ur 1 HARVARD UNIVERSITY Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS The University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, beginning with volume 1 in 1946, was discontinued with volume 20 in 1971. Shorter research papers formerly published in the above series are now published as The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural His- tory Miscellaneous Publications began with number 1 in 1946. Longer research papers are published in that series. Monographs of the Museum of Natural History were initiated in 1970. Authors should contact the editor regarding style and submission procedures before manuscript submission. All manuscripts are subjected to critical review by intra- and extramural specialists; final acceptance is at the discretion of the Direc- tor. This publication is printed on acid-free paper. Occasional Papers and Miscellaneous Publications are typeset using Microsoft* Word and Aldus PageMaker" on a Macintosh computer. Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence. Institutional libraries interested in exchanging publications may obtain the Occasional Papers and Miscellaneous Publications by addressing the Exchange Librarian, The University of Kansas Library, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2800, USA. Individuals may purchase separate numbers from the Office of Publications, Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2454, USA. Editor: Linda Trueb Managing Editor: Joseph T. Collins Printed by University of Kansas Printing Service Lawrence. Kansas OCCASIONAL PAPERS 3R^RY o I L n 6 ' ' " I 0 1 ■! G 0 1 MUSEUM OF NATURAL itfisTORY The University of Kansas .^q Lawrence, Kansas ER3!TY NUMBER 165, PAGES 1-41 23 MARCH 1994 Avifauna of a Beagle Channel Archaeological Site Pamela C. Rasmussen', Philip S. Humphrey, AND Jaime E. Pefaur- Museum of Natural Hist on' and Department of Systematica and Ecology. The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2454, USA ABSTRACT Lancha Packewaia, an archaeological midden on the north shore of the Beagle Channel, Territory of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, has yielded 1183 identifiable avian bones from a minimum of 177 individuals of 20 species. Of these. 16 species, 608 specimens (51.8%). and 95 individuals date from an occupation from 4120 ± 305 to 4020 ± 70 ybp (the Ancient Component); and 15 species, 487 specimens (41.2%), and 79 individuals from an occupation from 1590 ± 50 to 280 ± 85 ybp (the Recent Component). Phalacrocorax atriceps is the most abundant species in the Ancient Component, and Spheniscus magellanicus in the Recent; the proportion of individuals comprised by each species differs between components. Six procellariiform species occur, and their representation does not differ between components. Uncommon species include two caracaras, another penguin, three additional cormorants, two steamer ducks, one gull, and one tern. Medium-large marine littoral species predominate in both components, consistent with littoral dependence of humans of both components; the only two species of landbirds are an owl and a parrot. Midden remains suggest that Eiidyptes chysocome and Piiffinits gravis were more common previously in the Beagle Channel than they now are. The composition of the avifauna is consistent with apparent habitat stability for at least Present address; Room 336, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA. "Present address: Departamento de Biologi'a. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Merida, Venezuela. © Museum of Natural Hislorv, The University of Kansas, Lawrence. ISSN:009 1-7958 2 UNIV. KANSAS MUS. NAT. HIST. OCC. PAP. No. 165 the past 4000 yr. The presence of a migratory tern and juveniles of five species, as well as wintering procellariifonnes. confirm that humans used the site both during the austral breeding and nonbreeding seasons. We provide data of archaeological significance, including which species were utilized; what characteristics determine their use; the amount of meat provided by common prey species; and seasonality of midden use. Key words: Zooarchaeology; Tierra del Fuego; Beagle Channel; Archaeoavifauna. RESUMEN La avifauna de Lancha Packewaia, un conchero arqueologico en la costa norte del Canal Beagle. Territorio de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, esta constituida por 20 especies de aves con un total de 1183 huesos idenlificados correspondientes a un minimo de 177 individuos. La avifauna proviene de dos ocupaciones de humanos; el Componente Anliguo, 4 1 20 ± 305 hasta 4020 ± 70 ybp, y el Componente Reciente, 1590 ± 50 hasta 280 ± 85 ybp. De esas especies. 16 (representadas por 608 huuesos [51.8%], correspondientes a 95 individuos) provienen del Componente Antiguo y 15 (representadas por 487 huuesos [41.2%], correspondientes a 79 individuos) provienen del Reciente. Phalacrocorax atriceps es la especie mas abundante del primer componente, y Spheiiiscus mogellanicus la mas abundante del segundo; la proporcion de individuos comprendidos en cada especie difiere entre ambos componentes. Seis especies de procellariifonnes estaban presentes; Diomedea melanophris, Macronectes giganteiis. Fiilmanis glacialoides, cf. Daptiou capense, Puffiniis griseus, y P. gravis, no difirendo su representacion entre componentes. Especies representadas en nilmeros bajos incluyen Eiidyptes chrysoconic, Phalacrocorax mageUaiiiciis, P. hransfieldeiisis, P. hrasilianiis, Tachyeres patachonicus. T. ptcncrcs. Polyhorus plancus, Milvago chinuingo, Earns dominicanus y Sterna hirundinacca. Eiidyptes chrxsocome y Puffiniis gravis parecen haber sido mas comunes antiguamente que ahora. Como la avifauna de los dos componentes contenia mayormente aves de tamano medio-grande del literal maritimo, es consistente con la dependencia del litoral man'timo de los humanos en ambas ocupaciones. Estaban representadas solo dos especies exclusivamente terrestres, Tyto aiha y Enicognathiis ferriiginens. La presencia de huesos de un gaviotin migratorio, un procellariiform que solamente es un visitante invernal, y de juveniles de cinco especies muestra que el sitio fue usado por los humanos en varias estaciones. La composicion de la avifauna es consistente con la estabilidad de los habitats en los liltimos 4000 afios por lo menos. Se presentan datos sobre el peso total de los musculos y formulas para calcular el peso de came para siete especies comunes. Palahras claves: Zooarqueologi'a; Tierra del Fuego; Canal Beagle; Arqueoavifauna. During the past several thousand years, human inhabitants of the coasts of the Beagle Channel created many kitchen middens (concheros), which contain large quantities of mollusk shells and mammal, fish, and bird bones. There are hundreds of these shell mounds (Bird. 1938; Ortiz- Troncoso, 1971a. 1971b, 1972, 1973; Laming-Eniperaire, 1972; Saxon. 1976; Orquera et al., 1977; Orquera and Plana, 1991 ), which vary in height above the natural substrate from a few decimeters to more than a meter and FUEGIAN MIDDEN AVIFAUNA 3 are easily recognizable by their rounded shape; all the mounds presumably contain bird bones. Anthropologists of the Fundacion Antropologica Ar- gentina and the Asociacion de Investigaciones Antropologicas have exca- vated some of the less disturbed sites (Orquera and Plana, 1983, 1987, 1988: Orquera et al., 1982) and here we report on the abundant avian remains from one of these, Lancha Packewaia (Orquera et al., 1977). The Lancha Packewaia site contained birds in several layers; two of these were radiocarbon dated at 4215 ± 305 and 4020 ± 70 years before present (ybp), which together are called the "Ancient Component of Lancha Packewaia." These layers are separated by a large gap from the several layers compris- ing the "Recent Component" that were deposited during more or less continuous occupation from 1590 ± 50 ybp until 280 ± 85 ybp (Orquera et al., 1977). Both components were created by groups of littoral-dependent humans probably ancestral to the Yamana (or Yahgan). Birds comprised about 1% of the diet of the people who deposited the Ancient Component, and less than 3.5% of the diet of those who created the Recent Component (Orquera et al., 1979). Little has been published on the prehistoric avifauna of the Beagle Channel; Saxon ( 1979) presented a preliminary list of the birds found in Lancha Packewaia, but considerable additional avian material has become available since. Bird remains from several other archaeological sites in the Chilean channels west of Tierra del Fuego and on the Fuegian Atlantic coast were studied by Lefevre (1989); those from Tiinel I, a large archaeo- logical site about 1 km east of Lancha Packewaia, are cuirently under study (Rasmussen and Humphrey, 1991; Humphrey and Rasmussen, unpubl. data). Biogeographic analyses attempting to establish effects of vicariance events on speciation and distribution of the avifauna of Fuego-Patagonia (Devillers andTerschuren, 1978; Humphrey and Pefaur, 1979; Vuilleumier, 1985, 1991; Livezey, 1986a; Rasmussen, 1987, 1990, 1991; Corbin et al., 1988) generally have been hampered by the paucity of published infonna- tion on the prehistoric occurrence of bird species within the region. The abundant avian material excavated from Lancha Packewaia and other radiocarbon-dated archaeological sites in the Beagle Channel and else- where in the region will eventually allow comprehensive reconstruction of the palaeoavifauna and determination of whether changes in species com- position and abundance have occurred in relation to climatic fluctuation. In this paper, we infer the life assemblage for birds in several ages in the Lancha Packewaia area based on the deposited assemblage. This enables documentation of the past occurrence, abundance, and breeding of certain avian species there, and testing for change in species composition over time. We also provide data of archaeological relevance, including (1) which bird species were utilized by the native humans of the two compo- nents and in what proportions; (2) characteristics of these species making 4 UNIV. KANSAS MUS. NAT. HIST. OCC. PAP. No. 165 them more likely to be utilized than other species; (3) the amount of meat provided by major prey