"\ OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE California Academy of Sciences No. 48, 108 pages, 85 figures, 4 plates February 16, 1966 INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA By G Dallas Hanna Curator Department of Geology California Academy of Sciences Warkiv. Bio! gi.al Laborc J_ I e R A R >• FEB 2 8 1966 [ Wf -^S HOI.E, MASS SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY 1966 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES No. 48, 108 pages, 85 figures, 4 plates. February 16, 1966 INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA By G Dallas Hanna Curator Department of Geology California Academy of Sciences CONTENTS Page Introduction 2 Land Mollusks 9 Freshwater Mollusks 36 Marine Mollusks 42 Mollusks of Uncertain Status 66 Sources of Illustrations 75 References 79 Index 101 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Introduction This report has been prepared with emphasis on introductions ofmollusks into the Pacific Coast area of western North America. California is covered more thoroughly than any of the other subdivisions of this area because of the number of species introduced into that state and also because of the author's greater familiarity with conditions there. British Columbia and Alaska are treated only briefly because there are few records in the literature. Hawaii is probably the most afflicted with undesirable introduced plants and animals of any area of similar size on earth. No attempt is here made to trace the com- plete history of molluscan introductions there because the subject has been thoroughly investigated recently by Mead (1961). Notes are included on spe- cies, the records of which I have come across incidental to other activities. Sources of Information The general literature on Mollusca has been a source of many records contained in this report but probably of greater value, and certainly the most current records, have been found in specialized documents. Most important of these is the mimeograph series "Cooperative Economic Insect Reports" pub- lished by the U. S. Department of Agriculture each week. Conchologists may wonder why mollusks should be included in a document primarily devoted to in- sects and the chief reason maybe that no other medium is available for record- ing the activities of these organisms so destructive to certain branches of ag- culture. Another reason is that economic insect control has become of great importance and a large and efficient corps of field workers has been established. Most of these workers are trained zoologists and are in a favorable position to detect injurious mollusks and make collections for identification. The U. S. Department of Agriculture, Plant Quarantine Division, Wash- ington 25, D.C., issues for each fiscal year a List of Intercepted Plant Pests. In this all records of forms of known or potential quarantine significance are collected. Mollusks, as well as other groups of animals intercepted, are listed. Quarantine authority is given to the Department of Agriculture and is repeatedly published in Plant Regulatory Announcements issued each year. This authority is as follows: Regulations governing entry of Mollusks These regulations, effective October 22, 1952, were promulgated under the Act approved September 22, 1951, entitled, "An Act to prevent the entry of certain mollusks into the United States. The regulations provide that pro- duce, baggage, salvaged war materials, and other goods that might harbor the giant .African snail and other destructive mollusks, will be subject to inspec- tion upon arrival in this country from foreign countries and from Guam. Inbound No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 3 vessels, vehicles, aircraft, or other conveyances that are found upon inspec- tion to contain such pests may be refused entry or may be allowed to enter after thorough treatment under strict safeguards. Provision is made in the regulations for importation of moUusks for scientific purposes. Those impor- ted for use in medical research may enter under permits issued by the U. S. Public Health Service." Other sources of information have been communications* from many indi- viduals, specimens in museums, and to some extent field observations of the author and his colleagues. I am especially indebted for assistance to my im- mediate associates, Allyn G. Smith and Leo G. Hertlein. They have furnished many records which otherwise would have been missed. Mr. Maurice Giles has contributed many photographs used herein. Others who have assisted in var- ious ways have been acknowledged through the text. Interceptions and introductions So voluminous are the records of actual interceptions of moUusks at ports of entry and departure, in baggage and mail, that no attempt is made herein to enumerate them all. Ordinarily, if these animals are detected they are destroyed and, therefore, present no special hazard. The likelihood of some shipments slipping by is very great; therefore, it seems pertinent to list the species intercepted at American ports during two late fiscal years 1958 and 1961. (Hunt, 1959, and Mumford, 1962). NAME 1958 1961 PLACE OF ORIGIN Achatina fulica 2 5 Morocco, Hawaii, Guam Bradybaena similaris - 13 Hawaii and Bermuda Cochlicella Barbara - 26 Mediterranean countries Cochlicella conoidea - 1 Spain Cochlicella ventrosa - 10 Azores, Bermuda, Italy, Morocco Euglandina striata - 17 Ecuador Helicella, 10 species - 41 European countries Monacha cantiana - 31 Italy, France, Germany Monacha carthusiava - 1 Italy Porphyrobaphe iostoma 6 8 Ecuador Rumina decollata - 1 Italy Solaropsis monile - 33 Ecuador Subulina octona - 2 Surinam, St. Lucia Theba pisana 33 64 Mediterranean countries The above are quoted from the publications cited without further checking. In addition th^ same authors cited the following species as having been intercepted but without times of detection or places of origin. * In 1960 an unsuccessful attempt to establish Crassostrea gigas was made at Sawmill Bay, Prince William Sound, Alaska. Dr. E. L. Bousfield collected six double and three single dead valves there in 1961. This information was received from Dr. Bousfield and Dr. Arthur H. Clark, Jr., of the National Museum of Canada. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers 1958 1961 Anon circumscTiptus Ceciliodes acicula Limax margmatus Cepaea nemoralis Cepaea hortensis (?) Limax maximus Deroceras reticulatum Helicina strebeli Otala lactea Limax marginalus Helix aspersa Otala vermiculata Limax maximus Helix pomatia Oxychilus alliarius Milax gagates (?) Lamellaxis gracilis Oxychilus drapamaldi Oxychilus alliarius The extent to which foreign introduction of marine shells can be carried is well illustrated by a report by Bonnot (1935, pp. 1, 2). He found 22 species in addition to the oyster, in 20 boxes of Japanese seed oysters destined for planting in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California (Hanna, 1939, p. 298). The list of species is as follows: Acmaea concinna (Lischke) Modiolus atratus (Lischke) Acmaea heroldi (Dunker) Niytilus dunkeri (Reeve) Acmaea heroldi pygmaea (Dunker) Odostomia (Evalea) sp. undet. Alectrion /z>fl/a (Dunker) Paphia (Ruditapes) japonica -(? A. festiva Powis) (Deshayes) Anomia laqueata (Reeve) Pecten (Chlamys) irregularis Balanus amphitrite albicoslalus (Sowerby) (Pilsbry) Potamides (Batillaria) multiformis Cellana amussitata (Reeve) (Lischke) Cellana loreuma (Reeve) Septifer rostratus (Dunker) Littorina (Littorivaga) sitchana Siphonaria cochleariformis (Reeve) [sitkan^ (Philippi) Sunetta excavata (Hanley) Macoma inquinata (Deshayes) Tegula undatella (Gould) jProbably a similar but dis- Thais tumulosa clavigera (Kiister) tinct oriental species] Turbo coronatus (Gmelin) This lot was collected March 26, 1930, but apparently few survived. In 1947; Professor Kincaid (pp. 1-3) discussed introduced species in Washington waters. First he mentioned the common, well known ones, My a are- naria. Crepidula fornicala. Vrosalpinx cinerea. Petricola pholadiformis. and Nassarius ohsoletus; then followed with 11 less well known forms brought to Samish Bay in 1924 with seed oysters. The list is as follows: Ocenebra japonica (Dunker) Monodonta labio Linnaeus Lampania zonale Bruguiere Thais tumulosus or Paphia philippinarum Thais nodulosa problematica Adams and Reeve (Baker) Trapezium japonicum Pilsbry Acmaea heroldi signata (Dunker) Turbo marmoratus Linnaeus Modiolus senhausi Reeve Turbo coronatus coreensis Recluz Pododesmus sp. In September, 1963, I talked with Professor Kincaid about this shipment, and learned that these species had definitely escaped from the seed boxes. Some of them are now well established either from this planting or later ones. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS The above names were given to Professor Kincaid by Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd. It would be very difficult to ascertain now if any of the species became estab- lished in Paget Sound as a result of this planting. Professor Kincaid gave the Academy a selection of turban shells and has passed specimens out to several collectors. A few of the species are illustrated in this report, but the names appear only in the list of uncertain status. Of these Dr. Leo G. Hertlein and Mr. Allyn Smith have identified Littorina hrevicula Philippi and Tegula tur- binatum A. Adams (or Omphalius rusticum Gmelin). In 1949 Kincaid (p. 1) gave a list of species which he had obtained from boxes of seed oysters from Kumamoto, Japan. Some of these have become well established on the west coast. Dr. Myra Keen has identified them as follows: Barbatia obtusoides (Nyst) Volsella senhausi (Benson) Littorina scabra intermedia Philippi Littorina brevicula Philippi Thais bronni (Dunker) Mitrella pardalina tylerae Griffith and Pidgeon Nerita japonica Dunker Cerithidea cingulata Gmelin Batillaria multiformis (Lischke) Acmaea heroldi signata Pilsbry The records indicate that a great many of the interceptions have been snails detected in military cargoes being returned to the United States from foreign countries. Arriving here, the cost of inspection may be very large; and a properly decontaminated cargo may cost up to $40,000. Sometimes the infestation may be discovered after the materials are landed in which case they may be reloaded aboard ship for treatment. Cognizance of these difficul- ties has recently been taken by the Department of Defense with the issuance by the Armed Forces Pest Control Board of Technical Information; Memoran- dum,, No. 5, The Mediterranean Snail Problem. (Adams. 1962). While this doc- ument is especially concerned with Theba pisana. Cochlicellaspp. , and fleli- cella spp.; the detailed instructions are applicable to many other forms of land snails and other sources of contamination than the Mediterranean area. The seriousness of the introduction of foreign species is well illustra- ted by one report, among many, regarding Theba pisana MiJller. In the Cooper- ative Economic Insect Report, vol. 11, no. 31, August 4, 1961, p. 747, 14 in- terceptions of material are recorded which originated in the Mediterranean area. The details of localities are as follows: Detroit, Michigan - 1 intercep- tion in stores; New Orleans, Louisiana - 1 interception in cargo for Ohio, 3 in- terceptions for Charleston, South Carolina, Alaska, and Norfolk, Virginia. Norfolk, Virginia - 5 interceptions, 1 in stores, 4 in cargo for Virginia. New York, New York -4 interceptions, 1 in cargo, 3 in stores. In many other cases, it is noted that many of the interceptions are in military cargo destined for military posts, a carelessness which is ordinarily inexcusable. 6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Another illustration taken at random of entry-post interception of Theha pisana: "At Charleston, 2 on military cargo; at New Orleans, 4 on old and new autos from France and on military cargo from France and Morocco; at New York, one on Begonia cuttings and 2 on military cargo from Morocco; at Nor- folk, 1 on motor cannister cargo from France and 3 on military cargo from Mor- occo," (Coop. Econ. Insect Rept., vol. 9, no. 52, Dec. 25, 1959, p. 1064). Most introductions of destructive or potentially dangerous moUusks ar- rive in United States ports in other cargoes through oversight or careless hand- ling from points of origin. Thus Central American snails have been intercep- ted by quarantine and inspection officers at several west-coast ports. They arrive with bananas and other commodities. No effort has been made in this report to list all of such interceptions because in most cases the species would obviously not be adapted to western climates. Many marine species, however, have arrived and have become established in the introduction of oy- sters to western waters. Those known to have survived have been listed. Other species come in with nursery stock and other plant material. All of these may be classed as unintentional importations. In contrast, there are deliberate shipments being made or attempting to be made for commercial purposes. Ingram's finding Helix lactea being sold in Ohio as fish bait is a good example. Dealers in aquarium materials like to supply the demands of hobbyists for unusual mollusks as well as fishes and there is a considerable number of persons who would like to raise for commer- cial purpose species which are used for food in other countries. Lastly, there are people, even conchologists, who derive a certain measure of pleasure in transplanting species from one locality to another just to find if it can be done. This is regrettable but difficult to control. Probably none of these activities can ever be controlled completely, legally or educationally. There simply cannot be enough inspectors. The ease with which a shipment may be made is indicated by one of my own experiences. A geologist friend travelling in South America stopped in Caracas, Venezuela, saw a number of snails on some plants and at once thought of me. He gathered a mailing tube full and sent them by air mail. Three days later about a hun- dred cerions arrived in San Francisco, all alive and healthy. Quarantine and pest-control officials frequently intercept various spe- cies of mollusks at ports of entry and elsewhere. In the normal course of events, after identification, the animals are promptly destroyed. Many of the specimens reach museums and are preserved there for future use. They are not properly introduced species and no attempt has been made to record them herein. In the attempts to establish a commercial supply of oysters in Cali- fornia waters and after it was discovered that Crassostrea virginica did not breed there, several attempts were made to introduce Mexican species. Ostrea corteziana Hertlein and Ostrea iridescens Gray were probably the ones which No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 7 formed the basis of the experiments. Townsend (1893, p. 361) has given some details. Perhaps the greatest instance of "shotgun" style of wilful foreign in- troduction of animals in west America has been the various activities of the California Department of Fish and Game in connection with the Salton Sea. Linsley and Carpelan (1961, p. 46) have given a list of many invertebrates which have been thus introduced. Among the lot there are 12 forms from Cali- fornia. Also eight molluscan species were listed which had come from Texas. In this case the total number of species introduced was unknown. A thorough account of the Salton Sea work has recently been published by Walker et al. It is a rather rare occasion indeed when it is learned that a native mol- lusk is considered to be injurious in agriculture or otherwise. Therefore, at- tention is called to the report of Capizzi (1961, p. 954) of Monadenia fidelis a native snail infesting gorse in coastal Lane County, Oregon. Preservation of Specimens In the case of slugs we know of no better method of preservation than that given by Messrs. R. W. Harper and H. H. Keifer in a mimeograph sheet issued by the California Department of Agriculture on March 2, 1962. After stating that these animals contract badly and exude quantities of mucus if placed directly in strong preservatives such as alcohol or formalde- hyde, they recommend that killing be done in water. They preferred a 1 per cent solution of a sugar, especially sorbitol, rather than sucrose because of fermentation of the latter. They also recommended that .1 per cent chloral hydrate be added to the water or in the absence of this, a few crystals of thy- mol as an anesthetizing agent. Containers for drowning should be completely filled so no air pocket remains. The animals should be left in the solution approximately 24 hours. Thus prepared, the material is in a reasonably ex- panded condition with external characters undistorted and are very suitable for dissection. (Copy furnished by L. J. Garrett, Jr.) Permanent preservation may be in 75 per cent ethyl alcolol, or 2- 4 per cent formaldehyde although Harper and Keifer recommended 50 per cent ethyl alcohol, 1 per cent sugar and 1 per cent formaldehyde. Preparations in the latter formula are excellent. In most cases shell-bearing mollusks are identified from the shells alone. Thus ordinarily it is sufficient to extract the soft parts and keep the shells dry. In the case of land snails they can be kept for a few days to months (in the case of desert forms) in any ordinary non-metallic containers used for ship- ing. They contract into the shells and remain dormant in such conditions. If it be desired to preserve the soft parts they can be extracted from the shells by boiling in fresh water for one to a few minutes depending upon size. If de- 8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers sired, the land forms can be drowned as described above for slugs, in which case they will be expanded out of the shells to some degree. For drowning freshwater snails the solution recommended for slugs is excellent. Thymol crystals are an excellent anesthetizing agent. Marine snails can be extracted by boiling, but if the shells are heavy and thick as much as five minutes may be required. In no case should shelled moUusks be preserved in any liquid which contains formaldehyde. This solution attacks the calcite and eventually de- stroys the shells for taxonomic purposes. A solution of either 40 percent iso- propyl alcohol or 75 per cent ethyl alcohol makes a reliable preservative for these animals. Methods of Control There is much literature, European and American, on methods and ma- terials used for the control of slugs and snails destructive to agriculture. Lange and MacLeod (1941, pp. 321-322) have given the best information known at that time. A late series of extensive experiments were conducted over a period of years by Howitt and Cole (1962, pp. 320-325) in Washington. They used sprays and baits in strawberry fields and recommend the sprays if pro- perly applied. Several chemicals are in current use, one of the more popular being metaldehyde. Burning has been employed in certain areas of California. L. J. Garrett, Jr., Agricultural Commissioner of Del Norte County, Cali- fornia, advised that after systematic testing of bait materials in that district it was found that a 6 per cent metadehyde bran was most effective for slugs. As a survey trap he recommended a newspaper rolled into a one and one-half inch hollow tube previously moistened with a solution of 10 grams of metalde- hyde in 100 ml. of isopropyl alcohol. (Letter to A. G. Smith, March 9, 1962.) It seems to be axiomatic that when an introduced mollusk becomes well established in western America, no known means has been discovered to com- pletely eradicate it. Except for the land forms there does not seem to be any effective method known for even attacking the problem. This is especially true for marine species. I do not know of any satisfactory way by means of which all of the small slugs which have been reported from the west can be differentiated either as living or preserved material. A few have characters which in the majority of cases are sufficient for identification of the species. Where this is the case, these characters are noted under the several names. In some cases, differen- tiation may have been based upon anatomical characters. It is not the purpose of this paper to go into anatomical detail, published or otherwise. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS Land Mollusks Cepaea nemoralis (Linnaeus). (Plate 3, figures 6-9, 19-22-) This rather beautifully colored land snail was recorded from western North America by Draycot (1961, p. 164). He noted that some of the snails came to a gardener in Lynn Valley near Vancouver, British Columbia, in 1926 with ornamental plants, but the danger was recognized and the colony was effectively exterminated with sprays and poisons. A more recent introduction from eastern Canada came also with plants to Mrs. L. Pierard of Lynn Valley. Considerable damage had been done before the danger was detected. The iden- tification was made by Dr. A. H. Clarke, Jr., of the National Museum of Can- ada. Both banded and unhanded shells were present. Mr. Draycot very kindly supplied the specimens illustrated herein. Hill (1941, p. 31) recorded C. nemoralis from nursery stock at Los An- geles and Redondo, California. Collections were made in 1938 and 1940 on four occasions. Spencer (1961, p. 48) reported the species from his garden in Vancouver, British Columbia. The only other record for western America is unpublished. H. H. Keifer wrote (letter, November 23, 1940) that: "We are also advised of the establish- ment of Helix nemoralis in Hollywood, California." From the large collections of European land snails in the California Academy of Sciences, I do not believe it is possible to distinguish C. horten- sis and C. nemoralis on shell characters alone. Pilsbry (1939, pp. 6-12) de- scribed and illustrated both species but failed to give shell characters for separation which could be used in the field. Slight anatomical differences were noted. In C. nemoralis the outer lip and columella were deep brown in many specimens but in others there is scarcely a trace. The same is true of C. hor- tensis. Ingram (1952, pp. 26-29) has recorded C. hortensis from Cincinnati, Ohio, where it was sold as bait, along with Otala lactea. In view of the dif- ficulty of distinguishing C. nemoralis and C. hortensis, we are illustrating one of Dr. Ingram's specimens and two from Denmark furnished by Dr. Hans Schlesch (plate 1, figure 2). Banding in both species is highly variable and many speci- mens are completely without any bands whatsoever. According to Pilsbry (1939, pp. 6-12) C. hortensis is found along the eastern seaboard of the United States, especially on the islands, and since it occurs as fossils in kitchen middens and Pleistocene deposits, it should be considered a North American resident. It is very common in Europe. 10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Helix aperta Born. (Plate 3, figures 10-13, 23-26.) In some mysterious manner this species has become well established at SanYsidro, San Diego County, California. An employee of the gas company, reading meters, saw them in May, 1941, and reported to Mr. Walter Binney, Agricultural Commissioner at Chula Vista, that the local residents informed him the snails were doing much damage to yards and gardens. Mr. Earle Gam- mon was summoned to investigate and so far as has been determined they are confined to a rather limited area. Several gardens and a small alfalfa patch were found to be well populated. The burrowing habit of the species makes it difficult to eradicate and to determine the extent of the infestation. Many holes were found six inches deep with a spherical cavity at the bottom, lined with dried mucus. A road grader working on a street in the area uncovered many of them. In aestivating, a characteristic very heavy white epiphragm is secreted. Several writers on European land snails have commented upon the great esteem in which this species is held by epicures. This may have some bear- ing upon its appearance near San Diego. The usual methods of combating the introduced helices is to burn the infested areas to the ground wherever practicable. Special oil burning "flame guns" have been developed for the purpose. Also local fire departments often assist in the application of this method. Poisoned baits and attractants are used extensively and especially in the areas where fire cannot be risked. The effectiveness of different types of baits seems to vary indifferent places, possibly because of the humidity. Moistened bran, poisoned with calcium ar- senate, is said to be excellent in some places, particularly in the southern part of the state. Bran, with a small percentage of metaldehyde and some- PLATE 1 All specimens illustrated on this plate are in the California Academy ofSciences, Department of Geology Type Collection, unless otherwise stated. Figure 1. Arion ater (Linnaeus). From Crescent City, California; L.J.Garrett, Jr., collector. Figure 2- Euglandina rosea (Ferussac). Hypotype no. 12622 (CAS). From Cres- cent City, California; L. J. Garrett, Jr., collector. Length 58.5 mm. Figure 3. Cepaea hortensis (Miiller). Hypotype no. 12623 (CAS). From Denmark. Hans Schlesch, collector. Diameter 19. 