Bag Stat pie’ eS ay, ] ; ute i it jal ent ih ii ue any ny PAs Vyartathe PY Rear ee A VA Hay i \ te iM i} Ht ni a ay : ND Seas Wit Naat i AA “i tie , Aa yin t aya} esaxa peatae: Seerctesiceis gaits FOR THE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY wit wait iN hy é bi) i Ni} i i) f i sy, NN ¥) ny SPN S a Tw AAC ij i( OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NUMBERS 91-112 1921-1922 ANN ARBOR PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY ADVERTISEMENT The publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, consist of two series—the Occasional Papers and the Miscellaneous Publications. Both series were founded by Dr. Bryant Walker, Mr. Bradshaw H. Swales and Dr. W. W. Newcomb. The Occasional Papers, publication of which was be- gun in 1913, serve as a medium for the publications of brief original papers based principally upon the collections in the Museum. The papers are issued separately to libraries and specialists, and, when a sufficient number of pages have been printed to make a volume, a title page, table of contents, and index are supplied to libraries and individuals on the mailing list for the entire series. The Miscellaneous Publications include papers on field and museum technique, monographic studies and other papers not within the scope of the Occasional Papers. The papers are published separately, and, as it is not intended that they shall be grouped into volumes, each number has a title page and table of contents. ALEXANDER G, RUTHVEN, Director of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS No. 91. Goodrich, Calvin—Three New Species of Pleuroceridae. (1! plate.) No. 92. Hubbs, Carl L.—Description of a New Sciaenoid Fish from Santa Catalina Island, California. (1 plate.) No. 938. Lamont, Marion Elizabeth—Two New Parasitic Flat- worms. (1 plate.) No. 94. Hubbs, Carl L—The Latitudinal Variation in the Number oi Vertical Fin-rays in Leptocottus armatus. (1 map.) No. 95. Hubbs, Carl L.—Notes on a Small Collection of Fishes from Kamerun, West Africa. No. 96. Williamson, E. B—Two New Neotronvical Genera of Les- tinae (Odonata). (2 plates.) No. 97. Chamberlin, Ralph V.—Results of the Bryant Walker Ex- peditions oi the University of Michigan to Coiombia, 1913, and British Guiana, 1914. The Chilopoda. (5 plates.) No. 98. Winslow, Mina L.—Mollusea of North Dakota. No. 99. Hubbs, Carl L.—Description of a New Genus and Species of Goby from California with Notes on Related Species. No. 100. Hubbs, Carl L.—Notes on the Pipe-Fishes of California. No. 101. Case, E. C.—A New Species of Ceratodus from the Upper Triassic of Western Texas. (1 text figure.) No. 102. Winslow, Mina L.—Shells from Alcona, Oscoda and Crawford Counties, Michigan. No. 103. Ruthven, Alexander G@—Description of an Apparently New Lizard from Colombia. No. 104. Koelz, Walter.—Description—of a New Cisco from the Great Lakes. No. 105. Hubbs, Carl L.—A List of the Lancelets of the World with Diagnoses of Five New Species of Branchiostoma. No. 106. Paker, H. Burrington—The Mollusca Collected by the University of Michigan-Walker Expedition in Southern Vera. Cruz, Mexico. I. (17 plates.) iii No. 107. Gaige, Helen Thompson.—A New Gastrotheca from Vene- zuela. No. 108. Williamson, E. B.—Notes on Celithemis with Descriptions of Two New Species (Odonata). (2 plates.) No. 109. Dice, L. R., and Sherman, H. B.—Notes on the Mammals of Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, 1920. (3 plates.) No. 110. Allen, Glover M.—Bats from Palawan, Philippine Islands. No. 111. Baker, H. Burrington.—The Mollusca of Dickinson County, Michigan. (1 map.) No. 112. Ortmann, A. E., and Walker, Bryant.—On the Nomen- clature of Certain North American Naiades. INDEX PAPERS QI—II2 New names and numbers of papers are printed in heavy type A Abies palsameay W..2 .es <6 cree eee He) als TU, SU, BAe NCCT GUO TIM a se ee HOSS a Sacehamimilm ne = ee 29 SaCeh arm Meat sc on tha ge cc ete sean hth ils, se 4 ey Spicatum)........ MOST lz el'G PN GLITOMAIAC Rites SS ene sieare ee oe +. afk06, 19, 22; 245.199, 47 AZTCCOTUMIC: secu. 106, 26 Ganinialtd ee ee ae G2 USGA ae are 106, 21, 22, 23 GIS Career eee ae 106, 22 Mbp rMatasee LOG. 21h 22. 25 CIS CHG R Ary ere ence eo 106, 22 exliGalatier tems aes ree 106, 18, 19, 23, 27, 29 hivamventinales cee e sete. radiee ae 22.44 re 48 MexiGaNar ase ee 106, 26 DEGUOROSAM i aan 112, 48. SEN COUANIGIORSISN SS Goes 6 Bow cue = SS ivenene 15 iy. 1S, BG Ss COMI MeAtaee sae sae 106, 17 Lampleesnsis........ 106, 23 teccmatensis........106, 23 umbrosa....106, 5, 17, 18, 19 explicate ace 106, 17 walkeri. ...106, 15, 20, 22, 23 Adenoschendyla .......... Wig BE PRISE Oe ae 97, 2, 18, 20 geayis tact ste ee D7 19), 26 Adiantum pedatum...... 111, 29 Agriolimax agrestis...... 102, Campestris’ soc s see ee 98, 8; 102, 3; 111, 15°96 37 Agropyron repens....... 109, 40 EWMaASMIGOn tasers one: HE BS CENCE DIS 22, Sa a ee aan 2 102, 5; 111, 6, 22, 42 Costatalrrs.. oo. 113, 3a. 36 COStAtISH Aas sheet 112, 8 complanatays...... 2. 12. 33 NOLSGOnia sa ae eee 112, 36 MALIN AAAS ee E0122, 492 11937 89 39 MTIMNOT cts Meat ee: 112, 36 WRIT GC Atanas Se ee M2, 3 nadulatas 23 oo. ee 112, 40 VaniCOSaen aes 112, 39, 40 Adasminota:.\... 25.5: 112, 33, 36 Alasmodon atropurpureum.. BS io ie etic 12S °38. 39 badiumie aa see: (Hse 338 COrmugatarsss) ss. 05. 112, 39 SEriptum.5 5505 205 112, 38, 3 Alasmodonta ambigua.. -112, 38 Maren)... 112, 39, 40 EUS OSaamecers hte ee 112, 36 umdatas as sean 112, 39 ICAGIONeretive ark ee. 106, 33 Alces americana........ 109, 40 Allabenchelys brevior..... diy 2 lonsicaudar: one 25... 95, 2 Allium tricoccum........ LiL By ess Alnus incana.109, 11; 111, 15, 28 Amp lemate ns. see. Be | [ee Uh es be a ENGMA ROIS yen ofote Bee oie 112, 25 aZLeCOrnumy ae eee 106, 7 Costatal. 2.2555 29s th ai STpWOSde sey are 112, 69, 70 medellina.....2../. 106;°7, 8 mickhimianar.. 42.5 106, 6 Olivamiays Petes oS 112, 46 Dlicatane vstie i= WI, 2 13 GOStaaee on weve 112, 12 TOTULOSA ssc © 113, 69, 70 nd Ulaitay eee ects 111, 42 ATM COVAlae oe) a ish Si ee UU ls alah cincinnatiensis....... Sisk abs Mancina tae eee 98, 15 evatemalonye Bea ste 106, 37 AUNVOS Ei) <2 cians ais asin, oases nee NODS ce Ge is O20 l aad, 31 DORAL Ses Loca as oil HSH Gaecae VA Eres sail WR Hlaarcas oor is ego Amphilus longirostris..... 95, 3 Amphioxidesie..s. smc 105, 3, 4 Delagicus-. apse 105, 4 SEETMUMTUSE = eae eee 105, 4 WaNGVIae. < ok, seine tees eee 105, 4 Am pPhHiOKUS..= 0+ eee 105, 4, 5, 7 belCheri. 9.40 ccc Bee 105, 6 JADONICUS: «5.6 4eeee 105, 6 califormense.....:... 105, 11 Garibacus: 26 a5 eee 105, 7 elongatus) .3. ac ce ee 105, 13 JAPONICUS acne alee 105, 6 lanceolacuse.. eee 105, 5 SNES Sareea eo 105, 6 Am puillariabce. ae 106, 38, 40 cerasumis- 23, sae 106, 38 CROLa ta, seein seer pi 38 flazellatany. 2. 106, 37, 41, 42 belizensis...... 106. es 41 eroratal. = 45 uc. 106, 38 shiesbrechtile. as... e 106, 40 MiailllGaitars ... i Nondeteee 106, 37 al tae. Mae cota 106, 37 Ox Cults. ee 106, 37 Weasteuila 5-0) 5 Seton 106, 39, 41 catemacensis. ..106, 39, 41 Amygdalonaias...... Lo 49NN65 URUInGatas. 58.4. ceene 112, 50 Andromeda. oo... 55.2 109, 14 elaucoplyila,- see sar 109, 13 DErloliane a. 5 = a:s5 oe eee 111, 16 Anodon purpurascens. 112, 52, 53 PUPSOSUSI ceri oes pes 112, 40, 41 AmO@ontal. << ere aurtze W237. 38 globosa globosa..... 106, 16 nopalatensis ...... 106: 16 University of Michigan erandis, ... ...3.sseeeee 98, 15 footiana .......42s-> ee .:102, 5; 111, 6, 18, 22s imbecillis..... 112, 32, 37, 38 kennicottic sence 987, Lb lata... «25 epee 112, 32 Marginata See eee ek » 1025, 5: A 629s nas ohiensis-. oneee INDAS Beh eit pennsylvanica....... 112, 40 pepiniana 2. eee 98, 15 tabascensis..seeeeeee 106, 16 undulata...) sees 112, 40 Anodontoides ferussacianus bu- chanensis...111, 6, 22, 43 Anthus) (ObSCuriS = eee 93, 4 Aperostoma dysoni...1986, 42, 43 Aplemay oc... de oe eee 9850 5 hypnorum.98, 14; 111, 15, 32 tryoni:.; sas. cee 98, 14 Aprolepis ......2: aan 106, 57, 59 sumichrasti. <.c-eaes 106, 58 suturalis..5i.e.ceneeee 106, 58 B Barbus. ..,i2d:-.geee eee dae taeniurus’ jee eee 95, 1 Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology IBATiIOS tara tires TO lO lel TIVONAUGKEIHOIS, Guaaudaoos 112, 11 PONMErOSUS. =< a. 99.45 Drymacus?)::.<.> shee 106, 47 LOSS Soe ee eee cleele oe 99, 5 Dysnomia...112, 27, 49, 65, 70, 71 Cochlicopa lubrica.........- breyidens. <2 eer - 112, 51, 66 ..98, 9; 102, 4; 111, 26, 37 flexWoSae)- = eer te M1 Oe CGocnonaids.c. cls te 106, 8 Stiléata: ... eee 112, 68: Condylura cristata...... 109, 22 torilosay oo epee ere 112, 69 @onwadtila veces nf 112, 56, 58 triquetra. see 112, 65 Celata > see ee nee 112, 56 turgzidulai eee 112, 69 @onuliuse..- sc er- eeee 106, 50 WAGANS os.xcne seit 106, 50, 51 E VACCUS: : 622.0 toe Mek 106, 50 Hllipsaria see 112, 41, 42, 51 Ser Ee 2 ase ee fasciolaris....... 112, 41, 42 Cornus canadensis Re tS E25 Elliptic. 106, 8; 112, 25, 27, 28, 59 stolonifera Se pape as Lae =: complanatus........ 112, 30 Corunculina. .. eet Phe oe 112, 54 crasstdens.< ae 112. 138 Corylus americana...... 11, 29 crocodilnnunie nee 106, 10 mOStRatay snemees e es .169, - capris: 112, 31 Crenodonta.......112, 9, 11, 12 dilatatus......... 112, 30, 31 Crypteps furciferens ae ene %, 2 sibbosusle 0 cee 111, 22, 42 heathi Sis Sete bie arene 24a liebmanni....106, 11, 14, 15 ONC Uae eee eit eee 12, 28 cuatotolapamcus: aaa MAtUlaca snes oe see 112, 26 106. 12. 14 ‘ een ae eaals'. Cupipes ungulatus..... Dieu Au nizer..... 2a 112, 28 Cy clonaiass sae 112) ae 19 plexus... 106, 8, 9, 10,13. 15 tuberculata ae Se ee 112, 18 crocodilarurine ae Cyprogenia irrcrata. .112, 43, 44 106, 10. 11. 12 : 7" oa vette eee eees Py «i Jag 6 O StegAaTla «ves ss e- 1 ¥ distinctus. ..106, 10, 11, 12 Cyptolestes......... 96, 1. 4, 5,6 as NSS ee a: 06: 69 popeli... .-ceee eee 106, 7 a eee: PLOductiss.-eeee 1125 30; 3 Cyrtonaias ... Feeeeeeeees 106, 24 pusillus..... «cosos: 112, 31 Cyrtotoma mexicanum....... rafinesquei.......... 112. 31 OBS UG GOS 106, 42, 43, 45 ravistellagirce. eee 106, 7 mexicanum. ...106, 43, 44 ravistellus: pee 106, 7 salleanum....106, 42, 44, 45 semieranosas... 106) 10) 22 D sphenorhynchus..... 106, 14 Epigaea repems.......... 14, 25 Decurambis....... 112; 38, 39, 40 Epigonichthys.....- 105523337814 Delphinonaias <245 4-2. 106, 24 apassizii: 7. eee 105, 15 Diervilla lonicera........ 111, 24 australis: ..\aenee eee 105, 15 Diphletomius: -s... 2c. err 97, 25 bassanus. 4.2 capes 105, 15 MUGRAGANUS 2.5.5 5-0 ahs = tty. we LTE cingalensis. 2 saree 105, 15 Diplaxvormata..- ence Je 108, 15 cultellus2. eee 1@5, 14, 15 Direa palustris=: .¢=sc2- 109, 16 hectori. 235.3 eee 105, 15 Discoconulus® 2. 22e).6 = -- 106, 50 hedleyi:.... -.6eeheeee 105, 15 DISCOH IAS aoe lero 106, 20, 22 lucayanUm 4 ee 105, 16 Dolicharhamphus.105, 2, 3, 4, 13 maldivensisS...:--emee 105, 15 AINGICUS setae oe 105, 13, 14 Parvus.. .cecleeeee 105, 15 Doumeaelyplcaen: emi. 95. 3 pulchelluse . oem 195, 15. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 Epilobrium angustifolium... Re Eel APsre babs 2 Epioblasma.......... Ma 70, Td Dil@baereseee-cs sce WS TOS TL HQuisetiimess:s nee ee 111, 16 Erethizon dorsatum dorsatum “35 heey ei ee 109, 34 BINNS ay oss cies eee es 109, 50, 51 EENS tian Scteca terrae 106, 50 Euconulus....106, 45, 50, 52, 53 chersinus polygyratus... Sree LOZ eS dS 265 28.38 elegantula....... 106, 48, 49 elegantulus...106, 49, 50, 53 PULAU, ore wo eietererensi> ea ete 98, 7; 102, 3; 106, 49, 53; 111, 26, 38 DILULOT Tate oe aie eee 106, 48 SD eee ce sei ae, wee tities Eucyclogobius newberryi. .9%, 5 Hupatorime spines... ..<. 111, 29 BUrynian oes. ee TD, 27628; 59 TECtAR sists coe 112, 59 IA ISSHIIENE ye meee Soe 113, 59 Eutamias borealis neglectus. Bra fick tc ar. 109, 36 HVETRMANNIA.< 5.5 + s2 256% oo 99, 5 Evotomys gapperi gapperi... ee ee ene et Oe Net, See INE Bal F Fagus grandifolia....... 111, 26 HErRISSIa crest rsc-< 4 odo ee 98, 3 paralilelar -<.-.ssete nals sjoetilsr layed th erie Tal eae aS WAV UMATIS Eos See 98, 15 Seton tales ac ae 98, 15 GAT ae or fe terete 98, 15 Fragaria virginiana...... 111, 24 TARVIN S Nira. 3. ccs eeee OOS tt NSC OMATa ch). ad ateclahs aS 2 COT vitals ars SA ot 112, 6 CNEHUSER ts nr. eor toler 112, 4 Havas oa ere 112, 5, 6 EUDISIMOSA aoe ak TALE Es PR aio: Suprocunda.s-. os ae HAG Aas paso aoots 3 112, 6, 21 TONE eke ort Se ee 112, 6 G Galium claytoniana..... eS AG Garmanmmiae ec sec.cc. cece. 995) 2 DaragOKayen acs. 2 screw 9952 Sponsicolareneas. co... 995, 2 Gastrocopta armifera similis. LSE Ae on ee 98, 9 Contnactayes a7 ese .-98, 9; 102, 4; 111, 26, 28 corticaria.98, 10; 111, 26,37 leolV Abie -¢s5 pleas tee ee 98, 9 MENTODON AG heySee coco c 98, 10 Cap Danian ages ae 5. ps = ay 105, 103,-4- 191, 26, 37 GastrovheCas asa oe OTe 1 HOWSID CS = Sleeves daisies. sec LOGE: WALLtmMSOnI ...-...... 107, 1 Gaultheria procumbens. .111, 25 Geophilus brevilabiatus...97, 17 GilhGhthyS-- so. 2 stpssse 99, 4 deraisuss... se ee shh a! MMA DUIS scare 99, 4 Glaucomys sabrinus macrotis eR RO RCE oie Bete 109, 3 Goniobasis catenaria....... pies conralensisinen,-2ia eee Dias INOS. oe ae ce 91, 5 lattitanss Wess, See. 91, 5 livescens....... 91, 5; 102, 5 microlineata........ 9 455 Semicarenata: -25:..25. 5 vahyningiana........ le We RY Graphonaias o.\.% 2-0. -c0 106, 19 Guppya..... 106, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 DLOlleylK 2 boc ee 106, 51 ROWAN Sy... 5) < 65 5) se 106, 52 Caliventit ts: 7a hoa 106, 53 Ghampiomic se 42200 : 106, 52 GOSfanicana =... =..,...4- 106, 52 Cla Ola wh ans se: 106, 52 eum dilaehd, Se~ . Siicee ee 106, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 522 53 OFOSGiana... +.) 106, 47, 49 LIS C One = A Siok 106, 52 WINICANS eels erste stand 6 106, 52 sterkii..... 106, 46, 47, 52, 53 6 University of Michigan trochulina...106, 47, 49, 53 MG ATIS A Ag apate sreverere teres 106, 52 Gynacantha membranalis. .96, 9 HK Habroconus. 106, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53 TEAb Gd oad > anos sersn 106, 47 AMGEN Aare era 106, 36 lSKSINGITL Goede Soc 106, 35 Dreyiulabviseer. sec. 106, 32 Chiapensiss. shoo 106, 36 enrysocheilaz.-. s--- 106, 35 coccinostoma........ 106, 36 deppeanar cease. 106, 33 excavatoangulata....106, 35 MAVAG A. Sas e Aiea nissee 106, 32 lindenie “2245-4. 106, 35, 36 OWeniana.ceeces.2 ee 106, 36 purpureoflava...... 106, 36 Strebeli: Cer toensciee 106, 32 COTITULIS. cig eet: 106, 35, 36 ErOSssulass : Aas ee 106, 32 VELNALS see ene 106, 35, 36 ZEp Diy TIM ea)y- een 106, 33, 35 elation? eeeern eee 106, 35 Heliccdiscus parallelus..... 98, 10; 102, 3; 111, 26, 37 Helix coactiliata........ 106, 60 MUULViAs Re . 2.5 fs eee eee 106, 50 guatemalensis....... 106, 55 ANON EONS 255515 6 - 106, 50, 51 MACHEN 106, 60 selenkai...106, 47, 50, 51, 52 SUMUGIMAS tier nore -n- 106, 60 trochwiina. e... eee 106, 51 Hemilastena......... 112, 32, 38 dehiscens:... =... 112, 32, 38 FICIMISECIIAN bos. scp ieee 112, 32 LAtapee ncn Ree ees 112, 32, 38 Heteropleuron....... 105, 13, 14 HG ASSIZUlt. ct. cone terete 105, 15 jCeisIsehohbioly anon aaa 105, 15 cingalense.......105, 14, 15 GUlCSMUM eee 105, 15 MECCOTI aoe en. ee 105, 15 He dleyillcese sec ae 105, 15 maldivense......... 105, 15 parvum... eee eee 105, 15 Hipposideros bicolor...... 110, 3 diadema griseus...... 110, 3 I lily pRUSt). oa. oh ee 7h Fil bertin.... cee eee 99, 5 Iris versicolor. =eeeee 111, 18, 20 Ityphilus gujanensis...97, 2, 23 lilacinuss sooner 97, 24, 25 S Juncus Sp:.....¢ see 109, 8 K Kalmia?. oe eee 109, 14 potifolia zea eee 109, 13 Kerivoula’ pictannea-eeee 110, 3 L Labeo annectens.......... 95, 1 Lampsilisi. 5.020 eee 106, 29 anodontoides........ 112, 60 biangularise eee 112, 49 cardiun. te eee 112, 63 COrvuniciulise eee 112, 54 cylindrellay aes 112, 54 fallaciosav eects 112, 60 fasciata:., eer teen 112, 61 fasciola....112, 49, 61, 63, 64 fimbrintaaeeaee 106 e222 fragilis: 23. eee 112, 53 eTracilis’s Mace 112, 53, 54 leptodon-en eee 112, 53 ligamentinaee eee 112, 48 lividus. eee 106, 28, 29 luteola .5.. ..faee eee 98, 15; 111, 6, 22, 443° 112, 61, 64 Mmcesta:.. akan ceaee 112, 54 miultiradiata eee 112, 64 ochrasea.... 722 seeee 112, 62 ovata...) Aaa 112, 63, 64 perdix:....5 eee 112, 49 pullus sc... eee 112, 54 Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7 TECtAss sea Loe te 112, 59 Saeeriny sng crea nie 112, 59 POWUEOSAT yn.) 106, 28, 29 Sanjuanensis ......... a euerie ec Ait 106, 27, 29, 31 MMU VENIs sa. see 3s 106, 29, 31 SEN Oo aeidls poedaaeec 106, 19, 22 siliquoidea...112, 48, 61, 64 WieMGEICOSAS sur are ogame ene Gs 25 44263. 64: Larix larcina....109, 14; 111, 28 Lasionycteris noctivagans... 5 OBERT AES Doe 109, 25 Masmisonay es... esos sO. a Dada ts at aes nook 112, 36 COMphessar =o ee 985 bs 1025 5s TMS 6G, 22; 43; 112, 34, 35 costata.111, 6, 22, 43; 112, 36 holstomiaka. «5... 112, 33, 36 SubViridis=. 2... - 112, 35, 36 VATIGiS oe ates ee 112, 34 WASIMONOS* o- oe sacs WZ, 52; 53 EAI. oo ce oe InP a, Gel, Be! LeNLOd One ete se oe 112, 53 LAINE Apap ocd INRA Bis Bit. ake IGN) eae ese cer Git noe oe 12 32 OMLeNISISHe a sine ore ota 1b es LE EVGUUG 00 ip, Ke teemeie emAicie ene erence 109, 14 er oenlandiGuml "Ss. .-)5 - SS tetas Ronse 109, 13; 111, 28 Weraleadian sense ec e 106, 33 MEMO Sees nee es 112, 56, 58 RUNMOSUSe Seneca 112, 56 Leptocottus armatus........ Reo eile Qa le DeSean oer australis....... 9453745 5.) 6 MWepuOd ears aaa nee ae cee Oe wR a3! EIU UMSH A sey ae Seve nee W122, 53 leptodonis.. 4 - W12, 52, 53, 54 Weptonaias) joer... sec 106, 7, 8 Lepus americanus phceonotus datos ar ae reas 109, 39 WWEStESMe eee ee ee 965) 2 GxOletuss ae seer 96, 1, 2 SPONSAM ta yatta 96, 2 VA SAUU Siete seis Sees ene 96, 2 VAITGIGUSina ie aks < oe we 96, 2 eWeTehtny Se. e-e ees 3s os 104, 1 ROMY AREY Ast an cn oe sree aren stoner os 104, 2 FOMAMIMNACEs a atehese el atecs 104, 3 LUNAS 3 cot bio OR Eee ae 104, 1 PLETE TUN S eye as eee 2c 104, 3 Lexingtonia conradi. 112, 19, 20 dolabelloides..... 112; 19, 20 COMMMGI CA oounce oe 112, 20 Teo WMA ee ere ore 112, 58, 59, 67 GOCtai) 27 rere ae 112, 59 latissimna eee eee 112, 59 VaAnUXeMensis....2..- 113, 55 Limax lanceolatus..... 105, 4, 5 Eucrideliay limataacscses 106, 36 Lutra canadensis canadensis Bes Hee a ae 169, 29 Lycopodium complanatum... Ee eh eee ee TS 25 ODS CUI E eprerte e Tie Bs UG WAIT ales cape ae eer ee he 35 bulimoides cockerelli.98, 10 Caperatan 4 se See 98, 7, 10 CatascOpiumir oe ease 102, 4 Cas Sees oar. ce 3 Sie ns 98, 10 IAMS 5 65 G8h Sek oe TS Te ae modicella....... Lit 36 kirtlandiana..... BU ails, Bs VEU nen repen aoes eekne 111, 36 megasoma...... ATS 6s 95734: ODGUSSala sateen 102, 4 decampi..... hike we BO, Be (>: (=) oe Bae 98, 10; 102, 4 peninswlae’ fee. sc. 4. - seslllle We WE. TG hs BO, Be ANNI Se Mo had nooo oer 98, 5, 7, 10; 102, 4; 111, 35 WEDGA te eee cia es TH Bs stagnalis appressa...... 98, 11; 102, 4; 111, 6, 15, 34 DELAMUp lane aye cr is ital lovin canadensis... 4+ 109, 29 AUIS TANTS Copco e 109, 29 M IMERHEINEN MNES so ome meen occ 106, 20 polymorphas. 4-1 DUS a6 Marcusenius batesii....... Wis al 8 University of Michigan Margaritana holstonia...... ee inti tte js 112, 33, 36 mavenelianan. ...c sts 112, 39 pennantii pennantii. .109, 27 Mastacembelus goro....95, 1, 3 SCIALCrI. cde s ck OSE OE 95, 3 DIAGEOLUS,. = kh scene 112, 58 Meralestesic: 2s on ecto cui 96, 6 Meralonaias. .. 5 2. s5 osc. 106, 6 PIPANCeAr ooo, Ui, 18; alae te HET OSes 5 yociee eae 112, 8 Megapodagrion............ 96, 8 Melania subularis......... 91, 2 Melanoplus bivittatus...109, 37 Mephitus hudsonica..... 109, 28 IMGSONQIAS; occ ieee ee 106, 19 Micromya celata........ 112, 56 Microsorex: hoyi2....... 108, 24 Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus....109, 32 Miraverellia ......... 106, 58, 60 Miteliawdiphyllane oes 111, 24 Musculium jayense....... 98, 16 pus NWN...) ITY, a8: 220; v40 TOSACeUM =... . eS eA 0) MYCN OG ee eke ee 98, 165. SecuMe... 2. ssc 00, 7, 5,40 SD ices tac ee oe ae 98, 16 trANSVETSUM: 2... cse5 98, 16 truncatum.98, 16; 111, 15, 40 Mustela cicognanii cicognanii Prete eA hs Mann 109, 28 vison letifera....... 109, 28 Mya complanata......... 112, 30 Myotis formosus....... 110, 3, 4 TULO-MAP CT. cos ois coon 110, 4 lucifugus lucifugus..109, 25 TutoO-pictus.......6- 110, 3, 4 Myrica asplenifolia...... iT ees FT ee Re hoe hg 109, 13 Myriophyllum spicatum..... a Srarafaia AEST OPA UT 9, 145.523 N Napacozapus..... --ee ee 109) i insignis fructectanus.... A nhs “epee oe eee 109, 34 Neosorex palustris palustris : .¢- 2eeecen eee 112, 5 flexuosan. ere 12) 65, 70,7 bullata: S23 112, 15 INTEL EU plas eee 112, 51, 66 lateralisie. seer 112, 2, 228 25 lineolata.5-—eneee 112, 51, 52 metanevra....... 192, 14S aLy. nodulata. 4s 112, 17 obliquata 22eneeee 112, 68, 69 pusilla...... «42.2. 112, 32 quadrnlass-e eee 112, 14, 16 reflexa:...;,:)/ nae 112, 42, 43 retusa... ..a-seee 112, 15 Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9 Ig UNOS roe Me Oe 112, 24, 25 Scalenmiaeree 112, 25, 26, 68 SIMEOX aes oie « 112, 4, 5, 25 Kimehle eae ooome cmos 112, 30 SUOEGUUIMNG Bete ec erste rere tae spite Se 112, 4, 18, 19, 44, 45 Enianowlariss oc 4+ 112, 4, 25 tuberculata,. ....- 112, 18, 44 MELRINGOSaninaetereekaen 112, 18 WbOVvariay >. < cocsistaeeu 112, 19, 44 GINGULUS ors coset ee 112, 45 Gondatasera caer Sole ores GUD SISE Fasrac cian cats 112, 46 WenS Aptis ykeocer once 112, 46 MEW AGA ayers mcr 6 ss ah 112, 46 ODOVAISH =. e-er 112, 4, 44 OlIVATIAR ccs saree 112, 46 paAchostealyaseeercio es WY, 25 RAMUS Se ao oe eS 45 Stecanianer ace ree 112, 43, 44 tuberculata....112, 43, 44 Striatiete tien teats 112, 45 SUT OLLI ae eee ener 112, 45 Me wale atal ws sts coca ares 112, 46 LONG Ae stress sass 112, 44, 45 atehiay ate seve serena soc 112, 32 TREN OME ETS Siete a Nee eee Ths ay Odocoileus virginianus bore- HUGE oateha eRe eee 109, 40 Ohevrasinacilis ss 5... 106, 33 flavida strebeli...... 106, 32 Ondatra zibethica zibethica. . poe oe AR OER 109, 33 Onoclea sensibilis....... 111, 29 OpMIOSCIONMase sane 11, 7. 18, 41 crystalense..... HO eee al Nylander so: + =A 111, 41 peraltum var.....111, 7, 41 punctatum simplex. 111, 7, 41 MODCIICr see eee WI, 15, 41 WAIL. mi. om OT nee ee 111, 41 SAVeentl aac oe eee AL. 2% see 98, 16; 111, 22, 42 splendidulum...... Al CEN WIS STITT Tee yeas) eee ee: 98, 16;.114,.7, 41 ee sh G2 TBD ere Abel brevium..... DN 7 Oe DLCVNISse mee cere 98, 16 vesiculare. .98, 16; 111, 7, 42 Plagiola:. > = 106, 22; 112, 42, 51 donaciformis........ 112, 50 elezanis: aaa 112, 50 linieolatacnsaeee 102, 42, 51 opacata....106, 17, 24, 26, 27 De eSUpSDieenroeee 106, 27 Salles: te eee < 106, 24, 27 SOGULISs. seat Hee 112, 51 Placionchis\.> Lee.se. aes 93, 3, 4 COD eee aby NOtapilliS;...feee.-5- ce 93, 4 Planorbula armigera....111, 34 Planorbise ss ace 98, 3; 106, 36 AtISSIMNUIS se, . rere 98, 7, 11 antrosus..102, 4; 114, 32, 33 portagensis :...... Ink, BR fS' igh C2110) VS) ao, eee Aes Caer £208 ee TAN, Gash pase WATS neteceee 122 campanulatus....111, 20, 34 TUTLOT ewe eon. Sea 111, 34 MUGCHEIS «7 eee eee ins 34 Val ere Ped aire les 111, 6 circumstriatus.98, 11; 102, 4 defiectuse a. - 7, 20; 34 fal ay a An ea aS she ala exacuous °)!2 2eeeeeeeee ..98, 11; 111, 7) ieee MePAas:...1. eee 98,. 11 obliquus.... 3.22... - see Parvus 22.) eee eee 98, 5; 12) 1ST ase 34 Var) 7. eee dish IL walkers} .2 see 98, 12 SD. 2... eee eee i 22 trivolvis ‘33.0 98, 12; 142" 1025 4° REG: 15, MG ez MAacrostomuse-eeo ee 98, 12 VAT. sis otic Oe EO 98, 12 umbilicatelius |e. ee ee BM det. 98, 125 NS i tee: Platynaias= eer 112, 33, 34, 35 compressa, =e eeeer ge, iB Plectomerus:- +) eee 112, 9 Crassidens se aeeeee 112, 9, 10 trapezoidest- awe 112, 10 Plethobasus cyphyus....112, 19 Pleurobema..... 112, 4, 20, 21, 68 ACSODUS:.... 0. eee 112, 19 amabile: 7-2. econ eee Ihe appressa... eee 113, 7 catillus ... eee eee Ve, 23 clavaee eee 1123, 21, 25, 26:568 coccineum pauperculum. « a\'s cone ats ee 112, 24 CONICA:.... sAereenee 112, 20 COnTad!.. an eee 112, 20 COP. 23-4 en eee MIG. sGeeon cordatum.112, 6, 21, 23, 24, 25 cuneata...... M12) 20) 25 nee sulcata-..eeoeerree 112, 68 CyDhia..<. «eee 112, 19 dolabelloides........ 112, 19 lewisi.: 4:78 eee 112, 27 macilatume eee 112, 20 MmOdICcumM).... eee eee 113, 27 mytiloides: ~. meer aay 112, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26 obliquum catillus.112, 23, 24 cordatum)a-e eee 112, 23 TULUM. eee 112, 25 plenim; #2. .eeeeeee 1 e283 Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology II pyramidiatum. .112, 4, 24, 69 SMUT CINI ES Bey wide aoe eS 27 SGmicyuuims-s.. ote es iste - MS 2 Pleurocera acuta........ 91, 1, 2 MINKE yi see ea Oe 2 MES1ECHMEMIR: = ts eas oS 2 THO trans estteeteer ne eee Oe 109, 11 OCI AMEN Aiea eae oe 106, 36 Polygonum amphibium..111, 12 Polyezyra albolabris...-...... Steep eiaiies 102, 22 UNS 26, 38 MATIC ae 2s 2 111, 26, 38 fraterna. .102, 2; 111, 26, 38 HACNOVO UM Aecaaacboows 102, 2 PLromimdae cee 111, 26, 39 SaAyaMaee os ecw as cece 102, 2 Pomatopyrgus coronatus.106, 37 Populus balsamifera ....111, 25 Pram Gailemtatc esas oe 5 Oo 109, 19; 111, 24 tremuloides.109, 19; 111, 24 Potamoseton....-2)..- 5 M1, 8, 14 amplifolius....... ible Gale HIMOVAI MISE 6 a nn co6 00 eee 00 Ray) MALAI Se eee ee Neto i, 9 DXCHMEUMSo ooo aoc tedoe iit s Derioliatiss ys eee 111, 8 richardsonii. .109, 33; 111,8 SiN ee sae one oe ne see 109, 8 zosteraefolius..... Li 9, 2 Prignodactylusi eee cee LOSS ck MLNS serene 103, 1 ockendeninac.. sn chee. 103, 4 WeLEeCbraALis: ....206 eer 103, 4 PLODGEMA amen tiers iviats coe ke 112, 33 CADAXGe ne Le 112, 64 WAG VASSIMA)s oe selec e oe. 112; 3 Prunus pennsylvanica...109, 19 Pselliodes':. 5. sce. aii ik, BE colombianaie). 252.4440. ey erckerece tin i Bis Pl, Pi, PAS MSAVANGS ye ys ak ee Win PAS Orphnias = 400 aoe 97, 26 PSellionhorderante ae wy DR Cavincolawe. cee eee Win BE CUDENSISM = ssa neat eee ie XS nigrovittata....07, 25, 26, 28 pUlchritarsus- eee wee Pseudohyalinas.48....... 106, 54 PSoromalaise so. a2... s.- 106, 9, 10 KIEXENSIS= 35 f0-. 3 - 106, 11, 12 Pteropus vampyrus lanansis. Se IOs 6 Ke al IPtELOSV Nam errs sees. = 113, 33 IFARSIRO SADR .6 Sd nee ome oe M33 Ptychobranchus:. ...-.- 112, 41,42 PAS GIONAUMCH ea ccan ea 112, 42 phaseolus........ 112, 41, 42 Pupilla, muscorumy.>. 2... 98, 9 Pyramidula alternata........ ya9S5) LO: 1025 3) Ml.26. 37 cronkhitei anthonyi..... metas, San 98, 8; 102, 3 catskillensis.111, 26, 28, 37 Q @Quadiulayes 25 pe ae ee LOGS 9 eile be Gs Ife I ee aSperrima:.. 2.955 112, 14 DuUllata.., a4. 112, 15 GOGCINGA=. ses len aes 112, 23 magnalacustris....112, 24 paupercula........ 112, 24 Gordatas <2). MIS 2s 23 Costata 4. .5 446 weer 112, 12 GEM aye fh sto,0-5-. cutee ae 112, 4 Ghentise +... #40 era 112, 4 GleniSis sy os fo oe 106, 6 GA Vidliess SACs oS con shoo ate Ls HeTOSE css. 1065 685 11298: 13 AVE] Sea cae eee 112, 10 lachrymosa....... 112, 14, 16 asperrimais. sc... IZ. 16 metanevra....... Wie iby Le micklinianae os sss 2. 106, 6, 7 modwlatase eel. oe We ale OMMGIKa ae ae JP Ge al Obovalist: sshce05 88h a2% 112, 4 paUuperciilayy...cese. 112, 24 DELUVIANas sack ees. oe aS Dienay io. ct see: 125 21; 23 DitGatawewwe ee ee Hs a3 hippopoea..-%- s+ += els DUStulatares cis sete 112, 17 12 University of Michigan pustulosa........ 112, 15, 16 PEMMOdOSAre «6 osu» ets DEAS INA eve ys.cetere secs 112, 16 schoolcraftensis...112, 16 DyLAMIGia baleen, oi 112; 25 ANACKIUNAL ae eae. 112, 14, 16 EUPISINOSAas... 4 soe see 112, 5 RUDRA. Cee ne eoe 113, 25 SIMMUO KA Ameer ccverere ee 112, 4 Solidasra nen ote 112, 23 Suprobumdas bf sinc sere e 113, 4 ERADEZOLGCS > Soe. cen 112, 10 Luiberculatas. .. oe ser 112, 18 UN Gait aerc cso ae 112, 6 unduUlatare so. ..ce eee 112, 12 VELMIGOSAeee eee 112, 18 Quietula y-cauda.......... Ahh 4! R Rad chitteliack.e crests oe 99, 2 EhInoOlophus= sean ceisls Pee 110, 5 AUGErSeNni. se see ee 110, 2 ACQUALIS acer 110, 2 RUD USS RUCay chee eee 109, 19 toxicodendron.....7- 111, 29 Rhysiday celeris-.-ee-. ig eae ale Ribautia fuhrmanni....97%, 2, 17 Riccia, fuitans:. 5.0. seeee 111, 10 ROGGHIS chrysopsssassseee ne 93, 3 Rotundariae. ees ce- 112, 18, 19, 44 RUDUSSESEMISOSUS:. ccc 109, 19 RUSE TAL syeiays ieee jenersie 112, 38, 39, 40 S Salixesp pees se eee 109, 19 Sambucus racemosa..... 109, 19 Sanguinaria canadensis. .111, 25 Sarracenia purpurea..... 109, 13 Scalenaria. .112, 11, 20, 21, 27, 68 ObINGWALA S16 nrc 112, 68 SCMENIA vere eee 112. ilsl SCAPENMIMIS's.. <.c:-bane ee 112, 10 Scalemilla yes sees c vs. cose 112, 27, 68 Schendylurus bakeri...... 97, 22 colombianus........ ls Paarl) IADPANMS):\. 5 eta eters we. Pa MEQ T aera. che. cvs atags done 97, 20, 22 pérditus.... 5, 97, 22 {trOpicus:. «22... ae 97, 23 Schilbeodes gyrinus........ 93, 3 Sciaenaia..7.. «6 sce eee 92, 1 SClCTA cc! 3 cae Heel SIMUTA,. 5 v.00 Ree Ree 92, 1 thompsoni..o- eee eee 92, 1 Vermicularig eee Suge lees Sciurus carolinensis leucotis wre a 00s ee 109, 38 hudsonicus loquax...109, 37 Scolopendra ferruginea....97, 4 gizantea ~.- eee 37, 250 MOLSItATiS=—) eee Sig 2 Lo subspinipes........ Wigton LG Scolopocryptops longitarsis.. aio (sa) acto ley Fl Segmentina... 4.50 oer 98, 5 armigera. .98, 13, 14; 111, 15 christy ia eeeee 98; 12; Tosa erassilabris. eee 98, 13, 14 Simpsonaia. --o eer eae 112, 38 Simpsoniconcha......... ahh aie exe) Simononatas:.-e see 106, 8 Sintokia:.:...<). ccs eee 112, 5 Siphostoma barbarae..... 100, 1 Sorbus americana........ 109, 7 Sorex. personatus personatus. 5 ooo se Ee 109, 22 richardsonii,>-.ee OSS 22 Sphaerium acuminatum...... feel crore Se oe 111, 18, 39, 40 aureul 2.2 ses eee 98, 15 declive.. cee 98, 5, 15, 16 fabale. <2. tase 102, 5 occidentale....... 111, 15, 40 rhomboideum...... 111, 6, 40 Solidwlumipsenieeee 111, 18, 39 Vals wis (ote 111, 39 Spite naace 98, 16; 111, 18, 40 stamineum te oe ee ee 98,16; 1025 55 ii Gada 18, 22, 39 Var. ... 200 deere 111, 39 striatinum.102, 5; 111, 22, 39 sulcatum <....25 sees 98, 16; 102, 5; I 6.145 13, 18, 40 Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 13 Sphenonaias...106, 7, 8, 9, 10, 18 Spireconulus...........- 106, 51 Spirodela polyrhiza...... 111, 10 Siheioiinlnn tage aoeae es 106, 50, 52 Sino ep aeelouacceado- 106, 48 virgo. .102, 3; 111, 26, 28, 37 Strophitus edentulus........ 98, 15; 111, 22, 42; 112, 40, 41 TUSOSUSE » carexe eiereys =¥e 112, 40 wndulatus....... 112, 40, 41 SIMIGCTINGTS). Gob moe or ciel ac 106, 32 SCCM AMAVaATAl.s «6 sc cvsicheusiaceione OSS LOS esse 2b, Sit vermata......- 98, 8; 102, 3 ETOSVETNOLI. n> sae eee 98, 8 VAs caps este sllegey ohaden sues 98, 8 ilznyOksinees “oenaeoce 98, 8, 9 TYAN ress ofr cin eis teen 98, 9 OVA Sian te eg acienstiae: 102, 3 MRE TUS Aim pateyelek sis) svane slisrtoheviebans LOE 3: LU 6,115, 18; 26, 37 Sulewmlaniawy.. -ecaccie en 112, 33, 36 IP CEICSLOSAA55.000 2. ee eree 96, 2 GNOMEUUIS re ainche «2 meroe eee 96, 2 SWAIN ANGIIENS 5 a5 Goo peo 112, 33 GOMPNESSA. 2 ae. UES Bis 8 COSKa Lateran cya eeiec tacts 112, 36 IN@USHOME boos s Soa ene 112, 36 eptodonasss2s. oe ie 53 tenuissima....... M12, 52, 53 VALTELCS se Sy treteee 112, 34, 35 Synaptomys cooperi fatuus.. et ee ORO Eee 109, 30 Syngnathus barbarae..... 100, 1 Galiformiensis .. osc... 100, 4 Ghd hic ages peceiene Cae ele 104, 4 griseo-lineatus...100, 2, 3, 4 leptorhynchus...... 100, 1, 2 Av MaApaAwy swatratuse so. -r 109, 29 JMG iis see aoeeeooues 975.25 SCLOSIRMR ge sess tei wh ES Tamias striatus griseus. .105, 37 Taphozous philippinensis.110, 1 Taxidea taxus taxus..... 109, 29 Taxus canadensis........ 109, 16 nahi. woe GeO. eR 106, 35 TWESH AGEN Siye se cielo rei =yei'orets 106, 51 (THAlebrunl so 5.0. 0-)6e << 11, 25 TEVOlMETOMS | ao. +e as 111, 29 Mielid Grima essere 112, 14, 44 MetAneVRaArea yas ThA ake Thuja occidentalis.......... Ree 109, 12; 111, 15, 27 Thysanophora....106, 55, 56, 59 Dlalkeamd) smc eros « a eT 106, 57 G2eCOldes 5 77). eer 106, 56 GANMUIS 5S om cheaters Oe 106, 56 ecockerellae.....2.:.. 106, 57 COLO A Sa no-cee eye renetete 106, 55 conspureatella....... 106, 56 ASCHETIA occ eee 106, 56 UGC asbooes aud ooo 106, 56 HAN ose ooeoocepe 106, 56 guatemalensis....... 106, 56 horns sos ss 106, 56, 57 Mintle oc A cow HOC OSE 106, 57 AMICON Seer eerie ae atee: 106, 56 WAI OSde 2. ees es oe 106, 56 DIUSDEYI sae oer 106, 54, 57 plagioptycha..... 106, 54, 56 [aigePch iT AS eran ee 106, 56 TOA Siete aes a 106, 56 SHAMS, onoecooge< 106, 56 (EHH eh eee ee Re erODIO 106, 55, 57 TERETE mes. occ tere © © eke 106, 57 turbinellay.-.)..- 106, 55, 56 VithiInOldes o.2.. 2. - 106, 56 SwrillPelmrees tec sere ere: 106, 57 Tidops echinopus........ 97, 2, 4 SIMMS etree ee a 97, 5, 6 Tilia americana. .109, 16; 111, 27 MOxXOlASIMa. slo ces. 112, 54, 55 Aa yall rae tanec oer 4-1-1 112, 55 Tomocyclus simulacrum. . 106, 42 Trichodiscina........ 106, 57, 60 IMGs oaemRe oo 106, 33, 35 TMPiLOPOniaer vee see lei WI, 18 Eber eulael- ai ae en ol 112, 18 VerriGOSd) +4 6 --<. 112, 18 Truncilla.106, 31; 112, 49, 65, 69 HEevwidensin nies 112, 66 GUMGG Sieve peaks Bia osu 112, 69 JeMABIY Bee oodb boos 112, 69 14 University of Michigan donaciformis........ 112, 50 PExuOsasne sees Moe rd Horentinass. 22.7002: 112, 69 LOliatan. tetas eee 112, 71 iMierEMpuae eee eee 112, 66 obkiquatal. iste 112, 68 Derplexa) {Lee eee 12, 70 Sulcatar tec kets cae 112, 68 EQUWWOS aris sess aoe 112, 70 triquetra: 2223: ..- 0125950; 166 EEIQUCTCT Ee See ee oe 112, 65 EMC A ee 112, 49, 50, 65 GUE PIAA tee oe 112, 69 PruncilOpsise zane ee see 112, 65, 66 Tsuga canadensis.109, 14; 111, 27 iyphalatitoliaessseseeeee 1069, 8 U Ulmus americana........... Speke IE Gl, aS Th, 2a LUpelke a ae ee DSS s 27, esi he, ACTUSINOSIS)« 24 6.0 106, 8 AESODIUSHy os each ce 112, 19 ENG een ee an Bees 112, 33 Blaise s ety oe M12, 33 alienigenus...106, 17, 18, 19 ama balisne- ee enone DH pare andersonensis........ 112, 6 anodontoides:... 2. 112, 60 ASDELTAMUS. eects oe 112, 16 astromarginatus...... 12,9 aztecorum...106, 26; 112, 47 berlandierii:, 2... 106, 24 pian Saris. 5.20 soe 112, 49 biane@ulatus. a ..640.. 112, 49 Bilohse ys) 5. 112, 70, 71 previdens:........ 112, 66, 67 DL aCUSee o.se reese 112, 15 DITKEIISE ere ay ce te VR eae CrelaAMIS: parse on oe 112, 56, 57 Cava 22.) ees 112, 63, 64 carinata gibba...112, 62, 63 Garmabis...7 6 112, 48, 61, 62 ATO SA ey eco eee 112, 62 CALIOSIS Hee tice: 112, 61, 62 APTS eee eee oes ieee, oe CICALLICOSUS 2... s6. 112, 19 Cinculis#. as ss aka 112, 45 Clava ore 119; 205925. 26 COCCINeIS =... ee 112, 23, 24 cormatus..c. sees 112, 49 COlOratISe eee 106, 8, 9 COnradicus:=.s eee 112, 58 Cores. See eee 1 Sl 1G Parl cordatus. 2 MO 22.23 COMmum:. 2 eee 106, 10 Gornmutus). 0 112, 42 corvunculus...... 112, 54, 56 COStatus: =o) = eee Te te crapulust eee 113, 6 CTASS3. ics ee eee 112, 48 crassidens! = 7..4ee eee . - WIZ, 10, 1 ieee seo Var. (as see eee 112, 10 Var: (bij 527 wae 112, 28 Crassus ee I1e. 7, 8) 29s cuneata se eee 112, 26 cuneatus. .112, 26, 28, 29, 65 CUDPREA....2 2 ee eee 12, 3 cylindrellus. .112, 54, 55, 56 cylindricus....... a oe ils a7 Cy phia :... .2- eee bere tz, Ws Cy phyils-). 4 ee eee 112, 19 dehiscens...2 -oreree 112, 32 delphinulus! =) eae 106, 24 depressus: eee eee 112, 51 deviatis:. eee eee 112, 69 dilatata.112, 28, 30, 31, 58, 59 dilatahise «see jl PB tie eal discuss a. 106, 21, 22 dolabelloides........ 112, 19 dombeyanass. eee ee 112, 10 donaciformis..... 112, 50, 51 ebens> sen 119, 4725, 2k edganiantisns eee i Ay elesans:. ... semen 112, 49, 50 ellipsaria. sere gb aul ellipsis. ..3.e eee 112, 46 ellipticaz.s eee 112, 25, 26, 48 ellipticuss seen ee 112, 48 explicatuse eee 106, 19, 28 fasciataleeeeee 112, 48, 61, 62 cuprea:. . 2. eee 112, 3 fasciahis=«- eee 112, 48 fasciolae seer ems 112, 62, 63 Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 RAS GLOMIS 4 a 112, 61, 63, 64 ALN ADS ae open oresomepeteler carte 1, 5 HMEXIOSUS) «2 .< sees 98, 10 pulchella...... 98, 10; 102, 4 Valvata ios one as peal SinceLai. sees 11, e7s 20% 30 app. nylanderi. .111, 15, 30 Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology V7, ETUCATIM Aarts cfelciclee cites) ore 98, 6, 15; 102, 5; 111, 7, 20 22, 30 Coniusames ce. NWS 76 AAD, Bo) Simp lexcnseiere sie 111, 20, 30 unicarinata....111, 20, 30 Vertigo coloradense....... 93s, 9 SO UMUGTT A re oeetavas erence gv sbecsuskevens ...98, 9; 102, 4; 111, 26, 36 OVAtAE oss eels 98, 9; 102, 4 05 AA eee ore 98,93) Lity 36 tridentata. aces 111, 26, 36 ventricosa elatior....... Bee ae 98, 9; 111, 26, 36 Vespertilio formosus...... 110, 3 GULO-MiCTae as eveieicrs soe OTS ALO Va ec cpe-chs ecetaere ce secs) s)s 109, 37 Waitrea’ binnieyaniay, 2.3.2... . notlen 1S JPR Be i AE Bee feGnRea er 102, 2; 111, 26, 38 MAMINVONIS meses a han 98, 7; 102, 2; 111, 18, 26, 38 mid enitatanen ace. 265.38 lameliidens=eee ss oa. . 162, 2 multidentatan4.0.... 102, 2 TEENOMENABUIENS 5 5G ac 98, 7; 102, 2 HOA Sie sh 26. 88 Vaitrinasalasikanayea-ecsee. 98, 7 amipid dese oer 98, 7; 102, 2 Vulpesschuliviet sem s ee 10$, 27 Z LIBS See ee gaeek ek oes oe ee 109, 21 hudsonius hudsonius.... RI RAT See 109, 9, 33 LAOMiLOIMES menses. 106, 53 ARDONER Wat poses ns - 98, 8; 102, 3; 111, 26, 28, 38 exizua. «102, 3% 10f 26. 3 MatlbiWWOI. & 5 ac 98, 8; 111, 26, 38 THM, Gos nou conoe be Ais 98, 8; 102, 3; 106, 54 NUMBER QI JANUARY 21, 1921 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY THREE NEW SPECIES OF PLEUROCERIDAE By CALVIN GOODRICH Pleurocera hinkleyi, new species Description: Shell smooth, elevated, acute. Color light olive green, with two dark bands above the periphery and one below. Apex of the type eroded. Remaining upper whorls are carinated at the base, finely wrinkled perpendicularly, differing in sculpture _ from the maturing whorls. The last three whorls are constricted in the middle and are more shining than the upper whorls. The body whorl has five strongly marked revolving lines below the periph- ery, the uppermost of which constitutes the carinae of the earlier whorls. Total number of whorls of type, eight. Sutures indented, showing at some whorls parts of the second of the five raised lines. Base of shell not as broadly angulated as in the average specimen of P. acuta Raf. Aperture rather narrow and elongate, ending in the broadly channeled spout common to the genus. Columella is scarcely more than a wash of white over the epidermis. Peristome is sharp-edged, very sinuous. Operculum thin, light reddish brown, the left margin nearly straight, the right margin curved, the basal margin broadly and 2 University of Michigan regularly rounded. The apex not very acute. The growth lines are fine, numerous, interrupted by several rest scars which give the operculum the appearance of an opening fan. The nucleus is sunken and in the lowermost third of the operculum, being a little closer to the left margin than to the right. Two widely coiled whorls of the spiral development are easily traceable, the whole number of whorls being three. The area of attachment takes up about half of the anterior side. Measurement of the type: Altitude, 23 mm.; diameter, 83 mm.; height of aperture, 8 mm. Type locality: Little Muddy Creek, Dubois, Washington Co., Ill. Mr. A. A. Hinkley, collector. Type: No. 10587, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. Remarks: Mr. Hinkley has distributed these shells under the name Pleurocera neglectum Anth. upon the identification of Tryon. In a letter to me in 1915 Mr. Hinkley says he has long questioned this determination. P. hinkleyi is apparently an offshoot of P. acuta Raf., the Melania subularis of Lea. It differs from that species in its uniform thinness and delicacy, the generally con- stricted appearance of the whorls and, if such a characteristic has right to a standing, in the bright smoothness of the surface. I think it is a good local race and is entitled to specific distinction. Goniobasis vanhyningiana, new species Description: Shell small, narrow, attenuate. Apex eroded, six whorls remaining; a perfect adult specimen would probably have eight or nine whorls. The whorls are slightly flattened, angulated at the base save in the case of the last whorl, which is rounded. Shell folded to base of last whorl. Where the folds intersect carinae at the base of each whorl slight nodules are formed, giving a beaded effect. Two fine, raised, revolving lines appear on the body whorl below the periphery. Suture deeply impressed. Color dark, rusty brown. Peristome sinuous, a little produced Occasional Papers cf ihe Museum of Zoology g at the bottom. Columella not much more than a chalky wash of shell material on the epidermis. Operculum very thin, transparent, light yellow, nearly round, with the acute apex as a sort of triangular appendage. On the anterior side, this appendage is, in life, alone free of the animal’s foot. Margins firm, but not thickened. Lines of growth few and fine. The nucleus is sunken and is just below the center of the operculum, slightly nearer the left margin than the right. Two whorls, regularly and widely coiled, show within the operculum. In shape and in form of whorls this operculum resembles that of G. comalensis Pilsbry, illustrated in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences (Philadelphia, March, 1906), p. 168. Measurements: Altitude, 13 mm.; diameter, 42 mm. Aperture altitude, 44 mm.; diameter, 2} mm. (Type.) Measurements of four paratypes: Altitude Diameter 14+ mm. 53mm. 14 52 123 52 9 4 Type locality: Creek below Seminole Springs, Lake County, Florida. T. Van Hyning, collector, May 11, 1918. Type: No. 45938, collection of Dr. Bryant Walker. Paratypes in the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (No. 10586), and in my own collection. Remarks: In some of the specimens of this species, the folds or plicae are sometimes obscure, sometimes very strongly marked and sinuous. In two specimens the columella is reflexed just below the center. No bands are present in any of the material, but a slight difference in color occurs where the dark folds cross the lighter epidermis of the body whorl. G. vanhyningiana is a small local race of the group, the leading representative of which is the well-known G. catenaria Say. Not only is the new species connected 4 University of Michigan with the older species in shell characters, but also in the matter of the operculum. Goniobasis microlineata, new species Description: Shell elongate, acuminate, color uniformly greenish brown, shining, smooth, without bands or other color markings except the usual light line at the sutures, more or less common to the genus. Sutures not deeply impressed, but appear- ing somewhat V-shaped or angulated under the glass. Apex of type eroded. Whorls only slightly convex, the two uppermost — being more nearly flat than the others. Lines of growth fine, regular except at the rest periods. Many spiral lines occur upon the immature whorls, but are absent on the body whorl. Where these lines and the lines of growth cross a light, reticulated appear- ance is given to the shell under the glass. Aperture ovate, less than one-half the total height of the shell, pearl white within. | Columella white, rather heavy for so small a shell. Peristome somewhat sinuous, edged with black. Operculum ovate, thin, translucent, reddish brown. Apex acute. Growth lines very fine, regularly spaced. Left margin slightly thickened, right margin thin, torn. The nucleus is sunken, and is located close to the base, nearer to the left margin than to the right. The spiral lines are rather obscure, but the operculum apparently consists of three whorls. The area of attachment is elliptical, and is bordered with thick, reddish callus. Measurements: Altitude, 143 mm.; diameter, 6; mm. Aper- ture altitude, 6 mm. Type locality: Rough Creek, Falls of the Rough, Grayson County, Kentucky. Collected July 24, 1917. Type: No. 10584, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. Remarks: An uneroded shell has apical whorls carinated at the base. Shells the epidermis of which has been removed are of a dull flesh color, a few of them bluish. There are no color mark- Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology = ings in the substance of the shell. Of fifty specimens examined, forty-six showed the nearly microscopic revolving lines, and in some of the young these lines are particularly well marked and beautiful. Two or three juvenile individuals have a narrow dark band above the periphery, not well defined. The illustration of G. informis, p. 283 of Tryon’s monograph of the Strepomatidae, is a fairly good representation of G. micro- lineata, though in G. informis the whorls are constricted. In general appearance the species would seem to group with G. /ive- scens Mke. and G. semicarenata Say. Therelationship is uncertain, for the revolving lines of this mollusk are also the most striking characteristic of G. lattitans Anth., of the Green River, a branch of which is Rough Creek. As the Gonibases of streams in the Ohio River drainage north of Tennessee tend in each stream to run together it is not unlikely that farther down Rough Creek material will be found which establishes an unmistakable connection between G. lattitans and G. microlineata. This would be in line with a frequent experience of the collector of Pleuroceridae. The shells were taken from the undersides of slabs of water- logged timber, the waste of a mill at the Falls. The habitat was slimy and ill-smelling, an unusual choice of living place for members of the genus, which ordinarily are clean living. PLATE I Fic. 1 —Pleurocera hinkleyi Goodrich. Type. Fic. 1a.—Pleurocera hinkleyi Goodrich. Type. Operculum. Fic. 2 .—Goniobasis vanhyningiana Goodrich. Type. . Fic. 2a.—Goniobasis vanhyningiana Goodrich. Type. Operculum. Fic. 3 .—Goniobasis vanhyningiana Goodrich. Paratype. Fic. 4 .—Goniobasis microlineata Goodrich. Type. Fic. 4a.—Goniobasis microlineata Goodrich. Type. Operculum. TEREE NEW PLEUROCERIDAS Prate I ner tere, 2a 1a 4a NUMBER 92 JANUARY 21, 1921 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SCIAENOID FISH FROM SANTA CATALINA ISLAND, CALIFORNIA By Cart L. Husss Sciaena thompsoni, new species Relationships: This new species is intermediate between the groups called Ophioscion and Sciaena. It appears to be most similar to three Panamaic species, s¢mula, sciera, and vermicularis. From simula it differs in the weaker armature of the preopercle, the stronger canines, the shorter pectoral, the slightly fewer dorsal rays, the shorter second anal spine, the sharper predorsal ridge, the longer caudal peduncle, the longer anal base, the less curved ventral contour, the shorter interspace between anus and anal fin (5.25 instead of 2.1 in head), the flat preorbital, etc. It differs from sciera in the longer caudal peduncle (1.05 instead of 1.3 in head), the weaker and much more numerous serrations on the preopercular margin, the shorter pectoral (1.8 rather than 1.2 to 1.5 in head), the less robust and shorter anal spine (2.5, not 1.9 in head), the very short pelvic filament, the more slender body (depth 3.52 instead of 3.0 to 3.33), the less strongly elevated 2 University of Michigan anterior profile, the more rounded snout, the vertically instead of horizontally elliptical posterior nostril, the somewhat longer gill-rakers, the larger eye (4.1 instead of 5.0 to 5.5 in head), the shorter interspace between anus and anal fin (5.25 instead of 2.9 to 3.5 in head), and the number of soft dorsal rays (28, not 24 or 25). From vermicularis it may be distinguished by the much longer second dorsal spine, much shorter and weaker second anal spine, the much less elevated anterior profile, shorter pectorals, shorter distance between anus and anal, the lower curve of the lateral line, and numerous other characters. Holotype: A specimen 102 mm. long to caudal, from Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, California; secured from the Avalon Aquarium; Cat. No. 55053, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. Only one specimen known. Description: Dorsal, XI, 28; anal, II, 7; pectoral, 18; pores in lateral line, 50; head, 3.61; depth, 3.52. Body comparatively elongate and little compressed; head evenly rounded; dorsal contour evenly convex from snout to dorsal fin, much more strongly curved than ventral contour; predorsal region behind occiput compressed to a ridge. Eye, 4.1; interorbital slightly convex, a little wider than eye; sub- orbital flattish, two-thirds as wide as eye; mouth rather narrow, its width less than the length of the upper jaw, which extends to below middle of pupil, 2.75 on head; mouth little oblique, slightly overhung by the bluntly rounded snout. Teeth in villiform bands on jaws, the outer premaxillary series composed of semi- depressible canines, which, near the symphysis, are about one- eighth as long as eye. Snout 3.6, with conspicuous slits and pores; anterior nostril round, much smaller than the vertically elliptical posterior nostril; no nasal flaps. Preopercle armed with about 29 serrations, rather small, not much enlarged at angle, becoming minute at both extremes of series (the serrations evi- dently were originally bony, but preservation in strong formal- Occasional Papers of ihe Museum of Zoology 3 dehyde has made them flexible). Gill-rakers short, not quite so long as pupil, 7+13 in number, two anterior tubercules included. Dorsal spines slender and flexible (except the first, which is stout, and as short as the pupil); second spine angulated along anterior edge, about as long as the fourth, contained 2.1 times in head; third spine longest, contained twice in head, reaching base,of ninth spine when depressed; tenth spine shortest, about as long as the first, two-thirds as long as eleventh; fourth and longest ray of second dorsal, 2.6; caudal rays broken. First anal spine similar to first spine of dorsal; second anal spine com- paratively short, 1.25 in longest soft rays, 1.0 in base of anal, 2.5 in head. Pelvic fin extending two-thirds distance to anus, contained 1.6 times in head; its spine 1.9 in the longest, slightly produced, outermost ray. Pectoral short, 1.8 in head. Length of caudal peduncle, measured from end of anal base, nearly equal to that of head. Anus close to anal fin, the interspace contained 5.25 times in the head. Scales ctenoid, large; transverse rows 6+1+9 counted along the subvertical series, 8-+-1-+13 in oblique -series. Dorsal and anal with a basal scaly sheath, consisting of a single row of small scales; minute scales extended on membranes between rays of soft dorsal. Snout and the gular and branchiostegal membranes naked. Lateral line with a long low curve, its height a little less than length of eye. Color faded in type. Opercle with a large dark spot; inner - border of opercles blackish; lining of buccal cavity white. Spi- nous dorsal dark. Named for Mr. William Francis Thompson, co-author with Dr. Jordan of a characteristically careful review of the sciaenoid fishes of Japan, and of other excellent reports on Japanese fishes; now fishery-expert for the California Fish and Game Commission. Pr Ame vl SCIAENA THOMPSONI ( NUMBER 93 JANUARY 22, 1921 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY TWO NEW PARASITIC FLATWORMS By MArRIon ELIZABETH LAMONT Zoological Laboratory, University of Wisconsin In studying the parasites of Wisconsin fishes two new species have been discovered—a primitive tapeworm and a trematode. These are described in this paper. CAROPHYLLAEUS O. F. Miiller Characteristics of genus: The representatives of this genus, like other Cestodaria, resemble trematodes in being without pro- glottids and are like cestodes in lacking an enteron. They are elongated, flattened, and possess a primitive scolex. A caudal appendix is present in larval forms but is lacking in adults. The genital pore is ventral, median, and near the posterior end. The uterus is made up of rosette-shaped coils and opens with the vagina into a genital atrium. Liihe (1899) classifies the Carophyllidae as the first family under the order Pseudophyllidea. Other authors (Ward and Whipple, 1918, p. 429) put them in the subclass Cestodaria as distinct from the Cestoda. 