species; and (4) seasonality of midden use. MATERIALS AND METHODS Locality Lancha Packewaia (54°49'15" S. 68°09'45" E) lies on the north shore of the Beagle Channel 14 km from the eastern end of the town of Ushuaia (Fig. 1 ), on Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Teiritory of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. This grass-covered site is 6-8 m above sea level and occupies a surface area of 55 x 35 meters, being delimited by a forested ravine with a stream, a cliff face, and a rocky beach and headland (Orquera et al., 1977). Several Pleistocene glaciations originated to the west and covered the entire Beagle Channel east of Lancha Packewaia at least to Isla Gable (Fig. 1; Porter et al., 1984; Heusser and Rabassa, 1987), but all ice had appar- ently receded well prior to recorded occupation of the Lancha Packewaia archaeological site. Methods Orquera et al. ( 1977) gave a detailed account of the locality and methods utilized in excavation. Each element was labeled to one of eight trenches and six natural layers, and associated radiocarbon dates were available for most of the trenches (Table 1 ). As excavation numbers were not unique, we assigned each bone a Lancha Packewaia catalogue number. For coracoids, humeri, and tarsometatarsi oi Phalacrocorax species, the numbers listed in the present paper are equal to the one- to three-digit catalogue numbers plus 1000. The five most abundantly represented osteological elements in the midden (coracoid, humerus, feinur, tibiotarsus, and tarsometatarsus) were included in this study. Preliminary examination of other skeletal elements available indicated that their inclusion would not add more species or individuals to the avifauna of Lancha Packewaia. A small collection of worked avian bones from Lancha Packewaia were retained by the Asociacion de Investigaciones Antropologicas and are not included in this study. Comparative material utilized in identifications included series of five or more skeletal specimens for each species, and we considered characters that were consistent for a species based on the material at hand to be valid for purposes of identification. The majority of the comparative material was from Tierra del Fuego and is located in The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History (KUMNH) collections, and a significant amount of the comparative material utilized was from the National Mu- FUEGIAN MIDDEN AVIFAUNA c ^ o s X: -J Q. u- ^ c: c3 a. o V5 (U 17 2 > a. D-' o >> I C/5 '5j -a O c ■%_• \m 1) \-m r- 53 ■a > U 1 o (J > o c 73 c^ c o E 13 13 a. H '3) •^m U- '» o o k a. •o ur 53 '<4— < O ^ _^ r- y. r-; L o ^ < .5 ^ ■ ^ o o ^ s '^ ■^ C/5 13 5 00 C o 03 o r3 >r^ cu u. -^ — x; « _« — ■§ ^ < i£ Q — o r; y: ^ d < y: r^ -J "O C/5 o ■-^ < a. ^ F w' O '_^ r3 •a ~ > r^ O c .:± r^ O C3 u o :c r-. C- OJ C -C ^ "^ — DO C >. S m C s £ 1 1-^ CO -y: ^ y: 53 Si) m 50 < ^ ■^ '•^ c (D U- .^ ^ ■■^ O > 3 >, c 13 O ^ x: CL u '— '> r^ < 3D Cu "a. £ 53 N ■a c O •mm o 3 I 13 u u 'E •u c :3 5j ^ r3 H vT r3 . — ri ' 1 1 c3 r3 ■T3 '•J o > CL U CQ r^ 3 53 O U 03 _5 u t^ ■" . o r^ C^ —1 '"■ OJ > 2 '^ C^ o ^ c> -J e2 6 UNIV. KANSAS MUS. NAT. HIST. OCC. PAP. No. 165 Table 1 . Number system for associating bird remains from the Lancha Packewaia midden with trenches, natural layers, and radiocarbon dates. 1-20 = 101-20, 1-30 = 101-30, etc. Layers indicated by dashes were not present in the trenches. Trench Midden Soil Midden Soil Midden Beach B C D D'&Z^ X& Y E I 1-20 1-30 1-40 1-41 1-70 1-50 II 2-20 2-30 2-40 2-50 III 3-20'^ 3-30^^ 3-20'^ 3-30^^ 3-40 3-50 IV 4-27 4-30 4-26 4-50 V 5-20. 5-26 5-30 5-27 — — 5-50 VI 6-20 6-30 6-40 6-90 6-80 6-50 VII — 107-50 VIII 8-20 8-50 Approximate ages (ybp) I II III VI d d 280 ± 85 280 + 85 — ^ 1120 ±50 - ^ 1590 ± 50 410 ±75 470 ± 50 - 455 ± 85 1080 ± 100 - 4020 ± 70 — d (.1 d cl d — '^ 4215 ±305 ''D'andZ is undated. 1 tt-\ rtTlH/H*^!-! 1 3 ^.- n ^'May pertain to soil C or D' and Z. '^'por middens B and X & Y and Beach E, undated layers are assumed to be of the same age as the dated layers. •"Trenches I and II of Soil C are assumed to be from about 400 ybp. setim of Natural History (USNM) and other collections. All identified midden specimens of the five included elements are listed under the "Ma- terial" section for each species, except for the two most abundant species — the Magellanic Penguin, Sphenisciis magellaniciis, and the Imperial Shag, Phalacrocorax atriceps — for which the subsets of the material listed are specified in the respective species accounts. All numbers in "Material" sections refer to LP (Lancha Packewaia catalog) numbers. For each species and each radiocarbon age, the number of identified specimens (NISP; Klein and Cruz-Uribe. 1984) was tabulated. Measurements of osteological ele- ments follow von den Driesch (1976). Both left and right elements were included, and minimum number of individuals (MNI) for each species at each radiocarbon age was obtained by determining which element had the greatest number of complete and distal or proximal fragments for one side. In calculation of MNIs, we did not attempt to match left and right sides of an element to determine whether different elements could have been from the same individuals. Speciinens froin undated and equivocally dated FUEGIAN MIDDEN AVIFAUNA 7 layers were not used in calculation of MNIs except when there was clearly no possibility of overlap with dated remains. Bones were identified as being from juveniles if they are less ossified than those of known adult specimens of the same species, or if they are comparable in ossification to known juveniles; care was taken to deter- mine, however, that wear on the midden bones was not responsible for the apparent incomplete ossification. Except where noted as juveniles, speci- mens were either fully ossified or their degree of ossification could not be determined. Osteological nomenclature follows Howard (1929) and scientific and English names of bird species are those used by Narosky and Yzurieta (1987), with the following exceptions: the Imperial Shag, Phalacrocora.x atriceps, includes P. alhiventer (Rasmussen, 1991); the Antarctic Shag, P. bransfieldensis, is considered specifically distinct (Siegel-Causey and Lefevre, 1989); the genus Phalcoboenus is retained as distinct from Polyhorus (Olson, 1976); and the name Phalacrocorax hrasiliamis is used (Browning, 1989). We considered the composition of the modem Beagle Channel avifauna to comprise all species of known regular occurrence in and adjacent to the Beagle Channel (following Clark, 1986). Vagrant and historically intro- duced species were excluded. Eor habitat grouping, species were consid- ered "marine littoral" if they regularly occur on beaches and the intertidal zone, even if they are primarily found in another habitat. Weights of skeletal muscles of important prey species (Spheniscus magelkuiicus. Phalacrocorax spp., and Tachyeres spp.) were obtained by weighing skinned and gutted fresh specimens and later weighing the dry skeletons after they were fully cleaned by maceration. Single-variable regressions then were done on meat weights versus each of three predictor variables: humerus length, femur length, and tarsometatarsus length. These data enable estimation of the nutritive value provided by each of these species. RESULTS Identification to species was accomplished for a total of 1183 avian bones (coracoids, humeri, femora, tibiotarsi, and tarsometatarsi) from a minimum of 177 individuals of 20 species from the Lancha Packewaia archaeological site (Appendix). The number of bones for each species from each radiocarbon age, as well as undated but identified bones, MNI for each age, and percent MNI comprised by each species for each age are given in the Appendix. In addition to the identified bones, considerable fragmentary avian material was unidentifiable. Number of identifiable specimens (NISP), MNI, total numbers of species, and Shannon-Wiener functions for 8 UNIV. KANSAS MUS. NAT. HIST. OCC. PAP. No. 165 Table 2. Percent MNIs for each species for the two major time periods, Shannon- Weiner Information Measures, and tests of statistical differences between the two periods in representation of the two most abundant avian species and groups. Species 4215-4020 ybp 1590-280 ybp pa %MNI Spheniscus magellanicus 20.0 36.7 * Eudyptes chrysocome 1.0 1.3 Diomedea melanophris 3.2 7.6 — Macronectes giganteiis 2.1 1.3 Fulmavus glacialoides 3.2 2.5 — cf. Daption capense 1.0 0.0 Puffinus gravis 2.1 1.3" Pujfinus griseus 3.2 0.0 Phalacrocorax magellanicus 4.2 5.1 Phalacwcorax atriceps 44.2 29.1 * Phalacrocorax hraiisfieldensis 7.4 5.1 Phalacrocorax hrasilianus 0.0 2.5 Tachyeres pteneres 2.1 0.0 — Tachyeres patachonicus 2.1 1.3 — Milvago chimango 1.0 0.0 — Lams dominicanus 2.1 2.5 Sterna hirundinacea 0.0 1.3 Enicognathus ferrugineus 1.0 1.3 Tyto alba 0.0 1.3 — Total Procellariiformes 14.7 12.6'' ns Total marine littoral 86.2 86.2 ns Total medium-large 86.0 90.0 ns Total NISP 608 487 — Total MNI 95 79 Total number of species 16 15 Shannon-Wiener Function 1.93 1.90 ^G-test of independence; * = P < 0.05. ''Not including 1 1 undated P. gravis elements known to be from Recent Component because MNI not calculable. the Ancient and Recent components of Lancha Packewaia are very similar (Table 2). Shannon- Wiener functions showed that both components had avifaunas of moderate diversity. However, there are significantly fewer Spheniscus magellanicus in the Ancient Component than in the Recent Component, and the reverse is true for Phalacrocorax atriceps. The per- cent MNI of the archaeoavifauna comprised by the Procellariiformes does not differ between the two components, nor does the proportion comprised FUEGIAN MIDDEN AVIFAUNA J^ Sphenisciformes Procellariiformes Pelecaniformes Anseriformes Falconiformes Charadriiformes Psittaciformes Strigiformes 20 10 0 10 20 30 Modem Subfossil % of Species -AV 1 \ \ \ I I 50 40 30 20 10 0 Subfossil %MNI Fig. 2. Percent representation of each avian order at Lancha Packewaia. Or- ders unrepresented in the Lancha Packewaia archaeoavifauna were included in the calculations of the modern avifauna but are not shown in the figure. of littoral species or that of birds in the medium-large size class (Table 2). Cormorants (Pelecaniformes) constitute the greatest percent MNI in the Lancha Packewaia archaeoavifauna, followed by Spheniscus magelkmicus and then by the pooled procellariiform species (Fig. 2). Procellariiformes are the most speciose group at Lancha Packewaia, followed by cormorants. All regularly occurring species of these orders together comprise less than 15% of the species in the modem Beagle Channel avifauna (Fig. 2). Marine littoral species comprise the greatest percent MNI and percentage of spe- cies in the archaeoavifauna, as well as the greatest percentage of species in the modern Beagle Channel avifauna (Fig. 3). It should be noted that all species in the "pelagic" group also regularly occur near shore owing to the narrowness of the Beagle Channel. Stricdy freshwater species are absent at Lancha Packewaia, and landbirds that do not frequent the marine littoral zone are underrepresented (Fig. 3). In tenns of size classes, the greatest percent MNI and the largest number of species by 20% at Lancha Packewaia are composed of medium-large species; this indicates a strong bias in the sample toward medium-large birds considering the low number of species of this size class in the modem Beagle Channel avifauna (Fig. 4). Medium- sized birds comprise very little of the percent MNI. but the percentage of species of this size class represented in the archaeoavifauna is approxi- mately the same as that in the modern Beagle Channel avifauna (Fig. 4). 