OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE California Academy of Sciences No. 76, 11 pages, 1 table, 1 figure. October 22, 1969 A New Scorpionfish of the Genus Scorpaenodes and S. muciparus (Alcock) from the Indian Ocean, with Comments on the Limits of the Genus By William N. Eschmeyer California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118 SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY 1969 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES No. 76, 11 pages, 1 table, 1 figure. October 22, 1969 A New Scorpionfish of the Genus Scorpaenodes and S. muciparus (Alcock) from the Indian Ocean, with Comments on the Limits of the Genus By William N. Eschmeyer California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118 Abstract: Scorpaenodes muciparus (Alcock) and a new species, 5. tribulosus, are described from the Indian Ocean. These two species occur in deeper water than do the other members of the genus. The genus Scorpaenodes is redefined to include the following nominal genera: Sebastopsis Gill, Sebastopsis Sauvage, Sebastella Tanaka, Hypomacrus Evermann and Seale, Metzelaaria Jordan, Parascorpaenodes Smith, and Paronescodes Smith. The genus is characterized by the combination of 13 dorsal spines, no palatine teeth, a swimbladder, and spinous procurrent caudal rays. Introduction Scorpionfish.es of the genus Scorpaenodes occur along the rocky and coral reef shores of tropical and warm temperate seas. The distribution of the species of the genus is circumtropical, but the majority of the two dozen or so species occur in the western Pacific and Indian oceans. The two species described here differ from other species by living at greater depths. Interestingly, one of the species was described by J. L. B. Smith (1957, p. 65) from a specimen taken from the stomach of a snapper collected in 110 fathoms; Smith tentatively referred the specimen to Scorpaenodes varipinnis but noted its unusual depth of capture, and morphological and color differences. The specimens described here show that Smith's specimen does differ from S. varipinnis, that it normally inhabits off- shore waters, and is in fact a specimen of 5. muciparus (Alcock). 2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Occ. Papers The availability of comparative material has allowed redefinition of the genus Scorpaenodes. A more comprehensive study of the species of this genus is in progress. Acknowledgments The specimens described were collected by the United States International Indian Ocean Expedition and forwarded to me by the Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center. Comparative material of other species was provided by the same source and from specimens collected by the George Vanderbilt Program, which are now a part of the California Academy of Sciences fish collection. Several persons generously aided the study. Mr. W. I. Follett, Mrs. Lillian J. Dempster, and Miss Pearl Sonoda (Department of Ichthyology) and Dr. Earl S. Herald (Steinhart Aquarium), California Academy of Sciences, assisted in many ways. Mrs. Dempster offered suggestions on the manuscript. Dr. \V. Ralph Taylor (United States National Museum) provided information on the holotype of Thysankhthys crossotus. Photographic prints were made by Dr. G Dallas Hanna and Mr. Maurice Giles. My wife, Lydia, aided with typing, editing, and proofreading. Methods Counts and measurements follow Eschmeyer (1965, pp. 86-88). Terminol- ogy of spines follows Smith (1957), but other names used by some other authors are included in parentheses in many cases. Abbreviations of depositories of specimens are: CAS — California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California; USNM— United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. Genus Scorpaenodes Bleeker Scorpaenodes Bleeker, 1857, p. 371 (type-species Scorpaena polylepis Bleeker, 1857, by monotypy; no description). Matsubara, 1943, pp. 274-275 (synonymy; description; Japanese species). Sebastopsis Gill, 1862, p. 278, footnote (type-species Scorpaena polylepis Bleeker, 1857, by original designation). Sebastopsis (not of Gill) Sauvage, 1873, p. 1 (type-species Sebastes minutus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829, by original designation). Hypomacrus Evermann and Seale, 1907, pp. 101-102 (type-species Hypomacrus albaiensis Evermann and Seale, 1907, by original designation; monotypic). Smith, 1958, p. 178 (two new species added) . Sebastella Tanaka, 1917, p. 10 (type-species Sebastella littoralis Tanaka, 1917, by monotypy). Metzelaaria Jordan, 1923, p. 209 (type-species Scorpaena tredecimspinosus Metzelaar, 1919, by original designation; monotypic; misspelled as "tridecimspinosus") . Parascorpaenodes Smith, 1957, p. 62 (type-species Parascorpaenodes hirsustus Smith, 1957, by original designation; monotypic). Paronescodes Smith, 1958, p. 177 (type-species Paronescodes asperrimus Smith, 1958, by original designation). Discussion of synonymy. The genus Scorpaenodes, as recognized above, forms a group of small, mostly shallow-water species belonging to the subfamily No. 76] ESCH MEYER: GENUS SCORPAENODES 3 Scorpaeninae. Matsubara (1943), in his treatment of the scorpaenoid fishes of Japan, established a framework, based on osteological features, of the higher classification of scorpionfishes. Matsubara included in the synonymy of Scor- pacnodcs the nominal genera Sebastopsis Gill, Sebastopsis Sauvage, and Sebas- tella Tanaka. He did not treat Hypomacrus and Metzelaaria; Parascorpaenodes and Paronescodes were described subsequently. Species of the genus Scorpaenodes differ from other scorpionfishes of the subfamily Scorpaeninae (except Hoplosebastes Schmidt, 1929) in the combina- tion of normally 13 dorsal spines and no palatine teeth. Hoplosebastes differs in having two rather than three anal spines; other differences are given by Matsu- bara (1943, p. 267, and following). Thysanichthys Jordan and Starks, 1904, (the other genus in the subfamily containing species with 13 dorsal spines) differs most noticeably in having palatine teeth. The characters used to distinguish from Scorpaenodes some of the nominal genera listed in the synonymy have not proved to be of generic importance in other scorpaenid groups, but rather are species' differences. Some of the characters will distinguish groups of species, but only in one geographic area. Species of the genus Parascorpaenodes were separated from Scorpaenodes by Smith (1957, p. 62) on the basis of having fewer scales (about 30 vertical scale rows rather than more than 35), the posterior part of the lateral line irregu- lar, and the head more completely scaled. The scalation of the head is as complete in some other species which do not share the first two characters. The lateral line is complete (except where scales have been rubbed off) in specimens avail- able to me, but the orientation of some of the posterior lateral line scales is slightly irregular. Species referred to the nominal genus Hypomacrus approach in scale size those of Parascorpaenodes, but scale size seems not to be a generic character. Parcmescodes was separated from Scorpaenodes by Smith (1958, p. 177) on the basis of more spines on the suborbital ridge, more scales on the body, and a more robust body; each of these conditions is found in some species referred to other nominal genera when the species are considered on a world basis. The species of the nominal genus Hypomacrus differ in having some of the middle pectoral rays elongate and in lacking nasal spines. Elongate middle pec- toral rays occur in some other species but not quite to the extent as present in the two or three species referable to Hypomacrus. The absence of nasal spines does not seem to be a generic difference, but corresponds to a general reduction of armature in these species. Unless other differences are found, the species previously referred to Hypomacrus should be considered only as a species group within Scorpaenodes. The genus Metzelaaria was proposed by Jordan (1923, p. 209) for the west- ern Atlantic species tredecimspinosus Metzelaar. This species has long been recognized as a Scorpaenodes. 