The occurrence 5 8 3.123 of Arabis fecund a Nlloaf on BLM lands in (1992] the Humbug Spires Area* Silver Bow County . 583.123 Nlloaf I 1992 1 MONTANA STATE LIBRARY 3 0864 0010 3930 7 WU^lZhTUj The Occurrence of Arabis fecunda on BLM Lands in the Humbug Spires Area, Silver Bow County Introduction Sapphire rockcress (Arabis fecunda Rollins) is a rosette-forming perennial in the Mustard Family (Brassicaceae). This recently described species (Rollins 1984) is endemic to highly calcareous, azonal soils in the foothills of the Sapphire Range in Ravalli County and in the Pioneer Range in Beaverhead and Silver Bow counties, Montana (Lesica 1985, Schassberger 1988). Arabis fecunda occurs on eroding slopes with low vascular plant density but often a relatively high cover of cryptogamic soil crust (Lesica and Shelly 1992). Arabis fecunda is a candidate for listing as a threatened or endangered species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USDI, FWS 1990) and is considered threatened in Montana (Lesica and Shelly 1991). In 1991 a population of A^ fecunda was located in the Humbug Spires area of southern Silver Bow County (R. DeVelice, pers. com.). This population was the east of any previously known sites for the species. The purpose of this study was to survey lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in the southern portion of Silver Bow County to locate other populations of this rare plant. Methods I obtained information on the geology of the area from the geologist for the Butte District of Deerlodge National Forest. I used this information, aerial photos and USGS topographic maps to determine areas likely to harbor populations of Arabis fecunda. I then searched these areas on foot to locate populations. The area covered by this study is presented in Figure 1. Results I located four populations of Arabis fecunda on lands administered by BLM in the Humbug Spires area (Figs. 1-4). Sites on the west slope of the Humbug Spires at 6,000- 6,900 ft are dominated by Cercocarpus ledifolius. Juniperus scopulorum and Agropyron spicatum. Each of these sites, including the one located in 1991, contain at least 5,000- 10,000 A,, fecunda plants. The site on the southeast side of the Humbug Spires at 6,700- 6,900 ft. is dominated by herbaceous vegetation, Agropyron spicatum. Koeleria crista ta. Phlox muscoides and other cushion plants. There are an estimated 1,000-5,000 A., fecunda plants at this site. 3TC7E DOCUMENTS COLLECTION i ma L ft *"= - i :'d \i H MONTANA STATE LIBRARY 1515 E. 6th AVE. HELENA, MONTANA 59620 * « Management Considerations The three sites on the west side of the Humbug Spires appear to be subject to very little human-caused disturbance. Sites are grazed by cattle, but are little impacted because of the lack of forage. The Reservoir Site has a primitive road through the north (state-owned) end. The South Fork Site shows evidence of historic mining activity. The Moose Creek Site has mining claims and is grazed by livestock. There are numerous trails on the south-facing slopes, but the effect of these disturbances on populations of A, fecunda is unknown. In general, populations of A. fecunda in the Humbug Spires area do not appear threatened at this time. Literature Cited Lesica, P. 1985. Report on the conservation status of Arabis fecunda, a potential candidate species. Submitted to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Endangered Species, Denver, CO. Lesica, P. and J. S. Shelly. 