10 UNIV. KANSAS MUS. NAT. HIST. OCC. PAP. No. 165 '/JJLJ^^U'''^" a.^^ Pelagic Marine Littoral Land Freshwater 1 60 1 1 1 1 1 40 20 0 20 40 Modem Subfossil AV 60 % of Species "1 \ \ — r 80 60 40 20 Subfossil %MNI 1 0 Fig. 3. Percent representation of birds of each habitat grouping from Lancha Packewaia. The 'pelagic' group inckides all procellariifonnes except Macronectes, and the "littorar group includes the two species of caracaras and Macronectes as well as more typical marine littoral species. Large Medium-large Medium Small I \ \ 1 — \ — \ — r 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 Modem Subfossil ■\v 80 60 40 20 Subfossil 0 % of Species % MNI Fig. 4. Percent representation of birds of each size class at Lancha Packewaia. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNTS Spheniscus magellanicus (J. R. Forster) Magellanic Penguin Material. — Because of the large number of specimens of this species, only complete or nearly complete elements are listed. Coracoids: complete righL 119-120, 124-127. 133-134. 136. 138-140; complete left, 83, 85, FUEGIAN MIDDEN AVIFAUNA 11 87, 92, 94-95, 99, 101. 105. 108-109. Humeri: complete right. 51. 54-57. 59-65. 68-76. 365. 491; complete left. 10-17. 19-23. 27-28. 32-36, 38- 40, 43, 364. Femora: complete right, 238-245, 250-252, 254-255, 258, 283-288, 290. 495: complete left, 229-235, 264, 266-268, 275. 277. 279- 282, 497^98. Tibiotarsi: complete right, 144-145, 162-165. 167. 171- 172, 178, 181,502-503: complete left, 150-156, 182-183, 186-187, 195. Tarsometatarsi: complete right, 197-198, 200-204. 206. 222-226, 499- 500: complete left, 209-218, 227-228, 501. See Appendix. Measurements. — See Table 3. Remarks. — Elements of Spheniscus magellaniciis were distinguished from those of both the Rockhopper Penguin, Eiidyptes chrysocome , and the Macaroni Penguin, E. chrysolophus, based on the following characters: ( 1 ) on S. magellanicus the brachial tuberosity of the coracoid is much length- ened medially: (2) the pneumatic fossa of its humerus is more heavily rimmed, because the distal edge of the median crest is more extensive and not as concave: and (3) the medial hypotarsal crest of its tarsometatarsus extends farther posteriorly and is more strongly defined. Large specimens of S. magellanicus were distinguished from E. chrysolophus by 5. magellanicus having the capital groove of the humerus not continuous with the pneumatic fossa and not bordered proximally by a definite ridge, and by the anterior edge of the proximal third of the tibiotarsus shaft being rounded or ridged, rather than flattened. Small S. magellanicus were distin- guished from E. chrysocome based on the following characters. In 5. magellanicus. the humerus shaft is more curved. The internal condyle of the tibiotarsus forms slightly greater than a half-circle on medial view, and Table 3. Summary statistics for measurements of Spheniscus magellanicus from Lancha Packewaia. Measurement X SD /; Range Coracoid length 78.8 2.37 17 74.7-82.8 Humerus length 73.5 2.54 40 67.8-77.9 Humerus proximal breadth 21.1 ■ 0.83 41 19.3-22.6 Humerus distal breadth 19.8 1.06 32 17.1-21.8 Femur lenath 79.0 2.73 32 71.5-84.2 Femur proximal breadth 17.6 0.79 30 15.9-19.1 Femur distal breadth 15.1 0.67 29 13.3-16.1 Tibiotarsus length 121.6 4.10 16 114.0-128.3 Tibiotarsus proximal breadth 12.2 0.58 22 11.4-13.2 Tibiotarsus distal breadth 14.0 0.50 24 12.4-14.8 Tarsometatarsus length 34.4 1.14 31 32.7-36.8 Tarsometatarsus proximal breadth 15.9 0.43 28 14.9-16.7 Tarsometatarsus distal breadth 20.3 0.52 23 19.2-21.1 12 UNIV. KANSAS MUS. NAT. HIST. OCC. PAP. No. 163 the outer cnemial crest is more extensive distally; the distal portion of the tibiotarsus shaft is less twisted. The trochanteric ridge of the femur is narrower and more produced anteriorly. Very large S. magellanicus were distinguished from the more distantly related (O'Hara, 1989) Chinstrap Penguin, Pygoscelis antarcticiis, by the following characters. In S. magellanicus, the head of the coracoid is more rectangular and less rounded from humeral view, the procoracoid is less medially produced, and adults have a fenestrate lamella on the medial margin of the coracoid (usually lacking in P. antaicticus: Zusi. 1975; O'Hara, 1989). There is no strong laterally projecting triangular lateral edge of the distal third of the humerus shaft. The obdurator ridge on the femur is nanow, rather than being thick and rounded; there is no strong concavity on the medial edge of the femur shaft immediately proximal to the popliteal area. The attachment surface of the outer cnemial crest of the tibiotarsus does not form a wide oval; the inner cnemial crest is only slightly convex on lateral view. The internal condyle of the tibiotarsus is nanower and less rectangular, and the anterior edge of the proximal third of the tibiotarsus shaft is more rounded. The medial hypotarsal crest of the tarsometatarsus is much better dehned. Other species of penguins at least occasionally found in the Fuegian region are much larger than are any of those represented at Lancha Packewaia. Spheniscus magellanicus was the second most abundant bird species in the archaeoavifauna, with 290 bones from a minimum of 48 individuals comprising 19-100% of the total MNI for each radiocarbon-dated layer (Appendix). The Ancient Component contains a significantly lower propor- tion of this species than does the Recent Component (Table 2). A humerus (LP 177) and a tarsometatarsus (LP 221) of Spheniscus magellanicus from this midden clearly represent very incompletely ossi- fied juveniles. Many other specimens of this species from Lancha Packewaia are immature individuals at later stages of development; few are full adults. Most of the tarsometatarsi are from immatures; only five were definitely from fully ossified birds (LP 198, 212, 216, 223, 500). Also, most humeri are from immature birds; from the 280 ± 85 layer, for example, 24 of the humeri were from immatures, while only seven were from fully ossified birds (LP 14-15, 22-23, 70, 76, 78) comparable in degree of ossification to 20 S. magellanicus specimens considered adults (based on their lack of the Bursa of Fabricius and/or enlarged gonads) collected at a breeding colony at Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. Eudyptes chrysocome (Forster) Rockhopper Penguin Material. — Humeri: complete right, 80 (juvenile), 686 (juvenile). Tibiotarsus: complete right, 180. See Appendix. FUEGIAN MIDDEN AVIFAUNA 13 Measurements. — Humeri: lengths. 58. 1 , 58.8; proximal breadths, 1 7.9, 18.2: distal breadths, 16.1, 16.4. Tibiotarsus: distal breadth, 12.5. Remarks. — The characters used to distinguish specimens of this spe- cies from small Sphenisciis magellanicus are given in the previous species account. Diomedea melanophris Temminck Black-browed Albatross Material. — Coracoids: cranial right, 667; incomplete right, 305, 412, 669; incomplete left, 306, 316, 414; sternal right, 668; sternal left, 411. Humeri: proximal right, 7 (juvenile), 682-684; proximal left, 2-3, 679- 680; incomplete right, 407; incomplete left, 1, 410, 677; distal right. 8-9, 681; distal left, 4-6. 386, 678. Femora: complete right, 309-310; complete left, 307-308, 311. 672-673, 689; incomplete left, 312; distal left, 313. Tibiotarsi: complete left, 304; proximal right, 299, 301; proximal left, 674; incomplete right, 675; incomplete left, 302-303, 416; distal right, 300; distal left, 676. Tarsometatarsi: complete right, 670; complete left, 292- 293; incomplete left, 387. 671; distal right, 296; distal left, 294. See Appendix. Measurements. — Humeri: proximal breadths, 36.3, 37.2; distal breadths. 19.6, 20.1 (2). 20.5. 21.2, 21.6, 22.2, 22.4. Femora; lengths, 77.1, 78.8, 83.0, 83.5; proximal breadths, 15.9. 16.0. 16.3. 17.3, 17.4, 17.7; distal breadths, 17.0, 17.2, 18.0, 18.3, 18.5. 18.6. Tibiotarsi: proximal breadths, 14.3 (2), 14.5 (2); distal breadth, 16.1. Tarsometatarsi: lengths, 81.1, 84.5, 87.6; proximal breadths, 17.2, 17.3; distal breadths, 16.7, 17.1. 17.5. 