4 C ALIFORM A ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES [Occ. Papers Distinguishing features. Thirteen dorsal spines, none especially elon- gate; procurrent rays of the caudal fin unsegmented and spinous; no palatine teeth; gas bladder present. Description. Dorsal rays normally XIII, 8-9 (XII-XIV, 8-10), last soft ray double. Anal rays normally III, 5 (4-6), last soft ray double. Pectoral rays 15-20, some rays branched except in juveniles. Procurrent caudal rays unseg- mented and spinous. Teeth on vomer; none on palatines. Scales on body ctenoid, sometimes cycloid ventrally; head usually scaled. Vertebrae normally 24. Occipital pit absent. Third suborbital bone absent; fourth suborbital bone present, but isolated, in species examined; fifth suborbital bone attached to sphenotic. Second suborbital bone uniform or gradually becoming wider pos- teriorly, firmly and broadly attached to preopercular margin. First three interneurals fitting between the second and third neural spines. Preorbital bone with three lobes (Matsubara's terminology), the second and third lobes (lying over the maxillary) usually rounded but sometimes as broad spinous points. Suborbital ridge with spinous points (sometimes only one at end) ; some species with additional suborbital spines below the main ridge. Preopercular bone with supplemental spine usually present; first, second, and third preopercular spines present, second sometimes reduced or absent; fourth and fifth preopercular spines present or absent. Two ridges usually present between orbits and some- times ending in spines (coronal spines of Smith, 1957, but not of Matsubara, 1943; interorbital spines of Ginsburg, 1953). Postfrontal spines often present. Additional spines below parietal spines sometimes present. Other spines include nasal (absent in species previously referred to Hypomacrus), preocular, supra- ocular, postocular, tympanic (frontal spines of Ginsburg), parietal, nuchal (posterior parietal spines of Ginsburg), sphenotic (usually as a group of points), pterotic, upper and lower posttemporal, opercular, supracleithral, and cleithral; occasionally additional spinous points present on head. Small slit behind fourth gill arch small or absent. Gas bladder present. Scorpaenodes muciparus (Alcock) (Figure la, b; table 1.) Sebastes muciparus Alcock, 1889, pp. 298-299, fig. 3 on pi. 22 (original description; type locality Bay of Bengal, 26 miles N. by E. of Gopalpur, in 45 fathoms). Alcock, 1898, pi. 18, fig. 5 (good illustration). PWeber, 1913, p. 491 (brief description; one from Siboga station 306, Solor Straits, 8°27' S., 122°54' W., in 247 meters). ? Scorpaenodes muciparus, de Beaufort in Weber and dc Beaufort, 1962, pp. 34-35 (re- description of Siboga specimen described by Weber) . Scorpaenodes varipinnis Smith, 1957, p. 65 (in part; only the 50-mm. specimen taken from the stomach of a specimen of Pristipomoides microlepis collected in 110 fathoms off Memba and tentatively referred to S. varipinnis; differences in color pattern and habitat between this specimen and S. varipinnis discussed). No. 76] ESCH MEYER: GENUS SCORPAENODES S Remarks. The specimen collected by the Siboga (Weber, 1913) and rede- scribed by de Beaufort (Weber and de Beaufort, 1962) is very doubtfully a specimen of 5. muciparus. The descriptions of the Siboga specimen lack sufficient information to allow definite identification, and I am not certain if it is even a specimen referable to Scorpacnodes. The specimen is larger in total length than any known specimen in the genus by about 50 millimeters. Branched pectoral rays are given as 4 by de Beaufort, but the specimen should have 7 or 8 branched rays if it