1991. Sensitive, threatened and endangered vascular plants of Montana. Montana Natural Heritage Program Occasional Paper No. 1, Helena, MT. Rollins, R. C. 1984. Studies in the Cruciferae of western North America II. Contributions to the Gray Herbarium 214: 1-18. Schassberger, L. A. 1988. An update of the report on the conservation status of Arabis fecunda. a candidate threatened species. Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Endangered Species, Denver, CO. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species; notice of review. Federal Register 55 (35): 6184-6229. Peter Lesica October, 1992 Figure 1. Location of Humbug Spires study area and populations of Arabis fecunda, Figure 2. Locations of Lime Quarry and Reservoir populations of Arabis fecunda. Figure 3. Location of South Fork Arabis fecunda population. -f- '4 \ Moose Camp. vi.- -T~$pringr- \ - 1 v '— -*♦ v73 - Moose Town = , x Figure 4. Location of Moose Creek Arabis fecunda population. PLANT SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN SURVEY FORM MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM 1515 E. 6TH AVE., HELENA, HT 59620 DATE OF SURVEY: 21 / JUH/ ^Z. OBSERVER(S): WORK LOCATION/POSITION TITLE (Forest/District, District/Resource Area of observer(s)): TAXONOMY: FAMILY: DfqSSlCO-CgOJL SCIENTIFIC NAME: ACqDlS T^C (VA^cV(X> LOCATION: (Attach a copy of pertinent 7.5' or 15' topographic map section with locations of populations/subpopulatic outlined, one map for each sensitive species described) COUNTY: $±!Ve_C 3ouJ> USGS QUADRANGLE: TitC \ RANGE: 9w SECTION: _/ 1/4 SEC: ' A/W ADDITIONAL T/R/S, SECTIONS or 1/4 SECs.: ~T I M R 7 10 5 3 L, S U) 7 H ELEVATION (at population center (and range of population if known)): (c L> * n 6 I*) HABITAT: VEGETATION STRUCTURE WITHIN POPULATION AREA: TOTAL TREE COVER (X) T~ TOTAL SHRUB COVER (X) j-Z. TOTAL FORS COVER (X) ^ZO T0TAL GRAMINOID COVER (X) ID TOTAL MOSS/LICHEN COVER (X) -5 TOTAL BARE GROUND COVER (X) -3^0 ASSOCIATED PLANT COMMUNITY: (I ist dominant species currently present, include age structure if known): HABITAT TYPE: ADDITIONAL ASSOCIATED PLANT SPECIES: Oflj?'CP^i Y\ M/M £M &1 ^£ f , C M/VH 0 D CLm<> J /-» 1) U/JK 6'lvi' ASPECT (S, SE, NNU, etc.): J X SLOPE: 33 SLOPE SHAPE (concave, convex, straight, etc.): UA\(\UK( tl\(C> LIGHT EXPOSURE (open, shaded, partial shade, etc.): OOPA\ *) . ■ TOPOGRAPHIC POSITION (crest, upperslope, midslope, lowerslope, bottom, etc.): [ml a ^ /A< ro/v/5 cA ciaj>rO pr>r>o. o / r— POPULATION SIZE; ESTIMATED NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS (or exact count, if feasible; if plants are spreading vegetatively, indicate number of aerial stems): •> /0,DOO