge, its 
length more than twice the length of head and body. Dorsal 
scales granular, obtusely keeled; ventrals large, rounded, dis- 
tinctly keeled ; no enlarged postanal scales. The adpressed hind 
limb reaches the front of the shoulder ; digital expansions well 
developed, twenty-one lamellae under the second and third 
phalanges of the fourth toe. 

The preserved specimen is dark reddish brown above with 
faintly indicated darker cross bars on the body, limbs and tail. 
The abdomen is white, except that the sides are encroached 
upon laterally by the brown of the upper parts. The under 
surface of the limbs and the submental, gular and pectoral 
regions are pale brown, the gular and submental regions are 
streaked with dark brown, and all of the scales on the free edge 
of the gular pouch are dark brown. The skin of the gular 


pouch is purplish black. 


mm. mm 

otal lenoth =<. c205 <).. Z1G-) Wadth- Ob heads. fec. tsa: II 

Wenethwot, tailt spake ae. 052, Leneth of hind limb 4.2, 39 

Length of head and body 64 Lengthoftibia......... 2 

Length of head to pos- Léensth of foreilimbve.. .-. 21 
terior margin of ear... 18 


Remarks: As has been stated, this form is, in the opinion 
of the writer, allied to 4. copei. It differs from that form in 


having smoother head scales and shorter hind limbs. 


6 University of Michigan 
Anolis gaigei, new species. 


Diagnosis: Tail subcylindrical. Dorsal scales small, keeled, 
the largest a little smaller than the ventrals, slightly imbricate 
or juxtaposed, grading into the minute and tubercular laterals. 
Digital expansions moderately developed, the third phalange 
of the fourth toe not distinctly wider than basal. Occipital 
scale enlarged, as large as, a little larger, or, rarely, a little 
smaller than the ear. Scales of the supraorbital semicircles 
‘enlarged, usually separated by two, occasionally by three, 
scales. Length of tibia usually equal to the length of the head 
to the ear, rarely a little shorter or longer. Ventrals small, 
round, imbricate, strongly keeled, occasionally a little mucron- 
ate. Female without rudiment of gular pouch. 

Habitat: Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia. 

Type Specimen: Cat. No. 48304, Museum of Zoology, 
University of Michigan; San Lorenzo, Santa Marta Mountains, 
Colombia, elevation of 2,700 ft.; July 14, 1913; F. M. Gaige, 
collector. 

Description of Type Specimen: Adult male. Width of 
head three-fifths of its length to posterior margin of ear, 1.36 
times the length of the snout ; length of head equal to the length 
of the tibia; a frontal concavity bounded by low frontal ridges ; 
upper head scales distinctly keeled ; scales of supraorbital semi- 
circles enlarged, separated by three rows of small scales; about 
12 enlarged, keeled supraoculars; occipital scale enlarged, a 
little larger than ear opening, separated from the supraorbital 
semicircles by about three rows of small scales ; canthus rostralis 
distinct ; 7 upper labials to below middle of the orbit; 7 rows 
of loreal scales. Ear opening moderate, a vertical oval. Gular 
appendage moderately developed. ‘Tail subcylindrical, its length 
contained in the total length 1.43 times. Dorsal scales small, 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7 


keeled, slightly imbricate, smaller than the ventrals, gradually 
passing into the minute and tubercular laterals; ventrals small, 
rounded, keeled, imbricate; no enlarged postanal scales. The 
adpressed hind limb reaches the front of the orbit; digital ex- 
pansions moderately developed, the third phalange of the 
fourth toe not distinctly broader than the basal, 15 lamellae 
under phalanges IT and III of the fourth toe. Vertebral region 
and upper part of head dark brown without distinct markings ; 
sides pale olive buff; upper aspect of limbs pale brown with 
indistinct darker cross bands. Lower surfaces white, the abdo- 
men without markings, the limbs with faint dark reticulations, 
the submental region and throat finely speckled with pale brown. 


Gular pouch Mars orange. 


mm. ¢ mim. 
Rotatlensth ... 2.5. 153 Width of head ....... 78 
imPeneriboteranl: 2.) 32 oe 107 Length of hind limb ... 39 
Length of head and body 46 Length of tibia ........ 12.5 
Length of head to pos- Length of forelimb .:... .20 


terior margin of earf.. 12.5 


Notes on Paratypes: ‘There are eleven specimens from the 
same general locality as the type and these have been used in 
preparing the diagnosis. ‘The structural characters are quite 
constant within narrow limits, and the variations are quite 
adequately summarized in the diagnosis. The following dif- 
ferences in color may be noted. In both males and females the 
pale color of the sides may extend forward to the front of the 
orbit or to the end of the snout. There are only two males 
besides the type in this series, one of which is colored like the 
type, while the other has a broad vertebral band of pale olive 
buff margined by narrow irregular dark brown stripes. Three 


females are also colored like the type, but in four others which 


8 University of Michigan 


have a similar coloration the dark median band is much paler 
and thus less in contrast to the color of the flanks and is in- 
terrupted by more or less distinct small brown spots or chevrons, 
while two females have a broad orange yellow vertebral band 
limited on each side by a well defined, straight edged, dark. 
brown band. The skin of the gular region in the females is 
generally a delicate pink in life. 

Remarks: Thirty-three specimens of this species have been 
examined as follows: thirteen secured by the Bryant Walker 
Expediton (1913) at Fundacion and from above Mamatoco at 
the base of the mountains near Santa Marta to an elevation of 
about 2,700 feet, two collected at Pueblo Viejo (8,000 ft.) by 
M. A. Carriker, March 20, 1914, and eighteen taken at Pueblo 
Viejo by W. W. Brown during the last two weeks in March 
and the first week in April, 1898. The Pueblo Viejo specimens 
collected by Brown are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology 
with the exception of one specimen which has been retained 
for the University of Michigan collection, through the kind- 
ness of Dr. Thomas Barbour. Of the series obtained by the 
Bryant Walker Expedition one specimen has been presented to 
the British Museum and twelve are in the University of Mich- 
igan, as are the two specimens taken at Pueblo Viejo by 
Carriker. 

The Pueblo Viejo collections contain a number of males and 
show that individuals of this sex usually have the pale 
dorsal band possessed by one of the paratypes, and that the 
females probably rarely have the broad immaculate orange yel- 
low stripe, since only two specimens in the entire series have 


this type of coloration. 


ANOLIS SOLITARIUS 


aes save ‘a: 


E. N. Fischer del. 


PLATE [ 


ANOLIS SOLIFER PLATE JJ 


E. N. Fischer del. 


PEATE Gol 


ANOLIS GAIGEI 


x 4.08 


Fischer del. 


Hey INE 


NUMBER 33. DECEMBER 16, 1916, 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF AMPHIBIAN OF 
THE FAMILY CYSTIGNATHIDARE. 


By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN. 


Several specimens of a tailless amphibian which evidently 
represents a new genus in the family Cystignathidae were se- 
cured by the Bryant Walker Expedition to the Santa Marta 
Mountains in 1913. The species is dedicated to Dr. George 
A. Boulenger, the eminent herpetologist, to whom the writer 


is greatly indebted for assistance in his studies in herpetology. 


Cryptobatrachus, new genus. 


Description: Pectoral girdle arciferous; episternum and 
sternum cartilaginous, the latter without a bony style; upper 
jaw toothed ; sacral diapophyses cylindrical ; terminal phalanges 
claw-shaped ; outer metatarsals united; fingers free; toes fully 
webbed; all digits with large adhesive disks; pupil horizontal ; 
tympanum exposed ; tongue heart-shaped, slightly notched and 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO, 34. 


2 University of Michigan 


scarcely free behind; vomerine teeth in two straight, slightly 
separated series behind the choanae. 
Type: Cryptobatrachus boulengeri, new species. 


Cryptobatrachus boulengeri, new species. 


Diagnosis: Size moderate; head broad, broader than long, 
its length contained in the total length 2.7 to 2.9 times, twice 
to 2.4 times the length of the snout ; snout rounded, with obtuse 
canthus rostralis. Interorbital space much broader than upper 
eyelid; eye large, the diameter contained in the length of the 
snout 1.2 to 1.5 times; tympanum distinct, the greatest diam- 
eter contained in the length of the snout between two and three 
times, in the diameter of the orsit between 1.8 and 2.3 times. 
Tongue heart-shaped, slightly nicked and attached behind; 
vomerine teeth in two straight, slightly separated series behind 
and not extending beyond the exterior margin of the choanae. 
Digits well developed and provided with adhesive disks; toes 
fully webbed; fingers free, first a little shorter than second; 
subarticular tubercles well developed; a large oval inner, and 
a small indistinct outer, metatarsal tubercle; the hind limb 
being extended along the side the tibio-tarsal articulation 
reaches the front of the orbit, the tip of the snout, or well be- 
yond the latter. Skin above smooth, or finely wrinkled, or finely 
granular; a number of small tubercles in the region of the 
ear and a strong supratympanic glandular fold. 