2 University of Michigan Carophyllaeus laruei, new species Type Specimen: Cat. No. 197, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan; taken from Catostomus commersonii Forster, Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, August 22, 1919; M. E. Lamont, Collector. Description: The body is oblong-ovate, flattened dorsoven- trally, and measures 7 mm. by .8 mm. The anterior end is unarmed, has a poorly developed adhesive organ imperfectly set off as a scolex from the rest of the body. This primitive scolex has four poorly defined suckers with an obscure terminal disk at the anterior end. The body is not divided into proglottids. There is no trace of a digestive system. The general arrangement of the reproductive system resembles that of other Carophyllaeids; there being no duplication of geni- talia, merely a single set of organs. Aside from the poorly developed suckers, the anterior fifth of the body is without special organs. Three-fifths of the body length is occupied by small testes arranged in about two rows along the median line between the lateral vitelline glands. The vitelline glands extend in a single row along each side of the middle of the body to within about a fifth of the length from each end. They are elongated, oval in form and are readily distinguished from the testes, which are irregular and somewhat lobate. In the posterior fifth of the body are found the cirrus, uterus, and ovary. The vas deferens leading from the testes appears just posterior to the area occupied by the testes. It coils upon itself several times and ends in a well-developed cirrus. The ovary is posterior to the testes; it is a lobate organ having the form of a capital H. The uterus coils between the arms of the ovary, extends nearly to the posterior end of the body, then anteriorly to the genital pore which is immediately posterior to the cirrus. This species is similar to Carophyllaeus mutabilis Rudolphi. In Carophyllaeus mutabilis, however, the vitelline glands and Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 testes are intermingled and occupy the same regions while in Caro phyllaeus laruei the testes and vitelline glands occupy separate areas—the vitelline glands being immediately lateral to the numerous small irregular testes. One sucker caught in Green Lake, Wisconsin, August 25, 19109, contained twenty-four adult Carophyllaeus laruet. Two suckers caught in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, were found to be infected with this same species of Carophyllaeus. Larvae of Carophyllaeus laruei were found in the peritoneum of Roccus chrysops (Rafinesque) in Lake Mendota. These larval forms measure from .5 to 1 mm. in length and .2 to .3 mm. in width. Carophyllaeus larvae are characterized by a tail-like structure projecting from the anterior end at the point where the scolex is invaginated. Praciorcuis Lihe Characteristics of genus: The body is elongate oval, and covered with minute spines. Pharynx and esophagus are present and of approximately equal length, crura reach to posterior end. Genital pore is anterior to acetabulum. Cirrus sac curves around and reaches posterior margin of acetabulum. ‘Testes are round to oval and are separated by uterine braches. No receptaculum seminis. Ovary spherical, at inner end of cirrus sac. Vitellaria have many closely crowded follicles usually reaching posterior end. Eggs numerous. Found in intestine of insectivorous vertebrates, chiefly birds. Infection probably through insects. Plagiorchis corti, new species Type specimen: -Cat. No. 198, Museum of Zoology, Uni- versity of Michigan; taken from intestine of Schilbeodes gyrinus (Mitchill) from Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, September 24, 1919; A. S. Pearse, collector. 4 University of Michigan Description: This distome has a body which is elongated and slightly flattened; length 1 mm., width.3mm. A short esophagus and pharynx are present. The coeca branch directly from the pharynx and extend to the posterior end of the body. The genital pore is median and immediately anterior to the ventral sucker. The genital bursa is elongated, slender, and cylindrical, it lies dorsally and extends posterior to the margin of the ventral sucker. The testes are posterior to the ovary, they are oval in form and are situated obliquely. The ovary is found slightly posterior and to the left of the ventral sucker. It is oval and is about one-half the diameter of a testis. The uterus coils extensively, winding between the testes, to the posterior end of body, then anteriorly to the genital pore. Many eggs are present in the uterus. The vitelline glands extend from the region of the pharynx to the posterior testis. They are arranged in a line of single follicles lateral to coeca and do not extend across the body. This species is similar to Plagiorchis notabilis Nicoll, found in the intestine of Anthus obscurus (rock pipit). The genus Plagior- chis has not been reported from fishes. It is found chiefly in birds. Perhaps the life-cycle may alternate between birds and fishes; this remains for further research. BIBLIOGRAPHY Brawn, M., Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen der Thierreichs. Bd. 4, Vermes, Lief. 36-37 (1900), p. 1140. Mrizek, A., Uber die larvae von Carophyllaeus mutabilis Rudolphi. Cen- tralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasit., Bd. 29 (1901), pp. 485-91. SCHNEIDER, G., ‘‘Carophyllaeus” fennicus n. sp. Arch. f. Naturges., Jahrg. 68 (1902), Bd. 1, p. 65. StrossicH, M., Una Nuova specie del genere Plagiorchis Liihe. Ann. Mus. Zool. Univ. Napoli, N.S., Vol. I, No. 16 (1904), p. 684. WarD AND WHIPPLE, Fresh-Water Biology, New York (1918), pp. 404, 420. Wr, A., Anatomie von Carophyllaeus mutabilis Rudolphi. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. 56 (1893), p. 4. PLATE I Fic. 1.—Plagiorchis corti: adult seen from ventral surface as, anterior sucker; a/, anterior testis; ci, cirrus; co, coeca; es, esophagus; go, genital opening; ov, ovary; ph, pharynx; ps, posterior sucker; tf, posterior testis; ut, uterus; vf, vitelline glands. Fic. 2.—Carophyllaeus laruei: adult seen from ventral surface ci, cirrus sac; cu, coiled uterus; ov, ovary; sx, scolex; ts, testes; vd, vas deferens; 2, vitelline glands. Prank PLAGIORCHIS CORTI CAROPHYLLAEUS LARUEI ba +» 4 = 8 ‘ ' f ' ‘ ‘ ' 1 ' ' 4 : ‘ ' ' i i ' ' 1 ' ' 1 ' ‘ ' i} ‘ U ' i f ‘ H | ' t ' H , 3 ' ae i: as er: Oe my i anti laGeliietdate qanegtdani itl | — a 2)0) 6 oY Oo > py go? | 4) Sh REC Oh Ge Ge OCR Caley © G0 ir bu fe 4 a fe Ho ea i oe a ay Maes ae hoon oes Eee era hae em LUAU ULE eee iaetae ns te) Be Gein nd ‘ 1 o?~ Sie) ah meatley @ oto? ® °5°, @ ' AG ; A eee O29 B@q ®@ OD DFPQE TT sacri EN aan Figure 1 mat ait ten Gberye ‘ ' 7 ' f ' ‘ ' ' ' 1 fh ‘ ' | 1 , 1 1 ' ' ' ' ’ ' ‘ Y , J ‘ ' ‘ ' ‘ \ ' ‘ gates -OV ARE Figure 2 + ms ta = NUMBER 94 JANUARY 22, 1921 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY THE LATITUDINAL VARIATION IN THE NUMBER OF VERTICAL FIN-RAYS IN LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS By Cart L. Husss I It has frequently been noted that the number of vertebrae and related characters of fishes, the fin-rays included, increase from tropical waters toward the poles—a problem now being investi- gated from several angles by the present writer. This short paper is presented as an addition to the data bearing on the phenomenon. It has already been observed by Nichols! and by Starks (MS) that the dorsal and anal rays of Leptocottus armatus tend to increase in number toward the north, but neither of these ichthyologists possessed sufficient material from the critical region of the south- central coast of California; a deficiency overcome by the writer, who collected extensively in this region in 1916. The sharpest break in the series occurs in central California, enabling the distinction of a southern comparatively few-rayed subspecies from a northern many-rayed form; this break conforms with a like t Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXI (1908), 172. 2 University of Michigan division of other elements of the fauna of western North America. Additional material will probably permit the separation of an Alaskan subspecies. But whatever systematic treatment we may decide to accord these forms, it appears demonstrated that the fin-rays increase gradually in number northward, being fewest in the warm bays of southern California and most numerous along the colder coast of Alaska. Other similar cases will be recorded by the writer. II The following two tables illustrate this northward increase in the number of dorsal and anal fin-rays in Leptocottus armatus. The last ray in each fin is counted as branched; this ray having obviously been listed as two by Nichols, his counts are all decreased by one. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 TABLE I GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN NUMBER OF Rays oF SECOND DorsAL FIN IN Leptocotius armatus Locality Subspecies oe aa oe . 9 Authority Port Mulgrave, Alaska...... armatus ie ele ee eae Nichols Seward Alaska: -saiac ees armatus Se see Ail S Nichols arlukeAlaskaas. sentecs ost armatus Ne Spat Mea eee Hubbs ijumeatune Alaskays a eae ar armatus Be eg Hubbs Sitka wAlaskaley.g serait ce nec armatus NS at Nichols Snug Harbor, Alaska....... armatus ot Nichols Hunter Bay, Alaska: ..2:.-- armatus I I Nichols Gabriola Id., British Colum- Dialeeeartirncro es hte helen tse armatus 2 Nichols Barclay Sound, British Co- aM Dia estes AP eal eh armatus Tete oe ie ee Nichols Nanaimo, British Columbia! armatus rain eae Rede een ae Hubbs San Juan Is., Washington...| armatus a, ke ert oie ec Hubbs Port Townsend, Washington} armatus rg eg ene pe Nichols Seattle, Washington........ armatus Sen cade oe ee Hubbs Cape Flattery, Washington| armatus ee Hubbs Hiorence,.Oresonia--s sane armatus Sarl ae orice anit Hubbs Glenada, Oregon... ...:..- armatus Oe oe pe bed fone Nichols San Francisco market....... armatus Ela a Hubbs SansHrancisco) Bay. 2.5 . armatus te LOM Taye Hubbs Santa Cruz, California...... armatus Era 7e oie. Hubbs Carmel River, California... . ? meee Hubbs Morro Creek, California....| australis Ae iG ewer Hubbs Morro Bay, California...... australis 6 15 Hubbs Chorro Creek, California....| australis i Hate Hubbs Avia Galifomiae.. 5 265. australis Dok 5 Hubbs Santa Inez River, California} azstralis Dee Oe 2 Hubbs Goletay Calitomias. 5... ee australis Ty Ate oI Hubbs Santa Barbara, California...| australis Ba: Hubbs Carpenteria, California. .... australis 1O)/26) 6 Hubbs Ventura, Califormia... 5... .- australis Res Ae Hubbs Mission Bay, California..... australis a AAS Hubbs San Diego Bay, California} australis a. Oni = Nichols Hubbs AU lOcalsties ac oetae ce mies armatus 220) 3207 PAM Ocalitiesse eae 5 aac australis y 34 OCT AN my Peete 7 oie < 4 University of Michigan TABLE II GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN NuMBER OF ANAL RAys IN Leptocoitus armatus Locality Port Mulgrave, Alaska...... Seward iyAllaska--pemisa- aan KarlukayAllaskan rides Sitkas (Alaskan ais son acetates Snug Harbor, Alaska....... Hunter Bay, Alaska........ Gabriola Id., British Colum- DLA" 55-2 ceed teas Ser home Barclay Sound, British Co- Ikitac] eres aera aos oe Nanaimo, British Columbia San Juan Is., Washington... Port Townsend, Washington Seattle, Washington........ Cape Flattery, Washington Florence, Oregon........... Glenada, Oregon........... San Francisco market....... San Francisco Bay......... Santa Cruz, California...... Carmel River, California... . Morro Creek, California... . Morro Bay, California...... Chorro Creek, California... . Avalas|Calitomiae n2o see see Santa Inez River, California Goleta, California.......... Santa Barbara, California... Carpenteria, California..... Ventura, California......... Mission Bay, California..... San Diego Bay, California IAUIMocalities.< ccc. 2 seks Atltlocalities).. 2 c.Jaee ac. Subspecies armatus armatus armatus armatus armatus armatus armatus armatus armatus armatus armatus armatus armatus armatus armatus armatus armatus armatus 2 australis australis australis australis australis australis australis australis australis australis australis armatus australis Anal Rays Eq i57 16) 27) 2810 | ee Tite ? to tO e . . YN COW DHNATNHE DN: W- Lal COL) CNeNeS nicl & Authority Ae Nichols Riles i Nichols ‘ Hubbs ~ Nichols 1 ep et Nichols Bit Wee Nichols i) ove rie pr Nichols r tens Nichols Tees Hubbs : Hubbs Nichols Hubbs Hubbs a ee Hubbs Soe Nichols 2h cea Hubbs ba Hubbs ~ : oe Hubbs Hubbs Hubbs Hubbs Hubbs Hubbs Hubbs Hubbs Hubbs HHH - Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 Ill Leptocottus armatus australis, new subspecies Leptocottus armatus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII (1854), 145 (in part; not type); U.S. Pac. R.R. Surv., X, part 4 (1858), 60, Pl. 15, Fig. 2 (in part); Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., III (1880), 25, 455 (in part); ibid., IV (1881), 60; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVI (1883), 713 (in part); Rosa Smith, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., VI (1883), 235; West Am. Sci., I (1885), 46; Eigenmann, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XV (1892), 131, 168; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., VI (1892), 356 (in part); Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., XLVII, part 2 (1898), 2012; Part 4 (1900), Pl. 302, Fig. 733 (in part); Starks and Morris, Publ. Zool. Univ. Cal., III (1907), 220 (in part); Nichols, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXI (1908), 172 (in part). Holotype: A specimen 87 mm. long to caudal base, seined by the writer in the brackish water lagoon at the mouth of Ventura * River, at Ventura, California, on June 27, 1916; Cat. No. 55055, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. Diagnosis: Like typical armatus, but with fewer rays in the vertical fins; dorsal spines 6 or 7 instead of 7 or 8 (usually 7 in each subspecies); dorsal soft rays 14 to 17 (usually 16), instead of 16 to 19 (usually 17 or 18); anal rays 14 to 16 (usually 15) rather than 15 to 19 (usually 16 or 17), the last soft ray in all cases counted as double. The variation in the number of rays in the second dorsal and anal fins in the various parts of the range of the species is indicated in the preceding tables. Record-stations: Leptocottus armatus australis has been recorded or taken by the writer at the following localities, all in California: San Luis Obispo County: fresh tidewater of Morro Creek (Hubbs); sand bar in Morro Bay, at mouth of Morro Creek (Hubbs); fresh tidewater of Chorro Creek (Hubbs); Avila, in brackish lagoon at mouth of San Luis Creek (Hubbs); “San Luis Obispo” (Jordan and Gilbert). Santa Barbara County: slightly brackish lagoon at mouth of Santa Inez River, at Surf (Hubbs); near mouth of estero at Goleta 6 University of Michigan (Hubbs); Santa Barbara (Jordan and Gilbert); El Estero at Carpenteria (Hubbs). Ventura County: brackish lagoon at Ventura, at the mouth of Ventura River (Hubbs). Los Angeles County: San Pedro Bay (Girard; Jordan and Gilbert). Orange County: sloughs of Alamitos Bay (Hubbs). San Diego County: inclosed salt water lagoon at mouth of San Diequito River, near Del Mar (Hubbs); Mission Bay, also known.as False Bay (collected by Scripps Institution for Biological Research); San Diego Bay (Girard and later authors; young collected by the writer in the sloughs of Dutch Flats on March 14, 1913). : Lower California: small stream near mouth, near Rosario, just south of the international boundary (Rosa Smith). Measurements of holotype in hundredths of length to base of caudal (87 mm.): depth of body, 22; depth of caudal peduncle, 7; length of head, 37; snout, 10; orbit, 7; interorbital, 4.5; pre- opercular spine, from ridge, 8.5; suborbital, 3.5; maxillary, 17; mandible, 18; snout to occiput, 27; occiput to origin of dorsal, 11; base of first dorsal, 19; height of first dorsal (longest ray), 10; base of second dorsal, 36; height of second dorsal, 14; length of caudal (to lower angle), 18; base of anal, 32; height of anal, 11.5; isthmus to anus, 36; length of pectoral (from upper angle), 25; length of pelvic fin,14. Fin-rays—dorsal, VII- 16; anal, 16 (counting the last soft ray as branched); caudal, 11 (g branched); pectoral, 18; ventral, I, 4. IV Leptocottus armatus australis is abundant throughout its known range. The adults occur along the open shore; the young abound in the bays and estuaries, especially during the spring months. They live in salt, brackish, or fresh water, but apparently do not Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7 ascend the streams far if at all above tidewater. Their movements, like those of most cottoid fishes, are rapid and angular. Upon coming to rest after a short dart through the water, they frequently half bury themselves on the bottom, throwing mud or sand over their bodies by a wriggling movement. The head is often widely dilated when the fish is seized, the strongly antlered preopercular spines projecting outward as weapons of defense. When held in the hand, they were heard to emit a low deep-toned grunt, the belly rapidly vibrating. The young feed largely on crustaceans, particularly small crabs. The only adult of the subspecies opened, a specimen 182 mm. long to caudal, from Santa Barbara, had also eaten a crab. (An adult of L. a. armatus from Florence, Oregon, taken in the mouth of the Suislaw River, contained fish scales in its stomach, probably from a salmon cannery at that place.) LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS — RECORD STATIONS L.A. ARMATUS @ L.A.AUSTRALIS O RECORD STATIONS OF LEPTOCOTTUS ARMATUS IN CALIFORNIA NUMBER 95 JANUARY 22, 1921 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBoR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY NOTES ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF FISHES FROM KAMERUN, WEST AFRICA By Cart L. Husss In 1907-8 Mr. George Schwab made a miscellaneous col- lection of animals for the Museum of Zoology at Efulan (or Efulen), Kribi, Kamerun, West Africa; among these are eighteen fishes, representing the ten species listed below. All but one of these (Mastacembelus goro) have been obtained at the same locality by Mr. G. L. Bates, whose collections Dr. Boulenger has already recorded. 1. Marcusenius batesii Boulenger—Two topotypes. 2. Barbus taeniurus Boulenger.—A single specimen of this very distinctively colored Barbus, originally described from Efulan. 3. Labeo annectens Boulenger.—Two adults, likewise topotypic. 4. Clarias walkert Giinther—Two specimens, provisionally referred to this species (which apparently is not sharply distin- guished from numerous others of the Jaeviceps group), differ from Boulenger’s description only in the somewhat shorter maxillary barbels, which, however, are considerably longer than the head. 2 University of Michigan 5. Allabenchelys longicauda Boulenger.—The two specimens (112 and 113 mm. long to the caudal fin) of this aberrant genus secured by Mr. Schwab at Efulan depart notably from Boulenger’s account of A. longicauda, the genotype and oldest species, in many respects agreeing better with A. brevior Boulenger, which will probably prove not to be a valid species. These two species, Depthiohbodye-aay ee eres enesthsofheadens. 9 seer Width of bony casque in width of head..........:. Eye in interorbital...:..... Interorbital width.......... Length in width, premaxil- lary band of teeth........ Nasal barbel in head....... Maxillary barbel........... Peaches. eee eee ee Outer mandibular barbel.... Inner mandibular barbel... . Occiput to dorsal, in head.. Snout to pelvic, in pelvic to caudal aan eee sl Length of pectoral......... Pectoral’spine: seeemer : .. = Length of caudal........... Dorsalsray Steerer. 2. soc. FATIA STAYS Gree? owe) sen A. ‘‘brevior” FG Ons 5-075-5 Ca. 2.0 small St 07, =orhead nearly to or be- yond middle of pectoral d foes Sail TF] .67-2.9 OSE ay = 1.65 1.8 weakly serrate 68 (one) A. longicauda Q.O-12.0 SES ORO 3.0 indistinct 6.0 2 4.0-5.0 TeO7 200 =or>head middle or end of pectoral TOs i.07—250 ie SS E07 T.75-2.0 TOF 220 smooth or slightly ser- rate GO se 80-90 60-75 until lately the only ones known, were both originally described from the Ja River, Kamerun, but only Jongicauda has been recorded from the Kribi. In the first and third columns of the following table are given the characters assigned by Boulenger respectively to A. brevior and A. longicauda; in the middle column are listed the correspond- ing characters taken from the two specimens in the collection being reported upon. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 In both specimens the body is rather inconspicuously vermicu- lated with light and dark markings, not mentioned by Boulenger, and the caudal fin is crossed toward the margin by a light bar bounding an area in which the pigment becomes more intense from the base of the fin backward. 6. Amphilius longirostris Boulenger.—One specimen, a topotype. 7. Auchenoglanis ballayi Sauvage.—One individual. 8. Doumea typica Sauvage.—Three. 9. Mastacembelus sclateri Boulenger.—Three topotypes. 10. Mastacembelus goro Boulenger.—A single specimen, repre- senting a new record-station for the species. NUMBER 96 FEBRUARY 19, 1921 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY TWO NEW NEOTROPICAL GENERA OF LESTINAE (ODONATA) By E. B. WILLIAMSON For many years I have had in my collection a large lestine labelled Teresopolis, Santa Catharina, Brazil. I know nothing of the history of this specimen, and the means by which I obtained it have long since been forgotten and were unfortunately not recorded on the envelope in which the specimen is preserved. At different times this specimen has been studied by Mr. Kennedy and myself and he has attached to it the manuscript name Super- lestes which is employed in the following paper. Drawings of the abdominal appendages were sent to Dr. Ris who identified the species as Lestes exoletus Selys. The original description is certainly wrong in describing the abdomen as about 36 mm. in length. In February, 1920, the members of the University of Michigan Venezuelan Expedition found a fine large lestine in the quebrada opposite and across the Rio San Esteban from the old historic Salom home in the village of San Esteban. This proved to belong to a distinct undescribed genus which I have named Cyptolestes 2 University of Michigan from the distinctive large convex cell under the subquadrangle in the hind wing. Superlestes, new genus Runs out in Munz’s key to Lestes. From Lestes and Austro- lestes it is separated at once by the shortening of M, which in the front wing reaches the wing margin at about the level of the proxi- mal side of the stigma and in the hind wing proximal to this level. In the other genera M, reaches the wing margin in both wings under the stigma or even distal to it. Superlestes differs from Lestes sponsa, type of the genus, and Austrolestes in having Cu; and Cu, arise from the medio-anal link in very close proximity, Cu, curved forward from this point, and the first postquadrangu- lar cell with the anterior and proximal sides about equal, and the distal and posterior sides about equal, in which character Super- lestes resembles Lestes virgatus and L. viridis. In Lestes sponsa and Austrolestes Cu; and Cu, are more separated at the medio- anal link, Cu, is straight, and the first postquadrangular cell has the anterior side longer than the proximal, and the posterior longer than the distal. Other venational characters of Superlestes are: M, arising in the front wing between the fourth and fifth postnodals, and in the hind wing at or near the fourth; M,, zigzag, arising at the sixth to eighth postnodals in the front wing and at about the sixth in the hind wing; bridge vein of R, arising from M,,4, well distad to the forking of M,4, and M,; three sectors between M, and M,, two between M, and R,, two between R, and M,, and two between M, and M,; 16-17 postnodals in the front wing and 14-16 in the hind wing; stigma covering three cells. Type: Lestes exoletus Selys. Superlestes exoletus Selys Abdomen: male 55; hind wing, male 35. Male: Rear of head yellow; labium yellow, the end hook shading to black at apex and the movable hook shining black; Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 labrum, gena, and base of mandible green, the first the brightest; clypeus, frons, and epicranium brown with some indefinite darker to black shadings. Prothorax light yellowish brown, the middle lobe above with dark or black shadings; posterior border convex. Thorax above light yellowish or greenish brown, sides clearer and more yellowish, shading below on the coxae to orange; an ill-defined brown band on the upper three-fourths of the mesepi- sternum, not reaching the upper edge of the sclerite and separated from the middorsal carina by about half the distance it is separated from the humeral suture; middorsal carina narrowly yellow, bor- dered narrowly with black, which black border surrounds the mesepisternum except the upper part of the humeral suture; metastigma placed in a large black spot which extends across the sclerite; a smaller black spot at the angle of the lower border of the metepimeron, and a larger black spot on either side of the poststernum and anterior to the spot at the angle of the lower border of the metepimeron about one-half the distance from this spot to the metasternum lying between and posterior to the last coxae; in the midline, where the poststernum meets the metaster- num, on the anterior end of the metasternum, and, on either side, on the suture just posterior to the last coxae, are black areas; there are also black areas on the pro- and mesosterna; the posterior border of the metepimeron above and below and the extreme posterior border of the poststernum are black edged. Abdomen: 1 bluish green above, shading to greenish yellow on the sides, the dorsal basal half yellow, posterior border black; 2 similar, but an ill-defined longitudinal dark bar on either side, most distinct posteriorly; 3 bluish green with the black longitudinal areas on either side distinct and more extensive so the green is confined to a basal ring, a longitudinal middorsal bar, narrowed in the apical fifth or sixth, and a wider longitudinal bar on the ventro- lateral border below the black; 4-7 similar but the black becoming 4 University of Michigan more extensive progressively posteriorly so the middorsal green is narrowed on 4 and still more on 5 where it disappears at about three-fourths the segment’s length; the green basal ring is present on 5, but_not posterior to that segment, and pale color is wanting or ill defined on the inferior lateral areas of each segment posterior to 5; 8-10 bluish gray, each segment bordered posteriorly with black, very narrowly on 8 and g, wider on 10; a black subbasal spot on either side of 8; the ventral border of 9 black; the lower half of 10 indefinitely dark shaded. Appendages black. Coxae yellow, the third pair each with a dark spot on the outer side and a larger black area on the inner side; femora dark with a pale colored stripe through each of the two rows of spines, thus leaving a narrow median ventral stripe and a wide dorsal stripe dark; first and second femora with the dorsal stripe brown, and the third femora with it black; dorsum of tibiae pale, greenish on the first, light yellowish brown on the others; each tibia dark at apex; the first tibiae each with a black longitudinal bar on either side of the narrow pale middorsal line, thus making the dorsal surface largely black; second and third tibiae each with these dark bars greatly reduced to mere basal streaks, thus leaving the dorsal surface largely pale; ventral surface of all the tibiae with a black longitudinal line, wide on the first and narrower on the second and third tibiae; tarsi black or nearly so, the tooth on the tarsal claw variable in the single specimen, equal or subequal to the claw itself. Venation black, stigma brown; venational characters discussed under the genus. Described from a single male, from Teresopolis, Santa Catha- rina, Brazil, in collection E. B. W. Cyptolestes, new genus Related to Archilestes, from which and from all other lestine genera it is separated at once by the enlarged marginal cell pos- Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 8 terior to the subquadrangle in the hind wing. Quadrangle, sub- quadrangle, and wing petiolation essentially as in Archilestes, from which it is separated at once by the retracted nodus (wing base to nodus less than one-third the wing length in Cyptolestes, more than one-third in Archilestes); by the more distal forking of M,,, and M, (distance from arculus to forking about equalling the length of the second antenodal costal space in Cyptolestes, much shorter in Archilestes); by the greater length of the first postquadrangular cell (anterior side longer than proximal side and posterior side longer than distal side in Cyptolestes; anterior and proximal sides about equal, and posterior and distal sides about equal in Archilestes); by M, ending at the wing margin proximal to the level of the stigma (under the stigma in Archilestes) ; and by the greatly shortened stigma. Other venational characters of Cyptolestes are: bridge vein of R, meeting M,+, adjacent to M; or in the fork, or, in one front wing of a female, arising from M, near the fork; M, arising at slightly before the second postnodal to three-fourths the distance between the second and third post- nodals beyond the second in the front wing, and at three-fourths the distance between the first and second postnodals beyond the first postnodal to two-thirds the distance between the second and third postnodals beyond the second postnodal in the hind wing; M,, Straightened, not zigzag, arising just before the sixth to the eighth postnodal in the front wing, and just before the sixth to the seventh postnodal in the hind wing; two short sectors between M,, and M,, two between M, and Rs, two between R,; and M,, and only one distinct one between M, and M,, this one parallel to M,; a more or less distinct sector between this one and M, (in Archilestes there are at least three more or less distinct sectors between M, and the short sector parallel to M,); Cu, and Cu, arising from the medio-anal link almost at a point; postnodals front wing 17-19, hind wing 16-18; stigma covering two to three and ‘one-half cells, two and one-half to three usually. In the 6 University of Michigan general shape of the wing and in the straightening of M,, Cypto- lestes is very similar to Megalestes, from which it is separated at once by the more petioled wing, the shape of the quadrangle, the more proximal forking of M., and the presence of sectors betwe ,and M,. Type: Cyplolesies tuberalatus, new species. Cyptolestes tuberalatus, new species Abdomen: male 51-54, female 47.5; hind wing, male 37, female 39. Male: Rear of head dull yellow; labium light dull yellow, darker anteriorly, the end and movable hooks black, the latter especially shining black (dull pale yellow or flesh, brown tipped in Archilestes grandis); gena and mandible black; labrum bright blue, paler above, edged with black below; anteclypeus largely blue, shading out laterally and above into black; postclypeus, frons, epicranium, and antenna black, the epicranium, especially about the eyes, tinged metallic green. The colors of the eyes in life were briefly noted as follows: limited area above blue, then broadly black, yellow below. Prothorax brown, below shading out to pale dull i sate ; the anterior border black-edged; middle lobe with two or three metallic green areas on each side above; posterior lobe black above with green reflections, posterior border convex. Thorax brown, mesepisternum and mesepimeron each with a large metallic green area which covers most of each sclerite but does not reach any sutures; mesepimeron below darker or black anteriorly and dull yellow posteriorly, this yellow sometimes extended above as a yellow stripe on the first lateral suture as in the female; suture between metepisternum and metepimeron black; ventral edge of metepimeron with anterior half yellow and posterior half black; sternum dull pale yellow, anterior half with an ill-defined central area and one on either side brown or Occasional Papers of ithe Museum of Zoology 7 black; in older individuals the sternum is largely dark brown or black with the edge and a small central area yellowish; in all of the specimens the metathorax and the ventral surfaces of the entire thorax and the coxae are largely covered with a dense white pruinescence. Abdomen brown to black, overlaid with metallic green, with a slight bluish cast, which disappears posteriorly; 1 brown, more or less black above, especially posteriorly, with the posterior border and a large posterior lateral area black; 2-7 with dorsum and sides brilliant metallic green, most brilliant on the basal segments and fading out posteriorly; 8-10 black, 8 slightly less metallic than 7, 10 more or less white pruinose above, especially basally or in the middle. Superior appendages black, apex elevated above the level of the dorsum of the abdomen; inferiors wanting, that is, no longer than the immediately adjacent parts. Coxae yellowish, black below externally; legs black, femora with a posterio-ventral yellowish stripe which does not reach the apex; tibiae narrowly lined dull yellow dorsally; spines on legs as usual, the four or five basal spines of the anterior row of the first femora short, flattened, feather-shaped, like the distal spines of the anterior row of the first tibiae, but shorter. Tooth on tarsal claw distinctly shorter than the claw itself. Venation and stigma black; venational characters discussed under the genus. Female: Differs from the male as follows: gena and mandible bluish or greenish yellow; labrum dull blue; anteclypeus brown with a bluish or leaden central area; epicranium with little if any metallic green reflection. Prothorax dark brown or black with some very restricted paler shadings; sides slightly paler with ill-defined yellowish areas and the lower border dull yellow. Thorax with a yellow stripe on the first lateral suture, duller and narrower above, wider and paler below; the yellow anterior 8 University of Michigan half of the ventral border of the metepimeron is produced above as an ill-defined yellow bar across the sclerite, but the posterior half of the ventral border remains dark as in the male. Abdomen similar to the male, the metallic green possibly with less bluish cast; 10 not pruinose; genital valves black with a single row of teeth on the ventral border, styles curved, roughly tuberculate with numerous white hairs, similar to the styles in Archilestes; abdominal appendages black, acute, about as long as the tenth segment. Legs and wings as in the male, but the stigma brown rather than black. San Esteban, Carabobo, Venezuela, February 4, 6, and 8, 1920; three males and two females, one of the latter very teneral, J. H. and E. B. Williamson and W. H. Ditzler, collectors; type male, February 6, and allotype female, February 8, in collection E. B. W. Across the Rio San Esteban from the old Salom home is a small quebrada which passes from the forest to flow for a short distance through grassy or cultivated fields to meet the river. It is the first hill tributary of the San Esteban above the mouth of the latter. In the forest this quebrada consists of a succession of pools connected by small rivulets of water flowing through jumbled rock masses or over vertical faces. The surroundings are somber, relieved by the frequent great pink blossoms of the Rosas de Montafias, and the stream is destitute of aquatic vege- tation. On February 6, J. H. W. worked this quebrada from its mouth to its source without finding any Hetaerinas, which were so common on quebradas farther up the Rio San Esteban, where we also took Megapodagrion and Cora cyane, neither of which were seen on this quebrada. A short distance above the mouth of the quebrada is a tributary from the left which, followed back into the forest, is of the same general character as the main stream. On these two small streams we took the few specimens captured of Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9 Cyptolestes tuberalatus and we saw it nowhere else. In life it hung up in the bushes over or near the water, and on the wing and at rest resembled Archilestes grandis, which occurred rarely on the same quebrada. All seen were captured. Patrolling the same streams, but more difficult by far to capture, were occasional individuals of the beautiful and majestic Gynacantha membranalis. PLATE I (Wing photographs by C. H. Kennedy.) Fic. 1.—Cyptolestes tuberalatus, female, San Estaban, Carabobo, Vene- zuela, February 6, 1920. Fic. 2.—Archilestes grandis, female, Pasadena, California. Fic. 3.—Superlestes exoletus, Brazil. Fic. 4.—Lestes sponsa, male, Glanborough, Ireland. Fic. 5.—Austrolestes cingulatus, Bacchus Marsh, Australia. New NEOTROPICAL LESTINAE PLATE I PLATE II (Figures 6 and 7, wing photographs by C. H. Kennedy.) Fic. 6.—Lestes virgatus, male, Kilimandjaro, Africa. Fic. 7.—Lestes viridis, male, Perli Kan. Frcs. 8 and o.—Abdominal appendages of Superlestes exoletus. The right superior appendage is broken off. Fig. 8, left superior and inferior appendages in supero-internal view; Fig. 9, lateral view. Fics. 10 and 11.—Abdominal appendages of Cyptolestes tuberalatus, type male. Fig. 10, lateral view; Fig. 11, supero-internal view of left superior appendage and supero-external view of right superior appendage. New NEOTROPICAL LESTINAE PEATE En SS AIR CE a a SS mE ae Se SS ST se be ee S NUMBER FEBRUARY 22, 1921 3, 19 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY RESULTS OF THE BRYANT WALKER EXPEDITIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TO COLOMBIA, 1913, AND BRITISH GUIANA, 1914 THE CHILOPODA By Ratpo V. CHAMBERLIN This report deals with the chilopods collected in Colombia in the summer of 1913 and in British Guiana in the summer of 1914 by the Bryant Walker expeditions of the University of Michi- gan. At the latter time two species were also taken at St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands. The material, which was almost wholly collected by F. M. Gaige, represents twenty-six species. The type specimens are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Included in the paper are descriptions of two new Brazilian species of Pselliodes related to the one described from Colombia. The forms secured in the three localities mentioned are as follows: COLOMBIA Otocry ptops ferrugineus (Linné) New portia longitarsis (Newport) Otostigmus scabricaudus (Humbert and Saussure) 2 University of Michigan Otostigmus clavifer, sp. nov. Rhysida celeris (Humbert and Saussure) Scolopendra gigantea Linné Cupipes ungulatus Meinert Notiphilides maximiliani (Humbert and Saussure) Diplethmus mexicanus Cook ; Schendylurus colombianus, sp. nov. Pselliodes colombiana, sp. nov. BritisH GUIANA Cryptops furciferens, sp. nov. Otocry ptops ferrugineus inversus, subsp. nov. Tidops echinopus, sp. nov. Newportia diagramma, sp. nov. Newportia (Newportides) unguifer, sp. nov. Newportia lasia, sp. nov. Newportia parva, sp. nov. Otostigmus clavifer, sp. nov. Otostigmus brunneus, sp. Nov. Ribautia fuhrmanni Ribaut Or phnaeus brevilabiatus (Newport) Adenoschendyla gaigei, sp. nov. Schendylurus labbanus, sp. nov. Ityphilus guianensis, sp. nov. UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS Scolopendra morsitans Linné Scolopendra subs pinipes Leach CRYPTOPIDAE Cryptops furciferens, sp. nov. Caudal margin of head overlapped by the first dorsal plate. Head without longitudinal sulci. First dorsal plate with a cervical sulcus which is angularly produced caudad at the middle, the apex of the angle in a slight pit; two longitudinal sulci which bifurcate cephalad, and end on the cervical sulcus, the inner branches converging and meeting at the angle of the latter. Second and succeeding dorsal plates to the twentieth bisulcate. Anterior margin of prosternum distinctly biarcuate; marginal setae 3+3. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 Last ventral plate with sides convex, more strongly so caudad, the caudal margin wide and nearly straight. Anterior legs with tarsi uniarticulate. Anal legs with only the femur (prefemur of Verhoeff) furrowed above, the furrow deepest distally; succeeding joints merely flattened above or the tibia shortly furrowed or notched at distal end. Femur, tibia, and metatarsus flattened along mesal side, or the second and third of these joints somewhat concave along this surface. Femur and tibia each with numerous spinules along dorsomesal surface and along the ventromesal surface, the median region of mesal surface entirely free from them, a tooth toward distal end of ventromesal series as in heatht Chamb.; the ventral surface of femur also with numerous spinules excepting a narrow naked stripe just ectad of the ven- tromesal spinous band; tibia with fewer ventral spinules than femur, the naked space more extensive. Metatarsus with a ven- tral series of four teeth, the first tarsal joint with two. Coxo- pleurae truncate caudally; each with two spinules along caudal border and one farther forward toward ectal border. Length, 13.5 mm. British Guiana: Demerara River, east trail along river bank, collected in very damp clay beneath ground litter of rotten twigs and leaves, F. M. Gaige, August 11, 1914. One specimen, the type, M.C.Z., 2173. Apparently most nearly related to the Brazilian C. heathi Chamberlin, which it resembles in the furcate paired sulci of the first segment, etc. It is a larger form in which the last dorsal plate is not so angular caudally and the last ventral plate with caudal margin essentially truncate instead of rounded. The anal legs with tibia and metatarsus not furrowed above, and with spining different; e.g., the spinules along dorsomesal surface of femur and tibia which are absent in /eathi, the more numerous ventral spinules of ventral surface with the naked space between them and mesoventral ones, especially on tibia, etc. 4 University of Michigan Otocryptops ferrugineus (Linné) Scolopendra ferruginea Linné, Syst. Nat., 12th Ed. (1767), 1, part 2, p. 1063. Colombia: San Lorenzo, 4,500 ft. Six adults and several young collected July 2, 3, 4, and 7, 1913. These specimens are typical and uniform in all characters. Otocryptops ferrugineus inversus, subsp. nov. Plate I, Figs. 1 and 2 Specimens from Guiana agree in general with those of the preceding species excepting more particularly the armature of the prosternum. In typical ferrugineus four teeth are present with the two mesal ones much larger and carried farther forward than the laterals which are often much reduced. In the present form there is a smooth-edged dental plate across anterior margin of prosternum much as in melanostomus but with the ends the highest part, the edge concave between the ends. In one specimen the outer ends of the plate are abruptly and angularly extended forward, subdentiform. The margin of prosternum beneath the plate is very obtuse, nearly straight, not produced forward at middle so far as in typical ferrugineus (Plate I, Figs. 1 and 2). The specimens are somewhat larger than ordinary /ferrugineus, the type being 62 mm. long. British Guiana, Dunoon: sand-hill forest, August 18, 1914; Labba Creek, sand hills, August 25, 1914. One specimen from each place. Type, M.C.Z., 2174. Tidops echinopus, sp. nov. Plate I, Fig. 5; Plate II, Figs. 6 and 7 Body in general ochraceous. Head and prosternum with prehensors pale chestnut. Antennae and legs fulvous, or the latter when in full color ochraceous like the body excepting the last pair. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 Head with paired median sulci showing only as short lines at posterior border as in 7. simus Chamberlin. Caudal margin widely convex, more flattened in middle region. Anterior margin notched at middle, a short median sulcus extending caudad from the notch. Antennae somewhat flattened, composed of seventeen articles. First four or five articles rather sparsely hirsute, the succeeding ones becoming more and more densely clothed with fine short hairs. Claws of prehensors dwarfed as in the genotype. Anterior margin of prosternum bearing two broad teeth or dental plates which are contiguous or subcontiguous at middle and are distally obliquely truncate, longest on outer side, wider than long (Plate I, Fig. 5). Transverse sulcus of first dorsal plate bent back at middle in an obtuse angle which lies in a shallow depression, the sulcus free from the cephalic plate. The paired longitudinal sulci furcate anteriorly as in the genotype, the inner branches meeting at the angle of the transverse sulcus. Paired submedian sulci present also on succeeding tergites, including the second; lateral sulci beginning on the third. With no median keel set off on posterior plates. Last tergite with caudal margin truncate at middle and concave on each side, without a median sulcus but with a shallow median depression or pit. Each normal sternite with a deep median longitudinal sulcus which does not cross the anterior portion of plate. Last ventral plate with caudal margin incurved. Process of coxopleurae moderately long, with apex acute and single. No lateral spines. Pores small, numerous. Spiracles obliquely elliptic and rather large. Anterior tarsi undivided. Tarsi unspined. Each metatarsus of anterior legs with a stout spine at distal end on anterior side, and a more slender spine or spiniform seta at distal end beneath, several other ventral setae also ordinarily stout 6 University of Michigan and subspiniform. Tibia also with several stout ventral setae, two usually at distalend. Femur with three or four stout setae in a series beneath. Femur of anal legs armed beneath with a series of four stout spines or processes which are as long as the depth of the joint or nearly so;! along middle of outer surface a series of about seven ordinary spines, and along middle of mesal surface a series of typically five similar spines, the series not extending to distal end; along dorsomesal edge a series of eleven or twelve simi- lar but longer spines. Tibia in midventral line with two short, distally curved teeth or spines, one a little each way from middle, and a single similar spine on mesal surface at proximal end; the other joints unarmed. Metatarsus not produced at distal end beneath. First tarsal joint much thicker and longer than the other as in the genotype, clavately enlarging distad. Distal division of tarsus composed in the type of twenty-three short articles (Plate II, Figs. 6 and 7). Length, up to 25 mm. British Guiana, Dunoon: Labba Creek, sand-hill forest, July 27, August 19; “‘second mourie,” August 24, 1914. Six specimens. Type, M.C.Z., 2175. This is an interesting form in that it is the second species of the genus to become known. The first, 7..s7mus Chamberlin, was described from Grenada (Bull. M.C.Z., 59 [1915], p- 496, Plate I). From 7. simus the present species differs in various obvious features. Thus, the antennae have seventeen joints instead of thirteen; the dental processes of the prosternum are broader than long, close together, and distally rounded; the femur of the anal legs bears four processes beneath instead of three and these are much longer, the mesal spines are five in number instead «Only three ventral processes are present on one side in one specimen, this leg being apparently regenerated. The distal tarsus is much shorter than that of the other leg, but the normal number of articles is present. Occasional Papers of the Museum cf Zoology ¥ of two and the dorsomesal ones eleven or twelve instead of five or six; the tibia of anal legs lacks the conspicuous process at distal end beneath, and the distal division of tarsus consists typically of twenty-three articles instead of six or eight, etc. Newportia longitarsis (Newport) Scolopocryptops longitarsis Newport, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIX (7845), 407, Plate 40, Fig. 10. Colombia: San Lorenzo. July 4, one specimen; July 5, a female with her numerous young taken in a stump, 4,500 ft.; July 22, 1913, 5,000 ft., one specimen, also a female with her eggs for which more definite data are not given. Newportia diagramma, sp. nov. Plate II, Figs. 8 and 9 The general color of dorsum is from ochraceous to light chestnut with the head scarcely differing from the tergites. Legs from essentially similar in color to the tergites to fulvous, the anal legs always fulvous distally. Head with scattered punctae; with two short paired longi- tudinal sulci from caudal margin. Caudal margin widely convex, in middle region nearly straight. Antennae consisting normally of seventeen articles of which the first four bear setae and the succeeding ones more numerous short hairs of the usual character. Anterior margin of prosternum bearing a narrow chitinous plate which is convex on each side and obtusely notched at the middle. Prosternum witha median longitudinal sulcus which is not sharply impressed at the middle and is often distinct nowhere else. First dorsal plate with a semicircular cervical sulcus free from the head with unbranched paired longitudinal sulci which, begin- ning about halfway from caudal margin to cervical sulcus, first: diverge from each other and then come back a little before reaching- the sulcus which they cross, continuing to or nearly to the edge of 8 University of Michigan the head. Paired sulci distinct on tergites from second to twenty- second inclusive, lateral sulci for the most part not obvious and median keels absent or obsolete. Ventral plates with a median longitudinal sulcus which is interrupted over caudal border and over about the second fifth of its length. Last ventral plate with caudal margin weakly concave. Coxopleural processes very short, practically reduced to the single terminal spine. Coxopleurae wholly unarmed. Pores small and very numerous. Spiracles circular, rather large. Tarsi of all legs but the last biarticulate, but the two joints not movable upon each other. Metatarsus of all legs from first to antepenult with the usual spur at distal end on anterior side, otherwise legs wholly unspined. Penult legs unarmed. Femur of anal legs somewhat triangular in cross-section, being dorsally flattened with a furrow at distal end and ventrally com- pressed to a ridge which bears three long straight processes which project ventrocaudad, or less commonly four or even five such processes; otherwise without spines or spinules but with numerous very short hairs each of which arises from a nodule or slight tubercle. Tibia and metatarsus wholly unarmed, bearing short hairs from nodular bases like those of the femur (Plate II, Fig. 8). First joint of tarsus half or more the length of the metatarsus; distal division or flagellum of tarsus composed of distinct articles of variable length and mostly from nineteen to twenty-five in num- ber; setae of tarsus short (Plate II, Fig. 9). Length, to 50 mm. British Guiana, Dunoon: Labba Creek, sand hills, July 27 and August 25, 1914; and sand-hill forest, August 17, 19, 20, and 24,1914. Nine specimens. Type, M.C.Z., 2176. A female numbered tor is accompanied by her numerous eggs, the field note stating that “it was found in a small cavity ina Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9 rotten log and was curled about the eggs when uncovered, but made no attempt to defend them, hurrying away to concealment in the débris.”” (August 19.) This indicates that the female Newportia remains with the eggs as do those of Otocryptops and various other Scolopendroids in which respect they are like the Geophiloids. Newportia (Newportides) unguifer, subgen. et sp. nov. Plate II, Fig. to Body and legs in general fulvous. Head with prehensors and antennae darker, more orange. Head with paired sulci similar to those of ernsti Poc. but shorter, not fully attaining the middle, and not crossed by a transverse sulcus near base. Antennae proportionately long, composed of seventeen articles of which all but the first two are clothed with numerous short fine hairs. Dental plates of margin of prosternum more prominent than usual, separated by a deep acute median emargination, inner corner of each rounded, the ectal one subrectangular. First dorsal plate with a free semicircular cervical sulcus; with paired longitudinal sulci which pass beyond the cervical sulcus as in ernsti Poc., etc. Paired submedian sulci present on all sub- sequent tergites to the twenty-second, deep lateral sulci present from the fifth plate caudad as are also paired sulci setting off a flat median keel. Ventral plates with a median longitudinal sulcus. Last ventral plate with caudal margin gently arcuate, being convex at the middle and concave toward each end. Coxopleural processes of moderate length, ending in a single point; they and coxopleurae otherwise unarmed. Spiracles minute. Anterior legs unarmed excepting for the usual metatarsal spine at dista] end in front and this much reduced. ‘a University of Michigan Femur, tibia, and metatarsus of anal legs conspicuously flat- tened. First tarsal joint about half as long as the metatarsus; distal division of tarsus abruptly much more slender than first, consisting of distinct articles typically nine in number and termi- nating in a fully developed curved claw. Femur armed beneath with four spines or processes which are short and distally curved. Tibia with two much smaller spines beneath, one a little each side of middle in the median line. Other joints unarmed (Plate II, Fig. Io). Length, 18 mm. British Guiana, Dunoon: Labba Creek, sand hills, July 27 and August 25, 1914; sand-hill forest, August 17 and 24, 1914. Five specimens. Type, M.C.Z., 2177. The claws of the anal legs in this species are of normal size, being rather better developed than those of V. amazonica Brole- mann, the only other known species of the genus bearing true claws on the anal legs. The present species differs from amazonica in having the joints of the tarsus distinct, or mostly so, in the shorter processes of the femur, the much smaller spines of tibia and their position, and in numerous other details; but the two are obviously closely related and may be placed in a separate subgenus, Newportides, subgen. nov., in contrast with the forms with clawless anal legs, Newportia sens. str. Newportia lasia, sp. nov. Plate Ill, Fig. 11 Ochraceous to bright orange-yellow, the head more reddish. Antennae and legs fulvous. Head with short paired sulci extending across posterior border; punctae fine, sparse; caudal margin widely convex. Antennae long, reaching upon the fifth segment when laid back; consisting of seventeen articles. Short hairs on all articles Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology II though less dense on first one or two which have the more numerous setae. Dental plates low, separated by a median incision, their edges straight. Prosternum without median or paired sulci. First dorsal plate with a freely exposed semicircular cervical sulcus, but without trace of paired longitudinal sulci, which are also lacking on the second tergite. Paired submedian sulci present from third tergite caudad, lateral sulci beginning with the fourth. All tergites without traces of a median keel. Ventral plates with a median longitudinal sulcus. Last ventral plate not sulcate, its caudal margin obtusely excavated. Spiracles circular, rather large. Coxopleural processes of moderate length, point single, no spinules on them or coxopleurae. Pores of coxopleurae very numerous. Mesal surfaces of coxopleurae beginning at bases of processes densely pilose. Basal spines of tarsal claws large. Distal division of tarsus of all legs to the penult inclusive with a large ventral spine at its middle. Metatarsus of all legs to the antepenult inclusive with two distal spines, that of the penult legs with only the ventral one. All joints of penult legs densely pilose over mesal surface. Mesal surface of femur of anal legs densely pilose, the hairs elsewhere numerous but less dense. All joints of anal legs more or less decidedly flattened. Tarsus without any first article set off from the rest, no distinct divisions at all present, as a whole much longer than the metatarsus. Femur armed along ventral edge with five short curved spines. The tibia with a series of three similar but somewhat smaller spines, one near middle and two proximad of middle (Plate III, Fig. rr). Length of type, 52 mm. British Guiana, Dunoon: sand-hill forest, August 20, 1914, F. M. Gaige. Two specimens. Type, M.C.Z., 2178. 