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DEP'T OF AGRICULTURE REOQEBRIVED $ ; so heay Wore ; : % $$ Lie A aS 0 FOREST SERV ICE OP SA ARADO ELLER ‘ . 1c oO S. DEP Issued May 10, 1911. US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—CIRCULAR No. 138. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. THE OCCURRENCEK OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. (PRELIMINARY REPORT.) — BY Dee he Je SUODIDI Decree ese eB, In Charge of Bee Culture. 88305°—11 WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1911 BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Maruatr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8. Crrrron, Executive Assistant. W. F. Taster, Chief Clerk. F. H. CuHirrennDEN, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopxrns, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. Wesster, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Putuuires, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Rogers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Rotia P. Curris, in charge of editorial work. Mapset Coicorp, /ibrarian. INVESTIGATIONS IN BEE CULTURE. E. F. Parris, in charge. G. F. Wuirer, J. A. NEuson, agents and experts. A. H. McCray, apicultural assistant. PeaRL H. GARRISON, preparator. H. A. Surrace, collaborator for Pennsylvania. II [Cir. 138] CIRCULAR No. 138. Issued May 10, 1911. United States Besarcnient of Agriculture, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. THE OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. (Preliminary Report. ) By E. F. Puruuips, Ph. D., In Charge of Bee Culture. In conducting a campaign for the eradication or control of a pest it is of the highest importance that information be obtained concerning its location. For this reason one of the phases of the work on the brood diseases of bees in the Bureau of Entomology has been to learn where these diseases now occur in the United States. There has never before been an opportunity for such work, and the extent of dis- ease has been largely a matter of estimate and conjecture. It is obvious that such data are of value not only in aiding present apiary inspec- tion, but also in obtaining inspection where it is not now provided. These data are also to be used in the distribution of bulletins and other publications to the people who need them and in numerous other ways. The object of the present publication is to present the data on this subject acquired by the bureau previous to March 1, 1911. It is not claimed that the work has been completed, for this is obviously not the case. The publication of this preliminary report is deemed advisable, so that those interested in the control of the brood diseases of bees may have an opportunity to make use of the present knowl- edge of the subject. It is hoped that bee keepers who have additional information will recognize the deficiencies of these records, and will aid in making them more complete by sending to this bureau samples of diseased brood for examination. In asking bee keepers for data on the occurrence of these diseases it is found that some are unwilling to let it be known that they have disease in their apiaries. This, of course, should not be so, as it is no particular disgrace to have disease appear in the apiary. The dis- grace comes in allowing it to remain. In appreciation of this feeling, however, the bureau makes it a policy not to announce the names of [Cir. 138] 1 2 OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. the men supplying the samples. The records are here made only by counties, and it is believed that no bee keeper will consider this a betrayal of confidence. In making records it was necessary to consider a county as a unit. It is impracticable for the bureau to work with units smaller than counties. A county is recorded as containing disease when the first sample of diseased brood has been received from that county. In most cases, however, several samples have been received from the counties recorded as having disease present. A considerable experience in the examination of infected apiaries indicates that it is usually safe to assume that disease is more widespread than is recognized by even the best bee keepers. From the extent of the work it is obvious that most of these data were obtained by correspondence. No claim is made that all of these counties have been visited. It did not seem advisable to accept reports of the existence or nonexistence of disease, but to make positive records only on the receipt of a sample of diseased brood for examination. It frequently happens that letters are received stating that no disease has ever occurred in the county when samples of dis- eased brood have already been received in considerable numbers, and in some cases after personal examination has