is 5. muciparus. Measurements are difficult to compare because of the great difference in size between the Siboga specimen and the other known speci- mens. Neither Weber nor de Beaufort mention if the procurrent caudal rays are spinous in the Siboga specimen. Material examined. All specimens are from Anton Bruun cruise 4B: CAS no. 24264, (1, 71.2 mm.), station 279B, West Pakistan, 24°13' N., 65°52' E., in 93 fathoms, 9 December 1963; CAS no. 24265 (2, 45.8-48.9 mm.) station 221A, off western India, 22°32' N., 68°07' E., in 31.5 fathoms, 18 November 1963; CAS no. 24266 (1, 87.4 mm.) station 264A, Gulf of Oman, 25°02' N., 56°52' E., in 159 fathoms, 2 December 1963; USNM no. 204030 (1, 72.4 mm.) station 202A, off western India, 17°25' N., 71°39' E., in 52.5 fathoms, 13 November 1963. Description. See also generic description. Measurements and counts summarized in table 1 ; body shape and color pattern in figure la, lb. Dorsal fin XIII, 9 (one specimen with XII, 10), last soft ray double. Anal fin III, 5, last soft ray double. Pectoral rays usually 19 (18-20), rays two or three through nine or ten branched in larger specimens; pectoral fin reaching to over anal soft rays. Spines on head well developed. Preorbital bone with second and third lobes each as a broad spinous point extending over the maxillary (third lobe with additional small points in larger specimens); suborbital ridge with one row of spinous points, one or more points on preorbital bone and three or more points on the suborbital bones. Interorbital ridges poorly developed, not ending in spines. Small spines (the postfrontal spines of Smith) near midline between tympanic spines usually absent (one spine in this area in two specimens). First preopercular spine long, second small and closer to first than to third, fourth broad, fifth absent; supplemental preopercular spine present. Upper posttemporal spine small or absent. Supracleithral spine double, upper part about one-half length of lower. Preocular, supraocular, and postocular spines well developed (supraocular spine double on left side of largest specimen). Small spine below parietal spine usually absent. Nasal spines present. Other spines as for the genus. Fourth suborbital bone isolated, bearing a few small spines (Ginsburg's postorbital spines). Tentacles and other fleshy skin append- ages few. Supraocular tentacle about one-half orbit diameter in small specimens, shorter proportionally in larger specimens. A few tabs on upper part of eye, one CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Occ. Papers r ^^<^$^v^CSh3B ■ *B* / ' ? ddfiM ^*N8^r^'wa| 14* ^S^r Jk "^^^^^^^BI^H m btaX /"■•/'^^5(v^B if- - * 'iifil ^^L . Jt t.^T'M fPP^- ■**•--_*'■# " JfcJMl » -«* *•* V ^m " " "~Z55 ^^^^flfl _ 4< ' ^^^^__ _ Ji^'igm li^MflflP^*' -1 feto^V^ ^L-^LJ^ •_. ~~r— ^ 13 H ^fe^M^^. ^MJMpV ^^^fl ^^.^" fl *& No. 76] ESC H MEYER: GENUS SCORPAENODES 7 Table 1. Counts and measurements of specimens of Scorpaenodcs muciparus and S. tribulosus. (Measurements are in millimeters; numbers in parentheses are percentages of standard length.) Scorpaei wdes muciparus Scorpaenodcs tribulosus Holotype Paratype Standard length 71.2 87.4 72.4 48.9 45.8 51.4 37.4 Dorsal fin rays XII,10 XIII.9 XIII,9 XIII.9 XIII,9 XIII.8 XIII.8 Anal fin rays 111,5 111,5 111,5 111,5 111,5 111,5 111,5 Pectoral fin rays 19,20 19,18 19,19 19,19 19,19 19,19 19,19 Vertebrae 24 24 24 24 24 24 — Gill rakers: left 6+13 6+14 6+12 6+12 6+12 5+9 5+10 right 6+11 6+13 6+13 6+12 6+12 5+8 5+10 Head length 34.8(49) 41.8(48) 37.2(51) 23.6(48) 21.5(47) 23.5(45) 17.1(45) Snout length 8.1(11) 9.4(11) 8.0(11) 5.7(12) 4.9(11) 5.8(11) 4.3(12) Orbit diameter 9.6(13) 11.3(13) 9.5(13) 6.8(14) 5.9(13) 7.5(15) 4.9(13) Interorbital width 4.8(07) 5.1(06) 4.6(06) 2.9(06) 2.3(05) 3.4(07) 2.7(07) Upper jaw length 16.7(23) 20.5(23) 16.6(23) 11.5(24) 10.2(22) 12.5(24) 8.9(24) Predorsal-fin length 30.6(43) 36.8(42) 31.3(43) 21.6(44) 19.4(42) 23.1(45) 16.2(43) Body