3 mm. Figure 4. Cepaea hortensis (Miiller). Hypotype no. 12624 (CAS). From Denmark. Hans Schlesch, collector. Diameter 19.8 mm. Figure 5- Cepaea hortensis l}An\\et). Hypotype no. 12625 (CAS). From Cincinnati, Ohio. William Marcus Ingram, collector. Diameter 22. 4 mm. OCC. PAPERS CALIF. ACAD. SCI., NO. 48 (HANNA) PLATE 1. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 11 times with a poison added, is sold under various trade names and is preferred by some in more humid areas. The value of the aldehyde as an attractant is well established, through extensive field use. Lange and MacLeod (1941, pp. 321-322) have given an account of the preparation, use and effectiveness of these materials with a bibliography. Campbell (1953, p. 75) related that this species was found to have de- stroyed the first few rows of a cabbage field adjacent to a pasture in the vi- cinity of San Ysidro, California. As many as eight snails per plant were found. Helix aspersa Muller. (Plate 2, figures 4-/) (t^ 10 -cX This, the brown garden snail of popular literature, was the first foreign mollusk to be introduced into western North America. Forbes (1850, p. 53) no- ted it from Santa Barbara among the shells brought to England by Kellett and Wood during the voyages of the Herald and Pandora. Carpenter (1856 [1857] » p. 239) commented on this record, stating that the species was probably impor- ted. Stearns (1881, pp. 129-139) did not refer to these records in his extend- ed account of the introduction of the snail by a Mr. A. Delmas near San Jose, California, in 1856. Stearns probably had first hand information and remarked that it was brought in for food purposes. Since then the species has spread widely throughout most of the west- tern states, except the high mountain country. It is found in desert areas where there are flourishing gardens: Bakersfield (C. C. Church); Chico (Mickey); Co- quille, Coos County, Oregon (Capizzi, 1961, p. 232); Holladay, Salt Lake Coun- ty, Utah (Hutchings, 1961, p. 611); Tucson, Arizona (Mead, 1963, p. 27). The most northern locality for the species of which we have a record is Seaview near Long Beach, Pacific County, Washington, where it was reported to be causing considerable damage to flowers. (Breakey, I960, Cooperative Econom- ic Insect Report, vol. 10, no. 33, p. 769.) At this and the Coquille, Oregon, locality as well as at Crescent City, California, sea cliff locality, the species is living in essentially wild circumstances. Other than this, there is little, if any, evidence that the species has left the areas of cultivation, but in gardens and orchards it is very destructive. Effective control on a small scale can be maintained by use of commer- cially prepared metaldehyde baits, but on a large scale, such as the orchards of southern California, this becomes very difficult. Actual extermination now seems to be hopeless. Strange to say epicures who like snails for food seem to prefer them from imported cans from Europe rather than picking them from western gardens. 12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Sinistral specimens of this species are none too common even in Europe. Therefore, attention is called to the fact that Basinger (1931, p. 5) found and recorded one from Anaheim, California, in his general report on the status of the snail in California. The specimen was deposited in the collection of S. S. Berry. On June 19, 1941, Mr. Royal Stewart found one alive in his garden, 1230 Glen Avenue, Berkeley, California. This was given to Mr. Allyn G. Smith and placed on exhibition at the Academy soon thereafter. Newspaper notices re- garding it resulted in the finding of two more. Mr. William Martin, 114 Gren- ville Way, San Francisco, found one on the top of Forest Hill near his home, July 5, 1941. This was presented alive to the Academy. A fourth specimen was found by Mr. Albert H. Amon in the garden of Saratoga Inn, Saratoga, Cal- ifornia, July 6, 1941. Disposition of this one is not known to me. Helix pomatia Linnaeus. (Figure 1.) This is the most common food snail of Europe, perhaps, and re- quests are made from time to time to colonize the species in America. Pro- bably it has been tried, but if so, re- cords have not been found. A ship- ment of 12 by air, was intercepted at San Francisco on September 12, 1961, by State Plant Quarantine officers. These were for the avowed purpose of having a "snail race," the promo- tion of which would seem to serve no useful purpose (Galbraith, 1961, p. 2). The shells may be rather strongly banded as in the example shown here- with, down to where there are no perceptible color markings at all. Size also is highly variable. Fig. 1. Helix pomatia. Diameter 47 mm. Otala lactea (Miiller) 7-4 (Plate 2, figures 1-3, te-i2.) This striking snail is somewhat larger than Helix aspersa. The shell is lighter in color and often spirally banded. It was first reported in western lit- erature by Hill (1941, p. 31) who identified specimens from ElysianPark, Los Angeles. Shells were found by a school boy searching for fossils on Novem- No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 13 ber 5, 1940. Dr. Hill notified Mr. Earle T. Gammon of the State Department of Agriculture who was assigned the problem of eradication. The area of infes- tation was found to cover about 20 acres with a subarea of 5 additional city blocks. Mr. Gammon soon found an additional infestation of about 50 acres near Playa del Rey, south of Venice, California. On June 21, 1941, Mrs. T. B. Ostick, 741 Chenery Street, San Francisco, brought a living specimen of Helix lactea to the Academy for identification. She had found it adhering to a fence across the street from her residence and had kept the snail as a pet for some time. The facts were transmitted to the State Department of Agriculture in Sacramento and Mr. Gammon was detached from his eradication work in the Los Angeles area to make an investigation. I joined him and Mr. H. H. Keifer and on the vacant lot at Chenery and Cliff streets where the original specimen was taken, we found Otala lactea in very large numbers; 74 adult specimens were collected in 20 minutes about the roots of plants and under rubbish of various kinds. Within the next few days the infestation was found to be limited to one city block and much effort was expended in eradication. It was learned that this colony had been planted about four years earlier by the Italian owner of the vacant lot and that he used the snails for food to a limited extent. The flavor was reported to be better than that of Helix aspersa. A second infestation of Otala lactea was discovered in San Francisco about November 15, 1947, in the vacant area just southwest of Farmers' Mar- ket on Alemany Boulevard. The discovery was made by Mr. T. H. Christian, formerly County Inspector but at the time he was the Market Master of this mar- ket. He reported the discovery to County Inspector Mr. J. C. Kitchin who passed the information on to Quarantine officials. Mr. Potts of that organiza- tion brought specimens to the Academy for verification of the identification. On November 30, 1947, accompanied by Mr. D. A. McLaren, we visited the Farmers' Market area and in half an hour collected 196 living specimens. They were found in great abundance under papers, boards, rocks, and crawl- ing around in the grass, the day being overcast and moist. Under some boards there were hundreds of young shells. It was found that the species extended far up the hill on the south side of Alemany Boulevard and across to the north among the houses of the war-time assemblage known as "Guam Village." It was noted then that extermination of the species would be extremely difficult, perhaps impossible. No evidence was obtained as to how this colony was started but that it was of longstanding was obvious. Many very old dead shells were present. The establishment of the Farmers ' Market at this location in 1947 had nothing whatsoever to do with the problem. As late as December, 1959, the species was still present in the vicinity of the Market (A. G. Smith, 1959, p. 19). 14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers The shells of the Los Angeles colonies are fairly uniformly colored with specks or broken bands of dark gray on top with a nearly white background and the usual dark brown to black inside the aperture and on the columella. Very rarely is there a white one. On the contrary, the San Francisco colonies run through the broadest range of color variations we have ever seen in what is obviously a genetically related stock. Many shells are pure white, without a trace of color anywhere. Others are white with various shades of light to dark brown inside the aperture. There are shells with sharp unbroken bands of variable number on a white to dark brown background; and there is every con- ceivable intergrade between these two basic forms, mentioned only as an illus- tration, and many others. Truly, there are nearly as many "varieties" or "spe- cies" as there are specimens. PLATE 2 All specimens illustrated on this plate are in the California Academy of Sciences, Department of Geology Type Collection, unless otherwise stated. Figure 1. Otala lactea (Miiller). Hypotype no. 12626 (CAS). From Chenery and Cliff streets, San Francisco, California. Earle Gammon, H. H. Keifer, and G. D. Hanna, collectors. Diameter 35-4 mm. Figure 2- Otala lactea (Miiller). Hypotype no. 12627 (CAS). From Chavez Ra- vine, Los Angeles County, California. Earle Gammon, collector. Received from H. H. Keifer. Diameter 330 mm. Figure 3- Otala lactea (Miiller). Hypotype no. 12628 (CAS). From Chavez Ra- vine, Los Angeles County, California. Earle Gammon, collector. Received from H. H. Keifer. Diameter 33- 1 mm. Figure 4. Helix aspersa Miiller. Hypotype no. 12629 (CAS). From San Diego, Cal- fomia. Henry Hemphill, collector. Diameter 31-5 mm. Figure 5. Helix aspersa Miiller. Hypotype no. 12630 (CAS). From Funston and Balboa streets, San Francisco, California. A. G. Smith and G D. Hanna, collectors. Diameter 29.5 mm. Figure 6. Helix aspersa Miiller. Hypotype no. 12631 (CAS). From Funston and Balboa streets, San Francisco, California. A. G. Smith and G D. Hanna, collectors. Diameter 27.7 mm. Figure 7. Otala lactea (Miiller). Same specimen as figure 1. Figure 8. Otala lactea (Miiller). Same specimen as figure 2- Figure 9. Otala lactea (Miiller). Same specimen as figure 3- Figure 10. Helix aspersa Miiller. Same specimen as figure 4. Figure 11. Helis aspersa Miiller. Same specimen as figure 5. Figure 12. Helix aspersa Miiller. Same specimen as figure 6. OCC. PAPERS CALIF. ACAD. SCI., NO. 48 (HANNA) PLATE 2. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 15 Ingram (1952, pp. 26-29) called attention to the fact that Otala lactea and Cepaea hortensis were imported and sold alive for fish bait in Cincinnati, Ohio. Occasionally unused snails were discharged on shore and could become a dangerous pest. L.J.Garrett, Jr., (letter to A.G.Smith, October 3, 1961) informed us that an extensive colony of the species had been found in Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California. He also stated that the records of his office showed that the species has occurred in Sacramento, Santa Clara, Monterey, Los Angeles and Orange Counties. Theba pisana Miilleri- (Plate 3, figures 1-5, 14-18.) This very dangerous pest was first discovered in California by Mrs. W. E. Ritter in July, 1914, in the garden of a girls' school at La JoUa, accord- ing to information given me by E. P. Van Duzee (verbal communication). The specimens were turned over to him and he promptly delivered them to Mrs. Kate Stephens of the San Diego Society of Natural History. Evidently the col- ony was "found" by several persons at about the same time during 1914, as reported by Chace (Nautilus, 1915, p. 72). The abundance reached is shown by the account of Orcutt(1919, p. 63) when he described bushes literally load- ed with snails. Basinger (1923, pp. 522-526) has given an excellent descrip- tion of the infestation with attempts at eradication. Years of work and much money were required to finally reach what was believed to be stable controlled conditions. Cockerell received a batch of these early representatives of this species from Basinger and published (1924, pp. 190-192) a list of six varietal names into which the lot could be divided. These were: Helix pisana pisana Miiller Helix pisana hifrons Moquin-Tandon Helix pisana alba Shuttleworth Helix pisana subzonata Bourguinat Helix pisana interrupta Moquin-Tandon Helix pisana punctella Moquin-Tandon Helix pisana sagittifera Taylor Cockerell did not attach much taxonomic importance to these variations in banding. (1) The working out of details of a publication of Ferussac by Kennard (1942, pp. 12-14, 105- 118) convinced Pilsbry (1948, p. 1091) that the name Theba should be replaced by Helicella Ferussac. 16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers In 1936 an area about 50 acres back of Pacific Beach near Lajolla was found to be infested (E. T. Gammon, personal communication). Another colony of this snail was discovered in 1932 in Los Angeles and Orange counties, California (Hanna, 1939, p. 303), by officials of the State Department of Agriculture. They were detected in an alfalfa field back of the town of Seal Beach. The hay had been cut, but in the process of curing it had become wet and unfit for stock feed. However, it was widely distributed in the region for orchard and garden mulch and to a lesser extent to dairies and chicken ranches for various purposes. Wherever this hay went a new colony of T. pisana was established. Thus it spread to Anaheim Landing, Garden Grove, and 17 orange groves around Santa Ana and Anaheim in Orange County. It evidently spread over most of the San Gabriel River drainage. Specimens were taken in San Pedro in 1935, LongBeach in 1938, and possibly elsewhere in the general area. The difficulties and cost of eradication were very much greater than in the case of the La Jolla colony because there a large part of the infested area was brush-land and could be burned. Nevertheless, in 1940 the task seemed to have been completed. PLATE 3 All specimens illustrated on this plate are in the California Academy of Sciences, Department of Geology Type Collection, unless otherwise stated. Figure 1. Theba pisana (Miiller). Hypotype no. 12632 (CAS)- From Orange Coun- ty, California. H. H. Keifer, collector. Diameter 16.8 mm. Figure 2- Theba pisana (Miiller). Hypotype no. 12633 (CAS). From Lajolla, Cal- ifornia. G- D. Hanna, collector, July, 1922- Diameter 15.9 mm. Figure 3. Theba pisana (Miiller). Hypotype no. 12634 (CAS). From San Pedro, California. E. P. Chace, collector. Diameter 18.7 mm. Figure 4. Theba pisana (Miiller). Hypotype no. 12635 (CAS). From Lajolla, Cal- ifornia. AG. Smith, collector, December 31, 1914. Diameter 18-8 mm. Figure 5. Thebapisana (Miiller). Hypotype no. 12636 (CAS). From La Jolla, Cal- fornia. G D. Hanna, collector, July, 1922- Diameter 17.0 mm. Figures 6-9. Cepaea nemoralis (Linnaeus). Hypotypes nos. 12637, 12638, 12639, 12640. From North Vancouver, British Columbia. W. MacKay Draycot, collector. Diam- eters 22-8, 21.2, 22.5, and 22-5 mm. Figures 10-13. Helix aperta Born. Hypotypes nos. 12641, 12642, 12643, 12644. From San Isidro, San Diego County, California. Earle Gammon, collector. Diameters 23.7, 27.5, 21.6, and 23.8 mm. Figures 14-18. Same specimens as figures 1-5. Figures 19-22. Same specimens as figures 6-9. Figures 23-26. Same specimens as figures 10-13- OCC. PAPERS CALIF. ACAD. SCI., NO. 48 (HANNA) PLATE 3. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 17 Along with the colony of Otala lactea near Playa del Rey, near Venice, California. Mr. Gammon (verbal communication) found specimens of T. pisana. He was uncertain if this might have been an extension of the infestation in the vicinity of Seal Beach. Numerous references, not cited herein, will be found in the papers by Basinger (1927) and Hanna (1939). Many published reports show that this destructive snail is constantly being intercepted at ports of entry. A typical record is the following: Six in- terceptions at Charleston, South Carolina; two at New Orleans, Louisiana; three at Norfolk, Virginia, all in military cargo (Anon., 1960, p. 90). It seems obvious that such operations are due entirely to careless and irresponsible supervision of packing at American military establishments in Europe. r/ie^a pisana has become established at several east American localities and possibly its ease of distribution is partly due to its habit of crawling up on exposed objects for aestivation. The shells are extremely variable in so far as color banding is con- cerned. It is difficult to find two alike. Some maybe devoid of color altogether, whereas others are beautifully marked with spiral bands of brown. Very often the bands are broken and irregular. The shell is not glossy as in C. nemoralis, and lacks the yellowish tinge so often found in that species. Hawaiia minuscula (Binney). (Figure 2.) p 'm Fig. 2. Hawaiia minuscula. Diameter 2.0 mm. i This native North American zonitid snail was described originally under the genus name Helix. At a later date the species was discovered in Hawaii and was thought to be a distinct new genus and species. It was many years before it was discovered that this was the old familiar H. minuscula which in some manner had reached Hawaii. The species is not often found in western America, partly because of its minute size. Capizzi (1961, pp. 791,809) reported it from the Central Point area in Oregon, identification by John B. Burch. A heavy infestation of a lawn and sidewalk in Napa, California, was reported in "Cal. Coop. Rpt." (Anon- 18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers ymous, 1963, p. 1264). Pilsbry (vol. 2, pt. 1, 1946, p. 421) has cited many records from Alaska to San Diego and pointed out (p. 423) that some of the southern California ones may have resulted from importation with plants. It is left in our list here simply because it must have been accidentally intro- duced into Hawaii. Helicodiscus singleyanus (Pilsbry). (Figure 3.) Fig. 3. Helicodiscus singleyanus. Diameter 2.2 mm. There is little information on the presence of this snail in western coast- al states. It was described (Pilsbry, 1888, p. 84) from New Braunfels, Texas, and has been found native from the east coast. New Jersey to Florida, west to the Rocky Mountains and Arizona. It is a small (diameter 2.4 mm.), flat- whorled species with fine spiral striations. The only California record seems to be the living specimens found once by A. G. Smith on roots and bulbs of iris and daffodils in his garden at 722 Santa Barbara Road, Berkeley, Cali- fornia. No subsequent material was found there. The identification was con- firmed by H. B. Baker and the occurrence was noted by Pilsbry (1948, p. 637). Oxychilus cellarius (MiiUer) (Figure 4.) Oxychilus alliarius (Miller) Oxychilus draparnaldi (Beck) Oxychilus helveticus (Blum) Oxychilus glaher f'Studer) Oxychilus rogersi (Woodward) Oxychilus lucidus (Draparnaud) Retinella nitidula (Draparnaud). Snails of the genus Oxychilus are 5-16 mm. in diameter, have four to six rather flat whorls forming a low spire. The umbilicus is small. Shells are No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 19 m -f Fig- 4- First vertical row, Oxychilus cellarius (Miiller), diameter 11.5 mm.; second vertical row, "Oxychilus drapamaldi" (Beck), diameter 10.9 mm.; third verti- cal row, "Oxychilus alliarius" (Miller), diameter 9-3 mm. thin, somewhat translucent, glassy or pale horn color. They prefer a moist habitat such as is provided by greenhouses, gardens and shrubbery, stone walls, and leaf mold. In the west they are almost always found inclose asso- ciation with human activities. Even those found near salt water in Humboldt Bay, California, were not far removed from habitations. They do a certain amount of damage to plants but this apparently is minor compared to the de- predations of larger snails and slugs. They have been recorded from western North America under all of the above names but we know of no constant shell characters which would enable field workers to distinguish one from another. Published descriptions are in very generalized terms making the preparation of a key impossible and large available collections have demonstrated why this is so. It is believed that we have three species in the west, but they cannot be separated consistently from shell characters. Oxychilus alliarius can be 20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers identified in the field by its strong "garlic" or "skunk-like" disagreeable odor. Oxychilus ceUarius is very similar but lacks this characteristic odor. Bodies of both are a dull lead-gray color. Oxychilus helveticus has zigzag dark markings on the body and the mantle margin around the aperture of the shell is black. Oxychilus cellarius has been known in California since 1888 when Coop- er (1888, p. 14) recorded it as I/yalina cellaria from gardens near the center of San Francisco (Hanna, 1939, p. 310). In 1946 Mr. Smith and I collected what we thought was this species under logs and boards near a salt water ditch at the north end of Humboldt Bay, California. Pilsbry (1946, p. 249) cited Cooper, 1883, for San Francisco and extended the range to "Oregon." Quick (1952, pp. 181-189) included "Western North America" within the range. Available collections contain what may be the species from many other Cali- fornia localities. Wood and Raymond (1891, p. 56) listed Zonites cellarius from San Fran- cisco, a record which I (1939, p. 310) interpreted to refer \.o"Vitrea alliaria." The first undoubted record from western North America is that of Berry (1916, p. 37) based upon living specimens collected by A. G. Smith. The species was definitely collected at Crescent City, Del Norte County, California, re- cently (Anon. 1962, p. 72) and at Newport, Oregon (specimens submitted by Mr. Kenneth Golden). Pilsbry (1946, p. 251) cited both of the above records and Quick (1952, pp. 181-189) gave "Western North America" as part of the range. The only western record for 0. helveticus rests on very insecure grounds. Pilsbry (1946, p. 252) cited the species on the authority of Hemphill who had identified specimens from Oakland, California. A search of the Hemphill col- lections and catalogs fails to reveal the shells recorded under this name from the west. Pilsbry (1946, p. 299) indicated that O. rogersi might be a synonym of O. alliarius. Quick (1952, pp. 181-189) cited "Western North America" as part of the range without giving details. Under 0. drapamaldi there are numerous records from western North America. Hanna (1939, p. 310) cited it from Berkeley, California; and Pilsbry (1946, p. 250) gave San Diego, San Francisco, and Oakland, California; and Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington. Hatch (1949, pp. 141-165) used the name O. lucidum for shells found in ten greenhouses in British Columbia but Pilsbry (1946, p. 250) believed this name to be a synonym of 0. drapamaldi, while others have considered it to be close to or equivalent to 0. cellarius. Oxychilus drapamaldi is sometimes said to be larger than O. cellarius, but this is not a very reliable shell character. We know of no way to distinguish it at present. Quick (1952, pp. 181-189) cited 0. lucidus from "Western North America." No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 21 Oxychilus glaber is another name to contend with in this group. Pils- bry (1946, p. 248) stated that the record of the species from a greenhouse in Seattle, Washington, should be checked. The record of Retinella nitidula according to Pilsbry (1946, p. 248) rests upon specimens from gardens in Oakland, California identified by Hemp- hill. It is probable that he had specimens of 0. cellarius or 0. alliarius of more than usual size. A search of Hemphill's collection and catalogs has failed to disclose any information on the record. An extensive study of the anatomy and natural history of Oxychilus cel- larius was published by Rigby in 1963. Vallonia pulchella (MiiUer). (Figure 5.) Fig. 5. Vallonia pulchella (Miiller). Diameter (first figure) 2.3 mm. While this is a native snail of the United States as well as of Europe, it seems to be a migrant into California. At any rate it was not detected until 1903 when Berry (1909, p. 75) reported it from Redlands, San Bernardino County. Since then it has been found at Berkeley (A. G. Smith, collector) and at Bakers- field, Kern County (C. C. Church, collector), and in many other places. In most cases the shells were found on or beside lawns or in greenhouses and were abundant. A heavy infestation was reported for a dichondra lawn in Riverside County (Anonymous, 1960, p. 71). It is also reported from lawns in HoUister, San Benito County, California (Anonymous, 1960, p. 838). A heavy infestation was reported on Vinca minor in Woodside, San Mateo County, California (Anon- ymous, 1962, p. 1234); and in dichondra lawns in Lakeside, San Diego County, California (Anonymous, 1963, p. 66); and in August, 1963 (Anonymous, p. 18), a subscriber to the California Farmer stated that a minute snail identified as Vallonia pulchella was eating the leaves of dichondra and killing the lawn. (Information furnished to A. G. Smith by Lucille Zellers.) Dr. H. H. Crowell of Oregon State University had living material in his vivarium of September 16, 1963. It had come from Medford, Oregon, on May 30, 1963, and had also been seen from the vicinity of Eugene. Another species of Vallonia, V . cyclophorella Ancey, is rather widely distributed in the mountains of California. 