NUMBER OF SUBPOPULATIONS' ( if applicable): SIZE OF AREA COVERED BY POPULATION (acres): ~7 Q_ BIOLOGY: PHENOLOGY (percentage flowering, fruiting, vegetative): l/\ix^.t ) £-r a A d~t S O^a 5 &-& ANY SYMBIOTIC OR PARASITIC RELATIONSHIPS?: EVIDENCE OF DISEASE, PREDATION OR INJURY?: REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS (evidence of seed dispersal and establishment): Sj2jl<$ dottle? a ^ >Qc> DOCUMENTATION: PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN? (if so, indicate photographer and repository): A/O SPECIMEN TAKEN? (if so, list collector, collection number, and repository): a/o IDENTIFICATION (list name of person making determination, and/or name of flora or book used): ECOOATA PLOT NUMBER (attach photocopied data sheets): *?2 PL I 0 5 COHHENTS: (WHEN COMPLETED, SEND TO ADDRESS ON FRONT) COMMUNITY SURVEY FORM mtnhp 5/27/91 GENERAL PLOT DATA IDENTIFICATION AND LOCATION . MANUAL UNITS _X_ft m PLOT NO. 92 PLIOS MOO£ DAY_27_ YEAR___^_ EOCODE. * EXAMINER(s) L£SICA . _ ■ ~" CT PNC_ . STATE MT COUNTY STWER b^ PURP PREC nTTADNAMETa.Xgg CREEK QUADCODE_^ )S WIUL-VJZS/^HS/^/* COMMUNITY SIZE (acres) _£_> r_OT TYPES PLTRL PLOT W SURVEY PHOTOS . . ■ DIRECTIONS — >______ — CONSERVATION RANKING COND Com: VIAB Com: DEFN " Com: RANK " " Com: MGMT: PROT: ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES DL S SOIL RPT SOIL UNIT SOIL TAXON — - — PMMFTU LANDFORMRMD<: PLOT POSj_j___ , SLP SHAPE_^ ASP IfO SLbPE% 35 ELEVATION (olOO EROS POTENT U P EROS TYPEJ__L HORIZON ANGLE (%): N E S___W IFSLP IFVAL GROUND COVER: a^S+_^G+J^R+__0.L+J__W+_T_M+_O_BV+_3_0 " = 100% DISTURBANCE HISTORY (type, intensity, frequency, season) — > RIPARIAN FEATURES: Channel Width Channel Entrench. Surface Water Ht.Abv.H20 Dist. from H2 0. GENERAL SITE DESCRIPTION (landscape features and adjacent ct's) f - OCULAR PLANT SPECIES DATA PltlDL PLOT NO. ^2 PL \0S NO. SPECIES 2.-7 PNC TREES Tot Cv T MHt 2.0 Tal Cv Med Cv Low Cv Grd Cv cc FRBS Tot Cv^O MHt <- Med Cv Low Cv Grd Cv CC T 1 /PfEMEAi T F 1 /tin? Ac A £0 T 2 /JU/y/fcO T F 2 /CVMBIP 3 T 3 _j F 3 /LTrJpeR T T 4 __/ F 4 /PHLNUJ I T 5 __/ F 5 /ARAf£C 1 F 6 /XP6 5PI T SHRBS Tot CV - PI amt qppp.ifs OF SPECIAL CONCERN SURVEY FORM MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM 1515 E. 6TH AVE., HELENA, HT 59620 DATE OF SURVEY: 2j___f^u^ tjjjz. lES\CA OBSERVER(S): WORK LOCATION/POSITION TITLE (Forest/District, District/Resource Area of observer(s»: TAXONOMY FAMI HOMY: Air J a ' SCIENTIFIC name- /HCalrt-S jecuMcJci. LY: Ixa-siicaeg^-st. sciehtimc N«it. _j . 1 « „t;™nr 7 5' or 15' topographic map section with locations of populations/subpopulations LOCATION: (Attach a copy of pertinent 7.5 or 15 topograpnu. F outlined, one map for each sensitive species described) COUNTY: SlhlSL &^ USGS QUADRANGLE: ~W<^- CwK- _ TOUNSHIP: Ihl RANGE: SW SECTION: _3I 1/4 SEC: A^,, ^ ADDITIONAL T/R/S, SECTIONS or 1/4 SECs. ELEVATION (at population center (and range of population if known)): £>£OQ. ^50 _ .