Habitat: Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia, 

Type Specimen: Cat., No. 48530, Museum of Zoology, 
University of Michigan; San Lorenzo, elevation of 4,509 feet, 
Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia; July 3, 1913; I’. M. Gaige, 
collector. , 

Description of Type Specimen: A small adult. Head 


broad, a little broader than long, the length contained in the 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


total length 2.7 times, 2.2 times the length of the snout. Snout 
rounded, with obtuse canthus rostralis. Tympanum distinct, 
the greatest diameter contained in the length of the snout 3 
times, in the diameter of the orbit nearly 2.3 times. Digits 
well developed, with large adhesive disks; the fingers free, 
first a little shorter than second; toes fully webbed; a large 
oval inner and a small indistinct outer metatarsal tubercle ; the 
hind limb being extended forward the tibio-tarsal articulation 
reaches the tip of the snout. Skin of back finely wrinkled and 
smooth except for a few low tubercles on each side, derm of 
head a little rougher, on the upper eyelids and sides of snout 
distinctly granular; a well developed supratympanic ridge, and 
a few tubercles behind the angle of the mouth; belly granular. 
Color above brown with indistinct darker markings, and a 
black line along the supratympanic ridge; limbs brown with 
blackish cross-bars ; belly white, immaculate; chin and throat 
mostly pale brown. 

Total length, 34 mm.; length of head, 12.25 mm.; width of 
head, 13 mm.; length of snout, 5.5 mm.; hind limb to tip of 
longest toe, 59 mm.; fore limb to tip of longest finger, 22 mm. 

Notes on Paratypes: Fourteen specimens of this form 
were obtained by the Bryant Walker Expedition in 1913, all at 
an elevation of about 5,000 feet on San Lorenzo. ‘Two of these 
have been presented to the British Museum, and one to the 
Museum of Comparative Zoology. The differences in structure 
exhibited by the material have been adequately given in the 
diagnosis. ‘The only differences in coloration in the preserved 
specimens are in the distinctness of the dark dorsal markings, 
which consist of an interocular band, a canthal streak, a vertical 
infraorbital bar, a supratympanic line, a poorly defined infra- 
tympanic streak, a broad chevron or cross band on the shoul- 


ders, a narrower chevron, stripe or spot in the lumbar region, 


4 University of Michigan 


and a poorly defined stripe on the anterior region of the sides. 
Of these markings the supratympanic line is the most constant. 
The others may be distinct, indistinct or absent, and the dorsal 
chevrons or bands may be connected with each other on the 
sides or in the middle. 


PLATE | 


CRYPTOBATRACHUS BOULENGERI 


COCKAYNE BOSTON 


mA a Jaen | YRARU US 
1 THIN 

} WUREUI HAO SA 

PYROVET HSIN Aaa 


NUMBER 34 JANUARY 7, IQ17 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arpor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


DESCRIPTION OF AUNEW SPECIES OF 
EL EUTHERODACTYLUS FROM COLOMBIA. 


By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN. 


The species described in this paper is represented in the 
Museum of Zoology by a number of specimens from the Santa 


Marta Mountains, Colombia, taken by M. A. Carriker in 1914. 
Eleutherodactylus insignitus, new species. 


Diagnosis: Size large; head broad, not as broad as body; 
snout rounded; nostril much nearer end of snout than eye. 
Vomerine teeth in two approximated fasciculi behind the 
choanae; tongue oval, feebly emarginate posteriorly. Tym- 
panum distinct, about one-third of the diameter of eye. Toes 
free; tibio-tarsal articulation reaching between the eye and ear 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 35. 


2 University of Michigan 


when the leg is extended along the side. Skin smooth except 
for a few low tubercles on sides of head. Dull gray above, 
with black markings on the head and neck; inguinal region, 
anterior and posterior regions of the femur and the under sur- 
face of the tibia black with pale spots; ventral surface pale 


vellow more or less marbled with brown. 


. 
piss 
a \c 


x 1.41 x 1.5 x 1.48 


Hebitat: Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia. 

Type Specimen: Cat. No. 48393, Museum of Zoology, 
University of Michigan; heights east of San Miguel (6,000- 
7,000 feet), Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia; April 24, 
1914; M. A. Carriker, collector. 

Description of Type Specimen: Head a little broader than 
long; snout rounded, with distinct canthus rostralis, 1.3 times 
as long as the diameter of the eye. Tongue oval, feebly 
emarginate ; vomerine teeth in two approximated fasciculi be- 
hind the choanae. Fingers moderate, the first a little shorter 
than the second; toes long, free; disks small, a little smaller 


than the ear; subarticular tubercles well developed, a large 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology Ss 


inner and a very small outer metatarsal tubercle (one of the 
latter lacking). Skin smooth except for a few small tubercles 
on the side of the head. Color above deep mouse grey, a little 
lighter on interorbital region and nape; a black band along 
canthus rostralis, two black bands from the eye in front and 
behind ear and inclosing a broad dull yellow band, a broken 
interocular black band and a few black marks on each side of 
the nape and behind the shoulder; upper lp mostly black; 
belly pale yellow faintly marbled with brown; inguinal region 
and anterior region of femur black with well defined pale 
spots; posterior region of femur and inferior surface of tibia 
black with pale spots. 

Total length, 53 mm.; length of head (to posterior margin 
of ear), 18 mm.; width of head, 20 mm.; length of snout, 9 
mm. ; fore leg to tip of longest finger, 32 mm.; hind leg to tip 
of longest toe, 87 mm.; hind leg to heel, 49 mm. 

Notes on Paratypes: Fifteen specimens have been used in 
preparing the diagnosis of the species, and the structural char- 
acters and coloration are remarkably constant in this series. 
The type differs from most of the others in that one of the 
lateral black head bands is obsolete. In the normal coloration 
there are three black bands from the eye to the mouth, preceded 
by a black spot on the lip. One specimen (No. 48407, Univ. of 
Mich.) differs from all of the others in coloration. In this 
specimen the back is largely covered with irregular black spots 
surrounded with narrow olive gray lines and more or less 
relieved by small punctulations of the same color; the thighs 
are broadly cross banded with black; the lateral head bands 
are so wide that the interspaces are restricted to narrow pale 
gray lines; the ventral surface is dark brown with dull white 
variegations and the under-surface of the thighs is black:or 


bone brown with numerous well defined white spots. 


4 University of Michigan 


Remarks: Mr. Carriker secured seventeen specimens of 
this species, all on the “heights east of San Miguel, altitude of 
6,000-7,000 feet,’ on April 23 and 24, 1914. Two specimens 
have been deposited in the British Museum and one in the 
Museum of Comparative Zoology. 


ELEUTHERODACTYLUS INSIGNITUS PLATE I 


E. N. FISCHER, DEL. 


COCKAYNE SOSTON 


YA hot 
tiiieav 
PAE: hy (AOTRS hi A 


PYROVEUH IARI 40 


Be ea a, 


NUMBER 35. JANUARY 27, IQ17. 


OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF 
ZOOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 


ANN Arzgor, MICHIGAN. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 


TWO -NEW LARVAL TREMATODES FROM THAM- 
NOPHIS MARCIANA AND THAMNOPHIS 
EXONS TES 


By GEorcGE R. LA RUE. 


The specimens forming the basis of this report were secured 
from specimens of Thamnophis marciana (Baird and Girard) 
and T. eques (Reuss) taken by Miss Crystal Thompson and 
Miss Myra Sampson, members of the University of Michigan- 
Newcomb expedition to the Davis Mountains in western 
Texas, during the summer of 1914. They captured four speci- 
mens of 7. marciana which had distinctly swollen and shorten- 
ed tails. Even at the time of capture these peculiarities to- 
gether with the erect position of the ventral and lateral scutes 
of the tail were noted. At the time of injecting the preserving 
fluid into these snakes it was noted that some minute white 
granules or organisms visible to the naked eye burst forth from 
the lower margins of the swollen scutes and were collected in 


SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 36. 


2 University of Michigan 


the preserving fluid. These were soon seen-to be parasites and 
were saved. A very brief preliminary study showed that they 
were larval trematodes or cercaria. The collectors further 
noted that all these snakes with the swollen tails came from a 
short part of Musquiz Creek, a small stream flowing through 
Musquiz canyon. At this time it was thought that none of the 
specimens of the two species of Thamnophis occurring in 
neighboring localities were infested with this parasite and thus 
a problem in local distribution of the parasite was presented. 