22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Vallonia pulchella is readily recognized by its very small size, three to four low rounded whorls, open umbilicus and when adult, a thickened out- er periphery. Achatina fulica "Lam." Bowdich (Figure 6.) t ^ \ The complete history of the dis- persion of this extremely destructive African snail will probably never be known because even today it is frequent- ly being intercepted at United States ports of entry by inspectors. The spe- cies is firmly established in Hawaii and Guam and some travellers who should know better deliberately try to bring liv- ing specimens "home" with them. In most cases, however, the snails are detected in cargos. According to Abbott (1949, pp. 68-71, 3 figs.) the French naturalist Bosc reported that the species was in- troduced on Mauritius Island from Mad- agascar in 1803. From Mauritius it was taken to Calcutta, India, by the con- chologist W. H. Benson (1858, pp. 266- 268). From there it has spread through Malaya and a great many of the islands of the south seas. It is very destruc- tive on Guam and is now a serious prob- lem in Hawaii. For a most comprehen- sive account of the strange dispersal of this snail the reader is referred to the book of Albert R. Mead, The Giant African Snail: A Problem in Economic Malacology. University of Chicago Press, 1961, 257 pp. This work contains very extensive information on the distribution, econ- omic importance, eradication attempts, and the bibliography cites over 400 references to literature pertaining to the subject. So far as our records show, the snail was first intercepted in California early in 1948. On April 19 of that year the Los Angeles Times showed photo- graphs of inspectors E. L. Roberts and T. P. Gray with specimens found in in- bound cargoes of junk and surplus war goods. Abbott (1949, pp. 68-71) stated Fig. 6. Achatina fulica. Uiam. 53-5 mm. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 23 that living adult snails had been found in San Pedro gardens. Fortunately, all escapees seem to have been captured if the report is true. Ramsay (1954, Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 4, no. 38, p. 877) reported that the species had been intercepted 60 times at United States ports of entry since 1948. Most of these were in California, but others were in Maryland, Oregon, Louisiana, and Texas. An interception was made in San Diego in 1960 in cargo from Guam des- tined for Washington, D.C. (Anonymous, 1960, p. 748). Again interceptions were made at Honolulu in mail for California and in baggage for Michigan (An- onymous, August 4, 1961, p. 737). Also, in 1961, the species was intercepted at San Diego in military cargo from Okinawa destined for Barstow, California (Anonymous, November 3, 1961, p. 1028). And as late as July, 1962, one was reported as intercepted from a trailer at San Diego (Anonymous, July 6, 1962, p. 748). It is obvious that the danger of introduction of this extremely destruc- tive snail into California and areas to the southward is still very great. Presumably some of the introductions into new areas were in the ex- pectation that here would be a source of protein food. However, no extensive use has been made of it as yet. Massive attempts at eradication in such places as Hawaii have not yet been successful. Africa has been searched for possible enemies to keep the numbers under control. One of these was Gonaxis, but the result has not been successful. The latest attempt of which we have a record was the introduc- tion of the carniverous snail Euglandina rosea from Florida which may present a public health problem itself (Mead, Albert R., letter to Allyn G.Smith). Mead (1961, p. 138) stated that 19 invertebrate predators had been introduced into various areas infested with the giant African snail and more were likely to follow. Robert J. Drake reported (letter to Allyn G. Smith, January 18, 1963) that "A lady in North Vancouver, British Columbia spent the Christmas holi- days, 1962-1963 in Hawaii and returned with some 'marine' shells picked up on a beach of Oahu. On January 16, 1963, she telephoned that one was alive and she wished information as to what to feed it." Immediate investigation disclosed that the shell was a healthy giant African land snail. The animal was killed at once. The first interception of the species in British Columbia was in 1946. The snails were found in a cargo of tractors from the Philippines. This very brief sketch may well be closed by urging anyone who may read it to profit by this sad example set by scattering a species of animal indiscriminately and prior to a thorough understanding of its ecological pos- sibilities. 24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Euglandina rosea Ferussac. (Plate 1, figure 2.) This carnivorous snail was introduced in Hawaii in 1955 (Mead, 1961, p. 134). The species is native in southeastern United States and presumably it was transplanted as a prospective control of the giant African snail there. Sometime prior to March 3 1961 releases were made in Riverside County, California, by the University of California Agricultural Experiment Station. It is noted in correspondence that although a variety of sites were selected on the date mentioned the results were not encouraging; however eggs and ju- veniles had been recovered. Probably the original stock for California came from Hawaii. A published note in 1960 shows that 400 of the snails were lib- erated in Riverside County to control the European brown snail, Helix aspersa (Anonymous,- 1960, p. 7) A shipment of 312 live specimens of Euglandina rosea from Hawaii was received at Crescent City on April 26, 1961 and were liberated at seven selec- ted localities. This also was an attempt to control Helixaspersa. Inspection a month later disclosed some alive and some dead, mostly larger individuals. The species has also been liberated in two more California counties: Alameda County receiving 145, and Contra Costa County 52 (Anonymous, August, 1961, In both cases the announced purpose was the control of Helix aspersa. Search of the Del Norte County localities a year after liberation failed to locate any living individuals (letter from L. J. Garrett, Jr.). Gonaxis kibweziensis (E. A. Smith), (Figure 7.) y For some reason unknown to me, this snail was liberated in 1957 in the San Die- go, California area as reported by Clausen (1959, p. 108). The shells were received from the Pacific Science Board and Hawaii Board of Agriculture and Forestry. The ori- gin was stated to be "Agiguan", an island of the Mariana group. Mead (1961, p. 134) stated that 200 snails of this species were introduced into California as a biological control for two introduced helicine snails. The introduction of Gonaxis into Ha- waii was one of many such attempts to erad- icate the scourge of the giant African snail, Achatina julica. 7. Gonaxis kibweziensis. Diam. 14.2 mm. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 25 Gonaxis quadrilateralis (Preston). This snail was released on Oahu and Maui islands in 1957 (Mead, 1961, p. 134), but it and the related species Gonaxis vulcani (Thiele), introduced in 1956, have had little effect as biological control of the giant African snail. Gulella bicolor Hutton. This Philippine snail was introduced into Hawaii in 1957 and 1958 in large numbers (Thistle, 1959; Davis, 1959; Mead, 1961, p. 135). It apparently was not effective as a control oiAchatina fulica, but did prey on Subulina oc- tona, a host snail for a poultry fluke. Gulella wahlbergi (Krauss). This carnivorous snail was introduced intentionally on Oahu and Maui islands, Hawaii, in 1956-1957, apparently to aid in control of the giant African snail, Achatina fulica. The original stock came from Durban, South Africa. Recoveries were made for the first time in 1960 (Anonymous, 1960, p. 1002. Record from Hawaiian Entomological Society Meeting, October 10, 1960.) Cecina manchurica A. Adams. (Figure 8.) According to Morrison (1963, p. 151), J. F. Gates Clark collected this species under drift in a small embayment on the north shore of Chuckanut Bay, Whatcom County, Washington, in 1961. Since then, Mrs. Eleanor Duggan has collected it in abun- dance about the roots of Salicornia along with As- siminea translucens and Phytia myosotis at Cotton- wood Beach, northeast comer of Birch Bay, Whatcom County, Washington. The species may have been brought from Japan with oysters. On October 4, 1963, we found the species abundant by the breakwater atNahcotta on the outer peninsula of Willapa Bay. The shells there seemed to be larger than those from Puget Sound. Phytia myosotis was abundant at the same place. Fig. 8- Cecina manchurica. Length 6.0 mm. 26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Cochlicella ventrosa (Ferussac). (Figure 9.) The shell illustrated is one of the original lot collected by Hemphill in a garden in Oakland, California, in 1899. There is no later information regarding the establishment of the spe- cies in west America. In June 1964, H. H. Keifer reported an infestation of this species in an area of several blocks in Santa Cruz, California. Lamellaxis mauritianus Pfeiffer, (Figure 10.) Fig. 9. Cochlicella ventrosa Length 12.3 mm. This species is recorded on the basis of identification of specimens submitted to Mr. J. P. E. Morrison of the U. S. National Museum by the Oregon State Department of Agricul- ture in July, 1955. The species was found in large numbers in manure being spread around greenhouses at Hillsboro, Or- egon. The species was described from Mauritius but is now so widely distributed that its original habitat is unknown. Fig. 10. Lamellaxis mauritianus. Length 14 mm. Pupoides albilabris C. B. Adams. (Figure 11.) It is inevitable that in the regular operations of com- merce and the extensive facilities for travel, many small mollusks are bound to be carried from place to place. The adults and their eggs may be transported with plants, seeds, and soils. Therefore, it may be expected that many more species will be transplanted by human agencies in the fu- ture. In the present case these minute snails were found infesting a dichondra and lippialawn inBrawley, Imperial County, California. J. Taylor and R. A. Flood submitted about 50 specimens for identification in 1963. The species is normally found in the southeastern United States. Fig. 11 Pupoides albilabris. Length 4-8 mm. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 27 Rumina decollata (Linnaeus). (Figure 12.) Mead (1952, p. 30) reported a colony of this snail established in Mesa, Arizona and later (1953, pp. 11-12) in Phoenix. It is a European species but has become well established in Texas and other southern states. Another western locality for the species was re- ported by Claude M. Finnell to L. J. Garrett, Jr., on Novem- ber 2, 1961. The snails were first thought to have been found in Imperial County, California, but this was cor- rected. They were actually taken just across the line to the eastward in Yuma County, Arizona. The species was reported as a severe infestation in the Phoenix, Arizona, area in 1953 by Brantlinger (1953, Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 3, no. 51, p. 849, December 18.) Succinea campestris Say. (figure 13.) Fig. 12. Rumina decollata Length 39.3 mm. This species, native of southeastern United States, is not known to be a resident of any of the western states. Therefore, it is interesting to note that Capizzi (1962, p. 1237) found it on orange-tree nursery stock in Portland, Multnomah County, Oregon. Fig. 13. Succinea campestris Diam. 9.9 mm. Arion ater (Linnaeus) (Plate 1, figure 1.) This is one of the most easily recognized of the foreign slugs introduced into western America. While coloration varies greatly, dark brown is most com- mon. The reticulations on the body are coarse and very well defined. The sole of the foot is often black. The one illustrated is typical of most of the population at Crescent City, California. Once established, the species multiplies with great rapidity. Under a 28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers board three feet by eight inches, Mr. John W. Anderson showed me 18 individ- uals in an area which had been heavily poisoned two months earlier. In one yard in Crescent City the owner told him that she had killed over 5,000 in one month. It has been found in wild surroundings by J. W. Anderson and T. Haig near Crescent City (Anonymous, 1962, p. 72). The report of the species in the Gasquet area of Del Norte County, Cal- ifornia (Anonymous, 1962, p. 72), was later (Anonymous, 1962, p. 117) cor- rected. Attempts to delimit it to the Crescent City area (Anonymous, 1962, p. 197) evidently failed because in March, 1962, (Anonymous, pp. 275, 387) it was found in Humboldt, the next county to the southward at Eureka, and a month later it had reached Fortuna a dozen miles farther south. In October, 1962, Hawthorne reported that this northwest California population had been activated by heavy rains and in some locations there were as many as 25 slugs per square yard. An attempt to find it at Danville in Contra Costa County, California, had negative results (Anonymous, 1962, p. 64). In the records kept in the office of the Agricultural Commissioner of Del Norte County, Mr. L.J. Garrett, Jr., showed me one which stated that the species had been collected in 1954 in the sales building of a nursery at Yucaipa, San Bernardino County, California. The first record for California seems to be that of Doucette (1954) from Del Norte County. There is a record from Oregon by Thompson in 1942 and Loring re- ported it at Rockaway, Tillamook County (Cooperative Economic Insect Re- port, vol.8, no. 16, April 18, 1958, p. 299), where it was causing considerable damage to flower and vegetable gardens in 1960 (Capizzi, p. 809). It was also found in the Salem area in 1961 (Bock, 1961, Cooperative Economic Insect Re- port, vol. 11, no. 19, May 12, p. 388). Probably this slug first appeared in western America in the Puget Sound area of Washington. The Academy has specimens from 3621-43rd Avenue, Se- attle, collected by W. P. Thompson and received from Tracy I. Storer on June 24, 1933. It has become a serious pest in northern yards and gardens. Seventy- five per cent of the first picking of strawberries in Washington was damaged by this species, Agriolimax agrestis and Deroceras reticulatum, in 1960 (An- onymous, p. 167); and heavy damage to strawberries in Puyallup Valley was reported by Howitt in 1958 (p. 541). Spencer (1961, p. 47) reported vast numbers of the species in his gar- den in Vancouver, British Columbia, and recommended a poison consisting of calcium arsenate mixed with canned cat food as a control bait. The earliest record for British Columbia, however, may be that of Glendenning, 1952. W. M. Draycot informed me (letter, Jan. 17, 1962) that this slug was one of the worst molluscan pests in southern British Columbia. He further stated that it became so abundant in Abbotsford at one time that a motel owner was forced out of business. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 29 A. G. Smith (1962, p. 215) has assembled information on the general distribution of the species and included distinguishing characters. Pilsbry (1948, pp. 668, 670) recorded it from Newfoundland, Quebec, Maine, Michigan, and Portland, Oregon. Post later (1959, p. 104) added North Dakota to the list and stated that even in its native habitat, Europe, it does considerable damage to gardens. Dr. C. O. van Regteren Altena of the Rijksmuseum in Leiden (letter to A. G. Smith, January 13, 1963) dissected some California specimens of this slug and pronounced them to belong to the subspecies A. a. rufus Linnaeus, (sensu Quick, 1960, p. 145). This, he considered to be a southern and eastern form which "somewhat restricts the possibilities of the country of origin." Arion circumscriptus Johnston. Arion fasciatus Nilsson. (Figure 14.) < This little slug is about 25-30 mm. in length, usually gray in color and the mantle is usually marked by a dark colored ovate band around the border. Lange (1944, p. 36) was, I think, the first to report this species. He found it under potted Fig- 14. Arion ciTcumscriptus Eugenia plants in Golden Gate Park on November After Pilsbry, 1948, p. 674. 6, 1940. It was subsequently found by A. G. Smith under dead leaves and boards in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, just outside the south wall of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences. This colony seems to have disappeared. Quick (1952, pp. 181-189) listed the species from "Western North Amer- ica" a record too general to be of much value to those interested in details of distribution. He gave the European distribution in greater detail, and in 1960 (p. 127) he put the name in synonymy of Arion fasciatus Nilsson (1822). Dr. H.H. Crowell has found the species widely distributed in the vicin- ity of Corvallis, Oregon, but never in abundance (letter, September 25, 1963). Arion hortensis Fe'russac. (Figure 15.) Waste (1940, pp. 55, 56) stated that the most obvious external character for distinguishing this species was the bright orange mucus which often shaded the surface of the body. He found the slug at Niles, California, in July, 1939, 30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Fig. 15. Arion horlensis After Pilsbry, 1948, p. 672. in a nursery. The next year he collected it at the same place in February and in an Oakland nursery, March 5, 1940. It was collected in the wild near Crescent City, Del Norte County, California, in 1962. (Anonymous, p. 72). Specimens from there were identified byT. Kono and verified by A. G. Smith. H. H. Keifer found it in his yard in Sacramento (Anonymous 1962, p. 106) and other California localities are Santa Cruz, San Anselmo, Mill Valley, and San Rafael (Anonymous, 1962, p. 197). Arion intermedius (Normand). (Figure 16) This slug has been collected at numerous places in the coastal region of California, both north and south (Pils- bry, 1948, p. 676). The species is readily recognized by its lemon-yellow colored slime. Size in preservative has been given as, length 8.5 mm. Fig. 16. Arion intermedius After Waste, 1940, pl.6. fig. 2. Deroceras caruanae (Pollonera). (Figure 17.) The presence of this small Euro- pean slug was first recorded by Quick (1952, pp. 181-189) who gave "Western North America" among his localities. Apparently it has been located in this country only in California. Pilsbry (1948, p. 507) has given a detailed account of the species with anatomical notes. It has been recorded also as Agriolimax [or Deroceras\ panormitanum Lessona and Pollonera by Pilsbry (1944, vol. 58, p. 16) and Gregg (1944, p. 30). It has also been recorded as Deroceras laeve (Miiller)by Waste (MS. 1940); Gregg(1944, p. 113); and Lange (1944, p. 38). Fig. 17. Deroceras caruanae X 1 approx. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 31 Deroceras reticulatum (Muller). (Figure 18.) Fig. 18. Deroceras reticulatum. x 1 approx. This is another of the small slugs native to Europe. There is no definite information as to how or when it reached western America, but it has found the conditions very suitable for its existence. The first published record we have is the generalized one "Western North America" by Quick (1952, pp. 181-189). The species has become a very serious pest in parts of Oregon and Washington. Capizzi (1961, p. 67) reported it damaging grain fields in Marion County, Oregon, and in the Willamette Val- ley it was damaging strawberries, beets, and cauliflower (.Anonymous, 1961, p. 166). A year earlier it was feeding on carrots, beans, and strawberries in the same valley and the attack on legumes was reported to be later than ex- pected (Dickason, [Light infestation of Deroceras reticulatum on legumes of VVillamette Valley, Oregon]. Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 10, no. 20, 1960, p. 378). However a little later, Capizzi (1960, p. 466) found that cool wet weather had increased the infestation on the strawberries, cauliflow- er and seedling truck crops. It was found in the Gray's Harbor area of Washington in 1957 by Howitt (p. 372) and near Crescent City, California, in 1962 (Anonymous, p. 72). Pilsbry (1898, p. 138) recorded it from west-coast sea ports as Agrioli- rnax agreslis. He was followed with reports by Keep (1911, p. 266), Storer (1931, pp. 268, 269; 1934, p. 781), and Hanna (1939, p. 298). Waste (1940, p. 36) stated that the dorsal surface may be gray, brown, or black, but that the chief distinguishing character for use in the field was the milky white slime of the animal when it is touched. He listed it from nine California counties. 