„„,„ Puitte. FS DISTRICT/ BLH RESOURCE AREA: . P'ffO^ • NATIONAL FOREST/BLH DISTRICT: _, QlL£±S= f,s' LAND OWNERSHIP/MANAGEMENT (If not USFS/BLM): . . ■ FOREST STAND OR ALLOTMENT NUMBER: . • DIRECTIONS TO SITE (refer to roads, trails, geographic features, etc.): -fc.M ftiviJfv take $W^«j ncS Epatt ^Sm.', ^ f^f "tf^ X~/3 HABITAT: VEGETATION STRUCTURE WITHIN POPULATION AREA: TOTAL TREE COVER (X) 30 TOTAL SHRUB COVER ff| $£L TOTAL FORB COVER (X) ^ Q T0TAL GRAMIN°,D C°VER (X) 5 TOTAL MOSS/LICHEN COVER (X) _^ TOTAL BARE GROJND COVER (X) 2B. ASSOCIATED PLANT COMMUNITY:(list dominant species currently present, include age structure if known): /rgfo-MA HABITAT TYPE: , — / ' ' .J. ADD ■ TIONAL ASSOCIATED PLANT SPECIES: ffy /of *«>(»»* ^0X^11 ^E^ii ■«•■<■ . . j LIGHT EXPOSURE (open, shaded, partial shade, etc.): po~n\J TOPOGRAPHIC POSITION (crest, upperslope, midslope, lowerslope, bottom, etc.): (0 (+*-* S( O <)<■ MOISTURE: (dry, moist, saturated, inundated, seasonal seepage, etc.): CLA^j PARENT MATERIAL: fek W*W/>W" GEOMORPH.C LAND FORM (e.g. glaciated mountain slopes ard ridges alpine glacial valley, rolling uplands, breaklands, alluvial-colluvial-lacustrine (f loodplains, terraces etc.), rockslides) SOIL TEXTURE: £AS-OL\ EVIDENCE OF DISTURBANCE: — J ■ N^ V- POPULATION SIZE: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS (or exact count, if feasible; if plants are spreading vegetatively, indicate number of aerial stems): NUMBER OF SUBPOPULATIONS' ( i f applicable): SIZE OF AREA COVERED BY POPULATION (acres): ^ • BIOLOGY: , -, PHENOLOGY (percentage flowering, fruiting, vegetative): f \U~* \\\ C| ANY SYMBIOTIC OR PARASITIC RELATIONSHIPS?: _ — . EVIDENCE OF DISEASE, PREDATICN OR INJURY?: . — ■ REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS (evidence of seed dispersal and establishment): — §£££ CU <^-g-A f tvV DOCUMENTATION: PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN? (if so, indicate photographer and repository): — SPECIMEN TAKEN? (if so, list collector, collection number, and repository) : A-W^ $1lCj AJOXlTU. IDENTIFICATION (list name of person making determination, and/or name of flora or book used): ECOOATA PLOT NUMBER (attach photocopied data sheets): DAY ___ YEAR___ EOCODE * EXAMINER (s) LESICA PNC CT SIT^ ~~_______~~________________ __ _ STATE AlT COUNTY ST.^g/? Sou. PURP PREC QUADNAME TUCltEg CREEK QUADCODE jjvj ■ t7_W R/U S/A/lA/4S/S6_4/4 COMMUNITY SIZE (acres) _2_ PLOT TYPES PLTRL PLOT W SURVEY_ PHOTOS . DIRECTIONS — > CONSERVATION RANKING COND Com: VIAB Com: DEFN Com: RANK " ' Com: MGMT: PROT: ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES DL 5 SOIL RPT SOIL UNIT SOIL TAXON . PMM£TU__ LANDFORM____X__ PLOT POS _____ SLP SHAPE_J_ ASP____5__ SLOPE % SO ELEVATION 6?o0 EROS POTENT Up EROS TYPE____ HORIZON ANGLE (%): N E S W IFSLP IFVAL SPFE GROUND COVER: _^S+___^G+J__.R+__O_L+J_W+J_M+_/__BV+___0 " = 100' DISTURBANCE HISTORY (type, intensity, frequency, season) > RIPARIAN FEATURES: Channel Width Channel Entrench_ Surface Water Ht.Abv.H2 0 Dist. from H2 0_ GENERAL SITE DESCRIPTION (landscape features and adjacent ct's) ________ ___________ 's c-Jctv-cc-J Aviefasgd-^e^A" • OCUL AR PLANT SPECIES D, ftTA