18.3, 24.0, 24.9. Remarks. — Elements of Diomedea melanophris were distinguished from those of its congener, the Gray-headed Albatross {D. chrysostoma) as follows. In the coracoid of D. melanophris, the lateral edge of the coracohumeral surface forms a tighter semicircle from humeral view. In the humerus, the ectepicondylar process is more nearly rectangular and is not as narrow proximally. No characters were found which enabled discrimina- tion of the femora, tibiotarsi, and tarsometatarsi of these two species of Diomedea. Several characters distinguish elements of D. melanophris from those of the Light-mantled Sooty Albatross, Phoebetria palpebrata, large individuals of which overlap in size with the smallest D. melanophris. In D. melanophris. the coracoid shaft is longer, and the internal side of the furcular facet is strongly ridged on the sternal edge. The distal edge of the bicipital crest of the humerus is more deeply undercut; the most lateral prominence of the deltoid crest is more attenuate and extensive, and the ectepicondyle is longer. The subtrochanteric fossa of the femur is slightly deeper, and the proximal end of the iliotrochanteric impression is more 14 UNIV. KANSAS MUS. NAT. HIST. OCC. PAP. No. 165 distinctly curved. In the tibiotarsus the groove for the peroneus profundus is shallow, the inner cnemial crest larger and more extensive anteriorly, the outer cnemial crest more extensive laterodistally, and the anterior portion of the internal condyle more rounded on medial view. In the tarsometatar- sus, the lateral prominence of the external cotyla is more laterally produced and the anterodistal border of the lateral cotyla less deeply undercut; the accessory distal foramen (intertrochlear tendinal opening of Chandler, 1990) is located within the opening of the major distal foramen. The anterior metatarsal groove is deeply fuirowed immediately proximal to the distal foramen; the lateral trochlea is nearly circular from lateral view, and the medial hypotarsal crest is more produced posteriorly. None of the albatross remains at Lancha Packewaia is as large as the great albatrosses, D. epomophora and D. exulans, or the Shy Albatross, D. cauta. Despite the considerable variation in size and moiphology that prompted Saxon ( 1979) to list five species of albatrosses, all albatross remains from Lancha Packewaia that are sufficiently well preserved for specific identifi- cation represent Diomcdea melanoplvis. The same is true of the numerous albatross remains from Tiinel I (Humphrey and Rasmussen, unpubl. data). Because of the lack of definite evidence of other species, Lancha Packewaia albatross material that cannot be diagnosed to species is refeired to D. melanophris. LP 7 is a juvenile, but we cannot discern whether it was of pre- or postfledging age. Macronectes gii>anteus (Gmelin) Southern Giant-Petrel Material. — Femora: complete right, 315 (juvenile); complete left, 314 (juvenile). Tibiotarsi: nearly complete right, 297 (juvenile); nearly com- plete left, 298 (juvenile). Tarsometatarsi: incomplete right, 295 (juvenile); incomplete left, 415. See Appendix. Measurements. — Femora; lengths. 92.3, 92.4; proximal breadths. 19.2, 19.4; distal breadths, 19.0. 19.3. Tibiotarsi; proximal breadths, 17.3, 17.8; distal breadths, 17.0, 17.5. Tarsometatarsus: distal breadth. 19.3. Remarks. — These remains are assumed to be Macronectes giganteus based on the present abundance of this species in the Beagle Channel and the fact that the Northern Giant-Petrel, M. halli. has not been definitely recorded in the vicinity (Clark, 1986). Four of five elements are from nearly completely ossified immatures, presumably of postfiedging age, and the fifth, LP 415, is too fragmentary to allow age determination. FUEGIAN MIDDEN AVIFAUNA 15 Fulmarus glacialoides (Stephens) Antarctic Fulmar Material. — Coracoids: incomplete right, 404; incomplete left. 339, 403, 405. 406. Humeri: nearly complete left, 637; proximal right, 638; proximal left. 327, 639, 640; incomplete right. 328; distal left. 330, 641, 642, 643. Femora: complete right, 354; complete left, 644; proximal right. 645. Tibiotarsi: complete right. 648; complete left, 646; proximal right. 341; incomplete right, 391. 647. Tarsometatarsi: complete right, 401, 402; com- plete left, 358. See Appendix. Measurements. — Humeri: length. 110.7; proximal breadth, 17.5; distal breadths, 12.5, 12.8. 12.9 (2). Femora: lengths, 43.1, 46.9; proximal breadths, 9.1. 9.7; distal breadths, 8.5, 9.1. Tibiotarsi: length, 90.5; proxi- mal breadths, 6.4, 6.8, 7.1; distal breadths, 7.3 (2). Tarsometatarsi: lengths, 50.9. 51.3. 51.7: proximal breadths. 8.7, 8.9, 9.1; distal breadths, 8.4, 8.8, 9.0. Remarks. — Specimens of this species can be readily distinguished from the Greater Shearwater, Puffiniis gravis, and the Sooty Shearwater. P. griseus, by the following characters. The coracoid shaft of Fulmarus glacialoides is shorter and the furcular facet is truncate. Both the shaft and the distal end of the humerus are unflattened, and the bicipital crest is less extensive internodistally. The internal tuberosity of the humerus is smaller and shorter. The femur shaft is straight (Kuroda, 1954). The tibiotarsus shaft is thinner and the cnemial crest is much less proximally produced. The tarsometatarsus is shorter and less laterally compressed, particularly in the distal end so the trochleae are more widely separated. Fulmarus glacialoides is consistently larger than the Cape Petrel. Daption capense. cf. Daption capense (Linne) Cape Petrel Material. — Coracoid: incomplete left. 398. See Appendix. Remarks. — This coracoid is considerably smaller than in either species of Puffimts, somewhat smaller than Fulmarus glacialoides, and is similar in size to Daption capense. LP 398 is fragmentary, and cannot be assigned with certainty to this species; however, several diagnostic elements of D. capense. a common post-breeding wanderer to the region, were found at the Tiinel I site (Humphrey and Rasmussen. unpubl. data). 16 UNIV. KANSAS MUS. NAT. HIST. OCC. PAP. No. 165 Puffimis gravis (O'Reilly) Greater Shearwater Material. — Humeri: proximal right, 320, 333, 661; proximal left, 660, 662; incomplete right, 396; incomplete left, 326; distal right, 329; distal left, 331, 663-664. Femora: complete left, 390; incomplete left, 352, 650. Tibiotarsi: complete right, 651; complete left, 389; incomplete right, 652; incomplete left, 345. 347-348, 653. Tarsometatarsi: complete right. 654- 657; complete left, 658; distal right. 359; distal left, 659. See Appendix. Measurements. — Humeri: proximal breadths, 18.4, 19.1. 19.2, 19.3, 19.5. Femora: length. 40.8; proximal breadths, 9.4, 9.6; distal breadths, 9.7 (2). Tibiotarsi: length, 103.8; proximal breadths, 7.3, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8.2; distal breadths, 7.5, 7.9, 8.0 (3), 8.1, 8.2. Tarsometatarsi: lengths, 57.1, 58.2, 58.4, 58.6, 59.4; proximal breadths, 8.5, 8.6, 9.1; distal breadths, 8.0, 8.2, 8.3, 8.5 (2), 8.6 (2). Remarks. — This species can be distinguished from Fulmarus glacialoides by the characters listed in the account of F. glacialoides. Puffinus gravis can be distinguished from P. griseus by the following characters. The humerus of P. gravis has a much less flattened shaft (Kuroda, 1954) and distal end. The femora of the two species are similarly curved, but the central portion of the shaft of P. gravis is not as thickened medially in lateral aspect. The tibiotarsus is longer and heavier, and the tarsometatarsus is heavier, less flattened mediolaterally (Kuroda, 1954), and has the distal end less compressed. Puffinus griseus (Gmelin) Sooty Shearwater Material. — Humeri: proximal right, 321, 323; proximal left, 322, 324; distal right, 649: distal left, 325. Femur: complete left, 353. Tarsometatarsi: complete right. 360. 361; incomplete left, 362. See Appendix. Measurements. — Humeri: proximal breadth. 18.8; distal breadths, 14.3, 14.8. Femur: length, 41.4; proximal breadth, 10.9; distal breadth, 10.3. Tarsometatarsi: lengths, 55.2. 57.4; proximal breadths. 8.1. 8.3; distal breadths. 7.3, 7.9 (2). Remarks. — This species can be distinguished from Fulmarus glacialoides and Puffinus gravis by the characters listed under those spe- cies accounts. Puffinus species Material. — Coracoid: incomplete left, 399. Tibiotarsi: incomplete right, 397, 665; proximal right, 666; distal right, 346. See Appendix. FUEGIAN MIDDEN AVIFAUNA 17 Measurements. — Tibiotarsus: proximal breadth. 8.1; distal breadth, 7.8. Remarks. — This material cannot be identified to species and may be either Puffinus griseus or P. gravis. Phcdacwconix magellaniciis (Gmelin) Rock Shag Material. — Coracoids: complete left, 1255; incomplete right. 1184, 1186. 1224. 1241; incomplete left. 1294, 1323. Humeri: complete right, 1355; complete left, 1350; proximal right. 1573; proximal left, 1416, 1427, 1436 (juvenile). 1570; incomplete right, 1560, 1569; distal left, 1445,' 1458, 1480. Femora: complete right, 5008. 5105, 5143; proximal left, 5030. Tibiotarsus: proximal right. 5321; proximal left, 528, 5154; distal right, 546, 5170, 5221, 5246; distal left, 5214, 5229, 5281, 5322. Tar- sometatarsi: complete right, 1147, 1516; complete left, 1005; incomplete right, 1058, 1099 (juvenile refeired to this species), 1109, 1158; incomplete left, 1005. 1110. See Appendix. Measurements. — Coracoid: length. 63.2. Humeri; lengths. 116.9. 120.0; proximal breadths. 19.6. 19.7. 20.0. 20.2. 20.7. 21.0, 21.1; distal breadths, 12.9 (2), 13.2. 13.3. 14.5. Femora: lengths, 53.7, 56.3. 57.6; proximal breadths. 13.0. 14.4. 15.7, 15.8; distal breadths, 14.7, 15.5, 17.1. Tibiotarsus; distal breadth. 9.9. Tarsometatarsi: lengths. 50.3, 51.8, 53.2, 54.0, 53.9; proximal breadths, 11.2, 11.7, 12.2; distal breadths, 13.0, 13.9, 14.0. 14.3. Remarks. — Phalacrocorax magellaniciis is smaller than the smallest P. atriceps, and is about the size of P. hrasilianus. Phalacrocorax magellaniciis can be differentiated from this latter species by the characters of Siegel-Causey (1988). LP 1099 is a juvenile, which appears to have been prefledging. as it is less ossified than P. atriceps known to be recently fledged. LP 1436 was probably postfledging. based on the same compara- tive material. Phalacrocorax atriceps (King) Imperial Shag Material. — Because of the abundance of specimens of this species at Lancha Packewaia. only complete or nearly complete specimens from the right side are listed. Only the tarsometatarsi and femora of Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis can be distinguished from those of P. atriceps: thus the coracoids. humeri, and tibiotarsi listed here may include a few specimens of the former species. Coracoids: nearly complete right. 1177-1183; 1185, 1187-1206, 1225, 1231-1240, 1242-1247, 1329-1331. Humeri; complete 18 UNIV. KANSAS MUS. NAT. HIST. OCC. PAP. No. 165 right, 1354, 1356-1357, 1359, 1360. Femora: complete right. 