32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers It was reported (along with Arion ater) to have damaged 75 per cent of the first picking of strawberries in western Washington (Anonymous, 1960, p. 167). The species was reported to be causing heavy damage to strawberries in Puyallup Valley, Washington, in 1958 (Howitt, p. 541; Anonymous, 1960, p. 167), and to vegetable crops in the same area in 1961 (Anonymous, p. 166). W. M. Draycot (letter to G D. Hanna, January 17, 1962), reported that it was present in gardens at 1521 Draycot Road, Vancouver, British Columbia. Limax flavus Linnaeus. (Figure 19.) This large slug is second in size to Limax maximus of the European intro- duced species. It is readily identified by the yellowish-green margin of the man- tle and the yellow slime trail. Arion ater is about the same size, but the mantle is quite rough as compared to L. flavus and the color is dark, often reddish brown. Also the tentacles of L. flavus are blue on all of the living specimens we have seen in California; this is a character apparently no other slug possesses. The species is widely distributed about gardens, having been recorded from the following counties: San Luis Obispo, Los Angeles Santa Barbara, San Bernardino, Orange, San Mateo, Ventura, Butte, Alameda, Tulare, and San Francisco (Pilsbry, 1948, p. 528; Waste, 1940; Gregg, 1944, p. 110; Stearns, 1903, p. 133; Berry, 1909, p. 76; Guernsey, 1912, p. 81; Anonymous, 1963, p. 727). The first record was by Stearns who listed it from Los Angeles. Cock- erell (1939, p. 138) found it on Catalina Island; W. M. Draycot (personal com- munication, January 12, 1962 listed it from gardens at 1521 Draycot Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, and Mead (1963, p. 27) found it in Arizona. The species has been the subject of some very interesting culture and physiological experiments (Carmichael et al., 1928, 1931, 1932, 1937). Fig. 19. Limax flavus X 1 approx. Limax marginatus Miiller. (Figure 20.) In his study of the slugs of California, Waste (1940, p. 85) found that this species "is probably the most widely distributed" one in the state. He found it from Sutter and Tehama counties on the north to Los Angeles and San No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 33 # > '^-^^^^ Fig. 20. Limax marginatus X 1 approx. Bernardino counties on the south and through the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. Mr. Waste stated that the largest specimens he had collected were about 50 mm. long, but A. G. Smith collected one in 1943 on the University campus at Berkeley which was 68 mm. in overall length. Cockerell (1939, p. 138) reported the species from Catalina Island and it has been found at Crescent City, Del Norte County, California (Anonymous, 1962, p. 72). It is interesting to note that Quick (1952, pp. 181-189) stated that California specimens probably belonged to the species Limax poirieri Mabille. The best distinguishing character seems to be two or three longitudinal black bands on the back of the mantle; whereas in Limax maximus of compar- able size, the back is marbled with black. The species is native in Europe and has spread to New Zealand and Australia. Hawthorne (1963, p. 1) has proposed that the name for western material be changed to Lehmannia poirieri. Limax maximus Linnaeus. (Figure 21.) ,_- Fig. 21. Limax maximus. X 1 approx. This is the largest of the European "gray" slugs introduced into west- ern America. It is exceeded in size only by the native golden yellow Ariolimax which rarely damages gardens. All of the introduced species are highly de- structive when conditions are favorable. The species may be distinguished by its marbled or blotchy patches of black on the gray mantle, whereas Limax marginatus has two or three black stripes and Limax flavus is nearly uniform gray with yellowish green border. The species is widely distributed in cultivated areas in California, and Gregg (letter to H. A. Pilsbry) found it well established at Arrowhead Lake at an elevation of 5,200 feet. Pilsbry (1948, p. 524) listed it from many coun- ties and from Salem, Oregon. Spencer (1961, p. 47) found it less common than 34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Arion ater in his garden in Vancouver, British Columbia, and Draycot (person- al communication, January 17, 1962) also found it in Vancouver at 1521 Dray- cot Road. Our first record for western America is that of Orcutt (1890, p. 68) who listed it from San Diego. W. M. Wood (1893, p. 382) found the species in San Francisco gardens and Guernsey (1912, p. 81) recorded it from Laguna Beach in southern Califor- nia. Quick (1952, p. 181) listed the species merely from "Western North Amer- ica. Apparently this is a recently introduced species into Hawaii. It was first collected on Oahu Island in Manoa Valley in 1949 and on July 11, 1963, it was first found on Maui Island at Haleakala Acres by Nobuo Miyahira. The identification was by C. E. Pemberton (Chong, 1963, p. 1093). Milax gagates (Draparnaud) (Figures 22, 22a.) Fig. 22. Milax gagates . x 1 approx. This small gray European slug is best distinguished from others of about the same size by the sharp dorsal keel extending from the mantle to the tip of the tail and by the oval or diamond shaped groove centered on the mantle. Waste 1940) traced the distribution, either from the literature or in collections and found it in Tehama, Napa, Alameda, San Francisco, San Mateo, Kern, Ventura, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties, California. To these may be added Contra Costa, Trinity, and Del Norte counties (Anonymous, 1962 p. 72). The Trinity County spe- cimen was collected on Manzanita Creek 10-15 miles west of Weaver- ville and far from human habitation. Milax hewstoni (Cooper, 1872, p. 145) is currently considered to be a syno- nym oi Milax gagates. In any event the species is one of the more destructive garden pests of California. Fig. 22a. P^ggs of Milax gagates. x 5. Photo by R. J. Waste No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 35 Testacella haliotidea (Draparnaud). (Figure 23.) ■^^ -'. -^ Fig. 23. Testacella haliotidea. x 1 approx. This burrowing slug has become well established in the San Francisco Bay region. Naturally, there is no information as to how or when it reached the area. Under the name Testacella maugerae (Draparnaud), Orcutt (1915, p. 80) mentioned it as "Introduced in San Francisco, Cal." I do not know the source of his record. It was not detected again until March, 1940, when Mr. T. Paul Maslin collected specimens at three places in Berkeley. Since then it has been found in several more yards and gardens on the east side of San Fran- cisco Bay and also in May, 1958, at the residence of Miss Georgia Holtz, 343 Nevada Street, San Francisco 10. It has been recorded from Oregon on the basis of a specimen sent from Clackamas County to the University of Michigan by C. J. D. Brown in 1950 (Bruce, p. 59); and Bock (1961, p. 388) has found it in the Salem area. September 16, 1963, I was shown the specimens Dr. H. H. Crowell has in his vivarium at Oregon State College, Corvallis. These came from the vi- cinity of Corvallis where they are usually found during plowing operations. Mr. Peter Larson of the Oregon Department of Agriculture has specimens which were collected in the vicinity of Salem. Probably the species has much wider distribution than the records indi- cate because much of its life is spent under ground. The food is reported to be earthworms to a large extent. When fully extended the slug may be as much as 60 mm. long, and it is readily distinguished from all others by the small vestigial shell on the tip of the tail. 36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Freshwater Mollusks Fig. 24- Lymnaea auricularia. Diam. 21.8 mm. Lymnaea auricularia (Linnaeus). (Figure 24.) Early records of this pond snail with the widely expand- ed aperture were confined to small reservoirs and fountain pools (Gregg, 1923, p. 34; Hanna and Clark, 1925, pp. 71, 125). It has since become widely distributed in natural bod- ies of water and irrigation systems. Thus it is now known from Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Kern, Sacramento, Napa, Santa Clara, Alameda, and Merced counties in California. Draycot (1961, p. 164) reported it from garden pools in North Vancouver, British Columbia, but stated that it had not yet spread to outlying bodies of water; thus far we have no records for Oregon or Washington. Mr. Hugh Leech of the Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, collected living specimens in a Sierran lake at an elevation of ap- proximately 7,000 feet. Lymnaea columella Say. (Figure 25.) f This rather slender, Succinea-like pond snail was reported from Los Angeles by Gregg (1924, p. 34). No oth- er published records have been found but Dr. Gregg inform- ed A. G. Smith, July 7, 1946, that the species "is intro- S|k|wtt Jj^^^k duced in Southern California and is quite common in the ^^^BJS^^^k artificial pools, being distributed with aquatic plants. Sev- ^^^1^ ■ 'i8^^^^ eral years ago it was very abundant in La Loma Lake, Pasadena, a small body of water formed (or enlarged) by damming a natural stream. "I have found it here and there in natural streams but generally not in abundance. I first noticed it in 1922 and reported it. I found numerous specimens in Rio Hondo nearMontebello which Dr. F. C Baker identified as L. col- umella championi Von Martens. The aperture is perhaps of slightly different shape from specimens of columella from the pond in Exposition Park, Los Angeles, but lam of the opinion that they were introduced from the east." Dr. Gregg was doubtful if a resident of Mexican or Central American waters would survive transport to California by avian means. Fig. 25. Lymnaea columella Say. Length 15.3 mm. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 37 Phytia myosotis (Draparnaud). (Figure 26) This is the name of the species originally de- scribed from Europe and although Cooper (1872, p. 143, pi. 3, figs. A-H) described specimens from California as a distinct species "setifer" , he later (1886, p. 250) decided that only one form was represented; Dall (1921, p. 66), however, in his catalog of west American mol- lusks, listed "setifer" only, thus implying that the European and east American form was not represented. W. O. Gregg (letter, Jan. 4, 1941) stated that he con- sidered material from Terminal Island in the San Pedro area of California to be the native species. Whether one or more species is represented or not, Fig. 26. phytia myosotis it seems to be the concensus of most western conchol- Length 6.2 mm. ogists.4hat the exotic form P. myosotis is present. The shells are somewhat variable, especially in height of spire. In a late discussion of the proper genus name to be used for this snail, Paulson (1957, pp. 4-7) decided upon Ovatella, following Watson (1943, pp. 13-22). Paulson also could not find distinguishing features for more than one species in California and these collections fell well within the variation of material from Europe and eastern North America. Since there is no definite information to indicate that the species was intentionally introduced to the west coast, it seems obvious that it came fortuituously. It has not been report- ed from kitchen midden and Pleistocene deposits, sofaras I havelearned, and although this is negative evidence, it does seem to have a bearing upon the introduction being a very late one geologically. Viviparus stelmaphorus Bourguignat (Figures 27, 28.) Vivipara malleata Reeve Vivipara japonica von Martens Vivipara iwakawa Pilsbry Vivipara lecythoides Bensen. One or more large species of Viviparus have become widely distributed in the waters of western America. All of the above names have been applied to the shells, but in a large series of specimens from one locality which I have examined, so much variation is found that separation into more than one species is hardly possible on shell characters alone. 38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Figs. 27, 28- Viviparus stelmaphorus. Diam. 38.3 mm. and 39.5 mm. The species was first found in a San Francisco market by Williard Wood (1892, p. 114). These are now in the collection of the Academy and on the la- bel (Wood's business card) is the following note: "Bought alive for 10 cents a dozen at a Chinese vegetable store on Wednesday morning, Nov. 18, 1891. Came from China." Viviparus stelmaphorus was described from China and it would be much more likely that a Vivipara would be brought from there before 1890 than from Japan. Therefore, the name "stelmaphorus" seems more appli- cable to the California species. No attempt has been made to arbitrarily sep- arate the shells under other names. The species is still sold in the Chinese markets of San Francisco. It is very abundant throughout most of the Delta region of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers and in many of the irrigation canals. It is also abundant in Mountain Lake in the Presidio, and Stowe Lake in Golden Gate Park, San Fran- cisco. We have not found it in Lake Merced or the Spring Valley lakes to the southward. Surprisingly, Walter J. Eyerdam has collected what appears to be the same species in Green Lake in Seattle, Washington. Also Dr. I. McT. Cowan has taken it in a lake on Salt Spring Island, British Columbia, and there are specimens from "Victoria" in the Provincial Museum in that city. Corbicula fluminea (Miiller). (Figures 29, 30, 31.) This hardy freshwater clam of Asiatic origin is somewhat rounded in outline with a heavy, almost black periostracum. The outside surface is rough- ened by low concentric ridges, especially in the upper umbonal portion. The No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 39 Fig. 29. Corbicula fluminea Length 42 mm. shell is thick and robust in the adult stage, thinner in the immature ones. It rarely ex- ceeds 50 mm. (two inches) in greatest di- mension. Although of rather recent detection, the species has spread so widely that a full list of localities would be superfluous. It must have been here long before it came in- to the hands of conchologists. Thus far the only use made of it is for fish bait, although it is probable that some people especially of oriental origin, occasionally use the clams for food. This contrasts greatly to conditions in eastern Asia where various nominal species of Corbicula form the basis of a large fishery and the items are an important part of the food supply of the people. Miller and McClure (1931) have given a detailed account of the fishery, in the vicinity of Canton, China, together with notes on preparation and market- ing of products. Even the shells are used to make a superior quality of Ume. The earliest definite record of this Asiatic clam in the United States is 1938, and is based on a specimen now in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. In May, 1947, Gregg stated that the species was "first observed in North America by John Q. Burch who took numerous specimens in 1938 on the north bank of the Columbia River, Pacific County, Washington, about two miles east of Knappton. Later, Marian Shepard and Harold Harry found specimens in the Will- amette River near its junction with the Columbia. " Also see Burch, 1944, p. 18. The next record is for 1945 when a specimen in the California Academy of Sciences' collection was obtained from the Sacramento River just north of Pittsburg, California. This specimen was taken by a fisherman whose hook had accidentally touched bottom. It was identified for George Smalley of the Division of Fish and Game by E. P. Chace and John Burch. The following year I visited the Delta area of the Sacramento-San Joa- quin system and found the species to be excessively abundant in some of the irrigation canals. Obviously, it was not a very recent importation. It was not long before the occupied area was found to be very large. The most extensive account of its distribution up to 1959 was given by Ingram (1959, pp. 363-370). He listed many localities from Washington south to Imperial Valley, California and Phoenix, Arizona. Since then it has been found as far east as the Tennes- see River (Sinclair and Ingram, 1961) and Ohio River (Fechtner, 1962). Thus it is now (1962) known from Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, California, Arizona, Illinois, and Tennesee. So far, it has not been determined how living 40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers ^-' Fig. 30. Delta Mendota Canal. material from one drainage system has been transported to another, except that Fitch (1953, p. 9) suggested sport fishermen as likely transplanters. In gen- eral, the species seems to prefer rather quiet or slow-moving water. There is a large pumping plant at Tracy, California, used to raise San Joaquin River water to the Delta-Mendota Canal. In 1952 it was reported that Corbicula was causing much interference in the operation of the condenser system which was used to cool the equipment. Living young mollusks lodged in the tubing and continued to grow until they interrupted the flow of water. Those which went through the pumps and screens found the concrete-lined canal an excellent place to live and they multiplied in incredible numbers. Fitch (1953, p. 9) has described the occurrence of Corbicula fluminea in the irrigation system of Imperial Valley, California. He estimated 11/2 million clams at just one stand pipe in the Mecca area. This figure is almost infintesi- mal to that which was made computable when a section of the Tracy Mendota Canal was drained. Some of the extensive beds in a section of the canal were 2-3 feet deep when it was cleaned during the winter of 1960-61. Mr. R.P.Dugan, Regional Director, U.S.Bureau of Reclamation (letter July 13, 1962), has given some details of this operation and furnished the photographs to illustrate this part of the report. Only the north section of the canal, to Mile Post 34.48, was drained at that time. The entire canal is 117 miles long. Extremely fine silt bound by a sort of mucus, filled the interstices between the shells. Total vol- ume of clam-bearing material removed from this reach of roughly 30 miles was estimated to exceed 50,000 cubic yards. Sometimes channels had to be cut No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 41 through the beds to fully drain the canal. A front end loader and drag-line ex- cavator were used for the greater part of the cleaning. The question immediately arises as to whether this species has some economic use. Residents of Asiatic origin in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Del- ta informed me in 1946 that they used the species for food to a limited extent, and that they understood it had been brought from China many years before. In eastern Asia it forms a staple part of the protein diet of the people. Mr. A. G. Smith, who visited Japan in 1958, found huge baskets ofthe shells in every fish market that he visited. The two halves of the shell close so tightly that individuals can live for a period of days out of water. Their hardiness is shown by finding them exposed or in stagnant pools in the canals which have been drained. Mr. Smith kept three in a small aquarium for an entire summer with no cleaning or replenishment of water except to make up for evaporation. The food of the mollusk has not been investigated but it is suspected to be diatoms. Plankton samples from the Delta Mendota Canal, submitted to the author for identification, contained an extraordinarily rich flora of these microscopic plants. California is not the only place where Corbicula has become more than a nuisance. In a paper entitled "Chokage of Filtered Water Pipe Systems by Freshwater Mollusks," Ray (1962, pp. 20-23) reported that Corbicula stria- tella Deshayes was choking the water filters and meters in a supply system near Trichinopoly in southern India. Fig. 31. Corbicula fluminea Miiller, showing random sample. 42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Marine Mollusks Crepidula fornicata (Linnaeus). (Figures 32, 33.) *^"^ " V / Figs. 32, 33. Crepidula fornicata (left) Length 61.5 mm. (right) Length 31.2 mm. Evidently this east American slipper shell has been in the Puget Sound area of Washington for many years. W. M. Chapman (letter to G D. Hanna, February 4, 1948) stated that this species was introduced in Puget Sound with east American oysters in the 1890's; and Vance Tarter (letter to G D. Hanna, April 13, 1948) stated that it was very abundant on the dikes enclosing bays for Olympia oyster culture. E. P. Chace (verbal communication to A. G. Smith) stated, on July 28, 1946, that he had found two or three specimens at Willapa Bay, Washington. Attempts have been made to use Crepidula for chicken feed in Holland. Glud, Tarter, and Tollefson (1946, p. 2) described experiments in the use of C. fornicata for human food with the following summary: "It is encouraging that on most counts Crepidula ranked well." Kincaid (1947, p. 2) reported the species to be a great nuisance to per- sons engaged in the production of the native oyster, Ostrea lurida, in Puget Sound. A series of four nesting specimens attached to one of these oysters was furnished by Mrs. Eleanor Duggan for photography. The length of the group as photographed was 56.5 mm. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 43 Crepidula glauca Say. (Figure 34.) Very little information on the distribution of this east American slipper shell has been col- lected since 1939 when I gave seven literature references (p. 300). At that time it had been re- ported in San Francisco Bay and a few miles south on the open coast. A. G. Smith (1946, p. 9) pointed out that the name "glauca" has page priority over "convexa" and that the two names pertain to the same species, "convexa" being merely a situs form. Crepidula plana Say. (Figure 35.) This east American slipper shell could easily be transported with oyster spat and could escape detection for a long time because of difficulty in distinguishing species in the genus. E. P. Chace collected specimens believed to be this species in Willapa Bay, Washington, on August 14, 1937, one of which became cat. no. 7480 in the collec- tion of A. G. Smith. This specimen is illustrated herein. V. - ■^ r Fig. 34. Crepidula glauca Length 17.2 mm. Haliotis rufescens Swainson. (Figure 36.) Mr. C. E. Lindsay of the Washington State Shellfish Lab- oratory informed me on Septem- ber 18, 1963; that stock of this species had been furnished by Mr. Keith Cox of the California Department of Fish and Game. About 150 individuals were re- ceived alive and were planted among the San Juan Islands; 100 went to Long Inlet on Lopez Is- land. Specimens kept at Point Fig. 35. Crepidula plana Length, 32.2 mm. Fig. 36. Haliotis rufescens. Length 127.9 mm. 44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Whitney near the Laboratory spawned. It was found during SCUBA diving on the San Juan Islands that an oc- topus had killed and was in the act of eating one of the abalones which had been planted there. Batillaria zonalis (Bmguiere) (Figures 37, 38, 39.) Batillaria cumingi (Crosse) Potamides (Batillaria) multiformis (Lischke) Batillaria multiformis (Lischke) -^ Batillaria aterrima (Dunker) Batillaria attramentaria (Sowerby). '^ Fig. 38. Batillaria multiformis '^^..m- ^"T^ Length 28-7 mm. j^^r^-^" (left) Fig. 37. Batillaria zonalis Length, 26.0 mm. Fig. 39. Batillaria multiformis Length 27-0 mm. All of the above names have been applied either positively or question- ably to a cerithid gastropod which has become widely dispersed on the Pacif- ic Coast. The species seems to be extraordinarily variable as the accompany- ing illustrations show or else there is more than one species. McLean (letter, Oct. 23, 1963) was of the opinion that the last cited name was correct for the shells which had previously been called B. cumingi. Having made a special study of the situation, he also thought that a second species could be recog- nized under the name of B. zonalis, that is, for the ribbed forms. He has also described (1960, pp. 61-63) the great abundance of the species in Elkhorn Slough a few miles north of Monterey, California. It is a common species in Japan and is probably the one recorded by Bonnot (1935, pp. 1-2) and Hanna (1939, p. 299) under the name Potamides (Batillaria) multiformis (Lischke). The species has become extremely abundant in several localities in No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 45 Puget Sound. Mrs. Eleanor Duggan has furnished material from Drayton Har- bor, Whatcom County, Washington, and Mr. W. J. Meriless found it at Boundary Bay, British Columbia. Under the name B. zonalis, Kincaid (1947, p. 3) recorded a cerithidid in Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay and Samish Bay, Washington. He stated that it was very abundant but did not appear to be harmful. It is recorded as a distinct species in some Japanese literature. The same is true of Batillaria cumingi Lischke. However, Pilsbry (1895, P- 57) stated that the last two, together with Batillaria aterrima (Dunker), "should be considered varities of zonalis.** Fig. 40. llyanassa obsoleta Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say). Length 25.5 mm. (Figure 40.) 