12 University of Michigan Newportia parva, sp. nov. Plate IV, Fig. 16 General color of body and appendages fulvous. Head relatively long, widest behind; paired longitudinal sulci present only for a short distance in front of caudal margin. First three articles of antennae sparsely hirsute, the other with the usual fine short hairs. Dental plates low, each convex. First dorsal plate with cervical sulcus free, strongly angled at middle, the angle in a depression. Paired longitudinal sulci furcate, their inner branches running as usual to the angle of the cervical sulcus and each outer one ectocephalad to the sulcus. Paired sulci also present on the second and succeeding plates as usual. On the third and more posterior plates lateral sulci also present and a flat median keel set off by submedian sulci present in posterior region at least. Last ventral plate rather broad, its caudal margin concave. Spiracles minute. Coxopleural processes proportionately long, point single. Anterior legs without true spines excepting the small spine or spur at distal end of metatarsus on anterior side, but setae in part stout and subspiniform. First tarsal joint of anal legs half as long as metatarsus or a little longer, somewhat clavate distad, abruptly thicker than the distal division, which in the type is short, and consists in the type of ten articles, in a young paratype of but four. Femur armed beneath with a series of three processes which are distally curved and are short, in length less than half the depth of the article; also bearing along mesal surface three spinules and along dorso- mesal edge six; also a series of about six similar spinules along ectal surface. Tibia in median ventral line with two spinules, one each side of the middle, on mesal face with three of which the Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 13 basal one is larger, and two on dorsomesal edge proximad of middle. Other joints unarmed (Plate IV, Fig. 16). Length, 16 mm. British Guiana, Dunoon: Labba Creek, “first mourie,”’ sand- hill forest, August 18 and 26, 1914, F. M. Gaige. ‘Two specimens. “The first collected in rotten wood and the second under fallen leaves in a tree clump.”’ Type, M.C.Z., 2179. OTOSTIGMIDAE Otostigmus scabricaudus (Humbert and Saussure) Branchiostoma scabricauda, Rev. et Mag. Zool., Ser. 2, XXII (1870), 203 Colombia: San Lorenzo. One female taken from a bromeliad on a tree, July 22, 1913. Otostigmus clavifer, sp. nov. Plate I, Fig. 3 Dorsum in general light olivaceous; sometimes the caudal borders of tergites, the first tergite, and head caudad of the frontal region with prosternum somewhat light ferruginous, or the first tergite and head abruptly darker brown. Legs pale olive, the antennae browner. Head with punctae sparse; with no paired sulci. Antennae rather long; composed of twenty articles of which the first two and the basal fourth or less of the third are essentially glabrous. Prosternal teeth 4-++4, the innermost and outermost on each side smaller than the median two, the interval between which is wider than the others. Sulcus at base of dental plates forming an obtuse angle at middle, from which a short median line extends caudad. Dorsal plates distinctly bisulcate from the fifth caudad. Excepting the last none of the tergites laterally margined. None of the plates with a median keel, all smooth and shining, with no 14 University of Michigan trace of cornicles or spinous points. Last tergite with caudal margin obtusely angular at middle, wholly without furrows or pits. Ventral plates in general without distinct furrows; with a network of lines over caudal and cephalic borders. Last ventral plate narrowed caudad; the caudal margin slightly incurved; a median longitudinal furrow. Coxopleurae of pregenital segment not at all produced, caudally simply rounded. First four pairs of legs with two tarsal spines, the fifth and succeeding ones to the twentieth inclusive with one tarsal spine. Anal legs wholly unspined. Femur in male with a long process similar to that of scabri- caudus, etc., which arises from base on mesal side and attains the distal end of the joint; this appendage flattened, its mesal edge obtusely angled distad of its middle, appendage beyond this weakly curved, distally rounded and bearing at distal end on dorsal or submedian side a patch of golden-brown hair (Plate I, Fig. 3). Length, 52 mm. British Guiana, Dunoon: sand-hill forest, in rotten wood, August 24, 1914, one male; “‘first mourie,’’ August 26, 1914, one male; and “second mourie,’”’ August 19 and 20, 1914, two females; F. M. Gaige. Colombia: Cincinnati Coffee Plantation, July 5, 1913, F. M. Gaige. Type, M.C.Z., 2180, from Dunoon, British Guiana. The species is related most nearly apparently to O. scabricaudus (Humbert and Saussure), but is distinguished by the wholly smooth tergites and absence of median keels, the absence of median furrow on sternites, and the form of the appendage of the femur of the last legs, this being flattened rather than cylindrical with the end rounded, not flattened, and the patch of golden-brown hair at the side of the end, not at the middle of the distal surface, etc. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 15 Otostigmus brunneus, sp. nov. Plate I, Fig. 4 Both dorsum and venter brown, the head not differing from tergites. Anal legs olivaceous distad of femora. Head with paired longitudinal furrows at base and a short median sulcus extending caudad from anterior median emargination. Antennae long; composed of twenty articles of which the first two are glabrous excepting a few scattered setae, the others abundantly clothed with fine short hairs of the usual character. Prosternal teeth 4+4 but the most mesal one on each side united with the adjacent one nearly completely. Basal sulcus as in the preceding species. Dorsal plates from the fourth inclusive with paired sulci distinct. Only the last plate laterally margined, its caudal margin strongly convex in middle. ‘Tergites with surface smooth. Sternites not distinctly furrowed. Last ventral plate strongly narrowed caudad, its caudal margin incurved. Coxopleurae of pregenital segment not produced, caudally simply blunt or rounded. Legs of first three pairs with two tarsal spines, the succeeding ones to the antepenult inclusive with a single tarsal spine, the penult and anal legs unspined. Femur of anal legs of male with an appendage arising from mesal side toward the base much as in the preceding form; the appendage reaching only about two-thirds the distance to the caudal end of femur, much more slender than that of the preceding form, cylindrical, distally somewhat clavate and rounded and with a small patch of golden-brown hair on mesal side of end (Plate I, Fig. 4). Length, nearly 32 mm. British Guiana, Dunoon: “‘first mourie,’’ August 5, r914, F. M. Gaige, one male taken ‘among fallen leaves in a tree clump”; 6 University of Michigan and Labba Creek, sand hills, July 27, 1914, F. M. Gaige, one female “collected in rotten wood on ground.” Type, M.C.Z., 2181. Rhysida celeris (Humbert and Saussure) Branchiostoma celer Humbert and Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool., Ser. 2, XXXII (1870), 202. Colombia: Fundacion, August 11, 1913, under log in dry part of cleared marsh, one specimen, and August 16, 1913, 4,500 ft., one specimen; near Mamotoca, July 28, 1913, 200 ft., under damp leaves along ditch from Tamocal River. SCOLOPENDRIDAE Scolopendra gigantea Linné Syst. Nat., roth Ed. (1758), p. 638 Colombia: near Mamotoca at foot of mountains, under logs, July 30, 1913, Ruthven and Gaige. Two specimens about 150 mm. long. These are very deep olive brown, almost blackish in part, the tergites paler along caudal borders and posterior plates of more reddish tinge. Anal legs reddish chestnut proximally, distally deep olive. First legs with no dorsal spine above on femur, others with three or four. Scolopendra moisitans Linné Syst. Nat., toth Ed. (1758), p. 638 United States Virgin Islands (Danish West Indies): St. Croix, one young specimen collected beneath stone on a dry hillside September 18, 1914, and two adult specimens taken September 14-18, 1914, F. M. Gaige. Scolopendra subs pinipes Leach Trans. Linn. Soc., XI (1814-15), 383 United States Virgin Islands (Danish West Indies): St. Croix, five specimens of typical form taken September 14-18, 1914, F. M. Gaige. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 17 Cuptipes ungulatus Meinert Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XXIII (1886), 187 Colombia: near Mamotoca, under leaves along stream at La Tigrera, 400 ft., August 3, 1913, one young specimen apparently this species. CHILENOPHILIDAE Ribautia fuhrmanni Ribaut Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. de Neuchatel, V (i914), 79, Figs. 3-15 British Guiana, Dunoon: sand-hill forest, one specimen taken in aerial root masses, August 14, 1914, F. M. Gaige. Previously known from Colombia. ORYIDAE Notiphilides maximiliani (Humbert and Saussure) Notiphilus maximiliana Humbert and Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool., Ser. 3, V (1879), 205. Colombia: Fundacion, one male taken under bark of a log in the forest, August 14, 1913. Orphnaeus brevilabiatus (Newport) Geophilus brevilabiatus Newport, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIX (1844), 436. British Guiana, Dunoon: sand-hill forest, one specimen taken August 14, 1914, in aerial root masses, F. M. Gaige. SCHENDYLIDAE Diplethmus mexicanus Cook Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV (1899), 306, Plate V, Figs. 2a—2e Colombia: San Lorenzo, one male taken from bromeliad on tree at 5,000 ft., July 22; and an incomplete male taken under log at 2,000 ft., July 25, 1913. Professor Ribaut has also recorded this species from Colombia (Capetal Camelia, near Angelopolis) and gives an excellent descrip- tion with figures (Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. de Neuchatel, V [1914], 90, Figs. 26-37). 18 University of Michigan Adenoschendyla gaigei, sp. nov. Plate III, Figs. 12, 13, and 14; Plate IV, Fig. 17 Pairs of legs, 53, 55- Head plate longer than wide in ratio 12:11. Anterior margin straight or nearly so, emarginate at middle between antennae. Anterior corners oblique. Caudal margin wide, straight. Widest in front of middle, sides slightly converging caudad (Plate III, Fig. 12). Prebasal plate slightly exposed at middle only. Prelabial zone more than twice as wide as long. Reticulation distinct, fine, closest in the anterior median region as usual. A postantennal seta each side of this more finely reticulated area and just caudad of this a transverse series of typically six setae (3+3 or 3+4) the series not fully reaching the outer end on either side. ‘Two setae adjacent to median region of labrum. Labrum with median arc consisting typically of ten or eleven to fourteen teeth which increase in size from the middle to each end of the series, the median teeth distally rounded, the more lateral ones becoming more acute. Teeth of median arc on each side passing almost insensibly into the lateral series, the teeth of which are from seven to ten in number and become more slender and prolonged distally in going toward ectal end. The distance between the sides of the lateral pieces to the total width of labrum, measured straight across, as 9:40 (Plate III, Fig. 14). Coxosternum of first maxillae with 2+2 setae in a transverse series, the more mesal seta of each pair long, the ectal greatly reduced. For coxosternum of second maxillae see Plate IV, Fig. 17. Setae 3+3 or 3+4 in the usual semicircle back of anterior border of coxosternum of second maxillae with caudad of this on each side along median line and in front of caudal border out to the metameric pore a group of setae in a double series, the anterior series continuing forward a little in front of the pore. Metameric pore separated by a distance clearly four times or a little more the Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 19 distance from each pore to the corresponding caudoectal angle of the coxosternum. Claw of palpus large, completely pectinate. Basal plate wide at base, strongly narrowed forward. Proster- num broad, a little less than once and a half times wider than long (nearly 1.4:1); anterior margin unarmed. Femuroid of pre- hensors armed at distal end within with a short blunt tooth, the other joints unarmed. Claws of prehensors when closed extending beyond front margin of head, attaining or nearly attaining the distal end of the first antennal article (Plate III, Fig. 13). Tergites bisulcate. Last tergite large, a little broader than long (about as 14:13), shield-shaped, the sides being convex and converging caudad to an obtuse or rounded point. Ventral pores absent from first tergite; present without break on sternites from second to antepenult inclusive; pore area circular and undivided in all cases. Last ventral plate broad, sides converging caudad, posterior angles rounded and caudal margin widely convex. Last legs composed of the usual seven joints. Coxopleurae each with two heterogeneous or branched glands. Anal legs alike in stoutness and pilosity in the two sexes. Pairs of legs in the male, fifty-three; in the female, fifty-five. Length, up to 45 mm. British Guiana, Dunoon: Labba Creek sand hills, July 27; clay jungle by first landing on Labba Creek, August 12; sand- hill forest, August 14, 17, 18, 22, 24, 27, September 4; east trail along river September 2, 1914; F. M. Gaige. Many specimens collected under leaves and logs, in rotten wood and damp earth, eves gl ype NEC 2.2 2182. This species seems to be in most features very close to A. geayi Brodlemann and Ribautt the types of which were taken on the t Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Ser. 5, IV (1912), 108, Figs. 24-32. 20 University of Michigan lower Carsevenne, a river of northern Brazil just east of French Guiana. In geayi the anal legs of the male have the third, fourth, and fifth articles much more densely pilose than in the female, whereas in the present species there is no such difference. The figure given by the authors mentioned (Fig. 30) to illustrate the coxal glands of geayi shows the caudal margin of the last ventral plate as straight or slightly incurved, whereas in the present species it is distinctly convex. The prehensors in geay7 are smaller, when closed (as shown in Fig. 24, op. cit.) falling short of the front margin of the head, whereas extending well beyond it in gazgez. The prelabral setae in geayi are twelve in number in two series caudad of the postantennal pair, whereas there are but six (3+3) in a single series in the present form, or rarely with one or two extra ones in a second line. Teeth of the lateral pieces of the labrum in gaigez seven to ten, in geayi more than twelve. Metam- eric pores in coxosternum of second maxillae four times as far apart as each pore is from the corresponding caudo-ectal angle of coxosternum in gaige?, whereas they are only two and a half times as far apart as this distance in geay. The present species is larger, the maximum length being 45 mm. as against 25 mm. Schendylurus colombianus, sp. nov. Plate IV, Figs. 18 and 19 Cephalic plate with two furrows extending from caudal margin forward to about the middle. Short and broad, longer than wide in the ratio 9:8. Anterior margin obtusely angular. In prelabral region eight setae in two series caudad of the postantennal pair; thus, 1+1, 3+3, 1+1, the last two setae but little caudad of the preceding series and close to the middle. A clypeal area, or area of smaller reticular polygons, between and extending both cephalad and caudad of these two last setae, as also described for Jesnet Brélemann and Ribaut, but more in front than behind the setae. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoclogy 21 Median arc of labrum composed of about sixteen stout teeth of which those toward the ends of the series have the tips more acute and curved mesad, in transition to the more finely tipped lateral teeth of which there are in the type four on each side, making a total of twenty-four teeth (Plate IV, Fig. 18). Branches of first maxillae distinct, set off by suture; both dis- tally membranous and pointed, the outer branch more obtusely so. In the second maxillae the suture between pleurite and coxo- sternum is of the typicalform. Claws of palpi completely pectinate as usual. Basal plate trapeziform, its anterior margin overlapped by the head, the prebasal plate thus not evident. Anterior margin of prosternum unarmed. Claws of prehensors stout, when closed about on a level with anterior margin of head. Femuroid of prehensors with inner side very short, it and other joints unarmed. Tergites strongly bisulcate, the sulci deep and broad from the first plate. Last tergite very broad, wider than long nearly in ratio 5:3; sides moderately converging caudad; caudal margin widely convex with a short median portion truncate. Ventral pores present in a subcircular area on all sternites from the second to the penult inclusive. | Last ventral plate trapeziform, short and broad, wider than long in ratio 5:3; each lateral margin slightly incurved or, rather, forming a very obtuse re-entrant angle; caudal margin wide and straight (Plate IV, Fig. 19). Last legs consisting of seven articles. Coxae each with two large simple glands of which the anterior is completely covered and the posterior one covered excepting a small ectal portion. In the male the femur is thick and each succeeding joint is pro- gressively less in diameter, the last one slender (Plate IV, Fig. 19). Pairs of legs in male type, fifty-nine. Length, 32 mm. 22 University of Michigan ‘ Colombia: Fundacion, one male taken ‘“‘under bark of a log in the forest,” August 14, 1913. Type, M.C.Z., 2184. A species like Jesnei Brélemann and Ribaut in having all ventral pore areas undivided, but differing in the presence of pores on the penult sternite. In having pores on the sternites from the second to the penult inclusive similar to the Brazilian species perditus Chamberlin and bakeri Chamberlin, but these species have the prebasal plate exposed, the head longer, the legs fewer, etc. Schendylurus labbanus, sp. nov. Plate IV, Figs. 20 and 21 Cephalic plate widest in front of middle, longer than wide in ratio 7:6. Anterior corners oblique. Anterior margin straight. Posterior margin straight or very weakly incurved, wider than the anterior margin. Joints of antennae rather short, the fourth longer than wide nearly in ratio 7:6. Prelabral region with setae few, only four, or possibly six, occurring in one series caudad of the postantennal pair, the arrange- ment thus being r+1 and 2+2 or3+3. The usual area of smaller polygonal reticulations between and near the median setae of the second series. In contrast with the very wide median arch of the labrum of the preceding species, in the present form the median region is deep and comparatively short with the lateral pieces correspond- ingly long, as more usual in e.g., Adenoschendyla. The distance between ends of median arc about one fourth, or a little less, the total width of labrum. Median arc with thirteen teeth, each lateral portion with five or six teeth, these with more slender tips as usual (Plate IV, Fig. 21). Dental plate of mandibles in three sections or blocks, these bearing respectively three, three, and four teeth, a total of ten. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 2 ios) The first maxillae seem quite distinctive in that the inner branch on each side is much thicker than the outer branch, with the distal end broad and rounded, whereas the slender outer branch is distally acuminate. In the second maxillae the pleurosternal suture is clearly marked. ‘The claw of the palpi long, completely pectinate. For prehensors see Plate IV, Fig. 20. Ventral pores on all sternites from the first to the penult inclusive, the area circular and all undivided. Last ventral plate narrowed conspicuously caudad; caudal margin incurved. Pores of last coxae two on each side, large and simple as usual. Pairs of legs, forty-nine. Length, about 12 mm. British Guiana, Dunoon: clay jungle, by first landing on Labba Creek, one specimen taken under a log, August 12, 1914, F. M. Gaige. Type, M.C.Z., 2183. Apparently nearest to S. tropicus Brélemann and Ribaut of French Guiana. It differs in having all ventral pore areas undi- vided, in the much fewer setae of the prelabral region, and in the characteristic form of the first maxillae, etc. BALLOPHILIDAE Ityphilus guianensis, sp. nov. Plate V, Figs. 20, 23, and 24 General color in alcohol fulvous. Head without frontal suture, short, a little wider than long, the ratio of width being about 19+:18. Anterior and posterior margins truncate, the latter much the longer (Plate IV, Fig. 22). Antennae distally strongly clavate, geniculate. The enlarged subcylindrical distal portion embraces the last six articles of which the first is transitional, being narrow at base and strongly widening distad. Articles, excepting the ultimate, all wider than 24 University of Michigan long, those proportionately shortest and widest being the four immediately preceding the ultimate (Plate IV, Fig. 22). Prelabral region with six setae, a postantennal series of 2+2 and two setae following, one behind the other, on the median line. Labrum simple, non-chitinous. Mandible with about eleven teeth of which the most ventral are largest. Prosternum with chitinous lines present, these light. Anterior margin widely and evenly concave. Prehensors short, joints all unarmed, but claw serrate at base within (Plate V, Fig. 23). Dorsal plates conspicuously roughened with transverse ridges or series of short rugae or tubercles which bear setae. Last dorsal plate shield-shaped, broad at base with sides convex and strongly converging to the narrowly rounded caudal end. Ventral pores present in a circular area on all sternites from the first to the penult inclusive. Sternites with numerous long setae, these arranged in general in four longitudinal series, with five or six setae in each, and sometimes several irregularly placed setae. Presternites with setae in a transverse series. The pleu- rites also with straight setae. Setae of legs similar to those of body, numerous. Last ventral plate long, strongly narrowed caudad from middle in front of which the sides are subparallel; caudal margin short and straight (Plate V, Fig. 24). Anal legs, in the male at least, strongly thickened, subconi- cally narrowing from base to distal end. Setae straight and stiff, numerous, a longitudinal ventral series of somewhat larger special setae on each leg over its entire length as in J. lilacinus Cook. Coxopleural pores two on each side, these simple, with the posterior one typically considerably larger than the anterior (Plate V, Fig. 24). Pairs of legs, forty-nine in one specimen and fifty-five in two. Length, 23 mm. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 25 British Guiana, Dunoon: “‘east trail along river bank, in very damp clay beneath ground litter of rotten twigs and leaves,”’ August 11; sand-hill forest, in rotten wood, August 18; and “second mourie,” under dead leaves, August 19, 1914. One speci- men from each locality. Type, M.C.Z., 2185. Ityphilus lilacinus Cook, from Sugar Loaf Key, Florida, the only other known species of the genus, has a much larger number of legs, seventy-one pairs, and the anterior margin of the prosternum is more deeply and angularly excised, etc. In some respects, such as the form of the posterior region of the body, very similar to Taeniolinum setosum Pocock, a small form from St. Vincent having forty-nine pairs of legs; but the antennae of this form are short and distally attenuated, much as in Orphnaeus, and the . ventral pores are said to be transverse, so that the two species can scarcely be congeneric and quite likely do not belong to the same family. In several respects Taeniolinum suggests Diplethmus of the family Schendylidae. . SOUTIGERIDAE Pselliodes, gen. nov. Pselliophora Verhoeff, Sztzungs-Berichten der Ges-naturf. Freunde, 1904, No. 10, 259 (name preoccupied by Pselliophora Osten-Sacken, Diptera, 1886). Genotype.—P. colombiana, sp. nov. Pselliodes colombiana, sp. nov. Plate V, Fig. 25 Resembling P. nigrovittata (Meinert) and P. cavincola (Chamber- lin), though readily distinguishable by differences in coloration. Dorsum black with a narrow median longitudinal stripe of orange, ~ the stoma saddles dusky or fuscous, the color of the latter deepest bordering the stomata; with no continuous pale stripe along lateral margin of plates such as present in nigrovittata, this being at most represented by a small orange spot in each anterolateral corner. The median orange stripe on head narrow, its edges 26 University of Michigan well removed from eyes but a narrow tongue of the light color running from the median stripe obliquely cephaloectad to each eye. Legs much darker than in wigrovittata. Femur with a sub-basal cross-band of blackish beneath, not extending to upper surface, and a wider subdistal blackish annulus which is complete, the two annuli connected by a longitudinal dark stripe beneath, this extending distad beyond the second ring, the distal pale ring also more or less margined with dark. ‘Tibiae fuscous excepting a narrow annulus of orange at proximal end, a similar annulus at middle, and a pale spot at distal end above. Metatarsi fuscous excepting a narrow light ring at distal end and a similar one a little proximad of middle. Tarsi proximally fuscous, becoming _ singularly paler distad, distally typically dark orange. Venter light brown. Caudal margin of stoma-bearing tergites mesally only weakly indented or excised, not at all angularly produced at middle of depression, or the last plate alone vaguely obtusely angled at middle (Plate V, Fig. 25). Last tergite with caudal margin convexly rounded, not normally incurved as the West Indian cubensis (Chamberlin) and pulchritarsus (Verhoeff), at most ob- scurely notched. First tarsus of seventh leg with eleven segments, the second with forty. First tarsus of twelfth leg with ten segments, the second with thirty-six. Articles of first flagellum of antennae about sixty-two. Length, 28 mm. Colombia: San Lorenzo. From stump in woods at 4,500 ft. elevation, July 5, 1913. One female. Type, MeZ. 2499; Pselliodes orphnia, sp. nov. Plate V, Fig. 26 Much resembling P. colombiana in coloration. Dorsum similarly black with narrow mid-dorsal orange stripe; but the latter somewhat darkened over entire length as well as on saddles Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 27 excepting a narrow yellow border on each side adjacent to the black of the sides, the tips of the stoma fuscous as in the other species; there is also an obscure narrow light stripe along each side of tergites, an irregular bright spot occurring typically at anterior corner but also one near middle and one caudad. Venter brown. Head marked as in colombiana, but median pale stripe crossed by a dark V-shaped mark at level of antennal sockets and a narrow dark line farther caudad. Femora black excepting a narrow light ring at base, an irregular and interrupted one at middle and one at distal end which is most distinct above, the dark areas becoming more extensive than in colombiana. Tibiae colored essentially as in colombiana; black excepting a narrow sub-basal ring, a similar submedian one and a light spot at distal end above with an obscurer light region between middle annulus and distal end. Metatarsi dark excepting a fulvous annulus at distal end and one proximad of middle. - Stoma saddles more strongly elevated, and clothed with more numerous hairs between spinules. Posterior margin of all stoma- bearing tergites deeply incised at middle with stoma projecting in median region of excavation in an acute angle (Plate V, Fig. 26). First tarsus of seventh legs with eight segments as against eleven in colombiana, the second with thirty-eight. First tarsus of thirteenth legs with eleven segments, the second with thirty-eight. First tarsus of fourteenth legs with eleven segments, the second with forty-four. First flagellum of antennae in type with sixty-two articles. Length, 24 mm. Brazil: (W. M. Mann, Stanford Expedition, r911). One male. Type, M:C.Z., rags: Most readily distinguished from the preceding species by the deep excavation of posterior border of tergites with the angular projection at bottom of each into which the stoma projects, the 28 University of Michigan coarser and more numerous prickles over the stoma-saddles, and the more widely separated spinules of the caudal margin with the intervening prickles which are lacking in colombiana. Pselliodes natalana, sp. nov. Pselliophora nigrovittata Chamberlin (nec Meinert), Bull. M.C.Z., 58 (1914), p. 221. Dorsum with a median longitudinal fulvous stripe as wide as or posteriorly wider than a black fuscous stripe each side of it, with a continuous narrower fulvous or orange stripe along the lateral borders of plates. Stoma saddles pale excepting tips of stoma which are fuscous. Head yellow above excepting an irregular narrow dark stripe each side of middle between and caudad of eyes and a broader dark stripe mesad of base of each antenna and down the clypeus across the lower part of which the two stripes are united. Venter fulvous. Legs in general yellow. Femora of legs not annulate but with two dark spots on caudal side of which proximal one is smaller or sometimes absent, other- wise clear yellow. Tibiae each with two annuli widely interrupted both above and below. Metatarsi a little darker on anterior and posterior faces at base. First tarsus of seventh legs with eleven segments, the second with thirty-nine. First tarsus of ninth leg with fifteen segments, the second with thirty-three. Caudal margin of ordinary tergites mesally weakly incurved. Last tergite clearly more strongly narrowed caudad than that of colombiana, the caudal margin strongly convex. Length, 27 mm. Brazil, Rio Grande del Norte: Natal. (W.M. Mann, Stanford Expedition, 1911.) Type, M.C.Z., 2171. Paratypes, M.-C.Z., 1460, 1461, 1462, and 1453. The types of this species were, as indicated above, originally referred to P. nigrovittata (Meinert), but further study shows them to be distinct. The two species are readily distinguished by the differences in markings of the legs, etc. PLATE I Otocry ptops ferrugineus inversus, subsp. nov. Fic. 1.—Anterior margin of prosternum with adjacent parts of prehensors of type, X 18. Fic. 2.—The same of paratype, X18. Otostigmus clavifer, sp. nov. Fic. 3.—Femur of anal leg of male, dorsal view, X18. Otostigmus brunneus, sp. nov. Fic. 4—Femur of anal leg of male, dorsal view, X18. Tidops echinopus, sp. nov. Fic. 5.—Prosternum and prehensors, ventral view, paratype, X 46. SoutH AMERICAN CHILOPODA PLATE I Fic Fic Fic. Fic Fic. PLATE If Tidops echinopus, sp. nov. . 6.—Right anal leg, mesal view, with distal tarsus omitted, 29. . 7—Distal tarsus of same, X 20. New portia diagramma, sp. nov. 8.—Right anal leg excepting tarsus, mesal view, X13. . 9-—Tarsus of same, X13. Newportia (Newportides) unguifer, sp. nov. 10.—Right anal leg, mesal view, 45. SoutH AMERICAN CHILOPODA PEATE ot Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. PLATE III Newportia lasia, sp. nov. 11.—Right anal leg, mesal view, end of tarsus omitted, X13. Adenoschendyla gaigei, sp. nov. 12.—Head and prehensors, dorsal view, X 35. 13.—Prosternum and prehensors, ventral view, X35. 14.—Labrum, 187. Schendylurus colombianus, sp. nov. 15.—Prehensors, ventral view, X57. SoutH AMERICAN CHILOPODA PuatTeE IIL Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. PLATE IV Newportia parva, sp. nov. 16.—Left anal leg, mesal view, 45. Adenoschendyla gaigei, sp. nov. 17.— Detail of coxosternum of second maxillae, X7o. Schendylurus colombianus, sp. nov. 18.—Labrum, X 310. 19.—Caudal end of body, ventral view (hairs omitted), 57. Schendylurus labbanus, sp. nov. 20.—Prehensors, X72. 21.—Labrum, X3I0. SoutH AMERICAN CHILOPODA PLATE IV Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. PLATE V Ityphilus guianensis, sp. nov. 22.—Head, dorsal view, X75. 23.—Prehensors, ventral view, 117. 24.—Caudal end of body, ventral view (hairs omitted), X112. Pselliodes colombiana, sp. nov. 25.—Stoma and caudal border of sixth tergite, X18. Pselliodes orphnia, sp. nov. 26.—Stoma and caudal border of sixth tergite, X18. PLATE V SoutH AMERICAN CHILOPODA pay NUMBER 98 APRIL, 9Q,. 1921 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN Arzor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY MOLLUSCA OF NORTH DAKOTA By Mina L. WINSLOW North Dakota has received little attention from concholo- gists, a fact probably accounted for largely by the character of the country. Scattered notices of shells from the border- ing states of Montana and Minnesota have appeared from time to time, Hanham! lists the land and freshwater shells of Manitoba, Over? enumerates the mollusks of South Dakota, but for North Dakota proper only one short list by Daniels* has been published. Dall’s volume on the Alaskan fauna* includes of course many species whose range extends across the state of North Dakota, but specific records for the state are not given. The present paper is intended, therefore, as a contribution to a knowledge of the fauna of this semi-arid region. Conditions vary so much within the limits of the Nautilus, XIII, 1899, pp. 1-6. * Nautilus, XXIX, 1915, pp. 79-81, 90-95. ® Nautilus, XXXIV, 1920, p. 29 * Harriman Alaska We oeutOn. rer. Land and Fresh water Mol- lusks, 1905. 2 University of Michigan state that the list can be considered only a preliminary one. Exploration of the extreme northeastern corner of the state and of the Red River is especially desirable and would un- doubtedly add many species to the present list. During the summer of 1919 an opportunity was offered to collect mollusks in North Dakota through the generous co- operation of Dr. R. I. Young, Director of the State Biological Station at Devils Lake, N. D., with the Museum of Zoology. he work was undertaken as part of a survey of the fauna of the state, begun by Miss Crystal Thompson for the State of North Dakota. ists 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.75 1.8 hey Dorsal rays? 645008 ae oe 43 43 43 42 41 43 tors 39 Precaudal™ rings, }. 2965 19 21 20 20 21 21 21 20 Catidal pings ok ohr)sciee 48 47 48 45 47 48 47 47 Rings under dorsal....1. +9 1I+9 1+9 1+8 1+8%4 1+8%4 1+9 1+ 83 Rings over brood pouch 23 ' is on : . *Hubbs, Umiw. of Cal. Publ. Zool., 16, 1916, p. 158. * Starks, Ann. Carn. Mus., 7, 1911, p. 177. * Starks and Morris, Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool., 3, 1907, p. 183. *Osburn and Nichols, Bull, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 35, 1916, p. 154, fig. 7. NUMBER IOI APRIL) O, 1921 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN Arzor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY ANEW. SPECIES OF CERATODUS' FROM THE UPPER TRIASSIC OF WESTERN TEXAS aye de Cx CASE In the summer of 1920 the author collected a very perfect tooth of the Dipnoan genus Ceratodus from the Dockum (Rhaetic) beds of Crosby County, Texas. ‘This is Number 7324 of the University of Michigan Geological collection. An examination of the literature shows that this genus has not been previously reported from the Triassic of North America. The tooth is a palatal from the right side and is still attached to its bony base. The outline is triangular with the angle much elevated. ‘There are five denticles with a rud- imentary sixth. The denticles are thin, sharply angular and without crenulations even on the anterior edges. The denti- cles are separated by deep grooves which form deep indenta- tions at the distal edge. The three median denticles extend to the apex of the angle, the first and fifth nearly as far; the imperfect sixth denticle joins the fifth at about its median 2 University of Michigan point. The tooth is of medium thickness and is built up of superimposed laminae. The surface is marked by numerous minute pits which can be seen (when the surface is damp- ened) to be the terminations of vertical canals. "The bottom of the grooves is marked by irregular depressions into which the canals open as upon the rest of the surface. Remains of fish are very scarce in the Dockum beds. With the exception of a few small conical teeth which may belong to fish, this is the only one found in a collection of several hundred teeth. It is especially interesting in its suggestion of the occurrence of palustral areas in an otherwise arid or semi- arid region; this suggestion is strengthened by the discovery of a bed of Unios of as yet undetermined species, by the abundance of plant remains in an advanced state of decom- position and by the occurrence of gypsum in restricted areas. By far the larger number of remains found in these beds are of Phytosaurians and large Stegocephalians. For this new species of Ceratodus I would suggest the name C. dorotheae in recognition of the work of Miss Dorothy Doughty of Post City, Texas, an enthusiastic and intelligent collector. Right palatal tooth of Ceratodus dorotheae * 6 NUMBER 102 PXERIT Oy FOZ E OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Ann Arsor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY SHELLS FROM ALCONA, OSCODA AND CRAWFORD COUNTIES, MICHIGAN By Mina L. WINSLOW The following list of species from Michigan is offered as a contribution to a knowledge of the fauna of the state. Al- cona, Oscoda and Crawford Counties lie in the northeastern part of the southern peninsula in a region where little col- lecting has been done. The list is compiled from several sources, the principal one a collection made in 1917 by Crystal Thompson and Helen T. Gaige at Harrisville and Greenbush, Alcona County. The writer is indebted to Dr. Bryant Walker of Detroit for further records of shells from Greenbush and Killmaster, Alcona County. Other material in the Museum of Zoology was collected by J. E. Reighard and N. A. Wood in the course of a trip down the Au Sable River in 1903. The writer wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Bryant Walker in naming the greater part of the collections and in verfying or correcting the writer’s identifications of the 1917 material. 2 University of Michigan List OF SPECIES* Polygyra albolabris (Say). Alcona County: Harrisville, Crystal Lake. Oscoda County: McKinley. Crawford Coun- ty: 3 miles east of Grayling. Polygyra fraterna (Say). Alcona County: Harrisville. Os- coda County: McKinley. Polygyra monodon (Rackett). Oscoda County. Polygyra sayana Pilsbry. Alcona County: Harrisville. Os- coda County: near Butler Bridge. Circinaria concava (Say). Alcona County: Harrisville. A small form, the largest measuring: altitude 7, diameter 13 mm. Vitrina limpida Gould. Alcona County: Harrisville. Vitrea binneyana (Morse). Alcona County: Harrisville, Greenbush. Vitrea ferrea (Morse). Alcona County: Harrisville,. Vitrea hammonis (Strom) (=vradiatula Alder). Alcona County: Harrisville. Oscoda County: McKinley. Vitrea multidentata (Binney). Alcona County: Harrisville. Two specimens, of which one has a solid bar in place of one row of the internal teeth. Pilsbry* says: “. . . with ordinary specimens of multidentata there sometimes occur shells in which radial barriers similar to those of I’. lamell:dens re- place the teeth of the normal form. Such specimens are known from: W. Granby, Hartford Co., Conn.; Garrettville, O.; Greenwich, N. Y. (Acad. Coll.) ; Deering, Wie aie field, N. Y. (Coll. G. H. Clapp); Ottawa, Can. (Coll, Bryant Walker), and Ithaca, N. Y: (Coll. H. EF. Sareeme) tie record adds another locality to the list. ‘Unless otherwise specified localities are in or near the Au Sable River. 2 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1903, p. 208. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 Euconulus fulvus (Miller). Alcona County: Greenbush, Killmaster. Euconulus chersinus polygyratus (Pilsbry). Alcona County: Harrisville. Zonitoides arborea (Say). Alcona County: Harrisville, Greenbush. Oscoda County. Zonitoides exigua (Stimpson). Alcona County: Harris- ville. Zonitoides minuscula (Binney). Alcona County: Green- bush. Agriolimax agrestis (Linneus). Alcona County: Harris- ville. Agriolimax campestris (Say). Alcona County: Harrisville. Pyramidula alternata (Say). Alcona County: Harrisville, Crystal Lake. Oscoda County: McKinley. Pyramidula cronkhitei anthony: Pilsbry. Alcona County: Harrisville, Greenbush. Oscoda County. Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Alcona County: Harrisville, Greenbush. Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc). Alcona County: Harris- ville, Twin Lakes, Lincoln. Succinea avara (Say). Alcona County: Killmaster. Succinea avara vermeta (Say). Alcona County: Harrisville. Succinea ovalis Say. Alcona County: Bamfields, Oscoda County: McKinley. Succinea retusa Lea. Alcona County: Harrisville. Strobilops virgo (Pilsbry). Alcona County: Harrisville, Greenbush. 4 University of Michigan Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Alcona County: Harrisville. Gastrocopta tappaniana (C. B. Adams). Alcona County: Harrisville. Vertigo gouldu (Binney). Alcona County: Killmaster. Vertigo ovata Say. Alcona County: Harrisville. Cochlicopa lubrica (Muller). Alcona County: Harrisville, Greenbush. Vallonia pulchella (Muller). Alcona County: Harrisville. Carychium exiguum (Say). Alcona County: Killmaster. Carychium exile H. C. Lea. Alcona County: Harrisville. Lymnea catascopium Say. Crawford County. Lymnea obrussa Say. Alcona County: Killmaster, Pine River. Lymnea obrussa exigua (Lea). Alcona County: Harris- ville, Greenbush. Lymnea palustris (Miller). Alcona County: Killmaster, Pine River, Harrisville, Greenbush. Lymnea stagnalis appressa (Say). Crawford County. Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Oscoda County. Crawford County. Planorbis circumstriatus ‘Tryon. Alcona County: Harris- ville, Greenbush. Planorbis trivolvis Say. Alcona County: Greenbush, Kill- master, Pine River. Physa anatina Lea. Alcona County: Killmaster, Pine River. Physa gyrina Say. Alcona County: Harrisville, Greenbush. Crawford County. Physa gyrina ? Say, var. Alcona County: Killmaster, Pine River. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 Physa heterostropha Say. Oscoda County. Physa integra Haldeman. Alcona County: Bamfields. Os- coda County: Big Creek. Crawford County. Physa sayu ‘Tappan. Crawford County. Anmmicola limosa (Say). Crawford County: South Branch of Au Sable River. Alcona County: Killmaster, Pine River. Valvata tricarinata Say. Crawford County: South Branch of Au Sable River. Goniobasis livescens Menke. Alcona County. Oscoda Coun- ty. Crawford County. Campeloma rufum (Haldeman). Oscoda County. Spherium fabale (Prime). Oscoda County. Spherium sulcatum (Lamarck). Alcona County: Van Net- ten Creek, Greenbush. Crawford County. Spherium stamineum (Conrad). Oscoda County: McKin- ley, Butler Bridge. Spherium striatinum (Lamarck). Oscoda County. Lasmigona compressa (Lea). Crawford County. Alasmidonta calceolus (Lea). Crawford County. Anodonta marginata Say. Alcona County: near Harrisville. Anodonta grandis footiana ? Lea, Alcona County: Green- bush, Twin Lakes, Lincoln. oe) + . eo. rae | S Ta oo" NUMBER 103 JUNE 21, 1921 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN Arzor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY DESCRIPTION OF AN APPARENTLY NEW LIZARD FROM COLOMBIA By ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN A collection of reptiles and amphibians received from Senor Hermano Nicéforo Maria, Medellin, Colombia, contains sev- eral representatives of an apparently undescribed teiid lizard. The family Teiidae is evidently in need of revision, but as at present understood the species is to be referred to the genus Prionodactylus. Prionodactylus marianus, new species . Diagnosis: Head scales normal; frontonasal undivided; nostril pierced in an undivided, often deeply grooved, nasal; supraoculars 2 or 3; 31-39 scales around the middle of the body ; 30-31 dorsal scales between the occiput and the groin; ventral scales in eight longitudinal rows, all smooth, 19-20 2 University of Michigan scales between the collar and groin. Color (in alcohol) above olive or olive brown with two dark brown or black stripes from the snout to the base of the tail; a narrow white line from the end of the snout to the arm insertion, sometimes faintly continued to the groin; below bluish or lead color with or without black spots. Habitat: Colombia. Type Specimen: Cat. No. 56037, Museum of Zoology, Uni- versity of Michigan; San Pedro, Colombia; March 25, 1921; H. N. Maria, collector. Description of Type Specimen: Upper head shields slightly rugose; frontonasal single; prefrontals broadly in contact; parietals and interparietals subequal in Size 6 scales, 4 ante- rior and 2 posterior, form an occipital group; 3 supraoculars on one side and 2 on the other; loreal present ; 6 lower Iabials ; 6 upper labials; chin shields large, 1 anterior and 4 pairs, the first two pairs forming a suture. the third pair separated by 3 scales and the fourth by 7 scales. Two longitudinal rows of enlarged gular scales; 5 collar shields. Thirty-four scales around the middle of the body; dorsal scales lanceolate, strongly keeled and often tricarinate on the body, on the neck becoming shorter, broader and less strongly keeled toward the head, behind the occipitals rounded and striated; 31 scales from parietals to groin; lateral scales small and bluntly keeled ; ventral scutes large, all smooth, in 20 rows from the collar to the groin; 2 enlarged preanal scales. 3 Color above brownish olive with two dorsal, longitudinal, black stripes extending from the snout on to the posterior part of the tail, where they are broken up into spots; a few blacix Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 spots on the sides; a white line from the end of the snout extends beneath the eye and ear nearly to the arm insertion ; below dark slate color, the scales on the abdomen margined posteriorly with black. Total length, 115 mm.; length of head and body, 45 mm.; length of head (to ear), 10.5 mm. Notes on Paratypes: The most variable character is the number of rows of scales around the body, this number vary- ing from 31 to 39. This variation seems to be associated with differences in the number of sma!! lateral scales. The enlarged scales on the occiput are differently arranged and vary in size, but a common grouping is a large scale on each side of a small one followed by two large ones. The head shields are rugose or striated in all specimens. ‘The preanals are two, except that in two specimens there is a long, narrow scale ou the outer side of each large one. Usually the supraoculars are two, of which the first is the larger and in contact with the prefrontals. In two specimens there are three supraocu- lars on each side, the first the largest and in contact with the prefrontals; in another, the type, a small one is, on one side, interposed between the large one and the prefrontal. The two dark brown or black stripes may begin at the tip or on the base of the snout and are generally separated from each other by the width of two or two and a half scales. The stripe between the black ones is generally wider on the head and neck and is often paler than the ground color of the body. The black stripes are irregularly defined below, and there are usually present some black spots on the flanks which may rep- resent a band between the axilla and groin. The white lin 4 University of Michigan on the side of the head and neck is always present, and in one specimen it is continued on the body as a faint line to the hind limb. Remarks: This species recalls P. vertebralis (O’Shaugh- nessy) and P. ockendeni Boulenger, and it should be poimted out that, while it can be readily distinguished from these forms by other characters, the character of the nasal shields can in many specimens be determined only by examining this scale with a microscope, since the groove is often deep and appears like a suture. NUMBER 104. DECEMBER 31, 1921. OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF - ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN Arzor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY DESCRIPTION OF A NEW CISCO FROM THE GREAT LAKES By WALTER KOELZ Leucichthys kiyi, new species’ In the course of an investigation of the coregonine fishes of the Great Lakes conducted by the writer for the United States Bureau of Fisheries, many individuals of an unde- scribed species belonging to the group currently known as Leucichthys or Argyrosomus were obtained from the nets of the commercial “chub” fishermen of Lake Michigan. The species is so distinct from its allies that it is recognized by the fishermen, a distinction which few of the other species of 9 ce cisco share, and is termed by them “kiyi,’ “mooneye” or “waterbelly.” The species attains less size than any of the 1This description is published with the permission of the U. 5. Commissioner of Fisheries. 