Upon the return of the expedition the writer was given the 
opportunity to examine all of the snakes of these two species 
caught during the summer, and a superficial examination of 
thirteen other specimens of T. marciana and of two specimens 
of T. eques which had been collected along Limpia Creek and 
about artificial ponds at Fort Davis and the surrounding coun- 
try revealed no external appearance of parasites. A careful 
internal examination showed, however, that two of the three 
specimens of 7. marciana caught in the village of Fort Davis 
were infested with small numbers of this parasite and one of 
the two was parasitized with small numbers of another cer- 
caria. Of the three specimens of T. marciana from Limpia 
canyon none were parasitized while one of the two T. eques 
from Limpia canyon was infested with a few of the second 
form of cercaria. There is then nothing remarkable about the 
local distribution of this parasite. Apparently the snakes 
about Musquiz Creek had more abundant opportunity for 
infestation than snakes from other creeks and ponds in the 
region of Fort Davis, or from Limpia canyon. 

In appearance the tails of the heavily parasitized snakes are 
worthy of note. The tails are swollen; the scutes more or 
less erect thus giving the tails a roughened appearance. In 
three instances a large portion of the tail had been lost. 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 


Whether the loss of a portion of the tail was due to the heavy 
parasitic infestation, as the collectors thought, is not determin- 
able. Snakes sometimes lose a portion of the tail in encounters 
with other animals and it is not uncommon to find “‘bob- 
tailed” snakes.t In less heavily parasitized snakes the tails 
were slightly swollen and the scutes more nearly normal in 
position. In very lightly infested snakes the presence of para- 
sites could only be determined by internal examination. A 
common feature of the preserved heavily infested snakes is 
the granular appearance of the ventral scutes of the tail 
region. ‘These granules are minute, immature trematodes or 
cercariae readily visible to the naked eye and so abundant as 
to cause the scutes to appear swollen, their posterior margins 
to be elevated and somewhat projecting from the body. After 
being for several weeks in the preserving fluid many -scales 
thus swollen by the parasites had become more or less detached 
and in some instances the tail was badly macerated although 
the remainder of the body was well preserved, and unpara- 
sitized snakes in the same museum jar were in good condi- 
tion. The parasite present in such numbers proved to be an 
hitherto undescribed larval distome for which the name 


Cercaria marcianae 1a Rue is proposed. 


Cercaria marcianae, new species. 


Cotypes: Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 
slide No. 150; paratypes on slides Nos. 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 
also alcoholic material in the collection of the Museum, and 
slides and alcoholic material in the collection of the writer. 


Description: The parasite is a typical tailless distome cer- 


1 One snake with a “bob-tail” but with no external appearance of parasites was 
caught in Fort Davis. Examination of internal organs showed that a few parasites 
were present but not in sufficient numbers to account for the loss of the tail. 


4 University of Michigan 


caria presenting the usual features (Fig. 1). Its length is 
about 0.42 mm. and its breadth about 0.22 mm. It is much 
flattened dorsoventrally, oval in shape, usually narrow at the 
anterior end and broadly rounded at the posterior end. The 
surface of the body is covered with minute spines arranged in 
regular longitudinal rows. ‘The spines on the anterior end of 
the body are a trifle longer than elsewhere. The oral sucker 
is terminal, protrusible, in some contraction states slightly 
sub-terminal, somewhat funnel-shaped, length exceeding the 
breadth. It measures about 0.081 mm. long by about 0.070 
mm. broad. Well developed muscles encircle its lower hemis- 
phere. The acetabulum is prominent, muscular, situated about 
the middle of the ventral surface, frequently posterior to the 
middle but in elongated specimens slightly anterior to the 
middle. It is almost circular and about 0.076 to 0.079 mm. in 
diameter. : 
A prominent feature of the stained specimen is the group 
of four large cephalic glands which lie in a row across the 
body ventral to the intestinal bifurcations. These are ovoidal 
or irregular organs composed each of a single cell provided 
with a nucleus measuring about 0.01 mm. in diameter. A 
large nucleolus or net-knot is a prominent feature of each 
nucleus. The glands are arranged in two groups of two each, 
right and left, and the ducts leading from the members of a 
group appear to unite to form a single duct which passes for- 
ward penetrating the tissue of the oral sucker and discharging 
near the external opening of the latter. This apparent union 
of the ducts is to be found in toto preparations of specimens 
unstained or stained with carmine, eosin, orange G, or haema- 
toxylin. Even sections stained in haematoxylin alone or in 
contrast with cosin present this appearance. If, however, the 


specimens be stained in toto or after sectioning with an aqueous 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 


solution of toluidin blue or thionin with or without a contrast 
stain of erythrosin it may be readily determined that there is 
no union of these ducts, but that they lie parallel to each other 
and very close together. The toluidin blue or the thionin stains 
only the contents of the glands and their ducts while the mem- 
brane remains unstained. Between the deeply stained masses 
of contents of the ducts may be perceived the thin line marking 
the membranes of the ducts. The other stains used color the 
membranes as well as the contents of the ducts, hence the two 
ducts appear as one. It seems that Nicoll (1912) in describ- 
ing the cephalic glands of Cercaria ordinata may have erred 
in considering that the ducts of each pair have united to form 
a single duct. 

The nature of the secretion produced by the cephalic glands 
has not, as far as the writer is aware, been determined. - Cort 
(1915) called these glands cephalic or stylet glands. How- 
ever, since they are present in cercaria in which a stylet is not 
present it seems doubtful that the cephalic glands have anything 
to do with the formation of the stylet. It is here suggested 
that these glands produce mucus. In support of this view may 
be presented the evidence that their secretion is in the condi- 
tion of fine globules which stain blue or purplish blue with 
toluidin blue or thionin. ‘These are specific mucin dyes yield- 
ing a metachromatic stain. Haemotoxylin also stains mucin 


deeply but it cannot be depended upon as a test for mucin.” 


2The writer is here constrained to make an appeal for the use of better and 
more varied staining methods in the study of parasitic worms. Haematoxylin and 
carmine dyes because of the ease with which they may be used are employed to 
the almost total exclusion of other dyes. It is admitted that eosin and erythrosin 
are used with haematoxylin as contrast stains. ‘These stains, however, reveal but 
little. The result of the employment of this limited technique is that the products 
of many glands, their function, and the finer histological structure of numerous 
parasitic worms is little understood or the wrong ideas have come to prevail. The 
well trained pathologist, histologist, or bacteriologist makes use of a large number 
of stains and micro-chemical tests in securing his data. ‘The time is ripe for the 
helminthologist, as well, to employ a varied technique. 


6 University of Michigan 


The pharynx is small, almost globular, and in contact with 
the oral sucker. It measures about 0.021 mm. in diameter. 
No oesophagus is present. Immediately behind the pharynx 
is the bifurcation of the intestine. The coeca are simple wide 
tubes which extend to a point about midway between the 
acetabulum and the posterior end of the body. Their non- 
granular contents stain readily with eosin, erythrosin, orange 
G, and very slightly green with thionin. - The excretory sys- 
tem is simple. An excretory pore is terminally situated and 
leading into this is a short vesicle with two short branches 
which extend forward. It was impossible to find any such 
branches as Nicoll (1912) has shown in Cercaria ordinata and 
it is doubtful if they exist in this species. 

In the region just anterior to the excretory vesicle may be 
seen a small group of large cells and granules the significance 
of which is not understood. They may be the anlagen of 
sexual organs. 


Measurements of Cercaria marcianae in millimeters. 


Average Number 
Structure dimension measured Maximum Minimum 
Body length 0.42 10 0.459 0.354 
breadth 0.22 10 0.286 0.184 
Oral sucker length 0.081 9 0.095 0.008 
breadth 0.070 9 0.086 0.057 
Acetabulum length 0.079 8 (ors) | 0.068 
breadth 0.076 8 0.096 0.068 
Pharynx diameter 0.024 9 0.266 0.02 
Cephalic glands length 06.072 12 0.110 0.046 
breadth 0.052 12 0.066 0.030 


A study of the distribution of these cercariae in the tissues 
of the host shows that they occur chiefly (1) in the mesenteric 
and peritoneal tissues, fat bodies, and in the sub-peritoneal 
lymph spaces, (2) in the large lymph spaces beneath the skin 
of the tail, and immediately beneath many of the scutes of the 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7 


tail, (3) rarely in the muscles of the tail.- A careful examina- 
tion has failed to reveal their presence in the connective tissues 
or lymph spaces about the oral cavity, or in the muscles or 
connective tissttes of the body anterior to the tail except as 
above noted. 

Some attempt was made to determine the relative numbers 
of the parasite in the various parts of a heavily infested snake. 
In the serosa about the extreme upper oesophagus they were 
not numerous while in the thickened mesenteries of the an- 
terior part of the body they were present in considerable num- 
bers. From this point to the posterior limit of the body cavity 
the parasites occurred very numerously, the greatest number 
occurring in the posterior third of the body. In the fat bodies 
they were abundant. A small piece of mesentery taken from 
this region and mounted on a slide contained after mounting 
more than 300 cercaria while more than 60 were shaken free 
in the course of manipulations incident to mounting. A small 
group of cercaria as they occur under the mesentery is shown 
in Fig. 2. A rough but very conservative estimate of the num- 
ber of parasites in the mesentery, fat-bodies and peritoneum is 
about 500,000 to 700,000. In the muscles and lymph spaces 
immediately back of the anus there were but few cercaria but 
a little farther back they occurred in enormous numbers. In 
arriving at an estimate of the number of parasites in the tail 
region the following points were taken into consideration: the 
number of parasites in a single section of the tail, the length of 
the tail, the swollen condition of the tail, and the extremely 
large number of cercaria shaken out from the loosened scutes 
and found in the bottom of the container. Judging from these 
criteria there must have been at least 250,000 to 350,000 para- 
sites in the tail region, a grand total for this snake of 750,000 
to 1,05C,000 parasites. 