5004, 5009- 5010, 5016, 5020, 5025-5027, 5032, 5034, 5036, 5040, 5042, 5047, 5049, 5058, 5063-5064, 5068, 5073, 5086, 5089. 5097, 5101-5103, 5110, 5113, 5122-5123, 5128, 5130, 5132-5133. Tibiotarsi: nearly complete right, 5147, 5150-5151, 5160, 5162-5163, 5173, 5177, 5179, 5192, 5194, 5197, 5210-521 1, 5216, 5239, 5242, 5258, 5262, 5266, 5268, 5273, 5275-5276, 5280, 5285, 5288. 5291, 5299-5300, 5319, 5331. Tarsometatarsi: complete right, 1131, 1136-1137. 1143. 1146, 1148-1149, 1151-1156, 1159-1162, 1165-1167, 1172-1175. See Appendix. Measurements. — See Table 4. Remarks. — Many bones of this species appear similar to those of known juveniles, but because of wear, this cannot be determined for certain. A few definite juvenile bones of this species were present at Lancha Packewaia; of these, LP 1023 was probably about fledging age, and LP 1071 and 1607 appear to have been prefledging. Phalacwcorax hransfieldensis Murphy Antarctic Shag Material. — Coracoid: nearly complete right. 690. Femur: complete right, 1692-1694, 5006, 5046, 5056. 5059; complete left. 1691, 5003, 5018, 5065-5066. 5081; distal right. 5093. Tarsometatarsus: complete right. 1139. 1150. 1163; complete left, 1006, 1008, 1019-1020, 1022, 1031-1032; proximal right, 1042; distal right, 1075, 1079. 1082. See Appendix. Measurements.— Femur: lengths. 58.7. 61.6. 63.1, 63.6. 63.8, 65.0, 65.3. 65.6. 65.9. 66.0. 66.4. 66.5. 67. 1 ; proximal breadths. 17.1.1 7.9, 1 8.0, 18.8, 19.4, 19.9; distal breadths. 18.1 (2), 18.4, 18.5, 18.7. 19.3 (2). 19.5. Tarsometatarsus: lengths, 62.8, 65.5. 65.9, 66.1, 67.0. 67.8, 68.1, 68.2, 68.7. 70.2. Remarks. — The specimens assigned to this species were identified by D. Siegel-Causey, who used the characters of Siegel-Causey and Lefevre (1989). Only tarsometatarsi and femora were considered distinguishable from those of Phalacrocorax africeps. Phalacwcorax hrasilianiis (Gmelin) Neotropic Cormorant Material. — Humeri: complete right, 1353 (juvenile), 1358. See Appen- dix. Measurements. — Humeri: length. 1 34.8; proximal breadths, 24. 1 . 24.4; distal breadth. 14.8. Remarks. — The Fuegian race Phalacrocorax hrasiliauus lioniensis, which is similar in size to Phalacrocorax magellanicus, was identified by FUEGIAN MIDDEN AVIFAUNA 19 o o Cl. > 'C -a ■§ +1 > r- o > '5b c g 3 ;/! ca O c: o <3 ii s s £^ O rt (U c« 03 t^ -4— » W 3 C ., S < " S 5 ^ X W3 ^ -• " ^ h S "il 1^ S^ E 0^ ^ >. E (U 00 rt CQ ^ .2 3 O o o C < 2 'c5 3 2 c 7i (L) o r- +1 CI ON " OC - vO -* — C I +1 ^' O — r-^ ;-; ^O rn ir, +1 — o ^ — r^i ri i^^ +1 -^i =*? ?, C 3 3 a: 00 +1 P +1 O I o OC i;^, r^ ON • o OC I ri +1 ^! ^ 0^ -i On r I 1/-, +1 ^ nO 00 I n a. \0 On +1 ~ NO OC o^ ci T d t-~^ +1 ~ t ^ oo OC ri 1/-, +1 ^ OC OC On +1 ^' nO \C -o •a X) X o 00 NO d +1 NO ri - 2i ■_ 00 o ^ I NO TT O 00 +1 "" ON . 7 — in o -^ +1 ^ 00 00 o^ T ON d r^ On (U xi 15 c [1. 00 (^1 nO I '-t ri vd +1 '^' NO f;;;;: in o 00 NO I n ri U-1 NO 00 ri +1 r^4 OO _' -L ■^J ^- ri ir, +1 >; — ri ■ r\ -t — , ri 00 53 03 NO I ir-, in d ri +1 7 ; 00 rr, • ■ _ t^ in OC in in r«-i d '^^ +1 ~~ o NO — ON f^ ri +1 i^ ; ri 2: d in m o On NO 1 d +1 ri 4 OC ri nO -*' vO T3 03 X o C/2 3 c3 O 20 UNIV. KANSAS MUS. NAT. HIST. OCC. PAP. No. 165 characters given in Siegel-Causey (1988). LP 1353 shows a degree of ossification corresponding to that of recently fledged P. atriceps. Tachyeres pteneres Magellanic Flightless Steainer-Duck Material. — Coracoid: nearly complete left, 334 (referred). Humeri: complete right, 319; incomplete left, 388, 395. Femora: complete right. 636: distal right, 356 (referred). Tibiotarsi: incomplete left. 342. 343. See Appendix. Measurements. — Humerus: proximal breadth, 30.0; distal breadth, 20.1. Femur: length, 84.9; distal breadth, 19.1. Tibiotarsus: proximal breadth, 23.0. Remarks. — This species was distinguished from the smaller Flying Steamer-Duck, Tachyeres patachonicus, on the basis of size, and from Chloephaga species by the characters of Woolfenden (1961) and Livezey (1986b). Tachyeres patachonicus (King) Flying Steamer-Duck Material. — Coracoids: complete right, 336; complete left. 335. Hu- merus: incomplete right, 318. Femur: incomplete left, 357 (juvenile; re- ferred). Tarsometatarsus: incomplete right, 394. See Appendix. Measurements. — Coracoid: length, 72.9. Humerus: proximal breadth, 27.0. Remarks. — A juvenile femur referred to this genus lacks ossihed terminae: the shaft is more curved from external view than in adults of small species of Chloephaga. Because of its questionable allocation, this individual is not included in the computations, but the presence of a juvenile tadornine at the site provides additional evidence of human use in the breedins season. Polyhorus plancus (J. F. Miller) Crested Caracara Material. — Tibiotarsus: complete right, LP 687. Synsacrum: incom- plete, LP 688. See Appendix. Measurements. — Tibiotarsus: length, 120.1; proximal breadth, 16.1; distal breadth. 13.0. Remarks. — This undated material is included because it is the only representation of this species from Lancha Packewaia. The synsacrum, FUEGIAN MIDDEN AVIFAUNA 21 which was not included in computations of NISP or MNI, was identified as Polyhonis planciis based on the greater width of the ischium and the narrower ilium than in 10 specimens of the Striated Caracara, Phalcoboenus austmlis. The tibiotarsus resembles that of P. planciis and differs from that of F. australis in that it is longer than that of/', aiistralis: the fibular crest is less extensive distally; and the proximal portion of the tendinal bridge is symmetrical. The White-throated Caracara, Phalcoboenus alhogularis, is considerably smaller than the large subspecies of the Crested Caracara, P. plancus planciis, found in Tierra del Fuego. Milvago chimango (Vieillot) Chimango Caracara ^ Material. — Humerus: incomplete left, 332. Femur: incomplete left. 351. See Appendix. Measurements. — Femur: distal breadth, 10.3. Remarks. — The elements of Milvago chimango are much smaller than those of Polyhonis plancus or either species of Phalcoboenus. Lams domiuicamis (Lichtenstein) Kelp Gull Material. — Coracoids: complete right, 632: complete left, 633; cranial left, 337; incomplete left, 338, 631. Humerus: distal left, 635. Femur: distal right, 630. Tibiotarsus: proximal left, 393. See Appendix. Measurements. — Coracoids: lengths, 52.5, 52.9. Femur: distal breadth, 13.2. Remarks. — All elements of this species are much larger than those of the Brown-hooded Gull, Lams maciilipennis, and somewhat larger than those of the Dolphin Gull, L. scoresbii. Sterna hinmdinacea Lesson South American Tern Material. — Humerus: distal right, 317. See Appendix. Measurements. — Humerus: distal breadth, 9. 1 . Remarks. — This humerus is identified as being from Sterna hirwulinacea based on its slightly larger size than those of the other species of Sterna that are known or hypothetical visitors to the area, as well as on relative abundance. It is smaller than any of the gull species found in Tierra del Fuego. UNIV. KANSAS MUS. NAT. HIST. OCC. PAP. No. 165 Enicognathus feiTugineus P. L. S. Miller Austral Parakeet Material. — Humerus: incomplete right, 400. Femora: complete right, 350; complete left, 349 (juvenile). Tibiotarsus: complete left, 344 (juve- nile). See Appendix. Measurements. — Humerus: proximal breadth, 11.4. Tyto alba (Scopoli) Bam Owl Material. — Tibiotarsus: proximal right, 340. See Appendix. MEAT WEIGHTS The standard regression equation y = a + h.\ is used for prediction of the amount of meat (v) in grams obtained from each individual bird. Using a given midden specimen (or the mean of a species), for example, a Phalacrocorax atriceps of femur length .v = 61.0 mm. substitute the a and h values provided in Table 5: V = -2002.76 + 48.96(61.0) = 983.80 g Because meat weights of P. mcr^cUanicus are uncorrelated with length of any of the three predictor elements, mean meat weight can simply be taken as representative of the entire population. DISCUSSION SPHENISCID.A.E Currently, Spheniscus magellanicus nests about 40 km east of Lancha Packewaia, at Isla Martillo, in Archipielago Gable (Clark, 1986); during the summer, the species is found in the Beagle Channel near Ushuaia in small (but increasing, fide Orquera, in litt.) numbers. However, a colony of this species existed on Peninsula Ushuaia until about 1940 when the airport was built there. Humans living at Lancha Packewaia may have utilized the colony at Peninsula Ushuaia or another now defunct colony or molting area, at which birds would also be largely helpless. Bridges (1949) stated that in autumn, large numbers of penguins are said to enter the Beagle FUEGIAN MIDDEN AVIFAUNA 23 OX) c e2 c« o^ ^_ r- vC ri 00 CX3 ?■ d o r*-, 3C r-\ "A-, o ri oc T 1 f^i in IT-] T ri ir, oc ^ o S C5C 00 d d d d d d CN OC ri C (U 3 [1. OS OC 00 r-; 00 ri 1 ri o 1 o ON 00 ^ rf~, OO "* n ri OC r~ OiJ 3 Ki rr-, ^. c -i: o^_ ITi ri r<-, ri vd ri ir, ON , — 1 IT-, ir-. -t -r s 7 O T OC -1- 1 O 00 Ol 1 ri O o rri ON O o oo oc r~- d d d ^-j o d t5X) .5? 'S OJJ c Pi Q 00 P- O ri ri I 00 oo ON ON OO m oc On 00 ri rri o 1 ri 1 1 nO '^ ri vO ri r^ ^ -* -* NO q r^i On r-- 00 ON OO rj nC ir, 5 ri r^i nD oo r^ ri oc ir, ri I 00 00 — nD r-i rr, ri VI II C VI 'o 0) C/5 g s I>5 cu t~, h- in o d A CI. II r3 24 UNIV. KANSAS MUS. NAT. HIST. OCC. PAP. No. 165 Channel following shoals of sprat, and that the Yamana speared them from canoes. The presence of a few young juvenile specimens of 5. magellanicus at Lancha Packewaia does not necessarily mean that they were taken at colonies, because young penguins often disperse widely from the natal area. Most of the penguins from the Recent Component of Lancha Packewaia appear to have been nonbreeding immatures, but most of those from the Ancient Component are too worn for age determination. Juvenile S. magellanicus return to their natal colonies at the end of their first year, while still in juvenal plumage (Scolaro, 1980), and adult-plumaged nonbreeding immatures also return every year and attempt to obtain territo- ries (Scolaro, 1978) until females begin to breed at 4 yr of age and males at 5 (Scolaro, 1987). Incompletely ossified birds would be expected to be in the minority at any breeding colony. Perhaps the majority of penguins that enter the Beagle Channel are juveniles and immatures. The lower propor- tion of 5. magellanicus utilized during the Ancient Component (Table 2) than in the Recent does not suggest a greater dependency by humans on land birds during the former, as the difference was compensated for by the relatively greater proportion of Phalacrocorax atriceps in the Ancient Component. At Tunel I. as at Lancha Packewaia. Spheniscus magellanicus was found in large numbers and was second in abundance only to Phalacrocorax atriceps (Humphrey and Rasmussen, unpubl. data), but S. magellanicus comprised only from 0-9.4% of MNI at seven archaeological sites on Seno Otway, Peninsula Brunswick, and the Atlantic coast of Tierra del Fuego (Lefevre. 