2 Unmiersity of Michigan other “chubs,’ with the exception of the bloater (hoy7). Extreme examples selected from hundreds of specimens in the field measure only 246 mm. ‘The fish are thin, as well as small, and are consequently little esteemed by the fish-smokers. The kiyi occurs most abundantly in water deeper than 60 fathoms and is probably generally distributed at such depths throughout the upper Great Lakes. The type is a female specimen, Catalog No. 84100, United States National Museum, 191 mm. in length to the base of the caudal, collected in Lake Michigan on August 23, 1920, 12 miles Ex S$ of the mouth of the Sturgeon Bay Ship Chan- nel, in about 60 fathoms of water. Paratypes, deposited in the Museum of Zoology, were obtained in Lake Michigan on March 20, 1919, 12 miles west of Grand Haven; on June 29, 1920, 5 miles Nx EF, of Charlevoix; on August 12, 1920, 15 miles SExS % S of Manistique; on August 19, 1920, 20 miles EF % N of Rock Island; on August 23, 1920, 12 miles Ex $ of the mouth of the Sturgeon Bay Ship Channel; on August 24, 1920, 10 miles Ex N of Algonag; on August 28, 1920, 9 miles NW of Manistee; on August 30, 1920, 12 miles and 17 miles W % § of Ludington; on September 3, 1920, 22 miles NW x N ¥% N of Michigan City ; on September 23, 1920, 27 miles ESE of Milwaukee; on September 25, 1920, 18 miles EK % $ of Port Washington; on October 1, 1920, 11 miles SE of Sheboygan; on October 4, 1920, 9 miles north of Point Betsie; on October 11, 1920, 18 miles Nx W 34 W, and on November 19, 1920, 30 miles NNW of Michigan City. Other specimens were collected from Lake Superior off Grand Marais, on October 3, 1917; and from Lake Huron, on Sep- tember 12 and 21, and October 17 and 20, 1917, in the center of the lake east of Alpena; on September 14 and 19, 1917, in - the center of the lake northeast of Alpena; on September 18, Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 1917, 1714 miles Nx E, on September 20, 1917, 14 miles NE x E, and on September 21, 1917, 17 miles NEx N 34 N of Thunder Bay Island. The body is fusiform, slightly more compressed than in other members of the genus, and as in johannae and nigripinnis, its only associates of the deeper waters, the depth is distinctly greatest in front of the dorsal fin. ‘This dimension in the type specimen comprises 24% of the body length. At the occiput the dorsal profile rises in a smooth curve over half the distance to the dorsal and continues to the dorsal with only a slight upward trend. From the dorsal the contour slopes gently to the caudal peduncle. The ventral profile from the tip of the mandible to the ventral fins runs like the opposite dorsal con- tour, curving strongly downward and backward for two-thirds its extent, and extending to the ventrals over its remaining one-third in a line nearly parallel to the lateral lines. From the ventrals to the anal the contour converges distinctly toward the lateral line. The head is rather elongated, and is contained 4.0 [(3.7)3.8-4.1(4.3) ]? times in the total length. Its dorsal profile runs in a faint but distinct convex curve to a point above the center of the orbit, and from thence to the occiput is often more or less concave in its course. The premaxillaries are directed forward and make an angle of about 50° with the horizontal axis of the head. The snout is always longer than the large eye, which is contained 3.9 [(3.6)3.8-4.1(4.3) | times in the head. The maxillary is pigmented and extends beyond the anterior edge of the pupil, but never to its center. The mandible usually projects beyond the upper jaw. The scales in the lateral line number 84 [(71)77-87(91)]; 84% 2The ratios given in brackets are based on measurements of 120 paratypes; the usual as well as the extreme range in variation is given, the latter in parentheses. 4 University of Michigan of all the specimens examined have 79 or more scales. ‘The gillrakers on the first branchial arch number 15-25 [(11)13- 15(17)+(21)23-26(27)=(34) 36-41(42)]. The pectorals are very long and are contained in the distance from their inser- tion to that of the ventrals 1.6 [ (1.1) 1.4-1.7(2.0) ] times. The ventrals are likewise long and strong. Their length divided into the distance from their origin to the insertion of the anal equals 1.2 (1.0-1.2). In life the general appearance of the fish is silvery, with a conspicuous purplish iridescence suffusing the sides. This purple cast is strongest in the area above the lateral line, becoming fainter on the back and paling gradually toward the colorless belly. The color lying below the superficial irides- cence is on the back pale greenish, and on the sides above the lateral line a brighter green. Below the lateral line the color changes to bluish. The underlying color is obscured on the back by the dense pigmentation, which covers nearly uniformly the entire dorsal surface, and which also extends over the entire preorbital area, including all but the distal one-fourth of the maxillary. The dorsal surface of the head in front of the nostrils, likewise the tip of the mandible, are often a uni- form black. Pigment occurs, too, on the sides, abundantly above, but only sparsely below, the lateral line. The cheeks and the iris also are purplish silvery. The dorsal and caudal fins are rather widely margined with black, most intensely on the median rays of the caudal. The dorsal margin of the pec- torals is often lined with black and the membranes of the anal are frequently sparingly sprinkled with pigment. The ventrals are immaculate. NUMBER 105, JANUARY 2, 1922. OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN Arsor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY A LIST OF THE LANCELETS OF THE WORLD WITH DIAGNOSES OF FIVE NEW SPECIES OF BRANCHIOSTOMA By Carr L. Hunss I In the present paper there are given the results of a tax- onomic study of the lancelets (Amphioxi) contained in the collections of the United States National Museum, Stanford University, the Field Museum of Natural History, and the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan. A fine series from Bermuda has been generously placed at the writer’s disposal by Professor W. J. Crozier, now of Rutgers College. ~ The writer has studied critically only those lancelets belong- ing to the genus Branchiostoma. During the course of the examination of the species of this genus he has found a num- ber of characters to be quite as valuable in specific analysis as is the myotome formula, hitherto chiefly relied upon. The 2 University of Michigan | more complete comparisons thus made possible necessitate almost doubling the number of species of Branchiostoma. Four of the five new forms described, inhabiting the Western Atlan- tic, have heretofore been confounded with Branchiostoma caribaeum or B. lanceolatum. II This survey of the lancelets has indicated that the lancelets are about as localized in their distribution as are the species of littoral teleosts. This statement may be illustrated by a geographical tabulation of the species of Branchiostoma, to which unusually wide ranges have frequently been attributed. This genus is chosen because it has been most critically studied ; the species of the other genera of the lancelets are likewise of localized distribution. Table indicating the distribution of the known species of Branchiostoma SPECIES REGIONS INHABITED B. lanceolatum Pallas European and Indian( ?) B. belchert Gray Indo-asiatic B. caribaeum Sundevall Antillean B. floridae Hubbs ~ Floridan B. virginiae Hubbs Carolinan B. bermudae Hubbs Bermudan B. platae Hubbs Patagonian B. californiense Andrews Californian and Panamaic B. tattersalli Hubbs Indian B. capense Gilchrist Cape B. elongatum Sundevall Chilean, Peruvian, Galapagoan The genus Branchiostoma is known from nearly all tropical ‘ and temperate seas; Dolicharhamphus is Indian (one species known); the unsymmetrical lancelets, Epigonichthys and Asymmetron, are chiefly Indo-australasian in distribution, but Asymmetron occurs also in the western Atlantic. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 iil In the construction of the following key to the families and genera of the lancelets use has been made only of the more obviously significant and better confirmed characters recorded by various students of these primitive chordate animals. The classification expressed in this key is intended to indicate, as exactly as possible, the interrelationships of the groups. Key to the families and genera of lancelets Mouth a sinistral slit devoid of oral cirri; no closed atrial cham- ber ; gill-slits in an unpaired medioventral series; pharynx divided into an upper pars nutritoria and a ventral pars respiratoria GAmiphioxididae)) ajattise arucs cine ee hereterteest eas 1. Amphioxides! Mouth nearly median, with oral cirri; a closed atrial chamber ; gill-slits paired and lateral; pharynx undivided. b1, Gonad pouches developed on both epipleura; metapleura of each side terminating just behind atriopore (Branchiostom- atidae). cl, No long rostral process.................2. Branchiostoma c2. A long process, containing the anterior end of the noto- Chords fe Phas as aaaieineels caine oot 3. Dolichorhamphus Gonad pouches developed only on right epipleur; right meta- pleur confluent with preanal fin (Epigonichthyidae). d!. No urostyloid process; oral cirri comprising a single series, united one to the other’ by a uniformly low intertentacular TRCMIDE ANC) Scores clos Gorn ae seis bes Seng ss 4. Epigonichthys d=, A long urostyloid process; oral cirri comprising a lateral group united by low membranes, and a ventral group joined by a very high membrane.......... 5. Asymmetron Subphylum CrPHALOCHORDA Class LEPTOCARDII Order AMPHIOXI Family AMPHIOXIDIDAE Gill Abundant evidence that the species referred to this group are merely larval forms of other lancelets, perhaps Asym- 1The species which have been placed in this genus and family are probably larval forms of other lancelets (see following list). 4 University of Michigan metron, has been given by Gibson (1910). As the three described species cannot, however, at present be satisfactorily placed elsewhere in the system, they may provisionally be retained in the following nominal genus. Genus 1. Amphioxides Gill Amphioxides Gill (1895); Jordan and Evermann (1903) ; Goldschmidt (1905; 1906). Genotype.—Branchiostoma pelagicum Gunther. 1. Amphioxides pelagicus Gunther Branchiostoma pelagicum Gunther (1889); Kirkaldy (1895); (?) Cooper (1903) ; Tattersall (1903) ; Herdman (1904) ; Loénnberg (1905). Amphioxides pelagicus Gill (1895) ; Jordan and Evermann (1903) ; Parker (1904); Goldschmidt (1905). 2. Amphioxides valdiviae Goldschmidt Amphioxides valdiviae Goldschmidt (1905). 3. Amphioxides sternurus Goldschmidt Amphioxides stenurus Goldschmidt (1905). Family BRANCHIOSTOMATIDAE Bonaparte This family is here restricted to include only Branchiostoma and the closely related genus Dolichorhamphus. Genus 2. Branchiostoma Costa Branchiostoma Costa (1834) and most systematists. Genotype-——Branchiostoma lubricum Costa. Amphioxus Yarrell (1836) and morphologists in general. Genotype.—Limax lanceolatus Pallas. 2 References in this list are not given in full. They can be readily located with the be of Dean’s Bibliography of Fishes or the Zoolog- ical Record. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 Most morphological writers have retained the name Amphi- oxus either for all lancelets or for the typical genus, despite the universally accepted fact that Amphioxus is a strict homo- nym of Branchiostoma. Similarly, among those who have accepted the name Branchiostoma in the generic sense, some have persisted in using the name Amphioxus for the typical subgenus of Branchiostoma, in violation of a nomenclatural practice which is thus prescribed by the International Code: “Tf a genus is divided into subgenera, the name of the typical subgenus must be the same as the name of the genus.” ‘The present writer is of the opinion that the name Amphioxus should be adopted for the typical lancelets, and would welcome a decision of the International Commission which would ren- der this name available. Diagnosis of the Atlantic and eastern Pacific species are given below, as well as notes on all the species. 4. Branchiostoma lanceolatum Pallas Limax lanceolatus Pallas (1776). Branchiostoma lubricum Costa (1834, 1843). Amphioxus lanceolatus Yarrell (1836) ; Lankaster (1889) ; Kirkaldy (1895) ; Lonnberg (1904), and most other authors. Branchiostoma lanceolatum Gray (1851); Andrews (1893); Smitt (1895), ete. (?) Branchiostoma lanceolatum Tattersall (1903). All references to lancelets under the names just listed, from localities other than Europe, with the doubtful exception of that of Tattersall, obviously refer to other species. Diagnosis :—F or comparison with the diagnoses of the sev- eral Atlantic American species of Branchiostoma here distin- guished, a brief characterization of the European lancelet is made, Ray-chambers (in material from Naples) in moderate numbers in the dorsal fin (224 to 256 in nine specimens ; aver- age 230), but in high numbers in the preanal fin (35 to 47 in 6 University of Michigan eight specimens; average 42). Highest dorsal ray-chambers, in each individual, only one to two times as high as long; dorsal fin about one-eighth as high as body. Anus located well in advance of middle of lower lobe of caudal fin; distance from atriopore to origin of lower caudal lobe exceeding the distance thence to end of tail. Pre-atrioporal length of body 2.0 to 2.6 (usually 2.3) times as great as the postatrioporal length. Myotome formula: 34 to 38+12 to 16+10 to 13= 58 to 64. Gonad pouches 21 to 29 (Kirkaldy). Maximum length, 5.8 cm. (Kirkaldy). = 5. Branchiostoma belcheri Gray Amphioxus belcheri Gray (1847); Kirkaldy (1895). Branchiostoma belcheri Gray (1851); Andrews (1893); Willey (1894); Herdman (1904); Lonnberg (1904); Jordan, Tanaka and Snyder (1913). Branchiostoma, sp. Andrews (1895). Amphioxus, sp. Nakagawa (1897). Amphioxus belcheri japonicus Willey (1897). Branchiostoma nakagawae Jordan and Snyder (1901). Branchiostoma lanceolatum belcheri Tattersall (1903). Amphioxus japonicus Lonnberg (1905). This species has been satisfactorily distinguished from B. lanceolatum by Kirkaldy and by Tattersall, on the basis of differences in the form of the rostral and caudal fins. In gen- eral proportions it agrees closely with that species. The pre- atrioporal length of the body is contained 2.1 times in the postatrioporal length in the type of B. nakagawae. 6. Branchiostoma caribaeum Sundevall Branchiostoma caribacum Sundevall (1853), and other authors (in part). Diagnosis:—This lancelet, which apparently is restricted in its distribution to the West Indies, may be distinguished by the following set of characters, all determined, with the excep- tion of the myotome formula, from two small specirnens from Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7 Porto Rico. Dorsal ray-chambers, 227 to 231; preanal ray- chambers, 33 to 35. Highest dorsal ray-chambers about three times as high as long; dorsal fin about one-eighth as high as body. Anus located near middle of lower caudal lobe; dis- tance from atriopore to origin of lower caudal lobe about equal to distance thence to end of tail. Preatrioporal length about 2.5 times the postatrioporal length. Myotome formula: 27 to 37-+12 to 14+09—48 to 61 (most of the counts made by Andrews, 1893). Maximum length, 5.1 cm. (Sundevall). 7. Branchiostoma floridae Hubbs, new species Branchiostoma Iubricum Goode (1879). Amphioxus Wright (18g0). Branchiostoma caribaeum Andrews (1893, in part) ; Evermann and Kendall (1809), and other authors (in part). Amphioxus caribacus Kirkaldy (1895), and other authors (in part). Type-material:—Holotype, Cat. No. 84466, U. S. National Museum; collected at Tampa Bay, Florida, by the Steamer Fish Hawk (Sta. 7121). Paratypes from Tampa Bay (sev- eral collectors) are deposited in the U. S. National Museum, the fish collection of Stanford University, Museum of Zoology, and the Field Museum of Natural History. Other paratypes from Pensacola, Florida (collected by Benedict and Kaiser) ; from Cape Romans, Florida (collected by J. F. Moser) ; from St. Martin’s Reef, Florida; from lat. 26° 20’ N., long. 82° 309’ W. and station 5068, both collected by the steamer Grampus, and from ‘‘Florida’’ (collected by Henderson and Simpson), also belong to the U. S. National Museum. Other records for the species are Port Tampa, Florida (Wright. 1890) ; Port Tampa and St. Martin’s Reef, Florida, and “Gulf of Mexico” (Andrews, 1893); Tampa Bay and Snapper Banks, Florida (Evermann and Kendall, 1899), and East Florida (Goode, 1879). Diagnosis :—Dorsal ray-chambers, 274 to 310 (average of 8 University of Michigan seven counts, 289) ; preanal fin chambers, 36 to 48 (average of four, 41). Highest dorsal ray-chambers two to four times as high as long; dorsal fin about one-eighth as high as body. Anus located near middle of lower lobe of caudal fin; distance from atriopore to origin of lower caudal lobe about equal to distance thence to tip of tail. Postanal length, 13.8 to 17.4 in total. Preatrioporal length, 2.3 to 2.7 (usually about 2.5) times the postatrioporal length. Myotome formula: 32 to 36+14 to 17+7 to 1057 to 61 (about twenty-five Florida specimens counted by the writer and Andrews). Gonads 22 to 27 on. each side, usually about 25. Maximum length, 6.1 cm. 8. Branchiostoma virginiae Hubbs, new species Branchiostoma lanceolatum Andrews (1803, Chesapeake Bay speci- mens only). Type-material:—Holotype, Cat. No. 84465, U. S. National Museum, from Sewall’s Point, Virginia, on Chesapeake Bay. Paratypes with same data. Another specimen was collected in Chesapeake Bay in Maryland along the east shore. Status:—The lancelet of Chesapeake Bay appears to differ from the other American species of the genus in the increased number of myotomes. In this respect it resembles the European B. lanceolatum, from which in turn it is distinguished by the more posterior position of the anus in reference to the lower lobe of the caudal, the relatively shorter distance between this fin lobe and the atriopore and the more numerous dorsal ray- chambers. It is more closely related to foridae than to lance- olatum. All of the lancelets from the East Coast of the United States, variously referred to lanceolatum or caribaeum, are perhaps conspecific with the Chesapeake form. It seems not improbable that wirginiae and floridae will be found to intergrade. Diagnosis:—Dorsal ray-chambers, 259 to 309 (average of Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9 five, 279); anal ray-chambers, 36 to 40 (average of six, 38). Dorsal ray-chambers about two or three times as high as long ; dorsal fin about one-eighth as high as body. Anus near middle of lower caudal lobe; origin of this lobe about midway between tip of tail and atriopore. Postanal length, 8.5 to 11.5 in total. Preatrioporal length, 2.4 to 2.7 times postatrioporal length. Myotome formula: 36 to 40+14 to 16+9 to 1260 to 64 (in type-material) ; 36 to 38+13 or 14+11 to I5=61 to 64 (according to Andrews, 1893). Maximum length, 5.3 cm. (Andrews). g. Branchiostoma bermudae Hubbs, new species Branchiostoma lubricum Goode (1877). Branchiostoma caribaeum Bristol and Carpenter (1900); Verrill (1902) ; Bean (1906). Branchiostoma caribbaeum Barbour (1905); Parker (1908; and so forth). Type-material:—Holotype, from Bermuda, Cat. No. 55145, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan; donated by Dr. W. J. Crozier. Paratypes, all from Bermuda, were collected by Goode, Bean, Mowbray, Crozier, and Arey. They are deposited in the following institutions: United States National Museum, Museum of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural His- tory, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Stanford University, and the Bermuda Biological Station. Status:—The Bermuda lancelet is well distinguished from the four other species of the North Atlantic, differing in having fewer ray-chambers in the fins, a shorter tail, and so forth. In some respects it resembles most closely the temperate South American species, B. platae, from which it differs, among other respects, in having about one hundred fewer dorsal ray- chambers (one of the characters heretofore overlooked in the systematic study of lancelets). Diagnosis :—Ray-chambers relatively few: in the dorsal fin, fe) University of Michigan 172 to 240 (six accurate counts; average 208) ; in the preanal fin, only 17 to 24 (average of eleven counts, 21). Highest dorsal ray-chambers three to five times as high as long in each individual ; dorsal fin about one-sixth as deep as body. Anus located well behind middle of lower lobe of caudal fin; origin of this caudal lobe about as near tip of tail as atriopore. Pre- atrioporal length, 2.3 to 3.2 (usually about 2.7) times the post- atrioporal length. Myotome formula: 34 to 36+12 to 14+6 to 954 to 57 (nine specimens counted). Gonad pouches 22 to 28 (average of forty counts, 24.6). Maximum length, 5.35 cm. 10. Branchiostoma platae Hubbs, new species’ Branchiostoma, sp. Gtinther (1884). Branchiostoma lanceolatum caribaeum Lahille (1915). Type-material:—Holotype, Cat. No. 85498, U. S. National Museum, collected by the Steamer Albatross at Station 2765, off the mouth of Rio de la Plata, South America (lat. 36° 43’ S., long. 56° 23’ W.); depth, 10.5 fathoms; surface temper- ature, 69° F.; bottom, sand and broken shells. Eight para: types were also secured by the Albatross: five at the type: station, and three at the adjacent station 2764: lat. 36° 42’ S., long. 56° 23’ W.; surface temperature, 68° F.; depth, 11.5 fathoms; bottom, sand and broken shells. Diagnosis:—Branchiostoma platae is clearly distinguished from all other species of the genus by the following set of characters: Dorsal ray-chambers, 283 to 327 (average of five counts, 302) ; preanal ray-chambers, 22 to 28 (average of five, 26). Higher dorsal chambers four to eight times as high as long in each specimen; dorsal fin nearly one-fourth as high as body. Anus located far behind middle of lower caudal lobe; caudal fin reduced in size, the base of the upper lobe 3 Permission to describe this form has been granted by the United States Commissioner of Fisheries. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology II only about two-thirds base of lower lobe; origin of lower lobe as near, or almost as near, anus as atriopore. Preatrioporal length, 3.1 to 3.6 times postatrioporal length. Myotome form- ula: 38 to 40+14 or 15+9 to 1162 to 65 (all eight speci- mens counted) ; preatrioporal myotomes more oblique as well as more numerous than those of related species. Gonad pouches 26-25 in one specimen; 29-27 in another. Maximum length, 5.6 cm. 11. Branchiostoma californiense Andrews Branchiostoma, sp. Cooper (1868). Branchiostoma lanceolatum Jordan and Gilbert (1881; 1883) ; Lock- ington (1882); Jordan (1885); (not of Pallas). Branchiostoma elongatum Eigenmann and Eigenmann (1891; 1802) ; Eigenmann (1892); (not of Sundevall). Branchiostoma californiense Gill, MS.; Andrews (1893); Willey (1894) ; Jordan and Evermann (1895); Herdman (1904); Lonnberg (1904) ; Fowler (1907); Starks and Morris (1907); Snyder (1913); Hilton (1918). Amphioxus californense Kirkaldy (1895). As the synonymy indicates, Andrews rather than Cooper or Gill is the author of this species. Diagnosis :—Examination of good series of specimens from Monterey Bay, California, to San Luis Gonzoles Bay, Gulf of California, makes possible the construction of the following diagnosis: Dorsal ray-chambers very numerous, 312 to 374 in five specimens counted (average 337) ; preanal chambers, about 50. Higher dorsal chambers five to eight times as high as long in each individual; dorsal fin one-fifth to one-eighth as high as body. Anus located far behind middle of lower lobe of caudal fin; caudal fin variable in degree of expansion before anus; distance from atriopore to origin of lower caudal lobe contained 0.8 to 2.0 times in distance thence to anus. Preatrioporal length, 2.65 to 3.3 times the postatrioporal length. Myotome formula: 43 to 48+16 to 19-8 to 10=68 to 74 (counts made from twenty-two well-preserved specimens; the count given 12 | University of Michigan by Andrews is too low, a fact probably to be accounted for by the poor preservation of the material examined by him; he counted: 42 to 45+13 to 16+8 or g=64 to 69). Gonad pouches 27 to 36 (averaging 33 in twenty counts) on each side (sometimes there are one or two more on either the left or the right side than on the other). Size unusually large (lengths of mature specimens examined, 5.8 to 8.35 cm.; of immature indi- viduals, 3.75 to 5.6 cm.). Oral hood and cirri reduced in size, and becoming smaller with age; the distance from tip of rostral fin to oral sphincter contained 13.8 to 16.3 times in total length in adults (10.5 to 14.6 times in adults of lance- olatum, floridae, bermudae, and platae) ; this abbreviation of the anterior end involves a reduction in the size rather than as Kirkaldy (1895) states in the number of anterior myotomes. Two of the other characters used by the same author, namely, the form of the rostral fin and the curvature of the free ante- rior tip of the notochord, are so altered by different methods of preservation as to be unusable. Specimens from San Luis Gonzales Bay, Gulf of California (collected by the Albatross), are not fully typical in the form of tail and fins, but the differences may be due to the poor preservation of the Gulf specimens. They vary in length from 29 to 63 mm., those 29 to 61 mm. long’ being apparently imma- ture. Myotomes in two, 44+16-+10—70, and 45-+16+ 10=7I. 12. Branchiostoma tattersalli Hubbs, new species Branchiostoma californiense Tattersall, 1903. Tattersall has suggested that the lancelet of the Cape of Good Hope, as well as his specimen from Ceylon, should be referred to B. californiense. This view appears so extremely improbable to the writer that he proposes a new name for the Ceylon specimen referred to. Careful comparison, no doubt, will disclose abundant differences, but at present the Ceylon Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology rg form can be distinguished only by its diagnostic myotome formula : Branchiostoma tattersalli,—4o+-20+-12. Branchiostoma californiense,—43 to 48+16 to 19+8 to Io. Branchiostoma capense,—46 to 48-+-18 to 19+9 or Io. 13. Branchiosioma capense Gilchrist Branchiostoma capense Gilchrist (1902); Herdman (1904). 14. Branchiostoma elongatum Sundevall Amphioxus elongatus Sundevall (1852); Kirkaldy (1895). Branchiostoma elongatum Sundevall (1853); Andrews (1893); Willey (1894); Steindachner (1808); Herdman (1904); Lénnberg (1905); Snodgrass and Heller (1905); Goldschmidt (1905); Porter (1909) ; Regan (1913). This species is a true Branchiostoma, not a Heteropleuron, as Lonnberg has provisionally suggested. The material recorded by Snodgrass and Heller from the Galapagos Islands, and by Porter from Valparaiso Bay, Chile, has been re-examined. Diagnosis (based solely on two mature specimens from Valparaiso Bay) :—Dorsal ray-chambers numerous, but not accurately countable, and moderately high; preanal chambers about 65 to 75, much more numerous than in other species of Branchiostoma. Anus located slightly in advance of middle of lower caudal lobe; distance from atriopore to origin of this fin lobe contained 1.3 times in total distance behind this point. Preatrioporal length, 2.4 to 2.6 times the postatrioporal length. Myotomes very oblique; the formula, 48 to 51-++-18+-12 or 13= 79 to 81. Gonad pouches 37 (counted on only one side of one specimen). Oral hood reduced in size, as in B. californiense. Length, 6.25 to 6.85 cm. Genus 3. Dolichorhamphus Willey Dolichorhamphus Willey (1901). Genotype.—Dolichorhamphus indicus Willey. This genus appears to the writer worthy of recognition, as distinct from Branchiostoma. 14 University of Michigan 15. Dolichorhamphus indicus Willey Dolichorhamphus indicus Willey (1901). Branchiostoma indicum Tattersall (1903) ; Herdman (1904) ; Loan- berg (1905). Family Epigonichthyidae, new family name The writer is of the opinion that the extreme asymmetry of Epigonichthys and Asymmetron demands the erection for these two genera of a family distinct from the Branchiostomatidae. Genus 4. Epigonichthys Peters Epigonichthys Peters (1876) ; Gill (1905). Genotype.—Epigonichthys cultellus Peters. Paramphioxus Heckel (1893). Genotype.—Branchiostoma bassanum Gunther, Heteropleuron Kirkaldy (1895). Genotype (by present designation )—Heteropleuron cinga- lense Kirkaldy. Asymmetron Tattersall (1903); Herdman (1903), etc. (in part). The frequent use of the name Heteropleuron for this genus is a wholly unwarranted violation of nomenclatural rules. Differences described as distinguishing the species of this genus apparently should, in whole or in part, serve as generic or subgeneric criteria, when fully confirmed and better under- stood. The differences referred to are: the single or paired postatrioporal caecum; the single or paired preanal fin-rays ; the presence or absence of preanal rays or chambers; the cla- vate or non-clavate anterior end of the notochord; the degree of posterior projection of the notochord; the expanded or normal form of the dorsal fin anteriorly; the separation or continuity of the dorsal and rostral fins; the presence or absence of the olfactory pit. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 15 16. Epigonichthys cultellus Peters Epigonichthys cultellus Peters (1876); Lonnberg (1905). Epigonichthys pulchellus (sic) Ginther (1880). Branchiostoma cultellum Gunther (1884); Andrews (1893) ; Willey (1894). Heteropleuron cultellum Kirkaldy (1895). Asymmetron cultellum Herdman (1904). 17. Epigonichthys bassanus Ginther Branchiostoma bassanum Gunther (1884) ; Andrews (1893); Willey (1894). Heteropleuron bassanum Kirkaldy (1895) ; Romer (1896). Asymmetron bassanum Tattersall (1903); Herdman (1904); Mor- ris and Raff (1909); Raff (1912). Paramphioxus bassanus Lonnberg (1905). Epigonichthys bassanus McCulloch (1919). 18. Epigonichthys cingalensis Kirkaldy Heteropleuron cingalense Kirkaldy (1895). Asymmetron cingalense Herdman (1904). Paramphioxus cingalensis Lonnberg (1905). 19. Epigonichthys maldivensis Cooper Hetcropleuron maldivense Cooper (1903); Punnett (1903) ; Parker (1904). Asymmetron maldivense Herdman (1904). 20. Epigonichthys parvus Parker Heteropleuron parvum Parker (1904). 21. Epigonichthys agassizii Parker Heteropleuron agassisu Parker (1904). 22. Epigonichthys hectori Benham Heteropleuron hectori Benham (1901). Asymmetron hectori Herdman (1904). Paramphioxus? hectori Lonnberg (1905). 23. Epigonichthys hedleyi Haswell Heteropleuron hedleyi Haswell (1908). Epigonichthys hedleyi Ogilby (1916). 24. Epigonichthys australis Raft Asymmetron australe Raff (1912). 16 University of Michigan Genus 5. Asymmetron Andrews Asymmetron Andrews (1893). Genotype—Asymmetron lucayanum Andrews. 25. Asymmetron lucayanum Andrews Asymmetron lucayanum Andrews (1893); Kirkaldy (1895) ; Mark (1904) ; Herdman (1904; in part); Lonnberg (1905); Bean (1906), and others in general. Branchiostoma lucayanum Willey (1894). Epigonichthys lucayanum (sic) Fowler (1907). A single specimen* of an Asymmetron, apparently of this species, 12.5 mm. long to the caudal process, was dredged by the Steamer Albatross on December 16, 1887, off Brazil, far south of the published records for the species: Albatross sta- tion 2758: lat. 6° 59’ 30” N., long. 34° 47’ W.; surface tem- perature, 79° F.; bottom temperature, 79° F.; depth, 20 fath- oms; bottom, broken shells. Myotomes, about 45-++9-++12—66. 26. Asymmetron caudatum Willey Asymmetron candatum Willey (1806); Herdman (1904); Parker (1904); Lénnberg (1905). 27. Asymmetron macricaudatum Parker Asymmetron macricaudatum Parker (1904). 28. Asymmetron orientale Parker Asymmetron lucayanum Cooper (1903); Punnett (1903) ; Herdman (1904, in part). Asymmetron orientale Parker (1904). 4This record is included here by permission of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries. NUMBER 106 FEBRUARY 18, 1922 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN Arzor, MICHIGAN +: PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY THE MOLLUSCA COLLECTED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN-WALKER EXPEDITION IN SOUTHERN VERA CRUZ, MEXICO. I By H. Burrincton BAKER INTRODUCTION The specimens on which this paper is based were collected by the University of Michigan-Walker Expedition, during six weeks (July 10 to August 20) in the summer of I910. The expedition consisted of Alexander G. Ruthven and his wife, Florence H. Ruthven, who paid particular attention to the amphibians and reptiles, and the writer, who was primarily interested in mollusca. The work of identification and description was made pos- sible by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, which generously put at my disposal its extensive collections and exhaustive library. Asa result, any credit that this paper may deserve is largely due to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, whose con- 2 University of Michigan stant advice and assistance is the reason behind its production. The writer did the detailed work and the drawing, and any inaccuracies or errors of judgment that may appear can safely be laid to him. The drawing and photography were done at the zodlogical laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania. As a detailed study of the environment of the region has already been published,’ it is only necessary, in this paper, to present again the location of the region and to summarize briefly the ecological habitats. LOcATION All of the collection was made on or within a few miles of the Hacienda de Cuatotolapam, except one day’s work at the Laguna de Catemaco, about twenty miles away. The hacienda (map in Ruthven’s paper; /. c.) lies between the Rio San Juan and the Arroyo Hueyapam, a tributary, in the Canton of Aca- yucan, southern Vera Cruz. This is approximately 18° N. Latitude and 95° W. Longitude, and about 50 feet above sea- level. The country is quite typical of the tropical lowlands, and the collections were made during what is known as the wet season. The Laguna de Catemaco is a few miles to the north in the heart of the coastal San Andreas Tuxtla range, and not fat from the city of San Andreas Tuxtla. This lake also drains into the San Juan River system. ‘The range and the lake basin appear to be of volcanic formation. The altitude of the latter is not definitely known to me, but is probably not more than 2000 feet above sea-level. From the appearance of this region, a considerable difference in the molluscan population 1 Ruthven, A. G., 1912. The Amphibians and Reptiles Collected by the University of Michigan-Walker Expedition in Southern Vera Cruz, Mexico; Zool. Jahrb., XXXII, abt. f. Syst.; pp. 295-330; pl. vi-xi. ‘Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 would probabiy be found, but the visit was too short to ascer- tain the fact. EcoLocy Here is simply included a brief classification of the habitats, which is practically that of Ruthven (/.c.), where the details are presented and illustrated by photographs. A review of the molluscan inhabitants of the various environments will be given in another paper. A. Terrestrial Habitats. I. Lowland forests. The dense jungle of the untouched flood-plains. Two ecological strata are recognized here: (a) the ground stratum, which includes the leaf-humus, rotting logs, and other debris; and (b) the arboreal or subarboreal stratum, under which are taken up the species obtained from the trees and bushes themselves, both from the leaves and the trunks. II. Lowland forest clearings. These may be subdivided into three classes: (a) partially cleared places along the Arroyo Hueyapam (bush and a few clumps of large trees) ; (b) the burnt-over ground (mainly dead shells obtained); and (c) cleared fields (the fields of sugar cane and corn and the roads and guardas rayas between them). Ill. Savannah forests and thickets. Clumps of bush and relict jungle, usually on higher ground, and of a more xero- phytic type. The yuccas and spiny palms are especially prom- inent, scattered in clumps through the mesophytic vegetation. The ground stratum (a), and the subarboreal stratum (b), may also be recognized here. IV. Savannah grassland. The grazed, prairie-like portions, probably due to disturbance by man and cattle. They are practically without molluscan life. 4 University of Michigan B. Aquatic Habitats. V. Lowland forest ponds. Swamps and pools, mainly tem- porary, in the forest itself and in the cleared regions. ‘The two main classes studied are: (a) pool-swamps in the low jungle along La Laja; and (b) the pools in the burnt-over region and cleared land. VI. Savannah ponds. Established ponds in the savannahs. Although the Laguna de Chacalapa is about a mile in length, it is not over a meter deep at the height of the wet season. Only one shell was obtained. VII. Rivers and lakes. a. La Laja. This is what is known in many Spanish-American countries as a camo (literally, a sewer). It is a sluggish stream and black-water channel off of the Arroyo Hueyapam, and does credit to its Spanish designation. b. Sand-bars of the Arroyo Hueyapam. At the hacienda, the Hueyapam consists of a steep-banked channel about fifty yards by twenty to thirty feet deep, which, dependent upon the weather, may contain anything from a sizable creek, with pools, little rapids and sand-bars, to a raging torrent that com- pletely fills or overflows it. It is quite typical of the scoured, sandy creeks so common in the tropics. c. Rio San Juan. A quite large river, which was in flood at the time visited, and in some places over-reached its banks for almost half a mile. Its bottom is probably sandy. d. Laguna de Catemaco. A deep-basined crater (?) lake, several miles in diameter. Most of the shore is of volcanic rock and it contained several rocky islands, but near the out- let and in some other places this is covered by a deposit of humus-material. The latter developed, in some parts, a mag- nificent border of water-hyacinths, a hundred yards wide or more. Collecting was also done in a small, but very deep, body Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 of water, near the town of Catemaco, and about a hundred yards from the lake, which fills the crater of a small subsidiary cone. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to add my thanks to those of Dr. Ruthven, already expressed, to all of the Americans at the Haciendas of Cuato- tolapam and Hueyapam, for their kind hospitality and gener- ous assistance. In addition, I wish to express the greatest indebtedness to Dr. Ruthven and wife, for help in every way. As already mentioned, I owe the very production of the paper to the generous and patient advice and instruction of Dr. H. A. Pilsbry. Mr. Vanatta was always a ready addi- tional help. I also express my indebtedness to Dr. Bryant Walker, whose generosity made the collection originally pos- sible, and whose continued advice has been very helpful. Acknowledgment is also made to the many members of the staff of the zodlogical laboratory of the University of Penn- sylvania, who have been of assistance in the production of the photographs. Part J. Tur UNIONIDAE OF THE SAN JUAN RIVER SYSTEM Unfortunately, the water was high, so the only living naides obtained were a few small specimens of A. sapotalensis (1,ea) and a number of juvenile individuals of a form near A. umbrosa (Lea) from the Arroyo Hueyapam (H, vii, b).* | In addition, other shells from the Arroyo Hueyapam and La Laja (H, vii, a) were picked up on the sand-bars and in the streams themselves. Fortunately for the collector, some of the natives of the region collected the uniones at low water, for the purpose of 1The Roman numerals and letters, throughout the paper, designate the habitats, as classified in the introduction. In order to: distinguish them from the references to the plates, they are preceded by the letter H. 6 University of Michigan baking the shells to make the quick-lime used to soften maize in the preparation of tortillas, the national Mexican bread- stuff. The shells from the Laguna de Catemaco (H, vii, d) were obtained, through the intervention of the Spanish gen- tleman whose hospitality we enjoyed, from a pile (all of one species) at the edge of the town of Catemaco. They probably came from the mucky-bottomed portion of the shore, near the outlet. All of the shells from the Rio San Juan, except the one specimen of Anodonta, were bought (for one peso) from a peon at the village of Cuatotolapam, on the hacienda of the same name. He informed me, through the medium of Mr. Thomas La Rue, the subgerente of the plantation, that they were obtained, during low water, from a depth of a few feet in the Rio San Juan, near the town (H, vii, c). UNIONIDAE Amblema (Megalonaias) nickliniana ( Lea) (1834).—One small left valve, from the Rio San Juan (H, vii, c). Measure- ments’: length, 86 mm.; height-index at beaks, 75 per cent (64.5 mm.); height-index at wing, 80 per cent (69 mm.) diameter-index, 37 per cent (32 mm.). From the specimens labeled Q. eightsti (Lea) in the A. N. S. P., that form, which Simpson (1914) regarded as a syno- nym of Q. heros (Say), resembles some specimens of the latter species less than it does Q. nickliniana. At least, it looks as if the range of variation in Q. heros, as used by Simpson, is 1The measurements of the naiades in this paper are given in the same order and with the same significance as in Simpson (1914), except that, instead of the height and diameter, the height-index and diameter- index are given. The index of the height is taken as the height divided by the length; that of the diameter, the diameter divided by the length. Both indices are expressed as percentages. Except in the case of quo- tations, the indices are followed (in parentheses) by the actual dimen- sions in millimeters. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7 much greater than the divergence of Q. nickliniana from some of its forms. Elliptio (Leptonaias) ravistellus (Morelet) (1849).—One dead specimen along Quebrada Laja (H, vii, a). Measure- ments: length, 48.5 mm.; height-index, 51 per cent (25 mm,) ; diameter-index, 33 per cent (16 mm.). The specimen somewhat resembles this species, although a larger set might show constant differences. In this individ- ual, the general shape approaches that of EF. popeti (Lea); it is somewhat compressed laterally and has a tendency to be subsinuate ventrad. The ridges are closer and finer than in typical E. ravistella, so that the dry shell has a grayish appear- ance. When wet, the golden-yellow ground-color, with rather diffuse, olive-green rays, is apparent. The posterior, dorsal region is marked by two quite deep furrows, and between these the surface is wrinkled irregularly, in a manner remotely suggestive of the Sphenonaias group. ‘The pseudocardinals are lamellar and very oblique, especially in the right valve. Unio ravistellus Morelet is the type of the section Leptonaias Fischer and Crosse (1894), which I use here in the sense of Nephronaias Frierson (1917). Unfortunately, Simpson (1900) chose Nephronaias Crosse and Fischer (1894) (type U. plica- tulus Charp. in Kuster, 1856) as the name of his mixed assemblage of Elliptio-like and Lampsiline species. Frierson separates these and retains the name for the unionine shells, on the supposition that U. plicatulus is such a species. Von Martens (1900), however, places this species in the synonomy of A. aztecorum (Philippi). Personally, I think it is rather A. medellina (Lea). It-is true that the surface looks like the Elliptio-group of Southern Mexico and Central America, but all of Kister’s figures look remarkably alike; also the descrip- tion mentions fine, close-set wrinkles, but these are also present 8 University of Michigan in A. medellina, to a certain degree, and a darkening of the epidermis appears to be a characteristic of many individuals of all species from the Medellin River. On the other hand, the block of teeth in the left valve (the individual teeth are indistinguishable) forms an almost equilateral triangle, and is set quite far anteriad and ventrad, as in A. medellina, while in Leptonaias they form an acute-angled triangle with the smallest angle posteriad, and set up more nearly under the beaks, as well represented in Lea’s figure of U. persulcatus (Obs. VII, xl, 135). In addition, the color of the nacre is that of A. medellina and it comes from the same river. How- ever, the figure also very much resembles some of the more elongate, smooth forms of E£. plexus (Con.), and the dimen- sions fit either species. For this reason, the best place for U. plicatulus, and the section Nephronaias with it, is under the synonomy of A. medellina (Lea), along with U. purpuriatus (Say), and sharing the same question-mark! Therefore, Leptonaias Crosse and Fischer (1894), type U. ravistellus Morelet, is used here as a subgenus of Elliptio, to include those southern Mexican and Central American forms, with the pecu- liar ornamentation, included in the genus Nephronaias as used by Frierson (1917). Coenonaias (type U. aeruginosus Mo.) and Simononaias (type U. tabascoensis ““Charp.” Kuster) are synonyms. Both owe their origin to Crosse and Fischer (1894). Elliptio (Sphenonaias) plexus (Conrad) (1838). Plate I, figs. 4 and 5. Unio coloratus “Charp.” Kiister (1856). Unio plicatulus “Charp.” Kiister (1856). Unio pigerrimus (C. and F.) (1893). Three small specimens from the Rio San Juan (H, vii, c) closely resemble the smoother forms of this species. They represent, I believe, a depauperate race of the following form. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9 The hinge-armature is similar to that of juvenile specimens, and the color of the nacre is that usual in medium-sized indi- viduals—i. e., lavender with copper tints. However, the shells are solid, somewhat inflated, and much eroded at the beaks, and have every external appearance of mature individuals. One (fig. 5) is quite sinuate on the ventral margin. They measure: Length Height-index Diameter-index Fig. 4 50 mm. 60 (30 mm.) 39 (19.5 mm.) Fig. 5 54 mm. 61 (33 mm.) 39 (21 mm.) Another 55.5 min. 58 (32 mm.) 42 (23 mm.) E. plexus 55 64 44 (Simpson, 1914) U. pigerrimus 59 65 46 (C. and F., 1894) Unio coloratus has every appearance of a smooth specimen of this species. The question of U. plicatulus has already been discussed. U. pigerrimus easily falls within the range of varia- tion of this and the following form. The section Sphenonaias C. and F. (1894) (type U. lieb- mannt Ph.) is used here to include, besides the type, the more Elliptio-like forms of Psoronaias (type U. psoricus Morelet). The typical forms with higher umbones have much more the appearance of some of the southern species, placed by Simp- son (1914) in Quadrula, but which were also included in the section Psoronaias, as originally described. The section Bary- naias C. and F. (1894) is described in Part VII of the “Moll. terr. et fluv. de Mex.,” with U. pigerrimus as the single example, while in Part VIII that species is put under Psoronaias and U. sallei is listed as the sole example of the former section. Barynaias is thus a synonym of Psoronaias. Von Martens (1900) mistakenly calls U. sallei the type of Pachynaias C. and F. Barynaias is also a synonym of Sphenonaias, as used IO University of Michigan here. Sphenonaias should not go into the synonomy of Psoro- naias, nor vice versa, until the anatomy of a typical example of either section has been studied; the group whose anatomy is unknown should be placed, at least temporarily, in the synonymy of the one studied, so as to reduce the chances of future confusion. : Elliptio (Sphenonaias) plexus, subspecies distinctus (C. and F.) (1893). Plate I, fig. 3; plate 11; plate lie aoe Thirty-nine specimens, including odd valves, from the Rio San Juan (H, vii, c). This is a very variable form; nothing about it seems constant. The sculpture varies from almost perfectly smooth to plicate (typical forms), and finally pus- tulate. The shape varies from quite close to that of the next species to a quadrate form which resembles U. testudineus Morelet. Some of the older specimens have the biangular posterior margin and the double ridge of U. morini Mo. It seems probable that Lea was quite right when he combined E. plexus with E. crocodilarum Mo., as some specimens of this intermediate form are indistinguishable from the latter shell. E.. plexus crocodilarum (Mo.) may still be retained, as a sub- species, for the usually larger and more cylindrical, southern form. From the variation in E. plexus distinctus, it seems probable that both U. morini and U. testudineus are synonyms of E. plexus crocodilaruwm, or the second may be a subspecies. E. semigranosus (von dem Busch), from the Panuco River system, is a considerably more compressed form, and may be a separate species, although a series in the A. N. S. P., from the Tecomate River, are more or less intermediate between it and the present form. It is, at least, a very distinct northern subspecies. Unio corium Reeve appears to me to be a distinct species, more closely related to E. psoricus (Mo.) than to the present group. Besides this variation in the larger specimens, this subspecies (distinctus) varies a great deal with age. The younger shells are much more compressed in shape and have a whitish nacre, although they quite early assume the coppery tint. Their Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology II hinge armature is quite similar to that of &. liebmanni (i. e., the pseudocardinals are more apt to be compressed, quite sim- ple, and more or less oblique—fig. 15, plate II1). However, the laterals are always proportionately shorter and more curved than in that species, although in this, as in other char- acters, the two species somewhat approach each other. As is true of all of these shells from the Rio San Juan, the early erosion of the beaks and the constant malformation (due to tropical floods?) cause many small individuals to have every appearance of an adult shell. For this reason, and because the specimens in the A. N. S. P. (among them the type) have the juvenile pseudocardinals of this species, I am inclined to believe that P. kuxensis Frierson (1917) is a depauperate, small stream form, closely related to E. plexus crocodilarum (Mo.). However, the general appearance is certainly that of completely adult shells. In all of the specimens of this series of E. plexus distinctus the beaks are eroded, but the smaller specimens retain enough to lead me to believe that the beak sculpture of this species consists of very irregular, but more or less parallel wrinkles, disturbed by radial plicae and pustules, with a slight tendency to be doubly looped, rounded on the posterior slope and with ‘an oblique V on the anterior one, so that the sculpture appears to run obliquely postero-ventrad. Plate II, fig. 13, shows a very peculiar, compressed and slightly sinuate shell, which looks quite like a different species. The nacre and the general shape of the inside of the shell, as well as the lateral teeth, are quite typical of distinctus, but the pseudocardinals are of the juvenile type; that is, they are com- pressed, almost equal and oblique (figs. 3 and 15 are similar). The beaks are eroded, but the remainder of the shell shows no sign of ornamentation, and is almost black, smooth and shiny, with evident, fine, radiating striations. Other specimens approach it in various characters, but it combines so many peculiarities that, if found in lage numbers, it would seem to require at least distinct racial recognition. 