8 University of Michigan 


Nicoll found Cercaria ordinata in thin cysts. This species 
occurs in extremely delicate cysts in the fat bodies but no cysts 
are produced in other parts of the host. Where cysts occur 
they appear to be made up of about one layer of flattened con- 
nective tissue cells differing from the surrounding fat cells 
only through the loss of fat globules. Even in the fat bodies 
the formation of definite cysts is rare. 

The method of entrance of this cercaria into the host is 
unknown but since Thamnophis marciana feeds largely on tad- 
poles when they are available it seems likely that the cercaria 
are taken with the tadpoles which may be a still earlier host. 
Work upon the preserved hosts has not revealed the method by 
which the cercaria get into the lymph spaces. Dr. W. W. Cort 
in a letter to the writer dated January 10, 1915, states, “Tre- 
matodes seem to be able to worm their way through tissue. I 
think there is no doubt that larval forms in muscles usually 
come by way of the alimentary canal. I have seen holostome 
larvae pushing their way through the muscles of the tadpole.” 
Since these cercaria are provided with a close armature of 
fine spines they should find no difficulty in penetrating the 
tissues of their host. Why they congregate in the iymph 
spaces of the tail rather than in the body cavity is not known. 
Nor is it known why they collect in great numbers in the 


spaces so near to the scutes of the tail. 


Cercaria vegrandis, new species. 


The second species of larval trematode, Cercaria vegrandis 
n. sp., was found occurring in small numbers in cysts in the 
fat bodies only of one specimen of Thammnophis marciana from 
a tank or pond in Fort Davis and of one specimen of T. eques 


from Limpia canyon. In the first mentioned host it occurred 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9 


in association with still smaller numbers of Cercaria marcianae. 
The cysts enclosing individuals of C. vegrandis differed in the 
two host species. In 7. eques the cyst membrane was tough, 
moderately thick and the enclosed cercaria was released with 
difficulty while in 7. marciana the cysts were scarcely dis- 
cernible, the cercaria were released with ease, almost as readily 
as C. marcianae were released. The cysts in T. marciana al- 
ways ruptured without being torn from the fat body. ‘This 
difference in the response of closely allied host species to the 


presence of the same parasitic species is rather remarkable. 


Type: Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, slide 
No. 155}; paratypes alcoholic material in collection of the 
Museum, slides and alcoholic material in the collection of the 


writer. 


Description: The study of this species is based entirely on 
preserved specimens removed from fat bodies. Such speci- 
mens were frequently so rolled or twisted that they could not 
be studied while others were ovate in form, being sometimes 
very broadly ovate, the greatest breadth occurring near the 
middle or near the posterior end. More rarely the specimens 
are somewhat slender (Fig. 3). No specimens have either one 
or both ends acute. Rarely an elliptical form was assumed. 
They were in all cases very flat and tailless. The parenchyma 
differs greatly from that found in C. marcianae, being filled 
with small round or oval cavities measuring about 0.010 X 
0.010 or 0.010 X 0.012 mm. ‘These are best seen in unstained 
but cleared specimens. Nuclei are numerous. In all speci- 
mens studied, about twenty, the parenchyma which was 
opaque masked the details of various structures to such an 
extent as to make their study difficult and in some cases im- 


possible. . 


10 University of Michigan 


The usual structures of tailless cercaria were found except 
the cephalic glands which if they had ever been present were 
now absent. With some difficulty in unstained specimens or 
even in those stained with thionin, haemalum, or erythrosin 
one can make out a rather weakly muscled oral sucker, slender 
or broadly oval in outline, followed by a weakly muscled 
pharynx, usually slender and difficult to see. A short oesoph- 
agus gives rise to the intestinal bifurcations which as slender 
indistinct tubes, sometimes containing a few small non-staining 
ellipsoidal bodies, extend well into the hinder end of the body. 

The acetabulum is nearly round, shallow, and situated al- 
ways posterior to the middle of the body. While of fair size 
it is not a prominent organ. Posterior to the acetabulum but 
near it is situated a group of deeply staining cells, making a 
round or somewhat rectangular mass measuring about 0.03 X 
0.026 mm. or even 0.036 * 0.043 mm. A slit like aperture on 
the ventral surface marks the middle of the mass. The open- 
ing is probably the genital pore and the mass of cells a portion 
of the developing sexual organs. The cells are large massively 
club-shaped, radiating irregularly from the genital orifice. The 
nuclei of these cells do not stain well but the cytoplasm stains. 
densely with haemalum and diffusely with thionin. Close 
behind the first mass of cells in some more fully developed in- 
dividuals (Fig. 4) lies a second irregularly triangular mass 
of cells. These cells are indistinct. The mass when well 
developed measures about 0.032 > 0.035 mm. It lies dorsal 
to the excretory vessels although in the drawing it appears to 
lie within the excretory vessels. 

The excretory system is not well marked and only a small 
portion of it can be traced. In the hinder part of the body can 
sometimes be found a small terminal excretory pore by 


which through a narrow duct the excretory vessels discharge 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology II 


to the exterior. These vessels sometimes take on the appear- 
ance of a broad Y with a short slender stem and broad thick 
arms. From the anterior ends of the arms of the Y broad, 
somewhat coiled tubes may be traced for a short distance an- 
teriad where their outlines are lost in the parenchyma. 
Portions of the nervous system can be seen in some speci- 
mens extending from the circumoesophageal commissure 
toward the posterior part of the body, in a few cases as far 
as the developing sexual organs. The cuticula is about’ 0.005 
mim. thick and is unarmed with spines. Measurements of the 
various structures are given in the accompanying table. 


Measurements of Cercaria vegrandis in millimeters. 


Average 
Organ Type dimension Number Maximum Minimum 
‘ of paratypes measured 
Body length 0.273 0.273 a6) 0.316 0.243 
breadth 0.193 0.209 10 0.273 0.176 
Orai sucker length 0.033 0.038 - 9 0.046 0.033 
breadth 0.030 0.025 9 0.032 - 0.022 
Acetbulum length 0.023 0.032 Fi 0.046 0.023 
breadth 0.025 0.035 7 0.046 0.025 
Pharynx length 0.022 0.025 6 0.04 0.02 
breadth 0.008 0.015 6 0.02 0.008 


12 University of Michigan 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


3RAUN, Max, 1879-1893. Vermes. ‘Trematodes. Bronn’s 
Klass. u. Ordnung. d. Thier-reichs, Bd. 4, Abt. 1A, pp. 
306-925. 

Cort, W. W., 1915. Some North American Larval Trema- 


todes. Illinois Biological Monographs, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 
7-86. 


LUEHE, M., 1909. Parasitische Plattwiirmer, 1. ‘Trematodes. 
Die Susswasserfauna Deutschlands, Heft 17, pp. 1-217. 


Nicoxii, W., 1912. On Two New Larval Trematodes from the 
Striped Snake (Tropidonotus ordinatus sirtalis). Proceed- 
ings Zool. Soc., London, 1912, pp. 767-770. 

STILES, CH. W., and Hassat, A., 1908. Trematoda and Tre- 
matode Diseases. Index-Catalogue of Medical and Veter- 
inary Zoology. Hygienic Laboratory Bulletin No. 37, pp. 
7-398. 

Strossicu, M., 1895. I Distomi dei Rettili. Boll. della Soc. 
Adriatica di Sci. Nat. in Trieste, vol. 16, pp. 213-239. 


University of Michigan 


BEALE i 
(All drawings made with the aid of the camera lucida.) 


Figure 1. Cercaria marcianae, ventral view, drawn from whole 
specimen on slide No. 150. 


Figure 2. A group of Cercaria marcianae as they occur under the 
mesentery of heavily infested snakes. Magnified. 


Figure 3. Cercaria vegrandis, ventral view, drawn from whole 
specimen on slide No. 155. All structures are shown much more dis- 
tinctly than in the preparation. 


Figure 4. Detail of posterior end of Cercaria vegrandis. ‘This 
specimen is somewhat more mature than the one shown in figure 3. 
Note especially the second mass of cells. Drawn to the same scale as 
figure 3. 


CERCARIA MARCLANAE PLATE I 
AND 
CERCARTA VEGRANDIS 


. | : 
% : a 
» ’ 

a , ' ' 

eso “hie oe . 


INDEX 


PAPERS I-35. 


New names and numbers of papers are printed in heavy type. 


