Occasional Papers OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES XVI PRINTED FROM THE JOHN W. HENDRI^ PUBLICATION ENDOWMENT SAN FRANCISCO Published by the Academy September 15, 1928 THE AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA An Account of the Species Known to Inhabit California Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Sonora, AND Lower California BY JOSEPH R. SLEVIN Curator, Department of Herpetology SAN FRANCISCO California Academy of Sciences September 15, 1928 To the memory of JOHN VAN DENBURGH a good friend and my companion on many trips a-field PREFACE In its general character, the present work follows the plan of "The Reptiles of Western North America," by the late John Van Denburgh, published in 1922. It includes descriptions of the amphibians of the same geographical area, and thus completes the review of the herpetology of the western portion of our continent. The illustrations as in the earlier volumes have been made from original photographs from living amphibians. The untimely death of Dr. John Van Denburgh prevented his finishing this work, as he had planned, and therefore the author, his co-worker for many years, has brought it to completion. As in "The Reptiles of Western North America," this study is based primarily on the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Additional material was obtained from Stanford Uni- versity Museum, the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the Uni- versity of California, and the Provincial Museum, Victoria, British Columbia, in charge of Professor J. 0. Snyder, Dr. Joseph Grin- nell, and Mr. G. A. Hardy, respectively, to whom I am indebted for the use of collections and records. My thanks are extended to the following staff members of the California Academy of Sciences: Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director of the Museum, who made possible the publication of this volume; Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, Curator, Department of Invertebrate Paleontology, for assistance in photography; Mr. H. S. Swarth, Curator, and Miss Mary E. McLellan, Assistant Curator, Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy, for criticism of the manuscript; and Mr. Ignatius McGuire, Assistant Librarian. Thanks are due also to Mr. L. M. Klauber of the San Diego Zoological Society for help in many ways. The Author San Francisco, California. CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 9 Synopsis of Classes 9 Distribution Amphibians of California 11 Amphibians of Alaska 12 Amphibians of British Columbia 12 Amphibians of Washington 12 Amphibians of Oregon 12 Amphibians of Idaho 13 Amphibians of Utah 13 Amphibians of Nevada 14 Amphibians of Arizona -. 14 Amphibians of Sonora 14 Amphibians of Lower California 14 Amphibians of the Islands of the Pacific Coast 16 Breeding and Metamorphosis 17 Collecting and Preserving 17 Glossary 18 g CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papebs SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION PAGE Class AMPHIBIA 21 Order I. CAUDATA (Salamanders, newts, etc.) 21 Suborder I. MUTABILIA 21 Family 1. Salamandrid^ 21 1. Triturus 22 torosus (Pacific Coast Newt) 22 Family 2. Ambystomid^ 25 2. Ambystoraa 26 paroticum (Northwestern Salamander) 26 decorticatum (British Columbia Salamander).... 28 macrodactylum (Long-toed Salamander) 29 tigrinum (Tiger Salamander) 31 3. Dicamptodon 36 ensatus (Pacific Giant Salamander) 36 4. Rhyacotriton i^ 38 olympicus (Olympic Salamander) 39 Family 3. Plethodontid;e 40 5. Batrachoseps 41 attenuatus caudatus (Alaska Salamander). 42 leucopus (Coronados Islands Salamander).... 43 pacificus (Island Salamander) 45 attenuatus (Slender Salamander) 47 major (Garden Salamander) 50 6. Plethodon 51 intermedins (Western Red-backed Salanianderl 52 elongatus (Del Norte Salamander) 55 vandykei (Washington Salamander) 57 7. Ensatina 59 eschscholtzii (Red Salamander) 60 croceater (Sierra Salamander) 63 No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 7 PAGE 8. Aneides 65 flavipunctatus (Black Salamander) 66 ferreus (Clouded Salamander) 69 lugubris lugubris (California Yellow-dotted Sala- mander) 71 farallonensis (Farallon Yellow-dotted Sala- mander) 74 9. Hydromantes 76 platycephala (Mount Lyell Salamander) 76 Order II. SALIENTIA (Frogs, toads, etc.) 78 Suborder II. COSTATA 79 Family 4. Discoglossid;e 79 10. Ascaphus 79 truei (American Ribbed Toad) 79 Suborder III. LINGUATA 83 Family 5. Scaphiopodidae 83 11. Scaphiopus 83 hammondii (Western Spadefoot) 84 couchii (Sonoran Spadefoot) 87 Family 6. Bufonid;e 89 12. Bufo 89 boreas boreas (Northwestern Toad) 90 halophilus, (California Toad) 94 compactilis (Sonoran Toad) 97 canorus (Yosemite Park Toad) 99 punctatus (Red-spotted Toad) 100 woodhousii (Rocky Mountain Toad) 102 cognatus cognatus (Great Plains Toad) 105 californicus (Arroyo Toad) 107 alvarius (Giant Toad) 108 8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers PAGE Family 7. Hylid;e 110 13. Hyla 110 arenicolor (Sonoran Tree-toad) 110 regilla (Pacific Tree-toad) 113 14. Pseudacris 118 triseriata (Western Marsh Frog) 118 Family 8. Ranid^ 120 15. Rana 120 pipiens (Leopard Frog) 121 onca (Nevada Frog) 126 aurora aurora (Western Wood Frog) 127 draytonii (California Red-legged Frog). 129 cantabrigensis (Northern Wood Frog) 132 pretiosa (Western Spotted Frog) 133 boylii boylii (California Yellow-legged Frog) 136 sierrae (Sierra Nevada Yellow-legged Frog). ...139 muscosa (Southern Yellow-legged Frog) 140 catesbeiana (Bullfrog) 142 INDEX 145 THE AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA INTRODUCTION The amphibians form a group of vertebrates often popularly confused with the reptiles. The superficial resemblance between salamanders and lizards may be very great, yet such real differ- ences exist between amphibians and reptiles that zoologists re- gard them as belonging to distinct classes, groups as different as mammals, birds and fishes. As Dr. Gadow says: "A Bird is known by its feathers, a Beast by its hairs, a Fish by its fins, but there is no such obvious feature which characterises the Amphibia and the Reptiles. In fact they are neither fish, flesh nor fowl." Most amphibians lay their eggs in water, and the young, for a time, breathe by means of gills. After a metamorphosis, during which the gills and other larval characteristics disappear, the young assume the form and structure of the adults and leave the water to spend a greater or less portion of their lives on land. Reptiles never lay their eggs in water, and their young are hatched or born with the form and structure of their parents. The skin of our amphibians often is moist or slimy, and is not covered with scales. Many embryological and anatomical differences between amphi- bians and reptiles exist but need not be stated here. Synopsis of Classes a. — Anal opening longitudinal or round; skin smooth or warty, without scales; no claws.* (Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, waterdogs, tadpoles, etc.) Amphibia. — p. 21 a^ — Anal opening tranverse or round ; skin furnished with scales (varying from large plates to minute granules) ; or, if skin smooth, tail and claws present and jaws without teeth. (Turtles, lizards, snakes, etc.) Reptilia. The amphibians of western North America are not very numerous. They represent two orders, the tailed amphibians or Caudata, and *Tlps of digits sometimes horny. 10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers the tailless amphibians or Salientia. The former includes the salamanders and newts or waterdogs, while to the latter belong the toads, tree-toads, frogs, etc. In the following pages, there are admitted to the fauna of the area under consideration 4C species and subspecies of amphibians, belonging to 15 genera, eight fam- ilies, and two orders. Of these 22 are salamanders, and 24 are frogs, toads, etc. The following lists show, in a general way, the known distribu- tion of the various species and subspecies. No. IS] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 11 ■a B X X t/3 z ■< CO B o CJ o o H t I > K X X X « X XXX X X XXX X X XXX X X XXX X X C8 ■a CO z; U o cu CQ KJ Q < w a. to o a S r; fci c o « iTn « *■ ■♦-> i d 0) <4 SEE , m to p J >i ^ ?> :ese m C3 3 c o 5 -w .- 10 -w m tj g Ej=.2 « C .^ to o 3 <:W. ir* oD * OOOOOOOeOeo!S5£?S5 3333333>>>>eOcOOcOc6CC •-iaoa e[ieBQ ■•■■;■ X ; i i i i : : jaAnoouB^ XX::;Xii:ixXX: BJOIjqBQ i 1 1 I i : ; i i X : X : i uBinuaQ 1 i i j • : i i ■ X i i i i auXBg ; j j j : : ! : : X j : i i a^lO]jBq3 uaanf) : i ; i i : ; i i ; X i i : IIBQ X i i : i • ; f : ■ i ■ ■ ■ a^^auuv i 1 X : : : 1 ; : : I : ; 1 B^aaaH ■ : i i : i • ; i ; X ; ; ; A'i\Tiiivapy X : i i i i i : : : X : i : UBMg i : : i ; ; • : : : X I ; naniiBO X : : : : : i i 1 ; i : : ■ jeiSjeg i ■•■;■■:: i ;■: X OS Q s u TituruB torosuB.... Ambystoma paroticum...- Batrachoseps a. caudatus.- Batrachoseps a. attenuatus Batrachoseps a. pacificus Plethodon int«rmediu8 Ensatina eschscholtzii Aneides lugubris lugubris _ Aneides lugubris farallonensis _ Aneidee ferreus. , _ _ Bufo boreas boreas _ Hvla reedlla Rana aurora aurora. Rana prctiosa no. 16] amphibians of western north america j 7 Breeding and Metamorphosis Although most amphibians lay their eggs in water, certain species depart from this rule. In western North America, the salamanders of the genera Batrachoseps, Plethodon and Aneides deposit their ^gs in moist places in holes or caves, or under stones, logs, boards, leaves or moss. Our other amphibians resort to the water to lay. The number of eggs laid varies with the species and the in- dividual, and may range from less than a dozen to several hun- dreds. The eggs are spherical and usually pigmented, at least above, except in the species of terrestrial habit. They usually are laid in small clusters (Triturus, Plethodon, Aneides, Hyla), large masses (Ambystoma, Rana), or in long strings (Bufo), and are surrounded by transparent gelatinous material. The size of the egg does not correspond with the size of the amphibian. The eggs which are not laid in the water are much larger than those that are. The eggs soon develop into tadpoles or larvae with gills and tails but no limbs. After a time, which may vary from two or three days to as many weeks, the larvas of those species which deposit their eggs in the water escape from the gelatinous masses or membranes and become free-swimming. During the period of growth which follows, arms and legs develop simultaneously. In the Salientia the arms are hidden for some time within the gill chambers, and after they become external they remain much smaller than the hind limbs, while in the Caudata the arms and legs are about equally developed. After a period of days, weeks, or months, the aquatic larva undergoes a metamorphosis, during which it looses its gills and, in the case of the Salientia, its tail, and as- sumes the form, structure and coloring of the air-breathing adult. In those species which lay their eggs on land, the larval stages of growth and the metamorphoses occur within the egg membranes, the young being hatched as small duplicates of their parents. Collecting and Preserving Amphibians are usually found in moist places. Many species are nocturnal. The salamanders of the genera Triturus and Ambystoma often are found in springs, streams, ponds, or lakes. Other salamanders seem rarely if ever to go into water. Such are the species of Batrachoseps, Plethodon, and Aneides, which even lay their eggs on land. These salamanders usually are found in moist places, under stones, boards, logs, or moss, under the 18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers loose bark of trees or logs, in holes in trees or in the ground, or in caves, cellars or spring-houses. Some of our tailless amphibians, Bufo and Scaphiopus. live in very dry regions. They may be sometimes found at night but are most easily secured after rains, when they resort to ponds to lay their eggs. At these times they sometimes congregate in great numbers and large series may be secured. Most of the true frogs, Rana, are to be sought about the edges of streams, ponds and lakes. Frogs are best collected with a .22 caliber pistol loaded with dust shot, or sometimes with a net, hook and line, or a pair of forceps. The other amphibians may be readily caught with the hands or with a small dip-net. All of the species are harmless. Amphibians may be preserved in the same manner as reptiles except that strong alcohol should never be used, for the reason that it makes them dry, hard and brittle. Alcohol of 60 to 65 per cent preserves amphibians well. Care must be taken to have it enter the body cavity through a slit cut just to one side of the mid- ventral line. Amphibian eggs should be preserved in weak formalin. The descriptions in the following pages are baspd upon alcoholic specimens unless otherwise stated. Living amphibians often are much more brightlv colored. This is especially true of bright yellows, reds, and greens. Measurements are given in millimeters, from alcoholic specimens. The tail is measured from the anus. Limbs are measured from the side of the body to the tip of the longest toe. Glossary of Terms as used in this Work Ad pressed .-Relating to limbs pressed tightly against the sides with toes facing one another. Amphiccelous. — Vertebrae having the anterior and posterior sur- faces of the centra concave. Arclferous. — Relating to the pectoral arch of toads, where the pre- coracoid and coracoid are widely separated and connected by a large arched epicoracoid. Areolated. — Divided into minute circular spaces. Basibranchiul.—The median ventral or basal skeletal portion of a branchial arch. Canthus roslralis. — A ridge extending from the tip of the snout to the corner of the eye. Carpus. — The wrist. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA JQ Ceratohyal. — ^The component of the hyoid arch next below the epihyal. Choance. — Funnel-shaped openings, as the nasal passages. Coccyx. — The part of the vertebral column beyond the sacrum. Condyle. — A process on a bone for the purpose of articulation. Coracoid. — A bone or process in the pectoral girdle. Costal grooves. — Vertical grooves between the costal folds on the sides of the body in salamanders. Cranial crests. — Horny ridges between the eyes on the heads of toads. Dentigerous. — Bearing teeth. Diapophyses. — The lateral or transverse processes of the neural arches of Anura. Dorsal fin. — The median fin on the back of the tail of a sala- mander. Edentulous. — Without teeth. Ethmoid. — Bones which form a considerable part of the walls of the nasal cavity. Eustachian tube. — A canal connecting the tympanic cavity with the pharynx. Fenestra. — An opening in a bone or between two bones. Fontanelle. — A gap or space between bones in the cranium closed onlv bv membrane. Fusiform. — Tapering gradually at both ends. Internal nares. — Inner openings of the nasal passages. Mandibular teeth. — Teeth in the lower jaw. Maxillary teeth. — Teeth on the lateral bone^ of the upper jaw. Metatarsal tubercle. — A horny raised surface on the metatarsus. Nasolabial groove. — A groove extending between the nostril and the lip on certain salamanders. Omosternum. — One of the elements of the amphibian sternum. Opisthocoslous. — Vetrebrae having the centra concave behind. Orbitosphenoid. — Paired cranial elements lying between presphe- noid and frontal. Osseous. — Composed of or resembling bone. Palatine bones. — Bones supporting the posterior portions of the roof of the mouth. Palmar tubercles. — Small rounded protuberances on the hands and feet of amphibians. Parasphenoid teeth. — Teeth on the parasphenoid bone in the roof of the mouth of certain salamanders. 20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers Parietals. — Paired bones of the roof of the skull. Parotoid gland. — An enlarged gland situated on the side of the head. Pedicel. — A short stem. Phalanges. — The bones of the fingers and toes. Pollex. — The thumb, or innermost digit of the normal five in the anterior limb. Precoracoid. — An anterior ventral bone of the pectoral girdle of higher vertebrates. Premaxillaries. — Paiied bones anterior to the maxillary in most vertebrates. Prootic. — The anterior bone of the otic capsule in vertebrates. Pterygoid. — Wing-like process of the sphenoid bone. Quadrate. — The bone with which the lower jaw articulates in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. Sacrum. — The bone forming the termination of the vertebral column anterior to the coccyx. Squamosal arch. — A membrane bone of the vertebrate skull form- ing part of the posterior side wall. Stapes. — The innermost bone of the middle ear. Sternum. — The breast-bone in vertebrates. Subarticular tubercles. — Small protuberances on the under sur- faces of the fingers and toes. Tubercle. — A small protuberance. Tympanum. — The drum-like cavity constituting the middle ear. Urostyle. — An unsegmented bone, the posterior part of the vertebral column of anurous amphibians. Vent. — The anus. Vestibule. — A cavity leading into another cavity or passage, as the cavity of the ear-labyrinth. Vomerine teeth. — Teeth on the vomers, situated in the anterior por- tion of the roof of the mouth. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA £1 Class AMPHIBIA The amphibians of western North America belong to two groups, or orders, to which they may be referred by the following Synopsis of Orders a. — Body elongate, with well-developed tail; fore and hind limbs of nearly equal size Caudata. — p. 21 a*. — Body rather short and broad; no tail in adults (except male Ascaphus) , hind limbs much longer than fore limbs Salientia. — p. 78 Order I. CAUDATA The order Caudata contains the tailed amphibians or sala- manders. Those of western North America belong to three families. Synopsis of Families a. — No parasphenoid teeth. b. — Palatine teeth in two longitudinal series; skin often rough- ened with granular warts; costal grooves not evident Salamandridae. — p. 21 b^ — Palatine teeth transverse, sometimes converging posteriorly ; skin smooth; costal grooves usually evident Ambystomidae. — p. 25 a". — Parasphenoid teeth present; skin smooth; costal grooves evident Plethodontidae. — p. 40 Suborder I. MUTABILIA Family I. SALAMANDRID^ The members of this family have opisthoccelous vertebrae. Ethmoid wanting. Pterygoid present. Carpus and tarsus osseous. Palatines with posterior separate processes extending over the parasphenoid; bearing teeth on their inner margins. No dentiger- ous plates on the parasphenoid. Parietal entirely separated from prefrontals by broad frontals. No postfrontal-squamosal arch. Ceratohyal free, connected with the quadrate by ligament. A single genus represents this family in western North America. The one species is amphibious in habit, but spends most of its 22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers time in the water. Its eggs are of small size, pigmented, and are deposited in small gelatinous masses usually attached to weeds growing in the water. The very small young soon emerge from these masses and loose their gills only after a long period of larval growth in the water. Genus I. Triturus THtm-us Rapinesque, Anal, Nat., 1815, p. 78 (type, cristatus). Triturus torosus (Eschscholtz) Pacific Coast Newt Plate I, figure 1 Triton torosus Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, 1833, p. 12, pi. XXI, fig. 15 (type locality, central California probably near the coast, either at San Francisco or between San Rafael, Marin County, and Fort Ross, Sonoma County) ; Strauch, Mem. Acad. Imper. St. Petersb., Ser. 7, XVI, No. 4, 1870, p. 50. Triton tereticaiida Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, 1833, p. 14 (type locality, Fort Ross, Sonoma County, California). Triton Ermani WiEGMANN, Erman's Reise um die Erde, Atlas, 1835, p. 24 (type locality, California) ; WiEGMANN, Archive fiir Naturg-eschichte, 2 Jahrg., II, 1836, pp. 163, 250. Salamandra Beecheyi Gray, Zool. Beechey's Voyage, 1839, p. 99, pi. XXXI, fig. 3 (type locality, Monterey, California). Salamandra (Triton) granulosa Skilton, Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, Ser. 2, VII, 1849, p. 202. Notopthalmus torosus Baird, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ser. 2, I, 1849, p. 284; Smith, The Tailed Amphibians including the Csecilians, 1877, p. 105; Grinneli. & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 130; Stejnbger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 7; Patch, Copeia, 1922, 111, p. 75; Breder, Copeia, 1923, No. 119, p. 75; Grinnbxl & Storer, Animal Life in the Yosemite, 1924, p. 651. Taricha torosa Gray, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1850, p. 25; GiRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herpt., 1858, p. 5, pi. I, figs. 1-8. Taricha lievis Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1853, p. 302 (type locality, San Francisco). Diemyctylus torosa CoOPER, in Cronise Nat. Wealth Calif., 1868, p. 486. Triton lievis Strauch, Mem. Acad. Imper. Sci. St. Petersb., Ser. 7, XVI, No. 4, 1870, p. 50. Diemyctylus torosus CoPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 28; Yarrow. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 160; Town- send, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 241; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 204, pis. XXXVI, fig. 2, XXXVIII, figs. 1-4, XLV, fig. 8, XLIX, fig. 3; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, pp. 181, 183; Van Denbcrgh, Bull. U. S. Fish No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 23 Commiss. for 1894, p. 207; Ritter, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, I, No. 2, 1897, p. 73, pi. Ill; Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 56, 1907, p. 138; Ruthling, Copeia, 1915, No. 25, p. 62; Fowler & Dunn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1917, p. 28. Molge torosa Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 20. Cynops torosus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, pp. 23, 25, 28. Ambystoma iiibrum Reid, Hist. Pasadena, 1895, p. 600 (type lo- cality, probably vicinity of Pasadena, California). Triturus torosus Dunn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXII, No. 9, 1918, p. 450; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 3; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S. 1923, p. 154; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 44; Klauber, Zool. Soc. San Diego, Bull. No. 3, 1927, p. 1. Description. — General form stout. Limbs well developed. Tail oval or cylindrical, and in the breeding season much compressed, with large ventral keel. Head depressed. Snout truncate when seen from above, overhanging in profile. Eyes moderate, sepa- rated anteriorly by about twice the length of the orbital slit. Nostrils small, opening laterally near corner of snout. Subnasal grooves not present. Line of lip curved strongly downward be- ginning at a point midway between the nostril and the orbit. Pala- tine teeth in two longitudinal rows converging between the inner margins of the nares. Parasphenoid teeth not present. Internal and external nares about equally distant. Tongue ovoid, free laterally, attached along median line. Neck rather short, about width of body. Costal grooves not evident. Anterior limbs with four and posterior with five digits. Digits depressed without ter- minal disk-like expansions; inner quite small, second and fourth nearly equal; second toe longer than fifth. Tail without constric- tion behind vent. Cloacal region enlarged, especially during the breeding season. When found in water during the breeding sea- son has a smooth skin, sometimes with a few wrinkles. The color above in alcohol is uniform dark brown or reddish- brown. The lower surfaces" are orange or pale yellow. Both dorsal and ventral surfaces in rough skinned individuals are cov- ered with minute reddish-brown horny points. 24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIKNCES [Oc. Papers Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 78 72 71 76 73 76 Front of anus to end of tail..ll2 113 111 118 112 115 Width of head 17 16 16 16 17 17 Snout to orbit 5 5 5 4 5 5 Snout to fore limb 29 27 26 25 27 27 Axilla to groin 38 36 37 35 38 37 Fore limb 26 27 30 28 28 30 Hind limb 31 28 29 29 28 32 Breadth of hind foot 12 10 9 9 10 10 Distribution. — This species ranges along the Pacific Coast from Alaska south to northern Lower California. In Alaska, it has been collected on Carmen, Admiralty and Dall islands, and at Hassler Harbor, Port Chester and Revillagigedo Harbor. In British Columbia, it is known to occur on Vancouver Island as well as on the mainland, and has been taken at San Mateo Lake near Union Bay, Victoria, Metlakatla, Chilukiveyuk River, Fraser River, Bella Coola, Hagensborg, Ocean Falls, and Hatzic. In Washington, it has been secured in Clallam (Neah Bay, Lapush, Forks), Jefferson (Bogachiel), King (Seattle), Pierce (Fort Steila- coom, Tacoma, Mount Rainier, Nesqually), Lewis (Skookumchuck Creek, Skookumchuck River near Chehalis), Pacific (Tokeland, South Bend, Ilwaco), Clark (Fort Vancouver), Kittitas (Easton), and Klickitat (Trout Lake, Goldendale) counties. In Oregon, it has been found in Clatsop (Astoria, Gearheart, Olney), Tillamook (Garibaldi, Trask), Multnomah (Portland), Clackamas (Mount Hood), Yamhill (McMinnville), Lincoln (New- port, Toledo), Benton (Corvallis), Linn (The Lakes, Albany), Lane (Eugene, Cottage Grove, Mapleton), Douglas (Elkton, Drain, Deer Creek, Roseburg, Takeneitch Creek, Fort Umpqua), Coos (Empire, Myrtle Point), Curry (Port Orford, Harbor), and Klamath (Crater Lake), counties. In California, it has been collected in Del Norte (Crescent City, Requa), Humboldt (three miles west from Areata, Eureka, Car- lotta. South Fork of Eel River at Myers ten miles below Phillips- ville. White Thorn, Fair Oaks), Trinity (one-half mile south from YoUo Bolly Mountain, Gumboot Lake), Shasta (Castle Crags, Baird, McCloud River), Mendocino (near summit of Mount San- hedrin, Sherwood six miles north from Willits, Willits, Mendocino City, Comptche, Albion River two miles below Comptche, Navarro River, Philo, Lake Leonard ten miles northwest from Ukiah, Ukiah, No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 25 Alder Creek, Garcia River, Gualala, Fairbanks), Lake (Kelsey- ville), Sonoma (Warm Springs Creek near Skaggs Springs, Wheat- ville Fork of Gualala River, Fort Ross, six miles west from Caza- dero, Knights Valley Creek near Kellogg, Monte Rio, mouth of Russian River, Camp Meeker, Freestone, Agua Caliente, Petaluma), Napa (Calistoga, Mount St. Helena, St. Helena, Berryessa Creek, Napa, Luscol), Marin (Inverness, Tocaloma, Tomales Bay, Camp Taylor, Lagunitas, Bolinas Bay, Mount Tamalpais, Muir Woods, Mill Valley, Phoenix Gulch, Kentfield, San Quentin, Sausalito, Point Bonita, Tennessee Cove), Solano (Vallejo), Contra Costa (Walnut Creek), Alameda (Moraga Valley, Berkeley, Oakland, Hayward), San Francisco (Golden Gate Park, Presidio), San Mateo (San Pedro Point, Tunitas Creek, San Mateo, Redwood City), Santa Clara (Palo Alto, Stanford University, Los Gatos), Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, Brookdale), San Benito (San Juan), Mon- terey (Monterey, Pacific Grove, Carmel), San Luis Obispo (Santa Lucia Mountains), Placer (Auburn, Cisco), El Dorado (FyfFe), Calaveras (Mokelumne Hill), Mariposa (Pleasant Valley, Yosemite Valley), Madera (Northfork), Fresno (Fresno, Bear Creek), Tulare (Kaweah, Colony Mill, Redstone Park), Los Angeles (Mil- lard and Fish canyons near Pasadena, Arroyo Seco Canyon, Pasa- dena, Big Santa Anita near Pasadena, Santa Anita Creek, Sierra Madre, Bailey Canyon, Sierra Madre, San Gabriel Mountains, West Fork San Gabriel River, San Dimas Canyon, Tropico, Winters Creek, Topango Canyon near Santa Monica, Las Flores and Rustic canyons in the Santa Monica Mountains), Orange (Trabuco Canyon), and San Diego (San Diego, San Diego River), counties. Lower California specimens from San Andreas and Keller are in the U. S. National Museum. Family H. AMBYSTOMID^ The vertebrae are amphicoelus. Ethmoid wanting. Pterygoid present. Carpus and tarsus osseous. Palatine bones not extend- ing over parasphenoid; bearing teeth on their posterior margins. No dentigerous plates on parasphenoid. Premaxillaries fully de- veloped. Orbitosphenoid separated from prootic by membranous walls. Internal wall of vestibule osseous. The members of this family lay their eggs in water. The young are small when hatched, and retain their gills through a long period of larval growth in lakes, ponds or streams. After trans- formation they become terrestrial and usually live a more or less subterranean existence. 