4 This bay mud flat snail probably was brought to San Francisco Bay along with east American oysters. It has been ," K known there for many years (Keep, 1911, p. 162; Packard, I* 1918, p. 333; Dall, 1921, p. 103; Oldroyd, 1927, p. 269; Han- na, 1939, p. 304). Whether it has spread to other localities by natural means or reached them by separate introductions from the east is not known, but it has been found in Tomales Bay and Humboldt Bay, Californ- ia; Boundary Bay, Vancouver Island, British Columbia; and Willapa Bay, Wash- ington (A. Myra Keen and E. P. Chace, verbal communication). Kincaid (1947, p. 2) also reported it from Willapa Bay. Moffitt (1941, p. 272) found that Mod- iolus demissus, which is found in the same habitat as /. obsoleta, was used extensively as food by the California Clapper Rail, but the snail was seldom eaten. His record was based » uponanalysisof 18 stomachs of rails. Williams (1929, ' < p. 52-56) found the same to be true at an earlier date. * jj Nassarius fraterculus (Dunker). (Figure 41.) Mrs. Eleanor Duggan has collected this species in abundance in Padilla Bay at Bay- view State Park, Skagit County, Washington. The shells were under stones which had a mud substratum and in pools of water left by the re- ceding tide. James McLean was first to iden- tify the species and Mrs. Duggan first found it in 1960 (Veliger, vol.6, Oct., 1963, p. 112). Fig. 41. Nassarius fraterculus. Length 12.3 mn. 46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Fig. 42. Ocenebra japonica Length 41.0 mm. Ocenebra japonica (Dunker). (Figure 42-) This species was evidently inadvertently transplanted from Japan along with seed oysters and was first detected in Samish Bay, Puget Sound, by Galtsoff in 1929 (Galtsoff, 1932, pp. 14-15, fig. 4; letter from Mr. Vance Tarter to G D. Hanna, April 13, 1948). A detailed account of the distribution of the species in Puget Sound, together with habits and methods of control, was published by the Washington State Oyster Lab- oratory, Olympia Oyster Bulletin, May 10, 1946, 3 pp., 3 maps. Apparently transfer from locality to locality was effected by moving oysters from one bay to another. This very destructive oyster drill was re- ported by Kincaid (1947, p. 3) to be abundant in all oyster-growing areas of Washington north of Grays Harbor. Bonnot (1935) advised (personal communication) that so far as he could determine, it had not reached California oyster beds. The genus name Trito- nalia is sometimes used for the species. The specimen illustrated was furnished by Mrs. Eleanor Duggan who obtained an excellent growth series in Samish Bay, Skagit County, Washing- ton, May 13, 1963. Thais clavigera (Kiister). (Figiire 43.) Two specimens of this species were receiv- ed from Dr. D. B. Quayle of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. They had been collected at Ladysmith Harbor, British Columbia, July 7, 1951. Two more were received from Mrs. Eleanor Dug- gan; these had been collected in Willapa Bay and the one illustrated measured 25.6 mm. in height, 17.6 mm. in diameter. The species is common in Japan. Following are names of species also associated with shells Professor Kincaid collec- ted from seed oyster cases and upon which he reported in 1947 (p. 3^: "tumu- losus" (Reeve); "bronni" (Dunker); and "nodulosa problematica" (Baker). Fig. 43. Thais clavigera. Length 25-6 mm. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 47 Urosalpinx cinerea (Say). (Figure 44) ''^ r, u } ' Fig. 44. Urosalpinx cinerea Length 28.2 mm. Mr. C. E. This east American oyster drill evidently was intro- duced in San Francisco Bay soon after the first oysters were planted because Townsend (1893, p. 349) found it on the flats near Belmont in 1888. Since then it has been collected and recorded from many places. Kincaid (1947, p. 2) has listed it from Puget Sound and Tartar (letter to G D. Hanna, April 13, 1948) advised that the center of abundance was Oyster Bay, nearOlympia. He stated further that it was present in Willapa Bay, Wash- ington, and that it was a relatively unimportant pest Lindsay informed me in October, 1963, that the species was not increasing notably in numbers. Rapana thomasiana Crosse. (Figure 45) The first specimen of this spe- cies which was made available tome for illustration was furnished by Dr. D. B. Quayle of the Fisheries Re- search Board of Canada. The shell does not appear to be fully grown. It measures: length 22. 4 mm., diameter 16. 9 mm. Locality information is not available. A much larger specimen (length 100.0 mm., diameter 73.4 mm.) was given to Mrs. Eleanor Duggan by Professor Kincaid. It, along with others, was collected in Willapa Bay, Washington, a locality from which Burch (1952, p. 16) recorded it. The species is very common in Japan, and as a food it is stated to be delicious (Kira, 1962, p. 63). Fig- 45- Rapana thomasiana. Length 100.0 mm. \. Attention is called to the fact that Rapana bezoar (Linnaeus), another western Pa- cific species has become a very serious pest in the Black Sea since 1947- (Grossu and Lupu, Archiv fiir Molluskenkunde, vol. 93, nos. 5, 6, 1964, pp. 215-218, 1 text figure.) 48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Neptunea arthritica ("Valenciennes" Bernardi). (Figure 46.) / This large gastropod is includ- ed because a single shell 109 mm. long was found in Samish Bay, Puget Sound, by Mr. Charles E.Woelke (1953, p. 11). He informed me on September 18, 1963, that he had heard of one additional specimen having been found in the same bay. It perhaps bears closer similarity to Neptunea middendorffiana of the American Arc- tic than any other. The specimen illustrated was obtained from "Fisher" by Henry Hemphill and is possibly a part of the original material. Fig. 46. Neptunea arthritica. Length 87.5 mm. Busycon canaliculatus (Linnaeus). (Figure 47.) This large east American gastropod became known in San Francisco Bay in 1938 through the collection of three specimens by the late F. L. Ro- gers, at the foot of Oilman Street, Berkeley, Cali- fornia. Subsequently, it has been collected at many places by many people and it seems to be very well established. Stohler (1962, pp. 211-212) has given a history of known museum specimens with much valuable information. This species was rediscovered living in San Francisco Bay in January, 1948. In the course of his dredging in the Bay for shells (mostly Ostrea lurida) for commercial purposes, Mr. Gambetti occasionally secured one of these large gastropods. Being curious as to its identity he took one, with the animal en- Fig. 47. Busycon canaliculatus Length 105.3 mm. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 49 closed, to Dr. Gordon Ferris of Stanford University. Dr. Ferris passed the specimen on to Dr. A. Myra Keen who very kindly transmitted the information on to me through Mr. C C. Church on January 27, 1948. Mr. Gambetti reported that occasionally he has found enough in his dredge at one time to interfere with his work. He operated in the southern end of the Bay in deeper water off Palo Alto Yacht Harbor. There is no information to my knowledge as to how or when the species reached the west coast. It might be surmised that this species was brought to toSan Francisco Bay along with oysters, but other animals have been planted repeatedly in attempts to get them established. Many shipments of lobsters have been made for which there are no records. Also, Venus mercenaria has been brought to the west coast on several occasions. The time of arrival is especially difficult to determine. During the years 1912-1914 the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, in cooperation with the Department of Zoology of the University of California, made a very elaborate survey of the bottom of San Francisco Bay. The facilities of the U. S. S. Albatross were made available for the work. Dredging was done at close intervals throughout the area. An interesting form of Area, among other things, was found in about the same locality from which this species of Busycon came, but the latter was not found. If it were present it would be expected that it would have been collected, but this does not ne- cessarily follow. Since 1924 there had been some opportunity for the species to have been planted but oyster shipments from the east were then tapering off and ceased completely soon afterward. The responsible parties, whether governmental or private, might well take heed of so large a species being car- ried from one ocean to another unintentionally. Its egg cases are very large and could not pass without detection. Only carelessness on the part of some- one now unknown is responsible. For many years the shells of this genus were referred to the genus Ful- gur Monfort, 1810. Busycon Roding, 1798, gradually replaced that name in the literature and lately Busycotypus Wenz, 1943, seems to be preferred to either of the above in some quarters. To avoid subgeneric questions, it seems best for purposes of the present work to retain the introduced species in Busycon. Area transversa Say. (Figure 48.) There is no additional information in regard to this species to add to that reported by Packard (1918, p. 250) and Hanna (1939, p. 300). There is no known reason to doubt the authenticity of the report since the species was pj ^g collected at three separate places in the south end of San Area transversa Francisco Bay by trained zoologists of the U.S.S. Albatross Length 23.0 mm. 50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers investigations. It should be added, however, that little if any work of a simi- lar nature has been conducted in that area since the original discovery of the of the species. It could have come to the Bay incidental to the introduction of east American oysters which was a thriving industry in that section for many years. -*, Anomia lischkei Dautzenberg (Figure 49.) and Fischer. This species has become established in Willapa Bay, Washington, and probably in Sam- ish Bay, Skagit County, Wash- ington. It was found by Profes- sor Kincaid who furnished to Mrs. Eleanor Duggan the speci- men illustrated in exchange for Puget Sound shells. Burch (1952, p. 16) also received specimens from Willapa Bay. Fig. 49. Anomia lischkei. Diameter 49.2 mm. Ostrea cucullata Bom. %. Galtsoff and Smith (1932, p. 371) mentioned that they had made experi- ments in attempting to cross fertilize this species with Ostrea virginica, but without success. The latter were from stock established in Honolulu, Hawaii, and it may be presumed that the Australian species had been brought to that locality although it was not specifically so stated. No other published inform- ation regarding the introduction of 0. cucullata has been found. Ostrea edulis Linnaeus. (Figures 50 - 53 ) This European oyster has been introduced into Puget Sound and has been grown at Whitney Point, Dabob Bay, by the State Shellfish Laboratory. The specimen illustrated was presented to Mrs. Eleanor Duggan who made it available for this report. Mr. C. E. Lindsay of the Laboratory informed me on September 18, 1963, that the first planting, of which a record had been found, was in Case Inlet, Puget Sound, in 1951. Results were negative in so far as reproduction was concerned. Another attempt was made in 1961 at Fisher- man's Bay. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 51 Fig. 51. Length 75.5 mr w'.i-X^ .•5=t- Fig. 50. / 1 fl i- v; if -\ tv; 4t ^ 1 ig. 52. *v %,, — ,;; / "^ \> / Figs. 50-53. Ostrea edulis Fig. 53 In May, 1956, a shipment of European flat oysters, the common name for this species, was received from Japan by the California Department of Fish and Game. The planting was made in Tomales Bay. A protective fence was provided and in two years a length of 76 mm. had been attained. A storm destroyed the fence and silt, crabs and drills destroyed the oysters. In a later experiment (1962) shipments of these oysters were received by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from Milford, Connecticut, and Arcachon, France. The oysters were put out in trays and on ground plots. Survival was very high and growth rapid. About two inches was added to length in one year (information from Mr. H. G. Orcutt, December, 1963). According to Mr. Orcutt, the Department of Fish and Game received ad- ditional shipments in May and November, 1963. The May shipment was put in trays in Drake's Estero and Tomales Bay; survival was high. The November shipment of 900 oysters was planted in Morro Bay. According to a newspaper account (San Francisco Examiner, June 16, 1963, sec. 1, p. 23), Dr. Victor L. Loosanoff of the U.S. Bureau of Commer- cial Fisheries planted 800 European oysters in Tomales and Drake's bays, California, in 1962. The notice stated that the oysters were doing very well. 52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). (Figure 54) The Pacific oyster (sometimes referred to as "giant" oyster and Japanese oyster) has been planted in many places along the American west coast and has become the basis for a thriving in- dustry. The name**/aperousu'"Schrenck is some- times applied to it because of a prior use of the name "gigas" in Ostrea by Meuschen, 1781. How- ever, the work of Meuschen has been rejected for nomenclatural purposes by the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion no. 261. Kincaid (1951) indicated that the first introduc- tion of the species from Japan was in 1902. How- ever, Stearns (1884, pp. 219-220) had suggested the introduction was long before that. Kincaid also stated that commercial development did not take place until 1928. Chapman and Esvelt (1943) stated that the first planting in California took place in 1932. This species has been grown in Japan for about 300 years. Shape of the shells is variable but in America, if crowded, they assume a strap-like form with a few heavy radial flutes on the lower (attached) valve; but in uncrowded situations they grow in oval shape with well developed flutes. Several vari- eties are recognized commercially in Japan depending, it seems, upon the bays from which the oysters are obtained. Custom has dictated that a marketable oyster should be about three or four inches in length, a size reached by the Pacific oyster in two or three years. If allowed to develop to maturity, the total length may reach ten or twelve inches. The mantle border is a narrow, almost black line, a character which the consumer can use to distinguish the meat from the east American Crassostrea virginica. If temperature conditions be just right on the few necessary days, nat- ural propagation can be expected in some favorable places. It has been re- ported from Hood Canal, Willapa Bay, Washington, and Newport Bay, Californ- ia, by Burch (1946, p. 54), but some western waters are a few degrees too cold. This makes it necessary for a continuing supply of spat to be brought from Ja- pan. An elaborate system for growing and transporting this has been developed. Mr. C. E. Lindsay of the Washington Shellfish Laboratory informed me on September 18, 1963, that the species has become well established in Puget Sound and now reproduces regularly. Fig. 54. Crassostrea gigas Length 211.0 mm. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 53 Extensive precautions are taken to prevent the introduction of other or- ganisms, destructive or otherwise. These measures were not in effect in the early stages of the industry and this has resulted in the establishment of many Japanese mollusks on the American coast as well as members of other zool- ogical groups. One clam, Paphia philippinarum, thus introduced, has become a commercially important product. Plantings of spat have been made in a great many places along the coast from Vancouver Island to San Diego, California. A small race of this oyster from Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan, has been introduced on a rather extensive scale in Washington in an endeavor to produce a form suitable for "cocktails." The original planting consisted of "10,000" individuals. They survived trans- it and planting, but there is no information available at this date (December 1963) as to whether reproduction has been successful (Linsley and Carpelan, 1961, p. 46). The same small form was put in Drake's Estero, Elkhorn Slough, Morro Bay, and Salton Sea in California in May, 1953. By June, 1954, when the experiment was terminated, it was learned that all plantings had survived and had produced good, firm, tasty meats. Those in Elkhorn Slough attained the greatest size, 58 mm., and were the fattest (H. B. Orcutt, personal commun- ication, December, 1963). Ostrea lurida Carpenter (Figures 55, 56, 57.) S« ^ «■ Figs. 55- Length 54-0 mm. *'-'ir,^, Figs. 56, 57. Length 53.0 In 189^, John F. Colburn of Honolulu imported 3,000 individuals of Ost- rea lurida for planting in a private fishpond. Three months later no living ones were found (letter, R. A. Coleman to G D. Hanna, April 28, 1922). 54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Crassostrea rivularis (Gould). (Figures 58-61.) A specimen of this large oyster was supplied by Mrs. Eleanor Duggan. She understood that the species was grown by the Olympic Oyster Company at Totten Inlet, Mason County, Washington. The shell was given to her by Dr. Stein of the Rayonier Paper Company Laboratory. Mr. C. E. Lindsay told me on September 18, 1963, that the introduction of this oyster was apparently accidental, the seed having come along with that of 0. gigas. It was first observed about 1950, so the introduction must have been a few years earlier. It is being experimented with at the Washington Shellfish Laboratory. Fig. 58. (above). Fig. 59. (right). Crassostrea rivularis. Distance, beak to margin, 217 mm. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 55 Fig. 60. (below). Fig. 61. (right). Crassostrea rivularis. Distance, beak to margin, 217 mm. Ostrea sinuata Lamarck (Figures 62, 63) On November 29, 1962, 110 oysters of this species were received by the California Department of Fish and Game and were placed in holding trays at Redwood City, San Francisco Bay. On December 1, 1962, the lot was trans- ferred to Tomales Bay and set out at the site of the Jensen Oyster Company. By July 26, 1963, only 60 were still alive and none survived to December of that year. These oysters were received from Foveaux Strait, New Zealand. This is the "mud oyster" of south Australian estuaries. 56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Fig. 62. (left); Fig. 63. (right) Ostrea sinuata. Length 99.7 mm. Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). (Figures 64, 65-) The complete history of the transplanting of east American oysters to western waters cannot be learned at this late date. However, there is an ex- tensive literature in which much important information has been recorded. The earliest published record we have found is that of Throckmorton in 1874, but this gives no essential details. Collins (1892) on the other hand, in a long re- No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 57 ■■^'^. port on the fisheries of the Pacific Coast, attributed the first planting to an accident. According to this version, transcontinental rail service was established about 1869; "...the firm of A. Booth &, Co. brought to San Francisco three car loads of live eastern oysters of large size. It is said that this was the first shipment of live oysters from the Atlantic coast. But, according to the traditions of the trade, the market was overstocked by even this small invoice; consequently, to avoid loss, the shippers had to plant in San Francisco Bay all that could not be promptly sdd. This experiment, the first attempt at plant- ing oysters on the Pacific Coast that we have any record of, resulted favorably. The oysters lived and thrived, and those interested gained valuable experience from the en- forced experiment while the financial result gave them confidence to enter more extensively into the business." Gilbert (1891) collected data on the introduction of oysters in southern California and this was followed by Townsend (1893) who described the procedure in detail. The same author, in 1896, gave details regarding the transplantings to Willapa Bay, Washington. These early records are followed by few accounts which give details as to localities, dates, and other information a biologist desires but there are many brief citations. A list of these was given byHanna (1939) and will not be repeated here. Evidently an effort was made to establish the species in nearly all bays and inlets from Puget Sound to San Diego, and it was hoped that propagation would result. However, although there are a few reports of spawning, the spe- cies never really established itself in western waters. Presumably this was because of the temperature being too low. After it was found that the spat of Crassostrea gigas could be brought from Japan, and that rapid growth to commercial size resulted, live shipments from Atlantic localities ceased. The last shipment of which we have a record came in 1935 and was planted in Humboldt Bay, California (Paul Bonnot, per- sonal communication, March 1, 1936). The first attempt to introduce oysters to Hawaii was in 1883 by Albert Herbert (letter, R. A. Coleman to G D. Hanna, April 28, 1922; see also, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Bull., Vol. 23, pt. 1, pp. 528-529 and Ann. Rept., 1897, pp. CLXIX - CLXXL). He obtained 300 live individuals in San Francisco and they were planted at Kahili. They were destroyed by a freshet. In 1893 John F. Colburn obtained 3 cases of oysters from San Francisco for a private fish pond. Three months later, 50 per cent had survived and were spawning. This en- Figs. 64, 65. Crassostrea virginica Length 97.0 mm. 58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers couraged Colburn to secure another lot of 38,614 oysters, the fate of which seems not to have been recorded. In May, 1921 (letter, R. A. Coleman to G D. Hanna) the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries shipped 5,000 (5 barrels) oysters to H. L. Kelly of the Hawaiian Fish and Game Commission. The shipment arrived safely and was planted in Pearl Harbor. The next year two more barrels of oysters were sent over, the result of which has not been traced. According to Galtsoff and Smith (1932, p. 371-372) and Higgins (1932 [1933' , p. 231), Crassostrea virginica interbreeds with C. gigas. Fig. 66. Modiolus demissus Length 84.5 mm. Modiolus demissus (Dillwyn). (Figure 66.) This bay mussel is usually black or very dark brown, and has conspicuous radial ridges posteriorly. It is very common on the mud flats of San Francisco Bay where it is presumed to have been unintentionally "planted" during the many futile attempts to establish eastern oysters. It was first detected by Stearns (1899, p. 86) from specimens collected in the south end of the Bay by N. F. Drake in 1894. Nine published records were cited by Hanna (1939, pp. 305-306). The species may be found under Modiolus, Modiola, Volsella, Mytilus, or Brachydontes and may have the name "demissus" or "pUcatula." Lately (Poel, 1959), the species has been made the type of the genus Geukensia. It is common knowledge among local ornithologists that this mussel some- times closes its shell on the toes of birds feeding on the mudflats of San Fran- cisco Bay. Clapper Rails are said to be especially susceptible to capture, and when the tide rises the birds are drowned (De Groot, 1927, pp. 266-267). However, the destruction of the birds has been shown by Moffitt (1941, p. 272) not to be entirely one sided. He found, by examining contents of numerous stomachs of rails that this mussel furnished over 66 per cent of the animal food consumed. Modiolus demissus is used for human food to a limited extent and is oc- casionally obtainable in San Francisco markets. A set of specimens in the California Academy of Sciences was obtained at the Washington Market March 13, 1913, by the Albatross survey of San Francisco Bay. There is apparently no record to indicate that the species has been responsible for any human mus- sel poisoning in California. For extensive accounts of this dangerous malady, and for which warnings against the gathering of the animals are issued each year, see Sommer, Whedon, Kofoid, and Stohler (1937, pp. 537-539) and Som- mer and Meyer (1937, pp. 560-598). No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 59 The species has become exceedingly abundant in the south end of San Francisco Bay and could be harvested in large tonnages. In fact, it has been proposed to do this in preparation of biological products for poultry and ani- mal food (Applin, verbal communication, May, 1963). Modiolus senhousei (Benson). (Figure 67.) Fig. 67- Modiolus senhousei. Length 27-7 and 22.4 mm. This beautiful little mussel has been reported under various names. The first record seems to be by A. G. Smith (1944, p. 18) who found it in Bolinas Bay, California. It has also been taken in San Francisco Bay and Tomales Bay. Kincaid (1947, p. 3) found it in abundance in Samish Bay, Puget Sound, Washington, and it is probably more widely distributed than these records in- dicate. Kira (1962, p. 127, pi. 46, fig. 1) stated that it was very common in Japan and China and that it made byssal nests on mud flats. In 1949, Messrs. C. C. Church, David Church, and Allyn G. Smith, and I found specimens living and attached to piling with no nests atthe yacht har- bor at San Mateo Point in San Francisco Bay. I have seen the following names used for this interesting species: Modiola senhousia Benson Musculus (Musculista) Modiolus senhousea Benson senhousia (Benson) Volsella senhausi Reeve Modiolus senhausi Reeve Modiolus senhousea Reeve Volsella (Arcuatula) Modiola senhusi Benson senhausii Reeve Benson's (1842, p. 489) original spelling was ^'Modiola senhousia" but Dr. L. G.Hertlein informs me that a preferable rendition under Modiolus would be senhousei, following Lamy. Mya arenaria Linnaeus. (Figvire 68) The first western collection of this important food clam was made in San Francisco Bay in 1874 by Henry Hemphill. Newcomb (1875, p- 415) de- scribed the material as a new species Mya hemphillii and it was so recognized by Steams (1881, p. 362-366). Soon thereafter, the identity of the bay shells with the east American Mya arenaria was recognized and since then this de- 60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers r^\ ■ } ';\ >, ^«fi. Fig. 68. Mya arenaria. Length 113.3 mm. termination has been accepted generally. Hanna (1939, p. 306) cited 15 refer- ences to the west coast introduction. No record has been found of any inten- tional shipment of live clams from the Atlantic Coast for planting; therefore, it is supposed that the stock must have been brought in with oysters. Subse- qoent plantings at Santa Cruz and Tomales Bay, California; Coos Bay, Oregon; and the coast of Washington were said by Steams to have been successful. Dall (1921, p. 53) reported the range to be from Vancouver Island, British Col- umbia, to San Diego, California. Specimens were collected by me at Ketchi- kan, Alaska, in 1946; these appear to be identical with those from California. Kincaid (1947, p. 2) noted that the species was not as abundant in some places along the Pacific coast as it had been formerly. R. A. Coleman, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries (letter to G Dallas Hanna, April 28, 1923), advised that two shipments of Mya arenaria were made from San Francisco to Honolulu in May, 1922, but that there was 100 per cent loss of both in the refrigeration room of the ship. It may be of interest to note here that Mya was present in late Pliocene waters of the San Joaquin Valley, and members of the genus are abundant along the Arctic coast of Alaska. Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck. (Figure 69.) This east American clam has been known in San Francisco Bay since 1934 whenBaily reported it from LakeMerritt, Oakland. It has also been found on the mud flats between South San Francisco and Burlingame (Hanna, 1939, p. 308). Kincaid (1947, p. 1) reported it as having become established in Willapa Bay, Washington. Fig. 69. Petricola pholadiformis Length of hinge line, 54.0 mm. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 61 Pteria sterna (Gould). (Figure 70.) Dall (1921, p. 17) gave the range of this species as San Diego to Panama. Baker (Hanna, 1939,. p. 308) stated that the presence of the spe- cies in San Diego waters was almost certainly due to it having been brought there from the south on the bottoms of ships and barges. On June 12, 1946, Mr. John Q. Burch advised us that about 1938, Mr P. M. Connelly had lound the species on piling in Newport Bay, Orange County, California. At best, the species is not often found north of Mexico. Fig. 70. Pteria sterna Length of hinge line, 83.0 nun. Trapezium liratum (Reeve) (Figures 71 -73-) \ h .%*' Trapezium liratum Fig. 71. (left). Length 28.4 mm. Figs. 72, 73. Two specimens of this species from Ladysmith Harbor, British Columbia, were loaned for photography by Dr. D. B. Quayle of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. They are obviously fully grown shells and bear a strong su- perficial resemblance to Hiatella arctica. These two shells measure as fol- lows: length, 25.4 mm. and 24.7 mm.; height, 14.2 mm. and 13.4 mm. Mrs. El- eanor Duggan furnished a specimen which she had collected atNahcotta, Willa- paBay, Washington. Its measurements were: length 28.4 mm., height 15.0 mm., thickness, 11.3 mm. Apparently the species has become established in most of the Pacific oyster-growing localities. Solem (1954, p. 73) listed it from many places in Japan and repeated Bonnot's record for Elkhorn Slough, California. Some la- 62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers bels have been seen which called the shells T. japonicum, but apparent4y the name was given to material which is not too well differentiated. Fig. 74. Gemma gemma. Length 3-0 mm. Gemma gemma (Totten). (Figure 74-) This minute marine clam, sup- posedly introduced from the Atlantic ' Coast with oysters, has an extended ' / range from PugetSound to San Diego. ^^^ ^_ Nine references to the literature were given by Hanna (1939, p. 301). Meretrix lusoria (Roding). (Plate 4, figure 1.) In some of the records, this species is referred to as Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus. According to Mr. C.E.Lindsay of the State Shellfish Laboratory at Quilcene, Washington, a commercial planting was made in Grays Harbor about 1959. Apparently there has been no reproduction. The small highly colored shell was received from Mrs. Eleanor Duggan who obtained it at the Shellfish Laboratory in 1962 where an attempt was be- ing made to grow the species. Mr. Walter J. Eyerdam of Seattle, Washington, sent me a good series of shells from the same place, Quilcene on Hood Canal, Puget Sound. No two are alike in coloration. The Academy has a specimen of this species collected by C. G. Harold at Nash Harbor, Nunivak Island, in 1927. This locality is so far removed from the natural range that the probability of the species living there seems very remote. Possibly it may have been brought there on a Japanese schooner PLATE 4 All specimens illustrated on this plate are in the California Academy of Sciences, Department of Geology Type Collection, unless otherwise stated. Figure 1. Meretrix lusoria (Roding). From Shellfish Laboratory, Whitney Point, Jefferson County, Washington. Specimen is in the collection of Mrs. Eleanor Duggan. Length 40.0 mm. Figures 2-8. Paphia philippinarum (Adams and Reeve). Hypotypes nos. 12693- 12699 from Coyote Point, San Mateo County (San Francisco Bay), California. Length of uppermost specimen on left, 50.0 mm. OCC. PAPERS CALIF. ACAD. SCI., NO. 48 (HANNA) PLATE 4. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 63 which was wrecked on the island a few years earlier. The specimen is 50 mm. long and 40 mm. high. A small shipment of Meretrix was received by the California Department of Fish and Game from Tokyo Bay in 1957. The clams were planted in Hum- boldt (Areata) Bay but it is believed they were destroyed by crabs (information from Mr. H. G. Orcutt). Paphia philippinarum (Adams and Reeve). (Plate 4, figures 2-8.) Although positive proof cannot be cited, it is practically certain that this clam was accidentally introduced with oyster spat from Japan. In any event, it became widely dispersed and commercially important before it was detected as a species distinct from the native Paphia staminea by taxonomists. Eyerdam (1943) found some of the shells among some P. staminea which he purchased in a Seattle fish market in 1943, and soon thereafter he published the note it was found far to the southward. Kincaid (1944) stated that it "has developed on a great scale in the lower section of the Puget Sound district and is coming into the market along with P. staminea." A little later (1947, p. 3), he made the interesting observation that: "It seems to cross freely with the related local species and all sorts of intergrades have appeared. Either in its pure or crossed form it has become a conspicuous element in the catch of the local clam digger." He also stated that the species was first detected in Willapa Bay, Washington, in 1947. On April 24, 1946, Henry Trost obtained a set of specimens of the spe- cies in a San Francisco restaurant and brought them to the California Academy of Sciences. On May 2, 1946, C C Church collected a large series of fine live shells on the north side of San Mateo Point, San Francisco Bay. These were living in sand and among loose rocks in large numbers, and showed al- most every conceivable color variation from plain white to plain purple. In this respect the shells agree fairly well with the eastern P. grata, but that species and all of the true "staminea" we have examined are slightly shorter and rounder than P. philippinarum. The extreme range of coloration makes this one of the most beautiful of the west American clams, and its delicious flavor makes it commercially valuable. If all intentional introductions of plants and animals turned out as well as this unintentional one, there would be less crit- icism of public agencies engaged in such traffic. In 1955, the California Department of Fish and Game transplanted the species from San Francisco to Morro Bay and the Salton Sea. The clams sur- vived and grew well at Morro Bay, but excessive silt destroyed them at Salton Sea (information received from Messrs. H. G. Orcutt and Keith Cox, December, 1963). In northern areas the common name "Manila clam" seems to be gaining 64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers over "Japanese little neck clam." It is quite likely that the common name will become more stable than the scientific one. Taxonomists have assigned many names to this fine clam. The genus to which it was originally referred was "Venus.*' Since then it has been transferred at one time or anotherto all of the following: Tapes, Paphia, Venerupis, Protothaca, Ruditapes, and Cy- theraea, and probably to others. The name '^philippinarum*' implies that the species came originally from the Philippine Islands. A similar shell from Ja- pan has been given the name "semidecussata," and this specific name has been applied to our shells at times. The uncertainty of origin and Kincaid's statement regarding free interbreeding with the native species, leads us to use the name by which the species is best known on the west coast. It is interesting to note that before this was recognized as a Japanese species, it was described as new under the name Paphia hifurcata by D. B. Quayle, Jr. (1938; 1952, p. 139) from Ladysmith Harbor, British Columbia. Carl and Guiguet (1958, p. 69) stated that the species occurs through- out Georgia Strait and Barkley Sound, British Columbia. Seymour Narrows seemed to them to be a possible temperature barrier to farther northward spread. Carl and Guiguet (1958, p. 68) used the specific name " japonicus" {Y)es\\ayes) for the species. Venus mercenaria Linnaeus. (Figures 75, 76.) -^!m. '^»&.. Figs. 75, 76. Venus mercenaria. Length 77.3 ram. The records of this east coast clam being found on the west coast date back to 1901 when Keep (p. 114) stated that several dead valves from the Alameda shore of San Francisco Bay had been brought to him. He was not No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 65 sure that it had become established in these waters. On May 15, 1940, Mr. Howard McCulley of the State Division of Fish and Game informed me verbally that he had taken a living specimen from the San Francisco region. Attempts may have been made at that time to introduce the species to San Francisco Bay, but if this was accomplished published records have not been found to substantiate it. It is known, however, that an attempt was made to plant the species in Newport Bay, California, on March 31, 1940 (McCulley, letter dated July 31, 1941 to GD. Hanna). Two sacks of the clams from New Jersey were liberated under the observation of Paul Bonnot. Presumably the attempt failed. Details of the early planting of the species in Humboldt Bay, California, have not been found, but the experiment was moderately successful. A bed is located near the end of the causeway where Highway 101 leaves Eureka going northward (specimens received from Dale Goodwin). In 1956, the Coast Oyster Company made small experimental plantings of the quahog, the common name of Venus mercenaria, in Drake's Estero and Tomales Bay. There was no fencing, and it is believed there was no survival. The same company also made a small planting in Catalina Harbor in 1959. Bat rays are supposed to have destroyed the mollusks. In October, 1960, the California Department of Fish and Game received a shipment from Milford, Connecticut. The planting was made in Humboldt Bay ("Areata Bay") and survival has been good; and in May, 1963, clams came by air from the same place but were planted in Drake's Estero and Tom- ales Bay. Survival has been good. Also in November, 1963, 20,000 more were received and planted in Morro, Drake's, and Tomales bays (information receiv- ed from Messrs. H. G. Orcutt and Keith Cox, December, 1963). It is reported that 2,000 quahogs were planted in San Francisco Bay in May, 1963, by V. K. Loosanoff and Walter Dahlstrom (North, 1963, p. 23). It was learned at the Washington State Shellfish Laboratory that experi- ments were being made there toward the establishment of the species in Puget Sound. However, up to September, 1963, the work had been confined to the Laboratory. 66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Mollusks of Uncertain Status Acanthochitona achates (Gould). One specimen of this well known Japanese chiton was collected by Pro- fessor Trevor Kincaid on the oyster beds of Puget Sound, Washington, in 1948. It was sent to Dr. A. Myra Keen who in turn sent it to Mr. Allyn G. Smith for identification. After considerable study of Japanese literature, it was decided that the species is the one described by Gould (1859, p. 165) from Kikaia and Hakodate Bay, Japan. Introduction into Puget Sound waters was undoubtedly with imported seed oysters. The most extensive discussion of the species that we have found is that of Taki (1938, pp. 360-362, pi. 15, fig. 2; pi. 23, figs. 7-11, pi. 24, figs. 3-7) and to which reference is made for details of distribution and anatomy. Takistated that A. achates was scarcely distinguishable from A. rubrolineata Lischke (1873), which also has wide distribution in Japan. The specimen is entered in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences as catalogue no. 33329. Acmaea heroldi signata Pilsbry. Kincaid (1947; p. 3) included this Jap- anese shell among those which were found near Bellingham, Washington, where seed oy- sters had been planted. Anadara nipponensis (Pilsbry). (Figure 77.) O^jr. ^-^ JJ-^ '^'-'^ A / An adult shell of this species was col- lected at Quilcene on Hood Canal, Puget Sound, Washington, by Walter J. Eyerdam who furn- ished the specimen for illustration. Much of the epidermis is present on one valve. I was informed by Dr. C. E. Lindsay, of the State Shellfish Laboratory near Quilcene, that this specimen may have been originally amongsomeshellsbrought from Japan by State inspectors and later discarded. He knew of no specimens of the species having been found living in Puget Sound or Willapa Bay waters. ■-^Ji Fig. 77. Anadara nipponensis Length 63-6 mm. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 67 "Arion echinopus" This name appeared in California literature in the California Insect Pest Report dated February 9, 1962, and was repeated a little later in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Report (Anonymous, 1962, p. 85). The statement indicated that it had been collected in Golden Gate Park under boards and stones. H. H. Keifer of Sacramento advised (letter, March 5, 1962) that the record was an error due to transposition of copy in the original report. Astralium triumphans (Philippi). (Figure 78.) This Japanese gastropod was dredged just outside of San Francisco Bay during the explor- ation of that body of water prior to World War I. It was reported by Packard (1918, p. 309) and again by Hanna (1939, p. 300). Exten- sive dredging operations off cen- tral California were conducted by the California Academy of Sci- ences in 1951-1952, but A. trium- phans was not found. The same is true of a long series of trawl- ing hauls made by the California Department of Fish and Game. In spite of these failures, there is no evidence to indicate that the record is not authentic. One of the original shells was living when collected. A vague report of a beach shell having been picked up by an amateur collector on the coast of Humboldt County has not been confirmed. Fig. 78. Astralium triumphans Diam. 62.0 mm. Cochliopa rowellii (Tryon). This species was originally stated to have come from Clear Lake, Cal- ifornia, and later Bolinas Bay was cited. Pilsbry (1905, p. 91) cast doubt on these records and believed that the specimens may have come from Central America. Some of the original collection, made by Rev. J. G. Rowell, were given to Wm. Gabb, who sent the shells to Tryon. Rowell's main collection was given to the University of California; Mr. Allyn G. Smith has examined a set of specimens labeled C. rowellii there, and was of the opinion then that they belonged to the species which passed under the name "Paludestrina steamsiana." 68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Conus flavidus Lamarck. Dall (1910, p. 277) reported this species as having been picked up at San Diego, California, by a correspondent who sent it to him, but he stated that it was "without doubt exotic." Drymaeus californicus (Reeve). Bulimus califomicus REEVE, Conch. Icon., vol. 5, December, 1848, pi. 56, f. 378. "California; Hartweg. '• Drymaeus ziegleri (Pfeiffer), PiLSBRY, Man. Conch., vol. 12, 1898, pp. 39, 40, pi. 9, fig. 34. This species was cited from California or Lower California several times on the basis of Reeve's statement, but Pilsbry doubted the record and referred the name to D. ziegleri from Mazatlan and Altata, northwest Mexico. Euglandina albersi (Pfeiffer). Achatina albersi PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, p. 295. Glandina albersi (Pfeiffer), BINNEY and BLAND, Land and fresh-water shells of North America, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., no. 194, pt. 1, 1869, p. 18, figs. 9, 10. "Cal- ifornia." Euglandina albersi (Pfeiffer), PiLSBRY, Man. Conch., serv. 2, vol. 19, 1908, pp.198, 201. Pilsbry was not certain where this species may have come from origin- ally, and he cited Mazatlan, Mexico, questionably. Helicodiscus salmonaceus Hemphill. The recent description of Speleodiscoides spirellum by A. G. Smith (1957, p. 33) has clarified this record. It now seems certain that all of the previous records of snails under the names "salmonaceus" or "lineatus" should be referred to the new species. The references are as follows: Binney, 1878, p. 185; Binney, 1885, p. 75; Cooper, 1886, p. 249; Binney, 1886, p. 35; Cooper, 1888, pp. 13, 19; Binney, 1890, p. 220; Keep, 1935, p. 293; Hanna, 1939, p. 301; Pilsbry, 1946, p. 632. Helisoma antrosum (Conrad) This species was placed amongthe doubtfully resident species by Hanna (1939, p. 313) but it is now believed that colonies of it exist in western North America. It is a common species east of the Rocky Mountains. It was found in a Pleistocene deposit near Soap Lake, Washington, several years ago by Olaf P. Jenkins. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 69 Ilelix heligmoidea d'Orbigny. Helix heligmoidea d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., p. 237, pi. 23, figs. 1-3- BINNEY, Man. American Land Shells, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. , no. 28, 1885, p. 251. Polygyratia (En to din a) heligmoidea (d'Orbigny), Pilsbry, Man. Conch., vol.9, ser. 2, 1894, p. 83. Binney stated that the species "is said to have been found by Mr. H. Moores in 1849 in the foothills of the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, about five miles south of Coloma and about a quarter of a mile south of Weber Creek under an old log; a single old specimen. Certainly very doubtful. The species was described from Guayaquil, Colombia, South America." [EcuadoT] . Helix mazatlanica Pfeiffer. Zonites mazatlanica (Pfeiffer), BiNNEY, Man. Amer. Land Shells, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 28, 1885, p. 87. Punctum conspectum (Bland), PiLSBRY, Monog. 3, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 651, fig. 357. Shells bearing the above name were sent to Binney by Mr. Rowell and were stated to have come from "Lone Mountain," San Francisco. He further indicated that the shells belonged to Zonites conspectus Bland, a well known west American species. Helix sagraiana d'Orbigny. Helix sagraiana D'ORBIGNY, Moll. Cuba, vol. 1, p. 145, pi. 7, figs. 4-6. BiNNEY, Land and fresh-water shells of North America, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., no. 194, pt. 1, p. 186. Cepolis sagraiana (d'Orbigny), Pilsbry, Man. Conch., vol. 9, ser. 2, 1894, p. 180. Binney stated that this is "...a Cuban species erroneously attributed to California (on the authority of Sowerby) by Pfeiffer (Mon. I, p. 324) and Car- penter (Report, 1856 [1857] p. 314)." Helix sandiegoensis Lea. Helix sandiegoensis LEA, Gould, Pac. Railroad Reports, vol. 5, 1856, p. 331. The name appeared in a table published by Gould and the locality was cited as "Point Reyes." Apparently no description was published. Littorina brevicula (Philippi). (Figures 79, 80) Two fine specimens of this species were made available for this report by Mrs. Eleanor Duggan who had obtained them from Professor Kincaid, March 27, 1963, in exchange for Puget Sound shells. They were obtained from a ship- 70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Littorina brevicula. Fig. 79. (left). Height 14.5 mm. Fig. 80. (right). Height 13.7 mm. ment of Japanese seed oysters at WillapaBay, Washington in 1947. Their mea- surements are: height 14.5 and 13.7 mm., diameter 13.4 and 13.0 mm. And in 1963 Professor Kincaid gave the Academy several specimens from the same lot. There is no evidence that the species has become established. Littorina littorea Linnaeus. (Figure 81.) E. P. Chace collected this species at Decep- tion Pass, Puget Sound, Washington, in 1937. Five specimens were presented to the California Academy of Sciences collection. Length 17.9 mm. Lymnaea bombycina de Lunge. Fig. 81- Littorina littorea Diameter 15-3 mm. Limnaea bombycina Lunge, U'OOD and Raymond, Nautilus, vol. 5, 1891, p. 56. Baker, F. C, Chicago Acad. Sci. Spec. Publ., no. 3, 1911, p. 462. Baker considered this name a nornen nudum and he quoted Raymond to the effect that it was inserted in the San Francisco list on the authority of Wood. In the list it was stated to be "introduced." de Lunge's shells were apparently deposited in the University of California. Monodonta labio Linnaeus. Kincaid (1947, p. 3) stated that this Japanese species was abundant in Samish Bay, Washington, near where seed oysters had been planted. He did not find evidence of survival. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 71 Fie Mytilus dunkeri (Reeve). Hill (1951, p. 4) reported this Japanese species from southern California but Coe (1946, p. 97) described the same thing as Mytilus edulis diegensis and considered it a native species. Mytilus recurvus Rafinesque. The record of this species by Dall (1921, p. 21) is based upon a speci- men obtained at Newport Bay, California, by "Dr. Tremper" many years ago. It has not been found since and it is generally believed that an error is invol- ved in the record (Burch, 1944, p. 11). Netastomella japonica (Yokoyama). (Figure 82-) This species is included on the ba- sis of a specimen furnished by Mrs. Elea- nor Duggan. It was collected at the mouth of Watun River, Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Island, British Columbia, by Mr. P. Hanson, May 23, 1960. Mrs. Duggan received the specimen from Dr. I. McT. Cowan of the University of British Columbia, July 20, 1962, in exchange for trawled moUusks. Dr. Cowan stated that the species differed from the native one by its greater length ofrostrum. He doubts ifithas been introduced by man because of the location far north of where Japanese oysters have been planted. Probably it just happens not to have been detected previously. Octopus sp. An unsigned item in Desert Magazine (vol. 26, no. 7, July, 1963, p. 5) contained the following information: "A lot of things have turned up in the Salton Sea, but for the first time an octopus made its appearance. There can be no doubt that the creature was transplanted in Salton, probably a visitor from one of the Pacific Coast towns. The Salton octopus, 18 inches in diameter was captured by a 12 year old boy." The most likely source of the original introduction of such animals as this can probably be assigned to the California Department of Fish and Game. This organization has made some extensive transplantations of marine organ- isms from the Gulf of California to the Salton Sea and without apparently keep- ing (or at least publishing) an inventory of species involved. The most com- plete information on the subject seems to be that which was assembled by Walker and associates (1961). 