A 
Accipiter. COOpert, ---/.-- 2-6-5 27, 10 
MELON: pascesstos onevttteeve sraiciavs siete 24 9 
INC WeeleEleiek- SoqgosdoguRc U6 27, = 
Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus.27, 14 
ING ae CORINA ye) fee ate ale cor< ole) = 24, 1 
Age MSponsas , oes Moe es - ie aie eels 27, 8 
Wilses amen Camus eretesi-.0.« -eietaiel= (cet a3 
Ambystoma jeffersonianum ..... 8,93 
DUMCEAMAID. <q lata sispeyeusi=j olelaleiet= Tos 3 
Ameiva -bifrontata ........ Bien 2:. 12 
ANWIUSTIS) , ote tedte ever faye erewore soi. Can ae 
UNGIPTATCOLA 1 HCleAl MN goy stay uo of olesep stoic < ay et= 29, 4 
Anas platyrhynchos .......... 27, 7 
METS Lannaooeeomeoenecc Zi Gf 
Adena 4 VIGUAAY pele pine eel cisieietatais 23° 17 
Andronicus cylindricus ........ ABs 
Anodonta .nuttalliana .......... 29, 4 
OGEPONEMSIS WN [<= <as jokes. <y5:3 29,4, 7 
Agolis: > .%!= teres eictiety cileteteisiciel oiieiain a 25h ek 
GOMEL. Janie tts saeiets ata cere 22a 
PRISE. naa poke src rerste are she g2, Ii 6 
Solifer> Wace sai ctta ciate eee 32, 4 
SOlitarimasas acces wee ZOOM 2 
Antrostomus vociferus vociferus.27, 12 
Aphaenogaster aquia ..... Soha o rd 
2 CSS Beasts. 550; Teas, 25 
PAULA). eislcheyet ch 2] ahes «cyclers Aialaperel eA 5; 13 
MVE AMUIAY, .acoya/syess,etorestarerha cisiehe 
soooraman: BiG se2O, 2262015 125s 2 
pia shg bteYotereeciors cle ierd ate, 
paehayers) 5, 3, 4, 5, 9, II, 22, 25, 2 
Apis: mellifera ligustica ......... 23, 
Aplexa hypnorum Be ood 4 Oe MOG as 
IAS) ACCBANS 5 215 2s cfaic ota qutato cielo 7 
HU ayifayclovesy CAlislosot oo oes onueD ee 
Ardea herodias herodias ........27, 
Armadillidium vulgare .......... Tt; 
Arthroleptis seychellensis ...... Io, 
ASelizs, JOtErMEGIUS <eerene 21nj5, 010 oye Le 
INGO HeaIMMEUS) 5-1 <. 2\0)0) 2,0 eteyscretens ake ay). 
Astragalinus tristis tristus 27a 
Astur atricapillus atricapillus ..27, : 
UNIS GUS. “Webb eae See aot Caner 28, 
CATEUR EDI | sierc/tih cise eves ater 28, i; 
SBESCEMS) Wetec tris wihetecs eras 2285 Ws 
B. 
Bascanion constrictor ........ 3yey-'9 5430 
constrictor flaviventris ....... 8, 30 
constrictor vetustum..8, II, 29, 30 
HACMIAEIE crore cee ae cre Sa bts) 20,, 26 


WWHOROWHWW OW hb uUUN 


Bifidaria. armifera.. <0... Simi acs 
COnEractay ai75) 3); E55. a9, chDs 
cristata E5545 55) Opts Os Oar LO, 
holzinsert ve sy cccigaiesnc 5; 45-55 
HOEGeaGehla a acai ces lev ctevaiece eis oliete 

-:-15, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, Io, 
pentodon! 23-2. sn issc. £5. 9; 10; 
DilSbEyaniay jepsietareleversre wee TS. Ss 
procera ..15, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 
tappaniana ...... ERs 2a) Ose ke, 

Bisonimibisonl pas sjacrcecinds oe 4, 

Blagmay brevicaudaw s.sc.2 seine 4, 

iBombusy atinis) -eaeteee sos eee 23, 
(osha eee SR SS een OF 23, 
COUMSIGHT Sass Sai eh ae eae cee 23, 
edwardsii kenoyeri ....-... zie 
fOr WIGUSSicpen< Sa as noite ae 23, 
flavifrons dimidiatus ....... 25 
Kisby elitists < (cue once a eee: 23° 
pleisiallts By vaforeneeo myst eat ee 23, 
EGRNAELUS We che arectera estates ZS i 
ternarius expallidus 22235 
Pernicgla gas chen ania sacs 23, 

Bombycilla cedrorum .......... 27; 

Bonasa umbellus togata ....... 27, 
umbellus umbellus ....... 27, 

IBootherttim fe. sco 5 occ wivancieers ate 
SAE CCIE eorets orsyapaelerat as 45,103) 13, 

Botaurus lentiginosus ......... 27, 

Branchinecta paludosa .........: E; 


Bubo virginianus virginianus.... 


Bufo americanus .8, 14; 17, 4; 18, 
DOLedS eee ee oo ees RTs Ts 
alo plillts joists sci forsjelouaios a © 8, 

Bulimulus alternatus ..........- D5; 

Buteo borealis borealis ........ 27, 
Inneatus) “neatus,, vj-c-. ia. = 27 
Dlatyptesus. -< se «5 vasecjesioess 2h 

(ee 

@alliscincopus “25s .).cc< Geese. sss 22, 
asaligt yeyacveististaece So pe caer tere 27, 

Cambarus diogenes ............ Ts 
PIMTAIMIS, Gist erel sears sate = a) aha sce I; 
immunis spinirostris ........ Di 
DLO PlNGuuS eet es coe eet cls.- Er 
VArMt Seen re ee accittye Mes ane c= : 

@ampeloma =iuttim! 22.2 os). oss: 

Camponotus herculeanus incherds, 

NOVEDOLACENSIS| "== 55.2 wie « ; 
herculeanus pennsylvanicus ... 
Beha cle tes Aenea’ Reman ae 
herculeanus whymperi SE 25, 
MGVEPOLAGENSIS’ “seco susie sean 
pennsylvanicus ...5, 4, 13, I7; 


Io 


i tot 
WON OWN) 


OrHN Oyh 


HoH Hoe 
Coon + 


et 
° 


OPW AR YH 


2 University of Michigan 


WwWwh 


Canis) latransy ae pciewess «0.6 si6.0-' Ay 73 
@MaolelesgcibeS” so -hoqumcge oOo 4528 
Carpodacus purpureus purpureus.27, I4 
Castor canadensis michiganensis.4, 5 
Castoroides ohioensis .........-- As #3 
Cercaria mafelanae ...---«- 255, 350) 99) 
(idsbhieheh Sogn onomoueds g5y) 550;. 8 
Veprandis) -.5...--.5-.-- ZI Oy ait 
Certhia familiaris amenicana 27, 20 
Cervus canadensis .........-.-- 4; 3 
Cervleraley Oly gece sin sr Mee aie 27, 11 
Chaetura pelagica .........--.. 27, 12 
Charitonetta albeola ........... 27, 8 
Chelydra serpentina ...... Te ire, 6 
Ghlaeniisy eae raletete erent 9, 5 
Chordeiles virginianus virginianus. 
Jae nets mec oe dua ciacn ac 27, 12 
Chrysemys cinerea 7s Sesh 0 
(cdi Tne Malena eee en orerrraee & amare 17. 5 
Chydorus sphaericus ......----- oy 
Cireus hudsonius’ .........--- 27, 9 
Citellus franklinii ...........-.--. a 2 
tridecemlineatus .......+--+- Aes 
Clemmys insculpta ....-..-+++-+-- 
Gorconton TZ eC lye eis ose 10 
Clisodon terminalis .........-- 23, 6 
Cnemidophorus divisus ....2, I, 2, 3 
LEMMISCALUIS! (J -icteneole cei TO. t, aS 
lemniscatus gaigei .....-.--. 16; I 
CIS TIS asec ainstels oka 8, Tey 0) 
Coccyzus americanus americanus.27, 11 
erythrophthalmus .......-.. 27, iI 
Cochlicopa lubrica ........-+..-- Sie 13 
Colaptes auratus auratus ....... 27, 12 
Colinus virginianus COPA OD 27, 9 
Condylura cristata .......+...+.- (erie 
Corvus brachyrhynchos brachrhyn- 
relaXcltoky tee eh OODLE O00 AIUC 27, 13 
Cragonyx vitreus ..........---«- tT. 3 
Cremastogaster ceraSi ...... Bay 45020 
ifortYol EPs wae aeocin opceocoord oo pits 
lineolata ceraSi ........-5--- Fe tes 
(Cirofssich), (aaa arineo Gor oad O.UOOOr DA ae 
Crotalus) Inetier mist Lars 25133 
Crotaphytus collaris ....:2.-...-- 8. 17 
COlarisH Dalley tre ferelstetel= By rite) Ly 
SatlhrgesiGh) Pens oop aaa cas cae 8, 11,16 
Cryptobatrachus .............-+ Zee 
bowlengert) 2/5 clecc pe) einteleleivie > Bat. he, 
Cryvprotis sPacva = -\s-w nitaieieiel=i94\- 4, 12 
Cyanocitta cristata cristata .27, 13 
Cyclisticus convexus ........+--- ee 
Cyclops viridus americanus ...... Bhs 
Cypridopsis vidua ..........2... ee Ie 
KOVOTIS) VITENS Bilis ce siieinie'<loiicle 3; 
INCONETUENS Fn ccle > ee = en i05s ae 
nGkpaitabbaennes Boy sano dodo D DUIS 2h, 
D 
Dendrobates baccatus ......... Io, 4 
ELUVALCALITSE Mei sypiersietsy sverstans oi ounle IO, 4: 
Dendroica aestiva aestiva ...... 27, 17 
caerulescens caerulescens 27, 18 
(Gyiciinh Geen ssooaucqancdae 27, DS 
11S Calg eye syetatensesla ahs ofvsue eistecam ess 27, 18 
MELE NONED Brisa clndoemoeS os aa 27, 18 
DENSVIV AMIGA) ssisieesaxeleiasichaerre 27, 18 
SUGlAbAS eri slats] ess cekarsjoyovetssoneseravels 27, 18 
WEP OLS a yeh bhai sess fe cisnstarsensrac 27, 18 
WABETIS spate rst aialte fs tetcioye ist oe <baebele 27, 18 