25 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers Synopsis of Genera a. — Tongue attached along median line, lateral edges free. b. — Palatine teeth in long longitudinal series with narrow in- terspaces Ainbystonia. — p. 26 b'. — Palatine teeth in short curved series Rhyacotriton. — p. 38 a. — Tongue adherent: palatine teeth in long longitudinal series with wide interspaces Dicamptodon. — p. 36 Genus 2. Anibystoma Amhystoma TscHUDi, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, 1838, p. 92 type, subviolacea). In this genus the parasphenoid teeth are absent. The tongue is adherent along the median line, with lateral edges free. The limbs are strong and well developed. There are five digits. The skin is smooth. Synopsis of Species a. — Parotoid glands present. b. — Parotoid glands prominent; costal grooves ten, size large X. paroticum. — p. 26 b". — Parotoid glands less prominent; costal grooves eleven or twelve; size moderate A. decorticatuni. — p. 28 3l'. — Parotoid glands absent. bb. — Palatine teeth in three or four angular series; wide yel- lowish dorsal band A. niacrodactylum. — p. 29 bb\ — Palatine teeth in a more or less straight line, extending across the roof of the mouth, sometimes with slight inter- spaces A. tigrinum. — p. 31 Ainbystoma paroticum Baird Northwestern Salamander Amblystoma paroticum Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867 (1868), p. 200 (type locality, Chiloweyuck, Washington Terri- tory=[Chilliwack Lake, British Columbia]), Strauch, Mem. Acad. Impr. Sci. St. Petersb., Ser. 7, XVI, No. 4, 1870, p. 65; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 26; Smith, The Tailed Amphibians including the Caecilians, 1877, p. 50; Bou- LENGER, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 48, pi. II, fig. 3. Chondrotus paroticns CoPE, Amer. Naturalist, 1887, p. 88; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 105, fiff. 21, pi. XXIV, No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA £7 figs. 6, 7; Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, VI, No. 7, 1916, p. 216. Ambystoma paioticum Grinneix & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 139; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 11; Patch, Copeia, 1922, No. Ill, p. 76; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1923, p. 6; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 152; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 74; Copeia, 1926, No. 151, p. 111. Descripiion. — General form robust. Limbs strong and well de- veloped. Parotoid gland prominent. Tail cylindroconical except distally. Head depressed, snout rounded, not overhanging in pro- file. Eyes small, separated anteriorly by one and one-half times the length of the orbital slit. Nostrils small, opening laterally near corners of snout, separated by their distance from pupil. Line of lip not undulate. Vomerine teeth forming a nearly straight series just posterior to the inner nares. Tongue rounded, attached along median line, slightly free laterally. Neck short, a little nar- rower than width of body. Costal grooves ten, continued across belly. Anterior limbs with four and posterior with five digits. Digits moderate without terminal disk-like expansions. Tail with- out constriction behind vent; with well marked lateral grooves anteriorly. Skin roughened on dorsal and lateral surfaces. Under surfaces smooth. Color in alcohol uniform dark brown above; under surfaces uni- form gray or dark gray. Measurements of a Specimen in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 84 Front of anus to end of tail 95 Width of head 19.5 Snout to orbit 5 Snout to fore limb 33 Axilla to groin 39 Fore limb 33 Hind limb 37 Breadth of hind foot 17 Habits. — This species ranges from sea level to 8.000 feet. An adult was found in a little burrow it had excavated in wet earth under an old stump. Larvae nearly ready to transform were taken in cold mountain streams at 8,000 feet on Mount Rainier, Washington. 28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oa Papers Distribution. — This salamander ranges from British Columbia south along the coast to northwestern California. In British Columbia it has been taken at Chilliwack Lake, Bella Coola, Hagensborg, and on Vancouver Island. In Washington, it is known to occur in Clallam (Neah Bay, Lake Crescent), Jefferson (Hob River near Spruce), Chehalis (Quiniault), Mason (Lake Cushman, Wildcat Lake, Skokomish River Valley), and Pierce (Mount Rainier), counties. Oregon records are Seaside, Clatsop County, Hood River, and Three Sisters at 5,000 feet, and Butte Creek, Marion County. In California it has been found near Requa, Del Norte County, and at Fair Oaks, Humboldt County. Ambystoma decorticatum Cope British Columbia Salamander Amblystoma decorticatum CoPE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, 1886, p. 522 (type locality, Port Simpson, British Columbia). Chondrotus decorticatus Cope, Amer. Naturalist, 1887, p. 88; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 107, fig. 22. Ambystoma decorticatum Stejneger & Bakbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 9; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 152; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1923, p. 5. Description. — Similar to A. paroticum. This species, known only from the type specimen, is described by Cope as being very close in character to A. paroticum, from which it differs in having less pronounced parotoid glands, a much shorter series of vomerine teeth, a more obtuse head, and in being smaller in size. Ground color dark brown, with numerous white spots of irregular form and size on back, limbs, and tail. Under surfaces light brown. Measurements of the TYPE in the Collection of the United States National Museum Total length 174 Width of head 16 Fore limb 26 Hind limb 26 Distribution. — This salamander has been recorded only from Port Simpson, British Columbia. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 29 Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird Long-toed Salamander Plate 1, figure 2 Ambystoma macrodactyla Baird, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ser. 2, I, 1849, pp. 283, 292 (type locality, Astoria, Oregon) ; Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., XII, Pt. II, 1860, pi. 31, fig. 3. Amblystoma macrodactylum Copb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 198; Strauch, Mem. Acad. Impr. Sci. St. Petersb., Ser. 7, XVI, No. 4, 1870, p. 65; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 26; Smith, The Tailed Amphibians including the Caecilians, 1877, p. 43; Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 48; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 23; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 95, fig. 17, pi. XXV, fig. 6; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, pp. 181, 184. Am,bystom,a macrodactylum Hallowell, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ill, Pt. 1, 1858, p. 354; Cooper, in Cronise, Nat. Wealth of Calif., 1868, p. 486; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 223; Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, VI, No. 7, 1916, p. 215; Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 138; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 10; Fowler & Dunn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1917, p. 10; Dunn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXII, No. 9, 1918, p. 458; Blanchard, Copeia, 1921, No. 90, p. 5; Patch, Copeia, 1922, No. Ill, p. 75; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 5; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 71. . Amblystoma epixanthum CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 16 (type locality, swamp near the head of the South Boise River, south side of the Sawtooth Mountain Range, Idaho) ; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 97, fig. 18, pi. XXV, fig. 8. Ambystoma epixanthum Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 5, 1891, p. Ill; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 9; Fowler & Dunn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1917, p. 11. Aneides iecanus Dice, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVI, No. 17, 1916, pp. 306, 309. Description. — Limbs strong and well-developed, meeting when adpressed. No parotoid gland. Tail conical, flattened distally. Head depressed; snout oval, slightly overhanging in profile. Eyes small, separated anteriorly by one and one-half times the length of the orbital slit. Nostrils small, opening laterally near corners of snout, separated by their distance from pupil. Line of lip straight. Vomerine teeth in an open v-shaped series starting at a point just posterior to the inner nares and meeting on the median line at a point opposite or just beyond the anterior point of the 30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers nares. Tongue thin, oval in outline, attached along the median line, slightly free laterally. Neck short, a little narrower than width of body. Costal folds normally eleven, not continued across belly. Anterior limbs with four and posterior with five digits. Digits long, without terminal disk-like expansions. Tail without constriction behind vent, with well-defined lateral grooves an- teriorly. Cloacal region slightly enlarged. Skin smooth. Color above in life black, or very dark brown. A wide rough- edged band of yellow extends from back of head to tip of tail. This band is sometimes broken and forms an irregular series of blotches. Top of head uniform black or blotched with yellow. Lateral and under surfaces brownish, speckled with small white dots on belly and gular region. In alcohol the yellow dorsal mark- ings turn to a rich slate color. Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 49 48 55 GO 59 58 Front of anus to end of tail.. 44 42 51 55 65 43 Width of head 9 10 9 10 11 10 Snout to orbit 4 2 2 3 3 3 Snout to Kular fold 14 17 13 14 14 13 Snout to fore limb 17 36 18 19 20 18 Gular fold to anus 35 27 42 46 45 45 Axilla to groin 21 15 27 32 35 35 Fore limb , 15 17 15 15 16 16 Hind limb 16 8 18 19 22 18 Heel to end of longest toe.... 9 6 8 10 11 9 Breadth of foot 6 .... 8 8 9 6 Habits. — At Payette Lake, Boise County, Idaho, this salamander was found under the loose bark of fallen trees. At Crater Lake, Klamath County, Oregon, in the latter part of June, it was an abundant species on the shores of the lake, where as many as four or five were found under a single small stone, close to the water's edge. Distribution. — This salamander ranges from British Columbia south to central California and eastward across Idaho to Montana. In British Columbia, it has been found on the North Fork of Moose River, and at Chilliwak Lake, Hatzic, Sawmill Lake (near Telegraph Creek), New Westminster. Hagensborg, Bella Coola, Clinton, and Watson Lake about 45 miles north of Clinton. In Idaho, it has been secured in Boise (Lardo, McCall, Payette Lake) and Camas (Sawtooth Lake or Swamp near the head of No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 3]^ South Boise River on the south side of the Sawtooth Mountain Range), counties. In Washington, it has been collected in Clallam (Port Angeles, Neah Bay), Kitsap (Gorse Creek), Chehalis (Hoquiam), Sno- homish (Suiattle River, Monroe), Pierce (Paradise Valley, Mount Rainier), Chelan (Entiat River), Stevens (Springdale), Spokane (Cheney), Lincoln (Odessa), Whitman (Pullman), Walla Walla (Walla Walla, Prescott), and Columbia (Blue Mountains), counties. Oregon records are from Clatsop (Astoria), Klamath (Crater Lake, Fort Klamath), Union (La Grande), and Wallowa (Wallowa Lake), counties, and the Strawberry Mountains, Des Chutes River, and the Willamette Valley between Salem and Portland. In California, this salamander has been taken in Siskiyou (near Medicine Lake at 6,500 feet). El Dorado (Fallen Leaf Lake) and Calaveras (Mokelumne Hill), counties. Ambystoma tigrinum (Green) Tiger Salamander Plate 2 Salamiandra tigrina Green, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, 1825, p. 116, pi. 25, fig. 7 (type locality, near Moorestown, New Jersey) ; Harlan, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, 1827, p. 328; Har- lan, Med. & Phys. Research, 1835, p. 93; Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpetology, ed. 1, III, 1838, p. 109, pi. 25. Salamandra ingens Green, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1831, p. 254 (type locality, New Orleans). Salamandra lurida Sager, Amer. Journ. Sci, & Arts, XXXVI, 1839, p. 322 (type locality, Detroit, Michigan). Triton tigrinus Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpetology, ed. 2, V, 1842, p. 79, pi. XXVI; DeKay, Nat. Hist. New York, 1842, p. 83, pi. XV, fig. 32. Triton ingetis Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpetology, ed. 2, V, 1842, p. 85, pi. XXIX. Ambystoma tigrina Baird, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ser. 2, I, 1849, p. 284; Dumeril & Bibron, Erpetologie Generale, IX, 1854, p. 108. Ambystoma rnalvortia Baird, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ser. 2, I, 1849, pp. 284, 292 (type locality. New Mexico). Ambystoma lurida Baird, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ser. 2, I, 1849, p. 284. Ambystoma episcopus Baird, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ser. 2, I, 1849, pp. 284, 293 (type locality, Kemper County, Mississippi). Heterotriton ingens GRAY, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1850, p. 33. Xiphonura jeffersoniana Gray, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1850, p. 34. September 16, 1928 32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papess Atnbystoma tigrinum Gray, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1850, p. 35; Halloweoll, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ser. 2, III, 1868, p. 350; Smith, The Tailed Amphibians including the Caecilians, 1877, p. 39; Elrod, The Museum, I, 1895, p. 263; Fowler, Ann. Rep. N. J. State Mus., 1906, p. 47; Strecker, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXI, 1908, p. 55; Hurter & Strecker, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, XVIII, No. 2, 1909, p. 18; Strecker, Baylor Bulletin, XII, No. 1, 1909, p. 9; Strecker, Baylor Univ. Bulletin, XIII, Nos. 4 & 5, 1910, p. 17; Strecker, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, XIX, No. 5, 1910, p. 81; Cockerell, Univ. Colorado Studies, VII, No, 2, 1910, p. 131; Hurter, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, XX, 1911, p. 73; Prosser, Univ. Colorado Studies, VIII, 1911, p. 257; Gary, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 33, 1911, pp. 22, 40; THOMPSON & THOMPSON, Ann. Rep. Board Geol. Surv. Michigan for 1911, Herpet., Michigan, 1912, p. 26; Elms & Henderson, Univ. Colorado Studies, X, No. 2, 1913, pp. 49, 121; Van Denburgh & Slevin, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, III, 1913, p. 392; Skinner. Copeia, 1914, No. 12, p. 3; Storer, Copeia, 1915, No. 24, p. 56; Van Denburgh & Slevin, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, V, No. 4, 1915, pp. 100, 101; Strecker, Baylor Bulletin, XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p. 56; Ellis & Henderson, Univ. Colorado Bull., XV, No. 6, 1915, p. 253; Englehardt, Copeia, 1916, No. 30, p. 32; Englehardt, Copeia, 1916, No. 32, p. 48; Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 138; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 12; Fowler & Dunn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1917, p. 8; Dunn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXII, No. 9, 1918, p. 457; Englehakdt, Copeia, 1918, No. 60, p. 79; Ruthven, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 66, 1919, p. 2; Dunn, Proc. New England Zool. Club, VII, 1920, pp. 55, 58, 59; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 151; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 7; Strecker. Contrib. Baylor Univ. Mus., 1926, p. 4. Amhystoma mavortium. Gray, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1850, p. 37. Siredon lichenoides Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 68 (type locality, lake at head of Santa Fe Creek, New Mexico) ; Baird & Girard, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., X, 1859, p. 20, pi. XLIV, fig. 1. Amblystoma proserpme Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1852, p. 173 (type locality, Salado, four miles from San Antonio, Texas) ; Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., II, 1859, Rept., p. 29, pi. XXXV, figs. 7-14. Ambystoma nebulosum Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 209 (type locality. New Mexico) ; Hallowell, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ser. 2, III, 1858, p. 352 (locality, San Francisco Mountains, New Mexico[=:Arizona]) ; Hallowell, Sitgreaves' Exp. Zuni & Colorado Rivers, 1853, p. 143, pi. XX. Ambystoma californievse Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1853, p. 11, pi. VII (type locality, Monterey, California). Ambystovra fu^ciatutn var., DuMERiL & Bibron, Erpetologie Generale, IX, 1854, p. 107, pi. CV, fig. 1. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 33 Amblystoma californiense Hallowell, Joum. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila., Ser. 2, III, 1858, p. 355; Smith, The Tailed Amphibians includ- ing the Caecilians, 1877, p. 42; Stoker, Univ. Calif. Publ, Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 60. Ambystoma maculatum Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, p. 215 (type locality, New Mexico) ; Hallowell, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ser. 2, III, 1858, p. 355. Desmiostoma maculatum Sager, Peninsular Journ. Medicine, 1858, p. 428, fig. 1. Ambystoma m,alvortium Hallowehx, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ser. 2, III, 1858, p. 352. Am,bystoma luridum Hallowell, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ser. 2, III, 1858, p. 352. Ambystovia ingens Hallowell, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ser. 2, III, 1858, p. 353; Cooper, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., XII, Pt. II, 1860, pi. XXXI, figs. 2a-2f. Ambystoma episcopicm Hallowell, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ser. 2, III, 1858, p. 354. Ambystoma proserpine Hallowell, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ser. 2, III, 1858, p. 354. Amblystoma mavortium Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., X, 1859, Rep- tiles, p. 20; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 184; Strauch, Mem. Acad. Imper. Sci. St. Petersb., Ser. 7, XVI, No. 4, 1870, p. 63; Allen, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, 1874, p. 70; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 25; Yarrow, Sur\\ W. 100th Merid., V, 1875, p. 516; CouES, Surv. W. 100th Merid., V, 1875, p. 631; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 149; Cope, Proc. Acad Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 14; Cragin, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., VII, 1906, p. 119. Amblystoma californiense Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., X, 1859, p. 12, pi. XXX, figs. 1-3; Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., IV, 1870, p. 64. Siredon gracilis Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., X, 1859, p. 13, pi. XLIV, fig. 2 (type locality. Cascade Mountains, near latitude 40"). C a/mar ataxis maculata Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 123. Amblystomxi? nebulosum Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. 1866, p. 300. Amblystoma tigrinum Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 179; Strauch, Mem. Acad. Imper. Sci. St. Petersb., Ser. 7, XVI, No. 4, 1870, p. 63; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 25; Smith, Geol. Surv. Ohio, IV, 1882, p. 720; Bou- lenger. Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus.. 1882, p. 43; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 148; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 68, fig. 12, pi. XXV, fig. 7; Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 116; Cragin, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., VII, 1906, p. 119; Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 56, 1907, p. 81; Powers, Nebraska Univ. Studies, VII, 1907, p. 197; Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1913, p. 403, text- figs. 75, 76, pp. 406, 407; Surface, Zool. Bull. Penna. Dept. Agric, III, Nos. 3-4, 1913, p. 89. 34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oa Papers Ambly stoma obscnnim Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 192; Strauch, Mem. Acad. Imper. Sci. St, Petersb., Ser. 7, XVI, No. 4, 1870, p. 63. Amblystoma mavortium californiense Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 25; Yakrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. 150, 192. Siredon tigrina Velasco, La Naturaleza, IV, 1878, p. 209, pis. VII, VIII. Amblystoma tigrinum, calif oi~n.iense Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 86; Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 56, 1907, p. 81; Storer, Copeia, 1915, No. 24, p. 56. Amblystoma tHsruptnm Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 194 (type locality, Ocate Creek, on the eastern side of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico) ; CouES, Surv. W. 100th Merid., V, 1875, p. 633; Boui^nger, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 45; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 150; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 86. Distribution. — The Tiger Salamander is known to occur in many parts of the eastern United States and in Mexico. In western North America, it has been found in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, and central California. In California, it has been secured in Shasta (McCloud River), Humboldt (spring at 1,500 feet in the coast range), Sonoma (Petaluma), Sacramento (Gait), San Joaquin (Ripon, Stockton, Bellota), Contra Costa (Pacheco two miles west from Concord), Stanislaus (La Grange), Alameda (Oakland), Santa Clara (Palo Alto, Mayfield, Stanford University, Mount Hamilton), San Benito (San Juan), Monterey (Monterey), Merced (Merced), Fresno (Fresno, Oleander), Kings (Kings River below Kingsburg) and Kern (Fort Tejon), counties. In Oregon, Astoria, Portland, the Cascade Mountains at lati- tude 44°, and The Dalles, are represented by specimens in the U. S. National Museum. In Washington, it has been collected at Medical Lake, Spokane County, and Colville, Stevens County. In Idaho, it has been reported from only Jefferson (Market Lake), Oneida (Malad), and Bear Lake (Bear Lake, Deep Lakes, Bloomington Canyon), counties, and the Snake River. In Utah, the Tiger Salamander has been collected in Washing- ton (Oak Valley at 9,000 feet in the Kolob Plateau, Le Verkin Breaks at 8,000 feet), Iron (Duck Lake at 10,000 feet on the Markagunt Plateau), Garfield (Panquitch Lake), Beaver (Otter Lake at 10,000 feet in the Tischar Mountains), Utah (Utah Lake), No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 35 Wasatch (Lake Solitude at about 9,000 feet), Salt Lake (Fort Douglas), and Davis (Kaysville), counties. Arizona specimens have been taken at Flagstaff, San Francisco Mountains, Prescott, Long Lake, White Mountains, Bonito Canyon, and "Southern Arizona' .55 Description. — General form moderately large. Limbs strong and well-developed. No parotoid gland. Tail cylindro-conical, flattened distally. Head depressed, snout rounded, not overhang- ing in profile. A very distinct gular fold. Eyes small, separated anteriorly by one and one-half times the length of the orbital slit. A prominent dorsal groove reaching from back of head to base of tail. Nostrils small, opening laterally near corners of snout, separated by a little more than their distance from pupil. Line of lip not undulate. Vomerine teeth posterior to and extending to the outer ends of the nares, forming a nearly straight series meeting at a slight angle medially and extending to a point slightly forward of the anterior ends of the inner nares. Tongue rounded, attached along median line, slightly free laterally. Neck short, a little narrower than width of body. Costal grooves twelve to fifteen, normally thirteen. Anterior limbs with four and posterior with five digits. Digits moderate, without terminal disk-like expansions. Tail without constriction behind vent, with well- marked lateral grooves anteriorly. Cloacal region much swollen. Skin smooth, but covered with the mouths of small glands on dorsal and lateral surfaces. Ground color black or bluish-black. Back, top of head, sides, top of limbs and ventral surfaces covered with large spots or blotches of straw-yellow. Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus T? 75 75 80 85 98 Front of anus to end of tail 62 102 72 79 87 97 Width of head 15 19 17 17 18 22 Snout to orbit 6 8 8 7 9 9 Snout to gular fold 18 23 18 21 22 26 Snout to fore limb 25 30 27 57 32 36 Gular fold to anus 55 52 57 59 63 72 Axilla to groin 35 40 37 39 38 47 Adpressed limbs overlap 7 13 11 10 16 14 Fore limb 22 26 26 25 29 31 Hind limb 25 34 29 27 31 36 Heel to end of longest toe... 10 14 12 14 14 15 Breadth of foot 11 14 11 10 14 16 35 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oo. Papers Remarks. — Recently transformed specimens taken at Salt Lake City, Utah, have the ground color brown, or greenish-brown, marbled with black. The sides and ventral surfaces are brown, marbled with black. Habits. — Recently transformed individuals were taken in Lake Solitude, Wasatch Mountains, Utah, in the early part of July while snow was still on the ground. In San Benito County, California, one was found about a foot below the surface of the ground in a ground squirrel burrow. Genus 3. Dicamptodon Dicamptodon Strauch, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., Ser. 7, XVI, 1870, p. 68 (type, ensatus) . In this genus the parasphenoid teeth and parotoid glands are absent. The tongue is adherent. The digits are comparatively short and the limbs well developed. The skin is smooth. A single species is represented within the geographical limits of this work. Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz) Pacific Giant Salamander Plate 3 THton ensatus Eschscholtz, Zoologischer Atlas, Pt. 5, 1883, p. 6, pi. XXII (type locality, central California) ; Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, VI, No. 7, 1916, p. 221. Amhly stoma tenebrosum Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1852, p. 174 (type locality, Oregon) ; Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., XII, 1860, Pt. II, pi. 31, fig. 1; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 202; Strauch, Mem. Acad. Imper. Sci. St. Petersb., Ser. 7, XVI, No. 4, 1870, p. 65; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 26; Smith, The Tailed Amphibians including the Csecilians, 1877, p. 45; Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 49; Yakrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 152; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 23; Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 240. Xiphonura tenebrosa GiRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herpet., 1858, p. 14, pi. I, figs. 9-17. Dicamptodon ensatus Strauch, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., Ser. 7, XVI, No. 4, 1870, p. 69; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 26; Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 38; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 192; Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, VI, No. 7, 1916, p. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 37 221; Stejneger & Bahbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept. 1923, p. 7; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 149; Stoker, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 77. Chondrotus tenebrosus Cope, Amer. Naturalist, 1887, p. 88; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. Ill, fig. 24, pis. XXII, XXIII, XXIV, figs. 1-3. Ambystoma ensatmn Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 139; Dunn, Proc. New England Zool. Club, VII, 1920, p. 55. Ambystoma tenebrosum Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 11; Fowler & Dunn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1917, p. 11; Dunn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXII, No. 9, 1918, p. 458. Description. — General form robust. Limbs strong and well developed. Temporal regions in large specimens much swollen. A prominent dorsal groove reaching from back of head to base of tail. Tail cylindro-conical, compressed distally. Head broad, depressed, snout rounded, not overhanging in profile. Eyes very large and bulging, separated anteriorly by twice the length of the orbital slit. Nostrils small, opening laterally near corners of snout, separated by their distance from pupil. Line of lip straight, with a sharp turn downwards at the terminus. Vomerine teeth in two undulate series posterior to the inner nares, touching on the median line with the apex turned backwards. Maxillary teeth prominent. Inner nares much closer than external. Tongue large, ovate, attached along the median line, slightly free laterally. Neck short, a little narrower than width of body. Costal grooves normally twelve. Anterior limbs with four and posterior with five digits. Digits short, depressed, with small terminal knobs. Skin smooth, or in large adults slightly roughened on lateral sur- faces, pitted with the mouths of small glands. Dorsal and lateral surfaces purplish-brown, mottled or reticu- lated with very dark brown or black. Belly and under surface of tail and digits a light brown or yellowish-white. Gular region a slightly lighter shade of the dorsal coloring reticulated with dark brown. Distribution. — This large salamander ranges from British Co- lumbia south along the coast to Monterey Bay, California. In British Columbia, it has been reported from Sumas Lake and Chiloweyuck or Chilliwack Lake. In Washington, it has been found on Puget Sound, and in King (Lake Washington, Soenic), Mason (Lake Cushman), Pierce (Mount Rainier), counties, and on Tye River. 