12 University of Michigan The pseudocardinals of the figure of the type of E. plexus distinctus (C. and F., 1894) resemble the juvenile form, but the description sounds more like those of the adult, in which the posterior pseudocardinal of the right valve is very heavy, jagged, and almost quadrate. VaRIATION IN E. plexus distinctus (C. and F.) Length in mm. Height-index in per cent Diameter-index in per cent oO’ [o-e) (type, C. and F., 1894) (type, /. c.) E. semigranosus 98 E. plexus distinctus 79 63 E. plexus crocodi- larum 90. =—s«O 46 (Simpson, 1914; C. and F. same proportions, but smaller specimen) BS U.testudineus Mo. 91 77 37 (C. and F., 1894) U. morini Mo. 7G. 63 37 (C. and F., 1894) P. kuxensis Frierson 50 @660 34 (Frierson, 1917) Plate I, fig. 3 38.5 61(23) 33(12.5) (Cf. kuxensis) Plate II, fig. 8 59.5 68(39.5) 39(23) (distinctus sculpture) fig. 16 62 69(43) 40(25) (nearly smooth) fig. 15 67 63(42) 42(28) (practically smooth) fig. 17 69 70(47.5) 36(25) (plicate to pustulate) fig. 9 69.5 72(50.5) 37(26.5) (Cf. testudineus) fig. 14 75 64(48) 35(26.5) (distinctus sculpture) fig. 10 77-5 60(53.5) 44(33.5) (sculptured dorsal) fig. 13 80 60(48) 35(28) (peculiar, smooth shell) fig. II 82.5 67(55) 51(42) (allsculpture eroded) fig. 18 82 61(49.5) 43(35) (compare morini; double posterior ridge) fig. 12 84 61(51) 50(42) (Cf. crocodilarum; heavy) fig. 19 94 61(57) 42(39) (largest spe-imen) Mean of 39 specimens 75.0 64 4I Extremes of lot 38to94 60to72 33to48 Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 13 Elliptio (Sphenonaias) liebmanni (Philippi) (1847), subspecies cuatotolapamensis, new subspecies Plate I, figs. 6, 7; plate III, fig. 22 (type); plate IV, figs. 20-25. Twenty specimens; including odd valves; from Rio San Jaan (Epevii, :c): Shell of medium size, elongate subelliptical to subrhomboid, quite solid, convex, with posterior ridge well marked, sub- angular or often rounded and sometimes double; beaks weli anterior, sculpture (as interpreted from remains of smallest specimen) probably somewhat similar to that of E. plexus, only not so oblique, and broken by the radial plications so as to give it an almost radial appearance (at least suggestive of some of the South American genera) ; anterior end evenly rounded or subangular just in front of lunule; posterior mar- gin gradually curved, sometimes quite markedly biangulate behind; basal line very slightly rounded to subsinuate, post- basal point but little elevated; epidermis (in older shells) dark brown to almost black, roughened to smooth and shiny, with fine, radiating striations (in younger shells with golden-yellow ground-color, almost completely obscured by diffuse olive-green rays); surface of shell usually marked by vertical furrows (which start high on the beaks and more or less disturb the beak sculpture), most prominent on and just behind the ante- rior slope, usually not extending more than 30 mm. ventrad from the beaks, and rarely by radiating, dorsally curved plica- tions as in E. plexus; left valve with two pseudocardinals, the anterior compressed, almost lamellar and very oblique, the posterior trigonal or compressed ventrally so as to be wedge- shaped, and two, elongate, almost straight laterals, of which the more ventral is better developed; right valve (II, 22) usu- ally with two, subequal, compressed, almost lamellar, and very oblique pseudocardinals, although sometimes the anterior is 14 University of Michigan partially suppressed and in old shells both become jagged, and usually one well-developed, slightly curved, long lateral, with sometimes an indication of another more dorsad; beak cavi- ties rather shallow, showing or just obscuring the dorsal scars ; anterior muscle scars deep and sculptured by anastamosing lamellae; posterior scars well impressed only at the anterior end; nacre white to salmon or lavender, without distinct, cop- pery tinge; radially striate and iridescent in the younger shells, but thickened and minutely pebbled anteriad in the older specimens, VARIATION IN E. liebmanni cuatotolapamensis, n. subsp. 4 = we se Bowe £8 S Ss wu = Te aan oOo Seo.) Ove bo Tob & So JG -e 8S re 2 Q FE. hebmanni 103 aS 43 ( Philippi, 1849) E. sphenorhynchus 71 52 33 (C. and F., 1894) Fig. 6 (smallest) 55 51(28) 33(18) (heavily ornamented) Fig. 7 (left valve) 62 50(31) 34(21) (ornamented) Fig. 20 (right valve) 62 58(36) 37(23) (see below) Fig. 21 65 55(36) 34(22) (smooth and shiny) Fig. 24 74 54(40) 33(24) (ornamented) Fig. 23 (left valve) 78.5 48(38) 29(23) (smooth; see below) Fig. 25 (very heavy) 79 53(42) 42(33) (strongly eroded) Fig. 22 (type sub- species ) 8I 53(43) 35(28) (ornamented) Mean of2ospecimens 69 54 34 Extremes of lot 55-83 48-58 29-42 This is a smaller form than typical liebmanm, with, appar- ently, a stronger tendency towards ornamentation. Simpson (1914) omits any mention of the ornamentation in his descrip- tion of &. liebmanni, but Philippi (1849) says: “The beaks of my examples are very widely and strongly eroded; how- Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 15 ever, on one I still recognize vertical, shallow furrows, which are about a line apart and extend almost an inch from the beaks, which must give an individual character to the young, uninjured shell, that helps to differentiate this species from others” (translation). The locality of the species is indefinite (Mexico, legit cl. Liebmann), but it is probably a more south- ern form than this subspecies. U. sphenorhynchus C. and F. (1894) has the same dimensions as the subspecies, but is very sinuate ventrad; has a much more definitely marked posterior ridge; the beaks are placed more posteriad; and the posterior tooth in the right valve is more trigonal than compressed. C. and F. (1894) also give a figure (Ixv, 4) of what they con- sider an aberrant shell of their U. tehuantepecensis; it has every appearance of my shell, plications and all. This species is apparently quite closely related to E. plexus (Con.) and its identification is further confused by the very great resemblance to what I think to be the young shells of A. walkeri (see below). These latter are intermediate in shape between &. plerus and &. liebmanni, and their lateral teeth somewhat resemble those of the former. However, their right pseudocardinals are more trigonal and they lack the vertical furrows, typical of both species, although they possess some- what similar, curved, posterior plications. Two quite well-marked lines of variation are present in the lot. One is represented by figs. 20 and 21, and by two other shells not figured. These four shells are much smoother and more polished than are the rest (21 has no sign of ornamen- tation), have a more strongly curved, dorsal line, and shorter and more curved laterals, and tend to be somewhat higher. The last two of these characters make them approach, in appearance, the young shells of 4. walkeri and E. plexus. The other aberrant type is represented by a single left valve (fig. 16 University of Michigan 23). It isa considerably more elongated and compressed form than are the others, and the epidermis is golden-brown with indistinct, brownish rays. The growth-lines are well marked and give this shell a somewhat concentricly wrinkled appear- ance; otherwise it appears quite without ornamentation. Anodonta globosa Lea, subsp. nopalatensis (Sowerby) (1867).—Plate V, fig. 26. One left valve, in good condition, from the Rio San Juan (H, vii, c) ; picked up on the bank by Dr. Ruthven. The epidermis is radially striate, 4% mm. apart, while ante- rior to the umbones are etched very distinct, fine furrows, 4 to 6 mm. apart. The ventral margin is distinctly sinuate, but this may in part be caused by an injury about 3 cm. dorsad; but the shell is flattened to slightly concave centrally, even above this. The color of the epidermis is dark brownish-olive, to rust-colored towards the beaks. This specimen is from within a few miles of the type locality of nopalatensis, as worked out by von Martens (1900); A. globosa globosa is from a lake near the mouth.of the same river system. With its extremely high and full beaks, great infla- tion and sloping dorsal margins, this form appears to be more distinct from globosa (adult specimens in the A. N. S. P.) than is A. tabascensis Mo. as figured by Fischer and Crosse (1894). MEASUREMENTS Index in mm Height-index in per cent Diameter-index in per cent (type, Simpson, 1914) (F. and C., 1894) A. globosa Lea. A. tabascensis Mo. A. nopalatensis Swby. 73 (F. and C., 1894) Plate V, fig. 26 150 75(112.5) 68(102) : se es SN un Un on ou ° Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 17 Actinonaias sapotalensis (Lea) (1841), and approaching subspecies computata (Crosse and Fischer) (1893).—Seven specimens from Arroyo Hueyapam (H, vii, b); 8 from Rio San Juan (H, vii, c). The former include the specimens of which the anatomy has been described and figured by Ortmann (1912). The specimens from the Arroyo Hueyapam are near sapo- talensis, while those from the Rio San Juan approach compu- tata, which, from the proportions and the figure of the hinge armature, appears to be the description of a youngish indi- vidual of a considerably larger form, from the Goatzalcoalcos River system. One of the larger specimens is arcuate ventrad very much like some of the specimens of P. opacata (plate VII). In these older individuals, the wavy tendency of the rays becomes accentuated towards the ventral margin, until they are broken into very pronounced zig-zags, similar to some of the species of Plagiola. MEASUREMENTS ; 5 egies tae Seiko gues 5 eee gh ae ly Bee ool deinen 3 e NS = oe A, sapotalensis 56 64 41 (Simpson, 1914) A. s. computata 77 68 39 «©. (C. and F,, 1894) Arroyo Hueyapam 50.5 2 34 (young male) 535 65 39 (female) Rio San Juan 70.3 67 44 79.5, G5 44 (largest) 81 65 49 (arcuate ventrad) Extremes 50-81 58-67 33-49 Actinonaias umbrosa (Lea) (1856) and approaching expli- cata (“Mo.” C. and F.) (1894). U. alienigenus C. and F. (1893). Plate VII, figs. 43-47. Five adult shells and 15 juveniles from the Arroyo Hueya- pam (H, vii, b) ; 12 specimens, including odd valves, from Rio San Juan (H, vii, c). 18 University of Michigan The small river form (Arroyo Hueyapam) approaches quite closely A. umbrosa (Lea), as it has the more wedge-shaped form (figs. 44, 45), but the specimens are quite light-colored, while most of those from the Rio Medellin, like so many spe- cies from that river, are quite dark. Some of the adult males(?) from the Rio San Juan (fig. 46), on the other hand, quite closely approximate U. alienigenus C. and F. or even A. explicata. Vhe females(?) from the Rio San Juan (fig. 47) are not so rectangular as the males and are somewhat swollen along the posterior shoulder down to the posterior ventral margin, very much as in A, sapotalensis, although to a lesser degree. The young males of the last species are prac- tically identical in shape with those of this form, but may be easily separated by the difference in the pseudocardinals. The juvenile specimens from the Arroyo Hueyapam (fig. 43) are subrhomboid, and are beautifully rayed with green. They have no sign of a dorsal “wing.” ‘The pseudocardinals of the right valve are always oblique and almost parallel, but the size of the upper tooth is variable and the development of either appears dependent on the age of the individual. In the juve- nile specimens, they are lamellar, while in the older specimens, although always distinctly compressed, they are often quite heavy and jagged. The nacre of the adults is usually white, but may be tinged with either salmon or violet. Although typical specimens of A. umbrosa and A. explicata are very dissimilar, these two lots of shells show approaches to both species, and it seems probable that wmbrosa is a dwarfed, small-river, northern form (type apparently a female) of the same species of which explicata is the larger, southern, form (type apparently a male). U. alienigenus is an interme- diate form from the Goatzcoalecos River system. Strictly - speaking, A. umbrosa (Lea) should have the priority, as More- Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 1g let’s description, like so many in the Test. Nov. (1849), was totally unrecognizable until 1894, when it was beautifully fig- ured, from original specimens, by Fischer and Crosse. How- ever, as the general tendency in North American uniones seems to be to accept types regardless of the recognizability of the descriptions, A. umbrosa will perhaps ultimately become a sub- species of A. explicata, as the original naming of the latter (1849) has the priority. Mesonaias C. and F. (1894) (type U. explicatus Mo.) is used here as a synonym of Actionaias. Graphonaias, of the same paper, has already been placed in the synonymy of the latter by Frierson (1917), who lists the type species (U. medel- linus Lea) as an example of that genus. From the original comparison, L. sapperi von Ihering (1901) appears to resemble an old specimen of A. expflicata, with heavier pseudocardinals and obliquely truncate anterior end, but the dimensions are those of a more elongate and compressed form. The original notes of comparison, without figure, are too brief to assure its determination. MEASUREMENTS 3 3 = mo 1S Ow 4&0 cr eatin 222 Gk Sp ons 5 = eee a) A. explicata BLOW 57 33 (F. and C., 1894) U.alienigenus 82 62 37 (F. and C., 1894) A. umbrosa 90 = 59 33 (Simpson, 1914) LL. sapperi IIg 49 29 (von Ihering, 1901) Arroyo Hueyapam: Fig. 43 21.5) 50 Gr2) 32(7) (smallest juvenile) Fig. 44 41 61(25) 37(15) Fig. 45 71 62(44) 36(25.5) (compare umbrosa) Rio San Juan: Fig. 46 904 63(50) 35(33) (male? compare erplicata) Fig. 47 93-5 62(57.5) 40(37) (female?) 20 University of Michigan Actinonaias (Disconaias) walkeri, new species Plate I, figs. 1 and 2; plate IX, fig. 49, type; plate X, figs. 48-50; plate XI, figs. 48 and 49 Fifteen specimens, including odd valves, from Rio San Juan (Ey aie): Shell rather large; male(?) subrhomboid, elongate, com- pressed, often slightly sinuate below; female(?) subelliptical, rather swollen; anterior end rounded, with dorsal margin con- siderably lower than beaks and the ventral margin obliquely truncate; posterior end with dorsal margin equal (males?) or higher (females?) than the beaks; posterior ridge double, rounded to subangular in the males(?), while the region is con- siderably swollen in females(?) ; posterior margin moderately biangulate; beaks rather low, behind the middle, and curved posteriad, especially in the females(?); sculpture (if identi- fication of juvenile specimens is correct) probably consisting of fine, concentric wrinkles, flattened ventrad ; epidermis rough- ened by irregular growth-lines which are sometimes markedly sulcate, especially near the ends of the shell, radially striate throughout and sometimes with dorsally curved sulcations on the anterior slope; color brownish with very indistinct olive- green rays in adult (rays diffuse on a yellowish background in juvenile shells) ; left valve with two stout, trigonal, jagged pseudocardinals, and two heavy, short laterals (fig. 49, plate XI); right valve with two pseudocardinals, the anterior small to vestigial, oblique; the posterior large, stout, trigonal, almost vertical, and broken superficially by vertical, jagged lamella- tions; with cavity for reception of posterior left pseudocardi- nal, usually deep and large; followed by a small tooth; and with one very heavy, club-shaped, short lateral; hinge-plate heavy, short, occupying middle half of dorsal margin, curved below in male(?) and almost arcuate in female(?) ; beak cavi- Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 21 ties rather shallow, just obscuring dorsal scars ; anterior muscle scars deeply impressed but quite smooth; posterior scars well marked but not impressed ; pallial line deep, crenate ; nacre white to reddish violet, almost scarlet, sometimes with a cop- pery tinge, thickened anteriad, iridescent posteriad; edge of inside of shell, due to obliquity of prismatic layer, with white to rust-colored border 2 to 4 mm. wide. MEASUREMENTS : % . Sages Ses casas = Cte oO 2 22 2 oD oD See s w= soho I an a) A. disca (Lea) 162m Os 27 (type, Lea, 1838) 135 67 24 (Simpson, 1914) A. disca fimbriata(Fr.) 80 59 31 - (Frierson, 1907) Fig. 1 46 52(24) 30(14) Fig. 2 61 56(34) 34(21) Fig. 48 (right valve) 97 65(63) 41(40) (female?) Fig. 49 105 57(60) 34(36) (type; male?) Fig. 50 (left valve) 102.5 57(59) 31(32) (male?) Extremes (11 adults) 88.5-109.5 55-05 31-45 ‘The larger shells of this species seem to be markedly dimor- phic; those that appear to be the old males somewhat resemble L. fimbriata Frierson (1907), while those taken for old females have the slightly hooked beaks and the humped posterior dorsal margin of U. discus Lea (1838). On account of this dimor- phism and the resemblance of the two sexes (?) to these two forms, I think it is probable that Unio discus (more normal development U. panacoensis von d. Busch) is largely based on old female specimens which have reached, in the quieter water of the large river near Tampico, their completely distinctive form, while L. fmbriata Frierson, also from the Panuco River 22 University of Michigan system, is a small-stream form of the same thing, mainly described from males and from rather immature females that had not yet developed the characteristic shape of the older specimens. The epidermis, hinge armature, obliquity of the prismatic layer and nacre of the two forms are practically identical, except that typical L. fimbriata plainly shows its exposure to a more severe environment. A youngish shell, approaching L.fimbriata, in the A. N. S. P. from “near Tam- pico,” perhaps represents the male of typical A. disca (Lea). Some of the young shells of disca in the A. N. 5. P. are indis- tinguishable from some specimens of L. fimbriata, which might be regarded as females that had not yet completely developed the adult dimorphism. Ortmann (1912) has already shown that the marsupial char- acters of fimbriata are those of the general Plagiola-Paraptera- Actinonaias type. If the hypothesis in regard to the sexual dimorphism of A. discus is correct, the section Disconaias C. and F. (1894) (type U. discus Lea) is more or less interme- diate in shell-characters between Actinonaias and Plagiola, as the males are more or less Lampsilis-like in shape, while the completely developed females bear considerable resemblance to typical Plagiola. The dimorphism of A. disca (Lea) is more marked than that of A. walkeri, as the females of the latter species do not differ so much in general shape from the males, but the shape of the post-dorsal swelling and beaks in the females is peculiar, and agrees with that of A. disca. The section Disconaias thus contains two species, one of which may be divided into two subspecies: A. disca disca (Lea), A disca fimbriata (Frierson), both from the Panuco River system, and A. walkeri from the Rio San Juan. The dimensions given in the partial description of L. sapperi von Ihering (1901) are similar to those of A. walkeri, and some Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 23 of the points mentioned in the original comparison might be applied to the latter, but I cannot believe that Simpson (1900) would ever confuse a species, even a male specimen, of this group with 4. explicata. _ A. walkeri is smaller than typical disca and, in proportion to size, is also heavier than either disca or fimbriata. The females are more inflated than in either of the nerthern forms, and are usually more elongate. The laterals of A. walkeri are heavier and lower, in proportion to the size of the shel!, and the main pseudocardinal of the right valve is more broadly trigonal, with no tendency to be compressed. This last differ- ence is most notable in the young specimens, as the juvenile pseudocardinals of A. disca are both quite oblique and almost lamellar, while those of walkeri are quite similar to those of the adult in shape. The epidermis of walkeri is also thicker, and the nacre attains a much more pronounced color (although similar in shade) than in any specimens of A. disca that I have seen. Actinonaias (Leptodea?) tecomatensis (Lea) (1841).— Fourteen specimens, including odd valves, from the Rio San Juan (H, vii, c). These specimens agree quite well with typical tecomatensis. This species is very close to the more northern A. tampicoensis (Lea) (1838). MEASUREMENTS i x“ E we oe ee: =| =) = Pipe oe Os = tet or = a oD |p & eer ee ky = er a) A. tampicoensis 80 75 35 (Simpson, 1914) A. tecomatensis 90 8=«67 44 (Simpson, 1914) Mean, from Rio SanJuan 8&8 70 45 Extremes, ditto 66.5-96 66-76 40-49 24 University of Michigan The group of Mexican forms with a tendency towards the production of dorsal alae, which includes these species, may be given any one of three names, all sections of Fischer and Crosse (1894): Cyrtonaias (type U. berlandierii Lea), Del- phinonaias (type U. delphinulus Morelet), and Phyllonaias (type U. paludosus Morelet). None of these are used and they are all included as synonyms of Actinonaias for the fol- lowing reasons: I. From the shell characters, they all appear to be more or less closely related to Actinonaias, although very probably sub- generically or generically distinct. 2. Until definitely placed in the synonomy of Actinonaias, anyone who desired a little more variety in the nomenclature of the North American uniones might possibly have placed that genus in the synonymy of any of them. 3. The choice of name should be left until the anatomy of one of the types is thoroughly known. They are all prior te Paraptera Ortmann (1911). Plagiola (Artonaias) opacata (Crosse and Fischer) (1893). —Plate VI, fig. 35; plate VII, figs. 27-38. Fifty-eight speci- mens from Lake Catemaco (H, vii, d), about one-half mile from the outlet in the Rio San Juan River system. Although no soft parts were obtained, the marked dimorphism of this lot of specimens presents convincing evidence that the type of U. opacata C. and F. is a female of a species closely related to Plagiola (Artonaias) sallei (C. and F.) (1893). Checkerboard graphs, showing the variation in length and the height-index, the variation in length and diameter-index, and the variation in the two indices, were made for all 58 specimens, and gave bimodal arrangements in each case. Of the photographs presented (plate VII), the left hand column and the two central figures are plainly of the female type (figs. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 25 27-30, 32, and 33), while those in the right hand column and the middle figure in the upper row (figs. 31, 35-38) are evi- dently of the male type. However, young shells are more or less inseparable and in old age the proportions again often become similar, as, for instance, the middle figure in the bot- tom row (fig. 34) looks like a female, but the earlier growth- lines give more the contour of a male. The older specimens are practically black and all are dis- colored, but an application of oxalic acid to some of the younger ones reveals a beautiful, silky-brown epidermis, often with quite evident, olive-green rays. The beaks of all are eroded, but, in two or three of the more nearly perfect speci- mens, remains were observed that apparently indicate the beak sculpture to consist of low, rounded wrinkles, with a slight tendency to be doubly looped. The silky appearance is caused by the close and regular arrangement of the growth-lines, which are crossed at right angles (in many specimens) by fine, radiating striations. At the posterior end, the latter become coarser and more distinct and are often separated by quite pronounced ridgelets. This structure appears to be a charac- teristic of the surface of the shell-substance, and may or may not affect the epidermis. In some of the older shells, the epi- dermis has a similar, flaky appearance to that characteristic of the group Artonaias. As shown by the figures and meas- urements, the shell is extremely variable and the older, arcurate specimens bear little resemblance to the younger shells. They are all connected by intermediates, but the specimens figured are chosen for divergence rather than resemblance. Fig. 32 shows an especially aberrant form, with much higher beaks, which are very swollen. The right pseudocardinals are usu- ally quite equal and compressed (as remarked by F. and C.), but often the upper is smaller (as pointed out by Simpson, 26 University of Michigan 1914). As the type figure is that of a female specimen, a male specimen is here figured in some detail (plate VI). U. mexicanus Philippi (1847) apparently has been confused with this species by various authors. Crosse and Fischer began the trouble by placing the two in the same section, without comparison. Von Martens (1900) remarks that U. opacatus is “perhaps only a shorter variety of U. mexicanus.” Simpson (1914) apparently considered U. mexicanus as practically unidentifiable, but had a shell like a young opacatus that he thought satisfied the description of the former. A careful examination of Philippi’s somewhat blurred, but rather good figure (1849) (Kuster’s copy as usual is abominable), and a comparison of the description and proportions, will, I believe, convince the most skeptical that U. mexicanus is exactly what Philippi (one of the keenest observers of his time) intimated that it was: a rather distinct form related to dA. aztecorum (Ph.)! He wrote, “The epidermis, the nacre, the figure agrees pretty well with U. aztecorum and at first I held this form (Art) for a variety of the same, yet there occur the following differences. . . .” (translation). A specimen in the Wheatley collection (A. N. S. P.), labeled agtecorwm, approximates Philippi’s description of U. mexicanus. The form certainly has nothing in common with P. opacata except a rather straight dorsal line. MEASUREMENTS y a oO = Aces eG Or yo Sly ie deo ees a wy Uv ~~ oO eat = a = (= age ee Se a) P. opacata Seley (ey 52. (C.and\ Fs 1804) A. mexicana 64 58 38 (Philippi, 1849) Means (male type) Rom Or 44 Means (female type) 5O 65 47 Extremes (58 specimens) 43-66.5 58-75 40-54 ae Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 27 Plagiola (Artonaias) opacata (C. and F.), subspecies new ?—One specimen from the Rio San Juan quite closely approximates P. opacata, but has only one right pseudocardinal (the posterior). With it probably belong two or three much larger valves, all badly eroded and broken, but which show a considerably heavier and more arched hinge plate. These shells perhaps represent large subspecies (river form), but the material is too scanty and poor to justify a description. In many ways this form somewhat resembles P. sallei (C. and F.) (which would have the priority over opacata), but the latter appears to have higher and fuller beaks (fig. 32, plate VII, is comparable in this regard), and a trigonal, right posterior pseudocardinal. Simpson (1914) also speaks of the absence of radial striations, but they are difficult to find, or are com- pletely lacking, in the epidermis of some specimens of P. opa- cata, These large specimens also resemble, to a certain degree, some of the older shells of A. sapotalensis (Lea), but the latter may be quite easily separated by their vertical right pseudo- cardinals, which are trigonal in shape, and by the zig-zag rays. Lampsilis rovirosai Pilsbry sanjuanensis, new subspecies Plate VII, figs. 39-42 Fourteen specimens, including odd valves, from the Rio San aan’ CE wii, 'e): Shell rather large, subrhomboid to obovate; rather elongate, subinflated ; posterior ridge well rounded and with.two radiate sulcations on postero-dorsal slope; hinge-line rather short and quite straight ; beaks rather full and well developed (especially as compared to A. explicata) ; beak sculpture (from remains in two younger specimens) apparently consisting of five or six, rather coarse wrinkles, scarcely looped; epidermis radially striate, olive-green in younger specimens, shading to yellowish at beaks and at the edge of the shell, blackish in old specimens ; growth-lines fine and regular, giving the shell a soft, dull finish ; left valve with two almost horizontal pseudocardinals, lamel- late to heavy and jagged, but always compressed, and with two 28 University of Michigan laterals, the ventral being especially high and lamellate; right valve with two, parallel, oblique, usually lamellate pseudo- cardinals, although the upper is vestigial or sometimes almost completely lacking, while the lower in old shells tends to become almost trigonal; and with one thin lateral; beak cavities mod- erately deep, capacious, obscuring the dorsal pits anteriad ; anterior muscle scars well marked, smoothish, separated; pos- terior scars larger, confluent, not impressed, concentrically striate and iridescent; pallial line well marked throughout its length; nacre white, or tinted with lavender or salmon, some- what thickened anteriad and delicately iridescent throughout. The male(?) shell (plate VIII, figs. 39 and 40, type) is sub- rhomboid, with the posterior ridge better marked and ending in a rounded point about one-half way up on the posterior margin. The female(?) shell is more elongate, subovate, and strongly inflated in the posterior half of the shell, with the very much rounded posterior point one-half or more of the height above the ventral margin (plate VIII, figs. 41 and 42). This subspecies is apparently a smaller form of the more southern typical rovirosai. The adult female(?) shell also differs from the type specimen, by a tendency to be somewhat more strongly inflated and elongate. Simpson (1900) first pointed out that U. testudineus Reeve differed from true explicatus Morelet, and named the form L. lividus. Although I must confess that I am unable to place some individuals to my complete satisfaction, I think that the two shells, as Simpson intimated, are not even very closely related. But, from the material on which the subspecies is based, U. testudineus or L. lividus appears to represent a rather unpronounced female type, while rovirosai (type in A. N. S. P.) is what I believe to be the completely developed, old female, which has a type of marsupial(?) swelling quite distinct from Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 29 that of A. explicata (Mo.). If this arrangement is correct, L. rovirosai Pilsbry shows a much more marked sexual dimor- phism than does the latter species, where the female is nearly the same shape as the male but is slightly more inflated along the posterior ridge and down to the ventral margin. This more marked dimorphism and the indications of the beak sculpture (even the younger specimens are somewhat eroded) are the reasons for the retention of rovirosai in Lampsilis, until the soft parts are known. MEASUREMENTS é & me cae e gE FE saree tats ‘ ro) Eise Webe. mares aoe icic rio a) L. rovirosa mia (yl 40 (Pilsbry, 1900) L. lividus TIO SO (Simpson, 1914) Lr. sanjuanensis Fig. 30 70.5 61(43) 36(25) (male?) Fig. 40 82 65(53) 41(34) (type; male?) Fig. 41 90 )=—s-«©4(58) 44(40) (female?) Fig. 42 98 61(60) 43(42) (female?) Extremes (14 specimens ) 64-98 58-65 36-48 Lampsilis ruthveni, new species Plate XI, fig. 53; plate XII, fig. 53; plate XIII, figs. 51-54 Seven specimens, including odd valves (2), from the Rio San Juan: (H, vu, c). Shell rather small, elliptic to subovate, rather solid, inflated behind middle; beaks in front of middle low; beak-sculpture not observed ; posterior ridge rounded or shouldered ; posterior margin with rounded point at or a little below middle of height ; epidermis smoothish, thrown into sulcations and low, rounded ridges at growth-lines, dull, golden-brown to dark brown, the 30 University of Michigan lighter shells with distinct, wavy, greenish-black rays, limited to the posterior half ventrad but painting the entire length of the earlier growth; left valve with two pseudocardinals, the anterior almost vertical, narrow and high, with the anterior surface forming an almost equilateral triangle and overhanging the anterior muscle-scar; the posterior rather heavy, pyramidal and trigonal; and with two short laterals; right valve with two pseudocardinals, the anterior small or vestigial and tri- gonal, the posterior heavy and trigonal; with a deep cavity for the reception of the posterior tooth of the left valve, often followed by a low, rounded accessory tooth, and with one short, stout lateral; hinge plate moderately heavy, usually well arched, and, in these specimens, extensively invaded by a ven- tral proliferation of the ligamental material ; beak cavities shal- low, exposing or just obscuring the irregular row of deep muscle pits at their anterior ends; anterior muscle scars deep, separate, the largest almost conical with the point of the cone undermining the pseudocardinals, especially in the left valve, little but coarsely sculptured ; posterior scars semiconfluent, the largest spatulate in shape, slightly impressed anteriad, concen- trically striate and iridescent throughout; nacre white or tinged with buff dorsad, thickened anteriad, iridescent poste- riad; pallial line well marked, crenulate. The male(?) shell is moderately inflated, subelliptical, with the well-rounded posterior point at about the middle of the height (plate XIII, fig. 52). The-female(?) shell (fig. 51 is the type) is narrowly or broadly (fig. 53) ovate, much inflated just posterior to the center, and with two quite well-marked, but rounded, radiating swellings posteriad: one extending ven- trad into the posterior point of the shell which is below the middle of the height, the other reaching the ventral margin about one-third of the length from the posterior end. The ventral margin of the female(?) shell is almost straight to quite noticeably sinuate just in front of the ventral end of the anterior swelling, and the margin is also often indented between Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 31 the projections formed by the ventral ends of the two swell- ings. Two older shells have a slight arcuate tendency at the prolonged posterior point, which gives them a peculiar, beaked appearance (fig. 54). In both of these last, the beaks are eroded to such a degree that the pseudocardinals show dorsally as a sinuation of the hinge-line. This swollen shell is more markedly Lampsilis-like in gen- eral appearance than are any of the other southern Mexican naiades ; in fact, if without definite locality, it would undoubt- edly be taken for a shell from the central United States. The marsupial(?) swellings even give it a certain resemblance to the genus Truncilla. All of the specimens are heavily eroded, as if the shell-substance was softer than usual, which may be the reason for the ligamental invasion of the hinge plate. Among the Rio San Juan uniones, Lampsilis ruthveni is nearest Lampsilis rovirosai sanjuanensis in shape, although much smaller and heavier, while its color and rays give it a superficial resemblance to A. sapotalensis. ‘The radiate poste- rior swellings and the general inflation, especially of the females(?) are very distinctive characters in a Mexican form. MEASUREMENTS E/ inse ee Saber ont rcs Me Ss oy Os a a ~ Oo <= =} (e¥ we BP a2 OD -w Sea ah aes las 53. 66(35) 48(25) Fig. 52 55-5 64(35) 47(26) (male?) 56 6637 48 (27) Fig. 51 be Paso) 58(34) (type, female?) Fig. 53 60 72(43) 52(31) (much higher; female?) Fig. 54 73 62(45) 46(33.5) 73-5 62(45.5) 46(34) Means (7 specimens) 61.5 65 49 Extremes 53-73-5 62-72 46-58 32 University of Michigan Part II. OPprERCULATES HELICINIDAE+ Oligyra (Succincta) flavida strebeli ( Pfeiffer). H. flavida Menke (1829). The usually larger, more southern, banded form. H. trossula Morelet (1849). A synonym of the preceding. H. brevilabris Pfeiffer (1857). From description, a still larger form. H. strebeli Pfeiffer (1861). Usually smaller, thinner and more depressed, with 5 to 5% whorls; used here as subspecies. About 800 adults; from leaves of trees, shrubs and vines (H, I, b), and on the ground (H, I, a) in the lowland forest ; dead shells from the burnt-over area (H, II, a); from leaves of shrubs, cacti, etc., in the savannah forests (H, III, m) ; and from shrubs and elephant-ears along Arroyo Hueyapam (H, vik Di 83 Fe None of the specimens are banded, but the ground-color varies from vitreous white and milky white, through horn- colored and greenish horn-colored, to yellow and dark amber- brown. The last two color-forms are especially striking. The lip is always milky white. Extremes measure: Altitude Greatest diameter Heightaperture Diameter aperture 6.1 mm. 93 (5.7 mm.) 48 (2.9 mm.) 52 (3.2 mm.) 4.5 mm. 102 (4.6 mm.) 53 (2.4 mm.) 58 (2.6 mm.) 2 The spiral striations in these specimens are very variable; they may be quite well developed or almost completely absent. 1The radulae of the four species included here have been exam- ined and are figured in another paper, “Notes on the Radula of the Helicinidae,” which will appear in the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phil- adelphia. As the synonymy of the North American mainland species is also treated in that paper, it is omitted here, except where it is actually discussed. 2 Throughout this paper, the altitude is expressed in millimeters, but the other dimensions. are expressed as indices. The index of each dimension is taken as that dimension divided by the altitude. The index is followed by the actual dimension in millimeters. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 33 One specimen from the savannah forests (H, II, b) has a well-marked indentation on the basal lip of the aperture, and many specimens show an indication of the same tendency. These specimens quite closely resemble O. fragilis (Morelet), which Wagner (1907) places in his subgenus Leialcadia (or Leicaladia?) of the genus Alcadia. Helicina (Tristraiua) zephyrina Duclos (1833 ).—One hun- dred one adults, mainly from leaves of trees and shrubs (up to about 15 feet above ground) in the lowland jungle (H, I, b) ; also found on shrubs, trees and elephant-ears in the par- tially cleared region along Arroyo Hueyapam (H, II, a), and on the leaves of shrubs and on cacti and yucca in the patches of brush on the savannahs (H, III, b). Shells (mainly dead) were also found on the ground (where they apparently aesti- vate) in these places (H, I, a; H, III, a) and also in the burnt- over region (H, II, b). This species aestivates with the operculum almost entirely closed, but leaves a little crack between its lower edge and the basal margin of the aperture (fig. 1). Many specimens have a slight depression on this portion of the aperture margin, with an adjacent callus or tooth at the base of the columella. This makes them look very much like the figures of H. deppeana von Martens (1863). As this series of specimens also approaches that species in sculpture (as figured), I am rather inclined to believe that the latter is little more than a subspecies of the present species. Apparently this condition of the aper- ture is quite common throughout the family, although best developed in Alcadia. The operculum of H. zephyrina has the horny, inner layer well developed and almost scarlet in color. The calcareous plate is very thin and is usually incom- plete towards the parietal wall of the aperture, although the -_columellar edge is thicker and better developed. 34 University of Michigan The specimens show considerable variation in size; from individuals seen in copulation, it appears that the males are usually smaller and less globose than the females. Extremes measure: Altitude Greatest diameter Heightaperture Diameter aperture 12.4 mm. 107 (13.3 mm.) 55 (6.8mm.) 63 (7.8 mm.) 9.3 mm. III (10.3 mm.) 62 (5.8 mm.) 66 (6.1 mm.) g.I mm. 117 (10.7 mm.) 67 (6.1 mm.) 73 (6.6 mm.) The color variation in this lot may be divided into the fol- lowing classes, which do not appear to be related to habitat: (a) General coloration: from milky-white and yellowish- brown to orange and wine-colored. Ten specimens out of the total number were uniformly light-colored, while 3 were uni- formly wine-colored. In the former case, the colored bands are certainly absent; in the latter, they may be obscured by the dark ground-color. (b) One broad, dark band, just above the greatest ventri- cosity of each whorl, and reaching almost to the suture above (42 specimens). This band is either orange or wine-colored, and may be distinct or diffuse. Some of these specimens also show the broken stripe of class (d), which forms a lower margin to the one considered here. (c) Two broad bands, with a light band between (3 speci- mens). The second band is just below the greatest ventri- cosity of the whorls, and varies in color with the other. (d) A fine, broken stripe of colored dashes, at the position of the lower edge of the band in class (b) and often present at its lower border. Seventeen specimens have no other mark- ing; it varies in color like the bands. (e) A diffuse tint on the base which begins at the position of the lower edge of the second band in class (c), but which does not occur with it. Eight specimens have the band in class (b) and this basal coloration. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 35 Helicina (Tristramia) zephyrina elatior “von Martens” Crosse and Fischer (1893).*—Eleven specimens from trees in the lowland forests (H, I, b) and the savannah forests (H, III, b) ; from the ground in the savannah forests (H, III, a), and from the burnt areas (H, I, b). This is a rather well- marked race of H. sephyrina, although it occurs with the typical form. In shape it is practically identical with the more northern H. chrysocheila Binney (1851), but the latter usu- ally (not always) differs markedly in color and appears quite distinct. At least at present, it appears best to retain elatior as a race of zephyrina, which occurs with the typical form, and simply approaches, in shape, the other species. Specimens measure: Altitude Greatest diameter Heightaperture Diameter aperture 12.1 mm. 103 (12.5 mm.) 49 (5.9 mm.) 53 (7.0 mm.) 11.2 mm. 94 (10.5 mm. ) 47 (5.3 mm.) 55 (6.2 mm.) 10.6 mim. 100 (10.6 mm. ) 52 (5.5 mm.) 57 (6.0 mm.) Helicina (Tenuis) tenwis Pfeiffer (1849). H. lindeni Pfeiffer (1849). H. vernalis Morelet (1849). Fifty-eight adults; from leaves of trees, vines and shrubs in lowland jungle (H, I, b) and on ground (H, III, a) and on leaves of shrubs and cacti (H, III, b) in the savannah for- ests. The specimens vary somewhat in size ; extremes measure: Altitude Greatest diameter Heightaperture Diameter aperture 9.7 mm. 100 (9.7 mm.) 48 (4.7 mm.) 55 (5.3 mm.) 9.5 mm. 101 (9.6 mm.) 54 (5.1 mm.) 60 (5.7 mm.) 7.7 mm. 107 (8.2 mm.) 61 (4.7 mm.) 66 (5.1 mm.) 1“Elatior’ as used by von Martens (1890) is a one-word descrip- tion and not a name. This is the reason why he puts H. berendti Pfr. as if it were a synonym under another of his short descriptions, “e#ca- vatoangulata.” When he actually wished to denote or name a sub- species, he placed the name in italics and followed it by the name of the author or the letter “n.” Crosse and Fischer (1893) have since changed some of these descriptions into true names, as, for instance, in the present case. 36 University of Michigan The considerable color variation, which seems not to be cor- related with the habitat, may be classified as follows: (a) General coloration: milky-white to yellowish (variety delta of C. and F. (1893) and typical lindent), greenish sees common), and chestnut-brown. (b) One broad, brown stripe from near the greatest ventri- cosity up to the suture (variety epsilon of C. and F.). (c) Two broad, brown stripes, with a light stripe between; the second below the greatest ventricosity includes varieties zeta and etta chiapensis (when combined with the brown body- color) of C. and F. (d) Two dark and one light band above the greatest ventri- cosity; the stripe of class (b) divided through the center (variety gamma of C. and F.—typical tenuis). Helicina ae and H. tenuis were described in the same paper (P. Z. S. 1848; April 25, 1849). The former name has page eee but von Martens (1890) chose to regard the former as a form of the latter, so teniwis becomes the specific name. H. vernalis Morelet (Test. Nov. 1) appears to be prior as regards date of publication of the name, as his paper bears the date Feb. 15, 1849. However, H. vernalis, like so many of the names in the Test. Nov., is only recognizable because later redescribed and figured, so it seems best to retain Pfeiffer’s name. The same is true of H. amoena Pfr. and H. purpureoflava Morelet, and of H. oweniana Pfr. and H. coc- cinostoma Mo. Lucidella (Poenia) lirata (Pfeiffer) (1847).—\Eighty-one specimens in and at edge of pools, on ground, in lowland jungle (H, 1, a, or H, v, a). This species appears almost semi- aquatic, and is often found together with aestivating Pisidium, Planorbis, etc. , “ Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology a7 AMNICOLIDAE Amnicola guatemalensis Crosse and Fischer—Very numer- ous, under bits of lava and pumice, on the north shore of Lake Catemaco, and also on the opposite side of the lake, in shallow water near a sulphur spring (H, vii, d). These speci- mens are narrowly imperforate to almost rimate. The original description does not mention the microscopic, raised, spiral lines; these are not very evident on the adults, but are very noticeable in the young specimens. The operculum is thin, corneous, and from dark brown to almost black in color. It is three-quarters spiral, with evident, raised ridges parallel to the growth-lines. The radula is shown in figure 5. In certain lights, the outer tooth may be seen to be striated longitudinally for almost its entire length. Potamopyrgus coronatus (Pfeiffer) —A single specimen from the Laguna de Chacalapa, a large savannah pond (H, vi). AMPULLARIIDAE Ampullaria flagellata Say (1827). A. malleata Jonas (1844). A. malleata, var. exculpta C. and F. (1890). A. malleata, var. arata C. and F. (1890). Twenty specimens. Some of the shells from the larger for- est pools near La Laja (H, v, a) are quite typical of what is often cited as A. malleata Jonas. A. flagellata represents a shell with a slightly more flaring lip than is general, but is not, I believe, even subspecificly distinct. Two of the shells are close to the figures of arata—i. e., they practically lack the malleation. The term exculpta appears to include the more malleated forms and does not appear even racially distinct. All of the shells in this lot are rather small; the largest measure: Altitude Greatest diameter Heightaperture Diameter aperture 50 mm. 87 (43.5 mm.) 71 (35.7 mm.) 52 (25.8 mm.) 47.5 mm. 88 (41.7 mm.) 76 (36.1 mm.) 57 (26.7 mm.) 38 University of Michigan The jaw-plates and the radula (fig. 6) are almost identical with those cf A. flagellata belizensis C. and F., as figured by the authors (1890), although their figure of the jaw, in par- ticular, appears slightly idealized. Especially noteworthy are the small size and sharpness of the cusps of the central tooth and the broad and markedly double base of the second lateral. The latter is represented from a slightly different viewpoint in C. and F.’s figure of belizensis. In a few of the central teeth of the three specimens examined the first of the lateral cusps was double, and in many the outer cusp was double, so that in a few cases as many as II cusps were found on a single tooth. A single inner lateral, in which the inner of the two small, outer cusps was divided, was also noted, while there was a quite constant tendency for a third cusp to be differentiated from the cutting edge outside of the other two. Ampullaria flagellata, subspecies erogata Crosse and Fischer (1890).—Thirty specimens. Ampullaria seems to have a peculiar ability to mature at almost any size. In places where the shells are abundant, specimens two centimeters in length have been seen in copulation. This was also noted in a Vene- zuelan species. These small shells may or may not assume the adult characters, so that those that do have a thickened peristome and a quite different shape from those that do not. These small specimens are never markedly malleate, as the malleation is not well developed except in the older shells. The shells from the smaller, more temporary pools, espe- cially from those in the burnt-over areas (H, V, b), appear never to reach a large size, and thus form a quite well-marked, ecological subspecies, which appears to fit the description of A. erogata Crosse and Fischer very well. A. ceraswm Hanley is not very different, and may be a similar form, perhaps of another species. Examples of A. f. erogata measure: Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 39 Altitude Greatest diameter Heightaperture Diameter aperture 32.2 mm. 91 (29.3 mm.) 72 (248mm.) 53 (17.1 mm.) 24.6 mm. QI (22.4 mm.) 78 (19.2 mm.) 52 (12.8 mm.) Ampullaria patula Reeve (1856),’ catemacensis, new subspecies Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 7 Twenty-five specimens from Lake Catemaco (H, vii, d). Shell thin, translucent, rimate; ground-color yellowish to olive-green or dark brown (rich amber by transmitted light), with 25 to 40 darker brown, spiral bands or lines of varying widths, sometimes with a broadish band of creamy yellow just below suture; surface marked with fine growth-wrinkles, crossed by regularly spaced, delicate, more or less beaded wrinkles, 2 to 3 mm. apart, and by microscopic, wavy ridge- lets, so as to give the shell a beaded appearance under the lens ; spire very low (somewhat eroded and pitted at very tip) ; whorls 4 or 5, rapidly expanding, more or less flattened above, each with the sutural edge sloping up over the preceding whorl so as to give, with the sharply marked, somewhat undulate suture, the impression of being flattened over it; last whorl greatly inflated, so as often to about equal in diameter, as viewed from above, all of the others combined; aperture very large; peristome slightly thickened within, but with edge 1Dr. Bryant Walker, to whom I sent the accompanying figures of this form, writes: “Your figure certainly looks very much like Reeve’s patula. Curiously enough, Sowerby in his recent revision of Ampul- laria (Pr. Mal. Soc., VIII, p. 345) seems to have omitted any refer- ence to it. I have four lots in the collection labelled ‘patula.” One from the Amazon has got misplaced and I have not been able to find it. The other three evidently belong to the same species, whatever it may be. One lot from ‘Brazil’ are dealer’s specimens, and I know nothing of their history. The other two came from New Granada. They come from Rolle. The ‘typical’ form is banded and has the interior dark brown, but the aperture is not so expanded as in your shells, and the apex is higher than in Reeve’s figure. The largest specimen measures 30.5x 25 mm.; tip of apex eroded.” 