Didelphys. vireiniana) scene 4, 
Dolichonyx oryzivorus ......... Zp 
Drymobius boddaertii .......... 19, 
Dryobates' pubescens! a... eeeeee 27, 
villosus) willosusy (oie 27, 
Dumatella carolinensis ......... 27, 
E 
Elephas columbis fmt cere 4, 
PriMeenius <<. ss eee ‘4, 
Hleutherodacty lus) anise 34, 
INSiPMitus’) |i. che eee 34, 
Entosphenus spadicens aries pe 
tridentatusi o--()steinre 31, 
Wilder) 5.atas ace Br; Ss ees 
Epicharis’ ‘scutellatay epee 24, 
Epidonax minimis) Se. ee eee 27, 
WITESCENS creep aie riatter cee 27, 
Bpimys norvegicus! =.) eee -4, 
TALUS oo cicie oie wise nile) oto TSREM ETS 4, 
Eptesicus “fuscus: 3.1.12 snes 4, 
Erethizon dorsatum 9... eee ee 4, 
Eubranchipus gelidus .......... ap 
Vernalis: . << sxe c/cregeneteee eee X; 
Euconulus: 3..c2ieacieetan ae 15, 
fulVvus:. «\s- = maade eres 20, 5 hss 
trochiltts.. cc «che teeeeierets 15, 
. Buplossa cordata' iis.) eee 24, 
Biulema vaunipes: sree 24, 5 By 
joygh (SMO Gun Aa SS ZA.) 2s 
Concaval Crecormaenee Pcie at 
STIEXICATIA. — any nrassereeko net 245 25 
Kumeces. gilberti™ J...) ere CO). 75 
qQuinqiuilineatis) sa). <a sakernens 18, 
skiltonianus ...8, 11, 26, 27, 


Eutamias quadrivittatus neglectus.4, 


BvoOtomys Papper Gaye alsin eiee 4, 
Exerete dentata <<njecumemiete 24, 
SMaragGina ©. soc calaialerdalee ee 24, 
F 
Falco sparverius sparverius 227, 
Felis cougat «<c-.meueeee eet 4, 
Fluminicola nevadensis ...... 29, 4; 
MIMUEISSIa eae een eros 29, 
Formica fusca subznescens ....... 
«oe foetal oth Datars 5, 24, 255 1255 
fusca subsericea ..... B23 pees 
elacialis 5. <4... selenide aby 
neogates neogates ...... ieee 
Nitidiventris: sce. sees 5 855 
pallide-fulva nitidiventris ....5, 
sanguinea aserva ........-+-. 25, 
subaenescenS .....+.cc0s AO ot, 
subsericea 59) 45 Son WB yee 24s 
truncicola integra .......-.-- 25, 


G 

Gammarus limnaeus) 22sec tsrcamees 

TOCUStA ie-< osteo ache ead ¥; 
Gavia) immer «2/0262 eee ee 27, 
Geobatrachus, . «../<):...memeeeene 20, 

walker <.s.<,4 c.<1 cts ctoun oleae 20, 
Geomys bursarius) Sy.cre siete 
Geothlypis trichas trichas ...... 27, 
Goniobasis JivescenS 2. c serine ip 
Gulo: lusetis 2.\s ss eiseie seen 4, 


iS} 


ty 
HHA OP BWWWWhOWKD WN KNHAAH 


= 


-NH 


iS) 
BWBALWWHEWWW NADWO 


iS) 


4 
SAV N NH AWW 


Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 


H 
Halizetus leucocephalus leucocepha- 
(taco Stoo choloonsoadde 27, 
bdalretirs) arcuatuse mei iciley-te)-1 (ee 23, 
RGALCEUS i eeteisiiieisinicire sete 23, 6; 
GHC iea bo csc do0.b maccoche spay 
SXIALOSUS: ccahereneuemotetena cine, cas avcletece 23, 
IAGISUG Fpweweitveketede sro ovc¥eire co evs.'s 23, 
PMLOSUIS "reer seealaretetesaics is cus store Ze 23, 
Hielicodiscus parallelus ...--..5..2- 
Byais\'s role eon 5s 2 3; 45 55008 (O05 

Helodromus solitarius cinnamo- 

MUGUS efotera ticle ois foucvertueveusarete 27, 
Heterodon platyrhinus ......... 18, 
Himindo erythrogastra: ws...) 2H 
Eyvalella .aztecta’ .....<:s.-<4 rete rah eh 
Ouiatay icros - =, << -sjertobeweriee 3 eat 
lve MEAMATIITE,  < \orercuchekeketetnne tele 14, 
PICKERUML Un. << s.slaheieersisiey she tos r7, 
eeraEw eed econ ood oeonte 87 bn, 
Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens.27, 
OUtha bal PALlASH wetepepsiie coo werey oar oT. 
SAME) hac) Ole cc CRC RLS a OE Oy fee 
ASEtlata SWalnGOMW ey ccs < oc 27; 
Eivilod es Necientus: is cle. «\- 01s Ripe ate 
AMMUAGEIMICELMSIS) s/s wists, eras: cyeiehe Tis 

I 
Iijuidongorwehigzc\e SSMS MGROORAE ts. Ae gir, 
OMG Ol Orage ets oy scl siete a oc eva scenes ose an. 
ROSSOL ¢ Parte ie cision cise 37,5. Ty os 
ictus calbulawe... 5 Wes ears sions 27, 
Inidoprocne *bicolor ch a..cs.+.s 27; 

i} 
Junco hyemalis hyemalis ....... 27, 

L 
Lampropeltis doliatus triangulus.18, 
Lampsilis luteola rosacea ....... 2: 
Rca SUMTER Mays (nvave) an al<io%el'a 0: 8ie ae wien: c iis 
ventnicoSa Canadensis ....... 7, 
WanivainreorWavitrOns ...+....s0s 27s 
solitarius solitarius ......... Bas 
Warus\areentatus, 2 coce sss o.- 27, 
philadelphia. waciaceuieen > can ns 27, 
Lasionycteris noctivagans ....... 4, 
PaAsiiSeiamericamtis | sists asics eats 
ScbouOrH eis (ig ch Bish nel, unis 
aphidicolaw sac vci tie cate Se ys 
PGS CORIIS ereveinieneye eke oveateretarers 25, 
CER MK Sago remodor ANE rit ails 
Haus MMGALGtICUS, |. el <0 (ae aaa 
IBNES: Sc pddecormogseoonead an 
minutus sdeketelle oletataie Dyes Os, 4.5 
LG OMIT E/Slg mee sicvcnayere aterancts,e/ete oe 
niger americanus..5, 17, 26; 25, 
MiFeiw NeOMISELT .,6 2. scicle eacs 5, 
umbratus minutus ....... Bn wong 
umbratus mixtus aphidicola..5, 
Wathrogeckow oec.sioe nace oe 2X, ls 
Sanctae-martae (foiecissie see ar; 
Wepus, americans eyes cieata: 4, 
americanus phaenotus ...... 4, 