PltlDJ j PLOT TREES NO. 1Z9L lob NO. SPE( Tot Cv 10 MHt30 Tal Cv Med Cv Low Cv Grd Cv :iES A3 PNC FRBS CC Tot Cv 20 Med Cv Grd Cv MHt < Low Cv CC T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 / PSEME/^ T 10 F 1 F 2 F 3 F 4 F 5 F 6 F 7 F 8 F 9 F10 /HAP/KA ;o /JUKliCO /CVMBIP 3 / ?IhlFLE T /CARPAL T / /ACHMU r / //iUCER T /flR/AFei T SHRBS Tot Cv 50 MHt (o Tal Cv Med Cv Low Cv Grd Cv CC /?ZN£RT- 1 /TPDSPT T /UfiJPlR T /StrtiAN T* S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 S 7 S 8 S 9 S10 Sll S12 /CERLED So Fll F12 F13 /CRY£t>3 T /ARTFRt /ARTTRl / / / / T /seuAM T T /LIT Rap T F14 F15 /MERoBL T / / / _/ / / / / / / _J _/ _J _J GRAM Tot Cv 2> MHt 1.0 Med Cv Low Cv Grd Cv CC J / _J G 1 G 2 G 3 G 4 G 5 G 6 G 7 G 8 G 9 GIO Gil G12 /AGRSPI 3 / / / / _/ / / /CrtRftoS T /Ko££j?r T / / / / / / FERN BRYO/ Tot Cv O Low LICH Tot MHt Med C Cv Grd C CvJ3 / V / V / 1 • COMMI ENTS (EODATA) --> PLANT SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN SURVEY FORM MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM 1515 E. 6TH AVE., HELENA, HT 59620 DATE OF SURVEY: j& f^/j ^ OBSERVER(S): LCSICd . WORK LOCATION/POSITION TITLE (Forest/District, District/Resource Area of observer(s)) : TAXONOMY: FAMILY: BfkSSICg'O q.Z> SCIENTIFIC NAME: f\na. 0)<> teCD-MO^ LOCATION: (Attach a copy of pertinent 7.5' or 15' topographic map section with locations of populations/subpopulations outlined, one map for each sensitive species described) COUNTY: 5ll\jgC POLO USGS QUADRANGLE: Mo'lpT rfqi^rH).1 y- TOWNSHIP: IS RANGE: (£U) SECTION: 3 1/4 SEC: S U) ADDITIONAL T/R/S, SECTIONS or 1/4 SECs.: T / £ K S lO £ 1 D (.) ELEVATION (at population center (and range of population if known)): to IjO kj^OO NATIONAL FOREST/BLH DISTRICT: fiatjc L?^ F.S. DISTRICT/ BLM RESOURCE AREA: l\mdUDCjay<( '~l LAND OWNERSHIP/MANAGEMENT (If not USFS/BLM): P^IV/aTe. . FOREST STAND OR ALLOTMENT NUMBER: DIRECTIONS TO SITE (refer to roads, trails, geographic features, etc.): I Sltv K n*. UaaW* £2LSig Ht-hs? ^n^k ■ HABITAT: VEGETATION STRUCTURE WITHIN POPULATION AREA: TOTAL TREE COVER (?.) HI TOTAL SHRUB COVER (%) L TOTAL FORB COVER (%) 5 O TOTAL GRAMINOID COVER (%) : TOTAL MOSS/LICHEN COVER (X) -^ TOTAL BARE GROUND COVER (%) 10 ASSOCIATED PLANT COMMUNITY: ( I ist dominant species currently present, include age structure if known): "1 in | "i"" HABITAT TYPE: ADDITIONAL ASSOCIATED PLANT SPECIES: £s-tj<i/.cx.; T ^ ' 3 ASPECT (S, SE, NNU, etc.): O X SLOPE: ___£ SLOPE SHAPE (concave, convex, straight, etc.): VMO'fJ^irf c LIGHT EXPOSURE (open, shaded, partial shade, etc.): 6 PWO TOPOGRAPHIC POSITION (crest, upperslope, midslope, lowerslope, bottom, etc.): flYl'd S iQ D? J ' MOISTURE: (dry, moist, saturated, inundated, seasonal seepage, etc.): ty PARENT MATERIAL: _gj^_____)___ _}___? TO- SedCtA e^T GEOMORPHIC LAND FORM (e.g. glaciated mountain slopes and ridges, alpine glacial valley, rolling uplands, breaklands, al luvial-colluvial- lacustrine (f loodplains, terraces etc.), rockslides) SOIL TEXTURE: SOJM & EVIDENCE OF DISTURBANCE: MM'M/0 C_e_______ POPULATION