40 University of Michigan sharp, often somewhat expanded externally ; columellar margin whitish to orange in color, and reflected so as to further close the umbilicus; inside of aperture infuscate with chestnut, darker towards edge, with the bands showing through, and with the upper portion lighter and often whitish near the suture. Operculum (figs. 3 and 4) horny, thin, pear-shaped, dark-brown in color (smoky amber by transmitted light), and considerably smaller than aperture; outside concave, dull and marked by growth-lines externad to the submarginal nucleus, or even laminating into thin layers at the edges; internal mar- gin sigmoid with vertical, crescentic boss above the nucleus; inner surface with fine, radiate, subspiral striations; muscle- scar dull and of same shape as operculum, not extending internad to nucleus; extranuclear portion with smooth, shiny deposit, which often obscures the radial lines. Shell very variable in shape; some specimens are not shoul- dered but globose, with the last whorl descending, so as to raise the spire considerably above the aperture, the latter not greatly expanded. Two color-forms were obtained, as indi- cated above. One has the ground-color light olive-green, shading to creamy yellow near the suture; the other has it chestnut-brown, shading to smoky golden near the suture. The first form was obtained from the shores of a rocky island in the main lake, the second in a small but very deep body of water in a subsidiary crater-cone, with the water surface about 100 feet in diameter. This small body of water was separated from the main lake by a rock ridge about 60 feet high and 300 feet wide. More variation in shape was apparent in the small number obtained of the first form. The type (fig. 4) belongs to the second form. This is a very distinct shell for an Ampullaria, although it appears to belong to the A. ghiesbrechti group. In the Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 41 Wheatley Collection, at the A. N. S. P., are two shells labeled A. patula Reeve, Mexico, which are smaller specimens of the brown color-form. The original description and figure of Reeve fits quite well the light color-form, but none of my specimens are completely imperforate, although the young specimens are more nearly imperforate than the larger ones. This subspecies appears to be a considerately larger shell than Reeve’s patula. One young specimen is of about the same size, _ but is quite different in shape, as shown in the table of dimensions. Greatest Height Diameter Altitude diameter aperture aperture Patula 30 98(29.5) 83(25.0) 62(18.5)1 Catemacensis Young 36.5 88 (32) 82 (30) 58 (21) Fig. 2 44.0 102(45) 89 (39) 69(30.5) (type) 51.5 91(47) 77(39-5) 56(29) (not shouldered) 42 98 (41) 91 (38) 64 (27) Mean 44.5 05 84 62 (24 adults) Extremes 40-51.5 QI—102 77-91 56--69 The jaw-plates of this form are quite like those of A. flagel- lata or of A. flagellata belizensis, although none of my speci- mens were as regular nor had as well-defined cutting edges as those shown in the figure of F. and C. (1890). The radula of A. patula catemacensis (fig. 8) is very similar, but shows minor and apparently quite constant differences (5 radulae exam- ined). The middle cusp of the central tooth is much larger and is not so sharp and angular; the lateral cusps are also larger and better defined, and are spatulate in shape, while those of flagellata are more nearly triangular. These lateral cusps do not appear to have the tendency to split up into smaller cusps, as noted under the latter species. The first 1 The original description gives no dimensions; these taken from figure. 42 University of Michigan lateral differs in much the same manner as does the central; like A. flagellata, three ectoconic cusps are often present. ‘The second lateral (or first marginal) is more slender, is ligulate in shape, and is not double at the base, although there is a thinner portion (uncalcified?) extending laterad from the main, thickened portion. The outer tooth is also more slender and the base is not so enlarged as in flagellata. APEROSTOMIDAE Aperostoma dysoni (Pfeiffer) —Eighteen specimens: from the burnt-over area (H, II, b, dead shells) ; and from leaf- humus in the lowland jungles (H, I, a). The largest specimen measures: altitude, 15.8 mm.; greatest diameter, 129 (19.1 mm.) ; height aperture, 69 (11.0 mm.) ; diameter aperture, 65 (10.2 mm.). The radula and jaw-plates of this species were examined ; they have been figured by Crosse and Fischer (1888, 1890). They also figure what they term “elements” in both this species and in Tomocyclus simulacrum. In my specimens, these “ele- ments” look as if they were the cells, or that each one was the product of a single cell, and they are not regular in size throughout the plate. Toward the edge they are longer, and are lanceolate to long trapezoidal in shape, while toward the center they are more nearly square or, more often, polygonal. The arrangement of these elements causes the apparent stria- tions, seen under low magnification; this loses its regularity when examined closely. Cyrtotoma mexicanum salleanum (von Martens) (1865).— Eleven adults and 6 young shells from under leaves in humus in the lowland forests (H, I, a). These shells are quite typical of salleanum (fig. 9), which apparently is the more general form of the species in the favorable, damp habitats, as will be discussed more fully under the form mexicanum. These Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 43 specimens are yellowish horn-colored, shading into amber toward the tip. The growth-wrinkles are very regularly and evenly spaced. The following extremes show the variation in size of the adults: Altitude Greatest diameter Height aperture Diameter aperture Fig. 9 14.5 138 (20) 72 (10.5) 66 (10.5) Largest 16.5 152 (25) 64 (10.5) 61 (10.0) The jaw-plates of this species are practically the same as those of Aperostoma dysoni (Pfr.). The radula (fig. 8) is also quite similar, but differs in several minor particulars. The central tooth in C. mexicanum is more elongate and the cusps tend to be somewhat more rounded than in the latter species. The outer cusp of the second lateral is almost vertical and faces inward. In the ordinary position of the tooth it appears as simply a blunt, vertical projection on the outer margin of the tooth, but when seen in profile it appears more prominent than in A. dysoni, and projects out almost at right angles to the remainder of the cusps. The outer tooth has three cusps, as in A. dysont, but lacks the attenuate point in the lower cor- ner. In both A. dysoni and the present species there is not a definite base to this last tooth, as might be judged from Crosse and Fischer’s figure, but the entire tooth forms a plate with three cusps on the inner side. The inner and central cusps curve inward and down, but the large, triangular, basal cusp faces directly inward. The tooth appears to be attached to the basal membrane by its outer edge. Cyrtotoma mexicanum mexicanum (Menke) (1830).—One adult (dead shell) from the burnt-over region (H, II, b), and 6 adults and 2 young specimens from the strip of jungle along the upper portion of La Laja. These last woods are about intermediate in type between the lowland forests (H, I, a) and the savannah forests (H, III, a). This set of specimens presents evidence that mexicanum and 44 University of Michigan salleanum are ecological growth-forms of the same thing. According to von Martens (1890), the only trustworthy dis- tinctions between the two are the larger size of salleanum and the peristome. He describes the latter as follows: “lower lobe of the columellar margin beneath the deep notch is always free in C. mexicanum and soldered to the penultimate whorl in C. salleanum,; this seems to be a constant character.” The newly formed peristome of this species is smooth on its outer surface and is usually regularly attached to the body whorl, although some specimens (for example, F. and C., /. c., pl. xxxv, 4; also specimens in the A. N. §S. P.) apparently have a slight scalariform tendency. Under the most equable conditions of the environment, this condition of the peristome is apparently retained; so that in the lowland forests all of the specimens are quite typical of salleanwm (fig. 9). However, the size cannot be used as a specific character; although the specimens of salleanum tend to be somewhat larger, the small- est specimen obtained (20 mm. in diameter) belongs to this form. The differentiation of C. mexicanum mexicanum from this type is apparent in the specimens from along La Laja. In these drier habitats there appears to exist a tendency to pro- duce the reflected peristome when smaller in size (younger ?). Probably on acount of the repeated periods of aestivation, additional layers of material are secreted over the outside of the peristome, as shown in the figures (figs. Io, 11 and 12). These additional layers are most extensive on the palatal and basal portions and tend to widen the peristome as well as increase its thickness (fig. 10). On the columellar margin, the added layers fail to attach themselves to the penultimate whorl (fig. 11), so that finally the typical mexicanum is formed (fig. 12), in which the lower lobe of the columellar margin is Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 45 not adnate to the body whorl. If this process should be con- tinued long enough, I have no doubt it would result in the complete freedom of the peristomal margin. The shells of the form mexicanum are more variable in appearance than are those of salleanum. ‘The growth-wrinkles of the former are quite irregular, and the epidermis is usually eroded toward the tip, which may be somewhat chalky in appearance. Specimens measure: Altitude Greatest diameter Heightaperture Diameter aperture Smallest 14.5 145 (21) 66 (9.5) 69 (10) Fig. 10 17.0 135 (23) 65 (11) 65 (11) Fig. 11 15.0 149 (23) 65 (10) 68 (10.5) Fig. 12 15.0 150 (22.5) 67 (10) _ 70 (10.5) Part III]. ZoNrITIDAE AND HELICIDAE ZONITIDAE Guppya gundlachi (Pfeiffer) (1840).—One hundred three specimens; on ground among humus and decaying leaves in the lowland forests (H, I, a) ; and a few feet above ground, on young palms in the lowland forests (H, I, b) ; on elephant- ears along Arroyo Hueyapam (H, II, a), and on cacti in the savannah brush (H, III, b). Apparently, it is a ground spe- cies, which moves up into the lower vegetation in the wet season. As the dried animals were still in some of the shells, two preparations of the jaw and radula were made and examined. The jaw (fig. 3) is quite similar in structure to that of Kuconu- lus, but has a more nearly semicircular outline. The formula of the radula (fig. 1) may be expressed: I 5 24, 2 I C—;L—;M— + — + —; or 27-5-1-5-27. 3 3 3 4 I The central has broader and shorter cusps than Euconulus. The first four laterals are practically the same shape as the central; in fact, I could not determine which was the central 46 University of Michigan until after counting the laterals. The fifth lateral is turned considerably inward, and is almost completely hidden by the distal end of the first marginal. The break to the marginals is a sharp one, and shows as a raised edge, even under low magnification. The well-developed marginals are all tricuspid and point obliquely inward, and the transverse row itself also slopes obliquely backward (i. e., in the direction towards which the cusps point). As the inner cusp of each marginal overlaps, to a certain extent, the outer one of the preceding tooth, it is sometimes difficult to make out more than 2 cusps, which prob- ably accounts for Binney’s statement that only a portion of the marginals are tricuspid. The lenses in his time were con- siderably inferior to the modern oil-immersion objective. Amongst the outer reduced teeth, the thirtieth and thirty-first have four cusps each, while the outermost is a mere denticle, and is lacking in some of the transverse rows. For comparison, the jaw and radula (fig. 2) of Guppya sterkii (Dall)+ was also examined. ‘his species, as Vanatta (1920) has already pointed out, has a similar dentition to that of G. gundlachi, only the radular ribbon is so minute as not to fill the field of the oil-immersion objective. The central tooth, for instance, is only about 4 microns (.004 mm.) in I 5 13-15 width. The formula is approximately: C—;L—;M 3 BE) 3 The number of cusps out to the ninth marginal was determined, but their shape on this tooth could not be made out very accu- rately, as the ends of the cusps are smaller than the limit of possible microscopic vision, and so could only be detected as 1 Dried animals; A. N. S. P. No. 46177; collected at the Clydesdale Brick and Stone Company Farm, Beaver County, near Elwood City, Pa., by J.B. Clark. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 47 points of light. For the same reason, the number of cusps on the outermost marginals, and perhaps the exact number of the teeth themselves, is indeterminable without resort to ultra- microscopic methods. On the first radula, in which the basal membrane disintegrated while under examination, so that the teeth spread out quite evenly in all directions, I thought I could count 15 marginals, in the other but 13. All of the inner teeth are quite of the same shape as those of G. gundlacht. The jaw is also very similar in the two species, but that of G, sterkit is even more nearly semicircular in outline. Guppya gundlachi, subspecies orosciana von Martens (1892). —Two specimens, found in humus among rocks near Laguna de Catemaco. This mountain subspecies agrees with typical gundlachi in the prominence of the spiral lines and in general shape, but differs in the marked carination of the last whorl. However, specimens with a distinct angulation were also found in the lowlands (H, I, a) among those with more rounded whorls. Guppya (Habroconus) trochulina (Mo.) (1851). Helix sclenkai Pfeiffer (1866). Thirty-four specimens ; adults on leaves of palms and trees, in lowland forests (H, I, b) and in savannah forests (H, III, b); juvenile specimens from elephant-ears along Arroyo Hueyapam (H, II, a); and one dead specimen from humus amongst rocks near Laguna de Catemaco. An arboreal species found with Helicina, Drymacus, and Oxystyla. The jaw (fig. 5) and radula of this form were also examined from two dried animals. The jaw is very similar to that of the general group. The formula of the radula (fig. 4) is: I LE is. 19 . &6 o-2 C—;L—;M—4+—4——+ 3 3 2 3 4 I or (48, 45)—-11-1-11-(48, 45). The proximal portion of the 48 University of Michigan reflected edge of the central is particularly elongate, and the mesocone is also slender and lanceolate. The first lateral is turned slightly inward and the entocone has moved up on the outside of the mesocone. Both of these characters increase in prominence through the series of laterals, until in the elev- enth tooth the entocone is very small and is high up on the outside of the mesocone. This tooth is shaped very much like what may be termed the first marginal, only the latter is bicuspid. The first 18 marginals are bicuspid, and arranged in an almost horizontal row. ‘The individual teeth (No. 21 is typical) are not so obliquely placed as are the tricuspids of G, gundlachi, or those of this species. The thirtieth tooth shows a minute, additional cusp outside of the others, and is the first of 19 tricuspids. With these, the transverse row begins to curve obliquely backward. These tricuspid teeth are even larger and better developed than are the bicuspids. ‘With the reduction in size of the outermost teeth comes an additional cusp on the forty-ninth, which is the first of 8 or 9 quadricus- pids of rapidly reducing size. The two outer denticles, which are often absent (even in adjacent rows in the body of the radula this much variation was noticed); are practically cuspless. Euconulus (?) pittieri (von Martens) (1892)—One dead specimen from humus among rocks, near the Laguna de Catemaco. This specimen agrees very well with the original description. It differs from E. elegantula by the marked cari- nation of the whorls, the more conical shape, the greater prom- inence of its radial wrinkles, which extend to within one whorl of the apex and which, in regularity and prominence, are some- what reminiscent of Strobilops, and the coincident relative obscurity of the spiral striations, which, however, are quite noticeable on the lower side. It differs from G. gundlachi Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 49 orosciana by its greater altitude and by the character of the sculpture, as just described. Euconulus elegantulus (Pilsbry) (1919).—Two hundred twenty-eight specimens; on ground in lowland forests (H, I, a) and savannah brush (H, III, a) ; the most abundant species on the elephant-ears along Arroyo Hueyapam (H, II, a) ; and on leaves of low vegetation in the lowland forests (H, I, b). Apparently a ground species, which moves up into the lower vegetation, somewhat more so than does Guppya gundlach, but not truly arboreal in habits, as is G. trochulina. The jaw and radula (fig. 6) of two dried specimens of this species were also examined. The jaw is very similar to that of £. fulvus. The formula of the radula is: I 9 Zips 2 3-4 O-I Cs aes a cis sae a 3 3 2 3 + I or (31, 33)-Q-1-9-(31, 33). The central has the reflected plate shorter distally than in G. trochulina, but the cusps are longer, so that the whole tooth appears equally elongate. The laterals differ in the same manner, but go through similar changes to those in the latter species, and the break between the last tricuspid tooth and the first bicuspid is but little more marked. The main difference between the two species lies in the fact that all of the well-developed marginals are bicuspid in &. elegantula, and the rows are more nearly horizontal than in G. trochulina. Two tricuspids and 3 or 4 quadricuspids occur among the reduced teeth at the outer end. ? For comparison with this species, the radula of Euconulus fulvus (Miller) was re-examined.t| The shape of the teeth, as very well shown in Taylor’s reproduction (1908) of Schep- 1Two large specimens; A. N. S. P. No. 87302; collected at Buck- field, Oxford County, Me., by J. A. Allen. 50 University of Michigan mann’s figure, are practically identical with those of &. ele- gantulus. The maximum formula is: I ip” tie ts 3 I C—;L—;M —+ — + —-+ —; or 28-10-1-10-28. 3 3 2 3 4 I The count for the laterals was the same for the two specimens examined, but the marginals were determined in only one, as the other curled under at the edges. The divergence between the descriptions of various writers depend probably in part on the inconspicuousness of the entocone on the laterals (in the tenth it appears as simply a point of light high up on the mesocone) and the difficulty in counting the extreme marginals, _especially as the edges have a tendency to curl under. The outer denticles also vary in numbers; I have found differences of two teeth in adjacent rows. All of the well-developed mar- ginals are bicuspid as in E. elegantulus. Among others that need not be discussed here, the follow- ing group names have been applied to our American species of this general group: Stenopus Guilding (1828), not of Latreille (1825). Conulus Fitzinger (1833), not of Rafinesque (1814). Guppya Moerch (1867). Type Conulus vaccus “Guppy” Moerch (1867), obviously a misprint for Conulus vacans Guppy (1866). Habroconus Crosse and Fischer (1872). Type Helix selen- kai Pfr. (1866). Euconulus Reinhard (1883). Type Helix fulva Miller (1774). Discoconulus Reinhard (1883). No type given, but H. gundlachi Prf. is mentioned as an example. Ernstia Jousseaume (1889). Type Ernstia ernsti Jouss. (1889). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 51 Spiroconulus von Martens (1892). Type H. gundlachi Pfr. (1840). Conulus vacans Guppy, from Trinidad, is thus the type of the first usable name, Guppya. It is a form which is appar- ently closely related to Guppya gundlachi, but is somewhat larger. Young (7?) specimens from Venezuela (Tate, collec- tor) in the A. N. S. P., labeled as vacans, are very close to gundlachi, but have somewhat coarser whorls. These speci- mens have 34 whorls with practically the same diameter as adult G. gundlachi with 5 whorls. Guppy (1866) describes the caudal projection, the marked spiral striation, and the radula. The description of the last is: “Lingual teeth about 30.5.0. 5-30, broad, subequal, central obsolete; first five laterals sym- metrical with a large rounded cusp having a smaller cusp of similar shape on each side; outer laterals bicuspid, resembling the teeth of Testacellus.” His supposition that the central is obsolete is doubtless due to the difficulty of its identification. The description of the laterals agrees with those of G. gund- lachi. Due to the overlapping of the marginals, as already pointed out, these would appear bicuspid under the microscope available in 1866. Spiroconulus von Martens, type G. gundlachi, thus becomes a synonym of Guppya, which is not Guppya s. s. of von Mar- tens (1892). According to Pilsbry (1910), Ernstia is also a synonym. From the shell characters of the specimens I have seen, I think it likely that G. biolleyi von Martens (1892) will also be found to belong in Guppya. Helix selenkai is a synonym of Helix trochulina Morelet (1851), so the species of which the radula has just been described may be considered as typical of Habroconus, which _ is used here as a subgenus of Guppya. From the shell char- 52 University of Michigan acters, Guppya championi von Martens, G. browni Pilsbry, and G. costaricana Pilsbry, with the variety elatior Pilsbry, appear to belong in this group. All of these species are large shells with weak spiral and radial striation and rather rapidly increasing whorls. On the basis of the radula alone, Euconulus would certainly become a subgenus of Habroconus, and the latter would be separated genericly from Guppya. However, Crosse and Fischer (1872) remark: “After M. Bland (in letter), it fol- lows from a verbal communication made to him by Dr. Berendt, who had occasion to examine in living state Helix selenkai, that that mollusc possesses, at the posterior extremity, a mucous pore quite (tout d fait) close to that of Stenopus” (translation). This appears to indicate a closer affinity with Guppya, although Euconulus also has a mucous pore. In addition, Euconulus is a Holarctic genus, and in general the American forms decrease in size towards the south. (From the shell characters, I think it probable that G. micans Pilsbry and G. jalisco Pilsbry also will be found to belong in Euconu- lus.) Guppya, on the other hand, is a neotropical genus, whose forms (for example, G. vacans, G. gundlachi and G. sterkit) tend to decrease in size toward the north—that is, in the oppo- site direction. This appears to indicate a northern center of origin for Euconulus and a southern one for Guppya. Habro- conus only has, as far as known, neotropical species, which are larger than any of the American forms of Euconulus. For these reasons, Habroconus is tentatively used here as a subgenus of Guppya, while the more familiar Euconulus is retained as a genus to include the conical forms with better developed radial striations, and with all of the well-developed marginals bicuspid. From the shell-characters, I rather doubt if the acutely carinate species with practically no spiral stria- Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 53 tions (example G. calverti Pilsbry) will be found to belong to any of these groups in its strict sense. In the radulae examined of these three groups, Guppya, Habroconus, and Euconulus, three more or less distinct ten- dencies or trends seem to be present. 1. A tendency for all of the teeth to become elongate and for the outer teeth to turn inward and to lose the ectones. The marginals of all three groups have lost the ectones, but the central and laterals of Guppya s. s. have not been affected to any great extent. Both the centrals and the laterals of the other two groups are elongated, although in Habroconus this is accomplished by the increase in size of the distal portion of the reflected edge, while in Euconulus the cusps themselves have been lengthened to a greater degree. The laterals of both of the last two groups show a progressive tendency, from the center out, for the ectocones to move up on the outside of the mesocenes and finally to diminish in size. 2. A tendency for the ectocones to be reduced in numbers. This has not affected Guppya s. s. as much as the others, as all of the marginals have at least two ectocones. Half of the well- developed marginals of Habroconus still retain two ectocones, while none of the large marginals of Euconulus have more than one. The bicuspid teeth tend to move back into a less oblique position than that of the tricuspid. This tendency towards reduction of the number of cusps on the marginals is carried still further in such genera as Zonitoides, where the definitive marginals are mostly unicuspid. 3. A separate tendency, at least somewhat coincident with size, to reduce the number of teeth in the transverse rows. Thus, the largest species, G. trochulina, has about 119, E. ful- vus about 77, E. elegantulus about 85, G. gundlachi 65, and G. _ sterkii 41. Up to a certain point, this appears to go on more 54 University of Michigan or less equably throughout the radula, and probably accounts, in part, for the lack of transitional teeth between the laterals and marginals in both species of Guppya s. s. Zonitoides (Pseudohyalina) minuscula (Binney ).—Eight specimens from humus, and on the underside of leaves and bits of bark on the ground, in the lowland (H, I, a) and the savannah (H, III, a) forests. HELICIDAE Thysanophora plagioptycha (Shuttleworth).—Eight speci- mens from leaves and humus in the lowland forests (H, I, a). Thysanophora pilsbryi, new species Bigcwnie ise aerd One specimen from humus in the lowland forest along La Majatvitagl aa): Shell minute, depressed, whitish horn-colored; whorls 3%, gradually increasing in size; last whorl descending slightly, so that the upper edge of the aperture is at about one-half the height of the preceding whorl; margin of aperture simple, thin, and almost circular in outline as far as complete; suture well marked, impressed; greatest diameter of whorls considerably above middle; umbilicus large, almost one-third the diameter of the shell, and showing all of the whorls; sculpture of shell consisting of equally spaced, quite regular, delicate riblets, which run parallel with the growth-lines, extend to within one- quarter of a whorl from the apex, and are highest on the upper side of the shell; entire surface of the shell, as far as could be made out, also covered with delicate striatulations, which cross each other at right angles, but cross the growth-lines at oblique angles, and form minute but extremely regular squares 4 microns (.004 mm.) across. This minute sculpture is regu- lar and uniform in spacing from near the apex to the edge of the last whorl (fig. 11). Measurements: altitude, .71 mm.; Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 55 greatest diameter, 1.30 mm.; lesser diameter, 1.19 mm. ; height aperture, .47 mm.; width of aperture, .47 mm.; greatest diam- eter of umbilicus, .43 mm. This minute species appears from its shell characters to be most closely related to Thysanophora tatei Pilsbry, and so belongs within the limits of the genus as at present constituted. It differs from that species by its much smaller size, by the gradually increasing whorls, and by its fine and regular striatu- lations. Under high magnification (700 diameters) all shells show some structure, which is perhaps caused by the edges of the crystals of which it is composed, but these are the most regular that I have ever examined. They are very much more regular and delicate than those of the Striatura-group of the Zonitidae. In order to differentiate this species more exactly, and to show its relations to the other Mexican and Central American forms, the following key is presented, which includes all of the species usually placed in Thysanophora, which have been listed from that district. I have examined under rather high magnification (at least 250 diameters) all of the forms included, with the exception of H. guatemalensis C. and F. and T. tur- binella (Mo.). The position of these two forms in this key is doubtful, as their descriptions do not accurately describe the shell sculpture. A. Apical whorls spirally striate, without definite markings (Radio- discus?). 1.84; 63; 3%4.2 coloba Pilsbry AA. Apical whorls with irregular punctations, somewhat radially arranged. Lower whorls also with irregular punctations, with 1The numbers for each species indicate in the order given: first, — the greatest diameter in millimeters; second, the height-index in per- centages, which is taken as the height divided by the greatest diameter ; and last the number of whorls. The greatest diameter is taken as a basis for the index, as this dimension is usually most accurately deter- mined in small species. 56 University of Michigan tendency to be arranged in diamond-shaped patterns; and with regularly spaced, much larger, papilla-like bosses, arranged in a definite pattern so as to form rows more oblique than the growth- lines and also rows less oblique. Large shell with concave apex. 19: 48; 4. sigmoides (Mo.) (witrinoides Trm.) AAA. Apical whorls with cuticular riblets, more oblique than, and crossing, the growth-lines. B. Oblique, cuticular riblets over entire shell. C. Whorls rounded. D. Most elevated forms; cuticular riblets tend to die out on body whorl. 2.5; 112; 5. rhoadsi Pilsbry DD. Not quite so elevated; about as high as wide. E. Umbilicus minute, rimate; suture less deeply impressed. 3; 100; 4. caecoides (Tate) (granum Strebel, guatemalensis C. and F.) EE. Umbilicus larger (10-11 in diameter) ; suture more deeply impressed. 2.8; 100; 4%. plagioptycha (Shuttleworth) DDD. More depressed species; umbilicus larger (less than 7 times in diameter. F. Smallest species: 2.55; 84; 4. fuscula (C. B. A.) (fischeri Pils.) BE olarger? 375 Jossats: proxima Pilsbry FFF. Largest: 4.6; 83; 434. canalis Pilsbry CC. Conical shell; last whorl subangulate. G, Wareers) Si: S05"5. turbinella (Morelet) ?? GG; Smaller: 4.5378: 5 paleosa (Strebel) BB. Oblique riblets represented on last whorls by oblique rows of crescentic projections; shell discoid. (Thysanophora s. s.) conspurcatella (Morelet) AAAA. Apical whorls with wrinkles or riblets parallel to growth- lines. H. Apical whorls also with rather indistinct spiral striations, which tend to give the radial wrinkles a beaded appearance. I. Lower whorls with rather distant, long, hair-like processes, arranged so as to form a diamond-pattern with oblique rows crossing the growth-lines, both more and less obliquely. K. Smaller and more elevated: 2; 90; 6. intonsa Pilsbry KK. Larger and discoid: 4; 62; 4 kormi (Gabb) Il. Without hair-like processes, as far as observed. I. Entire shell with fine, close-set and irregular, anastamosing, radial wrinkles or minute riblets; spiral striation less well marked. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 57 M. Almost discoid in shape: 4; 62; 4. hornii (Gabb) MM. More elevated spire: 4.5; 78; 5. impura ( Pfr.) LL. Entire shell with beaded appearance, a few of the radial folds may be developed into higher riblets. N. Shell larger and more depressed. O. 3; 83; 4 (type Microconus). wilhelini (Pfr.) OO 3:43) 702452 cockerellae Pilsbry NN. Shell small; Pupisoma-like; texture like “fine woven material.” 1.95; 100; 4%. textils Pilsbry HH. Apical whorls without definite spiral striations, but with regu- larly spaced, smooth, well-developed riblets, parallel to growth- lines. P. Larger species; slight tendency towards spiral stri- ations. 3; 60; 3%. tatei Pilsbry (blakeana Tate) PP. Small species; minute striations between ribs, which form oblique squares, 4 microns across. 1.3° 488314. pilsbryi n. sp. Averellia (Trichodiscina) coactiliata (Ferussac) (1838).— Seven specimens; from leaves and bark of trees in lowland jungle (H, I, b). One of these specimens contained the dried remains of the animal, and from it the jaw and radula were obtained. The arcuate jaw (fig. 9) bears 13 broad, low ribs, but is also striate so that the ribs appear rather irregular and indis- tinct. The radular formula (fig. 7) is: I 9 jog ee I ;L—;M — + — + — ;o0r3I-1I-31. I-3 I 3 4s5 I The central and the inner nine laterals are functionally uni- cuspid, but the rather long and slender mesocone bears lateral expansions or wings on both sides, below the level of its cut- ting edge. In some of the centrals, each of these expansions has a rather blunt and very indistinct cusp, which is only vis- ible under the oil-immersion objective. (On other centrals I was unable to detect these, and suspect that they are not always Cc 58 University of Michigan developed.) The expansions of the laterals are entire, except that in one or two cases the outer wing was apparently slightly angulate. A definite ectocone is developed on the tenth tooth, but the entocone remains vestigial out to about the twelfth. The teeth just beyond the tenth are more elongate and have shorter bases than any of the others. The remainder of the definitive teeth are tricuspid, but the outer ones are variable, and may have as high as 5 cusps. The thirty-first is a mere denticle. | Averellia (Trichodiscina) suturalis (Pfr.) (1846)—Two young specimens appear to be this species; one from the ground in the lowland jungles (H, I, a), the other under chips of bark on the ground in the savannah forests (H, III, a). Averellia (Miraverellia, new subgenus) sumichrasti (Crosse and Fischer) (1872).—Five specimens: 1 adult, bleached shell from the burnt-over area (H, II, a) ; 1 specimen (almost adult) and a juvenile from under logs on the ground (H, II,’a), and 2 juveniles from the bark of a tree (H, II, b) in the lowland jungle. This is a flattened, subangulate species, with the last whorl sharply descending near the aperture, as in most species of this genus. As Crosse and Fischer have pointed out, the whole surface of the fresh specimens has low, but prominent, cres- centic to lanceolate excrescences, which extend parallel to the growth-lines. These are interspersed with more numerous, minute, conical projections, so that the entire shell appears setose under the lens. This sculpture reaches to the apex, but is more minute on the apical whorls, so that they appear smooth, by contrast, to the naked eye. These projections super- ficially break the regularity of the growth-lines, so that the epidermis appears marked with anastamosing wrinkles, which Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 59 give the shell much the appearance of some species of Thy- sanophora. In the bleached specimen the epidermis is gone and the growth-lines appear quite regularly parallel, but, under a lens, the larger excrescences can be made out as compara- tively slight, local developments of the growth-wrinkles. My specimens appear to be slightly more flattened above the sub- angulate periphery than in those figured by Fischer and Crosse (1902). The largest specimen measures: altitude, 8.8 mm. ; greater diameter, 200 (17.7 mm.) ; lesser diameter, 170 (14.9 mim.). In the specimen that was almost adult the remains of the dried animal were found, and the jaw and radula were obtained. The jaw (fig. 10) is broadly arcuate, has a central superior angulation, and bears 11 low, broad, striate ribs. The cutting edge has a transparent border, which is apparently much thin- ner than the basal portion. The radular formula (fig. 8) is: I 7 20 g) C—;L—;M + —; or 36-1-36. 3 3 Sas) 4 The central tooth is comparatively broader than in A. coac- tiliata, and is definitely tricuspid. The ectocone and entocone are borne rather near the tip of the mesocone, but are on the same level or slightly above it. The first 7 laterals are also definitely tricuspid. Beyond this, the teeth become more elon- gate, and the entocone is often bifid. Beyond the twenty-eighth tooth, the ectocone also is often double. ‘The outermost teeth seen are short, very variable, and multicuspid. There may be a denticle or so beyond the outermost tooth detected, as the outer portion of the basal membrane was lost, due to trouble in mounting. Nevertheless, the vestigial character of 60 University of Michigan the last teeth present show that they are very near the outer edge of the radula. These differences in the sculpture of the shell and in the radula seem to warrant the separation of Hl. swumichrasti Crosse and Fischer (1872) as the monotype of a new sub- genus, Miraverellia. The descriptions of the shell-sculpture and of the radula, given above, separate this group from Tri- chodiscina von Martens (1892), of which H. coactiliata Ferus- sac (1838) is the type. The radula of Averellia Ancey (1887), in the strict sense (type H. macneili Crosse, 1873), has not been examined, but this typical subgenus is separated distinctly from either of the others by the peculiar, lamella-like infold- ings of the last whorl; the shell-sculpture is closer to that of Trichodiscina. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 61 PLATES The numbers of the figures are the same as used in the dimension tables in the text. The scale of each plate is shown on it, by means of a hair-line, which represents, in plates I-XIII, an actual length of one centimeter. In the other plates, the scale is indicated above each hair-line. All drawings were made with the aid of a camera lucida. 62 University of Michigan i os 2 | Elliptio and Actinonaias. Young and depauperate specimens. Figures 1 and 2. A. walkeri. Young specimens. Figure 3. &. plexus distinctus; juvenile. Figures 4 and 5. E. plexus; depauperate race. Figures 6 and 7. E. liebmanmi cuatotolapamensis; young. J. div id STIANHS NVOIXA] 64 University of Michigan PLATE J] “4 | Elliptio plexus distinctus. Variation ™ —_.. 4 ‘ atc . STIHHS NVOIXH] 66 University of Michigan PLATE. 1 Elliptio. Hinge armature. Figure 22. KE. liebmanni cuatotolapamensis. Hinge armature of right valve of type (figure 22, plate IV). Figure 15. E. plexus distinctus. Hinge armature of right valve of figure 15, plate II. Young shell. Figure 11. E. plexus distinctus. Hinge armature of right valve of figure 11, plate II. Old shell. MEXICAN SHELLS PEAS Eid 1071. aa ane - i es at ae at Seer a — *) - Pan 68 PLATE IV - E. liebmanni cuatotolapamensis, Variation. Figure 22. Type specimen. AI 3lVIg STINHS NVOIXJ are ae : : orn my) : el, ee rex ae SAY r & : fi , ae PRES A, 7O University of Michigan PLATE, V Anodonta globosa nopalatensis. Figure 26. A alwid STTAHS NVOIXH] 72 University of Michigan PLATE VI Plagiola opacata. Male? (natural size). Figure 35. Inner view of right valve, outer view of left valve, dor- sal view, and hinge armature of left valve. Vi ¥ PLATT XICAN SHELLS 4 4 Mr 10mm. ii i iN i Ny i \ th ANNIE Tray i wen i bu HOUTA MAY j) mM LAY Dea LP it dP an, Wri 74 Plagiola opacata. University of Michigan PLATE At Variation. IIA “wT STIYHS NVOIXiIN 76 University of Michigan PLAT-V Tid Lampsilis and Actinonaias. Figures 39-42. L. rovirosai sanjuanensis. (Figure 40 is type). Figures 43-45. Arroyo Hueyapam shells, like A. umbrosa. Figures 46, 47. San Juan River shells, like A. explicata. MEXICAN SHELLS PrATE WILT 78 University of Michigan PLATE Tx Actinonaias walkeri. Type (natural size). Figure 49. Dorsal and left views of male(?) shell. MEXICAN IPILANINE IDSC { ead 4 ~ ™ are as ye 80 University of Michigan PLATE X Actinonaias walkeri. Sexes (?). Figure 48. Female (?) shell. Figure 49. Type (male?) shell. Figure 50. Male (?) shell. MEXICAN SHELLS 82 University of Michigan PLATE, XI Lampsilis and Actinonaias. Hinge armature. Figure 53. Lampsilis ruthveni. Left valve of figure 53, plate XIII. Figure 43. Actinonaias walkeri. Right valve of figure 48, plate X. Figure 49. Actinonaias walkeri. Left valve of figure 49, plates IX and X. MEXICAN SHELLS PLATE XI 40 mer. Sas 49 5 ES Oe oe eS Ue tae ae oe - “2 Mapa | ae * * ~~ ee ‘ >’ = 4 “i - aA ic os f ai, > be ix i r re 2 . } c< peal et Te ae VP he 1 fed st ¥ &4 University of Michigan PLATE, XII Lampsilis ruthveni (natural size). Figure 53. Exterior view of left valve and hinge armature of right; dorsal view of entire shell. Same as figure 53, plate XIII. XII PLATE MEXICAN SHELLS | a EN) ys iM) | i) i i i 10 wm. 86 University of Michigan PLATE SSI Lampsilis ruthveni (natural size). Figure 52. Male (?) shell. Figure 51. Type (female?) shell. Figures 53, 54. Female (?) shells. IX wv Id STIAHS NVOIXAJA 88 University of Michigan PLATE XIV: Helicina and Ampullaria. Figure 1. Helicina zephyrina. Basal view with operculum in place, as in aestivating individuals, to show the sinuation of the basal lip and the crack left between the operculum and the lip. Figure 2. Ampullaria patula catemacensis. Type specimen. Figure 3. ‘6. oe $ Saf rie a “* ie 9 # Pa . + ° "i - ' ‘ . J Pie ° ‘ . cael . 5 by. (4 i. ‘ ic) <3 a P ab ty A 9 _ 7 pe RPE Pave rie y oa zi Fe > +. ; r . J — * - . s * ieee yy A*S = . a i sd “ : « = as ‘ ~ ’ Wy) i ° ° we 7 J i. it : ° ‘2 be 4, NUMBER 108 FEBRUARY 25, 1922 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN Arzor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY NOTES ON CELITHEMIS WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES (ODONATA) By E. B. WILLIAMSON Mr. Jesse H. Williamson collected dragonflies in Florida from March 1 to April 26, 1921. Localities visited and dates are as follows: Sebring, March 1; Fort Myers, March 3-7 and 10-19; Taxambas, Marco Island, March 8; Labelle, March 21-27; Moore Haven, March 29 and 30 and April 2; Palm- dale, March 31 and April 3-8; enroute Moore Haven to West Palm Beach, across Lake Okeechobee, April 9; Miami, April 12; Enterprise, April 15-26. From April 29 to May 9 he col- lected at Kathwood, Aiken County, South Carolina, but at this time most of the species observed were just emerging. Among the 4,547 dragonflies collected on the trip are several new and many interesting things. At Enterprise he found four species of Celithemis, one of which was closely related to another species, taken earlier on the trip as well as at Enterprise, but which he recognized in the field as specifically distinct. In order to place this species 2 University of Michigan properly 1 found it necessary to study carefully the smaller species of the genus, heretofore known as ornata and amanda. The larger species, eponina, elisa, fasciata and monomelaena, seem well enough known, but they are included briefly in the following key for the sake of completeness. The smaller spe- cies are treated in more detail, for this study has shown that no less than three species have been included under the name ornata, In addition to specimens collected by Jesse H. Williamson I have seen specimens from the following collections: the Academy of Natural Sciences, abbreviated A. N. S. in the text, through the kindness of Dr. Calvert; the Museum of Comparative Zoology, abbreviated M. C. Z. in the text, through the kindness of Mr. Banks; the United States National Museum, abbreviated U. S. N. M. in the text, through the kindness of Miss Currie; Ohio State University, abbreviated O. S. U. in the text, through the kindness of Dr. Kennedy; and the private collections of Mr. Davis, abbreviated W. T. D. in the text, and Dr. Ris, abbreviated Ris in the text. Speci- mens in my collection are indicated by the abbreviation E. B. W. Mr. Davis kindly gave me the male and female of Celithemis martha, which I have designated as type and allo- type. To Drs. Calvert and Ris I am indebted for suggestions and advice received during the course of this study. The wing photographs for the two plates were made by Miss Mina L,. Winslow. Key to the Species of Celithemis i Wings with postnodal markings. Rs and Rspl separated by two cell rows or at least a few double cells..... tie 2. 12. Wings without postnodal markings. Rs and Rspl separated by a single cell row with very rarely a single double cell. 5. 2(1). Wing membrane yellow to orange, a band of darker color across the wing just before the stigma; other wing mark- Sul Zig) 3 4 (3°). SiGe): Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 ings all antenodal or extending beyond the nodus only pos- LEnLOGtOM teu COSA Ne Str eer tierce ests casts ea eponina. Wing membrane hyaline; a colored area distal to the stigma and another midway between stigma and nodus, the two Treas VAL yilie, ShEAtY 1M) SIZE ccs oie. co cie oe = Se cialals area sininre in ep Spot between nodus and stigma rounded and not reaching the costa; a smaller spot, someiimes wanting, on the anterior end of the triangle in the front wing extending forward at a maximum to M, ,, no other antenodal markings in the front wing; Batenodale and postnodals more or less darker edged, especially the basal antenodals of the second STRESS Peyeendis N. $.)-;Flornida: (male, female; M..C2Z; Uhler, 1860, male, female, M. C. Z.; Thaxter, 2 males, M. C. Z.), (2 males, 3 females, A. N. S.), Jacksonville (June 4, 1869, male, 2 females, M. C. Z.; S. A. Allen, 2 males, female, M. C.'Z.), Capron (April 16, Hubbard and Schwarz, male, female, M. C. Z. and U. S. N. M.), St. Augustine (Palmer (?), male, M. C. Z.), Haulover (March 2, female, M. C. Z.; March 23 and 24, Hubbard and Schwarz, 4 females, U. S. N. M.), Daytona (March 23, 1906, Mrs. C. C. Deam, female, E. B. W.), 16 University of Michigan Daytona Beach (March 26, 1906, Mrs. C. C. Deam, 2 females, E. B. W.), ‘West Palm Beach (February 22, 1904, Mrs. C. C. Deam, female, E. B. W.), St. Petersburg (Water-works pond, April 3, 1913, L. A. Williamson, female, E. B. W.), Stuart (February 29, 1904, Mrs. C. C. Deam, female, E. B. W.), Lake Poinsett (May 1, Hubbard and Schwartz, 2 males, 3 females, U. S. N. M.), Auburndale (March, 1905, N. R. Wood, 6 males, 2 females, U. S. N. M.), Gotha (Juneq27., 13e6, through James Tough, male, E. B. W.), Enterprise (May 18, 1886, and May 10, 1887, 8 males, 11 females, M. C. Z.; May 17, Hubbard and Schwarz, 3 males, 1 female, U. S. N. M.; April 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25 and 26, 1921, J. H. Williamson, 104 males 47 females, EK. B. 'W.), Labelle (March 22 and 23, 1921, J. H. Williamson, 3 males, 3 females, E. B. W.), Ft. Myers (March 12, 1921, J. H. Williamson, male, E. B. W.); without locality (Hagen Schu ?, 2 females, and Hagen, male, 2fermaless MGA 7): At Ft. Myers the single male taken by Mr. Williamson was found at the edge of a plowed field along vegetation near a creek. At Labelle all the specimens, which were females or immature males, were taken along a road in a forest of scat- tered trees, with little underbrush, and with dry sandy soil. On April 22 he noted of six females captured, “‘on trail through woods.” And on April 19, on which day 61 males and 21 females were taken, he noted, ‘numerous in open pine woods near Gleason’s Pond, generally at edge of the woods and near but not over water (adult males); common in open sunny spots in pine woods, hovering a foot or so above the ground, about grass (females and teneral males).” On April 21 and 23 specimens were taken in woods near Enterprise. On April 22 he collected at Wiley’s Pond, two miles north of Enterprise, a small lake similar in character to Buckeye Homestead Pond, where he collected April 26. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology — L7 Celithemis bertha Williamson. Abdomen, male 22-22.5, female 20-21; hind wing, male 26-27, female 26-27; stigma, front wing 2.4-2.7, hind wing 2.6-3. Described in the preceding key. Named for Miss Bertha P. Currie, of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, efficient and obliging custodian of dragonflies in the National Museum. Of 76 wings examined, the last antenodal in the front wing was continuous in 36 wings and not continuous in 40 wings. In 30 front wings the postanal area was one-celled; in 46 it was two-celled. Specimens were sent to Drs. Calvert and Ris; neither of them was acquainted with the species. Material examined: Florida, Gotha (June Io and 15, 1897, A. Hemple, male, female, A. N. $.; June 27, 1898, through James Tough, male, female, EK. B. W.), Enterprise (April 18, 21, 25 and 26, 1921, J. H. Williamson, 64 males, one of them teneral, 6 females, two of them teneral, type male and allotype female, taken in copulation, April 26, E. B. W.). Mr. Williamson recognized this handsome species as distinct when he first found it on April 18 at a shallow marshy and mucky pond one and a half miles northeast of Enterprise and about a quarter of a mile east of Gleason’s Pond. On April 21, when he took 42 males and 2 females, he collected at Buck- eye Homestead Pond. This is a circular depression about three-eighths of a mile in diameter in pine woods. It is filled with clear, cool water, without an outlet, but there is a shallow seepage inlet. The bottom of the pond is firm sand. Waist- high rushes and weeds extended from the water’s edge to ten to twenty feet from shore, where the water was about three feet deep. Bertha frequented rushes over deeper water, rest- ing on the rush tips. Ornata was usually nearer shore over shallower water and was frequently found back from the 18 University of Michigan water’s edge, where no bertha was seen. Woods surrounding the pond were of scattered turpentine trees with occasional clumps of smaller ones near the water’s edge. On April 25 he collected at four ponds about four miles east of Enterprise and about a quarter of a mile north of the railroad at that point. April 26 was again spent at Buckeye Homestead Pond and is therefore the type locality for the species. “The foregoing statements show that the Synopsis has been principally composed from species which I myself have exam- ined, and which can be considered as undoubtedly fixed.”— Hagen, Preface to the Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America. DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES Of the eight species of Celithemis, eponina has by far the widest range, occurring from about 23° N to about 45° N, and from Cuba, Florida, and Massachusetts on the east to Texas and Minnesota on the west. This covers the entire range of the genus except the extreme northeastern part in Maine, where elisa and martha are found, but where eponina has not yet been recorded. To offset this, eponina is the only species of the genus known from Texas and Cuba. The other species are definitely separated into two groups, a northern and a southern, the parallel 36°, so far as now known, being approx- imately the dividing line between them, though one northern species, elisa, occurs as far south as Georgia. The three north- ern species are elisa, monomelaena and martha; the four south- ern are fasciata, ornata, bertha and amanda. Eponina and all four of the southern species occur in Florida, and one, bertha, is found nowhere else. Florida may therefore be considered the place of origin of the genus. Fasciata and monomelaena are evidently closely related, and the latter has been derived from the former. Fasciata is confined to the extreme south- Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 19 eastern states, having been recorded from Louisiana, North Carolina, Georgia and Florida, while monomelaena has an equally restricted range in the north, having been recorded only from New York, New Jersey, Ontario, Ohio, Indiana and Wisconsin. In the same way that monomelaena has been derived from fasciata, martha has been derived from ornata. Martha is entirely eastern and is known from Maryland on the south through Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York and Massachusetts to Maine. Ornata also is eastern and occurs only in North Carolina, Georgia and Florida. This leaves ane northern species, elisa, unaccounted for. In its range it almost rivals eponina, having been recorded for the following states: Georgia, South Carolina, North Caro- lina, Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, Massa- chusetts, Maine, Ontario, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. I can make only a guess as to its relationships. It seems to me it may have been derived from eponina at about the same time as martha was derived from ornata, and mono- melaena from fasciata, and that the wide extension of eponina took place at a later date. The wide range of elisa shows that it shares with eponina, from which I think it has been derived, a high degree of adaptability. Two southern species of limited range remain to be dis- cussed. Bertha is known only from Florida. With little evi- dence to support the opinion, I believe it has been derived from ornata. ‘The remaining species, amanda, is known from North Carolina, Georgia and Florida. I cannot detect any close rela- tionship with any other species except that it is a very distinct member of the ornata group. 