1989), and it also occurred in an archaeological site at Rey Don Felipe, on Peninsula Brunswick (Ortiz-Troncoso, 1971a). Euclyptes chrysocome nests colonially on Isla de los Estados, islands of Cape Horn, and at the western end of the Strait of Magellan (Clark, 1986) and was found breeding at Bahia Oso Marino, Santa Cruz Province, Argen- tina, in 1985 by M. Oliva Day (Sena, 1986). The presence of juveniles of E. chrysocome in the Lancha Packewaia archaeoavifauna does not demon- strate that the species bred in the immediate vicinity, as juveniles wander widely at sea (Miiller-Schwarze, 1984). We know of no records of E. chrysocome from the Beagle Channel, but it is a straggler through much of the Fuegian region, and occurs north to Uruguay in the austral winter (Carpi, 1984). A slightly oiled adult-plumaged E. chrysocome was found on the beach at Estancia La Violeta on 8 February 1986, on the north-east Atlantic coast of Tierra del Fuego (P. C. Rasmussen and N. Lopez, pers. observ.). Very few E. chrysocome were found at the San Pablo and Punta Maria middens on the Atlantic coast of Tierra del Fuego (Lefevre, 1989), but larger numbers occurred at Tiinel I (Humphrey and Rasmussen, unpubl. data). These numerous remains at Tiinel I, together with those at Lancha Packewaia, suggest either that E. chrysocome was more common as a nonbreeder or that, in the past, it bred nearer to the Beagle Channel than it now does. fuegian midden avifauna 25 Procellariiformes Diomedea melanophris is by far the most common albatross in Tierra del Fuego throughout the year (Humphrey et al.. 1970; Barros, 1971; Adams and Templeton, 1979). Phoehetria palpehrata also occurs in the eastern Beagle Channel, and D. chrysostoma occurs uncommonly in more open Fuegian waters (Clark, 1986). The nearest breeding grounds of D. melanophris are Isla de los Estados and islands of the Cape Horn Archi- pelago (Clark, 1986), and fledged immature D. melanophris are common in the Beagle Channel (Humphrey and Rasmussen, pers. observ.). Diomedea melanophris was more common at Lancha Packewaia than were all other species except Spheniscus magellanicus and Phalacrocorax atriceps, and it must be regarded as more than an incidental prey. Diomedea melanophris is attracted to boats (Haiper and Kinsky, 1978). and like penguins and seals, was said to follow the large shoals of sprats in the Beagle Channel in autumn (Bridges. 1949). Diomedea melanophris was common at the Tiinel 1 site (Humphrey and Rasmussen, unpubl. data), and was found at the Punta Maria site on the Atlantic coast of Tierra del Fuego. Other species of the genus were identified from four other Fuego-Patagonian archaeological sites (Lefevre, 1989). Macronectes giganteus is readily attracted to fishing and marine hunting activities, as well as to accumulations of garbage. We classified this species as marine littoral in habitat because it spends a great deal of time foraging and resting along beaches (Reynolds, 1935). Among Fuegian procellariiformes, this species is by far the most commonly seen on the coast (Canevari et al., 1991 ). This species was a rather rare prey item of the Fuegians despite its abundance in the region, presumably because of its unpalatability. The nearest known nesting area of M. giganteus is Isla de los Estados (Clark, 1986). It also nests in Chubut Province, Argentina (Humphrey and Livezey, 1983), but it is a very common nonbreeding species throughout the Beagle Channel. Most individuals we have seen in the Beagle Channel during the summer are immatures (Humphrey and Rasmussen, pers. observ.). Several bones of this species were found at Tiinel I (Humphrey and Rasmussen. unpubl. data) and at Punta Baja and Bahia Buena (Lefevre, 1989). The presence of several individuals (from four ages) of Fulmar us glacialoides in the Lancha Packewaia archaeoavifauna indicates that the site was used during the austral nonbreeding season, March through No- vember (Humphrey et al.. 1970). Fulmarus glacialoides is a common winter visitor to the Beagle Channel, breeding in Antarctic and outlying subantarctic islands (Blake, 1977). This species is a scavenger and is attracted to fishing activities (Harrison, 1983). It was certainly more than an incidental prey to inhabitants of Tunel I, where it was the most common procellariiform species by a considerable margin (Humphrey and 26 UNIV. KANSAS MUS. NAT. HIST. OCC. PAP. No. 165 Rasmussen, unpubl. data). Therefore, it is suiprising that only one indi- vidual of F. glacialoides (found at Punta Baja) was recorded from seven other Fuego-Patagonian coastal archaeological sites (Lefevre, 1989). Daption capense is common in open waters and straits in the Fuegian region when not breeding (Clark. 1986). It is readily attracted to offal and can be caught on baited hooks, but is undesirable as food (Haiper and Kinsky. 1978). Pujfinus gravis now is rare in Fuegian waters (Cooke and Mills. 1972; Clark 1986). with few definite records from the Beagle Channel. It is known to breed no closer than the Falkland Islands, and there only in very small numbers (Woods, 1975). Numerous sightings oiP. gravis around Isla de los Estados could signal the presence of a colony, however (Watson, 1971). Suiprisingly. P. gravis is represented by many more elements at Lancha Packewaia than is the Sooty Shearwater, P. griseiis, which is presently abundant in Tierra del Fuego. while the reverse situation is found at the nearby Tunel I midden (Humphrey and Rasmussen, unpubl. data). A nesting colony of P. gravis may have existed nearer to Lancha Packewaia than the Falkland Islands around 4000 ybp. although none of the P. gravis bones from Lancha Packewaia is from juveniles. Alternately, migration routes for P. gravis may have shifted, or fonnerly the species may have been more abundant in its breeding grounds at the Falkland Islands. The abundance of P. gravis material at Lancha Packewaia cannot be the result of a single wreck event, as it is represented in at least three dated layers. The species was not recorded from middens at Peninsula Brunswick. Seno Otway. or the Atlantic coast of Tierra del Fuego (Lefevre. 1989). Breeding colonies of Puffimis griseus exist on several nearby island groups, and nonbreeding birds are common all year (Clark, 1986). They are readily attracted to lights at Isla de los Estados (Castellanos, 1935). as well as to fishing activities. Both P. gravis and P. griseus might have been attracted to campfires along the beaches or to cormorant collecting activi- ties by torchlight. Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax magellaniciis is common in the Beagle Channel (Clark. 1986); however, it is not represented in the Lancha Packewaia midden by large numbers. It nests and roosts in relatively small numbers on steeper cliffs and rocks (Muiphy. 1936) than those preferred by the highly colonial P. atriceps, which in Tierra del Fuego nests on flat islands. Therefore, P. magellanicus probably was much less accessible to the Fuegians than was P. atriceps. This, combined with its smaller size (Table 4), makes it less profitable, and seems to explain its infrequent and apparently incidental capture rates. The presence of an apparently prefledging juvenile suggests that this species was captured at colonies, possibly in connection with FUEGIAN MIDDEN AVIFAUNA 27 capture of P. atriceps. Phalacrocorax atriccps nests and roosts in large numbers on flat islands in the Beagle Channel, and it is easily the most abundant avian species in the Lancha Packewaia archaeological site. The presence of juvenile bones conhnns that P. atriceps bred prehistorically in the Lancha Packewaia area and also suggests that at least some were collected at colonies by torchlight as described by Bridges (1949). A small number of prefledging juveniles also were present in the nearby Tiinel I midden (Humphrey and Rasmussen, unpubl. data). The King Shag {Phalacrocorax "'alhixentef') morph (Devillers and Terschuren. 1978; Rasmussen. 1991) presently comprises more than 99% of the population in the Beagle Channel, but as that morph is osteologically indistinguishable from the "Blue-eyed" morph (Siegel-Causey, 1988; Rasmussen, 1991 ), the relative abundances of the two morphs in the past cannot now be determined from the midden material. The blue-eyed shags from lagos Yehuin and Fagnano, in central Tierra del Fuego, are considerably smaller than are those from the Beagle Chan- nel, although coastal females are similar in size to freshwater males (Table 4). The lake shags represent an undescribed taxon which differs in cranial morphology from coastal Phalacrocorax atriccps (Rasmussen and Humphrey, MS). This small fomi might be expected to be present in the Beagle Channel during the nonbreeding season, but because of the overlap in size between the forms this cannot be demonstrated for remains from Lancha Packewaia. No elements referred to P. atriceps from Lancha Packewaia are so small as to be indisputably distinguished from females of the freshwater taxon. As at Lancha Packewaia. Phalacrocorax atriceps was much the most abundant bird species at Tunel I (Humphrey and Rasmussen, unpubl. data), and the species comprises from 12-100% of total MNI from middens on Seno Otway, Peninsula Brunswick, and the Atlantic coast of Tiena del Fuego (Lefevre. 