SIZE: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS (or exact count, if feasible; if plants are spreading vegetatively, indicate number of aerial stems): /OOQ - j~Ofl O NUMBER OF SUBPOPULATIONS (if applicable): *T___S 1 5 6 Wa aj P, S___gO__J_____j___ __ /l/,-v^i.') 7a^A/ SIZE OF AREA COVERED BY POPULATION (acres): iT q ___£0 BIOLOGY: PHENOLOGY (percentage flowering, fruiting, vegetative): T C ijui. • <_*• •-, ANY SYMBIOTIC OR PARASITIC RELATIONSHIPS?: EVIDENCE OF DISEASE, PREDATION OR INJURY?: REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS (evidence of seed dispersal and establishment): Sea A W<5pgn^av ¥ DOCUMENTATION: PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN? (if so, indicate photographer and repository): '"" ___ SPECIMEN TAKEN? (if so, list collector, collection number, and repository): aJd IDENTIFICATION (list name of person making determination, and/or name of flora or book used): ECODATA PLOT NUMBER (attach photocopied data sheets): 92 Pi /OJ COMMENTS: (WHEN COMPLETED, SEND TO ADDRESS ON FRONT) COMMUNITY SURVEY FORM mtnhp 5/27/91 GENERAL PLOT DATA IDENTIFICATION AND LOCATION MANUAL UNITS X_ft m PLOT NO. °IZ Pi I 'Q3 MO Q(o DAY 2 & YEAR 92. EOCODE *_ EXAMINER(s) IE5ICA PNC CT SITE ______ STATE HT COUNTY SltteR &SuJ PURP PREC OUADNAMEhogMT HU.MSU.(3> QUADCODE HSl )Zl5 JJ T/3U/R/3 S/SU/4S/SE 4/4 COMMUNITY SIZE (acres) 3Q PLOT TYPES . PLTRL PLOT W SURVEY PHOTOS . DIRECTIONS — > CONSERVATION RANKING COND Com: VIAB Com: DEFN Com: RANK Com: MGMT: PROT: ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES DL F~ SOIL RPT SOIL UNIT SOIL TAXON PMMETll LANDFORMRKIP,- PLOT POSSLMS SLP SHAPE U. ASP /SO SLOPE % H5 ELEVATION (p%SQ EROS POTENT UP EROS TYPE S~ £ HORIZON ANGLE (%) : N E S W IFSLP IFVAL SPFE GROUND COVER: JO_S+^> QG+XOR+ I L+ T W+ O M+VO BV+_3_Q " = 100% DISTURBANCE HISTORY (type, intensity, frequency, season) — > RIPARIAN FEATURES: Channel Width Channel Entrench_ Surface Water Ht.Abv.H20 _Dist. from H20_ GENERAL SITE DESCRIPTION (landscape features and adjacent ct's) f OCULAR PLANT SPECIES DATA PltlDL PLOT NO. ^ZPl/Q3 NO. SPECIES J^_ PNC TREES T 1 T 2_ T 3~ T 4" T 5" SHRBS S S S S S S S S S S10 Sll" S12 GRAM G G G G G G G G G 9 G10" Gil" G12" Tot Cv_ Tal Cv_ Low Cv MHt 2o Med Cv Grd Cv /Siting _/_ j j / cc Tot Cv_ Tal Cv_ Low Cv MHt \.Q Med Cv_ Grd Cv" /PoTFRU 'ftRTfRX T CC T T J. J. J. Tot Cv Med Cv Grd Cv MHt_ Low Cv T CC /Afeftspr kof^r / ?Q(\$£c J. _/_ J_ _/_ J. T FRBS Tot Cv SO Med Cv Grd Cv F F F F F F F F F 1 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7_^ 8_ 9" F10 Fll" F12 F13~ F14" F15 MHt < Low Cv PH^MUi £RI£QM /Poun^ HflPAcA DPAQtl SErJCAfi* cvmbip /LWPlR. /f\iT*Vf /CttRVli FR/1SP6 /CM JM ARAFtC J. J. J. _/. _/_ _/. CC 3,0 10 T T T r FERN Tot Cv O MHt Med Cv_ Low Cv Grd Cv_ BRYO/LICH Tot Cv_3_ COMMENTS (EODATA) — > <£##c tfttt£b&£ *....:-.- ' - WR£ IBREigftSP Jul >--■.•! V&Z mm ,', * > dkaVIvj BOB ••.■.' \ • ■ _nN ■■'■ I HMSSfli ~°-: WQ? VNawj' WffS&VSaBL ^ * .i.V 3C^NS55g*V 85« ^^f **?VtS 1^2^ SVjr v'\ \ \". . a **CfX Wmm WwfJ) ' \ V "* ■ * .» ™sass y .■'-'.-■ * ; t ■/■ '■ K tf &