depth 28.4(40) 32.3(37) 27.8(38) 20.0(41) 17.9(39) 23.2(45) 15.6(42) Pectoral fin length 24.9(35) 32.4(37) 26.1(36) 17.6(36) 17.0(35) — 12.6(34) Pelvic fin length 18.1(24) 22.1(25) 18.5(26) 13.4(27) 12.5(27) 12.5(24) 10.3 (28> Caudal fin length 22.2(31) 27.8(32) 22.6(31) 15.1(31) 14.4(31) — 11.1(30) larger than the others. Dorsal and anal fin spines relatively long; length third dorsal spine 13-16 percent S.L., penultimate spine 5-8 percent, last spine 11-13 percent. Second anal spine longer than third, both ending at about the same point or second extending beyond third when depressed. Scales on flanks ctenoid; ver- tical scale rows about 50; lateral line scales about 23 plus 2 on caudal fin (many scales rubbed off in available specimens). Bases of fins with a few scales. Scales on chest and pectoral base cycloid. Dorsal parts of head scaled; underside of head unsealed or with cycloid scales. Gill rakers including rudiments 18-20; upper arch with 6 short spiny rakers; lower arch with 9-10 rakers on ceratohyal and 2-5 flat rudiments on hypohyal. Small slit present behind fourth gill arch. Color pattern as in figure la, lb. The dark pigment in smaller specimens most intense on pectoral fin and as a spot on the spinous dorsal fin. Figure la. Scorpaenodes muciparus, CAS no. 24266, 71.2 mm. S.L., off West Pakistan, 24° 13' N., 65°52' E., in 93 fathoms; lb. Scorpaenodes muciparus, CAS no. 24265, 48.9 mm. S.L., off western India, 22°32' N., 68°07' E., in 31.5 fathoms; lc. Scorpaenodes tribulosus, CAS no. 24267, holotype, 51.4 mm. S.L., off Kenya, 02°42' S., 40°53' E., in 77 fathoms. 8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Occ. Papers Comparisons. Most species of the genus are reef inhabitants occurring in very shallow water, but the present species and Scorpaenodes tribulosus appear to be exceptions. Scorpaenodes muciparus has been taken in depths from 31-159 fathoms and 5. tribulosus from 77 and 40 to 96 fathoms. Scorpaenodes tredecim- spinosus from the western Atlantic has been collected from as deep as 50 fathoms, but it usually occurs in depths from 10-20 fathoms. Other species of the genus are shore forms which rarely descend below about 10 fathoms. Groups of species of Scorpaenodes differ from 5. muciparus in lacking a spot en the spinous dorsal fin, having shorter dorsal spines, having extra spines below the suborbital ridge, having spines on the interorbital ridges, lacking nasal spines, having fewer scales, and having eight rather than nine soft dorsal rays. Most of the shallow-living species are characteristically brightly colored. The specimen tentatively referred to S. varipinnis by Smith (1957, p. 65) is a specimen of S. muciparus. Scorpaenodes muciparus differs from 5. varipinnis in having normally nine rather than eight soft dorsal rays, more spines on the suborbital ridge (usually one on preorbital and three or more on suborbitals ver- sus one plus two), and smaller scales. The color pattern and depth of capture of Smith's specimen also agree with 5. muciparus. Scorpaenodes muciparus is compared with 5. tribulosus under the account of 5. tribulosus. Distribution. Scorpaenodes muciparus is known from the type collected in the Bay of Bengal and from the five specimens described here which were collected in the Gulf of Oman and in the Arabian Sea off western India and West Pakistan. The specimen reported on by Smith (1957, p. 65) was taken off Memba, Mozambique. Depths of capture range from 31 to 159 fathoms. Scorpaenodes tribulosus Eschmeyer, new species. (Figure lc; table 1.) Holotype. CAS no. 24267, a specimen 51.4 mm. in standard length, Anton Bruun cruise 8, station 420A, off Kenya, 02°42'S., 40°53'E., in 77 fathoms, field no. LK 64-101, 6 November 1964. Paratype. USNM no. 204031 (1, 37.4 mm.) Anton Bruun cruise 9, station 463, off Somali Republic, 11°24'N., 51°35'E., in 40-96 fathoms, 17 December 1964. Description. See also generic description. Measurements