1989). One specimen also was recovered from FelFs Cave, in inland Magallanes Province, Chile (Humphrey et al., 1993). It seems likely that the midden specimens identified as Phalacrocorax hransfieldensis are from wintering individuals, although one individual of this species was recorded in the Beagle Channel in summer (Siegel-Causey and Lefevre, 1989). The poor representation of Phalacrocorax brasiliauus in the Lancha Packewaia archaeoavifauna probably reflects the fact that in the Fuegian Archipelago, this species nests in trees (Philippi et al., 1954; Clark, 1986). It is local in its Fuegian range, nesting on Isla Gable (Clark. 1986) and Isla Hoste (Adams and Templeton, 1979), and it may not have nested in the vicinity of Lancha Packewaia, although one of the two specimens was probably a postfledging juvenile. 28 univ. kansas mus. nat. hist. occ. pap. no. 165 Tadornini Tachyeres pteneres is abundant year-round in the Beagle Channel, breed- ing on rocky shores of islands (Humphrey et al., 1970). Despite its flightlessness, this species can escape by steaming, but the Fuegians used ingenious methods for capturing them (Bridges, 1949). Several bones of this species were found at Tiinel I (Humphrey and Rasinussen. unpubl. data), and it comprised up to 8.3% of the MNI at four sites on Seno Otway and Peninsula Brunswick (Lefevre, 1989). Tachyeres patachonicus is common in the Beagle Channel, but less so than is T. pteneres. The former species flies well, except for young and molting birds and some permanently flightless large males (Humphrey and Livezey, 1982). Although usually flighted, T. patachonicus could be cap- tured by the same methods as was T. pteneres. One individual of T. patachonicus was found in a Holocene anthropogenic deposit at Fell's Cave (Humphrey et al., 1993), and a few bones have been found at Tiinel I (Humphrey and Rasmussen, unpubl. data). POLYBORINAE Polyhorus plancus is fairly frequent in archaeological sites in southern South America, havine been found in the Alero del Diablo rock shelter in Magallanes Province, Chile (Humphrey et al., 1993); at Tiinel I (Humphrey and Rasmussen, unpubl. data); at Punta Maria, on the Atlantic coast of Tiena del Fuego (Lefevre, 1989); and in the archaeological site Los Toldos, at Caiiadon de las Cuevas, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina (Tambussi and Tonni, 1985). This species is common in Tierra del Fuego, especially in open country, and often forages on beaches (Humphrey et al., 1970). Milvago chimango is another common species that frequently scav- enges along beaches and is a commensal of man. This species was repre- sented at Mylodon Cave, Magallanes Province, Chile (Humphrey et al., 1993) by feathers, by numerous bones at Tiinel I (Humphrey and Rasmussen, unpubl. data), and by bones at four of seven middens on Seno Otway, Peninsula Brunswick, and the Atlantic coast of Tierra del Fuego (Lefevre. 1989). Laridae Larus dominicanus is an abundant species that was probably an inciden- tal prey, although a burned tibiotarsus suggests that they were eaten. This species scavenges in large numbers along coastlines in Tierra del Fuego, regularly attends garbage dumps, and is attracted to boats and fishing and hunting activities. Despite the fact that L. dominicanus cunently nests on islands in Ushuaia Bay. none of the bones of this species from Lancha Packewaia is from a poorly ossified bird. A small number of elements of FUEGIAN MIDDEN AVIFAUNA 29 this species were found at Tiinel I (Humphrey and Rasmussen, unpubl. data). Of five archaeological sites on Seno Otway and Peninsula Brunswick, L. dominicanus was found only at Punta Baja, where it comprised only 0.6% MNI; in contrast, at two localities on the Fuegian Atlantic coast, it comprised 27.7-36.5% MNI (Lefevre. 1989). Sterna hinmdinacea currently nests abundantly on islands in Ushuaia Bay, but the single element of this species from Lancha Packewaia is from an adult. Its presence in the midden probably is a result of incidental capture. Sterna hinmdinacea was rarely represented at Tiinel I (Humphrey and Rasmussen. unpubl. data), but it occurred more commonly at Punta Baja, on Peninsula Brunswick (Lefevre, 1989). The Chilean Skua, Catharacta chilensis, is one of the few medium- large marine littoral bird species now common in the Beagle Channel that is absent from the Lancha Packewaia midden. In addition, the species is lacking from the Tiinel I site (Humphrey and Rasmussen. unpubl. data) and only one bone was found in each of two of the seven middens studied by Lefevre (1989). The rarity of skuas in Fuegian middens suggests that the absence of bones of the Great Skua, C. skua, from middens in Europe, which has been taken as evidence for that species' recent colonization of the Northern Hemisphere (Lloyd et al., 1991), may in fact merely reflect the difficulty of capturing skuas and their unpalatability. Landbirds Enicognathus ferrugineus. a common species in Nothofagus forest, is attracted to fires (Humphrey and Rasmussen. pers. observ.), a habit that could well have facilitated the birds' capture by humans. The presence of bones of juveniles of this species evidences that humans used the middens during the breeding season. These parrots were captured at their nests and eaten by the Onas (Bridges, 1949). Small numbers of E. ferrugineus also occurred in the Tiinel I middens (Humphrey and Rasmussen. unpubl. data). Tyto alba is an uncommon (Clark. 1986), but extremely widespread, species represented by only one bone in the Lancha Packewaia site. Judg- ing by the presence of pellets. T. alba was resident during much of the Holocene in two of three caves studied in southern Chile (Humphrey et al., 1993). The presence of small numbers of this species at both Lancha Packewaia and Tiinel I (Humphrey and Rasmussen. unpubl. data), how- ever, can best be accounted for by human predation. Meat Weights On average, each Spheniscus magellanicus provides nearly twice as much meat as does Phalacrocorax atriceps (Table 5). Steamer-ducks, especially Tachyeres pteneres, also provide a great deal of meat. Larger sample sizes of the two steamer-duck species would almost certainly result 30 UNIV. KANSAS MUS. NAT. HIST. OCC. PAP. No. 165 in highly .significant regressions. Phalacwcorax niagellanicus and P. hrasiliamts provide considerably less meat per individual than does P. atriceps, and the first two species are typically found in less accessible habitats than the flat areas favored by P. atriceps. Phalacrocorax magellcuuciis is less sexually dimorphic than are the other cormorants studied here (Rasmussen, 1986), steamer-ducks (Livezey and Humphrey, 1984), or Magellanic Penguins (Scolaro et al., 1983); this may explain the observed lack of correlation between limb length and meat weight. 'f Seasonality Few data exist on the timing of breeding, migration, and winter distribu- tions of many birds in Fuego-Patagonia. Nevertheless, the use of the Lancha Packewaia site during the late breeding season is established by the presence of young juvenile bones of Sphenisciis niagellanicus, Phalacrocorax atriceps, P. niagellanicus, cf. Tachyeres patachonicus, and Enicognathus ferrugineus. In addition. Sterna hirundinacea is only present in the Beagle Channel from November through April (Humphrey et al., 1970). The use of the site by humans during the austral autumn is suggested by the occurrence of more completely ossified remains of immatures of two species of penguins, Diomedea melanophris, Macronectes giganteus, and three species of cormorants, but more data are required on phenology of ossification in these species to establish this. Nonbreeding season (late fall to early spring) use of the middens by humans is established by the occurrence of Fulniarus glacialoides, and is suggested by the occurrence of P. hransfieldensis (Siegel-Causey and Lefevre, 1989). Therefore, the bird remains from Lancha Packewaia indicate the likelihood that this site was used more or less year-round by humans. Correlation of the Avifauna with Climatic History Many species of birds in Fuego-Patagonia are habitat generalists, such as Milvago chimango and Tyto alha. However, most of the species found in the Lancha Packewaia middens are either pelagic or littoral species (Fig. 3). All of the Procellariiformes that are considered pelagic herein fre- quently occur close to shore owing to the narrowness of the Beagle Chan- nel so these species could be considered members of the marine littoral avifauna. Tachyeres ptenercs seems to require rocky marine coastlines (Madge and Burn, 1988), but T. patachonicus is found in a variety of fresh- and saltwater habitats (Weller, 1975). All the marine pelagic and marine littoral species represented in the middens occur on both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of Patagonia, despite the major climatic and habitat differ- ences inland. The presence of Phalacrocorax niagellanicus in both the Ancient and Recent components shows that the cliffs the species requires were present during both time periods (as expected because sea-level FUEGIAN MIDDEN AVIFAUNA 31 fluctuations and isostatic earth movement are thought to have caused variations of 5 m locally; Urien, 1966; Rabassa et al., 1990). Enicognathus ferrugineus is the only species present at Lancha Packewaia that is re- stricted to forest (Canevari et al., 1991); its presence during both the Ancient and Recent components is consistent with Heusser's findings (1984; 1989) that dense Nothofagus forest has been present in the entire region since at least 5500 ybp. Although Fjeldsa and Krabbe (1990) stated that Tyto alba does not occur in heavy forest, this owl's habitat preferences in Patagonia are not well enough established to warrant speculation that its presence might be taken as an indication that Lancha Packewaia was an area of light forest. The avifauna of Lancha Packewaia suggests that the habitats present there during both the Ancient and Recent components resembled those found there now. Major climatic change from late glacial steppe to postglacial forest had occurred by 8000 ybp; since then, southern Fuego-Patagonia has experienced only slight fluctuations in precipitation, temperature, and plant species composition of the forests (Auer, 1974; Moore, 1978; Markgraf, 1980; 1983; Heusser, 1983). The avifauna from the nearby Tiinel I site is considerably larger than that of Lancha Packewaia and, thus far, 