20 University of Michigan PLAGE Wing photographs by Miss Mina L. Winslow. All figures of males, two figures of each species to show the extremes in wing coloration. Fig. 1. Celithemis martha, male, Manchester, Maine, July 26, 1807, Miss Mattie Wadsworth, U. S. N. M. Fig. 2. Celithemis martha, male, long Pond, Wading River, Long Island, New York, July 31, 1919, W. T. Davis. Figs. 3 and 4. Celithemis ornata, males, Enterprise, Florida, April 25 and 18, 1921, J. H. Williamson. Figs. 5 and 6. Celithemis bertha, males, Enterprise, Florida, April 21, 1921, J. H. Williamson. (VIVNOdQ) SINHHLITHO — : ’ ' ‘3 ‘ . mie > eee ee ee ee eine rn et 22 University of Michigan PLATE, It Wing photographs by Miss Mina L. Winslow. Figures 7-11 females, 12 male; where two figures of a species are given they have been selected to show the extremes in wing coloration. Fig. 7. Celithemis martha, female, Manchester, Maine, July 13, 1898, Miss Mattie Wadsworth, U. S. N. M. Fig. 8. Celithemis martha, female, Yaphank, Long Island, New York, July, 1909, W. T. Davis. Figs. 9 and 10. Celithemis ornata, females, Enterprise, Florida, April 18 and 25, 1921, J. H. Williamson. Fig. 11. Celithemis bertha, female, Enterprise, Florida, April 18, 1921, J. H. Williamson. Fig. 12. Celithemis amanda, male, Florida, July 21, 1897, O. S. U. Lene (VLVNOdGQ) SINAHLITAD NUMBER 109 FEBRUARY 25, 1922 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN Arsor, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY NOTES ON THE MAMMALS OF GOGEBIC AND ONTONAGON COUNTIES, MICHIGAN, 1920 By L. R. Dick anp H. B. SHERMAN The authors of this paper spent the summer of 1920 in western Michigan studying the mammals of the region for the Michigan Geological and Biological Survey. From June 25 to August 4 was spent in the Cisco Lake Region with headquarters on Lindsley Lake; August 6 to August 20 a camp was maintained in the woods four miles southeast of Little Girl’s Point; and from August 20 to September 6 was spent working from a camp on the western shore of Lake Gogebic, about three miles south of Lake Gogebic Station. The first two camps were in Gogebic County, the third in Ontonagon County. The field work was performed jointly by the two authors, under the direction of the senior author, who is responsible for the identification of the species, the descriptions of the general areas and of the habitats, and is jointly concerned in _ writing the annotated list. 2 University of Michigan In addition to our own records, we have secured many val- uable notes on the distribution of the larger species from J. FE. Fischer, of Merriweather, Ontonagon County, a trapper of many years’ experience ;‘and from Benjamin J. Twombley, of Bent’s Resort, Wisconsin, who has made many observations on the mammals of the Cisco Lake Region. We have also added a number of records from J. E. Marshall, who trapped for many years, beginning 1884, in Ontonagon and Gogebic counties, and from Ole Petersen, at one time a trapper at Gogebic Lake. The habitats in which records of occurrence have been obtained for the region under consideration are listed under each species ; and the number of individuals taken, or seen and positively identified, in each habitat are given. From the figures a rough estimate of the relative abundance of the various species in the different habitats can be obtained, but the various habitats were not trapped or studied equally inten- sively, and for the larger and the rarer forms the numbers give little dependable data on relative abundance. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE REGIONS STUDIED Cisco Lake Region. In the Cisco Lake Region there are many lakes, mostly small, but several of a length of one to three miles. The water-level in the Cisco Lake chain has been raised six or ten feet by a dam across the outlet, and this change in water-level has killed the trees along the lake bor- ders, so that the lakes are fringed by a narrow line of dead trees. The habitats of emerging vegetation and of aquatic vegetation have been much altered by the change in water- level, and these habitats cannot be well studied in these lakes. However, the neighboring lakes in which the water-level has not been changed show that the forests of the region originally came down to the water’s edge, and that there was little nor- mal development of marsh or swamp. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 3 The ridges between the lakes rise in general to heights of twenty-five feet or more, though bluffs are not formed. These ridges are mostly covered by mixed hardwood forest in which the hard maple, yellow birch, hemlock, and linden are the dominant trees. ‘There are numerous small wet depressions, some of them containing small black spruce bogs, while others include a few arbor-vitae mixed with linden and other typical trees of the wet hardwood forest. Small areas of nearly pure hemlock occur on some slopes near the lake shores. A few large tamarack bogs are present. Though the pines formerly occurring have been taken out, the region otherwise is in nearly its native condition. A few former clearings along the lake shores have grown up to brush or to white birch saplings or small trees. Little Girl’s Point Region. Much of the region in the near vicinity of Little Girl’s Point has been cleared or burned, but a few miles to the east and southeast there are still consider- able areas of native forest. The high ridge running through the region bears a splendid forest of maple, yellow birch, and linden, with little if any hemlock. However, on the steeper lower slopes hemlock occurs in nearly a pure stand. At one place was found a nice grove of large white pines, mixed, on the lower edge of the slope, with a few hemlocks. Black spruce- tamarack bogs are extensive and arbor-vitae swamps occur commonly. The extensive burned areas south of the point have grown up to a thicket of aspen, birch, and various shrubs and saplings. A few small areas are under cultivation. Region at the north end of Gogebic Lake. Most of the region about the north end of Gogebic Lake is low and wet. A number of small black ash swamps occur near the lake, and further back there are extensive black spruce bogs. The main 4 University of Michigan forest is of a much mixed wet hardwood type, sugar maple, linden, yellow birch, elm, and hemlock, being the dominant species. The forest in most places reaches the edge of the lake, though a few sandy beaches occur. However, the level of the water in the lake has been raised a few feet by a dam across the outlet, and beaches were probably more abundant before this occurred. The lake is so large, about 13 miles long by 1 to 2 miles broad, that wave action is quite pronounced. One beaver meadow was studied, this meadow including areas of grasses and of sedges, traversed by ditches, small mud-flats covered with low rushes, and alder thickets. Just north of Lake Gogebic Station there are some high hills having bluffs on the southern exposures. These hills were visited, but they had been extensively logged and burned over and no attempt was made to trap for mammals on them. Some large burned areas have grown up to sapling forests of aspens. Near the towns of Lake Gogebic and Merriweather nearly all the forests have been cleared away, but farther south on the sides of the lake the woods are still in their natural condition. HABITATS The habitats studied in Gogebic and Ontonagon counties may be listed as follows: Exposed shores: Meadow: Open-water Ditch-border Beach Tall-sedge Dirt-bluft Grassy-meadow Forest—shore Alder-thicket Protected shores: Water lily Swamps: Black ash swamp Pondweed 3 Rush Arbor-vitae. swamp Submerged-sedge Bogs: Cat-tail Leather leaf bog Willow-thicket Sphagnum bog Mud-flat Black spruce—tamarack bog Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 5 Forests: Burns and clearings: Hemlock forest Herbaceous stage - White pine forest Shrub stage Wet hardwood forest Paper birch—aspen stage Dry hardwood forest Young hardwood forest stage Mountains: Rock bluk Artificial conditions: Mountain-heath Overflow swamp Air: Cultivated-field Aerial Edificarian This list of habitats is admittedly not complete for the regions visited, but is intended to include those which we studied. We had no opportunity of studying either the shores of a large river or jack pine ridges, both of which situations will undoubtedly, have habitats not here eS ae "Vin ips Z Moy 2 : OE se The habitats but every habitat has been listed which seems to form a dis- tinct type of mammal environment. We are firmly convinced / eal TAMU, that it is better to describe a great number of habitats rather than to lump different kinds of environments together. It is infinitely easier for a later worker to combine several habitats, which have been split too finely, than it is to separate the com- ponent habitats which may have been lumped together under one name. No attempt is made to give complete lists of the plants found in each habitat, but only the more conspicuous plants or those of special importance to the mammals are mentioned. The plant names used are mostly taken from Darlington’s list of Gogebic County plants. Exposed Shores Open-water habitat: This habitat includes the areas of open water with no rooted vegetation in the deeper parts of the lakes and rivers. On Lake Superior at Little Girl’s Point this 1H. T. Darlington, Mich. Acad, Sci., 22nd Ann. Rept, 1921 6 University of Michigan habitat comes directly to the beach, for the wave action on this exposed point is sufficient to prevent the growth of plants along the shore. In Gogebic Lake and in the smaller lakes of the Cisco-Lake Region there are also many parts where there is no rooted vegetation along shore. This habitat, therefore, covers by far the larger part of the aquatic conditions of northwestern Michigan. We secured no records of mammals for this habitat, and, though some aquatic species must occa- sionally occur in the open water along lake shores, they are rare there, and are practically absent from the areas of open water farther out in the lakes. Beach habitat: The shore of Lake Superior at Little Girl’s Point is subjected to heavy pounding by the lake waves, lead- ing to the formation of a well-developed beach. To the east of the point the beach for some distance is five to ten yards wide, mostly of small gravel, with sand on the upper part; it ends abruptly against a steep dirt bluff. On the beach no vegetation grows and only a few scattered drift logs occur. To the west of Little Girl's Point undetached masses of solid rock are more prominent, though small patches of gravel occur in partially protected places. The beach here in general is narrow and rises steeply, so that the different beach zones, lower, middle, and upper, are not well marked. On the shores of Lake Gogebic are a few small sand beaches; but around this lake, as well as around the smaller lakes of the region, the forest comes, in general, directly to the edge of the water. There was no opportunity to trap for mammals on a beach, and no records for the habitat were obtained. Dirt-bluff habitat: "To the east of Little Girl’s Point the beach of Lake Superior runs along the base of a dirt bluff about 35 feet high. The storm waves of winter evidently Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology q wash against this bluff, eroding it away and destroying the forest, which is of the hemlock type, growing on the level above. The bluff is quite steep, and along with small exposures of bare clay bears a number of scattered herbs and a few shrubs and small trees, such as alder, willow, arbor-vitae, yel- low birch, paper birch, and red maple. No collecting was done in this habitat and no records of mammals were obtained from it. Forest—shore habitat: Along all the lakes of the region, except Lake Superior, the forests in general come down to the water’s edge. The marginal forests are frequently dom- inated by hemlock, though often a wet hardwood forest occurs along the shores, and in a number of places along Gogebic Lake black ash swamps border the water. Red maple (Acer rubrum) and mountain ash (Sorbus americana) frequently occur along the exposed shores of Gogebic Lake. Frequently young forests of paper birch or quaking aspen have replaced the original forests in the clearings and burned areas along the lake borders. The shore beside a forest commonly rises abruptly a few inches to a foot or more in a firm bank, and in most cases the trees overhang the water to some extent. These shores are the favorite promenade of the porcupine; and the mink, muskrat, and otter are typical of the habitat. Protected Shores Water lily habitat: In shallow, protected parts of the lakes and channels of the Cisco Lake chain there are extensive growths of white and yellow waiter lilies (Castalia tuberosa and Nymphaea adyena). Water lilies also occur in many places as a narrow border at the edge of deep water. Musk- rats were the only mammals noted in this habitat, but mink and otter probably occur also. 8 University of Michigan Pondweed habitat: A thick growth of pondweeds (Pota- mogeton spp.) occurs in protected places along the shores in many parts of the lakes of the Cisco Lake chain. Muskrats were noted in this habitat. In Gogebic Lake the exposure to wave action is in most places too great for a good develop- ment of pondweeds, though in the northern end of the lake there are a number of widely scattered plants of this type, but not forming a very well marked habitat. Rush habitat: On somewhat protected shoals, both in the lakes of the Cisco Lake Region and in Gogebic Lake, there is sometimes a growth of rushes (Juncus sp.). Along the lower course of the Merriweather River, just before it enters Gogebic Lake, rushes thickly cover numerous small areas. The plants in both cases grow partly submerged in the water. No records for mammals were obtained from this type of habitat, though doubtless some of the amphibious forms frequently occur here. Submerged-sedge habitat: Sedges in general do not occur as a definite belt about the margins of the lakes in the region studied. ‘The only place where any considerable growth of sedges was noted at the edge of the water was along the lower course of Merriweather River, just before it enters Gogebic Lake. Here there are considerable areas of sedges partially submerged by the water. No records of mammals were obtained from this habitat. Cat-tail habitat: Under native conditions cat-tails (Typha latifolia) apparently do not often form extensive habitats in the region. Along the marshy borders of the lower Merri- weather River at Gogebic Lake a few small patches were seen. Small patches were seen in other places along railroad tracks where embankments had produced small areas of marshy ground. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 9 In the Cisco Lake Region a few of the areas of timber killed by the raising of the water-level have grown up to cat- tail swamps. In these swamps there are many standing dead trees and fallen logs as well as some areas of open water. The cat-tails seem to occur mostly in those swamps having only a small connection with the main body of the lake. In these places the cat-tail is dominant, though numerous sedges occur, and there is some sphagnum growing on the fallen logs and along the shore. A few small black spruces are starting. Along the edge of such a swamp a few deer-mice were taken, but these were evidently stragglers from the adjacent forest. Willow-thicket habitat: ‘Willows do not occur commonly along the water margins of the lakes of the region. The only place, except in clearings, where willows were noted as a defi- nite growth is along the lower course of the Merriweather River at Gogebic Lake. Along this part of the river there are extensive growths of shrubby willows, growing (in early September) in a foot or more of water. The indications were that earlier in the summer the water about these plants must have been at least a foot higher. Signs of muskrat were noted at the edge of these willows. Mud-fat habitat: Around the margin of a pond formed by an old deserted beaver dam near Gogebic Lake, two miles southwest of Merriweather, is a narrow strip of mud, very wet and sparsely covered with a growth of low rushes. The strip of muddy ground varies from about I to 4 meters in width and extends a short distance up along the edge of the smal] ditch draining into the pond. At the upper border of the strip of muddy shore is a thick growth of sedges, meeting the muddy shore at a fairly sharp line. In this habitat meadow mice are common and four jumping mice (Zapus hudsonius) were taken. 10 . University of Michigan Meadows Ditch-border habitat: A number of small ditches run through an old beaver meadow of considerable size near Gogebic Lake, about two miles southwest of Merriweather. The borders of the ditches are muddy and the banks are from 6 to 18 inches high; in places the ditch borders are closely encroached upon by the tall sedges of the adjacent meadow. A small amount of water was present (in early September) in most of the ditches. In mouse traps set at the edges of these ditches, partly in the water, star-nosed moles and navigator shrews were taken. In a larger trap a skunk was taken. Tall-sedge habitat: In the beaver meadow studied near Gogebic Lake, an area about 200 meters by 100 meters or more is occupied by a heavy growth of high, coarse sedges, reaching a height of about .75 to 1.00 meter. A few grasses and some low herbs occur sparingly among the sedges. The habitat had not been burned over and the ground is covered with a thick mat of the decaying leaves and stems of the sedges and grasses. In most places the ground is quite wet, sometimes soggy to walk upon, and in a few places low hum- mocks are numerous. A similar habitat was found in rather a narrow strip at the edge of Mud Lake, one-fourth mile south- west of Thousand Island Lake, Gogebic County. Here a small area of meadow occurs along the inlet of a tiny stream. This area apparently had been artificially cleared of its forest, but the level of the lake had not been raised. The habitat differs from the submerged-sedge habitat of protected lake shores in being higher above the water and in not being covered with water from July to September; prob- ably water does not stand to any depth on it at any time. The Richardson shrew is apparently a characteristic mammal of this habitat, though other shrews and mice were taken here also. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology II Grassy-meadow habitat: Part of the beaver meadow studied near Gogebic Lake is covered by a thick growth of grasses and sedges of a number of species. The ground of the habitat was rather dry and had been burned over the previous year. Grasses are also dominant over a few small areas near Mud Lake in Gogebic County. On a small area of the clearing near this lake a thick stand of bluegrass (Poa) is almost the only plant present. This occurs on an area of fairly moist mud. On the drier slope near the forest Poa also is abundant, forming the dominant species over a strip about 5 to 10 meters wide. Jumping mice are common in this habitat. Alder-thicket habitat: On very wet ground just below an old beaver dam near Gogebic Lake there is a heavy growth of alder (Alnus incana) about 20 feet high. No other shrubs were noted in the thicket. The ground under the alders is mostly bare, there being only a few ferns, grasses, and other herbs. On the ground are many dead sticks fallen from the alders. This situation contained few mammals, only one Blarina being taken in four days’ trapping with 25 traps. At the south end of the beaver meadow willows and alders are invading the sedges in very wet ground. No trapping was done in this situation. Swamps Black ash swamp habitat: A number of black ash swamps occur along the shores of Gogebic Lake, being apparently par- tially flooded during periods of heavy rains and during stages of high water. In a swamp of this type near the north end of Gogebic Lake on the west side, black ash (Fraxinus nigra) is the dominant tree, the trunks reaching diameters up to 2 feet. Elms (Ulmus americana) sometimes reaching a trunk diameter of 3 feet are common, and yellow birches and hard maples are common also. Black maples are rare, and lindens 12 University of Michigan are few. The trees are high and the forest crown nearly closed. Underbrush is common in the more open places, this being mostly mountain maple (Acer spicatum) with a few young firs, young arbor-vitae, and Virginia creepers (Parthe- nocissus quinquefolia). There are numerous ferns, and herbs are abundant. Under the more closed parts of the forest canopy the ground is mostly bare, underbrush and herbs being scanty. Smaller black ash swamps occur in the Cisco Lake Region, and in the vicinity of Little Girl’s Point a number of small black ashes were noted in a swamp of mixed arbor-vitae and black spruce. , Arbor-vitae swamp habitat: In the Cisco Lake Region arbor-vitae (T/uja occidentalis) occurs commonly near the edges of the lakes and in the wet depressions in the forest. Near Gogebic Lake also the arbor-vitae grows commonly near the shores of the lake and in wet places in the woods, espe- cially at the edges of swamps. But the trees in both these areas, so far as seen, were small, and the arbor-vitae did not form a dominant species, but occurred in a small percentage mixed with the other types of forest. However, in part of the region near Gogebic Lake extensive arbor-vitae swamps are reported to occur. In the vicinity of Little Girl’s Point arbor-vitae swamps are common, occupying the wet lower northern slopes of the high ridge. In a swamp of this type three miles southeast of the point arbor-vitae is the dominant tree, reaching trunk diameters of two feet and more. Under the dense shade of the high forest crown there are many young trees of the same species, and the forest has evidently reached a temporary climax. Of other trees, a few small yellow birch, a few young firs and hemlocks, and one fallen white spruce (Picea canadensis) were noted. The ground is very wet and there are numerous tiny streams, Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 13 which frequently disappear under the ground. Fallen trees and decaying logs on the ground make a thick tangle, very difficult to penetrate. The underbrush is scanty; mountain maple is rather common, and there are a few young black ashes. Much moss grows on the ground and on the decaying logs. In a depression two miles south of Little Girl’s Point is a mixed growth of arbor-vitae, black spruce, with a few black ashes. The trees are mostly small, none of them exceeding about eight inches in trunk diameter. In August the ground was very wet, there being standing water in some places, and the ground was heavily covered with sphagnum. This situa- tion may be considered transitional between the black spruce bog and the arbor-vitae swamp. No traps for mammals were set in this situation. Bogs Leather leaf bog habitat: In the northwestern corner of Fish-hawk Lake and at several places along the channel con- necting Lindsley and Cisco lakes a heavy growth of leather leaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata) adjoins and overhangs the water, a considerable portion of the growth actually floating on the water. With the leather leaf is associated much sweet gale (Myrica gale) and alders, and these plants form almost the entire mat in some of the wetter areas. At other places sphagnum becomes abundant and the conditions approach those of a sphagnum bog. Other plants commonly found in the leather leaf bog in the Cisco Lake Region are the Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), swamp laurel (Kalmia potifo- lia), wild rosemary (Andromeda glaucophylla), small cran- berry (Oxycoccus oxycoccus), pitcher-plant (Sarracenia pur- purea), and small trees of black spruce and tamarack. In a typical leather leaf bog on the Ontonagon River near the out- 14 University of Michigan let from Thousand Island Lake a large beaver house is located. Sphagnum bog habitat: In a restricted sense the name is here applied to the part of a bog which is free from trees. It differs from the leather leaf bog in having a greater amount of sphagnum, for while the leather leaf bog when first devel- oped over the water has little or no sphagnum, the sphagnum bog, as here considered, is almost entirely covered by sphag- num. ‘The shrubs found in the two situations are apparently identical, except that the leather leaf is less abundant. A small bog of this type borders the edge of Mud Lake in the Cisco Lake Region, and small parts of many bogs are free from trees. So far as was determined, the mammal fauna is the same as that for the black spruce—tamarack bog, from which the only difference is the absence of trees. Black Spruce—Tamarack Bog habitat: The dominant bog tree in this region is the black spruce (Picea mariana), which is usually small and stunted. With the black spruces are a lesser number of small tamaracks (Larix larcima), which in places may be dominant. The ground is heavily covered with sphagnum, which is normally soaked with water. Shrubs are abundant, though usually not forming a closed mat. Of the shrubs the leather leaf is the most abundant, though Kalmia, Andromeda, Ledum, and blueberries are common. - = + ys : Z 4 a : - : . . ae . an + ~ oy a 5 5 eG a IF en “4 ee J" tal aa a ai wie o = ° 7 | = < A a +4 PA r ' F i A. 7 - > ba ff ’ a . ; i bs ‘ 7 = — a. - “A _ - . _ a io ’ ‘ ai 1 " ‘ + 44 University of Michigan BLATE- I Fig. 1. Leather leaf bog invaded by tamaracks, Ontonagon River near Cisco Lake. August 3, 1920. late Ti Fig. 2. Arbor-vitae swamp four miles southeast of Little Girl’s Point. The ground is very moist. August 16, 1920. PEATE lk NORTHERN MICHIGAN MAMMALS ie 46 University of Michigan PLATE, Ji) Fig. 1. Dry hardwood on a ridge four miles southeast of Little Girl’s Point. Sugar maple, yellow birch, and linden are dominant. Undergrowth low. August 16, 1920. Plate Fig. 2. Virgin white pine grove, Gogebic County. Trunks up to four feet in diameter. Little undergrowth. August 17, 1920. Prare Tt AN MAMMALS 4 si ( *RN MICHI Nortul ec Sk peed aa University of Michigan mannsen, ’47, p. 436 (type, U. dilatata Raf.) ; Agassiz, ’52, p. 45 (type, U. recta Lam.). Cunicula Swainson, ’40, p. 378 (no type named) ; Herrmannsen, ’47, Pp. 335 (type, U. purpurascens Lam.). The type of Eurynia has been designated by Herrmannsen as U. dilatata Raf., a species congeneric with the type of Ellip- tio. Thus, Elliptio and Eurynia are equivalent and have the same date of publication. Our preference given to Elliptio is justified by Art. 28 of the Code and the recommendation (c) as to page precedence. Agassiz’s designation of recta as the type of Eurynia thus becomes invalid. Herrmannsen’s type of Cunicula being congeneric with the type of Elliptio, that genus also becomes a synonym of Elliptio. ELLIPTIO CRASSIDENS (Lamarck), 1919 Type locality: Lake Erie (erroneous). Unio crassidens var. b. Lamarck, ’19, p. 71. Unio nigra Rafinesque, ’20, p. 291, pl. 80, f. 1-4. Unio cuneatus Barnes, ’23, p. 263. U. crassidens, var. b. Lam. = U. cuneatus Bar., Lea, ’34, p. 87 (type examined). U. niger Raf. =U. cuneatus Bar., Conrad, ’34, p. 70 U. niger Raf.=U. crassidens var. b. Lam.=U. cuneatus Bar., Ferussac,. 735, p:- 27; Conrad: 236, p40, pk 26: Unio crassidens Lam. Simpson, ’14, p. 606. U. nigra Raf. =U. crassidens Lam. (of Simpson), Vanatta, ’15, p. 555 (“type” examined). Elliptio niger (Raf.), Utterback, ’16, p. 88; Ortmann, ’18, p. 555. Unio crassidens Lam. = U. nigra Raf., Walker, ’18¢, p. 174 (if iden- tifiable). “Lamarck proposed this species to include several long, solid forms which we now know belonged to three species, still another being included by him in the citation of a figure from Lister. One of these species is now known, from examination of his specimens, to be a plicate shell; the others are smooth. There is some difference of opinion as to whether he intended to describe crassidens as plicate, but as he included two Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 29 smooth forms without mentioning that they differed from the main description in this character, it appears likely that he did not intend to describe the surface. However, if he did, there is intrinsically no more reason for attributing folds to his form (a) than to (b) and (c) in interpreting his defini- tions. He did not designate either of the forms as a “Var.,” as he was accustomed to do where the divergence was thought by him to be considerable. Any one of the included species could be selected to bear the name “crassidens” in a restricted sense, but preferably either form (a) or (b) which he pos- sessed. A method of dividing species has been provided in the International Rules of Nomenclature.* “Lea was the first to learn what Lamarck’s species was from an examination of the original specimens (Obs. I, p. 199; II, p. 125). He definitely restricted crassidens to Lamarck’s form (b), which he stated to be the Unio cuneatus Barnes. Whether this action was generous or best may be questioned, but he undoubtedly had the right to do so under the rules, which provide that ‘such designation is not subject to change.’ ‘“Lamarck’s description, with those of forms (a) and (b), are ambiguous. Experts differ as to what parts of it are intel- ligible without knowledge of the types. But, excluding the reference to Say’s Unio crassus, which Lamarck did not rec» ognize as his own U. ligamentina, it cannot fairly be claimed that one of the forms included in crassidens is more recognizable than another. Unless the species is to be thrown 1 Art. 31. The division of a species into two or more restricted species is subject to the same rules as the division of a genus, etc. (Rep. Zool, Nomencl., Proc. 7th, Internat. Zool. Congr., 1912, p. 47). In the division of a genus it is held that “If an author in publish- ing a genus with two or more valid species failed to designate or indi- cate its type, any subsequent author may select the type, and such designation is not subject to change” (op. cit., p. 46, IIg). 30 University of Michigan out entirely as insufficiently defined, there seems little reason for reconsidering Lea’s restriction, which has been accepted for three-fourths of a century.” (H. A. P.) ELLIPTIO DILATATUS (Rafinesque), 1820 Type locality: Ohio River. Unio dilatata Rafinesque, ’20, p. 297. Unio gibbosus Barnes, ’23, p. 262, pl. 11, f. 12. U. dilatatus Raf.=U. gibbosus Bar., Conrad, ’34, p. 68; Ferussac, *35,\ Pp. 273. Contad! 30/9122. ph er Unio gibbosus Bar., Simpson, ’14, p. 597. U. dilatata Raf.= Obliquaria sinuata Raf.—U. gibbosus Bar., Van- atta, “15, p. 555 (“‘types” examined). U. dilatata Raf.=U. gibbosus Bar., Walker, ’16¢, p. 46 and 18°, p. 175 (“if identifiable’). Elliptio dilatatus (Raf.), Utterback, ’16, p 90; Ortmann, ’18, p. 556. The original description of dilatata Raf. indicates a long, elliptical, posteriorly somewhat attenuated, brownish shell, with violet nacre. This can be only one species of the Ohio, the gibbosus Bar., and the latter name has to give way to dilatatus. . ELLIPTIO COMPLANATUS (Dillwyn), 1817 Type locality: Maryland and New Jersey. For this well-known species Haas (Vid. Middel, Dansk Naturh. Foren., LXV, 1913, p. 54) has revived the name of Unio violaceus Spengler (1793), relying on the identification of the type. However, Walker (’18", p. 3) has shown that this name cannot be used, since the original description of violaceus is entirely insufficient to recognize the species. “More- over, the species had been named Mya complanata in the Port- land Catalogue, 1786, p. 100.” (H. A. P.) ELLIPTIO PRODUCTUS (Conrad), 1836 Type locality: Savannah River, Augusta, Ga. Obliquaria cuprea Rafinesque, ’20, p. 304, pl. 81, f. 8-9. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 31 U. dilatatus Raf. =U. cuprea Raf., Conrad, ’34, p. 68; Ferussac, ’35, z Unio productus Con., ’36, p. 31, pl. 14, f. 1; Simpson, ’14, p. 690. Elliptio cuprius, Ortmann, "19, p. 110. The name Obliquaria cuprea is not preoccupied by Unio fasciata cuprea Raf. (p. 294). Figure and description indi- cate a long, elliptical shell, posteriorly attenuated, with cop- per-colored nacre, found in the Monongahela and Potomac rivers. This description (and the figure) might be applied to two species: Ell. dilatatus found in the Monongahela, as done by Conrad and Feérussac, and Ell. productus found in the Poto- mac. Thus, the name cuprea is not clearly defined, is not valid and should not be used. If, under the rule laid down by Pilsbry in regard to crassi- dens, the first reviser has the right to designate which of the several species represented in the composite species should bear the original name, the action of Conrad (1. c.) in reter ring this species to dilatata would seem to be decisive. ELLIPTIO RAFINESQUEI (Vanatta), IQI5 Type locality: Black Creek, Florida. Unio fuscatus Lea, ’43, p. 11 (not U. viridis fuscata Raf., ’20, p. 294, nor. U. fragilis fuscata Raf., ’20, p. 295). Unio fuscatus Lea, Simpson, ’14, p. 643. Unio rafinesquei Vanatta, ’15, p. 559; Walker, 18°, p. 175. The change of the name introduced by Vanatta is justified, uscatus being preoccupied in the genus Unio. 2a p £ ELLIPTIO PUSILLUS (Lea), 1840 Type locality: Ogeechee River, Georgia. Unio pusillus Lea, ’40, p. 286. Unio buxeus Lea, ’52, p. 261, pl. 15, f. 13. Unio pusillus Lea, Simpson, ’14, p. 611. Unio buxeus Lea = U. pusillus Lea, Vanatta, ’15, p. 555. U. pusillus Lea, Walker, ’16¢, p. 46; ’18¢, p. 175. 32 University of Michigan Vanatta says that U. pusillus Lea, ’40, is preoccupied by Unio pusilla Raf. ’20. However, as Walker has pointed out, the latter was published as Obliquaria pusilla, and thus does not invalidate U. pusillus. LASTENA LATA (Rafinesque), 1820 Type locality: Kentucky River. Anodonta (Lastena or Hemistena) lata Rafinesque, ’20, p. 317, pl. 82, f. 17-18. Unio dehiscens Say, ’20, p. 308. Unio oriens Lea, ‘31 (not ’34 as stated by Simpson), p. 73, pl. 6, f. 5. Odatelia radiata Rafinesque, ’32, p. 154. Anodonta lata Raf.=U. dehiscens Say =U. oriens Lea, Conrad, "34, Pp. 70. Hemilastena dehiscens (Say), Agassiz; 752, p. 50. Lastena lata (Raf.) = Odatelia radiata Raf., Simpson, ’00°, p. 654; “14, -D. 453° Lastena lata Raf. = Hemistena lata Raf., Frierson, ’14*, p. 7. Lastena lata Rat., Vanatta, *15, p. 554 (“type” examined) ; Walker, "78e, p. 175. - There is no dispute over the specific name. However, Utter- back (’16, p. 104) uses the generic name Lastena for shells of the type of Anodonta (Lastena) ohioensis Raf., supposed to be identical with Anodonta imbecillis Say, and Herrmannsen (47, p. 577) has designated A. ohioensis Raf. as the type of Lastena. But it is utterly impossible to positively recognize A. ohto- ensis as ‘the same species as A. imbecillis (which see), and A. ohioensis thus being not identifiable, the generic or subgeneric name Lastena cannot be transferred to it, and Simpson was bound to use it, as he did, for lata, the names Hemistena Rat., Odatelia Raf., and Hemilastena Ag. becoming synonyms to it (see also Walker, ’18", p. 4). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 33 Genus LAsMIGONA Rafinesque, 1831 Type: Alasmidonta costata Raf. Lasmigona Rafinesque, ’31, p. 4 (no type named, two species including costata). ; Symphynota Simpson, ’0o°, p. 662 (type, compressa Lea) (not Sym- phynota lea, ’29; type, U. alata Say). Lasmigona Raf., Frierson, ’14°, p. 40 (type, costata Raf.); Ort- mann, *18, p. 557; Walker, ’18*, p. 2, and 18¢, p. 177. Subgenus PLatyNarAs Walker, 1918 Symphynota Simpson, 00¢, p. 662 (type compressa (Lea), not Sym- phynota Lea). Platynaias Walker, ’18*, p. 2 (type, compressa Lea). Subgenus ALASMINOTA Ortmann, 1914 Sulcularia Rafinesque, ‘31, p. 5 (type, Alasmodon badium Raf., not identifiable) ; Ortmann, 18, p. 557. Alasminota Ortmann, ’14, p. 43 (type, Margaritana holstonia Lea) ; Walker, 718", p. 2. Subgenus LASMIGONA s. s. Rafinesque, 1831 Lasmigona Rafinesque, 31, p. 4 (no type named); Simpson, ’00°, p. 564 (type, A. costata) ; Walker, ’18*, p. 2. Subgenus PrerosyNA Rafinesque, 1831 Pterosyna Rafinesque, °31, p. 5 (type, Alasmidonta complanata Bar.) ; Walker, ’18¢, p. 61. Pterosygna Simpson, ’oo”, p. 665; Walker, ’18", p. 2. “Frierson has shown that the original type of Lea’s Sym- phynota was Unio alatus Say, and it is therefore a synonym of Proptera Raf., and that consequently Lasmigona Raf. as the earliest available name becomes the generic type” (Wal- ker). Thus, also, the subgeneric name of Symphynota must be changed, and Walker’s name Platynaias has priority. The name Sulcularia Raf., being founded upon an unidentifiable species (see under L. holstonia), cannot be used, and Alasmi- nota Ortm. stands. Pterosygna Simpson clearly is only a slip of the pen for Pterosyna Raf. 34 University of Michigan LASMIGONA (PLATYNAIAS) COMPRESSA (Lea), 1829 Type locality: Ohio and Norman’s Kill, Albany, N. Y. Unio viridis Rafinesque, ’20, p. 293. Symphynota compressa Lea, ’29, p. 450, pl. 12, f. 22; Simpson, ’14, p. 481. ; Lasmigona viridis (Raf.) = Symphynota compressa Lea, Frierson, "15, DP. 59. Unio viridis Raf. Not =Symphynota compressa Lea, Walker, ’15, Dp. 74. Unio viridis Raf. =Symphynota viridis Con., ’36, Vanatta, ’15, p. 554 (‘type” examined). Lasmigona (Platynaias) compressa (Lea), Walker, 718", p. 2; 18¢, p. 177. Lasmigona (Platynaias) viridis (Raf.), Ortmann, ’19, p. 116. Opinion of Ortmann: The description of Rafinesque’s U. viridis may be referred to two species, Symph. compressa Lea, a western form, and U. subviridis Con. (= tappaniana Lea), an eastern form. It is impossible to make out which was intended. Identifying it with the western form, the size (only 1% inches) does not agree ; identifying it with the eastern form, the locality (Ken- tucky drainage) does not fit. Moreover, the two forms are so very similar that it is hard to distinguish young compressa from subviridis of the same size. This uncertainty of the determination is also expressed by the rather lively dispute over U. viridis, and thus we are to regard this species as not identifiable. The determination of the “type” by Vanatta is irrelevant, and thus compressa Lea is valid. Opinion of Walker: Rafinesque’s U. viridis is not this species, but the subviridis Con. or tappaniana Lea (see under subviridis). ‘Thus, Lea’s name compressa stands. Both views lead to the same. conclusion. However, the identity of U. viridis is important for the nomenclature of the next species (subviridis), which see. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 35 “L,. compressa Lea is not U. viridis Raf.” (H. A. P.) LASMIGONA (PLATYNAIAS) SUBVIRIDIS (Conrad), 1835 Type locality: (viridis Raf.) Ohio and Kentucky rivers and small tributaries to them; (subviridis Con.) Schuylkill River ; Juniata River; creeks in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Unio viridis Rafinesque, 720, p. 293. Umio viridis or subviridis, Conrad, N. Fr. Sh. app. ’35, pl. 9, f. 1. WU omdis Rat, Conrad; *36, ps 35, pl 17,1: 2. Unio tappamianus Lea=U. viridis Con. (not Raf.), Lea, 738, p. 62.ple 17. 1.55. Symphynota viridis (Con.), Simpson, 714, p. 484. Lasmigona subviridis (Con.) =U. viridis Con. (not Raf.) =U. tappanianus lea, Frierson, “15, p. 57. U. viridis Raf. = Symph. viridis Con., Vanatta, ’15, p. 554 (“type” examined), Lasmigona viridis (Raf.) = subviridis (Con.) = tappaniana (Lea), Walker, ’15, p. 74, and ‘18, p. 177. Lasmigona (Platynaias) subviridis (Con.), Ortmann, 719, p. 121. “The identification of this species was made by Conrad after he was acquainted with the Poulson Collection which con- tained a valve of U. viridis var. fuscata Raf. This valve, labelled River Kentucky, measures L. 47, H. 28, D. (one valve) 8 mm. It differs thus from Rafinesque’s dimensions and pro- portions of the type of viridis. The valve is an entirely typical Las. subviridis (tappamana). “The measurements have been considered fully by Walker and by Ortmann. They could apply to L. subviridis only upon the hypothesis that Rafinesque meant ‘largeur when he wrote ‘longeur. A specimen of L. subviridis 1% inches long ‘at most’ would be small for the species, and those of this length I have measured are invariably more compressed than Rafin- esque’s ratios call for. “Tt seems inadvisable to replace a well-defined name accom- panied by a figure by one which obliges. us to correct the author’s statement of size, to suppose that he measured a spect 36 University of Michigan men of unusual diameter, and to either discredit his locality or grant a considerable extension of the known range of spe- cies. Adding to this, there is no figure and the type is lost. On the whole, it appears that Lasmigona subviridis (Con.) should stand and U. viridis Raf. go into the discard.” (H. dae 18) LASMIGONA (ALASMINOTA) HOLSTONIA (Lea), 1838 Type locahty: Holston River. Alasmodon (Sulcularia) badium Rafinesque, ’31, p. 5. Margaritana holstonia Lea, ’37, p. 42, pl. 14, f. 37. Alasmidonta holstonia (1,ea), Simpson, ’14, p. 502. Alasmodon badiuwm Raf.= Marg. holstonia Lea, Frierson, ’14*, p. 7. Symphynota (Alasminota) holstonia (Lea), Ortmann, ’14, p. 43. Lasmigona (Sulcularia) badia (Raf.), Ortmann, ’18, p. 557. From the original description of Al. badiwm we cannot be sure that M. holstonia Lea was intended. The term “obtuse” used for the cardinal tooth suggests also Alasmidonta minor (Lea), as in holstonia the teeth are generally rather sharp. Other characters of the shell are very indefinite and do not furnish any positive indication of the species. Thus Al. badium is not identifiable, and with the specific the subgeneric name (Sulcularia) also should be discarded. LASMIGONA (LASMIGONA) cosTATA (Rafinesque), 1820 Type locality: Kentucky River. Alasmidonta costata Rafinesque, ’20, p. 318, pl. 82, f. 15-16 Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes, ’23, p. 278, pl. 13, f. 21. Lasmigona costata Raf., Rafinesque, ’31, p. 5. Alasmodonta costata Raf.=A. rugosa Bar., Conrad, ’34, p. 72; Ferussac, 735, p. 25. Symphynota (Lasmigona) costata (Raf.), Simpson, 00, p. 665; 14, p. 488. Lasmigona costata (Raf.), Frierson, ’14°, p. 40. There is no doubt about this species. The original descrip- tion and figure distinctly indicate the chief characters of it. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology a7, This species has become the type of Lasmigona by elimina- tion of the other species mentioned by Rafinesque (Alasmi- donta marginata Say), as first pointed out by Simpson. ANODONTA IMBECILLIS Say, 1829 Type locality: Wabash River. Anodonta (Lastena) ohiensis Rafinesque, ’20, p. 50. Anodonta imbecilis Say, Walker, ’18¢, p. 176. U. levissimus (Lea) = An. ohiensis Raf., Conrad, ’34, p. 70; Ferus- SaG 35). p: 25- Anodonta imbecillis Say, Simpson, 714, p. 395. Lastena ohiensis (Raf.), Utterback, ’16, p. 109. Anodonta imbecillis Say, Walker, ’18¢, p. 176. Anodonta ohiensis Raf., Ortmann, ’I9, p. 162. There is nothing in the original description of 4. ohiensts Raf. that supports the assumption that it is the well-known 4. imbecillis Say. In fact, the most striking character of imbe- cillis distinguishing the shell from other Anodontas, the depressed beaks, is not mentioned. Rafinesque gives for the subgenus Lastena, in which he places ohiensis, differential characters of the hinge: “two obtuse, transversal ridges, nearly lamelliform, divergent from each side of the beak.” Nothing corresponding to this is seen in imbecillis. In addition he says, “Lamellar ridges fully sepaarted from the margin of the shell.” Fine ridges, parallel to the upper margin, indeed, are seen in imbecillis, but they exist also in other species of Anodonta, more or less distinctly developed, but are extremely hard to distinguish. The rest of the description of the shell of ohiensis applies to several small or young Anodontas, and Conrad and Feérussac believe that ohiensis is Proptera levissitma (Lea), ’29, to which the description, indeed, might also be referred. A. ohiensis is thus not identifiable, and the name cannot be used, and consequently, also, the application of the generic 38 University of Michigan name Lastena to this form (and imbecillis) is incorrect. If imbecillis is to be separated from Anodonta, as Utterback pro- poses, another name will have to be found. Genus SIMPSONICONCHA Frierson, 1914 Hemilastena Simpson, ’00°, p. 673, ’14, p. 323 (type, ambigua Say) (not Hemilastena Agassiz, 52; type, dehiscens Say =lata Rat.). Simpsonaia Frierson, ’14*, p. 7 (type, ambigua Say) (Nomen pre- occupatum). Simpsoniconcha Frierson, *14°, p. 40 (type, ambigua Say); Walker, "18", p. 4, and ‘18°, pp. 64, 178. Hemilastena Ag. is a synonym of Lastena Raf. (which see), as pointed out by Frierson and Walker, thus a new generic name for the one species (ambigua Say) belonging to it was in order. Genus ALASMIDONTA Say, 1818 Subgenus DEcurAMBts Rafinesque, 1831 Decurambis Rafinesque, 731, p. 4; Frierson, 14%, p. 7. Rugifera Simpson, 00%, p. 670; ’14, p. 504; Walker, ’18¢, p. 178. Type: Alasmodon (Decurambis) scriptum Raf. = Alasmi- donia marginata (Say ). The validity of Decurambis depends on the recognition of either of the two species originally attributed to it,Alasmodon scriptum Raf. and atropurpureum Raf. ’31. As will be seen under Alasnudonta marginata (Say), the former at least is undoubtedly identical with this, which is the type of Simpson’s Rugifera. Thus Decurambis supersedes Rugifera. ALASMIDONTA (DECURAMBIS) MARGINATA (Say), I819 Type locality: Scioto River, Chillicothe, Ohio. Alasmodonta marginata Say, 19. Alaesmodon (Decurambis) scriptum Rafinesque, ’31, p. 4. Alasmodon (Decurambis) atropurpureum Rafinesque, ’31, p. 4. A. marginata Say = A. scriptum Raf., Conrad, ’34, p. 72; Ferussac, "35, D- 25. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 39 Alasmidonta (Rugifera) truncata (Wright), Simpson, ’oo*, p. 671. Alasmidonta marginata (Say), Simpson, ’o1, p. 16 (Scioto River) ; Fox, ’ol, p. 47 (Scioto River, Chillicothe, Ohio). Alasmidonta (Rugifera) marginata (Say), Simpson, ’14, p. 505. Alasmodon scriptum Raf.—= A. marginata Say, Frierson, ’14*, p. 7. Alasmodon atropurpureum Raf., ’31 = Margaritana raveneliana Lea, "34; Frierson, ’14°, p. 7. Alasmidonta (Decurambis) marginata (Say), Ortmann, ‘18, p. 561. There is no doubt as to the priority of marginata Say, but the identification of scriptuim and atropurpureum is important with regard to the validity of the subgeneric name Decurambis. In A. scriptum, the posterior truncation, nearly flat, with transverse furrows and ribs, and the color of the epidermis as described, make it positive that A. marginata Say was intended. Thus scriptum is recognizable, and the subgenus Decurambis, in which it stands, is valid (see above). This makes it unnecessary to identify A. atropurpureum Raf. According te Frierson, this is the same as raveneliana Lea, but Ortmann (718) has shown that specimens taken for atro- purpureum are not ravenelianum, but a form (variety or varia- tion) of marginata. But the correct identification of those specimens is not yet assured, and for the present atropur- pureum is an unidentified form. ALASMIDONTA (DECURAMBIS) VARICOSA (Lamarck), 1819 Tv pe locality: Schuylkill River, Philadelphia, Pa. Unio varicosa Lamarck, ’19, p. 78 (Schuylkill River). Alasmodonta marginata Say, ‘19 (Scioto River). U. varicosa Lam.=Alasmodonta undulata Say, Lea, °29, p. 424; Ferussac, ’35, p. 26. U. varicosa Lam.= Alasmodonta marginata Say, Lea, °34, p. 91 (type examined). Alasmodon corrugata DeKay, ’43, p. 108, pl. 24, f. 259. Alasmidonta (Rugifera) marginata (Say), Simpson, ’99°, p. 670. Alasmidonta marginata (Say), Simpson, ’o1, p. 16 (Scioto River) ; Fox, ’o1, p. 47 (Scioto River, Chillicothe, Ohio). 4o University of Michigan Alasmidonta varicosa (lam.), Simpson, ’or, p. 17 (Atlantic drain- age). Alasmidonto (Rugifera) varicosa (Lam.), Simpson, 14, p. 506. Alasmidonta (Decurambis) varicosa (Lam.), Ortmann, ’I9, p. 190. The description of U. varicosa from Schuylkill River, “U. testa ovato-rhombea, tenui, fusco, virente, radiata; natibus rugis crassis, undatis, variciformibus,” fits best the species of the marginata group of the Atlantic drainage. Two other species with “variciform” beak sculpture come into question— first Strophitus edentulus (Say), but of this the bars of the beak sculpture are not very heavy and not waved (“wndatv’) ; the other Alasmidonta undulata (Say), with very heavy beak sculpture, has not a “thin” shell. Thus, varicosa is identifiable, and, in addition, this identification has been confirmed by Lea, by the examination of the type, in so far as he pronounced it to be marginata—that is to say, the Atlantic representative of the western marginata. This determination was made before any other name was given to this form. Thus, varicosa is valid also on this ground. STROPHITUS UNDULATUS (Say), 1817 Type locality: Not given (probably near Philadelphia). Anodonta undulata Say, 717, pl. 3, f. 5. Anodonta pennsylvanica Lamarck, “19, p. 86 (Schuylkill River, Phila. ). Anodonta undulata Say = A. rugosus Sw., Conrad, ’34, p. 73; Ferus- Sale, 2s, 0b 25 Strophitus undulatus (Say), Simpson, ’14, p. 349. STROPHITUS RUGOSUS (Swainson), 1822 Type locality: United States. Anodon rugosus Swainson, ’22, pl. 96. 5 Strophitus edentulus (Say), ’29= Anodon rugosus Sw., Simpson, "14, D- 345. Strophitus edentulus (Say), Walker, ’18¢, p. 176. The two forms are distinguishable, but have been misunder- Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 41 stood by Simpson. Str. undulatus is a smaller shell, with more inflated and prominent beaks, and more tapering poste- rior end. It is positively known only from the tidewaters (Delaware and Schuylkill rivers) near Philadelphia. Walker calls attention to the mistake made by Simpson in retaining edentulus Say (’29), although he gives rugosus Sw. (22) as a synonym. An examination of Swainson’s description and figures leaves no doubt that his species is the inflated, black form of S. edentulus that occurs in the eastern states and is usually sent out as S. undulatus Say. Swainson’s description is as follows: “Shell transverse, oval; rather thick and ventricose; both extremities obtuse; the anterior side (from the umbones to the exterior margin) obliquely rounded; umbones prominent; hinge margin rather thick, slightly curved and swelled imme- diately under the umbones; sinus short, abrupt, curved; epi- dermis coarse, black and much wrinkled; inside stained with yellow and having a narrow reddish rim or margin.” = No dimensions are given, but the figures (3) measure: length 63, height 39, diameter 32 mm. No exact locality is given, but it is stated that the specimens came from the United States. This is quite different from the typical S. wndulatus Say. Genus PryCHOBRANCHUS Simpson, 1900 Ptychobranchus Simpson, ’00*, p. 79 (type, phaseolus Barnes). Ellipsaria Raf., Frierson, ’14°, p. 7 (type, fasciolaris Raf.). One of the four species listed by Rafinesque under his sub- genus Ellipsaria is Obliquaria ellipsaria, and therefore, by the rule of absolute tautonomy (Code, Art. 30d), it ipso facto becomes the type of the subgenus. O. ellipsaria is a synonym 42 University of Michigan of lineolata Raf. (belonging to Plagiola), and consequently Ellipsaria becomes a synonym of Plagiola Raf. Frierson’s designation of fasciolaris as the type is absolutely void. Pty- chobranchus Simpson will therefore stand. | PTYCHOBRANCHUS FASCIOLARE (Rafinesque), 1820 Type locality: Ohio, Wabash, and Kentucky rivers. Obliquaria (Ellipsaria) fasciolaris Rafinesque, ’20, p. 303. Unio phaseolus Hildreth, ’28, p. 283. U. fasciolaris Raf.=U. phaseolus Hild., Conrad, ’34, p. 69; Ferus- SAC oD eee Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hild.), Simpson, ’o0°, p. 613; '14, p. 333- Obl. fasciolaris Raf. =Ptych. phaseolus (Hild.), Frierson, ’14°, p. 7. Ptychobranchus fasciolaris (Raf.) = Pt. phaseolus (Hild.), Vanatta, "15, p. 554 (“type” examined). Ellipsaria fasciolaris (Raf.), Ortmann, ’18, p. 563. Obl. fasciolaris (Raf.) = Ptych. phaseolus ~(Hill.), Walker, ’18¢, p. 179 (“if identifiable”). ’ The first part of the original description of O. fasciolaris Raf. contains nothing that opposes the assumption that this is phaseolus, but it also does not contain anything that clearly indicates this species. However, further on, Rafinesque says that there is a remarkable character in this species, consisting in the presence of several oblique ridges on the inside of the shell. This unquestionably refers to the ridges and depres- sions seen inside of the shell of the female of the genus Pty- chobranchus, and since an Ohio shell is described, this can be only Pt. phaseolus, Thus the specific name fasciolaris stands- OBLIQUARIA REFLEXA Rafinesque, 1820 Type locality: Kentucky River and Letart Falls (Meigs. County, Ohio). Obliquaria reflexa Rafinesque, ’20, p. 306. Unio cornutus Barnes, ’23, p. 122, pl. 4, f. 5. U. reflexus Raf.