82. Netastomella japonica Length 20.0 mm. 72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Pododesmus sp. Kincaid (1947, p. 3) stated that some of the shells taken in Samish Bay, Washington, do not appear to belong to the local species, P. macros chisma. He referred to some material which had come from Japan in boxes of seed oy- sters in 1924. Polygyra monodon Rackett. The record by Gratacap(1901, p. 378) as Stenotrema monodon is believed to have been a misidentification of P. germana for this common east American shell. Rhodea californica (Pfeiffer). Achatina californica Pfeiffer, Sym. Hist. Heliceorum, sec. 3, 1846, p. 89. "Monterey, California. Coll. Cuming." Rhodea californica (Pfeiffer), PiLSBRY, Man. Conch., vol.18, 1906, p. 235, pi. 38, figs. 1-6, 10. "Colombia = Bogota; Marmato." The recording of this South American species from California was an obvious error. It has been placed in the genus Columna. Tegula lischkei (Tapparone - Canefri). (Figure 83.) Among the shells which were col- lected by Professor Kincaid in 1924 at Samish Bay, Puget Sound, were young of a species identified by Mrs. I. S. Old- royd as Turbo marmoratus . These were associated with a shipment of seed oy- sters of the species Crassosfrea gigas, and apparently none survived. This turban shell subsequently appeared in a shipment destined for Willapa Bay, Washington. A specimen is here illus- trated and the identification was made by Dr. Takashi Ino. Fig. 83. Tegula liscHkei Diameter 30.4 mm. Teredo navalis Linnaeus. This was recorded as an exotic species in California in my 1939 report, (p. 308). Undoubtedly it arrived here sometime but since it is so widely dis- tributed in the oceans of the world it seems doubtful if the first came within historical time. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 73 Thais lapillus (Linnaeus). (Figure 84-) E. P. Chace collected a species of Thais at Deception Pass, Puget Sound, Washington, which he identified as T. lapillus. It was taken along with Lit- torina littorea, an easily identified east American species. Thais lamellosa Gmelin is abundant in Pu- get Sound and there is a possibility that there is con- fusion in the identity because of the extreme varia- bility of species of Thais. Fig. 84. Thais lapillus Height 28.3 mm. Turbo coronatus coreensis Recluz. (Figure 85-) This is one of the species which Pro- fessor Kincaid detected in 1924 in a ship- ment of seed oysters from Japan. The shells escaped in Samish Bay, but it does not ap- pear that any survived. Identification, ac- cording to Professor Kincaid (verbal commun- ication, 1963), was by Mrs. I. S. Oldroyd. Fig. 85- Turbo coronatus coreensis Diameter 20-7 mm. Veronicella olivacea Steams. This species was described by Stearns in 1871 with the locality given as "Habitat -Nicaragua (Occidental Department) where several specimens were collected by Mr. J. A. McNeil. Also found in Upper California, a speci- men having been collected by me near Lobitos in the year 1866." The original description and Stearns' remarks were quoted by Binney in 1878 (pp. 243-244) and 1885 (pp. 160-161). In both cases he referred to the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History without a definite cita- tion. In one case he stated that the original description was taken from that publication and in the other he cited the year as 1871. I have not been able to locate any mention of the species in the Boston Proceedings. Furthermore, in the 1885 publication, Binney stated that the species was found in Lower Cali- fornia, a record which has apparently not been verified to date. Stearns origi- nal description of the species and his California record were contained in a 74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers one page private publication called "Conchological Memoranda, VIII, Oct. 14, 1871." Cockerell (1895, p. 141) reached the conclusion that the California rec- ord was accidental or doubtful although Stearns was known as a very careful worker. Mr. W. H. Lange, Jr. has done a great deal of detailed work in the area of San Mateo County, California, where the slug was "collected," but has failed to find anything like it. Mr. C. C. Church and I have searched the vicin- ity of Lobitos and in Lobitos Creek and we also failed to find the species. Therefore, it is included in the unverified records of introduced forms. "Zonites" limatulus Ward. It is suspected that Binney's record of this species from San Mateo County, California, is based upon an accidental mixing of shells. It is found living in the middle west. Zachrysia auricoma Ferussac This Cuban snail was transplanted to Little River, Florida, by C. T. Simpson (Clapp, 1919, p. 104). Pilsbry (1939, p. 412) stated that no subsequent records had been pub- lished regarding its having become established although Clapp remarked that it was abundant at the time of his visit. It is interesting to note that a shell of this species was intercepted at Los Angeles in 1961 on nursery stock from Miami, Florida. (Letter H. H. Keifer to A. G. Smith, December 11, 1961.) The determination was made by L. G. Hertlein. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 75 SOURCES OF ILLUSTRATIONS Text figures 1 - 85 Land Mollusks Figure 1. Helix pomatia Linnaeus. Hypotype no. 12646 (CAS). From Risano, Dalmatia, Austria; D. D. Baldwin collection. Figure 2- Hawaiiaminuscuta (Binney). Hypotypes nos. 12645, 12645a-b (CAS). From Mill Creek Canyon, San Bernardino County, California. E- W. Gifford collection; S. S- Berry, collector. Figure 3. Helicodiscus singley anus {Pilshry). Hypotypes nos. 12654, 12654a-b (CAS). From 1825 Hopkins Street, Berkeley, California; A. G. Smith, collector. Figure 4 (a) "Oxychilus cellarius" (Miiller). Hypotype no. 5847 (CAS). From Berk- eley, California; Henry Hemphill, collector, {h) "Oxychilus drapamaldi" (Beck). Hypotype no. 5835 (CAS). From England; Henry Hemphill col- lection, (c) "Oxychilus alliarius" (Miller). Hypotype no. 5848 (CAS). From Europe; Henry Hemphill collection. Figure 5- Valloniapulchella{y[n\\eT). Hypotypes nos. 5832, 5832a, 5832b (CAS). From Redlands, California; S. S. Berry, collector. Figure 6. Achatina fulica "Lam." Bowdich. Hypotype no. 12647 (CAS). From Maurit- ius; Henry Hemphill collection. Figure 7. Gonaxis kibueziensis (E. A- Smith). Hypotype no. 12653 (CAS). From Di- ani Beach, Kenya, Africa; N. L. H. Krauss, collector. Figure 8. Cecina manchurica A. Adams. Hypotype no. 12652 (CAS). From Birch (Cot- tonwood) Bay, Whatcom County, Washington; Mrs. Eleanor Duggan, col- lector. Figure 9. Cochlicella ventrosa (Ferussac). Hypotype no. 5857 (CAS). From gardens in Oakland, California; Henry Hemphill, collector. Figure 10. Lamellaxis mauritianus (Pfeiffer). Hypotype no. 12651 (CAS)- From Maur- itius; C- R. Orcutt collection. Figure 11. Pupoides albilabris (C- B. Adams). Hypotype no. 12650 (CAS). From Braw- ley. Imperial County, California; S- Taylor and R. A. Flock, collectors. Figure 12. Rumina decollata (Linnaeus). Hypotype no. 12656 (CAS). From Beni Mel- lal. Central Morocco, North Africa; A- G. Smith, collector. Figure 13- Succinea campestris Say. Hypotype no. 12655 (CAS). From Fernandina, Florida; Henry Hemphill, collector. Figure 14- Arion circumscriptus Johnston. After Pilsbry, 1948, p. 674- Figure 15. Arion hortensis Fe'russac. After Pilsbry, 1948, p. 672. Figure 16. Arion intermedius (Normand). After Waste, 1940, pi. 6, fig. 2- Figure 17. Deroceras caruanae (Pollonera). From Berkeley, California; A- G. Smith, collector. Figure 18. Deroceras reticulatum (Miiller). Hypotypes nos. 12648, 12648 a-c (CAS). From Palo Alto, California; C- C Church, collector. Figure 19. Limax flavus Linnaeus. Hypotype no. 12649 (CAS). From Palo Alto, Cali- fornia; C- C- Church, collector. Figure 20- Limax marginatus Miiller. From Berkeley, California; A. G. Smith, collector. 76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Figure 21- Lirnax maximus'L.innaeus. From San Francisco, California; G DallasHanna, collector. Figure 22- Milax gagates {Ttraparnand). From Berkeley, California; A. G. Smith, collec- tor. Figure 22a. Milax gagates (Drapamaud). Cluster of eggs. From Half Moon Bay, Cali- fornia; W. H. Lange, collector. Photographed by W- C- Matthews. Figure 23- Testacella haliotidea (Drapamaud). From Berkeley, California; A. G. Smith collector. Freshwater Mollusks Figure 24. Lymnaea auricularia (Linnaeus). Hypotype no. 12657 (CAS). From Alameda Creek at Western Pacific Railroad Crossing, Niles, California; A. G. Smith, collector. Figure 25- Lymnaea columella Say. Hypotype no. 5856 (CAS). From Ontario, Canada; Henry Hemphill, collector. Figure 26. Phytia myosotis (Drapamaud). Hypotype no. 12658 (CAS). From San Pablo Bay, San Francisco Bay, California; G Dallas Hanna, collector. Figures 27, 28- Viviparus stelmaphorus Bourguignat. Hypotypes nos. 12660, 12661 (CAS). From San Jose, California; Henry Hemphill, collector (fig. 27); and east shore of Victoria Island, San Joaquin County, California; A. G. Smith, collector. Figure 29- Corbicula fluminea (Miiller). Hypotype no. 12682 (CAS). From north end of Sherman Island, Sacramento County, California; A. W. Morse, collector. Figure 30. Delta-Mendota Canal, San Joaquin County, California, when drained, show- ing beds of Corbicula fluminea. Photograph furnished by Mr. R. P. Du- gan. Regional Director, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Figure 31. Corbicula fluminea (Miiller). From Delta-Mendota Canal, San Joaquin Coun- ty, California. Photograph furnished by Mr. R. P. Dugan, Regional Direc- tor, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. Marine Mollusks Figure 32- Crepidula fomicata (Linnaeus). Hypotype no. 12669 (CAS). From Oyster Bay, Puget Sound, Mason County, Washington. Mrs. Eleanor Duggan, collector. Figure 33. Crepidula fomicata (Linnaeus). Hypotype no. 12673 (CAS). From Willapa Bay, Washington; E. P. Chace, collector; A. G- Smith collection no. 7479. Figure 34. Crepidula glauca Say. Hypotype no. 12674 (CAS). From Rodeo, San Fran- cisco Bay; California; G Dallas Hanna, collector. Figure 35. Crepidula plana Say. Hypotype no. 12668 (CAS). From Willapa Bay, Wash- ington; E.P. Chace, collector, from A. G- Smith collection. Figure 36. Haliotis rufescens Swainson. Hypotype no. 12680 (CAS). From Montara Bay, San Mateo County, California. Figure 37. "Batillaria zonalis" (Bruguiere). Hypotype no. 12664 (CAS)- From Sausa- lito, California. Tom Walker, collector. Figures 38,39. " Batillaria multiformis"{'Lischke). Hypotypes nos. 12662, 12663 (CAS). From Boundary Bay, British Columbia; W. J. Meriless, collector. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 77 Figure 40. llyanassa obsoleta (Say. Hypotype no. 12659 (CAS)- From Bayview Park, San Francisco Bay, California; F- L. Rogers, collector. Figure 41- Nassarius fraterculus (Dunker). Hypotype no. 12665 (CAS). From Podilla Bay, Puget Sound, Washington; Mrs. Eleanor Duggan, collector. Figure 42- Ocenebra japonica (Dunker). Hypotype no. 12671 (CAS). From oyster beds at Bellingham, Washington; Robert Dempster, collector; and at Samish Bay, Washington; Mrs. Eleanor Duggan, collector. Figure 43. Thais clavigera (Kuster). Hypotype no. 12672 (CAS). From Willapa Bay, Washington, Mrs. Eleanor Duggan, collector. Figure 44- Urosalpinx cinerea (Say). Hypotype no. 12666 (CAS). From oyster beds at Alameda, California; R. E- C Stearns, collector. Figure 45. Rapana thomasiana Crosse. Hypotype no. 12678 (CAS). From Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Prof. Trevor Kincaid, collector Figure 46. Neptunea arthritica ("Valenciennes" Bernardi). Hypotype no. 12681 (CAS), From Hokadate, Japan; Henry Hemphill collection. Figure 47. Busycon canaliculatus (L,innaeus). Hypotype no. 12679 (CAS). From Coyote Point, San Francisco, California; Charles H. Roof, collector. Figure 48. Area transversa Say. Hypotype no. 5832 (CAS). From Punta Rassa, Florida; Henry Hemphill, collector. Figure 49- Anomia lischkei Dautzenberg and Fischer. Hypotype no. 12691 (CAS). From Samish Bay, Skagit County, Washington. Specimen received by Mrs. El- eanor Duggan from Prof. Trevor Kincaid. Figures 50-53- O stre a edulis "Linnaeus. Hypotype no. 12685 (CAS). From Whitney Point, Dabob Bay, Jefferson County, Washington. Mrs. Eleanor Duggan, collec- tor. Donated by Washington State Shellfish Laboratory. Figure 54. Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). Hypotype no. 12683 (CAS). From Monterey Bay, California; Ernest Courson, collector. Figure 55. Ostrea lurida Carpenter. Hypotype no. 12703 (CAS). From San Pedro, Cali- fornia; H. N- Lowe, collector. Figure 56, 57. Ostrea lurida Carpenter. Hypotype no. 12687 (CAS)- From Humboldt Bay, California; H. McMillan, collector. Figures 58-61. Crassostrea rivularis (Gould). Specimens furnished for illustration from the collection of Mrs. Eleanor Duggan. From Totten Inlet, Mason County, Washington. Figures 62, 63- Ostrea sinuata Lamarck. Hypotype no. 12684 (CAS). From Foveaux Strait, New Zealand, then transferred to Tomales Bay, California. Speci- men furnished by H. G. Orcutt and Keith W- Cox of the California De- partment of Fish and Game. Figures 64, 65- Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). Hypotype no. 5841 (CAS). From Cedar Keys, Florida; Henry Hemphill, collector. Figure 66- Modiolus demissus (DiHwyn). Hypotype no. 5840 (CAS). From San Francis- co Bay; R. A. Coleman, collector. Figure 67. Modiolus senhousei (Benson). Hypotypes nos. 12688, 12689 (CAS). From Coyote Point, San Francisco Bay; G D- Hanna, A- G- Smith, and C- C- Church, collectors. Figure 68- Mya arenaria Linnaeus. Hypotype no. 12701 (CAS). From Samoa, Humboldt Bay, California; G D- Hanna, collector. 78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Figure 69 Petricoln pholadifomiis Lamarck. Hypotype no. 12692 (CAS). From Coyote Point, San Mateo County, San Francisco Bay; C- C- Church, collector. Figure 70. Plena sterna (Gould). Hypotype no. 5839 (CAS). From Baja California, Hen- ry Hemphill, collector. Figures 71-73- Trapeziurn liratum (Reeve). Hypotype no. 12702 (CAS). From Nahcotta, Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. Mrs. Eleanor Duggan, collec- tor (figures 72 and 73 are in her collection). Figure 74- Gemma gemma (Totten). Hypotype no. 5833 (CAS). From Oakland, Californ- ia; Henry Hemphill, collector. Figures 75, 76. Venus mercenaria Linnaeus. Hypotype no. 12700 (CAS)- From Hum- boldt Bay, California; Rae Baxter, collector. Records of Uncertain Status Figure 77. Anadara nipponensis (Pilsbry). Hypotype no. 12686 (CAS). From Quilcene, Hood Canal, Puget Sound, Washington; W. J. Eyerdam, collector. Figure 78. Astralium tuumphans {Philippi). Hypotype no. 5838 (CAS). From Japan. Figures 79, 80. Littonna brevicula (Philippi). Hypotypes nos. 12675, 12675a (CAS). From Willapa Bay, Washington; Trevor Kincaid, collector, and furnished by Mrs. Eleanor Duggan for illustration. Figure 81- Littonna littorea (Linnaeus). Hypotype no. 12676 (CAS). From Deception Pass, Puget Sound; E- P. Chace, collector. Figure 82- Nelastomella japonica (Yokoyama). Hypotype no. 12690 (CAS). From Gra- ham Island, British Columbia, collected by P. Hanson and furnished by Dr. I. McT. Cowan. Figure 83. Tegula lischkei (Tapparone-Canefri). Hypotype no. 12677 (CAS). From Wil- lapa Bay, Washington; Trevor Kincaid collector. Received for illustra- tion from Mrs. Eleanor Duggan. Figure 84. Thais lapi II us CLinnaeus). Hypotype no. 12667 (CAS). From Deception Pass, Puget Sound, Washington; E. P. Chace, collector. Figure 85. Turbo coronatus coreensis Recluz. Hypotype no. 12670 (CAS). From Wil- lapa Bay, Washington; Trevor Kincaid, collector. Received for illustra- tion from Mrs. Eleanor Duggan. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 79 REFERENCES Abbott, R. T. 1949. March of the giant African snail. Natural History, vol. 58, no. 2- pp. 68-71, 3 figs., February. Adams, Walter G. 1962. The Mediterranean snail problem. Armed Forces Pest Control Board, Technical Information. Memorandum no. 5, Revised Edition, 37 pp., January. [This publication gives in great detail how to search for snail pests in cargoes prior to shipment and how to destroy any which may be foundT) Anonymous 1959a. \DeToceras reticulatum and Arion ater damaging lilies, delphiniums and other ornamentals in western Puget Sound areaT] Cooperative Eco- nomic Insect Report, vol. 9, no. 9, p. 138, February 27. 1959b. \j^heba pisana and Cochlicella ventrosa intercepted at San Diego, Cali- fornia, June 8, in cargo from ItalyT) Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 9, no. 46, p. 1000, November 13- 1960a. Release of Euglandina rosea in Riverside County, CalifomiaT] Coopera- tive Insect Pest Report for California, p. 7, October. 1960b. \Vallonia pulchella in Riverside County, CalifomiaT] Cooperative Eco- nomic Insect Report, vol. 7, no. 6, p- 71. 1960c. [interceptions of Theba pisana at ports of entry in military cargqTj Coop- perative Economic Insect Report, vol. 10, no. 7, p. 90. 1960d. \Arion ater, Agriolimax agrestis and Deroceras reticulatum very damag- ing to vegetables and strawberries in western Washington and Ore- goriT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 10, no. 11, p. 167. 1960e. [Vallonia pulchella in lawns atHoUister, San Benito County, California. August 19T| Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 10, no. 36, p. 838. 1960f. \Gulella wahlbergi received in Nuuanu Valley, Oahu, Hawaii from 1956- 1957 plantings!] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 10, no. 43, p. 1002. 1960g. [Achatina fulica intercepted at San Diego, California in cargo from GuamT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 10, no. 48, p. 1106. 1961a. [white garden snail, Theba pisana (Muller) intercepted at New Orleans with military cargo from the Mediterranean and destined for various bases in the United StatesT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 50, February 3- 1961b. \Agriolimax agrestis and Arion ater damaging vegetable crops in Puyallup Valley, Washington. Deroceras reticulatum in Willamette Valley, Oregon, damaging strawberries, beets and cauliflowerj Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 11, no. 11, p. 166, March 17. 1961c. ^Helix aspersa, Vallonia pulchella, Oxychilus drapamaldi, O. allarius and Limaxmarginatus reported for California but no localities citedj Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 11, no. 14, p. 284, April 7. 1961d. Euglandina rosea released in Alameda County, California]] Cooperative Insect Pest Control for California, July. 80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers 1961e. [Euglandina rosea released in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, Cal- iforniaT) Cooperative Insect Pest Report for California, p. 10, August. 1961f. [Achatina fulica Bowditch) intercepted at Honolulu, Hawaii in mail for California and baggage for Michigan^ Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 11, no. 31, p. 737, August 4. 1961g. [Brown garden snail. Helix aspersa, recorded for the first time in Wash- ington where it caused considerable damage to flowers in Pacific CountyV] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 11, no. 43, p. 1001, October 27. [^'Garden slugs" were also reported destructive in some areas in Alaska. Species and localities not givenTj 1961h. [white garden snail Thebapisana (Miiller) intercepted nine times at east coast ports destined for various eastern and southern localities. Also Achatina fulica intercepted in cargo from Okinawa at San Diego and destined for Barstow, CaliforniaT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 11, no. 44, p. 1028, November 3. 1962a. \^chatina fulica reported to be eradicated on the island of Hawaii but a new colony became established at Poipu, KauaiT] Cooperative Eco- nomic Insect Report, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 76, 77, February 9. 1962b. \^rion ater in the Crescent City, California areaT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 12, no. 11, p. 197, March 16. Recorded also in Cooperative Insect Pest Report for California. 1962c. \Arion ater at Smith River, Del Norte County, CaliforniaT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 12, no. 14, p. 314, April 6. (From Co- operative Insect Pest Report for California.) 1962d. [Arfon a^er recorded for both DelNorte and Humboldt Counties, CaliforniaT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 12, no. 17, p. 423, April 27. (From Cooperative Insect Pest Report for California.) 1962e. ^Tion ater at Eureka, Humboldt County, CaliforniaT] Cooperative Eco- nomic Insect Report, vol. 12, no. 13, pp. 275, 287, March 30. Re- corded also in Cooperative Insect Pest Report for California. 1962f. [Arion cir cum s crip tus at Crescent City, Del Norte County, CaliforniaT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 12, no. 13, p. 287, March 30. (From Cooperative Insect Pest Report for California.) 1962g. yArion hortensis in Santa Cruz, San Anselmo, Mill Valley and San Rafael, CaliforniaJ Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 12, no. 11, p. 197, March 16. Recorded also in Cooperative Insect Pest Report for California. 1962h. \Arion hortensis in Sacramento, CaliforniaT] Cooperative Economic Insect Pest Report, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 106, February 23. 1962i. \Deroceras reticulatum and Anon ater damaging nurseries and gardens in western OregonT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 12, no. 14, p. 326, April 16. 1962J. [Gray garden slug Deroceras reticulatum, heavy population feeding in Ladino clover in Sonora area, Tuolumne County, CaliforniaT) Coop- erative Economic Insect Report, vol. 12, no. 22, P- 552, June 1. (From Cooperative Insect Pest Report for California,) 1962k. [Heavy population of Vallonia pulchella on Vinca minor atWoodside, San Mateo County, California^ Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 12, no. 49, p. 1234, December 7- No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 81 1962m. [Helix aspersa in Oregon and UtahT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 12, no. 11, p. 209, March 16. The records of Capizzi, 1961 and Hutchings, 1961, are repeated. 1962n. [interception of Achatina fulica at San Diego, CaliforniaT] Cooperative Insect Report, vol. 12, no. 27, p. 748, July 6. 19620. [slugs in CaliforniaT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 12, no. 7, p. 85. (Report Deroceras reticulatum, D- caruanae and Arion echi- nopus from Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, under boards and stones.) (From Cooperative Insect Pest Report for California.) 1962p. [slugs in CaliforniaT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 12, no. 5, p. 64, February 2- [Populations of Limax marginatus, L. flavus, Arion hortensis and Deroceras laeve heavy in nursery soil in Dan- ville, Contra Costa County. Survey for Arion ater negativeT] 1962q. [slugs and snails in Del Norte County, CaliforniaT] Cooperative Econom- ic Insect Report, vol. 12, no. 6, p. 72, February 9?\'[Arion ater and other introduced species collected in the field by J. W. Anderson and T. Haig, January 15, and determined by H. H. KeiferT] 1962r. Washington State Shellfish. State Printing Office, Olympia, Washington, (6th printing) 16 pp., illustrated. 1962s. [white garden snail Theba pisana and giant snail intercepted 20 times at ports of entry and 3 times at port of departure, respectivelyT] Co- operative Economic Insect Report, vol. 12, no. 16, p. 399, April 20. 1963a. \Hawaiiaminuscula infesting lawn at Napa, CaliforniaT] Cooperative Econ- omic Insect Report, vol. 13, no. 43, p- 1264, October 25. 