15 additional species have been identified from there; it includes five more species restricted to forest and one more restricted to rocky coastline, as well as three additional species that now are only visitors from the subantarctic (Humphrey and Rasmussen, unpubl. data). The Tunel I site also extends farther back in time, to 6980 + 110 ybp. to encompass more pronounced shifts in climate. When the avifaunal analysis from Tiinel I is completed, it will be possible to compare species abundance in the Lancha Packewaia palaeoavifauna with the much larger assemblage from this closely adjacent site in an ecologically similar situation. In these comparisons, several of the factors shaping the deposited assemblages will be held constant (Klein and Cruz-Uribe, 1984), and if changes in taxonomic abundance through time at one site are matched at other nearby sites, one may conclude that the observed changes are real (Grayson, 1984). Lefevre (1989) recorded 22 avian species not found at Lancha Packewaia among remains from seven Fuego-Patagonian archaeo- logical sites. Although the relative proportions of Magellanic Penguins and Imperial Shags in the Ancient and Recent components of Lancha Packewaia differ, both species are abundantly represented during both periods. The avifaunas of the two components are remarkably similar, with landbirds being very rare in either component. Also, most of the bird species represented were marine littoral or pelagic, in contrast to the avifauna recovered from deposits at Mylodon Cave and the nearby Alero del Diablo, Magallanes Province, Chile (Humphrey et al., 1993). These caves, despite being near marine habitats, totally lack marine bird species. Most of the species 32 UNIV. KANSAS MUS. NAT. HIST. OCC. PAP. No. 165 represented at Lancha Packewaia probably would also have been available near Mylodon Cave and vice versa; thus, their absence in some deposits may reflect differences in human foraging habits. Acknowledgments : This study would not have been possible without the generous loan of bird specimens from Lancha Packewaia by L. A. Orquera, E. L. Plana, and their colleagues at the Asociacion de Investigaciones Antropologicas, Buenos Aires, who also arranged for the excavation, clean- ing, preliminary sorting, and numbering to trench and layer. All specimens were returned after completion of this study to the Asociacion de Investigaciones Antropologicas, Buenos Aires, Repiiblica Argentina. We thank authorities and staff of the following museums for loan of and access to skeletal specimens: American Museum of Natural History; Burke Mu- seum, University of Washington: Field Museum of Natural History: Los Angeles County Museum: Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University: Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Ber- keley; National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; San Diego Natural History Museum; University of Michigan Museum of Zool- ogy; Peabody Museum, Yale University. Staff of the Division of Birds of the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History arranged for loans. Data on meat weights were gathered with the assistance of B. C. Livezey, N. Lopez, and D. Siegel-Causey. D. Siegel-Causey and C. Lefevre identi- fied many of the cormorants. L. A. Orquera provided insights on the archaeological context, and R. Ramirez improved the Spanish of the resumen. This study was assisted by an award from the General Research Fund of the University of Kansas, and data on meat weights were gathered under National Science Foundation grants BSR-83- 19900 and BSR 84- 07365. A United States-Latin American Cooperative Scientific Program short visit grant (INT-8600344) permitted Humphrey to meet with Orquera and Plana in Argentina for invaluable planning and discussion. LITERATURE CITED Ad.^ms, W., and R. Templeton. 1979. Oniilholoi>y. Canihricli^e Expedition to Tierra del Fuego 1977. Report. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Univ. Press. AuER. V. 1974. The isorhythmicity subsequent to the Fuego-Patagonia and Fennoscandia ocean level transgressions and regressions of the latest glaciation: the significance of tephrochronology, C-14 dating and micropalaeontology for Quaternary research. Ann. Acad. Scient. Fennicae, Ser. A, 1 15:1-88. 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An interpretation of skull structure in penguins. Pp. 59-84 //; Stonehouse, B. (ed.), The Biology of Penguins. Baltimore, Maryland: Univ. Park Press. APPENDIX NISP and MNI for each element (COR = coracoid, HUM = humerus, FEM = femur, TIB = tibiotarsus, and TAR = tarsometatarsus), species, and radiocarbon age for Lancha Packewaia. Undated and equivocally dated specimens are not included in MNI (except where no overlap is possible). % MNI per age is percent for each age over entire avifauna. Element NISP Per age Species Age COR HUM FEM TIB TAR NISP MNI %MNI Spheniscus magellanicus 4215 ±305 24 22 16 14 6 82 11 18.6 4020 ± 70 9 12 15 10 3 49 8 22.2 1590 ±50 5 2 1 0 3 11 4 50.0 1120 ±50 0 1 1 4 0 6 2 22.2 1080 ± 100 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 25.0 ca. 1000 1 I 1 1 0 4 455 ± 85 0 3 1 0 1 5 2 50.0 410 ±75 1 0 1 2 0 4 2 100.0 ca. 400 1 1 1 0 2 5 280 ± 85 25 31 25 23 8 112 18 36.7 280 ± 85 or 470 ± 50 3 3 1 3 0 10 Totals 71 76 63 57 23 290 48 27.1 38 UNIV. KANSAS MUS. NAT. HIST. OCC. PAP. No. 165 Appendix. Continued. Species Element NISP ] Per age Age COR HUM FEM TIB TAR NISP MNI % MNI Eudyptes clvysocome 4215 1305 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1.7 1080 ± 100 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 25.0 Undated 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 Totals 0 2 0 1 0 3 2 1.1 Diomedea mclanophris 4215 1305 2 3 1 0 1 7 2 3.4 4020 ± 70 0 1 1 0 1 3 1 2.8 1590150 1 0 0 1 0 3 1 12.5 1120 + 50 2 2 1 3 1 9 2 22.2 1080 1 100 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 25.0 ca. 1000 2 0 1 1 0 4 455 1 85 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 25.0 ca. 400 0 1 1 1 0 3 280 1 85 1 2 0 0 1 6 1 2.0 280 1 85 or 470 1 50 0 0 1 0 1 1 Undated 1 8 3 3 3 18 Totals 9 19 11 10 8 57 9 5.1 Macronectes giganteus 4215 1305 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1.7 4020 1 70 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2.8 280 1 85 0 0 2 2 0 4 1 2.0 Totals 0 0 2 2 2 6 3 1.7 Fidmarus glacialoides 4215 1305 2 1 0 0 T 5 2 3.4 4020 1 70 1 1 0 0 1 3 1 2.8 1590150 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 12.5 280 1 85 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 2.0 Undated 1 8 2 4 0 15 Totals 5 10 3 5 3 26 5 2.8 FUEGIAN MIDDEN AVIFAUNA 39 Appendix. Continued. Species Element NISP Per age Age COR HUM FEM TIB TAR NISP MM %MNI cf. Daption capeiise 4213 ±305 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1.7 Total 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.6 Puffinus gravis 4215 + 305 0 1 1 1 0 4 1 1.7 4020 ± 70 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2.S 280 ± 85 0 1 1 1 1 4 1 2.0 Undated 0 7 1 5 6 19a Totals 0 11 3 7 7 28 5b 2.8 Puffinus griseus ' 42 1 5 ± 305 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1.7 4020 ± 70 0 2 1 0 3 6 2 5.5 Undated 0 3 0 0 0 3 Totals 0 6 1 0 3 10 3 1.7 Phalacrocora.x rnagellanicus 4215 ±305 0 3 0 6 3 12 3 5.1 4020 ± 70 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 2.8 1080 ± 100 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 25.0 ca. 1000 0 2 0 0 0 1 lb 50.0 280 ± 85 2 3 2 2 9 11 2 4.1 Undated 3 4 2 2 3 14 Totals 6 12 4 11 8 41 8 4.5 Phalacwcorax cUriceps'^ 4215 ±305 57 43 46 68 56 270 29 49.1 4020 ± 70 23 36 26 39 18 142 13 36.1 1590 ±50 3 3 2 4 0 12 1 12.5 1120 ±50 5 4 3 ■ 2 1 15 2 22.2 1080 ± 100 4 0 0 0 0 4 0 455 ± 85 3 1 2 0 0 6 1 25.0 410 ±75 4 7 0 0 0 11 0 ca. 400 0 0 3 5 3 11 1 100.0 280 ± 85 30 41 36 46 34 187 18 36.7 280 ± 85 or 470 ± 50 0 0 1 1 0 2 Totals 129 135 119 165 112 660 65 36.7^^ 40 UNIV. KANSAS MUS. NAT. HIST. OCC. PAP. No. 165 Appendix. Continued. Species Element NISP Per age Age COR HUM FEM TIB TAR NISP MNI % :MNI Phalacwcomx hraiisfieklensis^ 4215 ±305 1 — 6 7 3 5.1 4020 ± 70 7 3 10 4 11.1 ca. 1000 0 1 1 1 50.0 280 ± 85 6 4 10 3 6.1 Undated 1 0 1 2 — — Totals 1 14 15 30 11 6.2 Phalacrocora.x hrasilianus 280 ± 85 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 4.1 Totals 0 2 0 0 0 2 -) 1.1 Tuchyeres pteneres 4215 ±305 0 2 0 1 0 3 1 1.7 4020 ± 70 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 2.8 Undated 1 1 2 0 0 4 — Totals 1 3 2 2 0 8 T 1.1 Tacliyeres patachonicus 4215 ±305 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1.7 4020 ± 70 1 0 0 0 0 1 I 2.8 280 ± 85 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2.0 Undated 0 0 0 0 1 1 Totals 2 1 0 0 1 4 3 1.7 Polyborus plancus Undated 0 0 0 1 0 I 1 — Total 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0.6 Milvago chimango 4020 ± 50 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 2.8 Totals 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 0.6 FUEGIAN MIDDEN AVIFAUNA 41 Appendix. Continued. Element NISP Per age Species Age COR HUM FEM TIB TAR NISP MNI % MNI Larus dominicanus 4215 ±305 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 3.4 1590 ±50 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 12.5 280 ± 85 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 2.0 Undated 2 1 0 1 0 4 Totals 5 1 1 1 0 8 4 2.2 Sterna (J hivuudimicea 1120 ±50 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 11.1 Total 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0.6 Enicognathus ferrugineus 4020 ± 70 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2.8 1120 ±50 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 11.1 ca. 1000 0 0 1 0 0 1 — Totals 0 1 2 1 0 4 2 1.1 Tyto alha 1120 ±50 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 11.1 Total 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0.6 Totals 230 281 226 264 182 1183 177 ^Includes 1 1 elements known to be from Recent Component. "Undated or imprecisely dated MNI > total MNI from dated periods. '"Femur and tarsometatarsus were the only elements considered diagnostic for this species. Coracoid, humerus, and tibiotarsus may include specimens of Phalacwcovax hransfieldensis. so were not used in calculation of MNIs. 3 2044 093 361 715