38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers In Oregon, it has been taken in Clatsop (Astoria), Tillamook (Tillamook), Lincoln (Yaquina), and Coos (Empire), counties. In California, it has been taken in Del Norte (Requa, Shallow Creek), Shasta (Lower McCloud River, Baird), Humboldt (Orick, Fair Oaks, Hoopa Valley), Mendocino (Mendocino City), Lake (Glenbrook, Allen Springs), Sonoma (Agua Caliente, Camp Meeker, Freestone), Napa (St. Helena, St. Helena Mountains), Marin (Tomales Bay, six miles west from Inverness, Big Carson Creek, Lagunitas, Fairfax, Muir Woods, Mill Valley, Paper Mill Canyon near San Geronimo, San Rafael, Sausalito, four miles west from Sausalito), Alameda (Berkeley), San Mateo (La Honda), Santa Clara (Stevens Creek Canyon, Saratoga, Los Gatos, Boulder), and Santa Cruz (Boulder Creek, Felton), counties. Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 98 106 128 133 143 167 Front of anus to end of tail 76 80 107 113 107 137 Width of head 24 24 29 30 34 35 Snout to orbit 12 12 15 16 15 17 Snout to g-ular fold 27 27 36 38 39 43 Snout to fore limb 36 45 51 50 53 55 Gular fold to anus 71 79 92 95 104 124 Axilla to groin 50 50 62 68 60 87 Adpressed limbs overlap 11 14 14 6 8 6 Fore limb 27 28 33 37 34 37 Hind limb 37 37 45 44 48 48 Heel to end of longest toe... 16 21 20 24 26 28 Breadth of foot 15 12 18 21 20 19 Habits. — This salamander is mostly found in the dampest parts of the dense redwood forests under large slabs of bark that have been partly embedded in the earth for a considerable period of time. Remarks. — This species grows to a greater size than any other within the geographical limits of this work. Genus 4. Rhyacotriton Rhyacotriton Dunn, Proc. N. England Zool. Club, VII, 1920, p. 56 (type, olympicus). In this genus the tongue is large with lateral borders free. The vomerine teeth are in two short series. The skin is smooth with lateral surfaces minutely pitted. It is represented in North America by a single species. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 39 Rhyacotriton olympicua (Gaige) Olympic Salamander Plate 4 Ranodon olympicus Gaige, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 40, 1917, p. 2 (type locality. Lake Cushman, Washington) ; Gaige, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 84, 1920, p. 2; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 13; Dunn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXII, No. 9, 1918, p. 456. Rhyacotriton olympicus Dunn, Proc. New England Zool. Club., VII, 1920, p. 56; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 8; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 149. Description. — Size small. Limbs short and well developed, fail- ing to meet when adpressed. Tail cylindro-conical. Head slightly depressed. Snout rounded, not overhanging in profile. Eyes moderate, separated anteriorly by about twice the length of the orbital slit. Nostrils small, opening laterally near corners of snout, separated by about the length of the orbital slit. Line of lip straight. Vomerine teeth in two short series, starting at a point just posterior to the internal nares, converging backward but not meeting on the median line. Tongue ovate, attached along median line, lateral borders slightly free. Neck about equal to width of body. A prominent mid-dorsal groove from back of head to base of tail. Parotoid gland present but not well de- veloped. Fourteen costal grooves between limbs. Anterior limbs with four and posterior with five digits. Digits short, with small terminal knobs. Tail greatly compressed distally, with well de- fined lateral grooves near base. Skin smooth with minute pits on dorsal and lateral surfaces. Color on dorsal surfaces and upper part of sides brownish or sepia brown. Under surfaces yellowish-white, gular region having a few small brownish spots. ^ Sides of neck and lateral surfaces between limbs with a few scattered white dots. 40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papkiw Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 34 34 35 36 37 37 Front of anus to end of tail 25 24 26 24 26 25 Width of head 6 6 6 6 7 5 Snout to orbit 2 2 2 2 2 2 Snout to gular fold 8 8 9 8 9 8 Snout to fore limb 11 10 11 10 12 12 Gular fold to anus 26 26 26 26 28 29 Axilla to groin 20 19 19 19 21 21 Adpressed limbs fail to meet by 5 6 5 6 5 4 Fore limb 9 6 9 8 9 8 Hind limb 9 8 10 10 10 11 Heel to end of longest toe... 4 5 5 4 4 4 Breadth of foot 4 5 4 4 5 5 Habits. — This salamander is apparently abundant in north- western Washington, where the Academy's series was secured. It is usually found under stones and moss in the smaller streams. Distribution. — This small species has been found only in north- western Washington, where it has been taken in Clallam (five miles south from Forks), Jefferson (Hoh River near Fisher's ranch near Spruce), Chehalis (Quiniault), and Mason (Mount Ellinor, Lake Cushman, Mount Rose), counties. Family III. PLETHODONTID^ Cope states the osteological characters of this family as follows: Vertebrae amphicoelous, simple below. Ethmoid wanting; no pterygoid. Carpus and tarsus cartilaginous. Vomeropalatine bones not produced posteriorly over parasphenoid; dentigerous plates on the parasphenoid. Ceratohyal undivided, articulating directly with the quadrate bone or cartilage; no otohyal. One only, the first epibranchial in adults; second basibranchial not connected with the first. Stapes not connected with the quadrate, by cartilage in adults. Vestibule, inner wall osseous (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 119). This family includes most of our genera and species of sala- manders. They are terrestrial in their mode of life and do not enter the water even to lay their eggs. The eggs are of very large size, without pigment, and are enclosed in gelatinous capsules. The young emerge from these capsules fully formed, but with small gills, which they quickly lose. no. 16] amphibians of western north america 4]^ Synopsis of Genera a. — Tongue attached along median line forward to its anterior margin, free laterally and behind. b. — Hind foot with only four toes Batrachoseps. — p. 41 b'. — Hind foot with five toes. c. — Tail with strong basal constriction. bb. — No palmar tubercles Plethodon. — p. 51 bb'. — Palmar tubercles present Ensatina. — p. 59 c'. — Tail without basal constriction; one premaxillary bone; maxillary bone without teeth posteriorly, decurved, forming a cutting edge; anterior teeth large and few; line of lip turned strongly upward posteriorly in adults; temporal region often much swollen Aneides. — p. 65 a'. — Tongue attached by a central pedicel only; free all around Hydromantes. — p. 76 Genus 5. Batrachoseps Batrachoseps Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, II, 1839, fol. 131 (type, attenuatus) . In this genus both vomerine and parasphenoid teeth are present. The teeth in the jaws are of normal size. The parietal bones are not completely ossified, leaving a large parietal fontanelle. The premaxillaries are united into a single bone. The tongue is at- tached along a median line, except posteriorly. Both anterior and posterior limbs are small and weak, and each has but four digits, the inner of which is rudimentary. The skin is smooth, pitted with the mouths of small glands which secrete a sticky mucus. The few known species of this genus are all confined to western North America. One is known only from Alaska. The others are Californian, one of which, however, extends its range from Lower California and southern Oregon. These are terrestrial salamanders which often are found in considerable colonies under or in decay- ing wood in moist places. As the surface dries they probably bur- row in the soil. The eggs are laid in damp situations. All the species are extremely elongate with very poorly developed limbs. Synopsis of Species and Subspecies a. — Vomerine teeth in two separate series, b. — Costal grooves eighteen or more. 42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers c. — Costal grooves twenty-one; tail excessively elongate. Alaska B. a. caudatus.^ — ^p. 42 c'. — Costal grooves eighteen to twenty; tail moderate in length; dorsal region dark; belly usually light brown. San Diego County, California, and Lower California B. a. leucopus. — p. 43 b'. — Costal grooves usually seventeen; tail moderate in length; dorsal region lighter; belly usually yellowish. San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cruz Islands B. a. pacificus. — p. 45 a'. — Vomerine teeth in a single patch. bb. — Smaller; head narrower; tail longer; limbs shorter; color darker, especially on ventral surfaces which are gray, slate or blackish B. a. attenuatus. — p. 47 bb'. — Larger; head and tail robust; limbs longer; color paler, especially on ventral surfaces which are yellowish B. a. major. — p. 50 Batrachoseps attenuatus caudatus Cope Alaska Salamander Batrachoseps caudatus CoPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 126, fig. 27, pi. LXXXI, fig. 2, (type locality, Hassler Harbor. Alaska, "Probably on Anette [=Annette] Island, S. E. Alaska", see Stejneger & Barbour) ; Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. ZooL, XII, No. 12, 1915, p. 330; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 13; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 9. Batrachoseps attenuatus caudatus DUNN, Smith College Anniv. Pubis., 1926, p. 232. Description. — General form elongate, slender. Body cylindric or somewhat flattened. Tail conical, a little less than twice the length of head and body. Head depressed, little broader than neck, rounded in outline from above. Snout rounded or truncate from above, truncate and high in profile. Eyes large and rather promi- nent, separated anteriorly by about the length of the orbital slit. Nostrils small, near corners of snout, separated by a little more than their distance from orbits. Upper jaw overhanging lower. Line of lip nearly straight. Vomerine teeth in two nearly straight very oblique series which nearly meet on the median line posteriorly, and anteriorly do not extend to the internal nares. Parasphenoid teeth separated into two distinct patches by a space which is broad posteriorly but narrow anteriorly; extending nearly to the vomerine No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 43 series. Internal nares are rather small, in front of and a little external to the anterior ends of the vomerine teeth. Tongue large, oval, not emarginate, attached along the median line, free laterally and posteriorly. Neck not distinct from body, with several vertical and longitudinal grooves. Gular fold well marked. Costal grooves twenty-one, continued across belly but not visible on back. Limbs short, weak, each with four digits. Digits with rounded truncate ends, inner digit short, rudimental, others well developed, second and fourth nearly equal, third longest, web small or absent. Tail more slender than body, excessively elongate. A more or less dis- tinct dorsal longitudinal groove. Skin smooth with minute pits. Adpressed limbs widely separated. The general color is described by Cope as brown, deeper on the lateral regions to a line on each side of the back, and on the anterior half of the belly and on the upper surface of the distal part of the tail. The gular region and chin are yellowish. Measurements of the Type in the Collection of the United States National Museum Total length 160 Length to base of tail 57 Length of tail 103 Snout to axilla 11% Snout to groin 51 Width of head :. 6 Fore limb 6% Hind limb : 7 Remarks. — This species is known only from the single type speci- men. It is closely related to B. a. attenuatus but is said, by Cope, to differ in (1) having the parasphenoid teeth in two patches; (2) the absence of dorsal grooves; (3) the very elongate tail; (4) the longer patches of vomerine teeth. Distribution. — The only known specimen is recorded by Cope as having been collected at Hassler Harbor, Alaska. Stejneger and Barbour state that it probably came from Annette Island, south- eastern Alaska. Batrachoseps attenuatus leucopus Dunn Coronados Islands Salamander Plate 5, figure 1 Batrachoseps attenuatus Van Denburgh & Slevin, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IV, p. 139. Batrachoseps leucopus DuNN, Copeia, No. 109, 1922, p. 61, (type locality, Los Coronados Islands, North Island, Lower California) ; 44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 9. Batrachoseps attenuatus leucopiis Dunn, Anniv. Pubis. Smith Col- lege, 1926, p. 241; Klauber, Zool. Soc. San Diego, Bull. No. 3, 1927, p. 1. Description. — General form elongate, slender. Body and tail cylindric or somewhat flattened. Tail equal to or very little longer than body. Head depressed, narrow, rounded in outline from above. Snout truncate from above, high in profile. Eyes promi- nent, separated anteriorly by a little more than the length of the orbital slit. Nostrils small, near corners of snout, separated by a little more than their distance from orbits. A very indistinct nasolabial groove, extending about half way or a little over half way to margin of lip. Upper jaw overhanging lower. Line of lip straight to posterior end of orbital slit, then deflected down- ward. Vomerine teeth in two series reaching almost to the in- ternal nares. Parasphenoid teeth separated by a narrow space posteriorly but confluent anteriorly, extending nearly to the vomerine series. Tongue moderate, somewhat rounded, attached along the median line, free laterally and posteriorly. Neck not distinct from body, a longitudinal line reaching from eye to fore limb. Gular fold distinct. Costal grooves between limbs usually eighteen, continued nearly to midline on back and belly. Limbs short, weak, each with four digits. Digits with round knob-like ends, inner digits short, rudimental, others well developed, second and fourth equal, third longest, web small or absent. Tail more slender than body, well marked with lateral grooves. A more or less indistinct longitudinal groove, most distinct on neck and pelvic region. Skin smooth with minute pits. Adpressed limbs widely separated. Color in alcoholic specimens above chestnut brown, the wide dorsal stripe being bordered by a narrow stripe of black or very dark brown. Lateral and under surfaces light brown, minutely spotted with white. Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 37 37 37 37 38 40 44 Front of anus to end of tail 43 37 41 41 37 46 46 Width of head 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 Snout to orbit 1% 1^^ 1 1 1% 2 1 Snout to fore limb 10 11 10 10 10 10 11 Axilla to groin 24 24 23 23 25 25 29 Fore limb 5 5 6 6 5 6 6 Hind limb 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 45 Remarks. — There seems to have been some doubt as to the range of the southern form of Batrachoseps but on examining a series from the San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California, Mexico, it seems certain that the subspecies leucopus extends to that locality. Habits. — In the San Pedro Martir Mountains this salamander was found under the bark of fallen trees. On the Coronados Islands it was found under stones. Distribution. — To this southern form of Batrachoseps have been referred specimens recorded from Bonsall, Wildwood, Mussey, La Jolla, San Diego, Spring Valley, Cottonwood and Descanso, San Diego County, California. From Lower California, specimens have been recorded from the San Pedro Martir Mountains and the Coronados Islands. Batrachoseps attenuatus pacificus (Cope) Island Salamander Plate 5, figure 2 Hemidactylium pacificum CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. 1865, p. 195 (type locality, Santa Barbara. California [probably one of the Channel Islands]). Batrachoseps paciUcus CoPE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869. pp. 97, 98; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 26; Smith, The Tailed Amphibians including the Caecilians, 1877, p. 80; BouLBNGER, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 59; Yar- row, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1882 (1883), p. 153 (part); Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 129 (part) ; Van Dbnburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., IV, No. 1, 1905, pp. 3, 6, 11, pi. Ill, figs. 1-7; Van Denburgh & Slevin, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IV, 1914, pp. 132, 134, 135; Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XII, No. 12, 1915, p. 330; Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 136; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 13; Dunn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXII. No. 9, 1918, p. 458; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 9; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 161; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 101. Batrachoseps attenuatus pacificus, DUNN, Anniv. Pubis. Smith Col- lege, 1926, p. 236. Description. — General form elongate, slender. Bodv cylindric or somewhat flattened. Tail conical, a little longer than head and body. Head depressed, rather broad, nearly circular in outline from above. Snout rounded or truncate from above, truncate and 46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc Papess high in profile. Eyes large and rather prominent, separated an- teriorly by about the length of the orbital slit. Nostrils small, near corners of snout, separated by a little more than their dis- tance from orbits. A very indistinct nasolabial groove, not extend- ing to margin of lip. Upper jaw overhanging lower. Line of lip nearly straight to below eye, then deflected downward. Vomerine teeth in two nearly straight very oblique series which nearly meet on the median line posteriorly, and anteriorly do not extend to the internal nares. Parasphenoid teeth separated by a narrow space posteriorly but confluent anteriorly, extending nearly to the vomerine series. Internal nares rather small, in front of the anterior ends of the series of vomerine teeth. Tongue large, oval, not emarginate, attached along the median line, free laterally and posteriorly. Neck not distinct from body, with several vertical and two or three longitudinal grooves. Gular fold well marked, continued forward on side of neck to eye; one or two indistinct grooves anterior to gular fold. Costal grooves between limbs usually seventeen, occasionally sixteen or eighteen,' continued nearly to mid-line on back and belly. Limbs short, weak, each with four digits. Digits with rounded knob-like ends, inner digit short, rudimental, others well developed, second and fourth nearly equal, third longest, web small or absent. Tail more slender than body, with well marked lateral grooves. A more or less indistinct dorsal longitudinal groove, most distinct on neck and pelvic region. Skin smooth with minute pits. Adpressed limbs widely separated. Color in alcoholic specimens above yellowish-brown, paler on head and limbs and often becoming fawn-color on tail. Upper lip and all lower surfaces white or dull yellow. Young are much darker than adults, with lower surfaces often minutely dotted with brown. Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 25 36 49 52 52 56 Front of anus to end of tail 20 31 64 56 63 59 Width of head 3»4 5 7 6^/2 7 8 Snout to orbit 2 2 3 3 3 3 Snout to fore limb 7 10 13 13 14 14 Axilla to groin 15 22 31 36 33 38 Fore limb 5 7 9 9 8% 9 Hind limb 5% IVz. 9% 9^^ 9% 10 ' In fifty specimens the coetal grooves are Bcventeen 40 times, sixteen 6 timee, and eighteen 4 timee. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 47 Remarks. — One specimen has five toes on one hind foot. Distribution. — This salamander seems to be confined to San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz islands, California. It is pos- sible that it occurs also on the Ana Capa islands, but it has not yet been found there. Habits. — This species doubtless burrows in the earth. It usually is found under sticks, stones, or lumps of earth in moist places. I have found it also under the loose bark of fallen trees. Batrachoseps attenuatus attenuatus (Eschscholtz) Slender Salamander Plate 5, figure 3 Salamandra attemiata Eschscholtz, Zoologischer Atlas, Pt. 5, 1833, p. 1, pi. XXI, figs. 1-4 (type locality, California). Batrachoseps attenuatus Gray, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1850, p. 42; Hallowell, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., IV, 1858, p. 348; Cooper, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., XII, 1860, ZooL, p. 8, pi. XXXI, fig. 5; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 98; Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., IV, 1870, p. 64; Strauch, Mem. Acad. Imper. Sci. St. Petersb., Ser. 7, XVI, No. 4, 1870, p. 85; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 26; Smith, The Tailed Amphibians including the Cscilians, 1877, p. 79; Lockington, Amer. Naturalist, XIV, 1880, p. 295; Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 60; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 152; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 28; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 34, 1889, p. 127, fig. 28; Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, V, 1895, p. 560; Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., IV, No. 1, 1905, pp. 3, 16; Burke, Amer. Naturalist, XLV, 1911, p. 413; Van Denburgh & Slevin, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IV, 1914, pp. 132, 137, 139; Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XII, No. 12, 1915, p. 330; Ruthling, Copeia, 1915, No. 25, p. 62; Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool,, XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 136; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 13; Fowler & Dunn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1917, p. 26; Dunn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXII, No. 9, 1918, p. 459; Stephens, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist, III, No. 4, 1921, p. 59; Nelson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., XVI, 1921, p. 113; Schmidt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLVI, Art. XI, 1922, pp. 612, 615, 617, 620, 622, 632; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 8; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 160; Grinnell & Storer, Ani- mal Life in the Yosemite, 1923, p. 654; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 89. Batrachoseps attenuatus attenuatus Dunn, Anniv. Pubis. Smith College, 1926, p. 224. September 15, 1928 48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers Batrachoseps nigriventris Cqpe, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 98 (type locality, Fort Tejon, Kern County, California) ; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 26; Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 60; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 153; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 129; Fowler & Dunn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1917, p. 26. Batrachoseps pacificus Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 129 (part). Batrachoseps catalins? Dunn, Copeia, No. 109, 1922, p. 62 (type lo- cality, Santa Catalina Island, California). Batrachoseps attenuatits catalinse Dunn, Anniv. Pubis. Smith Col- lege, 1926, p. 239; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 98. Description. — General form elongate, slender. Body and tail cylindric or somewhat flattened. Tail longer than body. Head depressed, narrow, oval in outline from above. Snout truncate from above, high in profile. Eyes moderately large, separated anteriorly by a little more than the length of the orbital slit. Nostrils small, near corners of snout, separated by a little more than their distance from orbits. A very indistinct nasolabial groove, extending about half way to margin of lip. Upper jaw overhanging lower. Line of lip straight to posterior end of orbital slit, then deflected downward, \omerine teeth in an irregular patch reaching almost to the internal nares. Parasphenoid teeth separated bv a narrow space posteriorly but confluent anteriorly, extending nearly to the vomerine patch. Internal nares small, in front of the anterior ends of the vomerine teeth. Tongue mod- erate, somewhat rounded, attached on median line, free laterally and posteriorly. Neck not distinct from body, a longitudinal groove reaching from the eye to the fore limb. Gular fold distinct. Costal grooves between limbs usually nineteen, occasionally twenty or twenty-one, continued nearly to midline on back and belly. Limbs short, weak, each with four digits. Digits with round knob-like ends, inner digits short, rudimental. others well developed, second and fourth equal, third longest, web small or absent. Tail more slender than body, well marked with lateral grooves. A more or less indistinct longitudinal groove, most distinct on neck and pelvic region. Skin smooth with minute pits. Adpressed limbs widely separated. Color in alcohol above light chestnut brown becoming darker laterally, the wide dorsal stripe being bordered by a narrow line of dark brown or black. Under surfaces light brown, slate or blackish, minutely spotted with white. no. 16] amphibians of western north america 49 Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 38 43 39 38 36% 43 Front of anus to end of tail 53 50 48 48 54 50 Width of head 4 5 4^^ 4% 4 4% Snout to orbit IV2 1% 1% 1 1 1 Snout to fore limb 8% 10 9 8 8 10 Axilla to groin 25 28 27 25 25 28 Fore limb 5 4 5 5 5 6 Hind limb 5 5 6 6 6 6 Remarks. — I am unable to distinguish Dunn's B. a. catalince from attenuatus. B.a. catalince as described by Dunn has a dark dorsal surface and light sides, while B. a. attenuatus has a light dorsal surface and dark sides. Two specimens in the Academy's collection from Santa Catalina Island show the dorsal coloration to be lighter than that of the sides and I have seen specimens from Santa Catalina Island that agree perfectly in coloration with typical attenuatus. Habits. — Batrachoseps a. attenuatus is one of the most abundant salamanders in California. It inhabits moist situations in the pine forests of the coastal belt, where it sometimes lives in large colonies. I have taken over fifty out of a single rotten pine log. Distribution. — The known range of Batrachoseps attenuatus attenuatus extends from southern Oregon to San Diego County, California. In Oregon it has been taken at Gold Beach and Harbor, Curry County. In California, it is known to live in the coast region practically the entire length of the state, along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, and at some points in the interior valleys. It has been collected in Del Norte (Smith River, Crescent City, Castle Rock, Whale Rock, Requa). Humboldt (three miles north from Orick, Trinidad. Areata, Eureka, Carlotta, Alton, Elinor), Mendocino (Cahto, Mendocino, Comptche. Ukiah), Sonoma (Skaggs Springs, Freestone, Duncan Mills. Camp Meeker, Petaluma), Napa (Napa, Saint Helena), Marin (Inverness, six miles south from Inverness, Bolinas Bay, Tocaloma, Mount Tamalpais, Muir Woods, Phoenix Gulch, Mill Valley, Sausalito, Angel Island), San Francisco ( Pre- sidio, Sutro Heights, Golden Gate Park), San Mateo (Colma, San Pedro Point, Moss Beach, Tunitas Creek, San Andreas Lake, San 50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oa Papers Mateo, Redwood City, Menlo Park), Santa Clara (Palo Alto, Stan- ford University, San Jose, Alum Rock Canyon, Los Gatos, Coyote), Santa Cruz (Big Trees, Ben Lomond, Brookdale, Santa Cruz), San Benito (San Juan, Hollister), Monterey (Monterey, Pacific Grove, Carmel, Pescadero Point, six miles northeast from Soledad), Santa Barbara (Santa Barbara), Alameda (Oakland, Berkeley, Albany, Moraga Valley, Strawberry Canyon), Contra Costa (Red Rock), Solano (Mare Island), Sacramento (Sacramento), El Dorado (American River and Middle Fork), Calaveras (Mokelumne Hill), Merced (Snelling), Madera (North Fork, Malumne Ridge at 3,000 feet), Fresno (Fresno, Kings River Canyon, Pitman Creek, Pine Ridge), Tulare (Colony Mill, Progress Spring, three miles south from Nelson), Kern (Tehachapi Mountains, Tejon Pass, Fort Tejon), Los Angeles (Sierra Madre, Millard's Canyon near Pasa- dena, Claremont, Covina, Sherman, South Pasadena, Los Angeles, three miles southeast from Lankershim, Rustic Canyon, Santa Monica Mountains, Santa Catalina Island), San Bernardino (San Bernardino), Orange (Laguna Beach), counties. Batrachoseps attenuatus major Camp Garden Salamander Batrachoseps major Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XII, No. 12, 1915, p. 327 (type locality, town of Sierra Madre, 1000 feet altitude, Los Angeles County, California) ; Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917. p. 136; Bar- bour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 14; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 9; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 161; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 99. Batrachoseps attenuatus major DuNN, Anniv. Pubis. Smith Col- lege, 1926, p. 234. Description. — General form elongate. Body cylindrical or some- what flattened. Tail large and round, about one and one-third times the length of head and body. Snout rounded or truncate from above, truncate and high in profile. Eyes large, separated by the length of the orbital slit. Nostrils small, near the corners of the snout, separated by a little more than their distance from orbits. An indistinct nasolabial groove, not extending to margin of lip. Upper jaw overhanging lower. Line of lip straight to a point below the posterior end of the orbital slit, then deflected downward. Vomerine teeth in a somewhat irregular patch nearly reaching the internal nares. Parasphenoid teeth separated by a No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 5I narrow space posteriorly but confluent anteriorly, extending nearly to the vomerine patch. Tongue large, oval, not emarginate, attached along the median line, free laterally and posteriorly. Neck not distinct from body, with three or four longitudinal grooves. Some- times a broken lateral groove reaches from a point behind the orbit to the front limb. Gular fold more or less prominent. Costal grooves between limbs usually eighteen, occasionally twenty, con- tinued nearly to mid-line on back and belly. Limbs short, weak, each with four digits. Digits with rounded knob-like ends, inner digit short, rudimental, others well developed, second longer than fourth, third longest, web small or absent. Anterior portion of tail sometimes larger than body, with well marked lateral grooves. A well defined dorsal longitudinal groove. Skin smooth with minute pits. Adpressed limbs widely separated. Color in alcoholic specimens bluish-gray, becoming yellowish on the sides. Lower surfaces grayish-yellow. Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection op the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 51 54 59 49 47 44 Front of anus to end of tail 81 75 81 71 62 48 Width of head 6 6 7 6 6 6 Snout to orbit 2 2 2 1% 2 1% Snout to fore limb 11 12 14 13 11 10 Axilla to groin 34 37 40 33 32 28 Fore limb 8 8 8 8 8 7 Hind limb 9 10 9 9 9 8 Remarks. — This subspecies can readily be distinguished from the other forms of Batrachoseps by the large size of the anterior portion of the tail which is sometimes larger than the body. Habits. — Camp' states that this salamander has been found in piles of damp lumber and in post-holes. The type was found under a broken piece of cement sidewalk. Distribution. — -To Batrachoseps attenuatus major have been re- ferred specimens from Los Angeles (Sierra Madre at 1000 feet, Pasadena), and Riverside (Riverside) coimties. Genus 6. Plethodon Plethodon TSCHUDI, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, 1838, p. 92 (type, glutinosiis) . » Uniy. Calif. Publ. Zool., XII, No. 12, 1915, p. 329. 52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers In the salamanders of this genus both vomerine and parasphenoid teeth are present; the teeth in the jaws are not unusually large; the skull is well ossified; a prefrontal bone is present; there is a large fontanelle between the spines of the two premaxillary bones; the tongue is attached along the median line except posteriorly; the anterior limb has four digits; the skin is smooth, pitted with the mouths of small glands which secrete a thick, tenacious mucus. This genus contains numerous species, of which three occur within the geographical limits of this work. These species are terrestrial in habits and do not enter the water, not even to lay their eggs. The latter are large, usually unpigmented, are laid in moist situations under cover of wood, stones or leaves, and seem to receive more or less care from the parent salamander. The species vary considerably in size and slenderness. Synopsis of Species a. — Parotoid glands absent. Toes without basal web. b. — Form less elongate; costal grooves thirteen to fifteen, usually fourteen; adpressed limbs separated by about five costal interspaces P. intermedius. — p. 52 b". — Form more elongate; costal grooves sixteen; adpressed limbs separated by six or seven costal interspaces P. elongatus. — p. 55 a". — Parotoid glands present. Toes with basal web. Form robust; dorsal stripe and tail yellow P. vandykei. — p. 57 Plethodon intermedius Baird Western Red-backed Salamander Plate 6 Plethodon intermedius Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, p. 209 (type locality, Fort Tejon, California) ; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 100; Strauch, Mem. Acad. Imper. Sci. St. Petersb., Ser. 7, XVI, No. 4, 1870, p. 72; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 27; Smith, The Tailed Amphibians including the Csecilians, 1877, p. 68; Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 57; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. 154, 192; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 145, fig. 33; Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, VI, No. 7, 1916, p. 218; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 16; Fowt^er & Dunn, Proc. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 53 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1917, p. 25; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 11; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 159; Dunn, Anniv. Pubis. Smith College, 1926, p. 154. Plethodon crassulus Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, XXIII, 1886, p. 521 (type locality, California) ; Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, VI, No. 7, 1916, p. 219; Fowler & Dunn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1917, p. 25. Description. — General form elongate and slender, body slightly depressed. Tail strongly compressed distally. Head depressed, a little broader than widest part of body. Snout broadly truncate from above, rounded in profile. Eyes moderate but rather promi- nent, separated anteriorly by nearly twice the length of the orbital slit. Nostrils small, near corners of snout, separated by about their distance from edge of pupil. A nasolabial groove descend- ing nearly to margin of lip. Line of lip nearly straight, descend- ing slightly below corner of snout. Vomerine teeth in two slightly curved series, beginning a little behind but not external to the in- ternal nares, converging obliquely backward, and separated medi- ally by a little more than one-half their distance from the parasphenoid teeth. Parasphenoid teeth in two patches, divided anteriorly merely by a groove but posteriorly slightly separated into two wings. Internal nares of moderate size. Tongue ovoid, very thin posteriorly, not emarginate, attached along the median line, free laterally and for a short distance behind. Neck nearly as wide as body, a strongly marked longitudinal groove running posteriorly from eye to, or nearly to, end of transverse gular fold and with branch descending to corner of mouth. No evident parotoid gland. A groove along vertebral line from head to base of tail. Costal grooves between limbs usually fourteen, occasionally thirteen or fifteen', not extending to midline of back but sometimes continued across belly. Limbs well developed but rather slender and delicate. Anterior limbs^ with four and posterior with five digits. Digits slender and well developed, except inner which is short; third finger longest, second longer than fourth, second toe longer than fifth, third and fourth equal; no web, three phalanges of third and fourth toes free. Tail slender, strongly compressed in posterior two-thirds, with indefinite lateral grooves proximally. Skin shiny, but roughened on sides and tail. Adpressed limbs separated by about the distance between costal grooves. ' In seventy-five specimens the costal grooves are fourteen 126 times, thirteen 23 times, and fifteen once. 54, CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papbbs The back may be unicolor, but usually a broad reddish band extends along the whole dorsal surface from snout to tip of tail, being broadest on back of head. In the larger alcoholic specimens, this band varies in color from blood-red to orange-vermilion, while in small specimens it is rufous. This reddish band is bordered laterally throughout its entire length by a narrow black stripe which fades gradually into the brown of the lateral regions. Lower part of sides and ventral surfaces of body and tail are minutely marbled with brown and yellowish-white, or in some specimens are blackish-brown. Limbs are similarly marbled except on upper surfaces of thigh and arm, which are light yel- lowish-red. Upper surface of head clouded with dark brown centrally, and close examination shows a considerable number of minute white dots scattered over its surface. Gular region yel- lowish-white clouded with brown. A few small brown markings are to be seen in the red dorsal band. Measurements of 7 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 24 27 30 48 50 57 66 Front of anus to end of tail 17 19 40 49 48 53 71 Width of head 4 4 6 6 6 8 9 Nostril to orbit 112 2 2 2 2 Snout to orbit 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 Snout to gular fold 6 7 10 10 11 13 15 Snout to fore limb 7 8 13 13 14 17 18 Gular fold to anus 18 20 20 38 39 44 51 Axilla to groin 14 15 15 30 29 32 40 Adpressed limbs separated by 4 4 4 8 9 5 10 Fore limb 5 6 6 10 10 13 15 Hind limb 6 7 7 12 13 16 18 Heel to end of longest toe.. 2 2 2 5 5 7 8 Breadth of foot 112 3 3 4 4 Remarks. — This salamander was originally described from one specimen said to have been secured by John Xantus while sta- tioned at Fort Tejon, California, but the records of the National Museum show that this locality probably is erroneous. In 1886, Cope described Plethodon crassulus from a specimen said to have been collected in "California" by Dr. J. G. Cooper. This name seems to have been based upon a specimen of P. intermedius which shows no dorsal band. Distribution. — This salamander is common in British Columbia, Washington and western Oregon. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 55 In British Columbia, it has been collected near the Fraser River and on Vancouver Island. In Washington, it is common in the forest regions of the western part of the state and has been taken in Snohomish (Marysville, Monroe), King (Seattle), Jefferson (Hoh River near Spruce), Kit- sap (Gorse Creek), Chehalis (Quiniault, Melbourne, Humptulips, Hoquiam, Montesano), Mason (Lake Cushman) and Pacific (South Bend), counties. In Oregon, it is known from Clatsop (Olney), Multnomah (Port- land) and Marion (Salem), counties. Habits. — This slender salamander usually is found under wood or moss in moist places. A female collected near the Hoh River, Jefferson County, Washington, on September 20, 1919, contained eggs about two and one-half millimeters in diameter. Plethodon elongatus Van Denburgh Del Norte Salamander Plethodon elongatus Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, VI, No. 7, 1916, p. 216 (type locality, Requa, Del Norte County, California) ; Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 134; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 15; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 10; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 158; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 103; Dunn, Anniv. Pubis. Smith College, 1926, p. 156. Description. — "General form similar to P. intennedius, but with body, limbs and tail somewhat stouter; tail cylindro-conic, com- pressed laterally in posterior half, nearly equal to length of head and body, with strong vertical grooves nearly to tip; head some- what depressed, about width of widest part of body; snout rounded from above and in profile; eyes moderate, separated anteriorly by about one and one-half times the length of the orbital slit; nostrils small, separated by about their distance from pupil; sub- nasal groove descending nearly to margin of lip ; line of lip curved downward from below eye to end of snout; palatine teeth in two slightly curved series beginning just behind the internal nares, converging obliquely backward, and separated on the median line by a space greater than the diameter of the internal nares; parasphenoid teeth in one patch throughout, separated from the palatine teeth by an interval equal to distance from nostril to edge 55 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers of lip; internal nares small; tongue large, ovate, not emarginate, attached along median line but free laterally and, for a short dis- tance, behind; neck a little narrower than body, no parotoid gland, gular fold continued up and then forward as a groove to eye; a groove along vertebral line from head to tail; costal grooves between limbs 16, not continued to midline either above or below; limbs a little stouter than in P. intermedius, and with shorter digits, anterior with four and posterior with five digits; digits rather short, with rounded ends, each with a small terminal pad, inner shortest, third longest, second finger longer than fourth, second toe shorter than fifth, third and fourth toes nearly equal, broadly palmate but no web; adpressed limbs separated by about six costal folds. "The coloration is similar to that of P. intermedius, but heavily clouded with black. The general color is blackish brown above and below; a broad, lighter brown, black-edged, dorsal band extending from snout to base of tail; lower surfaces sprinkled with small whitish dots, which become larger on the sides, gular region and chin" (Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, VI, No. 7, 1916, p. 216). Measurements of 3 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 29 53 49 Front of anus to base of tail 15 38 58 Width of head 4 8 T^^ Nostril to orbit IVz 2 IV2 Snout to orbit 2 3 3 Snout to gular fold 7 12 11 Snout to fore limb 9 16 14y2 Gular fold to anus 22 41 38 Axilla to groin 17 31 30 Adpressed limbs separated by 7 14 11 Fore limb 6 9 9 Hind limb 7 11 IQVn Heel to end of longest toe 2V^ 5 5 Breadth of foot iy2 3 3% Variation. — The three adult specimens are identical in structural characters and coloration. No. 29,101 is young, measuring 28 mm. from snout to anal opening, with tail 14 mm. long. It is like the three adults in the number of its costal folds and general colora- tion except that the dorsal band is bright pink, clouded on the head and along the mid-dorsal line with dark brown. This brightly colored band extends from the snout, along the back, nearly half way down the tail. This specimen looks very much like P. in- termedius, but the lower surfaces are darker. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 57 Remarks. — While this species is manifestly closely related to Plethodon intermedius and P. vandykei, it can easily be dis- tinguished from both by the greater number of its costal grooves and the greater space between its adpressed limbs. The number of costal grooves is sixteen in all four specimens of this species, while in Plethodon vandykei these grooves are twelve and thirteen, and in P. intermedius they are thirteen or fourteen. Plethodon intermedius is of more slender build, with longer toes, more trun- cate snout, and less dusky coloration. The parotoid gland and webbed feet of P. vandykei are characters which should render its recognition easy. Distribution. — This species is known only from four specimens collected near Requa, Del Norte County, California. Habits. — The few specimens known were found under decaying logs in moist woods. Plethodon vandykei Van Denburgh Washington Salamander Plate 7 Plethodon vandykei Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., IV, No. 4, 1906 (reprint 1915), p. 61 (type locality, Paradise Valley, Mount Rainier Park, Washington) ; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 17; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept, 1923, p. 11; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 159; Dunn, Anniv. Pubis. Smith College, 1926, p. 151. Description. — "General form similar to P. oregonensis [=Ensatina eschscholtzii] but body not quite so much flattened, tail less com- pressed and limbs shorter and stouter; tail cylindro-conic, some- what compressed in posterior half, nearly equal to length of head and body; head depressed, about width of widest part of body; snout broadly truncate from above, rounded in profile; eyes moderate, smaller than in P. oregonensis, rather prominent, sepa- rated anteriorly by nearly twice the length of the orbital slit; nostrils small, near corners of snout, separated by about their dis- tance from pupil; subnasal groove descending nearly to margin of lip; line of lip descending slightly below corner of snout and ascending below posterior edge of orbit; palatine teeth in 2 slightly curved series beginning some distance behind and a little internal 53 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers to the internal nares, converging obliquely backward, and scarcely separated on the median line; parasphenoid teeth in 1 patch throughout, separated from palatine teeth by an interval equal to distance from nostril to edge of lip; internal nares rather small; tongue large, ovate, not emarginate, attached along median line but free laterally and for a short distance behind; neck a little narrower than body, with large elongate parotoid gland divided by a longitudinal groove running posteriorly and downward from eye to gular fold, other grooves behind, above and in front of parotoid; a groove along vertebral line; costal grooves between limbs 12 on right, 13 on left, not continued to midline either above or below; limbs a little shorter and stouter than in P. oregonensis anterior with 4 and posterior with 5 digits; digits rather short, with broad rounded ends each with a terminal pad below, inner shortest, third longest, second finger longer than fourth, second toe shorter than fourth which is but little shorter than third; web well developed, extending nearly to end of inner digits, 2 phalanges of third and fourth toes free, feet very broadly palmate; tail slender, slightly compressed in posterior two-thirds, with rather indefinite grooves on proximal half; skin shiny, but roughened above and laterally and pitted below by the mouths of small glands; adpressed limbs separated by about the distance between 2 costal grooves. "A broad band extends along the whole dorsal surface from the snout to the tip of the tail. In the alcoholic specimen this band is dark clay-color, dotted with black on the upper surface of the head. It is broadest on the back of the head and narrowest above the anus. The upper surfaces of the limbs and the side of the snout are clay-color dotted with black. A black line runs from the eye to the nostril. The hands and feet are black dotted with clay-color. The chin and central gular region are white with a few scattered black dots. The sides of the neck and the sides and lower surfaces of the body and tail are intense black with a few scattered whitish dots on the belly and sides of tail and with a zone of crowded white dots along the sides of the neck and body" (Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., IV, No. 4, p. 61). Many specimens are much lighter in color than the one type described above. Often there is little black. In life the dorsal band is yellow and the tail is bright lemon yellow, brightest distally. no. 16] amphibians of western north america 59 Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the Caufornia Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 43 43 47 53 53 60 Front of anus to end of tail 36 38 42 47 45 56 Width of head 6 6% 7 8 8 9 Nostril to orbit 2 2 2 2 2 2 Snout to orbit 2^^ 3 4 4 4 4 Snout to gular fold 10 10 11 12 12 13 Snout to fore limb 14 13 15 15 16 17 Gular fold to anus 33 33 36 41 41 47 Axilla to groin 24 24 25 30 30 34 Adpressed limbs sepa- rated by 2 2 14 4 3 Fore limb 11 11 13 14 14 15i^ Hind limb 12 12 15 16 16 18y2 Heel to end of longest toe 5 5 6 6 7 7 Breadth of foot 3 3 4 4 5 6 Distribution. — This salamander is known only from the vicinity of Puget Sound, Washington. It was first described from a speci- men taken in Paradise Valley, Mount Rainier National Park, Pierce County. It has been found on the Calawa River near Forks, Clallam County, and in the Skokomish River Valley, Mason County. Habits. — Specimens were found under stones along the upper edge of the bed of the Calawa River where small seepages from the banks kept the soil wet. Genus 7. Ensatina Ensatina Gray, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1850, p. 48 (type, eschscholtzii) . In the salamanders of this genus both vomerine and parasphenoid teeth are present; the teeth in the jaws are not unusually large; the skull is well ossified; a prefrontal bone is present; there is a large fontanelle between the spines of the two premaxillary bones; the tongue is attached along the median line except pos- teriorly; the anterior limb has four digits and the posterior has five digits. The salamanders of this genus are very closely related to those of the genus Plethodon from which they differ in having longer limbs, palmar tubercles, and a basal constriction of the tail. gQ CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papehs Synopsis of Species a. — Upper surface of body unicolor, no light spots of yellow or orange E. eschscholtzii. — p. 60 a'. — Upper surface of body conspicuously spotted or blotched with yellow or orange E. croceater. — p. 63 Ensatina eschscholtzii (Gray) Red Salamander Plate 8, figure 1 Ensatina Eschscholtzii Gray, Cat. Amph. Brit. Mus., Pt. 2, 1850, p. 48 (type locality, California [Monterey, fide Boulenger] ) ; Stejneger & Bakbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 12; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 159; Dunn, Proc. New England Zool. Club, VII, 1923, p. 39; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 107; Dunn, Anniv. Pubis. Smith College, 1926, p. 188. Heredia oregonensis GiRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 140 (type locality, Oregon) ; Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 235; Girard, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herpt., 1858, p. 11, pi. I, figs. 18-25; Strauch, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., Ser. 7, XVI, No. 4, 1870, p. 76. Plethodon ensatus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 167. Plethodon oregonensis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 100; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 27; Smith, The Tailed Amphibians including the Cascilians, 1877, p. 67; Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Grad., 1882, p. 54; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. 155, 192; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 28; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 148, fig. 35; Van Denburgh, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, XXXVII, 1898, p. 140; Hubbard, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., I, 1903, p. 157, pi. XVI; Esterly, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., I, 1904, p. 227, pis. XX-XXIII; Ruthling, Copeia, 1915, No. 25, p. 62; Fowler & Dunn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1917, p. 26. Plethodon eschscholtzii Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, 1917, p. 132; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 15; Dunn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXII, No. 9, 1918, p. 459. Description. — General form not elongate, rather stout, limbs short and stout. Tail cylindro-conic, slightly compressed in posterior half; with marked constriction at base, where it often breaks; when complete, longer than head and body. Head de- pressed, about width of widest part of body. Snout broadly rounded from above, rounded in profile. Eyes very large, prominent, sepa- rated anteriorly bv much less than twice the length of the orbital slit. Nostrils small, near corners of snout, separated by about their distance from orbit. Nasolabial groove descending nearly to margin No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA gj of lip, where it forks. Line of lip descending slightly below posterior edge of orbit. Vomerine teeth in two long curved series beginning behind and much external to the internal nares, converg- ing obliquely backward, and scarcely separated on the median line. Parasphenoid teeth in one patch anteriorly, slightly separated posteriorly, separated from vomerine teeth by an interval equal to distance from nostril to edge of lip. Internal nares rather small. Tongue large, ovate, not emarginate, attached along median line but free laterally and posteriorly. Neck a little narrower than body; a longitudinal groove running posteriorly and downward from eye to gular fold. No parotoid. A groove along vertebral line. Costal grooves between limbs usually eleven, rarely twelve, not continued to midline above. Anterior limbs with four and posterior with five digits. Digits rather short, without broad rounded ends; inner shortest, third longest; second finger longer than fourth; no web. three and a half phalanges of third and fourth toes free. Tail heavy, slightly compressed in posterior two-thirds, with very indefinite grooves, but with a strong constriction at base just behind the vent. Skin pitted with the mouths of small glands, especially on tail. Adpressed limbs overlap by about the distance between one to four costal grooves. Color above yellowish- or reddish-brown or chestnut, without markings. Upper joints of both limbs and often supraocular regions light yellowish or whitish. Sides and all lower surfaces yellowish or whitish without markings. Specimens from southwestern Oregon and Del Norte County, California, are mottled with blackish brown on sides and tail, and the middorsal and postorbital grooves may be blackish. The whitish supraocular spots are most constant in specimens from Monterey County, California. Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 30 ^ 43 59 60 74 75 Front of anus to end of tail 18 37 68 71 65 31 Width of head 6 9 11 11 13 12 Nostril to orbit 2 3 4 4 4 4 Snout to orbit 3 4 6 6 6 6 Snout to gular fold 9 13 18 18 20 20 Snout to fore limb 11 16 20 21 23 22 Gular fold to anus 21 30 41 42 54 55 Axilla to groin 14 21 30 31 38 40 Adpressed limbs overlap 3 9 13 11 6 4 Fore limb 11 16 20 20 24 24 Hind limb 12 18 22 23 27 27 Heel to end of longest toe... 4 8 9 10 12 11 Breadth of foot 2 4 4 5 6 6 52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Pafers Remarks. — This species and E. croceater are closely related. They have the same general proportions, the same number of costal grooves, and similar ground color, but differ in the yellow or orange spots or blotches which are present in E. croceater but not in E. eschscholtzii. Some individuals of E. croceater have the ground color relieved only by a number of small dots less than a milli- meter in diameter. Should these spots ever be entirely absent in E. croceater the specimen involved doubtless would be referred to E. eschscholtzii. I am by no means certain that this has not been done in the case of our single specimen from Strawberry Valley, El Dorado County, which appears to be a typical E. eschscholtzii. Large series are needed to answer this question. Until these are secured these unspotted salamanders must be referred to E. eschscholtzii. Distribution. — This salamander is known to occur from Wash- ington to southern California. Washington specimens are from Thurston (Tenino), Mason (Skokomish River Valley, Lake Cushman), Chehalis (Quiniault, Hoquiam), Snohomish (Monroe), King (Seattle), and Pacific (South Bend), counties. In Oregon, it has been secured in Multnomah (Portland), Coos (Marshfield), Yamhill (McMinnville), and Curry (Port Orford, Harbor), counties. In California, it is chiefly confined to the moist coast region but, subject to the above remarks, has been found also in the Sierra Nevada. It has been collected in Del Norte (Smith River, Requa, Castle Rock three miles north from Crescent City, Whale Rock in Crescent City Harbor), Siskiyou (Shasta), Shasta (Sweet Briar), Mendocino (Mendocino, Cahto, Comptche), Sonoma (Agua Cali- ente, Duncan Mills, Camp Meeker, Petaluma), Marin (Big Carson Creek, Tocaloma, Phoenix Gulch, Sausalito, Fort Baker, Point Bonita, Muir Woods, Mill Valley, Mount Tamalpais, Lagunitas), Alameda (Oakland, Berkeley) San Francisco (San Francisco), San Mateo (Redwood City), Santa Clara (Stanford University, Stevens Creek Canyon, Alum Rock, Los Gatos), Santa Cruz (Big Trees), Monterey (Monterey, Pacific Grove, Carmel), El Dorado (Strawberry Valley), Los Angeles (Topanga Canyon, Sierra Madre, Palmer's Canyon, Los Angeles), and San Bernardino (Forest Home at 5,200 feet in the San Bernardino Mountains, 10 miles N.W. from San Bernardino), counties. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 53 Habits. — This salamander usually is found under rocks, boards, logs, etc., in damp situations. It is probably nocturnal, for it seldom if ever is found out in the daytime. Van Denburgh (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, XXXVII, 1898, p. 140), Hubbard (Univ. Calif. Pubi. Zool., I, 1903, p. 157), and Esterly (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., I, 1904, p. 227) have given excel- lent accounts of their observations upon this species. Ensatina croceater (Cope) Sierra Salamander Plate 8, figure 2 Plethodon croceater Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 210 (type locality, "Fort Tejon", California [?]); Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 100; Strauch, Mem. Acad. Imper, Sci. St. Petersb., Ser. 7, XVI, No. 4, 1870, p. 70; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, pp. 27, 92; Smith, The Tailed Amphi- bians including the Cascilians, 1877, p. 68; Lockington, Amer. Naturalist, XIV, 1880, p. 295; Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 55; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 192; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 32, 1887, p. 9; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 150; Van Den- burgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, V, 1895, p. 561; Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, VI, No. 7, 1916. p. 220; Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 132; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 14; Nei^son, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., XVI, 1921, p. 113; Schmidt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLVI, Art. XI, 1922, pp. 612, 615, 632. Ensatina croceater Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1923, p. 12; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 160; Dunn, Proc. New England Zool. Club, VII, 1923. p. 39; Dunn, Copeia, 1924, No. 133, p. 76; Storer. Univ. Calif. Publ, Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 104; Dunn, Anniv. Pubis. Smith College, 1926, p. 185; Klauber, Zool. Soc. San Diego, Bull. No. 3, 1927, p. 2. Description. — General form rather stout and thick-set, limbs stout and well developed, tail strongly compressed distally. Head somewhat depressed, about width of widest part of body. Snout rounded or truncate when seen from above, rounded and overhang- ing in profile. Eyes large and prominent, separated anteriorly bv nearly twice the length of the orbital slit. Nostrils small, near cor- ners of snout, separated by their distance from pupil. A nasolabial groove descending to margin of lip, where it sometimes forks. Line of lip nearly straight, but descending slightly below corner of snout and behind eye. Vomerine teeth in two curved series, beginning September 15, 1928 g4, CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers a little behind and much external to the internal nares, converg- ing obliquely backward and meeting or nearly meeting on the median line. Parasphenoid teeth in two patches, in contact an- teriorly but separated behind; separated from vomerine teeth by about one-half distance between internal nares. Tongue ovoid, not emarginate, quite free laterally and posteriorly. Neck about as wide as body, a strongly marked groove running back and down from the eye to the transverse gular fold, one or more transverse grooves on side of neck; no parotoid. A groove along vertebral line from head to base of tail. Costal grooves not always distinct anteriorly, normally eleven between limbs rarely ten or twelve, not extending to midline of back but sometimes continued across belly. Anterior limbs with four and posterior with five digits. Digits rather slender and elongate, except inner, which are mod- erate; third finger longest, second longer than fourth, third and fourth equal or fourth longer; no web, three phalanges of third and fourth toes free, and usually ends of metatarsals also. Tail with marked constriction behind anus, strongly compressed distally, with more or less indefinite lateral grooves proximally. Skin every- where very smooth and shiny but dotted with the mouths of small glands. Adpressed limbs overlapping a distance equal to two to four costal interspaces. Color in alcohol, above yellowish-brown, reddish-brown, or brownish black, variously dotted, spotted, blotched, or marbled with yellowish orange. Scarcely two individuals are marked alike. The dark ground-color may be relieved only by a number of small dots less than a millimeter in diameter, or there may remain of ground-color of dorsal region of body only narrow, irregular bands separating light blotches seven to nine millimeters across. As a rule the light markings are more restricted in small than in larger speci- mens. The blotches may have regular, more or less circular out- lines, but usually are quite irregular both in outline and arrange- ment. Often there is a large blotch on each parotoid region, but these markings may be confluent or absent. Upper surface of tail usually blotched with yellow or orange. Distal portions of limbs dark, while thigh and upper arm are light in color. Lower surfaces are whitish, yellowish, or orange, often clouded with brown. no. 16] amphibians of westers north america 55 Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 20 32 51 57 63 74 Front of anus to end of tail 12 22 41 58 66 60 Width of head 5 7 10 11 12 12 Snout to orbit 3 3 5 6 6 6 Snout to gular fold 6 10 15 17 19 21 Snout to fore limb 8 12 18 20 24 25 Gular fold to anus 14 22 36 40 44 53 Axilla to groin 10 16 26 29 30 38 Adpressed limbs overlap 3 5 7 4 4 5 Fore limb 8 12 19 12 23 23 Hind limb 8 13 20 21 24 25 Heel to end of longest toe.... 3 5 7 8 10 10 Breadth of foot 13 4 5 6 6 Distribution. — This salamander is known from California and Lower California. The only Lower California specimen taken was recorded by Mr. Lockington as collected seventy-five miles southeast of San Diego, This locality probably was in the San Pedro Martir Mountains. Cope has recorded the species from Cape San Lucas, probably an error resulting from association of the original specimen with John Xantus, who collected both at Cape San Lucas and Fort Tejon. In California, this salamander is known from the San Jacinto Mountains, and Sierra Nevada. It has been collected in San Diego (Oakzanita, Rose Mine in the Laguna Mountains), Riverside (San Jacinto Mountains), Kern (near Fort Tejon), Tulare (Kaweah, Colony Mill, White River, Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, Mud Spring at 6,300 feet four miles west from Nelson), Fresno (Dalton River), Madera (North Fork, Malum Ridge), Calaveras (Mokelumne Hill). Placer (Alta at 3,600 feet). Tuolumne (Yosemite Valley), and Siskiyou (Shasta Retreat), counties. Habits. — This species inhabits damp places in forests. Genus 8. Aneides Aneides Baird, Iconogr, Encycl., II, 1849, Zool., p. 257 (type, lugubris). Autodax Boulengbr, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1887, p. 67 (type, lugubris). In this genus vomerine and parasphenoid teeth are present. The teeth in the jaws are large, compressed, knife-shaped, few in num- ber, and are present only in the anterior part of the mouth, the posterior portions of both jaws being edentulous. The premaxillary bone is single with a fontanelle. The tongue is attached along 56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers the median line, except posteriorly. The limbs are well developed, the anterior with four and posterior with five digits. In adults the temporal regions become much swollen. The line of lip is deflected upward posteriorly. Three very distinct species are known, one of which may be divided into two subspecies. All are confined to the Pacific Coast. Synopsis of Species and Subspecies a. — Tail compressed distally. Black, usually more or less sprinkled with small silvery dots or spots A. flavipunctatus. — p. 66 a". — Tail cylindrical or oval throughout. b. — Size smaller; ground color yellowish or reddish-brown; dorsal surfaces clouded, marbled or blotched with dark brown or slate A. ferreus. — p. 69 b . — Size larger. c. — Dorsal surfaces unicolor or with small light yellow dots or spots A. 1. lugubris. — p. 71 c'. — Dorsal surfaces never unicolor; yellow spots larger and more numerous A. 1. farallonensis. — p. 74 Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch) Black Salamander Plate 9, figure 1 Plethodon fl(tvipnncf(f.tu^ Strauch, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., XVI, 1870, p. 71 (type locality. New Albion, California). Aneides flavipunctaUis Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool, XXVII, 1925, p. 119. Plethodon iecanuft Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 24 (type locality, Baird, Shasta County, California) ; Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 240. Anaides iecamis COPE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, 1886, p. 526. Autodax iecamts CoPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 187, fig. 46; Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, V, 1895, p. 776; Cope. Amer. Nat., XXX, 1896, p. 325; Dice, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.. XVI, 1916. p. 306; Fowler & Dunn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1917, p. 23. Aneides iecanus Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 135; Stejneger & B.-vrbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1917, p. 21; Dunn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXII, No. 9, 1918, p. 463; Stejneger & Barbour, Chock List N. Amer. Amph. Kept., 1923, p. 18; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 160. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 57 Description. — General form less stout than A. 1. lugubris. Head but little broader than body, with temporal regions in adults slightly swollen. Limbs fairly strong and well developed, tail cylindrical, slightly compressed distally. Head somewhat de- pressed, elongate. Snout truncate when seen from above, over- hanging in profile. Eyes moderate, separated anteriorly by the length of the orbital slit. Nostrils small, opening laterally near corners of snout, separated by little less than their distance from pupil. An indistinct nasolabial groove, descending nearly to margin of lip. Line of lip nearly straight, or bending slightly upward at a point below the middle of the orbit. Parasphenoid teeth forming a broad patch, extending to a point midway between the eye sockets and divided by a slight median groove. Vomerine teeth in an open V-shaped patch separated posteriorly and reach- ing anteriorly to the internal nares. Internal and external nares about equidistant. Tongue wedge-shaped, thin posteriorly, quite free laterally and posteriorly, attached along the median line. Costal grooves normally twelve between limbs, extending nearly to midline on back and continued across the belly. A well defined dorsal groove. Anterior limbs with four and posterior with five digits. Digits rather slender with terminal disk-like expansions; inner quite small, third anterior and posterior longest, second and fourth nearly equal. No web. Tail with well marked lateral grooves except distally. Adpressed limbs fail to meet by a dis- tance equal to three to five costal interspaces. Color in alcohol uniform black. Top and sides of head, neck, body, limbs and tail covered with small whitish or yellowish spots. Under surfaces of feet light brown. Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 52 58 64 64 65 71 Front of anus to end of tail 42 ^ 46 47 52 60 65 Width of head 7 8 11 10 10 13 Snout to orbit 2 3 2 3 3 4 Snout to gular fold 13 15 18 19 16 17 Snout to fore limb 15 19 22 22 20 22 Gular fold to anus 37 43 47 46 49 54 Axilla to groin 30 33 35 34 38 43 Adpressed limbs fail to meet by 10 15 10 7 16 11 Fore limb 11 13 13 13 14 15 Hind limb 12 14 16 17 17 18 Heel to end of longest toe. ... 6 7 7 7 8 7 Breadth of foot 5 6 6 7 7 8 53 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oa Papers Distribution. — This black salamander has been found only in northern California, where it has been collected in Shasta (Sweet Briar, Baird, McCloud River), Humboldt, Mendocino (Comptche, Laytonville, Ukiah), Sonoma (Skaggs Springs, Camp Meeker), Napa (Calistoga), Santa Clara (Stevens Creek, Mountain View, Los Gatos), and Santa Cruz (Glenwood, Boulder Creek), counties. The type locality. New Albion, California, is probably in Sonoma County. The record, by Lee R. Dice, of Aneides iecanus from Walla Walla or Columbia counties pertains to Ambystoma macrodactylum. Habits. — Dr. Van Denburgh writes of its habits as follows (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, V, 1895, pp. 776-778) : "Autodax iecanus, doubtless, is a nocturnal forager. I have seen it upon the sur- face of the ground only twice, and in each instance night was so nearly at hand that objects near my feet could just be distinguished. If liberated during the day, or if confronted with a light at night, when it is much more active, this species will proceed, almost in- variably, toward the nearest spot of darkness or shadow. It usually walks along quite slowly, moving but one foot at a time, but is capable of motion surprisingly rapid for a salamander. When moving rapidly, it aids the action of its l^s by a sinuous move- ment of its whole body and tail. . . . "A large Autodax iecanus and fifteen eggs were sent me from Los Gatos, July 23, 1895. The eggs were evidently those of a batrachian, doubtless of this species. Each egg was about 6 mm. in diameter, almost spherical, and inclosed in a thin, tough, gelatinous sheath. Each of these sheaths was drawn out, at one place, into a slender peduncle, which was attached to a basal mass of the same gelatinous substance. In this way, each egg was at the end of an individual stalk, and all were fastened to a common base. This base had evi- dently been anchored to a stone or lump of earth. The eggs were in the early stages of segmentation. The following note accom- panied them: 'The salamander and eggs were found under the plat- form in front of a barn, in dry earth next the foundation wall, and about fifteen inches or more below the surface. The ground had been filled in, and was full of spaces. There was some dry rotten wood near the eggs. One or two smaller salamanders were near. About twice as many eggs were found as sent. There was no water within ten or fifteen feet.' The salamander sent with these eggs was a female, and had a very large number of minute eggs in its ovaries. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERS NORTH AMERICA 59 "On July 30, 1895, I killed a very large Autodax which had been sent me, from Los Gatos, several days before. It contained twenty- five eggs exactly like those described above, except that they lacked the gelatinous covering. These eggs appeared to be still in the ovaries. There were twelve on the right side of the animal, and thirteen on the left. Besides these enlarged ones, there were many minute ova." Aneides ferreus Cope Clouded Salamander Plate 9, figure 2 Anaides ferreus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 109 (type locality,Fort Umpqua, Douglas County, Oregon) ; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 28; Smith, The Tailed Amphibians including the Caecilians, 1877, p. 61; Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit, Mus., 1882, p. 53; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, pp. 159, 193, Autodax ferreus CoPB, Bull, U. S. Nat, Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 185, fig. 45; Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, VI, No, 7, 1916, p, 216. Aneides ferreus Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif, Publ. Zool,, XVII, No, 10, 1917, p. 135; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N, Amer. Amph, Rept., 1917, p. 21; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph, Rept,, 1923, p. 18; Pratt, Verteb, Animials of the U, S,, 1923, p. 160; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool,, XXVII, 1925, p. 117; Hardy, Rep, Prbv, Mus, Brit, Columbia, 1925, p, c23; Dunn, Anniv, Pubis, Smith College, 1926, p, 208, Description. — General form rather less stout than A. 1. lugubris, half-grown specimens being quite slender, and with head but little broader than body, while adults have temporal regions swollen as in A. 1. lugubris. Limbs fairly strong and well developed, tail cylindro-conic or slightly compressed distally. Head somewhat depressed, elongate. Snout truncate when seen from above, over- hanging in profile. Eyes large and prominent, separated anteriorly by about twice the length of the orbital slit. Nostrils small, open- ing laterally near corners of snout, separated by their distance from pupil. A nasolabial groove, descending nearly to margin of lip. Line of lip very slightly undulate in young, curved strongly up- ward behind middle of orbit in adult. Vomerine teeth forming a low or open V-shaped or simply curved series with the ends extend- ing to the inner and posterior margins of the nares. Parasphenoid teeth in a single well developed patch, separated from vomerine 70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papkks teeth by less than the distance between internal nares. Internal nares nearer together than external. Tongue ovoid, thin posteriorly, not emarginate, quite free laterally and posteriorly, attached along median line. Neck rather short, about width of body. Costal grooves normally 14, rarely 15', between limbs, rarely extending to midline of back or continued across belly. Anterior limbs with four and posterior with five digits. Digits rather slender with terminal disk-like expansions; inner quite small, third anterior and fourth posterior longest, second and fourth fingers nearly equal, second toe shorter than fifth; no web. Tail without constriction behind vent; with well marked lateral grooves, except distally, Adpressed limbs fail to meet by a distance equal to one or two costal interspaces. Color in alcohol above yellowish- or reddish-brown mottled or reticulated with darker brown or black and often dotted with yellow. Median zone darkest and sides lighter, owing to the presence there of larger or more numerous yellow dots or blotches. In some specimens the central dorsal zone is black or steel-gray in the form of a more or less undulate band. Limbs and tail similarly marked above. Lower surfaces dirty yellow or gray, sometimes without, but usually with, numerous whitish dots. Three young specimens (snout to anus 21 to 24 mm.) have the upper surface of the snout, upper surfaces of arms and legs, and an area on the dorsal portion of the neck yellowish-white. These markings show only on the forelimbs in a specimen measur- ing thirty-five millimeters from snout to vent, and not at all in larger specimens. Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection op the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 24 39 44 49 56 61 Front of anus to end of tail 16 32 37 38 41 54 Width of head 4 6 7 7 9 10 Snout to orbit 2 2 3 3 3 4 Snout to gular fold 7 10 11 12 14 15 Snout to fore limb 8 13 14 16 17 19 Gular fold to anus 17 29 33 37 42 46 Axilla to groin 13 22 25 29 33 36 Adpressed limbs fail to meet by 13 2 3 2 5 Fore limb 6 10 11 13 14 15 Hind limb 7 11 14 15 16 17 Heel to end of longest toe 2 5 5 6 6 8 Breadth of foot 2 2 2 3 3 4 ' In twenty-nine counts the costal grooves are found to be 14 seventeen times, 14% nine times, and 15 three times. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 'J\ Remarks. — This species is much more closely related to A. 1. lugubris than is A. flavipunctatus. The maxillary teeth are few, large, curved or angulate, compressed, with knife-like edges. Distribution. — The range of this salamander extends from British Columbia to northwestern California. In British Columbia it has been found on Vancouver Island, at Sydney, Sooke, Mount Finlayson, and Mount Douglas; and on small nearby islands: Bayne Island, Union Bay, and Denman Island. I know of no records from the state of Washington. In Oregon, it has been collected in Lane (Elmira), Coos (Marsh- field), and Douglas (Fort Umpqua), counties. In California, it has been secured in Del Norte (Requa), Hum- boldt (Alton, Trinidad, Carlotta, Orick), and Mendocino (Comptche), counties. Habits. — Two females (56 and 58 mm. from snout to anus) col- lected on Bayne Island, May 16, 1906, contain eggs four millimeters in diameter. These are without pigment. Two specimens from Requa were found by the writer in the rotten wood of a dead tree in which they were living some twenty feet above the ground. In Humboldt County, this species was secured under the loose bark of fallen logs. Aneides lugubris lugubris (Hallowell) California Yellow-dotted Salamander Plate 10, figure 1 [?] Triton tereticauda EscHSCHOLTZ, Zool. Atlas, Pt. 5, 1883, p. 14 type locality. Fort Ross [Sonoma County, California]). Salamandra lugubris HalloweLl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., IV, 1848, p. 126 (type locality, Monterey, Upper California). Anaides lugubris Baird, Iconog. Encj'cl., II, 1849, p. 257; Baird & GffiARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, p. 302; Girard, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herpt., 1858, p. 8, pi. I, figs. 26-33; Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., X, 1859, p. 13, pi. XXX, fig, 4; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 109; Strauch, Mem, Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., Ser. 7, XVI, No. 4, 1870, p. 75; COPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 28; Wiedersheim, Morph. Jahrb. 3, 1877, pi. 25, figs. 104-106; Smith, The Tailed Amphibians in- cluding the Caecilians, 1877, p. 61; Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 52; Yarrow, Bull. U. S, Nat, Mus., No, 24, 1883, p. 158; Emmel, Anat. Rec, 21, 1921, p. 56; Emmel, Amer. 72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers Journ. Anat., 1924, p. 351, pi. I, fig. 29, pi. 5, figs. 45, 47, 49; Valliant. Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, VI, 1882, p. 183; VIII, 1886, p. 42. Taricha ? lugubris Gray, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1850, p. 26. Amhystoma ■punctulatum Gray, Cat. Amph. Brit. Mus., 1850, p. 37 (type locality, Monterey). Aneides lugubris Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 10; Hallowell, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ill, p. 345; Hallowell, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., X, 1859, p. 23, pi. 7, fig. 2; Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., IV, 1870, p. 64; Wilder, Anat. Anz., 12, p. 191; Snook & Long, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XI, 1914, p. 511; Dunn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXII, No. 9, 1918, p. 463; Noble, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLIV, 1921, p. 5; Stephens, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 64; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 160. ? Plethodon cra^suliis Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, XXIII, 1886, p. 521 (type locality, California) ; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat, Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 147, fig. 34, pi. LXXXI, fig. 1; Fowler & Dunn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1917, p. 25. Autodax lugubris Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1887, p. 67; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 183, fig. 44, pis. XXVII, figs. 1-4, XXXV, fig. 3, XLVIII, fig. 15; Keeler, Zoe, III, 1892, p. 154; Ritter & Miller, Amer. Nat., XXXIII, 1899, p. 691; Ritter, Amer. Nat., XXXVII, 1903, p. 883; Miller, Amer. Nat., XL, 1906, p. 741; Hilton, Amer. Nat., XLIII, p. 53; Van Denburgh & Slevin, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IV, 1914, pp. 132, 139; Ruthling, Copeia, No. 25, 1915, p. 62; Fowler & Dunn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1917, p. 23. Aneides lugubris lugubris Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 134; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List. N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 21; Nelson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., XVI, 1921, p. 113; Schmidt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLVI, 1922, pp. 615, 633; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 18; Grinnell & Storer, Animal Life in the Yosemite, 1924, p. 653; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 124; Klauber, Zool. Soc. San Diego, Bull. No. 3, 1927, p. 4. Description. — Head elongate, depressed, with truncate protruding onout. Nostrils small, a little above and behind corner of snout. Nasolabial groove prominent, reaching to edge of lip. Nostril separated from its fellow by length of orbital slit. Lip margin long and undulating. A well defined dorsal groove reaching from base of tail to a point midway between the orbits, more prominent anteriorly. Maxillary and mandibular teeth large. A large promi- nent patch of parasphenoid teeth, single or sometimes divided by a slight median groove. Tongue large, long, ovate, with a small posterior notch, free except along median line. Neck short, some- No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 73 what constricted, a well-developed gular fold. Body fusiform. Thirteen to thirteen and one-half costal grooves between limbs, extending from a short distance from vertebral line entirely across the belly. Tail conical with similar transverse grooves. Limbs well developed, posterior longer than anterior. Toes meeting when adpressed. Front limb with four, hind limb with five digits, nearly free, with small terminal disk-like expansions; third finger longest, first short, second and fourth equal or nearly equal. Skin smooth. Color above brown or light brown, lightest on snout and limbs. Sides of neck, body, limbs and tail sparsely spotted with pale straw- yellow. In some specimens this spotting is entirely absent. Under surfaces yellowish or whitish. Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 57 63 67 71 74 81 Front of anus to end of tail 40 52 66 68 66 71 Width of head 8 12 12 13 14 18 Snout to orbit 3 4 4 4 4 4 Snout to gular fold 13 18 20 20 21 24 Snout to fore limb 17 22 23 24 26 29 Gular fold to anus 44 45 47 51 53 57 Axilla to groin 23 33 38 38 40 42 Fore limb 13 17 20 20 20 23 Hind limb 17 21 23 22 23 24 Heel to end of longest toe... 7 12 11 10 12 9 Breadth of foot 8 12 12 11 12 11 Distribution. — This salamander has been found only in Cali- fornia and Lower California. In California, it occurs throughout nearly the whole length of the state. It is most abundant in the coast region, but has been found in the San Joaquin Valley and on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada. Specimens have been secured in Humboldt (Car- lotta), Mendocino (Comptche, Mendocino City, Willits), Sonoma (Duncan Mills, Camp Meeker, Freestone, Petaluma), Marin (three miles west from Inverness, Fairfax, Mount Tamalpais, Redwood, four miles west from Sausalito, Sausalito), Napa (Calistoga, St. Helena, Luscol, Napa, two miles southwest from Napa), Contra Costa (Red Rock in San Francisco Bay), Alameda (Albany, Berke- ley, Moraga Valley, East Oakland at Trestle Glen, Haywards), San Francisco (Presidio, Golden Gate Park), San Mateo (Colma, San Bruno Hills, San Mateo, San Andreas Lake, Menlo Park), Santa Clara (Stanford University. Palo Alto, Mountain View, San Jose, Los Gatos, Uvas Valley), Santa Cruz (Brookdale), San Benito 74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCKS [Oc. Papers (Hollistei\ Bear Valley, San Juan), Monterey (Monterey, Pacific Grove, Carniel, Pescadero Point, six miles northeast from Soledad), Merced (Sweeney's Ranch near Los Banos), Calaveras (Mokelumne Hill), Mariposa (Coulterville, three miles northeast from Coulter- ville), Madera (North Fork at 2,750 and 3,000 feet), Kern (Fort Tejon), Santa Barbara (Santa Barbara), Ventura (Nordhoff), Los Angeles (Los Angeles, Tropico, Eaton's Wash near Pasadena, Sierra Madre, three miles southeast from Lankershim, Topango Canyon near Santa Monica), Riverside (Ontario, San Jacinto), and San Diego (Falls of the San Diego River, Sorrento Mountain near La JoUa), counties In Lower California it has been collected only on Los Coronados Islands. Habits. — This terrestrial salamander often is found under stones or logs or in decaying wood or cavities of trees. It is abundant in the coast region, and while collecting at Carmel, Monterey County, California, the writer has found as many as seven adults under a single board. A rock pile consisting of half-a-dozen small rocks was found to harbor no less than thirteen. Ritter and Miller (Amer. Nat., XXXIII, 1899, pp. 691-700) have written extensively on its habits. Aneides lugubris farallonensis (Van Denburgh) Farallon Yellow-dotted Salamander Plate 10, figure 2 Anaides lugubris Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 52 (part) ; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 158 (part). Autodax lngub)-is CoPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 183 (part) ; Keeler, Zoe, III, No. 2, 1892, p. 154. Autodax lugubris farallonensis Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Zool., IV, 1905, pp. 3, 5, pi. II, figs. 1-7 (type lo- cality, South Farallon Island, San Francisco County, California) ; Van Denburgh & Slevin, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, IV, 1914, pp. 132, 134. Aneides lugubHs farallonensis Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 135; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 21; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 18; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 140. no. 16] amphibians of western north america 75 Measurements op 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 55 58 56 57 66 66 Front of anus to end of tail 50 49 50 53 55 57 Width of head 10 11 10 10 14 13 Snout to orbit 3 4 4 3 4 4 Snout to gular fold 16 18 16 16 19 20 Snout to fore limb 19 20 20 21 22 22 Gular fold to anus 39 40 40 41 47 46 Axilla to groin 30 30 30 32 34 32 Adpressed limbs overlap 4 4 4 3 2 5 Fore limb 18 18 15 18 20 20 Hind limb 20 20 20 21 25 25 Heel to end of longest toe 8 9 8 10 9 11 Breadth of foot 10 10 9 9 11 11 Distribution. — This salamander is known only from South Farallon Island, San Francisco County, California. Remarks. — Dunn' does not distinguish this subspecies from A. 1. lugubris, but, in the examination of sixty-seven specimens in the Academy's series the limbs were found to be longer than in A. 1. lugubris, the spotting more pronounced, often forming blotches, and extending on to the dorsal surfaces. All of the specimens are whitish below. I believe therefore that this salamander should be given subspecific distinction. Habits. — The specimens collected have been found under piles of loose stone in moist places. Description. — Head elongate, depressed, with truncate, protrud- ing snout. Nostril small, a little above and behind corner of snout, with groove running down to edge of lip, separated from its fel- low and from orbit by length of eye-slit. Lip margin long and undulating. Maxillary and mandibular teeth large. Vomerine teeth small, in series running back from each inner nostril and forming a V-shaped figure. A large well-defined patch of parasphenoid teeth, divided by a slight median groove and posterior notch. Tongue large, long, ovate, with a small posterior notch, free except along the median line. Neck short, somewhat con- stricted, a well developed gular fold. Body fusiform. Thirteen costal grooves between limbs extending from a short distance from vertebral line entirely across belly. Tail conical, with similar trans- ' Anniv. Pubis. Smith CoDege, 1926, p. 219. 