I 


4 
° ANN ANN O 


H 


Nbhb be 


HHH OKRORDAAR QHD 


15 


Ls io) 
NAANN ADAQUW 


- HH Hoh 
CON NWO ADW HUW O Ww 


Now 


ho 


immnetis gouldi oo2).)tees-« cis oe iT 
Liopeltis vernalis........ Up SG koe 
iLpisee! (ecbievelsnchey Spo mas Goole ous 4, 
Ijymmnea bulimoides ............ 29, 
bulimoides techella ......... 15, 
Pepechic’ Bocleoooce TSH sie Ose Ss 
CATOSCOPLMN ss yoy ie) ekaisi= = 161-1 a, 
Galt, sreeucvs sire oat oe, my Es 20, 35 
GiB Bo deacccewAck dace WiteA's 
Sweeties), «6h 8eeneceeno sous 7; 
emarginata ontarioensis ..... 7, 
Ini GboScochostaocodec OE 29, 
humilis modicella ....... 29, 3, 
humilis rustica E55 Se 5 205 
GRE Son eeco SOO ROU OOMOC OC vy 
AADMISERIS) pallare sol akene>asneh=s etal 29, 3, 
RORUeIL ocopaunoocodeo Son 15, 

ns orein Wy gate coool TO One CL OOe 7, 
reflexa walkeri ......-..--+- 7m 
Rimtacinic Qoeok occdemoccas ccc 29, 
SHER ohigasbodoocebonowoe > 29, 
lige GaeGisnt: Goscoceack ec soe 4, 
TEETEL AS ec oveversialopae sie we aeaaeee au 4, 

M 

Wiabray atcatal’: scm ceveehers ote elsrcut 22, 
Mammut americanum .......... 4, 
Margaritana margaritifera 20, 4; 
Marmotal a0 max sorrel ieieter eas Aas 
monax canadensis .....---. 7 a 
monax rufescens .......- BV won 
Wartes! aimenlGaria: stdetiereers| seals) te 4, 
paaaeishoy Soeeoonahoons sano. 4, 
NES thee) Aes ooaac dbs ocec 23, 
GIGIPIEHSY yer ions herrea 23, 
maikeslehaplMnee: cadeacopoea: 23, A; 
melanophaea calogaster ..23, 4, 
melanophaea wootoni ...... 23, 
Mecaloptaiidalia) facac 2 «n= eli 24, 
Melanerpes erythrocephalus «275 
Melospiza georgiana ........... 27, 
ikbayetelvabl ibvole@)bew Gaqconegeccs 27, 
melodia melodia -.......... 27, 
Mephitis hudsonica ............. 4, 
poeMOKake, Game we Sida Solnavavaeierers 4; 
Mergus americanus ............ 27, 
SELFALOE | Fo ekeiescjeisa=teiolsl ise imine 27; 

Nb eROOrENS INO pOho bod opoenamee 4; 
Microtus pennsylvanicus ........ 4, 
CMO RASLEL! Cary eteicnreeleiar AS 
Where MEISE! Seo uesouaamadeoe ON 
Molothrns atee atere = csc. +/si-l-t- 27, 
MMS siTeerItEy So antcnoowergo ge 4, 
IM IreCKNTE cae eoos anime COUN OO CC ods 
eRe Zdopecboatoecte E55 
Mustela alleghaniensis .......... 4, 
yori Skoeacreagacqaecods 4, 
cicognani richardsonii ...... 4, 
lanpeacattc ay maery tetris © terse eet 4, 
MOVENVOLACELISIS! © eleteisis sicieis) aise 4, 
VASOM | Fee suactay seus Gin se arenei'st vegas 4, 
Neyiarchiis, Grinitus) «.- -\01cs 01 ols 27, 
NiayaoGhanmes) evAGenS) ce sie ere ee = fpare 27, 
NEOs Iherenibreatss “aA aagoageoeneod 4, 
Sabalatusy scence cnleictas aerels 4, 
Myrmica brevinodis canadensis. .25, 
PUG EUVETEEIIS Me cs rene) oie eisislotiorchelisy <te 
nicode ey Oe eee tg ae 
SCADDINOGIS Valo ites. 0 5 4 tA, 
scabrinodis schenki Se 


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Nannus hiemalis hiemalis ...... 27, 
Napeozapus ‘insignis ............ 4, 
Natrix ssipedom es «cee cic es «1 18, 
Necturus maculosus..... 17, 4; 18, 
Neosorex’ palustris’"::.......--.. 6, 
INOniada, Dela miter terete slates 23, 
Nuttallornis borealis ........... 27), 
Wycteris’ Horealis” ii. 2 = 2 4, 
CiTeLOA iets oleceroetareterorae =e 4, 

Oo 
Odocoileus americanus borealis. .4, 
Ondatta’ zibethica ..- 5... 22 seni 4, 
Oporornis philadelphia ......... 27, 
@reohelix: StrigoSa =< ...20-.6+ ++ 29, 
strigosa hemphilli .......... 29, 
strigosa idahoensis ......... 29, 
Osmia melanotricha ............ 23, 
Otocoris alpestris praticola ..... 27, 
(OFS SSID) GIS) sans cdomscusDOUoS 27, 
Oxyechus vociferus .......-.... 2, 

12 
Palaemonetes exilipes .......... Te 
Bakke: oontcaoofoasooodedadn 30, 
MES w noth a be co BOSAsauin 30, 
Pandion haliaetus carolinensis ..27, 
Passer GOmeStICUS) % is. c15,61\.\° 1-1 Pfs 
Passerculus sandwichensis savanna 
SAGE Se DT i pO CUS OT 27, 
Rasserina! (Cy alled) feces tekerelelals 27, 
Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus.. 
en eleta care a uatncivernsicus aisiat es 27, 
Peromyscus leucopus mnoveboracen- 
SiGe “SN bt SP uIRNGE One Saeeooor 4, 
MENA UETAOS agcidsne oS Coded 4, 
maniculatus bairdit ---...... 4, 
maniculatus gracilis ........ 4, 
Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons. 27, 
Pheidole vinelandica ......... peeige 
Philohela minor <.i0 Gece sess ete 27, 
IUiragr Sek |S Seep kocuumoddos do05 28, 
Phrynosoma hernandesi ...... 8) OPE: 
Phyllobates trinitatis ........... 10, 
JEKIEES  daldnidcles cold co ecnbosbocad9 wis 
anipullacedy melee erl-leleielois 329,, 35 


ancillaria magnalacustris ....7, 


fOLSheyte rs ykiSs) (Ss) 10> 75, os. Os 
GNA) YAR OBD OL Fe Loy clips Ce 
heterostropha ........ ye ine agy 
IniGhanke COs oot OOH OOODO MODOC 29, 
integra mieVieveveeielictstslelstsyeis ite jel shea) s ds 
SER pamol pO OOD Conon ODOn Hoo 
Pipilo erythrophthalmus osheese: 
Anh. SABO cy eadoobaads 2 
Piranga erythromelas .......... 27, 
Mision, ses aanesoer We LR SeilGs 
isuneshhlabh Sada aoaelo var oboe 15, 
COMPLessumt we a. a 15,. 0's, 20; 
EVIE Bp ei as | eee erariorcaaacoi 15, 
AGUETSOME sales siereiciene cole > > 5 Q.o8bt 
igibeldnbterysiboGe Gam ooo aor 29, 4, 


Pituophis catenifer deserticola.8, 11, 
Pitymys pinetorum scalopsoides.... 


weet elec ee eewes 7 se oy Os 6, 1, 
Planesticus migratorius migratorius 
Pann erste Se Peta Lst ere ate ierereietorctele 27, 


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Planorbis ammon)).22-.-ceeeee 29, 
antrosus, striatus) Sie. ee VE 
binneyigses. 26 se RAAB io ds -o aise 
campanulatus....... nee ye 5, 
campanulatus rudentis ...... 7, 
corpulentus ..... Agee sees 205 
deflectus..3 5:2 abe eee = epee rs) 
VetatitSin setae I5; 45> 55 sOn) FomosOs 
operculdrisiis-). eters bonihett n20s 
parvus 7,.6;.15, 2, 4,-5, 6; 29, 
Subcrenatus) Wasi eee 29, 
EXIVOLVIS ee eerie 5, < Lleeeg., 35 
truncatus fe.) Me sioeteistoee toe etre Fi 
famidus.)- syecie ase eee rs 
vermicularis) 3.2 tees 29, 


Platygonus compressus .........4, 
Plethodon erythronotus..17, 4; 18, 


Podilymbus podiceps...... Beary 
Polioptila| caerulea caerulea ....27, 
Polyartemiella «hansent *:*.:...-% Ty 
Polygyra albolabrs” 32255. seer VP 
albolabris “dentatay ese 7, 
monodon * S46..% weet eee 7, 
monodon alica ie. eee 15, 
texaStaua epee TG p Gp reas 
thyroides = cet ieeeroaeee tates 75 
Pompholyx ‘etftisa “2 ee 29, 
Ponera coarctata pennsylvanica ..5, 
pennsylwaniGalee eile tee Sip ee 