1963b. Minute grass snails. The California Farmer, p. 8, August 3. \Vallonia pulchella stated to be killing dichondra lawns in San Diego County, CaliforniaT] 1963c. [Tawny garden slug, (Limax flavus)7\ Cooperative Economic Insect Re- port, vol. 13, no. 26, p. 727, June 28. "Heavy on ornamental rhubarb plants in Visalia, Tulare County, California." (Cooperative Insect Report for California.) 1963d. \Vallonia pulchella abundant in dichondra lawns in Lakeside, San Diego County, California. (Cooperative Insect Pest Report for California)] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 66, February 1. Ansell, Alan D. 1964. The clam and industry in Britain Sea Frontiers, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 48- 55, 6 text figs. [History of planting of Venus mercenaria and other mollusks in Europe and elsewhereT] Arias, R. O., and H. H. Crowell 1963. A contribution to the biology of the gray garden slug '[Deroceras reticula- tum (Miiller)?] Bulletin of Southern California Academy of Sciences, BAKER. H. B. ^°^- '2' ""■ 2' PP- «^-^'- 1929. Pseudohyaline American land snails. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 81, pp. 251-266, pis. 8-10. Barrett, Elinore M. 1963. The California oyster industry. California Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin, no. 123, 103 pp., 32 text figs. [Copy received at the California Academy of Sciences, August 26, 1963T] 82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Basinger, a. J. 1923a. A valuable snail poison. Journal of Economic Entomology, vol. 16, pp. 465-458. 1923b. The white snail (Helix pisana) at La Jolla, California. Journal of Econ- omic Entomology, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 522-526. 1923c. Eradication of the white snail (Helix pisana) at La Jolla, Callifornia. Re- port of Progress. Monthly Bulletin, California Department of Agri- culture, vol. 12, nos. 1-2, PP- 7-11, January, February. 1927a. Control of the European brown snail (Helix aspersa) in citrus orchards. California Citrograph, vol. 12, no. 6, p. 214. 1927b. The eradication campaign against the white snail (Helix pisana) at La Jolla, California. Monthly bulletin, California Department of Agri- culture, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 51-76. 1929. Outline for control of snail infestations in citrus orchards. California Citrograph, vol. 14, no. 9, p. 370. 1931. The European brown snail in California. University of California, Col- lege of Agriculture Experiment Station, Berkeley, California, Bul- letin 515, pp. 1-22, 16 text figs., October. [Sinistral Helix aspersa, p. 5, fig. 37] 1935. Measuring the efficiency of materials used for snail control. Journal of Economic Entomology, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 903-905. 1940. Brown snail infestations. California Citrograph, vol. 25, no. 7, p. 226. BATES, John M. 1962. Extension of the range of Corbicula fluminea within the Ohio drainage. The Nautilus, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 35-36. BENSON, W. H. 1858. Note sur la transportation et la naturalisation au Bengale de I'Achatina fulica de Lamarck. Journal de Conchyliogie, vol. 7, pp. 266-268. Benson, W. H. (In Cantor, Theodore) 1842- General features of Chusan, with remarks on the flora and fauna of the island. Pt. 5. Mollusca. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, no. 59, pp. 486-490, July. BERRY, S. S. 1909. The known mollusca of San Bernardino County, California. The Nautilus, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 73-79. 1916. Additional records of mollusca from San Bernardino County, California. The Nautilus, vol. 30, no. 4, p. 37. BINNEY, W. G. 1878. The terrestrial air-breathing moUusks of the United States and adjacent territories of North America. Described and illustrated by W. G. Binney, vol. 5. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, vol. 4, pp. I-IV (preface), 1-439, numerous text figs., pis. (pp. 440-449 (text), I-LXXIV, and I-XVI, July. 1885. Manual of American land shells. United States National Museum, Bulle- tin 28, pp. 160-161. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 83 1886. A second supplement to the fifth volume of the terrestrial air-breathing mollusks of the United States and adjacent territories. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. 13, no. 2, P- 35, December. BOCK 1961. [Arion a ter and Testacella haliotidea in the Salem area, OreconT] Cooper- ative Economic Insect Report, vol. 11, no. 19, p. 388, May 12. BOETTGER, CAESAR R. 1958. On biological pest control. Proceedings of the 10th International Con- gress of Entomology, vol. 4, 1956 [1958], pp. 875-878- BONNOT, Paul 1935a. The California oyster industry. California Fish and Game, vol.21, no. 1, pp. 65-80, figs. 23-28, January, [fritonalia japonica, pp. 78-79, text fig. 28T] 1935b. A recent introduction of exotic mollusks into California waters from Japan. The Nautilus, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 1-2, July. Boyd, Bud 1960. San Francisco Chronicle, Sports Section, December 26. [Corbicula flum- inea in the Delta-Mendota Canal in beds up to three feet thickT] Bruce, L. C. 1950. \Testacella haliotidea in Clackamas County, OregonT] The Nautilus, vol. 64, no. 2, p. 59, October. BURCH, BEATRICE L., AND THOMAS A. BURCH 1943- A survey of western North American marine mollusks. Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern California, no. 25, pp. 9-23- BuRCH, John B. 1960. Some snails and slugs of quarantine significance to the United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Ser- vice, no. 82-1. Sterkiana, no. 2, pp- 13-53, 8 pis., February. BuRCH, John Q. (Editor) 1944a. Checklist of west American mollusks. Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern California, no. 38, p. 18. 1944b. Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern California, no. 36, pp. 3- 16a, June. iReprinted in distributional list of the west American marine mollusks from San Diego, California, to the polar sea. Pub- lished under the same auspices as a reprint of the pages of the Min- utes and not separately paged. Received at the California Academy of Sciences, February 7, 1945T| 1946. [Some shells of Newport Bay, CaliforniaT) Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern California, no. 62, p. 54. 1951. \Achatina fulica found in shipment to Oregon from GuamT] Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern California, no. 109, p. 51. 1952. Additions to the west coast molluscan fauna. Minutes of the Concholo- gical Club of Southern California, no. 121, p. 16, August. CALLAGHAN, G. F. 1962- Contributions of plant pest control programs. A need for a strong plant quarantine. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 57-59, June. [Introduction of T/jefeapisawa into Charles- ton, South Carolina, on military cargo from Morocco is describedT] 84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Campbell, R. F- 1953. [Damage caused to cabbage near San Ysidro, California by Helix aperlaJ^ Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 3, no. 6, p. 75, February 6. Capizzi, J. 1960a. [Arion ater damaging vegetables and flower gardens in Tillamook County, OregonT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 10, no. 35, p. 809. 1960b. [Deroceras reticulatum heavily damaging strawberries, cauliflower and seedling truck crops in Willamette Valley, OregonT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 10, no. 23, p. 466. 1961a. ^eroceTas reticulatum damaging grain fields in Marion County, OregonT) Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 11, no. 7, p. 67, February 17. 1961b. [Brown garden snail, Helix aspersa at Coquille, Coos County, OregonT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 11, no. 13, p. 232, March 31. 1961c. \Tiawaiia minuscula found and thought to be damaging petunias in Cent- ral Point area, Oregon. Identified by John B. Burch. A new Oregon recordT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 11, no. 34, pp. 791, 809, August 25. 1961d. [Monadenia fidelis in Lane County, Oregon, damaging gorseT] Coopera- tive Economic Insect Report, vol. H, no. 41, p. 954, October 13. 1962- [Succinea campestris on orange tree nursery stock at Portland, Multno- mah County, OregonT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 12, no. 49, p. 1237, December 7. 1963a. \Oxychilus alliarius or perhaps O. draparnaldi abundant in Polk County pasture area, OregonT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 13, p. 280, March 29. 1963b. [Helix aspersa and Oxychilus alliarius in Portland, Oregon greenhousesj CooperativeEconomicInsectReport, vol.13, no. 13, p. 285, March29. CARL, G. Clifford, and C. J. Guiguet 1958. Alien animals in British Columbia. British Columbian Provincial Mu- seum Handbook no. 14, 94 pp. Many Illustrations. January. Carmichael, E. B. 1928. Action of ultraviolet rays on Limax flavus Linnaeus. American Journal of Physiology, vol. 85, p. 358. 1931. The action of ultraviolet radiation on Limax flavus Linnaeus. I. The varying effects on non-pigmented and pigmented embryos. Physio- logical Zoology, vol. 4, p. 575. 1937. In Galtsoff, P. S., F. E. Lutz, P. S. Welch, and J. G. Needham. Culture me- thods for invertebrate animals. Comstock Publishing Co., Ithaca, New York. Limax flavus, pp. 529-53lJ Carmichael, E. B., and T. D. Rivers 1932. The effects of dehydration upon the hatchability of Limax flavus eggs. Ecology, vol. 13, p. 375- Carpenter, P. P. 1856. Report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Associ- ation for the Advancement of Science for 1856, pp. 159-368, 3 pis. [T857J [The Forbes record of Helix aspersa for Santa Barbara, Cal- fomia indicated as probably importation, p. 239T| No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 85 Chace, E. p. 1915. Helix pisana Muller, in California. The Nautilus, vol. 29, no. 6, p. 72- 1959. Another record of Arion ater. The Nautilus, vol. 73, no. 1, p. 36. North- east section of Seattle, Washington, collected in 1937T] Chapman, W. McL., and G. D. Esveldt 1943. The spawning and setting of the Pacific oyster (Ostrea gtgas Thunberg) in the State of Washington. State of Washington Department of Fish- eries, Biological Report no. 43A, pp. 1-35, 13 tables, 7 text figures. Chapman, W. McL., and A. H. Banner 1949. Contributions to the life history of the Japanese drill, Tntonalia japoni- ca with notes on other enemies of the Olympia oyster, Ostrea lunda. State of Washington Department of Fisheries, Biological Report no. 49A, pp. 167-200, 6 text figures. Chew, Kenneth K. 1960. Study of food preference and rate of feeding of Japanese oyster drill, Ocinebra japonica Dunker. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report, Fisheries no. 365, pp. 1-27, 6 text figures. Chew, Kenneth K., and Ronald Eisler 1958. A preliminary study of the feeding habits of the Japanese oyster drill, Ocinebra japonica. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Can- ada, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 529-535. Chong, Mabel 1963. \Limax maximus in HawaiiT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 13, no. 37, p. 1093, September 13. Clapp, George H. 1919. Cuban mollusks colonized in Florida. The Nautilus, vol. 32, p. 104. ^leurodonte (- Zachrysia) auricoma (Ferussac^ introduced by C- T. SimpsonJ Clausen, C. P. 1959. Releases of recently imported insect parasites and predators in Cali- fornia, 1956-57. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, vol. 35, no. 2, P- 108, April, ^onaxis kibweziensis introduced in the area of San Diego, CaliforniaT] Cockerell, T. D.A. 1895. Note on the species of Veronicella found in Central America. The Nauti- lus, vol. 8, pp. 140-143, April. 1924. Helix pisana in California. American Naturalist, vol. 58, pp. 190-192, March-April. 1939. Physa on the California Islands. The Nautilus, vol. 52, no. 4, p. 138. [Records Helix aspersa, "Limax arborum (marginatus auctt.)" and Limax flavus from Avalon, Catalina Island, CaliforniaT] COE, Wesley r. 1946. A resurgent population of the California bay mussel {Mytilus edulus die- gensis. Journal of Morphology, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 85-104. Coleman, R. A. 1923. Efforts to acclimatize Atlantic oyster and soft clam in the Hawaiian Is- lands. The Nautilus, vol. 36, no. 4, April, pp. 138-139. 86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Collins, J. W. 1892- [First attempt at planting oysters on the Pacific CoastT] Report of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, for 1888-1889 [1892], pp. 154-155. COOLEY, C. E. 1952- [Giant African snail found living and infesting military cargo arriving at San Francisco from the PhilippinesT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 2, no. 16, p. 230, August 15. COOPER, J. G. 1872- On new Californian Pulmonata, etc. Proceedings of the Academy of Na- tural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 24, pp. 143-154, pi. 3, figs. A-H. 1886. On fossil and sub-fossil land shells of the United States, with notes on living species. Bulletin 4, of the California Academy of Sciences, pp. 235-255. 1888. West coast Pulmonata; fossil and living. Proceedings of the California of Sciences, ser. 2, vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 11-24. Crowell 1962. [Deroceras reticulatum less abundant in Benton County, Oregon than in 196lT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 12, no. 17, p. 408, April 27. Dall, W. H. 1910. Summary of the shells ofthe genus Cowws from the PacificCoast of Amer- ica in the United States National Museum. Proceedings ofthe United States National Museum, vol. 38, pp. 217-228. 1921a. Summary of the marine shell-bearing mollusks of the northwest coast of America, from San Diego, California, to the Polar Sea, mostly con- tained in the collection of the United States National Museum, with illustrations of hitherto unfigured species. United States National Museum, Bulletin 112, 217 pp., 22 pis. DAVIS, C. J. 1959. Recent introductions for biological control in Hawaii, IV; Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 62-66. 1961. Hawaiian insect notes. Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 8, January. DeGroot, D. S. 1927. The California Clapper Rail and its nesting habits, enemies and habitat. Condor, vol. 29, pp. 259-270. [Black mussel (Modiolus demissus?) cited as an enemy of the railj DOUCETTE, C. F. 1052. [Gray garden slug (Deroceras reticulatum) and /4rror7 a/er in Puyallup Val- ley, WashingtonT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 2, no. 21, p. 297, September 19. [It is stated that Arion ater was recently introduced in the regionTj 1953. [Damage to gardens by Arion ater in Puyallup Valley, WashingtonT] Coop- erative Economic Insect Report, vol. 3, no. 15, p. 241, April 10; no. 19, p. 329, May 8. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 87 1954. An introduced slug, Arion afer (Linnaeus), and its control with metalde- hyde. Journal of Economic Entomology, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 370, April. [Abundant in western Washington. Oregon and British Columbia oc- currence citedTj 1959. [Deroceras reticulatum and Arion ater activity increased by rainy weather in Sumner area, WashingtoriTj Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 9, no. 22, p- 461, May 29. Draycot, W. M. 1961. Mollusks introduced into British Columbia. The Canadian Field Natural- ist, vol. 75, p. 164. Ellerton, Morrison, Every and Crowell 1959. [slugs, especially Deroceras reticulatum damaging carrots, beans, and strawberries in Willamette Valley, OregoriT] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 9, no. 23, June 5. Elsey, C. R. 1933. Oysters in British Columbia. Biological Board of Canada (Fisheries Re- search Board), Bulletin 34. ELSEY, C. R., AND D. B. Quayle 1939. Distribution of oyster larvae from the 1936 spawning in Ladysmith Har- bor [Japanese (Pacific) oysteT] . Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Progress Report (Pacific), no. 40, pp. 8-10. Essemont, J. M. 1938. Observations on the control of potato slugs. Scottish Journal of Agricul- ture, vol. 22, pp. 147-152- [From Lange and MacLeodTj Every 1959. [Gray garden slug Deroceras reticulatum abundant in strawberry fields in Washington and Multnomah Counties, Oregon, November 9-1 3^] Co- operative Economic Insect Report, vol. 9, no. 47, p. 1007, Novem- ber 20. 1962a. [Gray garden slug Deroceras reticulatum causing serious damage to clo- ver in Willamette Valley, OregonT] Cooperative Economic Insect Re- port, vol. 12, no. 22, p. 552, June 1. 1962b. \^eroceras reticulatum active during fall and damaging bulbs and seed- ling legumes in western OregonT] Cooperative Economic Insect Re- port, vol. 12, no. 47, p. 1200, November 23- Eyerdam, Walter 1943. \Venerupis philippinarum Adams and Reeve, in Kitsap County, Puget Sound, WashingtonTj Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern California, no. 23, p. 2, May. Fechtner, Frederick r. 1962. Corbicula fluminea Miiller, from the Ohio River. The Nautilus, vol. 75, no. 3, p. 126, January. Fitch, John E. 1953. [Corbicula fluminea in Imperial Valley, CaliforniaT] Minutes of the Con- chological Club of Southern California, no. 130, pp. 9-10, August. 88 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Forbes, E. 1850. [Helix aspersa recorded from "Santa Barbara," CaliforniaT) "On the spe- cies of MoUusca collected during the surveying voyages of the Her- ald and Pandora, by Capt. Kellett, R.N., CB. , and Lieut. Wood, R.N." 1. On the land-shells collected during the expedition. Pro- ceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pp. 53-56, pi. IX. Galbraith, M. a. 1961. [Entries become entrees by jetT] Agri-folks, News Bulletin of the Californ- ia Department of Agriculture, p. 2, September. \Jfeltx pomatia inter- cepted at San Francisco, California7| GALTSOFF, P.S., AND R. O. SMITH. 1932a. Stimulation of spawning and cross-fertilization between American and Japanese oysters. Science, N. S., vol. 76, no. 1973, pp. 371-372, October 21. 1932b. Introduction of Japanese oysters into the United States. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries, Fishery Circular no. 12, 16 pp., 4 text figs., August. \Tritonalia japonica, pp. 14-1 5T] GAMMON, Earle T. 1943. Helicid snails in California. Bulletin of the California State Department of Agrigulture, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 174-187, 3 text figs., July-September. Gilbert, C. H. 1891. Report upon certain investigations relating to the planting of oysters in southern California. Bulletin of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, vol. 9, [T89T] pp. 95-98, pis. 31-34- GIMINGHAM, C. T. 1937. A poison bait for slugs. Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 242-246. [From Lange and MacLeodT] 1940. Some recent contributions by English workers to the development of me- thods of insect control. Annals of Applied Biology, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 167-168. [From Lange and MacLeodT] Glendenning, R. 1952. Slug control in Canada. Canadian Department of Agriculture, Processed Publication Series, no. 85. [From Doucette, C. F-, 19547] Glud, John, Vance Tarter, and Roger Tollefson 1946. Washington State Oyster Laboratory, Olympia Oyster Bulletin, pp. 2-3, May 10 [mimeograph]. Gould, A. 1859. [North Pacific exploring expedition, shellsT] Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. 7, pp. 161-166. Gratacap, L. P. 1901. Catalogue of the Binney and Bland collection of the terrestrial air-breath- ing mollusks of the United States and territories in the American Museum of Natural History, with enumeration of the types and figured specimens, and supplementary notes. Bulletin of the American Mu- seum of Natural History, vol. 14, art. 23, pp. 335-403, 6 maps, 6 pis., December 3- Gregg, Wendell O. 1923. Introduced species of Lymwaea in Southern California. The Nautilus, vol. 37, no. 1, p34. No. 48) HANNA: INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS 89 1943- Notes on the land slugs of Southern California. Minutes of the Concho- logical Club of Southern California, no. 25, pp. 3-8; no. 27, pp. 3-9. 1944a. Proterogyny in Deroceras panormitanwn. The Nautilus, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 67-68. 1944b. ^Deroceras panormitanum'L.essona andPoWonera, in the San Francisco re- gionT] Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern California, no. 41, p. 30. 1944c. Notes on land slugs of Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California. The Nautilus, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 110-115. 1947. The freshwater Mollusca of California II. Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern California, no. 69, pp. 3-18, May. GRIMM, F. WAYNE 1964. Otala lactea in Virginia, Texas and California. Nautilus, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 108-100. Guernsey, Mabel 1912. Some of the Mollusca of Laguna Beach. First Annual Report of the La- guna Marine Laboratory at Laguna Beach, Orange County, Californ- ia. Pomona College Department of Biology, pp. 1-218, figs. 1-130, May. \Limax maximus and Limax flavus recorded. Citation furnished by John Q. BurchT] GuNTER, Gordon, and J. E. McKee 1960. A report to the Pollution Control Commission of the State of Washington on oysters {Ostrea lurida and Crassostrea gigas) and sulphite waste liquors. Washington Pollution Control Commission, 93 pp. Hanna, G Dallas 1939. Exotic Mollusca in California. Bulletin of the California Department of Agriculture, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 298-321, 4 pis., May. 1925- Lymnaea auricularia (Linn.) in California. The Nautilus, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 125-128, April. Hart, Stowell, and Roth 1952- [Living giant African snails, Achatina fulica (Bowditch), intercepted on military equipment from Guam at San Pedro, California, August 5 and September 30T] Cooperative Economic Insect Report, vol. 2, no. 27, p. 364, October 31. HATCH, Melville H. 1949. Studies on the fauna of Pacific northwest greenhouses (Isopoda, cole- optera, Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Gastropoda). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, vol. 67, pp. 141-165- \Oxychilus dra- pamaldi Beck, recorded from ten greenhouses in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon. Greenhouses: British Columbia - Langley Prairie, North Vancouver; Washington - Dayton, Seattle, Walla Walla, Wenatchee; Oregon - Coos Bay, Klamath Falls, Meford, Salem; Out- side: North Vancouver, British Columbia, Seattle, WashingtonT] Hawthorne, Ronald M. 1962- [Arion ater abundant in northern California coast areaj Cooperative In- sect Pest Report for California, p. 1, October. 1963. [Lehmannia poirieri to replace Limax marginatus7\. Cooperative Insect Pest Report for California, p. 1, May 3. 90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Haydock, C. Irwin 1964. An experimental study to control oyster drills in Tomales Bay, Californ- ia. California Fish and Game, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 11-28, 2 text figs. HEARD, William H. 1964. Corbicula fluminea in Florida. Nautilus, vol. 77, no. 3, January, 1964, pp. 105-106. Herrington, H. B. 1962. A revision of the Sphaeriidae of North America (Mollusca =Pelecypoda). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Mich- igan, no. 118, 74 pp., 2 text figs., 7 pis. ^o far as North America is concerned this family is brought from taxonomic chaos to 2 gen- era and 34 species. The bibliography contains 426 titlesT] HIGGINS, F. 1933. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries, Progress in Biological Inquiries, 1932 [1933], p. 123. [interbreeding of O. vir- ginica and O. gigas7\ Hill, Howaro r. 1941- New records of introduced land shells in Southern California. The Nauti- lus, vol. 55, no. 1, p. 31, July. 1951a. Exotic Mollusca in California. Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern California, no. 107, pp. 1-4, January. 1951b. Exotic Mollusca in California. American Malacological Union News Bul- letin and Annual Report, 1950 [February 5, 1951, received] p. 20. [Abstract of paper given at 1950 Santa Barbara, California meetingT] HOLLISTER, S.C. 1958- A review of the genus Busycon and its allies. Part I. Paleontographica Americana, vol. 4, (28), pp. 59-126, pis. 8-18. HowiTT, Angus J. 1957. ^^ray garden slug. Deroceras re/zcw/a/ww causing heavy damage to orchard grass and Ladino clover in Grays Harbor County, WashingtonT] Coop- erative Economic Insect Report, vol. 7, no. 20, p. 372. 1958. \Agriolimax agreslis and /\rzow ci