and counts summarized in table 1 ; body shape and color pattern in figure lc. Dorsal fin XIII, 8, last soft ray double. Anal fin III, 5, last soft ray double. Pectoral rays 19, some rays branched (rays broken distally in holotype; para- type with rays 3-9 or 10 branched, second rays broken; probably rays 2 through ) or 10 usually branched in specimens of this size); pectoral fin reaching to evel of first anal spine. Spines on head fragile. Preorbital bone with second lobe as a broad rounded shelf and third lobe broad with two small points in No. 76] ESCH MEYER: GEXUS SCORPAENODES 9 holotype and one point in paratype; several small spinous points on preorbital bone in front of eye. Suborbital ridge with 6-8 poorly defined spinous points in holotype and 4 in paratype. (Much variability is expected in suborbital spina- tion; the usual condition is probably one spine on the preorbital in line with three on the suborbitals; the condition in the holotype represents a splitting of some of these.) A strong ridge on anterior margin of pore between first and second suborbital bones. Interorbital ridges poorly developed, ending in small upright spines (coronal spines of Smith) in holotype and absent in paratype (variable in other species also). No postfrontal spines near midline between the tympanic spines (usually variable in other species). Preopercular spines fairly small; supplemental and five preopercular spines present; second pre- opercular spine slightly smaller than first or third and closer to first. Upper posttemporal spine small or absent. Supracleithral spine double, upper part about one-half length of lower part. Spine below parietal spine absent. Nasal spines present. Fourth suborbital bone isolated, with low spinous points (post- orbital spines of Ginsburg). Other spines as for the genus. Skin appendages poorly developed. Supraocular tentacle less than one-half orbit diameter. Dorsal and anal fin spines relatively long; length third dorsal spine 17 percent S.L. (paratype), penultimate 4 percent (paratype), last spine broken in both speci- mens. Second anal spine about equal to or slightly longer than third, second ex- tending beyond third when depressed. Scales on body strongly ctenoid. Vertical scale rows about 45 (some scales rubbed off in available specimens). Bases of fins with ctenoid scales. All of head, including nape, interorbital area, edge of eye, jaws, and underside of head with small ctenoid scales. Scales on chest and pectoral-fin base mostly ctenoid. Gill rakers including rudiments 14-15; upper arch with 5 rakers; lower arch with 9 rakers on ceratohyal and 0-1 rudiment on hypohyal. Small slit present behind fourth gill arch. Body shape and color pat- tern as in figure lc. Holotype mostly pallid, with a few dark specks on mem- branes between posterior dorsal spines. Paratype pallid except for dark spot between dorsal spines 8-11. A minute dusky tentacle at left nuchal spine in paratype. Head pores better developed than in other species of the genus, especially those pores associated with the preorbital bone, between the pre- orbital and first suborbital bone, and between first and second suborbital bones. Comparisons. This species is characterized by the presence of extremely rough scales caused by numerous long ctenii, especially on the scales about the head. Scorpaenodes parvipinnis (Garrett, 1863) ( = Paronescodes asperrimus Smith, 1958) also has strongly ctenoid scales, but the ctenii of scales in 5. tribulosus are longer, and the degree of scalation on the underside of the head and on the maxillaries is stronger in 5. tribulosus. The head pores appear to be pro- portionally larger in 5. tribulosus than in other species of Scorpaenodes (larger pores are usually found in the deeper-living species of each genus). Scorpaenodes tribulosus agrees with S. muciparus in living in deeper water than other species 10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Occ. Papers