Pocectes gramineus gramineus..27, 
Porcellio, rathket 32. teee oe eee 


Potamobius trowbridgii .......... i 
Procyon 1Otor “ar. isle aie eiel eee 4, 
Progne ‘subis subis 3... .+ an a0 2 
Prosopis ‘ellipticar ase. eee ia 23. 23 
PAIS EL haves cee atstetayersyosreeeme 22g, 
MOdEeStay setts. seers ete 235 
personatella © caja ae 23) 
Prostherapis subpunctatus ........ 
ae ni ayatteue aeneteeotoas TOs) Ly, Ais AS 
Vatiabilist erect see LO;, Ie 
Pseudogonatodes ....19, I; 21, I, 
FULVUS! sc. =r ereoeeee ee seek Op 
Pseudosquilla lessonii .......-.- ti 
Psithyrus ashtoni ..... spnenitetteye a5 
AISI ATIS, =a lopotatete etelenene Byeteuecsts 23, 
labOriosts) Gs. stejepereieteteter= nc2ay 
Punctum pigmaeum ...... 15; 35) Ye 
Pupilla blandit Soe eerie P50. 
FOUSGOL Ui eters see lee 2205 
SOMOLATIA te o¥eleinieyera aysyasscateve I5, 4, 
Pupoides arizonensis .......-+.++29. 
hordacea....... 15, 25 3\ Ase 205 
marginata...15, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 
Pyramidula alternata ROS OO eS 75 
cronkhitei anthonyi ........- 7, 
Pyrgulopsis nevadensis .....-- -29, 
Q. 
Querquedula discors ::..:...... 27, 
Quiscalus quiscula aeneus ..... sae 
R. 

Rallus virginianus. ..2.:..--.... 27) 
Rana “areolata. “itercm o-etrnetete 20; Ty 
cantabrigensis APT ty aks atrsts 


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Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 


CATES MEAtIa | ate cite euler Ose Olelos 
Palustris epee cee ESiina eno 18, 
pipiens Rte aelen: FRDB aye ees bifeh 
Clamitans ero, es snl edie LO, 
pretiosa luteiventris ..... ADL, 
Seprentrionalrsmeieieteitelete tel r75 

Rangifer caribou ...... Seals Gr enas 4, 

Regina Leb erismecekerrtereitre lel «fer 18, 

Regulus satrapa satrapa ........ 275 

Reithrodontomys humilis ....... 4, 

RD aeialy GAD ARLAM Matai tedetelate cl cies y ere ei 275 

Ss. 

Sedans pS GoomeecunpoooOc 27, 

Scaphiopus hammondii ...... Gyplels 

Scarites subterraneus ......... O35 

Scalops aquaticus machrinus ....4, 

Sceloporus biseriatus..8, 11, 18, 19, 
SACIOSUSs |<. lee shetehene amit, BaieS 

Sciuropterus sabrinus .......... 4, 
sabrinus macrotus .......... 4, 
WOlkM@S. goosadacscoodesoos0os 4, 

Sciurus carolinensis leucotis ....4, 
EMG SOMICHS  eeieis seetere eienel tel tes 4; 
hudsonicus loquax ~......... 4; 
MefSe seobeh«Ssahdom  Goganooogad SAG 

Segmentina crassilabris ......... 7, 
Glyg Heol Con cumo toed 6 LSet 4105 

SEUMBUSHAUITLOCADMUNIS) Vere cl e))4s16/0 = 27, 

Setopltaga xtiiticilla) fo... 2... 27, 

SialeaSialislpemeueretencrsyclletste.s « sce. sftacs 27 

Simocephalus serrulatus ........ ey 
AFELINS) mkcpepetencnenatse ete oop Fae ZY 

Sistemmus CAtevahus welch «i+ ells - 18, 

Sitta carolinensis carolinensis ...27, 
GanandenSisnss)-(cetsr-'-12 0 506275 

Solenopsis molesta ........... OSs 

Sones peromMels) oye de oaninondooc 4; 
FICHALASOMIM ts) ech) « Ave tilts eOmerns 

Siplnaeiieaeh QoooadocoacupanoodOGc Ts. 
A CibhesbboeNnbbe boon oe oonean oor 29, 
MATE UIIT Jo lelelN avec ccstelseseicpereeeks S915) 
Glcsiiehiteod ey aiomIDe Boa n KeS aie 295 
Ocerclsmale Coseonooaccse dbo ale 
Giieizhybautbeol Tao opo de Teeo20s! Ay 

Sphyrapicus varius varius ...... 27, 

Spizella passerina passerina ..... 27, 
pusilla pusilla ..... poread 58/5 

Stenamma brevicorne ..5, 3, 9, 10, 

SiGe CAGE) 6.0 doo BOO RD OOO 27, 
inhale, Cabogheooogdacudodn 275 

Sitopasidicy Giana Hanae cogemoaoee 18, 
Occipitomaculatal eeciec. > «ai 7 

Sikhs Wehney Wiel Balneaboapecaoos 27, 

SEO DILOM Seed actiarerdemtetetreiocrtcre Teh, 
labyrinthica texasiana iy Gh 

Strophitus edentulus ......... Sal 

Sturnella magna magna ........ 27, 

Signe Aneel Keceouecuas ss TR 
avara vermeta ..........- aa /5 
g@rosvernori..15, 4, 7, 8, II; 29, 
Minfeatay, Si. Wace osteySesveys wcse sie 20) 
ranch Iheeh. Sea ooo mono ta Oe 200,35 
MELUSApe a ere tomeerscereanertete as 
GUStICAT a: winters eicieectar 2053 
Silliman eres sisdatensvsnele ABEL 
Stretehianaertaee Sob oooON oe 

Sylvilagus floridanus ‘mearnsi biehs 4 

Syanbose eee 31 cane eran Boaaect, 
Cayvilrons) Sesto ce TY Sie 

Syflaptomys Cooperi |)......... 0... 4, 


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‘Tapinoma sessile 5, 4, 5; 15, 293 25, 

amiasmstriatus vy ster Wei sss 4, 

WNascr clea taxis) shale + assets c che cheishels 4, 

dhenrapene canola rec /eleieelelate oles 18, 

AMoieMAVO VS.” sho sdouiocadoodacune B56 
GOhiESe oWosaacasdee Voy aie) Bae 
TMERIOIIMEY 6.0 Sq nob Ne Bicone 
ordinoides elegans ...... So nay 
SIS “bo geooacoados ity Iie ike 

Mohan weNpie) coosadondods oct 27, 
ranelishakol(AkAbiy in go ano oaeeouS 27, 

LOXOSLOMAY GUUPUAT Mone eyet= - se) heletacedell DT 

Tretioscincus bifasciatus ....... 22, 

rie.ona Mattia thea: we) lee cto)ersisterotelete 24, 
HUSSAM, ni Abceaaddoo dina as 24, 

Abas, (HbR) Joboocoosaocdads oy 

Troglodytes aedon aedon ....... 27, 

A aeznoais, Yoyccehavaisis Shs Geo udoows 27, 

U. 

Whale) FSIS Goonabenoccodcadc 7, 

Urocyon cinereoargentatus ...... 4, 

WEIS “ehonerseehicey Gododocdooanes 4, 

WE etheilobisehoe obhagnsooasdocs 8, 
stansburiana elegans ..:..... 8, 
stansburiana nevadensis..8, II, 

Vv. 

WENIGIEM Goch bap oonMbeooes Gee 15, 
COStata srr LG sist i Os) sO ses 
cyclophiorellainssi23) sis 2Oyn Ss 
graciicoSta «-4-1'5)) 23035) 513 29>, 3> 
DELSPECLIVA reteset nS. 

Vermivora peregrina .......... 27, 
rubricapilla rubricapilla 27, 

Viertioomdecongammyeiiicaicietairetsct 15. 
modestaycorpulenta)...)<- 16 29, 
OW AHIEN Win blo DO NOG OMGOOO OOD 15, 

Vireosvlvo gilva gilva .......... 27, 
GlivaGeak tyes clement cietenerertors oN 

Witreal harimomnisy tec. slsrereinceieer 29, 
hAGKAIMEIEL O ood oObeen TGs) Som Ones 

Mitrimagialasicamalunjerstenetlerietie crs cio AG): 

Vulpes) tullvate cts pels Se trerete wilverere 4, 

Ww. 

Wilsonia canadensis .......... 27; 

>» 

Gy lOCOpameeieneat: ald stele, eterchemmaievers ious 24, 

Lie 

Zamelodia ludoviciana .......... ap 

Lap usm WudsOnius wey eevee oe crake 

Zenaidura macoura carolinensis oe 

Zonotoidesmanborea yj cise = sees 

A OS 7> 33 15, ==) 3; 93 29, 
Naevittsculamrgraeuerariatoe steve orate res 
INMMIMMUSCUV AU eh crels opere sie jeretet ch eeoeetoene 

~15, 25 3, 4, 5, 6, 75.8,19; 
nitida Bs cusliover oievouersaveiecncceumerehs 2q, 
nummus..... 5s 65) 7S Os elo™ 
Single yanian ocrctsieichan cae oman 


Lonotrichia albicollis | )\s- st 27. 


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