75 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES lOc. Papers verse grooves. Limbs well developed, posterior longer than an- terior, toes overlapping when adpressed. Front limb with four, hind limb with five digits, all well developed, nearly free, with slight terminal disk-like expansions; third finger longest, first short, second and fourth nearly equal. Skin everywhere smooth, but dotted with the mouths of small glands. Color above seal-brown, or yellowish-brown, lightest on snout and limbs, dotted, spotted and blotched with pale straw-yellow on top and sides of head, neck, body, limbs and tail. Under surfaces are very pale yellow or whitish. The largest blotches usually are larger and more numerous than in A. 1. lugubris and may measure as much as two by four milli- meters in diameter. Genus 9. Hydroniantes Hydromantes Gistei^, Naturg. Thierr., 1848, p. XI (type, genei) . In the salamanders of this genus the tongue is attached by a central pedicel. A fontanelle is present. The digits are webbed about half way to the tips. The tail is cylindrical. Represented by a single species in North America. Hydroniantes platycephala (Camp) Mount Lyell Salamander Plate 10, figure 3 Spelerpes platycephalus Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 3, 1916, p. 11, figs. 1-5 (type locality, head of Lyell Canyon, 10,800 feet altitude, Yosemite National Park, Tuolumne County, California) ; Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.. XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 132. Eurycea platycephala Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 20; Grinnell & Storer, Animal Life in the Yosemite, 1924, p. 652. Hydrotnantes platycephalus DuNN, Proc. New England Zool. Club, VIII, 1923, p. 40; Dunn, Anniv. Pubis. Smith College. 1926, p. 352. Hydromantes platycephala Steuneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 17; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 114. Description. — General form rather elongate and slender. Limbs fairly stout and well developed. Tail not compressed distally. Head broad and depressed, little wider than widest part of body. Snout No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 77 rounded or truncate when seen from above, overhanging in profile. Eyes rather small, separated anteriorly by a little less than twice the length of the orbital slit. Nostrils minute, near corners of snout, separated by about their distance from pupil; a nasolabial groove barely distinguishable descending toward margin of lip. Line of lip nearly straight but descending slightly near corner of mouth. Vomerine teeth in two curved series, beginning a little be- hind and much external to the internal nares, converging obliquely backward and meeting or nearly meeting on the median line. Parasphenoid teeth in two elongate patches, nearly in contact an- teriorly but widely separated behind, separated from vomerine teeth by a little less than distance between internal nares. Tongue rounded, not emarginate, quite free anteriorly, laterally and posteriorly, attached only by a central pedicle, extending thirty to forty millimeters. Neck not quite as wide as body; no parotoid: a strongly marked groove running back and down from eye to the transverse gular fold; other transverse grooves on side of neck. A groove along vertebral line from head to base of tail. Costal grooves twelve between limbs. Anterior limbs with four and posterior with five digits. Digits not elongate, inner moderate or short; fingers and toes slightly enlarged at ends, webbed about half way to tips, one or two phalanges of third and fourth toes free. Tail cylindrical, much shorter than head and body. Adpressed limbs fail to meet by a distance equal to one or two costal inter- spaces. Ground color above a rich dark-brown, profusely marbled or spotted with silvery gray. Under surfaces lighter brown, gular region with large grayish spots. Measurements of 5 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to anus 58 59 60 60 63 Front of anus to end of tail ?. 37 35 35 40 34+ Width of head 11 10 11 10 12 Snout to orbit 3 3 4 3 2 Snout to gular fold 12 13 14 13 15 Snout to fore limb 17 17 18 17 19 Gular fold to anus 43 46 46 46 48 Axilla to groin 31 33 33 37 35 Adpressed limbs fail to meet by 7 10 7 8 5 Fore limb 13 12 13 13 17 Hind limb 14 13 16 15 17 Heel to end of longest toe 8 8 8 8 7 Breadth of foot 6 6 8 7 8 73 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oa PxPBBh Distribution. — This small salamander is known only from seven specimens taken in Yosemite National Park. Mr. Charles Camp who took two of these specimens states: "The two Mount Lyell salamanders were taken on the rocky, snow-crowned north slope of Mount Lyell, in the Yosemite National Park, about a mile from the glacier and a little below timber line, here marked by a few stunted white-bark pines on the tops of the ridges. The exact spot was at the 10,800-foot contour, on a steep, east-facing hillside above the Donohue Pass trail in a small patch of heather. A stream close by issued directly from the snow banks and disappeared beneath rock-slides below. The two specimens were found to have been captured simultaneously in a spring-clip mouse-trap set in front of a small hole running into the moist soil beneath some rocks." Remarks. — The writer with the late Dr. Van Denburgh visited the type locality on August 27, 1922, and collected the remaining five known specimens. These were found under large rocks at the margin of an ice-cold stream flowing from the snow banks. Order II. SALIENTIA The order Salientia includes all of the tailless amphibians, such as the frogs and toads. Two suborders of Salientia are represented in the area included in this work. These are the suborder Costata, in which rudimentary ribs are present, and the suborder Linguata, in which the vertebrae bear no ribs. Synopsis of Families a. — Eye with pupil vertically elongate; upper jaw with teeth, b. — Sole of hind foot without horny scraper; male with a short "tail": ribs present; parotoid present Discoglossidae. — p. 79 b'. — Sole of hind foot with a horny scraper; male without a "tail"; no ribs; parotoid not developed Scaphiopodidae. — p. 83 a\ — Eye with pupil horizontally elongate or round: upper jaw with or without teeth; no ribs, bb. — Parotoid glands well developed; jaws without teeth; digits without terminal disks Biifonidae. — p. 89 bb'. — No parotoid glands; upper jaw with teeth. c. — Tips of digits broadened into adhesive disks; skin of belly granular Hylidae. — p. 110 c'. — Tips of digits not broadened into disks; skin of belly usually smooth Ranidae. — p. 120 No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 79 Suborder II. COSTATA This suborder is represented by a single family. Family 4. DISCOGLOSSID^ In the members of this family the diapophyses of the second, third and fourth vertebrae bear short ribs. The tongue is rounded and, being attached by nearly the whole of its base, cannot be pro- truded. The vertebrae are opisthocoelous. The sacral diapophyses are dilated. Teeth are present in the upper jaw and on the vomers. There is no vocal sac. Representatives of this family have been found in Europe, Africa, Asia, New Zealand, and North America. There is but one American genus. Genus 10. Ascaphus Ascaphus Stejnegek, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXI, 1899, p. 899 (type, truei). This genus, of which only one species is known, is characterized as follows: Typanum and eustachian tubes not visible (probably absent) ; pupil elliptical, vertical; diapophyses of sacral verterbrae moderately dilated; tongue free behind; second rib with a posterior process; sternum a narrow transverse band of cartilage; urostvle articulated to a single condyle; vomerine teeth in two small groups between choanae; parotoid gland well developed. Upper jaw toothed; shoulder girdle of the arciferous type; pre- coracoid but slightly curved; coracoid short: epicoracoid cartilage very broad; apparently no omosternum; sternum a narrow trans- verse cartilage with a short posterior median process; tongue thick, broadly pear-shaped, slightly emarginate and free behind, adherent in front; urostyle with two basal transverse processes directed obliquely backward, the articular surface quite flat; outer meta- tarsals separated by web; fingers free; toes slightly webbed: no subarticular tubercles; tips of digits obtusely pointed; inner meta- tarsal slight. Ascaphus truei Stejneger American Ribbed Toad Plate 11, figure 1 Ascaphus tniei Stejnbger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXI, 1899, p. 900, pi. LXXXIX (type locality, HumptuHps. Chehalis County, Wash- September 15, 1928 30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oa Papers ington) ; Dickerson, Frog Book, 1906, p. 51 ; Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad Sci., Ser. 4, III, 1912, p. 259; Camp, Copeia, 1917, No. 40, p. 13; Grinneoli. & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 139; Stejneger & Barbour. Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 25; Gaige, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 84, 1920, pp. 1-9, pi. I; Van Winkle, Copeia, 1922, No. 102, p. 4; Nobij;, Copeia, 1922, No. 102, p. 6; Noble, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLVI, 1922, pp. 26-28, 30-36, 43-45, 52, 55, 56, 74; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph, Rept., 1923, p. 22; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 168; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 143. Description. — Head flattened, slightly broader than long. Snout obtusely pointed, longer than diameter of orbit, high, descending abruptly, with well developed canthus rostralis. Nostril nearer to orbit than to end of snout. Eye moderate, with vertically-elliptic pupil. Interorbital space much less than distance between nostrils. No distinct tympanum. Skin above nearly smooth with a few warts over pelvis and thigh, or moderately rough with granules and wrinkles and warts or small tubercles scattered over the entire upper surface and sides of head and body. Parotoid gland not developed, but may be made out as a glandular postocular ridge descending along the side of the neck. A larger elongate gland or series of smaller glands on side of body. Vomerine teeth in two small round patches between the anterior part or middle of the choanae and about equidistant from the internal edges of these openings and from each other. Tongue large, very broadly attached, but slightly free all around its edge. Fingers long, slender, obtusely pointed; first shortest, third longest, second and fourth equal: three pads on lower surface of carpus, a very large inner one and a small one on the base of each of the two outer metacarpals. Hind limbs moderately long, tibio-tarsal joint reaching eye. Toes rather slender, except outer, which is wide and flat; webs short, but edging toes for some distance; no subdigital tubercles. In adult males a "tail" (absent in females) extends back six or eight millimeters from the posterior surface of the thighs, is about four millimeters wide, and about three and one-half deep at its base. The cloaca is continued from its usual position into this structure, and ends in a large swollen orifice just in front and below the tip of the "tail". Color in alcoholic specimens above reddish-brown or dark gray, clouded with black. A light stripe extends across top of head be- tween anterior points of orbits. A black stripe interrupted by the 'irbit extends from nostril to posterior part of parotoid region. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA gl Upper surfaces of front limbs striped with black. Posterior edge of tibia bounded by a black line narrowly edged with yellowish- white. Under surfaces yellowish. Mrs. Gaige writes: "In live specimens there is a considerable range of color variation which is rather difficult to describe. The following color notes [Ridgway's Color Code] were made on a live female: back cacao brown, light spot on head pinkish cinna- mon, warts on sides and legs cinnamon buff, sides of head and body dark olive buff, below flesh color which was most distinct on chin and legs, belly densely spotted with mustard yellow. A live male differed from the female in having a citrine drab back and the warts cacao brown; the 'tail' above was the color of the body with a dark stripe down either side, beneath darker. The ground color is most commonly old rose or brick red, but it may vary from cream white, through various shades of pink, gray, and brown to almost black. In the lightest and darkest specimens the pattern is fairly well obscured. The glandular ridge or row of glandules on the side is usually dark tipped with golden yellow; the dark spot on the head is almost triangular; the dark line on the wrist is seldom interrupted; the upper surface of the limbs is often set off from the lower by a dark line which merges gradually into the color beneath. The females are usHally more brightly colored than the males." Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection op the California Academy of Sciences Sex ^ HR3 LENGER, Cat. Batrach. Salient. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 41; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, pp. 10, 16; Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, XXIII, 1886, p. 517; Duces, La Naturaleza, Ser. 2, I, 1888, p. 136; Gunther, Biol. Centrali-Americana, Rept., 1900, p. 198; Cragin, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., VII, reprint, 1906, p. 118; Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, III, 1919, p. 433. ? Rana Virginia Laurenti, Syn. Rept., 1768, p. 31. Rarui pipie7is Schreber, Naturforscher, XVIII, 1782, p. 185, pi. IV, (type locality, Pennsylvania) ; GMEa^lN, Syst. Nat., Ill, 1788, p. 1052; Bonnaterre, Encyclop. Meth. Erpet., 1789, p. 5, pi. IX, fig. 2; Schneider, Hist. Amph, fasc. I, 1799, p. 153; Shaw, Gen. Zool., Vol. Ill, Amphib., 1802, p. 105, pi. XXXII; Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 424; Garman, Bull. Essex Inst., XX, 1888, p. 95; Garman, Bull. Illinois Lab., Ill, 1892, p. 322; Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, p. 394; Dickerson, Frog Book, 1906, p. 171, color pis. XI, XII, figs. 1-2, 5-7, pis. LXIII, LXIV, LXV, LXVI, LXVII, LXVIII, LXIX, fig. 216; LXX, figs. 217, 218; Ruthven, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXIII, 1907, p. 510; Strecker, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXI, 1908, pp. 48, 60, 83, 88; Strecker, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, XVII, No. 2, 1909, p. 18; Strecker, Baylor Univ. Bull., XII, No. 1, 1909, p. 9; Strecker, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, XIX, No. 5, 1910, p. 81; Strecker, Baylor Univ. Bull. XIII, Nos. 4 & 5, 1910, p. 21; Cockerell, Univ. Colorado Studies, VII, No. 2, 1910, p. 130; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 224; Gary, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 33, 1911, p. 24; Hurter, Herpet. of Missouri, 1911, p. 114; Thompson & Thompson, Ann. Rep. Board Geol. Surv. Michi- gan for 1911, Herpetology of Michigan, 1912, p. 49; Ellis & Henderson, Univ. Colo. Studies, X, No. 2, 1913, pp. 60, 121; Van Denburgh & Slevin, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, III, 1913, pp. 393, 395; Surface, Zool. Bull. Penn. Dept. Agric, III, Nos. 3 & 4, 1913, p. 123; Wright, Pubis. Carnegie Inst., No. 197, 1914, p. 52, pi. XV; Strecker, Baylor Bull., XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p. 45; Ruthven & Gaige, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 8, 1915, pp. 11, 12; Ellis & Henderson, Univ. Colo. Bull., XV, No. 6, 1915, p. 258; Van Denburgh & Slevin, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, V, No. 4, 1915, pp. 100, 102; Richardson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLVIII, 1915, p. 433; Ellis, Copeia, 1917, No. 43, p. 39; Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 149; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 38; Bryant, Calif. Fish & Game, III, 1917, p. 90; Englehardt, Copeia, 1918, No. 60, p. 79; Ruthven, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 66, 1919, p. 2; Evermann & Clark, Phys. & Biol. Surv. Lake Maxinkuckee, 1920, p. 638; Klugh, Copeia, 1922, No. 103, p. 14; Schmidt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLVI, Art. XI, 1922, pp. 618, 619; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 180; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 36; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 266; Strecker, Contrib. Baylor Univ. Mus., 1926, No. 2, p. 1, No. 6, p. 8, No. 8, p. 5. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 123 Rana utricularia Harlan, Silliman's Amer. Joum. Sci., X, 1825, p. 59 (type locality, Philadelphia, Penn.) ; Harlan, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, 1826 (1827), p. 337; Harlan, Med. and Phys. Researches, 1835, pp. 102, 223; Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Salient. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 49; Garman, Bull. Hlinois Lab., Ill, 1892, p. 321. Rana palustris GuERiN, Iconogr. Regn. Anim. Rept., 1844, pi. XXVI, fig. 1. Rana oxyrhynchus Hallowbjll, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 142, (type locality, Florida). Rana berlandieri Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., II, 1859, Rept., p. 27, pi. 36, figs. 7-10 (type locality. Southern Texas). Rana virescens Kalm, Resa til Norra Amerika, III, 1861, p. 46 (type locality, Mexico, United States and Northward) ; Gar- man, Bull. Essex Inst., XVI, 1884, p. 41; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 397, fig. 100, pis. L, figs. 1, 2, LI, figs. 1-9; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, pp. 182, 184; Werner, Jahresb. Nat. Ver. Magdeb., 1894, p. 128; Atkin- son, Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1895, p. 258; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 539; Ditmars, Amer. Mus. Journ., V, 1905, p. 198, fig. 23. Rana halecina berlandieri Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 32; Yarrow, Surv. W. 100th Merid., V, 1875, p. 526; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 180. Rana areolata areolata Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 178 (part). Rana halecina halecina Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 179. Rana virescens virescens Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 401, fig. 100. Rana virescens brachycephala Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 403, fig. 101 (type locality, Yellowstone River); Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 118; Mearns, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 56, 1907, pp. 103, 110, 113. RaTui pipiens brachycephala Test, Bull. U. S. Fish Commiss., XI, 1892, p. 57; Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 228; Van Denburgh, Bull. U. S. Fish Commiss. for 1894, p. 207; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1911, p. 224; Van Den- burgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, III, 1912, p. 158; Dice, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVI, No. 17, 1916, pp. 304, 310; Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XII, No. 17, 1916, p. 503. Description. — Head about as broad as long, depressed; snout rounded, projecting beyond mouth: canthus rostralis indistinct; loreal region slightly concave; nostrils about equidistant from eye and tip of snout or a little neai^er eye; distance between nostrils greater than interorbital width. Interorbital width less than width of upper eyelid. Tympanum large, distinct, nearly smooth, one- half to once diameter of eye. Fore limbs heavy; no rudiment of pollex; digits rather long, first as long as or a little longer than sec- 124 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers ond, third much the longest, a slight fold sometimes present along sides of fingers, subarticular tubercles small or moderately large, rounded, prominent; a slight or no tarsal fold; inner metatarsal tubercle elongate, fairly prominent; outer metatarsal tubercle absent or indistinct; web full; one to three phalanges of fourth toe free. Skin generally smooth, granular on back of thigh, with more or less numerous warts, tubercles, or longitudinal folds on back and sides of body and dorsal surface of hind limb; a well de- veloped dorsolateral fold; a fold from upper lip to side of neck or shoulder. Vomerine teeth in small rounded groups or short transverse or oblique series between or slightly behind the choanas. Color above brown, gray, olive, or green, with large, discrete, dark brown or black spots on head, body and limbs. These spots usually are narrowly bordered with light blue, gray, yellow or green, and irregularly rounded. They may unite to form short longitudinal bands, or the spots or their light borders may be wanting. The dorsolateral fold may be light green or bronze or as dark as the ground color. The posterior surface of the thigh may be more or less clouded, spotted, or marbled with brown or gray. All the lower surfaces are white or yellow, sometimes clouded, marbled, or reticulated with gray or brown. Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to vent 57 73 74 77 81 100 Snout to orbit 10 11 11 12 12 16 Width of head 20 24 24 27 28 38 Interorbital width 2 3 3 3 4 5 Vertical diameter of tympanum 4 5 5 6 6 9 Fore limb 29 36 37 44 48 60 Hind limb 71 122 121 135 144 155 Length of tibia 30 40 39 42 43 50 Length of foot 32 38 40 43 47 53 Distribution. — This beautiful frog occurs throughout most of North America east of the Cascade Mountains and Sierra Nevada. It has not yet been found in Lower California, but probably occurs along the Colorado River. In California, it has been collected in Imperial (two miles east of Dixieland. Yuma). Riverside (Riverside Mountain), El Dorado (Lake Tahoe, Fallen Leaf Lake), and Modoc (Alturas), counties. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 125 In Or^on, it has been recorded from Malheur (Ontario), Umatilla (Umatilla), and Wasco (Fort Dalles) counties, and the John Day River. Washington localities are Walla Walla (Fort Walla Walla, three miles east of Wallula, Touchet), and Stevens (Clark's Fork of the Lower Kootenai River), counties. In Idaho, it has been collected in Bonner (Sand Point, Hope), Washington (Weiser, Montgomery's Ferry mouth of Weiser River), Canyon (Caldwell), Ada (Boise), Elmore (Mountain Home), Jerome (Spring Branch just above Shoshone Falls), Bingham (Blackfoot, Fort Hall), Power (American Falls), and Bear Lake (Deep Lakes, Bloomington Canyon), counties. In Utah, this frog has been secured in Cache (Logan Canyon, Dry Lake, Logan), Salt Lake (Salt Lake City, Fort Douglas, Mur- ray), Utah (Provo, Fairfield, Spanish Fork), Wasatch (Provo Canyon, Wasatch Mountains), Sanpete (Ephraira), Emery (Green River), Beaver (Beaver, Beaver Creek), Piute (Kimberly), Iron (Rush Lake, Iron Springs), Garfield (Panguitch), Washington (St. George, Leeds), and San Juan (San Juan River), counties. In Nevada, it has been found in Washoe (The Willows, Pyra- mid Lake), Elko (Elko, Carlin), Lincoln (Caliente, Pahranagat Valley), counties. In Arizona, it has been collected in Coconino (Oak Creek, San Francisco Mountains, Painted Desert at Tanner's Gulch, Tuba), Apache (Alpine), Yavapai (Prescott), Maricopa (Cave Creek, Fort Verde, Beaver Creek near Camp Verde, Tempe, Phoenix), Yuma (Yuma), Pima (Santa Cruz River at Tucson, mouth of Bear Canyon, Santa Catalina Mountains in Sabino Canyon, and at Pusch's Steam Pump 18 miles north from Tucson, Warsaw Mills), Santa Cruz (Santa Rita Mountains near Stetson's Dam and in Gardner Canyon, Camp Crittenden, Fort Buchanan, Calabasas), Cochise (Fairbank, six milfes east from Hereford, Ash Canyon, Huachuca Mountains), counties. Habits. — In the desert areas which this frog inhabits it is gen- erally found along irrigating ditches and the banks of rivers. In the mountain districts it inhabits the grassy meadows, ponds, lakes and streams. It travels long distances overland and may be found in wet grassy areas a mile or more from the nearest water. ■j^26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc Papers Rana onca Cope Nevada Frog Plate 20, figure 1 Rana onca Cope, in Yarrow, Surv. W. 100th Merid., V, 1875, p. 528, pi. 25, figs. 1-3 (type locality, Utah) ; Dickerson, Frog Book, 1906, p. 196, pi. LXXXII, fig. 257; Van Denburgh & Slevin, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, V, No. 4, 1915, p. 100; Stejnexier & Barbour, Check List N. Amer, Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 38; Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, III, 1919, p. 409; Boulenger, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., LV, No. 9, 1920, p. 428; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 183; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 35. Rana draytoni onca Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 443. Rana fisheri Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 227, pi. Ill, fig. 5 (type locality, Vegas Valley, Nevada) ; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 224. Description. — Head as broad as, or broader than, long, slightly depressed; snout rounded, projecting more or less beyond mouth; canthus rostralis indistinct; loreal region concave; nostril nearer to eye than to tip of snout; distance between nostrils greater than interorbital width. Interorbital width less than width of upper eyelid. Tympanum large, distinct, nearly smooth, one-half to once diameter of eye. Fore limbs heavy, no rudiment of pollex; digits rather long, first as long as, or a little longer than, second, third much the longest; no slight fold along sides of fingers; subar- ticular tubercles small or moderately large, rounded, single. No tarsal fold; inner metatarsal tubercle elongate, fairly prominent; no outer metatarsal tubercle; digits moderately long; web mod- erately full, one or two phalanges of fourth toe free. Skin above smooth, or with a few tubercles or ridges on back and sides of body and dorsal surface of hind limbs; a strong dorso-lateral fold; a fold or series of warts from upper lip to side of neck or shoulder. Vomerine teeth in small, rounded groups or short oblique series between or a little behind the choanae. Color above is brown, gray, olive, or green, with large or small discrete, dark brown spots on head, body and limbs. These spots usually are indefinitely bordered with light blue, gray, yellow, or green, and are irregularly rounded. They may form longi- tudinal rows, or the spots or their light borders may be nearly absent. The dorso-lateral fold may be light or as dark as the general ground color. Posterior surface of thigh may be more or No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA J 27 less clouded, spotted or marbled with brown or gray. Lower sur- faces white or yellow, sometimes clouded, marbled or reticulated with gray or brown, especially on the throat. Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the CALiFcmNiA Academy of Sciences Snout to vent 45 48 51 56 57 60 Snout to orbit 7 9 9 8 9 10 Width of head 17 18 20 21 22 23 Interorbital width 2 2 2 3 3 3 Vertical diameter of tympanum 3 4 4 5 5 5 Fore limb 25 27 28 30 31 34 Hind limb 67 76 80 80 85 95 Length of tibia, 21 23 24 25 25 28 Length of foot 22 24 26 27 26 30 Distribution. — This frog is known only from Utah and Nevada. The only Utah record is of Dr. Yarrow's single female speci- men, without more definite locality, collected in 1872. In Nevada, this frog has been found only in Clark County, where it is common near Las Vegas. The Death Valley Expedition secured it at Las Vegas Ranch, Vegas Valley. Habits. — Our specimens were all caught in a small stream from a flowing well about a mile northwest of the town of Las Vegas. Rana aurora aurora Baird & Girard Western Wood-frog Plate 20, figure 2 Rana aurora Baird & GiRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1852, p. 174 (type locality, Puget Sound) ; Girard, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herpetology, 1858, p. 18, pi. IL figs. 1-6; Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 225; Van Denburgh, Bull. U. S. Fish Commiss. for ^1894, p. 207; Dickinson, Frog Book 1906, p. 216, pi. LXXXII, figs. 258, 259, color pi. XIV; Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, III, 1912, p. 159; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 36; Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, III, 1919, p. 410; Boulenger, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., LV, No. 9, 1920, p. 448; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 183. Rana temporaria aurora Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 185 (part). Rana agilis aurora CoPE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, XXIII, 1886, p. 521; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 439, fig. 113, (part) ; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1893, pp. 181, 183; Meek, Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser. I, 1899, p. 332. September 15, 1928 228 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers Rana aurora aurora Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 9, 1917, pp. 123, 124; Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 148; Stejneger & Bakbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 34; Hardy, Rep. Prov. Mus. Brit. Columbia, 1925, p. c23; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 229. Description. — Head broader than long, depressed; snout rounded, projecting a little beyond mouth; canthus rostralis fairly promi- nent; loreal region slightly oblique; nostril equidistant or nearer to tip of snout than to orbit; distance between nostrils equals inter- orbital width. Interorbital width equals width of upper eyelid. Tym- panum small, distinct, smooth, about one-half diameter of eye. Limbs long and slender, digits long, first a little longer than second, third longest; no lateral fold on sides of fingers; subarticular tubercles small, rounded, moderately prominent; inner metatarsal tubercle elongate, fairly prominent: outer metatarsal tubercle absent or obscure; web full; two phalanges of fourth toe free. Skin smooth, back of thighs granular; dorso-lateral fold more or less obscure; a fold from the upper lip to the side of the neck or shoulder. The vomerine teeth are in two oblique patches between and behind the choanae. Color above light brown, sometimes tinged with red, with small black spots on the head, body, and limbs. Posterior surface of thigh more or less clouded, speckled, or mottled with gray; can- thus rostralis edged with black. Lower surfaces are yellowish, clouded or reticulated with dark gray. Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to vent 42 43 44 51 56 70 Snout to orbit 7 7 7 8 10 11 Width of head 17 14 15 18 21 26 Interorbital width 3 3 3 3 4 5 Vertical diameter of tympanum 3 3 3 3 4 4 Fore limb 28 27 28 27 36 42 Hind limb 79 80 82 90 108 130 Length of tibia 23 24 24 27 33 40 Length of foot 24 25 27 29 36 39 Distribution. — This frog is confined to a narrow strip of terri- tory along the Pacific Coast from British Columbia to Oregon and possibly to extreme northwestern California. In British Columbia, it has been taken on \ aucouver Island, and at Vancouver, Hatzic, and Selkirk Settlement. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA J29 In Washington, it has been collected in Clallam (Lake Crescent, Neah Bay), Jefferson (Hoh River near Fischer's Ranch near Spruce), Pierce (Tacoma), Chehalis (Quinault, Aberdeen), Pacific (South Bend, Trapp Creek, Melbourne, Shoalwater Bay, Ilwaco), Snohomish (Darrington), King (Seattle), Lewis (Skooumchuck River near Chehalis), and Skamania (Carson, Skamania), counties. In Oregon, it has been collected in Clatsop (Astoria, Seaside), Multnomah (Portland), Clackamas (Clear Creek near Oregon City), Lane (Eugene, Mapleton), Douglas (Fort Umpqua, Take- nitch Lake), Jackson (Prospect), and Klamath (Crater Lake), counties. Calif ornian specimens from Del Norte (Crescent City) and Hum- boldt (Eureka) counties have been identified as Rana a. aurora. Habits. — Rana a. aurora is essentially a wood-frog. Oregon and Washington specimens were taken among the ferns and dense vege- tation, in the forests of the coastal belt. Rana aurora draytonii Baird & Girard California Red-legged Frog Plate 21, figure 1 Rana draytonii Baird & GiRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., VI, 1852, p. 174 (type locality, San Francisco, California) ; Girard, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herpetology, 1858, p. 23, pi. II, figs. 19-24; Cooper, in Cronise, Nat. Wealth of Calif., 1868, p. 485; Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., XXIII, 1886, p. 521; Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 225; Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, V, 1896, p. 1008; Dickerson, Frog Book, 1906, p. 213, pis. LXXX, LXXXI, color pi. XV; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 37; Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, III, 1919, p. 410; BouLENGER, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., LV, No. 9, 1920, p. 446; Nelson, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., XVI, 1921, p. 113. Rana lecontii Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1853, p. 301 (type locality, San Francisco) ; Gunther, Cat. Batrach. Salient., 1858, p. 15; Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., IV, 1870, p. 64; Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom., I, p. 179; Brocchi, Miss. Sci. Mex., Batrach., 1881, p. 14, pi. IV, fig. 1; Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Salient. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 43. Rana yiigricans Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, 1854, p. 96 (type locality, El Paso Creek, Kern County, Cali- fornia) ; Boulenger, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 207; Brocchi, Miss. Sci. Mex., Batrach., 1881, p. 15, pi. IV, fig. 3 (part) ; Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Salient. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 43. Rana longipes Hallowell, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., X, 1859, William- sons' Rept., pt. IV, No. 1, p. 20, pi. X, fig. 1 (type locality, J30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc Papers El Paso Creek, Kern County, California) ; Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., IV, 1870, p. 64. Rana draytoni Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., IV, 1870, p. 64; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 183. Rana temporaria aurora COPB, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 32; Yarrow & Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Append. NN, 1878, p. 209; CoPB, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 28; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 185 (part). Epirhexis longipes Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 176 (part). Rana septentrionalis Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 182 (part). ? Rana catesbiana Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 184 (part). Rana temporaria pretiosa CoPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 432 (part). Rana agilis aurora Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 439 (part). Rana draytoni draytoni Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 441, fig. 114 (part). Rana aurora Chamberlain, Rept. U. S. Fish Commiss. 1897 (1898) p. 225 (part). Rana aurora draytonii Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 9, 1917, pp. 123, 124; Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 148; Schmidt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLVI, Art. XI, 1922, pp. 612. 615, 634; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 34; Grin- nelx, & Storer, Animal Life in the Yosemite, 1924, p. 666; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 231. Rama aurora draytoni Stephens, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, No. 4, 1921, p. 60. Description. — Head broader than long, not greatly depressed; snout rounded, projected beyond mouth; canthus rostralis mod- erate or indistinct; loreal region slightly concave; nostrils about equidistant from eye and tip of snout; distance between nostrils greater than interorbital width. Interorbital width less than width of upper eyelid. Tympanum small, distinct, smooth, about one- half diameter of eye. Fore limbs robust: digits long, first a little longer than second, third much the longest; fingers without lateral fold; subarticular tubercles large, rounded, prominent; inner meta- tarsal tubercle small, elongate; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; web full; two phalanges of fourth toe free. Skin in large males very rugose, granular on back of thigh, with more or less numer- ous warts or tubercles on back and sides of body; a well developed dorso-lateral fold; a prominent fold from edge of upper lip to No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 13^ shoulder; sacral hump very prominent. Vomerine teeth in two rounded groups between the choanae. Color above light or dark brown, with large or small irregular black spots on dorsal surface of back and thighs. These spots are sometimes greatly elongated, with light centers. Sides, an- terior portions of femur and the under surfaces, are yellowish or whitish, spotted or reticulated with black. Lower sides of body and under surfaces of hind limbs are a rich salmon-red. Speci- mens from the San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California are much darker and show none of the red so characteristic of those from northern California. Sides and anterior portions of thigh of Lower California specimens are yellowish, strongly reticulated with black. Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to vent 59 66 70 73 74 77 Snout to orbit 9 10 10 11 12 12 Width of head 24 23 28 27 28 29 Interorbital width 3 4 3 4 3 4 Vertical diameter of tympanum 4 4 6 5 5 5 Fore limb 36 39 42 44 48 44 Hind limb 113 122 128 133 135 130 Length of tibia 35 36 42 44 42 43 Length of foot 38 37 39 44 42 38 Distribution. — This large frog ranges from Del Norte County, California to northern Lower California. In California, it has been collected in Del Norte (Requa), Siski- you (Lower Klamath Lake), Humboldt (Areata, Eureka), Trinity (Gumboot Lake), Shasta (Redding), Mendocino (three miles west from summit of Mount Sanhedrin, Mendocino City, Gualala), Sonoma (mouth of Russian Kiver, Petaluma), Napa (Calistoga, Luscol, Napa), Marin (four miles west from Inverness, San Rafael, Sausalito), Alameda (Berkeley, Oakland, Temescal, Thornhill Station), San Francisco (Presidio, Golden Gate Park), San Mateo (South San Francisco, Woodside), Santa Clara (Isabel Creek near Mount Hamilton, Stanford University, Los Gatos), Santa Cruz (Boulder Creek, Santa Cruz), Monterey (Monterey, Pacific Grove, Carmel), San Luis Obispo (Shandon, Pozo, Edna, Oceano), Placer (Michigan Bluff), El Dorado, Merced (Snelling, Gadwell), Fresno (Minkler), Kern (El Paso Creek, mountains near Fort Tejon), Santa Barbara (Santa Barbara), Los Angeles (Mint Canyon four 132 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc Papers miles from Saugus, Placenta Canyon, Santa Anita Wash, Sierra Madre, Rustic Canyon in the Santa Monica Mountains, El Nogal), San Bernardino (Victorville, Oro Grande, Colton), Riverside (Riverside), and San Diego (Witch Creek, San Diego, Campo, San Felipe Valley, Sentenac Canyon, Boulder Creek, Lakeside), counties. In Lower California, it has been secured in the San Pedro Martir Mountains, and at La Grulla, San Tomas, and Rancho San Antonio. Habits. — This frog is probably the best known in California, and as food is considered to be more desirable and more delicate than the introduced Bullfrog. It usually inhabits still water, and is found in ponds, lakes, and marshes, although it is occasionally found in running streams. The specimens from Lower California in the Academy's collection, were taken in small ponds at an elevation of 8,000 feet, in the San Pedro Martir Mountains. Rana cantabrigensis Baird Northern Wood-frog Rana cantabrigensis Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, 1854, p. 62 (type locality, Cambridge, Mass.) ; Boulenger, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 209; Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Salient. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 45; Dickerson, Frog Book, 1906, p. 211; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 35; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 182. Rana cantabr-igensis cantabrigensis Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 436, fig. 110. Rana cantabrigen'^is latij-e^nis CoPE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, XXIII, 1886, p. 520 (type locality. Lake Alloknagik, Alaska) ; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 435, fig. Ill; Dicker- son, Frog Book, 1906, p. 212; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 37; Dice, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 85, 1920, pp. 7, 11; Patch, Copeia, 1922, No. Ill, p. 77; Hardy, Rep. Prov. Mus. Brit. Columbia, 1925, p. c24. Description. — Head about as broad as long, depressed, snout oval, projecting beyond mouth; nostril about equidistant from eye and tip of snout; distance between nostrils greater than interorbital width. Interorbital width about equal to width of upper eyelid. Tympanum small, distinct, oval in outline. Limbs slender; digits moderately long, first and second about equal, third much the longest; hind limbs moderately long; heel reaching to about middle of orbit. Inner metatarsal tubercle elongate, prominent; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; web very full; two phalanges of fourth No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA J 33 toe free. Skin smooth; a well developed dorsolateral fold. The vomerine teeth are in two small rounded groups between the choanae. The color in alcohol is brownish, with two wide dorsolateral stripes of gray, the area between these stripes being spotted with reddish oval markings, bordered with black. Some individuals have a narrow dorsal stripe reaching from the tip of the snout to the vent. The sides are grayish, spotted with black, the dorsolateral stripe sometimes having a black border, extending through the orbit and along the canthus rostralis to the tip of the snout. A large triangular patch of black back of the orbit covers the tym- panum. The limbs are barred or spotted with black. A grayish stripe borders the upper jaw. The under surfaces are grayish or yellowish, the abdominal region sometimes spotted with black. Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the Museum OF Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Snout to vent 36 38 40 41 48 49 Snout to orbit 7 7 6 7 8 7 Width of head 16 15 15 16 20 20 Interorbital width 2 2 3 3 3 3 Vertical diameter of tympanum 2 2 2 3 3 3 Fore limb 23 22 22 26 23 ' 26 Hind limb 58 60 65 70 75 70 Length of tibia 18 21 21 22 25 26 Length of foot 10 19 20 25 28 25 Distribution. — This frog ranges from Michigan westward to Min- nesota, northward through Canada to British Columbia, Great Slave Lake and Alaska. In Alaska it has been taken at Yakutat and Lake Alloknagik. British Columbia records are Hazelton, Atlin, Meadow Lake, twenty miles north of Clinton, and the Kispiox Valley, twenty- three miles north of Hazelton. Rana pretiosa Baird & Girard Western Spotted Frog Plate 21, figure 2 Rana pretiosa Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1853, p. 378 (type locality, Puget Sound) ; Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 62; Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 378; Girard, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herpetology, 1858, p. 20, pi. II, figs. 13-18; Cooper, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., XII, Pt. II, 1860, p. 304; Cope, U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1871 (1872), J34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Fapbbs p. 469; Cope, Amer. Naturalist, 1879, p. 435; Boulenger, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 208; Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Salient. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 43; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 186 (part); Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, pp. 16, 20; Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 5, 1891, p. 112; Test, Bull. U. S. Fish Commiss., XI, 1892, p. 58; Van Denbxjrgh, Bull. U. S. Fish Commiss. for 1894, p. 207; Chamberlain, Kept. U. S. Fish Commiss., 1897 (1898), p. 255; Digkerson, Frog Book, 1906, p. 218, color pi. XVI, pi. LXXXIII; Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, III, 1912, p. 159; Van Denburgh & Slevin, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, V, No. 4, 1915, pp. 100, 102; Dice, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVI, No. 17, 1916, pp. 314, 321; Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, III, 1919, p. 432; Boulenger, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., LV, No. 9, 1920, p. 452; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 184. Rana septentrionalis Yarrow, Surv. W. 100th Merid., V, 1875, p. 528; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 182 (part). Rana temporaria pretiosa Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 432, fig. 110 (part) ; Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, pp. 182, 184; Meek, Field Columbian Mus., Zool, Ser., I, No. 12, 1899, p. 232. Rana pretiosa luteiventris Thompson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVI, 1913, p. 53, pi. 3, figs. 2, 3 (type locality, Annie Creek, Elko County, Nevada) ; Ruthven & Gaige, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 8, 1915, p. 13; Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 9, 1917, pp. 123, 124; Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 148; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 39; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 36. Rana pretiosa pretiosa Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 9, 1917, pp. 123, 124; Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 148; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 38; Blanchard, Copeia, 1921, No. 90, p. 6; Patch, Copeia, 1922, No. Ill, p. 78; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 36; Hardy, Rep, Prov. Mus. Brit. Columbia, 1925, p. c23; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 270. Description. — Head broader than long, depressed; snout rounded, projecting more or less beyond mouth; canthus rostralis indistinct; loreal region very oblique, concave; nostril equidistant from tip of snout and orbit; distance between nostrils equal to or less than interorbital width. Interorbital width greater than width of upper eyelid. Tympanum moderate or small, distinct, smooth, about one-half diameter of eye. Fore limbs moderately heavy; digits rather long; no rudiment of pollex; first digit as long as or a little longer than second, third much the longest; no slight fold along sides of fingers; subarticular tubercles large, rounded, single. Inner metatarsal tubercle elongate, fairly prominent; no outer No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA I35 metatarsal tubercle; web full; terminal phalange of fourth toe free. Skin above, on sides of body and dorsal surface of limbs rough; a prominent dorso-lateral fold. Vomerine teeth in short oblique series between or a little behind the choanae. Color above light or dark brown, with irregular large or small black spots on back and sides, more prominent between the dorso- lateral ridges. In some individuals these black spots are obscure or almost lacking. Upper surfaces of limbs cross-barred with black. Posterior surface of thigh may be clouded or mottled with dark gray. Under surfaces yellowish or salmon, clouded or marbled with gray. Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to vent 59 60 62 64 65 67 Snout to orbit 8 8 10 10 11 11 Width of head 19 20 21 24 25 27 Interorbital width 4 4 5 5 6 5 Vertical diameter of tympanum 3 3 3 3 3 4 Fore limb : 33 34 38 34 41 40 Hind limb 90 92 108 100 110 113 Length of tibia 30 27 33 34 34 38 Length of foot 32 29 36 35 36 35 Distribution. — This frog ranges from Alaska south to northern California, and east to Utah and Montana. In Alaska it has been taken on Sergief Island. In Canada, it has been taken at Banflf, Alberta, and in British Columbia, at Watson Lake, Meadow Lake, Clinton, on the Stikine River at Sawmill Lake, Flood Glacier and Doch-da-on-Creek, at Kootenay Lake, Moose Lake, North Fork Moose River, Lake Ben- nett, Penticton, Okanagan, Hanceville, Hazelton, Sicamous, and Field. In Washington, it has been found in Clallam (Lake Crescent), Mason (Lake Cushman), King (Seattle), Pierce (Mount Rainier), Skasmania (Mount Adams), Chelan (Entiat, Entiat River at 1,820 feet twenty miles from mouth of river), Yakima (North Yakima, Yakima Indian Reservation, Bumping Lake), Klickitat (Trout Lake), Stevens (Springdale), Spokane (Little Spokane River at Dart's Mill, Clark Spring, Spokane), Whitman (Palouse River at Colfax, Pullman), Walla Walla (Walla Walla), and Columbia (Blue Mountains, Butte Creek, Humpeg Falls, Starbuck), counties. In Oregon, it has been secured in Clatsop (Gearhart), Tillamook 136 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc, Papers (Garibaldi), Multnomah (Portland), Coos (Myrtle Point), Crook (Crooked River. Prineville, ten miles west of Prineville), Klamath (Crater Lake, Old Fort Klamath, Sprague River, Klamath Falls, Klamath Lake), Lake (Warner Lakes), Umatilla (Umatilla River near Pendleton, Meacham), Union (Island City, Grande Ronde River), Wallowa (Fork of Wallowa River), Malheur (Jordan Val- ley), counties, and in the Deschutes River. In California, it has been collected in Siskiyou (Butte Creek, Sisson), Shasta (Lake Helen, Manzanita Lake, Lassen Peak, Fall City Mills, Fall River, Deer Flat), Modoc (Pine Creek near Alturas, South Fork of Pit River near Alturas), Plumas (Hot Spring Val- ley, Willow Lake), Tehama (Mineral, Black Butte, Boomer Lake, Battle Creek Meadows), counties. In Nevada, it has been reported from Lake Tahoe and from Maggie Basin and Annie Creek near Carlin. In Idaho, it occurs in Bonner (Sand Point, Hope), Kootenai (Coeur d'Alene, Mount Carlton), Adams (Indian Valley), Valley (Payette Lake, McCall, Lardo), Lemhi (Lemhi Mountains at 5,400 feet), Custer (Sawtooth, Pettit Lake), Blaine (Guyer Hot Springs near Ketchum), counties, and in the Salmon River Mountains at 8,000 feet. In Utah, it has been found in Salt Lake (Fort Douglas, Salt Lake City, Murray), Utah (Provo), and Wasatch (Provo Canyon, Wasatch Mountains), counties. Habits. — Rana pretiosa is found abundantly in the high moun- tain streams and small ponds left by the melting snow. It is strictly an aquatic frog and is seldom found any distance from water. Rana boylii boylii Baird California Yellows-legged Frog Plate 22, figure 1 RaTia boylii Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, 1854 (1855), p. 62 (type locality, California, interior, [probably El Dorado County]); Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., X, Pt. IV, 1859, p. 12; Cooper, in Cronise Nat. Wealth Calif., 1868, p. 485; Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., IV, 1870, p. 64; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 444, fig. 115 (part) ; Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, VIII, 1891, p. 453; Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 226; Dickerson, Frog Book, 1906, p. 221, pi. LXXXIV, figs. 1, 2, 3, color pi. II, fig. 7; Van Den- burgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 3, 1912, p. 159; Boulenger, No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA X37 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, III, 1919, p. 411 (part); BOULENGER, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., LV, No. 9, 1920, p. 469 (part) ; Grinneix, & Storbr, Animal Life in the Yosemite, 1924, p. 663. Rana pretiosa YARROW & Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. 100th Merid., App. NN, 1878, p. 210 (part) ; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mvis., No. 24, 1883, p. 186 (part). Rana pachyderma Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 25 (type localities, McCloud River [at Baird, Shasta County,] Cali- fornia, and Ashland, Oregon) ; Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 241. Rana boylii hoylii Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 9, 1917, pp. 117, 123; Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 146; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 36; Storer, Copeia, 1923, No. 114, p. 8; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 183; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 34; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 245. Description. — Size small; head broader than long, depressed; snout rounded, projecting beyond mouth; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region concave; nostrils nearer to tip of snout than to orbit; distance between nostrils equals interorbital width. Interorbital width less than width of upper eyelid. Tympanum small, distinct, covered with small tubercles, about one-half diameter of eye. Fore limbs moderately robust; digits rather long, first and second equal, third much the longest; no lateral fold along sides of fingers; subarticular tubercles small or moderately large, rounded, promi- nent; outer metatarsal tubercles elongate, prominent, inner meta- tarsal tubercle rounded, somewhat obscure; web full, extending to tip of longest toe. Skin rugose, covered with warts or tubercles on back and sides; posterior surface of the thigh covered with small tubercles; dorso-lateral fold obscure; sacral hump rather prominent; a well developed fold from lip to side of neck or shoulder. Vomerine teeth in two oblique series, widely separated anteriorly, between and a little behind the choanse. Color above grayish or brownish, clouded or with indistinct black markings on body and limbs. A light patch sometimes forming a band extends transversely between the eyes. Sides grayish, mot- tled with black. Under surfaces yellowish or whitish, gular region mottled or reticulated with black. Under surface of the thigh yellowish. J 38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Paphrs Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the Calif(«nia Academy of Sciences Snout to vent 30 37 44 51 53 55 Snout to orbit 5 6 7 6 8 8 Width of head 10 13 17 20 19 20 Interorbital width 3 3 3 3 3 4 Vertical diameter of tympanum 2 2 4 4 3 3 Fore limb 18 18 27 30 33 35 Hind limb 51 62 86 88 93 100 Length of tibia 17 21 26 30 28 33 Length of foot 15 16 27 27 27 30 Distribution.— This frog has been found only in Oregon and California. In Oregon, it seems to be confined to the southwestern part of the state, where it has been taken in Douglas (Camas Mountains, Drain, Umpqua River, Deer Creek near Roseburg), Jackson (Ash- land), and Curry (Harbor), counties. In California, it occupies the northern half of the state, except- ing the high Sierra Nevada where it is replaced by R. b. sierrce. It has been collected in Humboldt (Elinor, Carlotta, Alton, Cudde- back). Trinity (eight miles east of South Yolla Bolly Mountains), Shasta (Sweet Briar Camp, Baird), Tehama (Mill Creek, near Te- hama), Plumas (Quincy), Mendocino (three miles south from Covelo, Cahto, Laytonville, Sherwood, six miles north from Willits, Willits, three miles south from summit of Mount San- hedrin, Usal Creek, Ukiah, Gualala), Glenn (Winslow, Fruto), Butte (Chamber's Ravine near Oroville), Yuba (Bullards Bar), Sonoma (North Fork of Gualala River, Skaggs Springs, eight miles west from Cazadero, Camp Meeker, Freestone), Solana (Vaca- ville), Yolo (four miles west from Winters), Contra Costa (near Mount Diablo), Napa (Calistoga, Luscol, Napa Junction), Marin (Camp Taylor, Tocoloma, Lagunitas, Muir Woods, Mount Tamal- pais. Mill Valley, Fairfax, Paper Mill Creek, San Anselmo, Phoenix Gulch), El Dorado (Fyffe at 3,600 feet), San Joaquin (Corral Hollow, near Tracy), Merced (Sweeney's Ranch, near Los Baiios), Mariposa (three miles northeast from Coulterville, Coulterville, Pleasant Valley at 6,000 feet, Sweetwater Creek two miles south- east of Feliciana Mountain at 3,800 feet), Fresno (Kings River, Dunlap, Hume), Kern (Fay Creek at 4,100 feet, six miles north from Weldon, Kern River near Bodfish, Kernville), Mono (Mono Lake at Farrington's), Alameda (Berkeley, Oakland), San Mateo (San Andreas Lake), Santa Clara (Palo Alto, Stanford University, No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA J 39 Berryessa, San Jose, Steven's Creek, Los Gatos, Coyote Creek), Santa Cruz (Boulder Creek), San Benito (The Pinnacles), Mon- terey (Abbot's Ranch, Arroyo Seco), and San Luis Obispo (Santa Margarita), counties. Habits. — This little frog inhabits the slow-flowing streams of the coastal areas, and may be found in considerable numbers in the semi-permanent pools, formed as the streams become low at the end of the rainy season, Rana boylii sierrae Camp Sierra Nevada Yellow-legged Frog Plate 22, figure 2 RaTia pretiosa Yarrow & Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. 