of the genus. Scorpaenodes tribulosus is most easily distinguished from 5. muci- parus in usually having 8 rather than 9 soft dorsal rays, and in having the under- side of the head covered with ctenoid scales rather than being naked or covered with cycloid scales. Distribution. The species is known from the two type specimens from off northwest Africa at Kenya and the Somali Republic in 77 and between 40-96 fathoms respectively. Name. The species is named "tribulosus" the Latin word for thorny, allud- ing to the strongly ctenoid scales. LITERATURE CITED Alcock, Alfred 1889. Natural history notes from H. M.'s Indian Marine surveying steamer Investigator, Commander Alfred Carpenter, R.N., D.S.O., commanding. Number 12. Descriptions of some new and rare species of fishes from the Bay of Bengal, obtained during the season of 1888-89. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. 58, pt. 2, no. 17, pp. 296-305, pi. 22. 1898. Illustrations of the zoology of the Royal Indian marine surveying steamer Investigator, . . . Fishes — part 5. Calcutta, pis. 18-24. Bleeker, Pieter 1857. Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van de Sangi-eilanded. Natuur- kundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie, vol. 13, pp. 369-380. ESCHJMEYER, WlLLIAM N. 1965. Western Atlantic scorpionfishes of the genus Scorpaena, including four new species. Bulletin of Marine Science, University of Miami, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 84-164. Evermann, Barton W., and Alvin Seale 1907. Fishes of the Philippine Islands. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, vol. 26 (1906), pp. 49-110, figs. 1-114. Gill, Theodore N. 1862. Notice of a collection of the fishes of California presented to the Smithsonian Institution by Mr. Samuel Hubbard. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. for 1862, pp. 274-282. Ginsburg, Isaac 1953. Western Atlantic scorpionfishes. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 121, no. 8, pp. 1-103., figs. 1-6. Jordan, David Starr 1923. A classification of fishes including families and genera as far as known. Leland Stanford Junior University Publications, University Series, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 77-243. Matsubara, Kiyomatsu 1943. Studies of the scorpaenoid fishes of Japan. The Transactions of the Sigenkagaku Kenkyusyo, no. 1, pp. 1-486, pis. 1-4. Metzelaar, J. 1919. Report on the fishes collected by Dr. J. Boeke in the Dutch West Indies 1904- 1905. With comparative notes on marine fishes of tropical West Africa. In Boeke, J., 1919, Rapport betreffende een voorloopig onderzoek naar den toestand No. 76] ESCH MEYER: GEXUS SCORPAENODES 11 van de Visscherij en de Industrie van Zeeproducten in de Kolonie Curacao, vol. 2, F. J. Belinfante, The Hague, pp. 1-314, figs. 1-64. SatjvagEj Henri Emile 1873. Notes sur le Sebastes minutus. Annales des Sciences naturelles, Zoologie et Paleon- tologie, ser. 5, vol. 17, art. S, 1 p. Smith, J. L. B. 1957. The fishes of the family Scorpaenidae in the western Indian Ocean. Part 1. The subfamily Scorpaeninae. Ichthyological Bulletin, Rhodes University, no. 4, pp. 49-73, pis. 1-4. 1958. Fishes of the families Tetrarogidae, Caracanthidae and Synanciidae, from the western Indian Ocean, with further notes on scorpaenid fishes. Ichthyological Bulletin, Rhodes University, no. 12, pp. 167-181, pis. 7-8. Tanaka, Shigeho 1917. "Eleven new species of fishes of Japan." Dobutsugaku Zasshi [Zoological Maga- zine, Tokyo], vol. 29, pp. 7-12. [In Japanese.] Weber, Max 1913. Die fische der Siboga-Expedition. Siboga Expedition, vol. 57, pp. 1-710, pis. 1-12, text figs. 1-123. Weber, Max, and L. F. de Beaufort 1962. The fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. XI. Scleroparei, Hypostomides, Pediculati, Plectognathi, Opisthomi, Discocephali, Xenopterygii. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 481 pp., 100 text figs. llflJiiSi ir" Aln WH l^FU K