=U. cornutus Bar., Conrad, ’34, p. 71; Ferussac, 125 peor WonkaGs 35 py 7. pleAyaheate Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 43 Obliquaria reflexa Raf., Simpson, ’00°, p. 610; ’14, p. 330. Obl. reflexa Raf., Vanatta, ’15, p. 554 (“type” examined). The original description is recognizable; mentioned are the thick, convex, rounded shell, truncated posteriorly, sinuated on the post-basal margin, the rugosities of the posterior slope, and the “knobs” of the medial elevation of the shell, all char- acters of this species. O. reflexa has been designated as the type of Obliquaria Raf. by Simpson (00). CYPROGENIA IRRORATA (Lea), 1828 Type locality: Ohio. Obovaria stegaria Rafinesque, ’20, p. 312, pl. 82, f. 4-5. Unio irroratus Lea, ’28 (not ’30 as given by Simpson), p. 2609, pl. RSs Be U. stegarius Raf. =U. irroratus Lea, Conrad, ’34, p. 71; Ferussac, 35,.p. 285 Conrad, *38, p: 83, pl. 46, £. ,1. Cyprogenia irrorata (lea), Simpson, ’14, p. 3206. Cypr. stegaria (Raf.) =C. irrorata (Lea), Vanatta, 715, p. 554 (“type” examined); Ortmann, ’I9, p. 218. Cypr. irrorata (Lea) = Ob. stegaria Raf., Walker, ’17¢, p. 46; ’18¢, p. 179 (“if identifiable’). Cypr. stegaria (Raf.), Ortmann, ’18, p. 565. Rafinesque’s original figure of stegaria is absolutely insuf- ficient to recognize the species as the same as irroratus on account of the complete absence of tubercles, and, moreover, these tubercles are not mentioned in the description, except in variety (twberculata), which is said to have a few remote tubercles; but this also does not exactly fit irroratus, which generally has a great number of crowded tubercles. Since also nothing is said about the very characteristic color-pattern of the epidermis, except that it is brown (which it is generally not), it is impossible to identify Rafinesque’s species, and thus Lea’s name (77rorata) stands, notwithstanding the subsequent 44 University of Michigan determination of the so-called Rafinesque-Poulson “type” of ste garia. “The Rafinesque-Poulson shell is stated to be of the var. tuberculata Raf. It is an wrorata of the usual size and green- ash color:? "Cie ae se) Genus OpovariA Rafinesque, 1819 Type: Unio retusa Lam. Rotundaria Rafinesque, ’20, p. 308 (no type named) ; Herrmannsen, "47, Pp. 407 (type, Obliquaria subrotunda Raf.); Simpson, 00, p. 794, as a subgenus of Quadrula (type, Obliquaria tuberculata Raf.) ; Ort- mann, ’I2, p. 257, as a genus (type, the same). Obovaria Rafinesque, ’19, p. 426; ’20, p. 310 (no type named); Her- mannsen, °47, p. 132 (type, Obovaria obovalis Raf., not recognizable) ; Agassiz, 52, p. 460 (type, U. retusa Lam., congeneric with Oblig. sub- rotunda Raf.); Simpson, ’oo, p. 498 (type, U. retusa Lam.). “Rafinesque proposed Obovaria in 1819 with a diagnosis but no type or recognizable species, since none of those mentioned as belonging to the genus had then been described. The diag- nosis clearly indicates a certain assemblage of Uniones which had not before been segregated, viz., those with a rounded shell with the axis (1. e., the vertical from the beaks) nearly median ; such as the species subsequently included by Simpson in Obovaria, Theliderma, and Rotundaria. For some part of this assemblage the genus defined in 1819 is valid. “In 1820 Rafinesque further limited the genus, describing six species, one of which, U. obovalis, was designated type by Herrmannsen in 1847; this species has never been identified, and is believed to be unrecognizable. In 1852 another of the original species, Ob. torsa, was selected as type by Agassiz. This type has been accepted by Simpson, 1900, and by subse- quent authors, whose action is here endorsed. “As the type of Rotundaria is congeneric with O. torsa, that name becomes a synonym of Obovaria, being one year ister ta date.” ~ (H. Ay P.) . Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 45 OBOVARIA RETUSA (Lamarck), 1819 Type locality: (Incorrectly given as Nova Scotia). Unio retusa Lamarck, ’19, p. 72. Obovaria torsa Rafinesque, ’20, p. 311, pl. 82, f. 1-3. U. retusa Lam.= U. torsus Raf., Lea, 34, p. 88 (type examined) ; Ferussac, 735, p. 28; Conrad, 36, p. 19, pl. 8. Obovaria retusa (Lam.) = U. torsa Raf., Agassiz, ’52, p. 46. Obovaria retusa (Lam.), Simpson, ’14, p. 290. O. retusa (Lam.) =O. torsa Raf., Vanatta, 715, p. 552 (“type” examined). Lamarck’s original description is, in spite of the incorrect locality given (Nova Scotia), perfectly recognizable. The rounded, swollen shell, with incurved beaks, and the violaceous nacre is unmistakable. Rafinesque’s torsa is also undoubtedly this, and his figures give fairly well the general character of the species. OBOVARIA SUBROTUNDA (Rafinesque), 1820 Type locality: Ohio River. Obliquaria subrotunda Rafinesque, ’20, p. 308, pl. 81, f. 21-23. Obovaria striata Rafinesque, ’20, p. 311. Unio circulus Lea, ’20, p. 433, pl. 9, f. 14. U. subrotundus Raf.=U. pusilla Raf.=U. striata Raf.=U. cir- culus Lea, Conrad, ’34, p. 71. U. subrotundus Raf.=U. circulus Lea, Ferussac, ’35, p. 28. Obovaria circulus (Lea), Simpson, 714, p. 291. Ob. subrotunda (Raf.) =Ob. striata Raf.=Ob. circulus (Lea), Vanatta, 15, p. 552 (“type”’ examined). Obovaria subrotunda (Raf.), Ortmann, 718, p. 567. Obl. circulus (Lea) = Obl. subrotunda Raf., Walker, ’18¢, p. 180 (“if identifiable”). Rafinesque’s description and figures indicate a rather thick, nearly round, swollen shell, with beaks almost central (“equi- laterale’”), brownish-yellow epidermis, and whitish-purple nacre. A shell from the Ohio with these characters will be easily recognized as the circulus Lea. Thus subrotunda is 46 University of Michigan valid. The other names given by Rafinesque (pusilla and stri- ata) do not need to be considered, since Conrad made already a selection among the available names, choosing subrotundus. OBOVARIA LENS (Lea), 1831 Type locality: Ohio and Tennessee. Unio levigata Rafinesque, ’20, p. 296, pl. 80, f. 11-13. Unio lens Lea, ’31, p. 80, pl. 8, f. 10. U. levigatus Raf.= U. lens Lea, Conrad, 734, p. 70. Obovaria lens (Lea), Simpson, 714, p. 293. Obovaria levigata (Raf.) =O. lens (Lea), Vanatta, 715, p. 552 (“types” examined). Obovaria subrotunda levigata (Raf.), Ortmann, 718, p. 568. Ob. lens (Lea) = U. levigata Raf., Walker, ’18¢, p. 180 (“if identi- fiable’”). The description and figure of Jevigata indicate a strongly transversely-elliptical shell, which does not at all fit lens of Lea, which generally is rather rounded or only very slightly transverse. ‘Thus, without knowledge of what the so-called Poulson-Rafinesque “type” is, nobody would ever suspect that Rafinesque’s shell is this. Also the character “swollen” (bombée) does not apply to lens, and levigata must be regarded as not identifiable. OBOVARIA OLIVARIA (Rafinesque), 1820 Type locality: Kentucky River. Amblema olivaria Rafinesque, ’20, p. 314. Unio ellipsis Lea, ’28, p. 268, pl. 4, f. 4. U. olivarius Raf. — U. ellipsis Lea, Conrad, ’34, p. 70; Ferussac, ‘35, p. 28-34. Obovaria ellipsis (Lea), Simpson, ’14, p. 299. Ob. olivaria (Raf.) = O. ellipsis (Lea), Vanatta, ’15, p. 553 (“type” examined). Ob. ellipsis (Lea) = A. olivaria Raf., Walker, 718°, p. 180 (“if iden- tifiable’’). The specific description of olivaria may be applied to ellipsis Lea: Shell thick, little convex, oval, elliptic, beaks hardly Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 47 prominent, nearly superior; epidermis striate, olivaceous; nacre white, iridescent, length 2-3 inch. Yet it does not posi- tively indicate this species. However, in connection with the generic characters given for Amblema, the species is well characterized by the terms “dent bilobee ridee, laterale au sommet,” which could not be used for any other species. Thus olivaria stands. Rafinesque (’20, p. 288) states in substance that he did not repeat the generic characters in his specific descriptions, as it would make them long and prolix. But when necessary, as in this case, they should be read into the description of the species. Genus Actinonatas Fischer and Crosse, 1893 Actinonaias Fischer and Crosse, ’93, p. 550 (no type named, con- taining Mexican species inc. sapotalensis Lea). Actinonaias Fischer and Crosse, 793, p. 550 (no type named, con- taining Mexican species inc. aztecorum allied to plicatulus Charp.) Nephronaias Simpson, ‘00°, p. 591 (type, plicatulus Charp.). Nephronaias Ortmann, 712, p. 324 (containing 3 species, incl. sapo- talensis) . Nephronatas Frierson, 17, p. 47 (type, plicatulus Charp.). Actinonaias Frierson, ’17, p. 48 (type, sapotalensis Lea); Walker, 18, p. 75. The final settlement of the generic names Nephronaias and Actinonaias depends on the knowledge of the anatomy of the Mexican type of Nephronaias (plicatulus Charp.). The anat- omy of the type of Actinonaias (sapotalensis) is known (Ort- mann), and since certain North American species agree with this, this name should be used for them. The designation of the type of Actinonaias (sapotalensis) is from Frierson. ACTINONAIAS CARINATA (Barnes), 1823 Type locality: Fox River (Wisconsin). Unio crassus Say, ’17, pl. 1, £. 8 (not U. crassus Retzius, 1778). Unio ligamentina Lamarck, ‘19, p. 72. Unio crassus Say, Rafinesque, ’20, p. 293. 48 University of Michigan Unio fasciata Rafinesque, ’20, p. 294. Unio ellipticus Barnes, ’23, p. 259, pl. 13, f. 19 (not U. elliptice Rak, 20): Unio carinatus Barnes, ’23, p. 259, pl. 11, f. Io. U. ligamentina Lam. = U. crassus Say, Lea, ’34, p. 88 (type exam- ined). U. fasciatus Raf.=U. carinatus Barn., Conrad, 734, p. 60; 735, p- 3 aplaet: U. crassus Say = U. carinatus Barn., Ferussac, ’35, p. 27, 33- Lampsilis ligamentina (Lam.), Simpson, 14, p. 70. U. crassa (Say), Raf.=U. fasciata Raf.=U. pallens Raf., “31= Lamp. ligamentina (Lam.), Vanatta, 715, p. 551 (“types” examined). U. fasciata Raf. = U. siliquoidea Bar., ’23 = U. luteolus auct., Frier- son, 19, p. 139. Actinonaias ligamentina (Iam.), Ortmann, ’19, p. 232. U. crassus and U. ellipticus are nomina preoccupata. U. ligamentina is absolutely unrecognizable (the description could not possibly be poorer), and so is U. fasciata, which might be this or fasciolaris Raf. and even U. siliquoidea Barn., accord- ing to Frierson (see under L. siliquoidea), The description applies to both and the so-called Rafinesque-Poulson “type” is the so-called ligamentina. It might also be any other species with elliptical outlines and with rays (iis group). The first valid name (recognizable and not preoccupied) under which the present species was published is carinatus Bar., and a good figure of this has also been given. The deter- mination of the type of U. ligamentina Lam. by Lea was sub- sequent to this, and thus has no effect. ACTINONATAS PECTOROSA (Conrad), 1834 Type locality: Elk River, near its junction with Tennessee, Northern Alabama. Unio vittatis Rafinesque, ’31, p. 2. Unio pectorosus Conrad, ’34 (May), p. 37, pl. 6, f. 1. Unio perdix Lea, ’34 (August or September) (not ’27 as given by Simpsom), p. 72, pl. 11, £. 33. U. pectorosus Con., ’34 (May),=U. perdix Lea, ’34 (September), Conrad, 736, p. 25, pl.. 11, £2 Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 49 Unio biangularis Lea, ’40, p. 288. Unio biangulatus Lea, ’42, p. 197, pl. 9, f. 8. Lampsilis biangularis (lea), Simpson, ’14, p. 59. Lampsilis perdix (Lea), Simpson, ’14, p. 88. Nephronaias pectorosa (Con.) =U. perdix Lea=U. biangularis Lea = U. biangulatus Lea= (possibly) U. vittatis Raf., Ortmann, ’18, p. 560. U. vittatis Raf. would have priority, if identifiable. Its shell is oval and has been compared by Rafinesque with L. fasciola Raf., but is said to be larger, rounder, with straight rays. This does not fit pectorosa, which surely is not “rounder” than fasciola, and there are additional characters in the original description which cannot be reconciled with pectorosa, chiefly “2 or 3 oblique ribs.” U-. vittatis is not identifiable. It has been questionably referred to inflatus and siliquoideus Bar. by Conrad (’34, p. 69). The identity of Conrad’s and Lea’s species is evident to any- one familiar with this form, and the preference of perdix by Simpson is due only to the incorrect date given for it. Already Conrad (736) has claimed his species and has quoted the cor- rect dates. Genus TRUNCILLA Rafinesque, 1819 Type: Truncilla truncata Raf. Truncilla Rafinesque, ’19, p. 427; °20, p. 300 (no type named) ; Herr- mansen, ’49, p. 627 (type, Truncilla truncata Raf.). Amygdalonaias Crosse and Fischer, ’93, p. 557 (type, U. cognatus Lea) ; Simpson, ’00, p. 604; Ortmann, ‘12, p. 327. Since Tr. truncata Raf. (= elegans Lea) is supposed to be congeneric with U. cognatus Lea, and since Herrmannsen has designated truncata as the type of Truncilla, this name will have to be used for the present genus superseding that of Amvygdalonaias. This will necessitate a change in the name of the genus which has been usually called Truncilla. See under Dysnomia. 50 University of Michigan TRUNCILLA TRUNCATA Rafinesque, 1820 Type locality: Ohio River. Truncilla truncata Rafinesque, ’20, p. 301. Unio elegans Lea, ’31, p. 83, pl. 9, f. 13. U. truncatus Raf.=U. donaciformis Lea, ’28=U. elegans Lea, Conrad, °34, p. 72. U. truncatus Raf. = U. elegans Lea, Ferussac, ’35, p. 27. Plagiola clegans (1,ea), Simpson, ’14, p. 307. Pl. elegans (Lea) =Tr. truncata Raf. =U. metaplata Raf., ’31; Vanatta, *15, p. 553 (‘‘types” examined). Pl. elgeans (Lea) =Tr. truncata Raf., Walker, ’16¢, p. 45; ’18¢, p. 179 (“if identifiable”). Amygdalonaias truncata (Raf.), Utterback, 716, p. 148; Ortmann, "18; .p.-570. This shell is small, has a “semi-triangular,” somewhat quad- rate shape, the posterior end is truncate, and the margin and growth lines (vides) are curved (concave) behind. This is a satisfactory description of the species when compared with the only other “truncate” form of the Ohio (triquetra). U. donaciformis Lea, said to be also identical (Conrad), is closely allied, but the description of the shape does not fit it. The name Truncilla truncata is not preoccupied by Unio truncata Spengler (1793), and thus truncata stands. TRUNCILLA DONACIFORMIs (Lea), 1828 Type locality: Ohio. Unio nervosa Rafinesque, ’20, p. 296, pl. 80, f. 8-10. Unio donaciformis Lea, ’28, p. 267, pl. 4, f. 3. Unio zigzag Lea, ’20, p. 440, pl. 12, f. 19. U. nervosa Raf.=U. donaciformis Lea, Say, 734. U. nervosa Raf.= U. sigzag Lea, Conrad, ’34, p. 70. U. nervosa Raf. =U. zigzag Lea, Ferussac, ’35, p. 27. Plagiola donaciformis (lea), Simpson, 714, p. 308. The original description of the rays of nervosa, “Nervures flexweuses, concentriques, vermiculaires,”’ might suggest U. donaciformis, yet it surely is not quite exact, and the figure, Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 51 if correct in this respect, does not support this view. Further, the description says that the shell is larger behind (also shown in figure), and that the borders are undulated (see also figure), and these are characters which cannot be found in donaciformis by any means. Thus nervosa is not identifiable. Genus PLaAcioiA Rafinesque, 1819 Type: Unio securis Lea== Obliquaria lineolata Raf. Plagiola Rafinesque, ’19, p. 4260; ’20, p. 302 (no type named) ; Herr- mannsen, ’47, p. 279 (type, Obliquaria interrupta Raf.) ; Agassiz, ’52, p. 42 (first species, Obliquaria lineolata Raf. = U. securis Lea); Simp- son, ‘00, p. 603 (type, U. securis Lea). Herrmannsen designated an unrecognizable species Obli- quaria interrupta Raf. (see under Dysnomia brevidens) as the type of Plagiola, and consequently Plagiola should be used in the sense of Agassiz and Simpson. PLAGIOLA LINEOLATA Rafinesque, 1820 Type locality: Falls of the Ohio, at Louisville, Ky. Obliquaria (Plagiola) depressa Rafinesque, '20, p. 302, pl. 81, f. 5-7. Obliquaria (Plagiola) lineolata Rafinesque, ’20, p. 303. Obliquaria (Ellipsaria) ellipsaria Rafinesque, ’20, p. 303. Umio securts Lea, ’29, p. 437, pl. 11, f. 17. U. lineolatus Raf.=U. depressus Raf.=U. ellipsaria Raf.=U. securis Lea, Conrad, ’34, p. 70. U. lineolatus Raf. =U. depressus Raf.= securis Lea, Ferussac, 35, p. 28. U. securis Lea=U. depressus Raf., Lea, 738, p. 124. Plagiola lineolata Raf.=U. securis Lea, Agassiz, ’52, p. 48. U. lineolatus (Raf.), Call, ’00, p. 4609. Plagiola securis (ea) = Obl. depressa Raf., Simpson, ’00°, p. 603; "14, DP. 305- Pl. lineolata (Raf.) = Obl. depressa Raf.=Obl. ellipsaria Raf.= Pl. securis (ea), Vanatta, ’15, p. 553 (“‘types” examined). PI. securis (Lea) = Obl. depressa Raf.—= Obl. lineolata Raf., Wal- ker, ’17¢, p. 45; ’18¢, p. 179 (“if identifiable”). Pl, securis (Lea) = Pl. lineolata (Raf.), Utterback, ’16, p. 150, foot- note. Plagiola lineolata (Raf.), Ortmann, ’18, p. 571. or 52 University of Michigan In the description of both depressa and lineolata Raf. the chief character of this species, great compression and posterior narrow and flat truncation, are mentioned, and thus there is no doubt about the identification. Also the peculiar color pat- tern is indicated in both. O. ellipsaria Raf. is also identifiable as this species. | Conrad first pointed out the identity of Rafinesque’s species and selected the name limeolata, and thus it has to stand. Genus LEpropEA Rafinesque, 1820 Type: Umo fragilis Raf. Leptodea Rafinesque, ’20, p. 295 (as subgenus of Unio), no type named; Herrmannsen, °47, p. 584 (type, U. fragilis Raf.), Lasmonos Rafinesque, 31, p. 5 (type, fragilis Raf., ’31, not fragilis, ’°20); Utterback, ’16, p. 151 (type, fragilis Raf., ’20; see below). Paraptera Ortmann, ‘11, p. 368 (type, gracilis Bar., ’23 = fragilis Raf., ’20); Walker, ’18¢, p. 72. Leptodea, Frierson, ’14*, p. 6 (type, leptodon Raf., ’20). Since U. fragilis Raf. has been made the type of Leptodea by Herrmannsen, Paraptera Ort. becomes a synonym having the same type, and the subsequent designation of U. leptodon Raf. as the type by Frierson becomes invalid. Utterback in giving as the type of Lasmonos the “Lasmonos fragilis Raf., ’20,’ confused Unio (Leptodea) fragilis Raft. ‘20, and Lasmonos fragilis Raf.,’31. The latter is not identi- fiable (see under Leptodea leptodon). LEPTODEA LEPTODON (Rafinesque), 1820 Type locality: Lower Ohio River. Unio (Leptodea) leptodon Rafinesque, ’20, p. 295, pl. 80, f. 5-7.. Anodon purpurascens Swainson, ’23, pl. 160. Unio velum Say, ’29, p. 203. Symphynota tenuissima Lea, ’29, p. 453, pl. 11, f. 21. Lasmonos fragilis Rafinesque, 731, p. 5. U. leptodon Rat. = Symph, tenuissima Lea = An. purpurascens Sw., Conrad, ’34, p. 70. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 53 Symph. leptodon Raf.=S. tenuissima Lea= An. purpurascens Sw. = U. planus Bar., ’23, Ferussac, ’35, p. 25; Conrad, ’36, p. 58, pl. 33. Lampsilis leptodon (Raf.), Simpson, ’14, p. 188. Leptodea leptodon Raf., Frierson, ’14*, p. 6. Lasmonos leptodon (Raf.), Utterback, 716, p. 156. Paraptara leptodon (Raf.), Ortmann, 718, p. 571. There is no doubt about the specific name leptodon Raf. and all authors have accepted it. Description and figures are entirely satisfactory. However, with regard to the validity of the generic name Lasmonos Raf., it is important to know what Lasmonos fra- gilis Raf., ’31, is. Rafinesque does not quote his Unio (Lep- todea) fragilis of ’21 under it, and thus we are to assume that it is different. The chief character of this shell is the rudi- mentary condition of the cardinal teeth, and this suggests that it might be leptodon. However, it fits also certain phases of L. fragilis (Raf.), ’20. The rest of the description does not clear up matters, since a sub-oval, thin shell, olivaceous out- side and purplish inside, fits both species, and the posteriorly broader shell with a small wing rather points to fragilis ’20. The words “some nodulities behind” fit neither. Thus Las- monos fragilis is not identifiable and Lasmonos cannot be used under any conditions. LEPTODEA FRAGILIS (Rafinesque), 1820 Type locality: Ohio River. Unio (Leptodea) fragilis Rafinesque, ’20, p. 295. Unio gracilis Barnes, ’23, p. 174. Lasmonos fragilis Rafinesque, ’31, p. 5- Unio fragilis Raf. =U. gracilis Bar., Conrad, ’34, p. 69; Ferussac, 2ac™ py. 25> ‘Conrad, "36, p. 55, pl: 30; Priceson,, "54-095 7 Lampsilis gracilis (Bar.), Simpson, ’14, p. 181. Lampsilis fragilis (Raf.) =L. gracilis (Bar.), Vanatta, “15, p. 552 (“type” examined). Lasmonos fragilis Raf., Utterback, 716, p. 152 (quotations in part incorrect). 54 University of Michigan Paraptera fragilis (Raf.) =U. gracilis Bar., Ortmann, 718, p. 572. Lamp. gracilis (Bar.) =U. fragilis Raf., ’20=Lasmonos fragilis Raf., °31; Walker, *18¢, p. 182 (“if identifiable”). The description of U. fragilis, chiefly its comparison with U. leptodon, makes it sure that this is the gracilis Bar. The shell is thin, fragile, not elongate and attenuated posteriorly (as leptodon is), but somewhat dilated behind. Also the char- acters of the pseudocardinals are mentioned. It remains doubtful whether Lasmonos fragilis is this shell or Leptodea leptodon (see under the latter). Genus CARUNCULINA Simpson, 1898 Type: Unio parvus Barnes. Toxolasma Rafinesque, ’31, p. 2 (no type named). Corunculina Simpson, ’98, p. 109 (error typographicus) (only spe- cies, U. parvus Bar.). Carunculina Simpson, ’oo*, p. 563, and ’14, p. 148 (type, Unio tex- asensis Lea). Toxolasma Raf., Frierson, ’14*, p. 7 (type, lividus Raf. = glans Lea); Ortmann, 718, p. 572. The revival of the generic name To.xolasma depends upon the identity of U. lividus Raf. As will be shown under Car. meesta, lividus is not recognizable, and thus the name To.ro- lasma should be discarded. As type of Carunculina, U. parvus must be taken, for at the first publication of this subgenus only this species was included. CARUNCULINA MGisTA (Lea), 1841 Type locality: French Broad River, East Tennessee. Unio (Toxolasma) lividus Rafinesque, ’31, p. 2. Unio pullus Conrad, ’38, p. 100, pl. 55, f. 2. Unio mastus Lea, 41, p. 82. Unio cylindrellus Lea, ’68, p. 144. Unio corvunculus Lea, *68, p. 144. Unio glans Pilsbry and Rhoads, ’96, p. 502 (not glans Lea, ’34). Lampsilis cylindrella (Lea), L. masta (Lea), L. corvunculus (Lea), L.. pullus (Con.), Simpson, ’14, pp. 155-160. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 55 Toxolasma lividum (Raf.) =U. glans Lea, Frierson, ’14*, p. 7. Toxolasma lividum (Raf.) =U. pullus (Con.) (part) = U. mestus Lea = U. cylindrellus Lea, Ortmann, 718, p. 573. U. (Tox.) lividus Raf.=Car. glans (Lea) or possibly = pullus Con., Walker, ’18¢, p. 180-181 (“if identifiable’). This is the form representing Car. glans Lea in the upper Tennessee region, but it differs from the typical glans of the interior basin at least as a variety. It has been claimed by Frierson and Ortmann that U. lividus Raf. is this form. It is, according to description, a small shell (1 inch) of elliptical shape, “swelled,” not thick, with rough, brown epidermis and livid purple nacre, from Rock Castle River, Kentucky (Upper Cumberland). Breet This description may be applied to two species of this region, the present one and Ligumia vanuxemensis (Lea), and there ” is nothing in it which permits a final decision. Moreover, the dimensions given by Rafinesque fit in part (diameter 37% of length) both species, in part (height 75%) neither of them. Thus lividus is not recognizable and cannot be used, and with it the generic name 70.rolasma must be rejected. Occasional specimens of vanuxremensis have quite exactly the proportions given by Rafinesque. U. pullus Conrad resembles this form very much. But since it originally came from an entirely different region (Wateree River, South Carolina) it cannot be identified with certainty and should be disregarded, at least for the present. U. mestus Lea surely is this upper Tennesee form of glans (from French Broad River). The figure represents a very large male ; but similar specimens have been found by Ortmann in the French Broad drainage, fully agreeing with this in all characters, including the proportional dimensions (height of male, 58-63% of length; of females, 63-68% ; diameter of male 38-43% ; of female, 39-48%; Lea’s figures for height and 56 Uniwersity of Michigan diameter are 60% and 40%, respectively). Thus the name mastus Lea is the oldest available one. The later names given by Lea and claimed by Ortmann as possible synonyms (cylindrellus and corvunculus) need not be considered here. Their validity depends upon taxonomic con- siderations, and these two forms require additional study before their standing can be settled. Genus CoNRADILLA Ortmann, 1921 Type: Unio celatus Conrad. Conradilla Ortmann, Naut., XXXIV, 1921, p. go. CONRADILLA CH#LATA (Conrad), 1834 Type locality: Tennessee, Elk, and Flint rivers. Unio (Lemiox) rimosus Rafinesque, ’31, p. 3. Unio celatus Conrad, ’34, p. 338, pl. 1, £. 2; ’34, p. 29, Plea eee Micromya celata (Con.), Simpson, ’14, p. 34. Lemiox rimosus (Raf.) =U. celatus Con., Frierson, ’14, p. 7. Lemiox rimosus (Raf.), Ortmann, ’16, p. 39; ’18, p. 574. Micromya celata (Con.), Walker, ’18*, p. 4, 18¢, p. 185 (new generic name should be proposed). Frierson has identified U. rimosus with U. celatus chiefly on the strength of the word “rimose” in the description, which is intended to describe the sculpture of the shell. Walker objects to this. Although this word may be taken as giving a good description of this feature of the shell, other points in the description do not fit. Rafinesque (731, p. 4) makes the following explicit state- ment of his theory of comparative measurements: ““The com- parative proportions of the length, breadth, diameter and axis of the Unios and other bivalve shells having been misunder- stood by some, it may be needful to state that my formula is a kind of abbreviation of a longer exposition. Thus, when I say, length one-half, diameter one-third, axis one-fourth of the breadth, | meant to say and must be understood to state Occastonal Papers of the Museum of Zoology 57 the following longer account: The length of the shell is one- half, the diameter is one-third, and the axts is at one-fourth of the breadth, or largest dimension of the shell. “In longitudinal shells this is reversed, the length being the longest dimension becomes the size of comparison.” Vanatta (715, p. 549) seems to have overlooked this state- ment, and consequently his explanation of the meaning of Rafinesque’s fractions is obviously incorrect. In course of the investigations made in the preparation of this paper we have found Rafinesque’s comparative measure- ments in most cases very exact and are of the opinion that they are to be relied upon as a means for identifying many of his species. The discrepancy pointed out by Walker (’18, p- 5) 1s an important one and a serious objection to the approx- imation of rimosus to this species. But this much is sure, that Rafinesque describes his shell as elliptic, which c@latus is not, and that he describes it as broader behind, which again does not fit. It is also correct that the “rimose” character of the shell in c@latus is not restricted to the posterior part, while the main part of the surface is smooth, as stated in the description of rimosus, but that it covers nearly three-fourths of the entire shell. The term “rimose” might also be applied, according to Wal- ker, to Medionidus conradicus (Lea), and the rest of the description would not speak against this. “In discussing U. rimosus Raf. Frierson claims that by ‘Broader . . . behind’ Rafinesque means what we would term longer behind; but even so, the dimensions do not fit. Rafinesque’s shell measured, L. 114, H. 1, D. % inch. A speci- men measures, L. 1%, H. 1%, D. % inch. This is a rather compressed and low example, but more than double the diam- eter assigned by Rafinesque. It may be claimed that Rafin- 58 University of Michigan esque’s measurement of diameter was an error; in cases where a figure is present to serve as guide for such corrections they are justified. Otherwise nobody has a right to change an author’s express statements to make them conform to a theo- retical identification. Unio rimosus is not identifiable.” (H. Geers) Thus, the name rimosus for the species cannot be used, and consequently also Lemiox for the genus is not available. Since the species should be placed in a separate genus (see Ortmann) a new name was needed, and Ortmann (1. c.) has proposed that of Conradilla. MEDIONIDUS CONRADICUS (Lea), 1834 Type locality: Unknown. Unio platcolus Rafinesque, ’31, p. 3. Unio conradicus Lea, ’34, p. 63, pl. 9, f. 23. Unio conradicus Conrad, ’38, p. 87, pl. 47, £. 3. ; Medionidus conradicus (ea), Simpson, ’14, p. 247; Walker, ’18¢, p. 70. Medionidus plateolus (Raf.) =conradicus lea, Ortmann, ’18, p. 575. The original description of U. plateolus Raf. is entirely insufficient to recognize this species. The chief characters are: general shape (elliptic-lanceolate and very compressed), small size (2 inches), and color (brown, inside bluish). They apply to conradicus, but also to a number of other species, chiefly of the genus Liguama (trabalis and the wis group), or a young leptodon, or a flat, young dilatata. Besides, the shell is called attenuate and subacute behind, which does not fit conradicus very well, and the characteristic wrinkles of the posterior slope in this species and the rays, which generally are distinct, have not been mentioned. Thus plateolus is not identifiable. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 59 Genus LicuMIA (Swainson), 1840 Type: Unio recta Lam. Eurynia Rafinesque, ’20, p. 297 (no type named) ; Herrmannsen, °47, p- 564 (type, U. dilatata Raf.) ; Agassiz, ’52, p. 45 (type, U. recta Raf.) ; Simpson, oo, p. 534 (type, U. recta Lam.). Ligumia Swainson, ’40, p. 378 (type, recta Lam.). The first designation of a type for Eurynia was that of U. dilatata Raf. by Herrmannsen, and thus Eurynia becomes a synonym of Elliptio (which see). This opens the way for the admission of Ligumia Swainson with the same type as Eurynia of Agassiz and Simpson. LIGUMIA RECTA (Lamarck), 1819 Type locality: Lake Erie. Unio recta Lamarck, ’19, p. 74 (Lake Erie). U. rectus Lam. =U. latissimus Raf., Conrad, ’34, p. 71; Ferussac, 73n. ). 27; Vatlatta, 15, p. 551 (“type Exaimined). Unio sageri Conrad, °36, p. 53, pl. 29, f. 1 (Detroit River). Lampsilis recta sageri (Con.), Simpson, ’14, p. 96 (Lake Erie and Detroit River). Eurynia recta (Lam.), Ortmann, ’18, p. 582 (Lake Erie) ; Walker, ’18¢, p. 184 (Lake Erie). LIGUMIA RECTA LATISSIMA (Rafinesque), 1820 Type locality: Ohio River. Unio latissima Rafinesque, ’20, p. 297, pl. 80, f. 14-15 (Ohio River). Unio rectus Conrad, ’36, p. 33, pl. 15 (interior drainage) (not U. recta Lam.). Lampsilis recta (Lam.), Simpson, ’14, p. 95 (Mississippi drainage). Eurynia recta latissima (Raf.), Ortmann, ’18, p. 582 (interior drain- age); Walker, ’18¢, p. 184 (Ohio drainage). The statement of Conrad, Férussac, and Vanatta that recta Lam. is identical with latissima is correct only when we do not separate these two forms, but if they should be separated as varieties, recta Lam. refers to the Lake Erie form, which is evident not only from the locality given but also from the ‘60 University of Michigan description of the color of the epidermis: blackish-brown. The Ohio form is pure black or greenish-black. Rafinesque’s Jatissima is well described, the elongated shape, black epidermis, and large size being mentioned, and undoubt- edly refers to the Ohio form. U. sageri thus becomes a syno- nym of recta, which is the main species, and latissima is the variety. LAMPSILIS ANODONTOIDES (Lea), 1831 Type locality: teres, Wabash River; anodontotdes, Missis- sippi, Alabama, and Ohio rivers. Unto teres Rafinesque, ’20, p. 321. Unto anodontotdes Lea, 31 (not ’34, as Simpson gives), p. 81, pl. 8, fe Ie | Unio teres Raf.=anodontoides Lea, Conrad, ’34, p. 72; Ferussac, "35, p. 27; Conrad, ’36, p. 52, pl. 28 (Poulson’s “type” examined and figured). U. teres Raf., Call. ’oo, p. 452. Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea), Simpson, ’14, p. 90, and L. fallaciosa (Smith) (99) Simpson, ’14, p. 92. Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea) =U. teres Raf., Utterback, ’16, p. 179, foot-note. “Whether the Unio teres Raf. was based upon specimens of U. anodontoides Lea or Lamp. fallaciosa Smith is a question upon which authorities of equally good judgment have held Opposing views and where certainty does not seem attainable. Conrad’s figure, said to be from a specimen labelled by Rafin- esque, is anodontoides; but it is larger than Rafinesque’s meas- urements, therefore not the original type. It has been lost. “Rafinesque’s type measured ‘environ’ L. 75, H. 30, D. 50 mm. The nearest specimen now measured is, L. 78, H. 33, D. 24 mm. In the most obese examples of either species the height still surpasses the diameter, which in Rafinesque’s shell was said to be far greater than in any specimen of either spe- cies mentioned. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 61 “As stated above, the method of ‘correcting’ an author's measurements to force them to agree with what species we will is essentially unscientific. It savors of medizval theolog- ical procedure. If great dependence is placed upon these pro- portions in some cases, why throw them away when they do. not suit our convenience? In the case of Unio teres, its adop- tion would mean the rejection of certainties for a name resting on a description requiring arbitrary alteration, and after that, practically arbitrary selection between two closely related forms. U. teres should be discarded as not identifiable.’ (H. Ay PS) LAMPSILIS SILIQUOIDEA (Barnes), 1823 Type locahty: Wisconsin River. Unio luteola Lamarck, *10, p. 79. Umo fasciata Rafinesque, ’20, p. 204. Lampsilis fasciola Rafinesque, ’20, p. 299. Unio inflatus Barnes, ’23, p. 2066. Unio siliquoideus Barnes, ’23, p. 269, pl. 13, f. 15. U. cariosus Say, ’17= U. luteola Lam., Lea, ’29, p. 417-425; Conrad, "24) pe 68> Kerussac, “35; Dp. 20: U. siliquoideus Bar. = U. inflatus Bar., Lea, ‘29, p. 419; Conrad, ’36, pp. 23-40. U. inflatus Bar. =U. siliquoideus Bar., Conrad, °34, p. 60. U. luteola Lam. =U. siliquoideus Bar., Lea, ’34, p. 91 (type exam- ined). U. fasciata Raf. = U. carinatus Bar., ’23, Conrad, ’34, p. 69; 735, p. Buiple. ke U. fasciolus Raf.=U. multiradiatus Lea, ’29, Conrad, ’36, p. 26, pl. 11, f. 2,(Poulson’s specimen examined). U. siliquoideus Bar. = U, inflatus Bar., Conrad, ’36, p. 22, pl. 9, f. 1. Lampsilis luteola (1am.), Simpson, ’14, p. 60. Lamp. luteola (Lam.) = L. fasciata Raf., Vanatta, ’15, p. 551 (“type” examined). U. fasciata Raf.=U. siliquoideus Bar.=U. luteolus Lam. (of authors), Frierson, ’10, p. 139. ( Of the names applied to this form, the oldest is luteola Lam. According to description and locality this has been referred to 62 University of Michigan U. cartosus Say ’17, by Lea, Conrad, and Férussac, but Lea changed his opinion after the examination of Lamarck’s type, identifying it with siliquoideus Bar. There is no question that Lamarck’s brief description applies better to cariosa (“poste- rior end broader and rounded’) and that of the localities given, the first (Susquehanna) has only cariosus, but not stliquoideus. If the type of Juteola is the latter, the description is unsatis- factory. In either case, the name /wteola cannot be used. The next name to be discussed is fasciata Raf. Conrad con- siders this to be carinatus Bar. (ligamentinus auct.), and according to Vanatta the “‘type’’ confirms this. However, Frierson thinks that it is siliquoideus. The original description of fasciata (see also under Actinonaias carinata) gives the characters: elliptic, convex, shell not thick; epidermis little rugose, olivaceous, with brown rays; nacre bluish, cardinal tooth rugose, divaricate ; lateral tooth carinate; size up to over three inches. This fits both species, and thus fasciata is not identifiable. In view of Rafinesque’s statement that his fasczata occurs in the Ohio, Muskingum, Kentucky, Salt, Green, and other rivers, and that while it is ordinarily a small species, yet he had seen it more than three inches in length, it would seem to be conclusive that it is not the same as siliquoidea Bar. A series of comparative measurements shows that of the possible species known in the Ohio system to which it might be approximated fasciola Raf. and carinata gibba Simp. are the only ones that at all correspond to those given by Rafin- esque. As between these two, so far as proportions are con- cerned, there is not much choice. In the absence of any speci- fication as to the character of the rays of fasciata, it is impos- sible to refer it with any certainty to either, although the com- parison with ochracea would seem to indicate fasciola rather Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 63 than carinata gibba. It must, therefore, be held to be uniden- tifiable. Then follows U. fasciola Raf. According to Vanatta, the Poulson type belongs to Juteola auct. (= siliquoidea Bar.), but this is contradicted by Conrad, who mentions also a speci- men from the Poulson Collection, which is called fasciolus, and is identical with multiradiatus Lea. Moreover, as will be shown under Lampsilis fasciola, Ratinesque’s description does not fit the present species, but does fit multiradiata very well. Thus, also, this name cannot be used. Next are two names given by Barnes, ’23, iflatus and sili- quoideus, That these are identical and belong here has been recognized by Lea, ’29, confirmed by Conrad, and accepted by Simpson, and there is no doubt that siliquoideus is the male, inflatus the female. Of these two names, siliquoideus has been selected by Lea in ‘29, while Conrad, in °34, selected inflatus, but changed subsequently (736) to siliquoideus. The latter thus is the valid name, and should be used for the species hitherto commonly called Juteola. LAMPSILIS VENTRICOSA (Barnes), 1823 Type locality: Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers, Prairie du Chien, Wis. Lampsilis cardium Rafinesque, ‘20, p. 298, pl. 80, {. 16-19. Unio ventricosus Barnes, ’23, p. 267, pl. 13, f. 14. U. cardiwm Raf. = U. ventricosus Bar., Conrad, 734, p. 68 Lampsilis ventricosa (Bar.), Simpson, ’14, p. 38. _ L. cardium Raf.=L. ventricosa (Bar.), Vanatta, ’15, p. 551 (‘“‘type” examined). L. cardium Raf.=L. ovata Say, 17, Ortmann, 718, p. 583. L. ventricosa (Bar.) =L. cardim Raf., Walker, ’18¢, p. 184 (“if identifiable’ ). Conrad and Vanatta (examination of the alleged Poulson- Rafinesque “‘type’’?) make cardium the same as ventricosa. 64 University of Michigan From the original description this cannot be confirmed. Car- dium might be ovata, ventricosa, or even Proptera capar Green, and from the comparison of L. ovata Say with cardium given by Rafinesque we should conclude that cardium is the female of ovata (ovata differs chiefly by the less swollen shape and non-dilated posterior end). This is also supported by the figure of cardium, which shows distinctly a rather sharp pos- terior ridge. At the best, cardium is not identifiable, and thus this name cannot supersede ventricosus. LAMPSILIS FASCIOLA Rafinesque, 1820 Type locality: Kentucky River. Lampsilis fasciola Rafinesque, ’20, p. 299. Unio multiradiatus Lea, ’20, p. 434, pl. 9, f. 15. U. fasciolus Raf. =U. multiradiatus Lea, Ferussac, ’35, pp. 26, 32; Conrad, ’36, p. 26, pl. 11, f. 2 (Poulson’s specimen examined). Lampsilis multiradiata (Lea), Simpson, ’14, p. 55. Lampsilis luteola (Lam.) =L. fasciola Raf., Vanatta, ’15, p. 55% (Poulson’s “type” examined). L. fasciola Raf. = U. multiradiatus Lea, Ortmann, 718, p. 584. Conrad and Vanatta have examined a specimen in the Rafin- esque-Poulson Collection, and Férussac an authentic specimen from Rafinesque ; Conrad and Férussac pronounce fasciola to be the same as multiradiata, while Vanatta says that it is lute- ola (=siliquoidea). There is evidently some mistake about the supposed “type.” However, Rafinesque’s description is unmistakable. It “indi- cates a shell of the cardium-ovata type, with unequal, flexuous rays, which fits multiradiata Lea, but not luteola Lam.” (Ort- mann), and Conrad has also pointed out as the essential char- acter the numerous “unequal, green, undulated or flexuous rays.” Thus fasciola is identifiable and valid. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 65 Genus Dysnomia Agassiz, 1852 Type: Unio foliatus Hild. = Obliquaria flexuosa Raf. Truncilla Rafinesque, ’20, p. 300 (no type named); Herrmannsen, 47, p. 627 (type, Truncilla truncata Raf.) ; Agassiz, ’52, p. 44 (no type named, first species, Tr. triqueter Raf.) ; Simpson, ’00, p. 516 (type, Tr. triqueter Raf.). Dysnomia Agassiz, '52, p. 43 (no type named, first species, Obli- quaria flexuosa Raf.) ; Simpson, ‘oo, p. 521, as subgenus of Truncilla (type, U. foliatus Hild. = Obl. flexuosa Raf.). Since the type of Truncilla has been designated by Herr- mannsen as 77. truncata Raf., this name takes the place of Amygdalonaias (which see). The next available name for this genus is Dysnonua Agassiz, the type of which has been fixed by Simpson. Subgenus TRUNCILLOPSIS n. n. Type: Truncilla triqueter Raf. Truncilla (subgenus) Simpson, ‘00, p. 517 (type, Truncilla triqueter Raf.). The removal of 7runcilla and the extension of the subgen- eric name Dysnomnua to cover the whole genus necessitates the introduction of a new subgeneric name for what was hitherto the subgenus Truncilla s. s. of Simpson. The name of Trun- cillopsis is therefore proposed. DysNoMIA (TRUNCILLOPSIS) TRIQUETRA (Rafinesque), 1820 Type locality: Falls of the Ohio (at Louisville, Ky.). Truncilla triqueter Rafinesque, ’20, p. 300, pl, 81, f. 1-4. Unio triangularis Barnes, ’23, p. 272, pl. 13, f. 17. Unio cuneatus Swainson, Phil. Mag., ’23, p. 112. Unio formosus Lea, °31 (not ’34, as given by Simpson), p. IIT, pl. (GS dig Sie U. triqueter Raf.=U. triangularis Bar. =U. formosus Lea= U. cuneatus Sw., Conrad, ’34, p. 72; Ferussac, ’35, p. 27. Truncilla triquetra Raf., Simpson, *14, p. 5. Truncilla triquetra Raf., Vanatta, “15, p. 550 (“type” examined). 66 University of Michigan The generally accepted identity of Tr. triquetra Raf., which is evident from description and figure, has been confirmed by Vanatta’s examination of the so-called Rafinesque-Poulson “LY pe... DysNomIA (TRUNCILLOPSIS) BREVIDENS (Lea), 1831 Type locality: (Incorrectly given as Ohio) corrected by Lea, 734, p. 85, to Cumberland River. Obliquaria interrupta Rafinesque, ’20, p. 302. Unio brevidens Lea, ’31 (not ’34, as given by Simpson), p. 75, pl. 6, £6) U. interruptus Raf. = U. brevidens Lea, Conrad, ’34, p. 69; Ferussac, 25 p) 26.) Corads 736; p- oo) (ple 4o: Truncilla brevidens (lea), Simpson, ’14, p. 7. Truncilla brevidens (Lea) = Obl. interrupta Raf., Vanatta, ’15, p. 550 (“type” examined). Tr. brevidens (Lea) = ODI. interrupta Raf., Walker, ’16¢, p. 45; ’18¢, p. 186 (“if identifiable”). Tr. interrupta (Raf.), Ortmann, ’18, p. 586. Vanatta’s view that Obliquaria interrupta Raf. is preoccu- pied by Unio solenoides interrupta Raf. does not hold good (Walker). However, the original description of O. interrupta is not sufficient to recognize the species. It is evident that Rafinesque’s type of his imterrupta, if a specimen of brevidens, was a male shell, no mention being made of the characteristic posterior inflation and truncation of the female brevidens. A normal male brevidens of exactly the same length as the type of imterrupta is 10% higher and 25% more inflated. Many specimens could be selected that are proportionately higher. The proportions given by Rafin- esque for his shell do not, therefore, agree with those of brevidens. The question of locality should also be considered. Rafin- esque says, “Found in the Kentucky and Ohio rivers.” Sa far as we have been able to ascertain, there is no record of the Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 67 occurrence of brevidens in the Ohio. It is not given in any of the Ohio lists that we have seen. Brevidens is a character- istic species of the Tennessee system. Like some other Ten- nessee species, by stream transference in the head-waters, it has got into the Cumberland River, but not out into the Ohio. We know practically nothing of the fauna of the Kentucky. We have no records of this species having been found there. On the other hand, the various forms of the nebulosa group are generally distributed in the Ohio and its southern tribu- taries. It seems very strange that Rafinesque seems never to have collected any species of that group. At least none have been identified among his species. An “ovate-elliptical shell, not thick, and little swollen, with reddish-brown epidermis and interrupted rays and white nacre,’ may be very well applied also to forms of Ligumia of the nebulosa-iris group. In this connection attention should also be called to the possibility that Rafinesque’s shell may have been a specimen of tematus Con. A specimen of nearly the same size has exactly the same proportions as those given by Rafinesque for his shell. In all other respects, except perhaps color, including the character of the lateral teeth, it agrees with interruptus. While this species does not occur in the Ohio, it is found in the Cumberland and is quite likely to be found in the Kentucky as brevidens. Punctata Lea would also apply. Except that it is usually not so high proportionately as imterruptus, in other respects it agrees quite as well as temata. It would seem to us that it is quite as possible that Rafinesque had one of these or some allied species before him as that he had brevidens. “The Rafinesque-Poulson specimen of interruptus is a female brevidens, very solid, diameter nearly one-half the length, 68 University of Michigan 55.5 X 20.5 mm.; ‘pew epats’ would alone throw it out.” (H. A. P.) Subgenus SCALENILLA n. n. Type: Unio sulcatus Lea. Scalenaria Rafinesque, ’20, p. 309 (no type named) ; Herrmannsen, "48, p. 422 (type, Obliquaria scalenia Raf.) ; Agassiz, ’52, p. 43 (no- type named) ; Simpson, ’oo, p. 519 (type, Unio sulcatus Lea). The type of Scalenaria has been designated by Herrmann- sen as Oblig. scalenia Raf., which is the same as Pleurobema clava (Lam.), which see. Thus this name becomes a synonym: of Pleurobema, Subsequent attempts by Agassiz (first spe— cies) and Simpson to select,as type Obliq. obliquata Raf. (am unidentifiable species) or U. sulcatus Lea (supposed to be the same as obliquata) are invalid. Since there is no avail— able name for this subgenus, we propose that of Scalenilla. DyYSNOMIA (SCALENILLA) SULCATA (Lea), 1829 Type locality: Ohio. Obliquaria (Scalenaria) obliquata Rafinesque, ’20, p. 309 (Kentucky. River). Unio sulcatus Lea, “May or June,’ 1829 (not ’30, as given by Simp— SON) 5) P2430, ph i8,- fo 32, Unio ridibundus Say, October 7, 1820, p. 308. U. obliquatus Raf.= U. sulcatus Lea, Conrad, ’34, p. 70. U. obliquatus Raf. =U. sulcatus Lea=U. haysianus Lea = U, ridi-- bundus Say, Ferussac, °35, pp. 28, 34. Scalenaria obliquata (Raif.) =U. sulcatus Lea (male) = U. ridibun- dus Say (female), Agassiz, ’52, p. 43. Truncilla (Scalenaria) sulcata (Lea), Simpson, ’14, p. 14. Trunc. obliquata (Raf.) =Tr. sulcata (Lea), Vanatta, ’15, p. 550+ (“type examined). Tr. sulcata (Lea) = Ob. obliquata Raf., Walker, ’16¢, p. 45, and ’18¢, p. 186 (“if identifiable’). U. sulcatus Lea is not preoccupied by Pleurobema cuneata: sulcata Raf. ('20), as Vanatta claims (see Walker). Obl. obliquata is not identifiable from the original descrip— Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 69 tion, for every word of it applies as well to Plewrobema pyra- midatum (lea): shell thick, swollen, ovate-triangular, the three sides curved, a light oblique and longitudinal depression ; epidermis nearly smooth, black; nacre rose-purplish; size 2-3 inches. In fact, the black epidermis and the size fit U. pyra- midatus better than U. sulcatus. Thus the name obliquata cannot be revived. DySNOMIA (PILEA) TURGIDULA (Lea), 1858 Type locality: Cumberland River and Florence, Ala. Unto turgidulus Lea, ’58, p. 40 (male). Unio deviatus Reeve, ’64, pl. 15, f. 61 (female). Truncilla deviata (Rve.) (male and female) Walker, ’10°, pp. 78, 8t. Tr. florentina (Lea) (in part) and Tr. deviata (Reeve), Simpson. 14, pp. 30-31. Tr. curtisi Frierson and Utterback, Utterback, ’16, p. 190, pl. 6, f. 14, pl. 28, f. 109. Tr. turgidula (Lea) = U. deviatus Rve., Ortmann, 718, p. 590. Tr. curtisi Fr. and Utt.=Tr. deviata (Rve.), Walker, ’18¢, p. 185. Walker (’10) was the first to indicate that turgidulus Lea is the male of the female deviatus, by arranging his key for the males of Truncilla in such a way that the characters seer in turgidulus lead to the male of deviatus, but he did not expressly stated this in the text, using only the name deviata, while turgidulus has the priority. The identity of Tr. curtisi from the Ozarks has been recog- nized by Walker (’18) and is evident from Utterback’s description and figures. The examination of authentic speci- mens distributed by Utterback has settled this beyond any doubt. DysNoMIA (PILEA) TORULOSA (Rafinesque), 1820 Type locality: Ohio and Kentucky River. Amblema torulosa Rafinesque, ’20, p. 314, pl. 82, f. 11-12. Amblema gibbosa Rafinesque, ’20, p. 315. 70 Unizersily of Michigan Unio perplexus Lea, ’31, p. 112, pl. 27, £. 42. U. torulosus Raf.= U. gibbosus Raf.=U. perplexus Lea, Conrad, 34, DP 72. U. gibbosus Raf. =U. perplexus Lea, Ferussac, ’35, p. 27. U. gibbosus Raf.=U. torulosus Raf.=U. perplexus Lea, Conrad, 730) p50; plo 275 ter Truncilla perplexa (lea), Simpson, 14, p. 24. Tr. torulosa (Raf.) = Ambl. gibbosa Raf.=Tr. perplexra (Lea), Vanatta, ’15, p. 550 (“type” examined). Tr. torulosa (Raf.), Ortmann, ’18, p. 589. Tr. perplexa (Lea) = A. torulosa Raf.=A. gibbosa Raf., Walker, *18¢, p. 186 (“if identifiable”). “Lea’s Unio perplexus is preoccupied by Say for a variety of U. ridibundus not noticed by Simpson (Am. Con., Pt. I, Binney’s Reprint; p2' 255). (EAS FP) Rafinesque’s crude figure of A. torulosa is sufficient to rec- ognize in it the female of this species, since it distinctly shows the posterior expansion of the female shell and the character- istic nodes. Also the description confirms the identity. 4. gibbosa undoubtedly is the male belonging here, and the two large, nodulous ribs and the oblique furrow between them are unmistakable. This identification with perplerus Lea is sup- ported by Vanatta’s examination of the so-called Rafinesque- Poulson “‘type.” Conrad’s first selection (’34) of the name torulosa in pref- erence to gibbosa must stand, although he subsequently (°36) reversed this. DysNoMIA (DysNOMIA) FLEXUOSA (Rafinesque), 1820 Type locality: Kentucky, Salt, and Green rivers. Obiiquaria flexuosa Rafinesque, °20, p. 309. Unio foliatus Hildreth, ’28, p. 284, p. 16. Unio (Epioblasma) biloba Rafinesque, “31, p. 2. U. gibbosus Raf. probably = Epioblasma biloba Raf., Ferussac, 735, p. 27-34 (authentic specimen of biloba examined). U. flexuosus Raf. = foliatus Hild., Conrad, ’35, p. 8, pl. 4, f. 2 (“type” examined). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 7% Dysnomia flexuosa (Raf.) =U. foliatus Hild., Agassiz, ’52, p. 43. Truncilla (Dysnomia) foliata (Hild.), Simpson, ’14, p. 18. Epioblasma biloba Raf.=U. foliatus Hild., Frierson, ’14*, p. 7. Trun. flexuosa (Raf.) =Tr. foliata (Hild.), Vamnatta, ’15, p. 557 (‘“‘type” examined). Tr. foliata (Hild.) = Obl. flexuosa Raf. = Ep. biloba Raf., Walker, 78, p. 186 (“if identifiable’). Conrad and Vanatta have found that the so-called Rafin- esque-Poulson “type” of flexuosa is the same as foliatus Hild. The original description of flexuosa mentions two gentle ele- vations of the shell, and between them a wide and flat depres- sion. This is a very prominent character of the species and cannot be applied to any other shell. Also the description of the margins of the shell as “‘flexuous” is significant. Thus the specific name flexuosa stands. As to biloba, its recognition is important with regard to the validity of the subgenus Epioblasma (as against Dysnomia). Férussac is not sure about the identity of his authentic speci- men of biloba. The phrase ‘‘belly bilobed” has suggested the idea that it is the female of fexruosa, but this is not bilobed below, but bisinuata, with only one large lobe. Also the description of the shell as elliptical does not fit, for it is tri- angular. Further, the beaks are not prominent, as described, and nothing is said about the very striking feature, the two ridges of the shell, and the deep and wide radial furrow. Thus the description of biloba is not recognizable, and with this name also that of the subgenus, Epioblasma, goes into the discard. 7a 1817-1819 1819 1819 1820 1822 1823 1827 1827 1828 1828 1829 1829 1831 1830-1834 1831" 1831 1832 1832 University of Michigan BIBLIOGRAPHY Say, J., Conchology in Nicholson’s Encyclopedia, eds. 1, 2, 3, 1817-18109. LAMARCK, J. B. pk, Historie naturelle des Animaux sans vertebres, VI, 18109. RAFINESQUE, C. S., Prodrome de 70 nouveaux Genres, etc. (Journ. de Phys., Brux., pp. 423-428). RAFINESQUE, C. 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