100th Merid., Append. NN, 1878, p. 210; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 186; Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna No. 7, 1893, p. 226. Rana aurora Stejneger, N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 225 (part). Rana boylii sierrse Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, 1917, p. 120 (type locality, Matlack Lake, 10,500 feet altitude, two miles southwest of Kearsarge Pass, Sierra Nevada, Inyo County, Cali- fornia) ; Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 146; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 36; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 183; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 34; Grinnell & Storer, Animal Life in the Yosemite, 1924, p. 663; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 263. Ratia boylii Boulenger, Proc, Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., LV, No. 9, 1920, p. 469. Description. — Same as for Rana b. boylii, from which it differs in structural characteristics, having a shorter hind leg and the tympanum less tubercular. Color above dark brown, with numerous black and yellowish- brown spots on head, body and limbs. Lips yellowish mottled with brown. Posterior surface of thigh yellowish, gular region clouded or mottled with black. The white head markings characteristic of R. b. boylii are absent. 140 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc Papers Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to vent 38 42 46 58 61 72 Snout to orbit 6 7 7 7 10 9 Width of head 13 15 18 20 23 26 Interorbital width 2 3 3 4 3 5 Vertical diameter of tympanum 2 2 2 3 4 5 Fore limb 23 26 30 32 40 40 Hind limb 61 72 82 92 115 122 Length of tibia 20 22 27 29 37 40 Length of foot 20 22 26 26 35 38 Distribution. — This subspecies, as restricted by Camp, occupies the higher regions of the southern half of the Sierra Nevada, where it has been collected in El Dorado (Fallen Leaf Lake), Tuolumne (Young Lake at 10,000 feet, Tuolumne Meadows at 8,600 feet, Evelyn Lake, head of Lyell Canyon, at 9,700 to 10,500 feet, Vogelsang Pass at 10,450 feet), Mariposa (Sunrise Trail crossing of Sunrise Creek at 7,300 feet, Vogelsang Lake, Porcupine Flat at 8,100 feet. Lake Tenaya, Mono Meadows, one mile north of Peregoy Meadow), Madera (Chiquito at 9,800 feet), Inyo (Mat- lack Lake at 10,500 feet near Kearsarge Pass), and Tulare (Taylor Meadow at 7,000 feet near Kern County line. Jackass Meadows at 7,500 feet, Monache Meadow, Ranshaw Meadow at 8,800 feet, Whitney Meadows at 9,800 feet. East Fork Kaweah River at 10,200 feet, Mineral King at 7,500 feet. Whitney Creek at 11,500 feet, Halstead Meadows at 7,000 feet in Sequoia National Park, South Fork Kern River at Tunnel, Soda Springs. Volcano Creek, Crabtree Meadows, Manter Meadow at 7,000 feet), counties. Habits. — Found in the small lakes and ponds scattered about the high mountain meadows. Rana boylii rauscosa Camp Southern Yellow-legged Frog Rana pretiosa Yarrow & Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Chief of Engineers for 1878, Surv. W. 100th Merid., App. NN, 1878, p. 210 (part) ; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 24, 1883, p. 186 (part). Rana boylii muscosa Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 9, 1917, pp. 118, 123 (type locality, Arroyo Seco Canyon, at about 1,300 feet altitude near Pasadena, California) ; Grinnell & Camp, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XVII, No. 10, 1917, p. 147; Stejneger & B.ARBOUR, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 14X p. 36; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 183; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 34; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 262. Description. — Same as for R. h. boylii, from which it differs in structural characteristics, in attaining a larger size and in having a broader expanse of web. In coloration there is a marked difference. Ground color above light gray or yellowish, with numerous black blotches or reticula- tion on head, body and limbs. Posterior surface of thigh rich yellow. Under surfaces yellowish or whitish, gular region slightly spotted or marbled with gray. Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to vent 51 55 56 60 62 63 Snout to orbit 9 10 8 9 9 10 Width of head 20 23 22 25 24 30 Interorbital width 5 5 5 4 5 5 Vertical diameter of tympanum 3 3 3 3 3 3 Fore limb 35 35 36 39 35 45 Hind limb 96 103 105 119 107 125 Leng1;h of tibia 30 33 34 35 35 40 Length of foot 28 29 30 33 31 37 Distribution. — This subspecies is known only from southern California, where it has been collected in Ventura (Nordhoff), Los Angeles (Arroyo Seco Canyon near Pasadena, Sierra Madre, Santa Anita Canyon, Little Rock Canyon, West Fork San Gabriel River at 3,000 feet, Little Santa Anita Canyon, Eaton's Canyon in the San Gabriel Mountains. Mount Wilson, La Crescenta), San Bernardino (Barton Creek at 6,000 feet, Fish Creek at 6,500 feet, and Santa Ana River in the San Bernardino Mountains), and River- side (Snow Creek near Whitewater at 2,500 feet, Cabazon at 2,000 feet, Hemet Lake, Palm Springs, Fuller's Mill at 5,600 feet, Schain's Ranch at 4,900 feet. Strawberry Valley at 6,000 feet, and Keen Camp in the San Jacinto Mountains), counties. Habits. — Found more commonly in the boulder strewn streams of the southern California mountain ranges. 142 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers Rana catesbeiana Shaw Bullfrog Plate 23 Rana. maxima americana aquatica Catesby, Carol., II, 1743, p. 72, pi. Rana boaiis Lacepede, Hist. Quad. Ov., I, 1798? Rana catesbeiana Shaw, Gen. Zool., Ill, Pt. I, 1802, p. 106, pi. XXXIII, (type locality. North America) ; Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 423; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 32; Boulenger, Cat. Batrach. Salient. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 36; Hinckley, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXI, 1882, p. 311, pi. V, figs. 1, 2, 7; Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 184 (part) ; Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 34, 1889, p. 424, fig. 108, pis. L, fig. 3, LI, figs. 4-8, LV, fig. 6, LXVI, LXVII (part); Carman, Bull. Illinois Lab., Ill, 1892, p. 328; Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, p. 300; Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1901, p. 212; DlTMARS, Amer. Mus. Journ., V, 1905, p. 203, fig. 1; Cragin, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., VII, reprint 1906, p. 118; Dicker- son, Frog Book, 1906, p. 227, pis. LXXXVI, LXXXVII, LXXXIX, XC, fig. 278, XCI, XCII, XCIII, XCIV, XCV, XCVI; Strecker. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXI, 1908, pp. 48, 61, 83, 88; Strecker, Baylor Univ. Bull., XII, No. 1, 1909, p. 9, Strecker, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, XVIII, No. 2, 1909, p. 18; Strecker, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, XIX, No. 5, 1910, p. 81; Hurthi, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, XX, 1911, p. 61; Thompson & Thompson, Ann, Rep. Board Geol. Surv. Mich, for 1911, Herpetology Michigan, 1912, p. 59; Wright, Publ. Carnegie Instit., No. 197, 1914, p. 77, pi. XIX; Ellis & Henderson, Univ. Colorado Bull., XV, No. 6, 1915, p. 258; Strecker, Baylor Bull., XVIII, No. 4, 1915, p. 46; Stejnbger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1917, p. 37; Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, III, 1919, p. 408; Wright, Bull. U. S. Bureau Fish. 1920, p. 5; Boulenger, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci., LV, No. 9, 1920, p. 418; Evermann & Clark, Phys. & Biol. Surv. Lake Maxinkuckee, 1920, p. 643; Storer, Calif. Fish & Game, VIII, No. 4, 1922, p. 219; Pratt, Verteb. Animals of the U. S., 1923, p. 181; Stejneger & Barbour, Check List N. Amer. Amph. Rept., 1923, p. 35; Storer, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., XXVII, 1925, p. 276; Strecker, Contrib. Baylor Univ. Mus., 1926, No. 2, p. 2, No. 4, No. 6, p. 8, No. 7, p. 5. Rana mtigiens Mbrrem, Tentamen Systems Amph., 1820, p. 175; Gravenhorst, Rep. Mus. Zool. Vratislaviensis, I, Chelonia et Batrachia, 1829, p. 40; Dumeril & Bibron, Erpetologie Gen- erale, VIII, 1841, p. 370; Wagler, Naturliches System der Amphibien, 1830, p. 203; Tschudi, Classification der Batrachier, 1838, p. 79; Gunther, Cat. Batrach. Salient. Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 36; Wied, N. Acta Acad. Leop. Carol., XXII, 1865, p. 106. Rana scapularui Harlan, Silliman's Amer. Journ. Sci., X, 1825, p. 59 (type locality, Pennsylvania) ; Harlan, Journ. Acad. Nat. No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA ]^43 Sci. Phila., V, 1827, p. 338; Harlan, Med. & Phys. Researches, 1835, pp. 103, 221. Rana pipiens Harlan, Silliman's Amer. Journ. Sci., X, 1825, p. 62; Harlan, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., V, 1827, p. 335; Harlan, Med. & Phys. Researches, 1835, pp. 101, 225; Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpetology, ed. 1, III, 1838, p. 81, pi. XV; Storer, Mass. Rept., 1839, p. 235; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1841, p. 119; Db Kay, Zool. New York, III, 1842, p. 60, pi. XIX, fig. 48; Holbrook, N. Amer. Hei*petology, ed. 2, IV, 1842, p. 77, pi. XVIII; Baird & GiRARD, Marcy's Exped. Red River, 1853, p. 243. Rana conspersa Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 425 (type locality, Pennsylvania). Rana catesbyana Smith, Geol. Surv. Ohio, IV, 1882, p. 712. Description. — Head as broad as, or a little broader than long, depressed; snout rounded, projecting far beyond mouth; canthus rostralis indistinct; loreal region very oblique, slightly concave; nostril about equidistant from eye and tip of snout, or a little nearer to eye; distance between nostrils a little greater than interorbital width. Interorbital width less than, or equal to, width of upper eyelid. Tympanum large, distinct, nearly smooth, nearly as large as eye in females, larger in males. Fore limbs robust; digits rather long, first as long as, or a little longer than, second, third much the longest; a slight fold often present along sides of fingers; sub- articular tubercles small or moderately large, rounded, fairly prominent, single; no tarsal fold; inner metatarsal tubercle elon- gate, indistinct or fairly prominent; no outer metatarsal tubercle; web full, one phalange of fourth toe free. Skin smooth, or with few or numerous granulations, small warts, or ridges on back and sides of body and posterior surface of hind limb; no dorsolateral fold. A strong fold present from above and behind tympanum to side of neck or shoulder. Vomerine teeth in small groups or short oblique series between or slightly behind the choanae. Color above yellowish, grayish, greenish, or brownish-olive, un- marked or more or less clouded, marbled, spotted, or dotted with darker gray, brown or black. Dorsal surface of limbs may or may not be cross-barred with darker coloring. Posterior surface of thigh usually marbled with gray or brown. Ventral surfaces white or yellow, often marbled on chin, throat and limbs with gray or brown. '%/ .1 September 15, 1928 -^^ f 144 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers Measurements of 6 Specimens in the Collection of the California Academy of Sciences Snout to vent 78 90 106 108 108 114 Snout to orbit 12 14 17 16 17 17 Width of head 28 33 40 36 38 41 Interorbital width 5 5 6 5 7 6 Vertical diameter of tympanum 6 8 8 8 9 9 Fore limb 46 54 61 59 64 64 Hind limb 115 144 166 165 171 183 Length of tibia 40 46 58 57 57 58 Length of foot 44 50 60 59 58 63 Distribution. — The common bullfrog of the eastern United States has been introduced into California and Idaho, and is common near Boise, Ada County. In California, specimens have been recorded from Sonoma Creek, El Verano, and Agua Caliente, Sonoma County, and from Mockingbird Lake near Riverside, Habits. — The Academy's specimens from Idaho were taken in small pools along the banks of the Boise River. Oc. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., No. XVI [Si.evin] Plate 1 Fig. 1. Tritunis torosus, Pacific Coast Newt Collected at Los Gates, Santa Clara County, California, September, 1021. Natural size. Fig. 2. Ambystoma macrodactylum, Long-toed Salamander Collected at Crater Lake, Klamath County, Oregon, June, 1918. Natural size. September 1."), 10J8 i Oc. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., No. XVI [Slevin] Plate 2 a a s c §^ S :;: o a as 3 73 _ ^ - CIS O = -^ Oc. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., No. XVI ISlevin] Plate 3 m ^ . 0) U ^O 5> c S o cd . .2 C3 Ti 0 +-> ." C ec 2 o O s^ o c cb «c :r N o 05 "o U ca — CU o CO rt :c s CO 2 5 ^> a c O o o X ^ CO sj •a Q "o Oc. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., No. XVI [Slevin] Plate 4 Rliyacotrituii ulympictifi, Olympic Salamander Collected at Fischer's, Hoh River, Jefferson County, WashinKton. September, li)l!). About natural size. Oc. Papers, Cal. Acau. Sci., No. XVI LSlevin] Plate 5 Fig. 1. Datruchoscps attennatns leucopus, Coronados Islands Salamander Collicted at Povvay, San Uieso County, California, March, l!t2T. Alioiit ono-half natural size. Fig. 2. Batrachoseps attennatns pacificuH, Island Salamander Collected at San Mitruel Island, California, April, IDKi. Natural size. Fig. 3. Batrachoi^eps attennatns attennatns, Slender Salamander ColUcted at Carniel, Monterey County, California, A|iril, 11127. Natural size. Oc. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., No. XVI [Slevin] Plate 6 f-4 (U .a 13 E C 1/ iS 57 13 c w o u ts c w a C3 ^ -a >i c c o ^H (- 0) o ,_^ -tJ d M tH 0) V 3 ^ 1-5 ;5 y; i-* OJ > •-** s s g X J^ o ^ w •♦^ s C5 T3 O Oc. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci.. No. XVI [Si.F.viN] Plate 13 CO -a Z a o .2 " "5 ^- O .a ^ S o Da o Oc. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., No. XVI [Slevin] Plate 14 Fig. 1. Bnfo canorus, Yosemite Park Toad Collected in Yosemite National Park. Tuolumne County, California, September, 1922. About natural size. Fig. 2. Bufo compactilis, Sonoran Toad Collected at Caliente, Lincoln County, Nevada, August, 1913. Natural size. Oc. Papers, Cal. Acad. Scl, No. XVI [Slevin] Plate 15 "■-^^.^I'rif Fig. 1. Biifo icoodhoKsii, Rocky Mountain Toad Collected at Fairbank. Cochise County, Arizona, August. 1912. About two-thirds natural size. Fig. 2. Hyla urenicolor, Sonoran Tree-toad Collected near Los Angeles, Los Angeles Countj', California, May, 1915. Natural size. Oc. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., No. XVI [Slevin] Plate 16 -73 -S o * O a O o SI < cJ .Si S E 2 o O CIS CQ >H 'on o fa = O •~ a! ^ c ~ 3 ■*-> O „ o eg K 4j Oc. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., No. XVI [Slevin] Plate 17 — o . * — — 5; . < X -C ■ £ < _ C ■■2 2 ^ - o I •~ a * 2 H § ^ E .s 5: = = u > September 15, 1928 Oc. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci.. No. XVI [Slevin] Plate IS n Hylu rcgilld, Pacific Tree-toad Fig. 1. Adult. Collected at San Francisco, California, June. 1912. Natural size. Fig. 2. Juveniles from Los Gatos. Santa Clai-a County. California, May, 1915. Natural size. Oc. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sn.. No. XVI [Slevin] Plate 19 m C 05 +-" -J e - to c S = a '-I o . 1-5 > ^ Clj o a: (M w ■13 01 i J Oc. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., No. XVI [Slevin] Plate 20 &0 . O ec c4 be 03 rH OS J2 o §2 S < ^ cs - I 1-t « . O S I > CO C £ « P « < 05 ^ (V ti g ■a o Oc. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., No. XVI [SlevinI Platk 21 Fig. 1. Ra7ia aurora draytonii, California Red-legged Frog Collected at Los Gatos, Santa Clara County, California, June, 1915. About natural size. Fig. 2. Rana ])retiosa, Western Spotted Frog Collected in Mount Kainier National Park, Pitrce County. Washington, July, 1914. Natural size. I Oc. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci.. No. XVI [Slevin] Plate 22 Fig. 1. Rana boijlii boijlii, California Yellow-legged Frog- Collected at Los Gatos, Santa Clara County, California, April, 1922. Natural size ; very large specimen. Fig. 2. Rana hoylii nierra'. Sierra Nevada Yellow-legged Frog Collected in Yosemite National Park, Tuolumne County, California, September, 1922 About natural size. Oc. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., No. XVI [Slevin] Plate 23 ■^.'- ,;.:^'■^:^>d^^^^ wmiirm ^ 3 O £ 2 pq i o i « o INDEX Principal page reference in heavy face type PAGE Amaxyrus melancholicus 97 Amblystoma calif orniense 33 decorticatum 28 epixanthum 29 macrodactylum 29 mavortium 33 mavortium californiense .♦. 34 nebulosum 33 obscurum ^ 34 paroticum 26 proserpine 32 tenebrosum 36 tigrinum 33 tigrinum californiense 34 trisruptum 34 Ambystoma 26 californiense 32, 33 decorticatum 12, 26, 28 ensatum 37 episcopum 33 epixanthum 29 fasciatum 32 ingens 33 lurida 31 luridum 33 macrodactyla 29 macrodactylum 11, 12, 13, 26, 29, 68 maculatum 33 malvortia 31 malvortium 33 mavortium '. 32 mavortium californiense 34 nebulosum 32 paroticum 11, 12, 13, 16, 26, 28 proserpine 33 punctulatum 72 rubrum 33 tenebrosum 37 tigrina 31 tigrinum 11, 12, 13, 14, 26, 31 J46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers PAGE Ambystomidge 21, 25 Anaides ferreus (51* iecanus 66 lugubris 71, 74 Aneides 41, 65 ferreus 11, 12, 13, 16, 66, 69 flavipunctatus 11, 66, 71 iecanus 29, 66, 68 lugubris 72 lug'ubris farallonensis 11, 16, 66, 74 lugubris lugubris 11, 16, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 75 Ascaphus 79 truei 11, 12, 13, 79, 82 A utodax ferreus 69 iecanus 66, 68 lugubris 72, 74 Batrachoseps 41 attenuatus 43, 47 attenuatus attenuatus 11, 13, 16, 42, 47 attenuatus catalina? 48, 49 attenuatus caudatus 12, 16, 42 attenuatus leucopus 11, 14, 42, 43 attenuatus major 11, 42, 53 attenuatus pacificus 11, 16, 42, 45 catalinje 48 caudatus 42 leucopus 43 major 50 nigriventris 48 pacificus 45, 48 BufonidcB 78, 89 Bufo 89 Bufo alvarius 11. 14, 90, 108 anomalus 97 beldingi 101 borealis halophilus 95 boreas 90, 94 boreas boreas 11, 12. 13. 14. 16, 93, 91, 93, 96 boreas halophilus 11. 14, 15, 90, 91, 93, 94 boreas nelsoni 94 canorus 11, 90, 99 chilensis 94 No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA ^47 PAGE coccifer 101 cognatus 105 cognatus californicus 11, 90, 107 cognatus cognatus 11, 13, 14, 90, 105, 106 columbiensis 90, 94 columbiensis halophilus 94 compactilis 13, 14, 90, 97 diptemus 106 dorsalis 102 frontosus 103 halophilus 91, 94 lentiginosus americanus 103 lentiginosus cognatus 106 lentiginosus frontosus 103 lentiginosus woodhousei 103 lentiginosus woodhousii 103 levifrons 97 microscaphus 91 pictus 91 punctatus 11, 13, 14, 15, 90, 100 speciosus 97 woodhousei 103 woodhousi 103 woodhousii 11, 13, 14, 90, 102 Bullfrog : 142 Camarataxis maculata 33 Chondrotus decorticatus 28 paroticus 26 tenebrosus 37 Chorophilus nigritus 119 nigritus triseriatus 119 septentrionalis ; 119 triseriatus triseriatiis 119 Cynops torosus 23 Desniiostoma maculatum 33 Dicamptodon 26 Dicamptodon ensatus 11, 12, 13, 36 Diemyctylus torosa 22 torosus 22 Discoglossidffi 78, 79 Dromoplecturus anomalus 98 September 15, 1928 J43 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papeks PAGE Ensatina 41, 59 croceater .• 11, 15, 60, 62, 63 eschscholtzii 11, 12, 13, 16, 57, 60, 62 Epirhexis longipes 130 Eurycea platycephala 76 Frog, California Red-legged 129 California Yellow-legged 136 Leopard 121 Nevada 126 Northern Wood 132 Sierra Nevada Yellow-legged 139 Southern Yellow-legged 140 Western Spotted 133 Western Wood 127 Helocoetes clarkii 118 triseriatus 118 Hemidactylium pacificum 45 Heredia oregonensis 60 Heterotriton ingens 31 Hydromantes 76 Hydromantes platycephala 11, 76 platycephalus 76 Hyla 110 Hyla afRnis 110 arenicolor 11, 13, 14, 15, 110, 115 cadaverina 114 copii Ill curta 114 nebulosa 114 regilla 11. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 113 regilla laticeps 114 regilla regilla 114 regilla scapularis 114 scapularis 114 scapularis hypochondriaca 114 triseriata 118 Hylidse 78, 110 Hyliola regilla 114 Hylodes maculatus 118 Litoria occidentalis 114 No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 3^49 PAGE Molge torosa 23 Newt, Pacific Coast 22 Notopthalmus torosus ;.... 22 Plethodon 41, 51 crassalus 53, 54, 72 croceater 63 elongatus 11, 52, 55, 56 ensatus 60 eschscholtzii 60 flavipunctatus 60 iecanus 66 intermedius 12, 13, 16, 52, 55, 57 oregonensis 57, 58, 60 vandykei 12, 52, 57 Plethodontidas 21, 40 Pseudacris 110, 118 triseriata 13, 14, 118 Rana 120 agilis aurora 127, 130 aquatica 121 areolata areolata 123 aurora 127, 130, 139 aurora aurora 12, 13, 16, 121, 127 aurora draytoni 130 aurora draytonii 11, 15, 121, 129 berlandieri 123 boans 142 boylii 136, 139 boylii boylii 11, 13, 121, 136, 139, 141 boylii muscosa 11, 121, 140 boylii sierrae 11, 121, 139 cantabrigensis 12, 121, 132 cantabrigensis cantabrigensis 12, 132 cantabrigensis latiremis 132 catesbeiana 13, 121, 130, 142 catesbyana 143 conspersa 143 draytoni 130 draytoni draytoni 130 draytoni onca 126 draytonii 129 fisheri 126 halecina berlandieri 123 halecina halecina 123 150 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers PAGE lecontii 130 longipes 130 maxima americana aquatica 142 mugiens 142 nigricans 130 onca 14, 120, 126 oxyrhynchus 123 pachy derma 137 palustris 123 pipiens 11, 12, 13, 14, 120, 121, 143 pipiens brachycephala 123 pretiosa 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 121, 133, 137, 139, 140 pretiosa luteiventris 134 pretiosa pretiosa 134 scapularis 142 septentrionalis 130, 134 temporaria aurora 127, 130 temporaria pretiosa 130, 133 utricularia 123 virescens 123 virescens brachycephala 123 virescens virescens 123 Virginia 122 Ranidae 78, 120 Ranodon olympicus 39 Rhyacotriton 26, 38 olympicus 12, 39 Salamander, Alaska 42 Black 66 British Columbia 28 California Yellow-dotted 71 Clouded 69 Coronados Islands 43 Del Norte 55 Farallon Yellow-dotted 74 Garden 50 Island 45 Long-toed 29 Mount Lyell 76 Northwestern 26 Olympic 39 Pacific Giant 36 Red 60 No. 16] AMPHIBIANS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA l^\ PAGE Sierra 63 Slender 47 Tiger 31 Washington 57 Western Red-backed 52 Salamandra attenuata : 47 Beecheyi 22 granulosa 22 ingens 31 lugubris 71 lurida 31 tigrina 31 Salamandridss 21 Scaphiopodidag 78, 83 Scaphiopus 83 bombifrons 84 couchi 88 couchii 14, 15, 83, 84, 87, 89 couchii varius 84, 88 dugesi 84 hammondi 85 hammondi hammondi 85 hammondii 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 83, 84, 89 hammondii hammondii 85 intermontanus 85 rectifrenis 87 stagnalis 85 varius 87 varius rectifrenis 88 varius varius 85, 88 Siredon gracilis 33 lichenoides ^ 32 tigrina 34 Spadefoot, Sonoran 87 Western 84 Spea bombifrons 84 hammondi 84 hammondii 84 hammondii bombifrons 85 hammondii hammondii 85 hammondii inteimontana 85 stagnalis 84 152 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Oc. Papers PAGE Spelerpes platycephalus 76 Taricha lavis 22 lugubris 72 torosa 22 Toad, American Ribbed 79 Arroyo 107 California 94 Giant 108 Great Plains 105 Northwestern 90 Red-spotted 100 Rocky Mountain 102 Sonoran 97 Western Marsh 118 Yosemite Park 99 Tree-toad, Pacfic 113 Sonoran 110 Triton ensatus 36 Ermani 22 ingens 31 Isevis 22 tereticauda 22, 71 tigrinus 31 torosus 22 Triturus 22 Triturus torosus 11, 12, 14, 16, 22 Xiphonura jeffersonia 31 tenebrosa 36 I As V Occasional Papers OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES XVI PRINTED FROM THE JOHN W. HENDRIE PUBLICATION ENDOWMENT SAN FRANCISCO Published by the Academy September 15, 1928 TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, COUNCIL AND MUSEUM STAFF OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES BOARD OF TRUSTEES WILLIAM H. CROCKER, President Term JOSEPH D. GRANT, Vice-President Term LOUIS F. MONTEAGLE Term MRS. ALEXANDER F. MORRISON Term WILLIAM M. FITZHUGH Term DR. C. E. GRUNSKY, President of the Academy and ex-officio member . . Term M. HALL McAllister Treasurer of the Academy and ex-officio member . . Term SUSIE M. PEERS, Secretary to the Board expires 1930 expires 1932 expires 1933 expires 1929 expires 1931 expires 1929 expires 1929 OFFICERS AND COUNCIL DR. C. E. GRUNSKY, President of the Academy COL. GEORGE C. EDWARDS, First Vice-President OTTO VON GELDERN, Second Vice-President DR. F. M. MacFARLAND, Corresponding Secretary JOSEPH W. HOBSON, Recording Secretary M. HALL McALUSTER, Treasurer G. P. RIXFORD, Librarian DR. BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, Director of the Museum and of the Steinhart Aquarium, and Executive Curator Dr. Barton Warren Department of Botany . . Department of Entomology Department of Exhibits Department of Fishes . . Department of Herpetology Department of Invertebrate Library Department of Mammalogy Department of Paleontology Steinhart Aquarium . STAFF EvERMANN, Director and Executive Curator . . Alice Eastwood, Curator . . Edward P. Van Duzee, Curator Hartford H. Keifer, Assistant Curator Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke, Honorary Curator Dr. F. R. Cole, Associate Curator in Dipterology Dr. F. E. Blaisdell, Sr., Research Associate Walter M. Giffard, Research Associate . . Frank Tose, Chief . Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Curator H. Walton Clark, Assistant Curator . . Joseph R. Slevin, Curator Zoology Dr. Walter K. Fisher, Curator . . G. P. Rixford, Librarian Thomas Cowles, Assistant Librarian and Ornithology Harry S. Swarth, Curator M. E. McLellan Davidson, Assistant Curator Joseph Mailliard, Curator Emeritus Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, Curator Leo G. Hertlein, Assistant Curator Frank M. Anderson, Honorary Curator Dr. Roy E. Dickerson, Research Associate Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Director Alvin Seale, Superintendent Wallace Adams, Assistant Superintendent COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION Col. George C. Edwards, Chairman Dr. C. E. Grunsky Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, Editor OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES No. 1. A Revision of the South American Nematognathi or Cat-fishes, by Carl H. Eigenmann and Rosa Smith Eigenmann; 508 pp., map; issued June, 1890 Out of print No. 2. Land Birds of the Pacific District, by Lyman Belding; 274 pp.; issued September, 1890 _ ~ Out of print No. 3. Evolution of the Colors of North American Land Birds, by Charles A. Keeler; xii, 361 pp., 19 pL (part col.) ; issued January, 1893 _ _..- Out of print No. 4. A Classed and Annotated Bibliography of the Paleozoic Crustacea 1698-1892 to which is added a Catalogue of the North American Species, by Anthony W. Vogdes; 412 pp.; issued June, 1893 _. Out of print No. 5. The ReptUes of the Pacific Coast and Great Basin; an Account of the Species known to inhabit California, and Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Nevada, by John Van Denburgh; 236 pp.; issued June, 1897 Out of print No. 6. New Mallophaga, III; comprising Mallophaga from Birds of Panama, Baja California and Alaska, by Vernon L. Kellogg; Mallophaga from Birds of Cali- fornia, by Vernon L. Kellogg and Bertha L. Chap- man; the Anatomy of the Mallophaga, by Robert E. Snodgrass; 229 pp., 17 pi.; issued February 28, 1899 - Out of print No. 7. Synopsis of California Stalk-eyed Crustacea, by Samuel J. Holmes; 262 pp., 4 pi.; issued June 15, 1900 Out of print No. 8. List of the Coleoptera of Southern California, with notes on Habits and Distribution and Descriptions of new Species, by H. C. Fall; 282 pp.; issued Novem- ber 11, 1901...^ _ - - _ Out of print No. 9. A Handbook of the Trees of California, by Alice East- wood; 86 pp., 57 pi.; issued July 8, 1905 Out of print No. 10. The Reptiles of Western North America; an Account of the Species known to inhabit California and Ore- gon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, British Columbia, Sonora and Lower California, by John Van Denburgh; 2 volumes, 128 pi.; issued November 23, 1922 _ „ $10.00 No. 11. Fauna and stratigraphic Relations of the Tejon Eocene at the type locality in Kern County, California, by Frank M. Anderson and G. Dallas Hanna; 249 pp., 16 pi.; issued March 18, 1925 _. $2.00 No. 12. A Review of the Giant Mackerel-like Fishes, Tunnies Spearfishes and Swordfishes, by David Starr Jor- dan and Barton Warren Evermann; 113 pp., 20 pi.; issued September 30, 1926 $1.25 No. 13. Cretaceous Diatoms from California, by G. Dallas Hanna; 48 pp., 5 pi.; issued September 17, 1927 _. $ .75 No. 14. The Rudistids of Southern Mexico, by Robert H. Pal- mer; 132 pp., 18 pi.; issued February 29, 1928 $1.75 No. 15. Studies on Marine Ostracods, Part II, by Tage Skogs- berg; 155 pp., 23 text figs., 6 pi.; issued August 24, 1928 -. $2.00 No. 16. The Amphibians of Western North America, by Joseph R. Slevin; 152 pp. 23 pi.; issued September 15, 1928 - $3.00 i 4 MHl, WHUl l.lllKAin H ITFR F