shown disease to be prev- alent. Furtherinore, an infectious disease is often mistaken for chilled brood or so-called pickle brood, or vice versa. All samples recorded as containing disease were diagnosed in the bacteriological laboratory of the bureau. This work has been done by Dr. G. F. White, expert in bacteriology, and Mr. A. H. McCray, apicultural assistant. In all, about 1,800 samples have been examined. It seems advisable to list certain counties as ‘* suspected.” From these counties satisfactory samples have not been received. A county is marked ‘‘suspected” when the bureau is informed of the presence of disease by an apiary inspector or by some beekeeper who is be- lieved to be conversant with disease. The majority of such reports from bee keepers have not been accepted as satisfactory evidence even for marking a county ‘‘suspected.” In some cases such a record is made ‘*suspected” if the result of an examination strongly suggests the presence of disease, but is not conclusive. In no case is a county marked as suspected merely because of its proximity to known disease. If this were done the list would be greatly increased. In case a bee keeper lives in one county and his post office is in another the sample received may in some cases be attributed to the wrong county. This source of error was not taken into consideration in the earlier work, but now the bureau asks the sender of a sample to give the town or township and county in which the apiary is located, Another possibility for error is in the changes in county boundaries. [Cir. 138] OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. 3 This is applicable especially in the Southern and Western States. Since in most cases several samples have been received from each county given as containing disease, it is believed that inaccuracies are few. The total number of counties in each State is taken from the Postal Guide of July, 1910. For the information of bee keepers who may desire it, a brief state- ment is made concerning the apiary inspection in each State, where it is provided by law. Where possible, directions are given for reach- ing the inspector. In other cases this bureau can usually give the name of the present incumbent of the office. Copies of laws under which they work can be obtained,from the inspectors of apiaries of the various States themselves. The author desires to express his personal appreciation of the active cooperation which has been received from many apiary inspectors and experienced bee keepers in all parts of the country. Without such cooperation the investigations of this bureau in bee culture could be of but small value. ALABAMA. [67 counties. | No apiary inspection law. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Lowndes. Montgomery. Suspected. Baldwin. Chambers. Elmore. Greene. Tallapoosa. Wilcox. ARIZONA. [13 counties.] No apiary inspection. In 1899 a law was passed providing for apiary inspection to be supported by the beekeepers. For some time the Foul Brood Suppression Association of Maricopa County assumed this work. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. \ Suspected. Maricopa. Yavapai. [Cir. 138] 4 OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. ARKANSAS. [75 counties. ] No apiary inspection law. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD, EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD, Present. Suspected. Chicot. Benton. Franklin. Phillips. Washington. CALIFORNIA. [58 counties. ] County inspectors appointed by the county board of supervisors. There are sey- eral county ordinances in addition to the State law. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Present. Colusa. Fresno. Fresno. _ Suspected. Inyo. Imperial. - Kings. Kings. Lassen. Los Angeles. Los Angeles. Tulare. Merced. Riverside. Sacramento. San Bernardino. San Diego. Santa Barbara. Tulare. Ventura. Suspected. Butte. Kern. Madera. Mariposa. Monterey. Orange. San Benito. San Joaquin. San Luis Obispo. Santa Clara. Santa Cruz. Siskiyou. Stanislaus. Sutter. Yolo. [Cir. 188] om ft r OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. 5 COLCRADO. [60 counties. | County inspectors appointed by the county courts on petition of five resident bee keepers or on written application of the president or secretary of the State bee keep- ers’ association. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. | Present. | Bent. | Boulder. Delta. Douglas. La Plata. Larimer. Mesa. Montezuma. Montrose. Otero. Prowers. Pueblo. Weld. | Suspected. Adams. Arapahoe. Denver. Garfield. Grand. Huerfano. Jefferson. Routt. CONNECTICUT. [8 counties. ] Inspection under the supervision of the State entomologist, Connecticut Agricul- tural Experiment Station, New Haven. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Present. Litchfield. Fairfield. New Haven. Hartford. Suspected. Middlesex. Fairfield. Tolland. Middlesex. Windham. Tolland. Windham. DELAWARE. [8 counties. ] No apiary inspection law. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. No apiary inspection law. [Cir. 138] 6 OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. FLORIDA. ; ; ‘ [47 counties. ] No apiary inspection law. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Escambia. GEORGIA. ; : E [146 counties. ] No apiary inspection law. HAWAII. [5 counties. ] The board of commissioners of agriculture and forestry, Honolulu, has issued rules and regulations pertaining to the importation and inspection of bees and honey in accordance with a Territorial law. IDAHO. [23 counties. ] The State horticultural inspector is ex officio State bee inspector. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Ada. Bingham. Canyon. Fremont. [Cir. 128] OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. il ILLINOIS. [102 counties, ] No inspection under State supervision. The State bee keepers’ association receives a grant allowing the appointment of an inspector of apiaries who can serve in an advisory capacity only. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Boone. Bureau. Carroll. Champaign. Clay. Cook. Dupage. Edgar. Fayette. Greene. Grundy. Hancock. Henry. Kane. Kankakee. Knox. Lake. Lasalle. Livingston. Logan. McLean. Macon. Madison. Peoria. Putnam. Saint Clair. Sangamon. Schuyler. Stark. Whiteside. Will. _ Winnebago. Suspected. Adams. Bond. Cass. Dekalb. Henderson. Kendall. Marshall. Perry. Pike. Saline. Stephenson. White. 88305°—Cir. 138—11——2 EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Boone. Calhoun. Champaign. Clay. Cook. Crawford. Dekalb. Douglas. Fayette. Grundy. Jackson. Jefferson. Kankakee. Lasalle. McHenry. Macon. Madison. Marion. Marshall. Mason. Montgomery. Peoria. Perry. Piatt. Rock Island. Stark. Tazewell. Will. Williamson, Suspected. Clinton. Edgar. Fulton. Jasper. Jo Daviess. Pike. Vermilion. 8 OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. INDIANA. [92 counties. ] Inspection under the supervision of the State entomologist, Indianapolis. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Allen. Clinton. Daviess. Elkhart. Grant. Hamilton. Jay. Lake. Marion. Miami. Newton. Noble. Porter. Randolph. Ripley. Suspected. Hancock. Jefferson. Rush. Tippecanoe. Vanderburg. Warren. Warrick. Wayne. [Cir. 138] EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. | Present. Cass. Clay. Daviess. Fulton. Huntington. Jasper. Jefferson. Lake. Laporte. Miami. Newton. Pike. Porter. Spencer. Starke. Vigo. Warrick. | Suspected. Benton. . | Carroll. | Grant. Marshall. Pulaski. Vanderburg. Warren. White. OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. 9 IOWA. [99 counties. ] An apiary inspection law has been passed but no appropriation was made and consequently no inspection has been done. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Present. Allamakee. Guthrie. Butler. Johnson. Carroll. Linn. Clayton. Muscatine. Clinton. Suspected. Des Moines. Scott. Dickinson. Fayette. Fremont. Hardin. Linn. Lyon. Mills. Pottawattamie. Sac. Story. Woodbury. . Suspected. Appanoose. Buena Vista. Cherokee. | Davis. | Ida. Marshall. Monona. Monroe. Montgomery. Page. Plymouth. Polk. Scott. Sioux. Taylor. Van Buren. [Cir. 138] 10 OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. KANSAS. [105 ecunties. ] Inspection under the supervision of the entomologists of the University of Kansas, Lawrence, and of the Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Present. Crawford. Chase. Douglas. Ford. Jewell. Osborne. Rice. Shawnee. Suspected. Johnson. Sumner. KENTUCKY. {119 counties.] An apiary inspection law has been passed but no appropriation was made and con- sequently no inspection has been done. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Present. Boone. Barren. Bracken. Bracken. Campbell. Fayette. Kenton. Hancock. Pendleton. Logan. McCracken. Todd. Trigg. Suspected. Bell. Madison. LOUISIANA. {60 counties. ] No apiary inspection law. MAINE. [16 counties. ] No apiary inspection law. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. | EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. , Present. Hancock. Penobscot. Suspected. Androscoggin. Hancock. Waldo. [Cir. 188] OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. 11 MARYLAND. [23 counties. ] No apiary inspection law. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Present. Baltimore City. Baltimore. Garrett. Suspected. Allegany. MASSACHUSETTS. {14 counties. ] Inspection under the supervision of the assistant professor of beekeeping, Massa- chusetts Agricultural College, Amherst: AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Present. Bristol. Berkshire. Hampden. Essex. Middlesex. Hampden. Norfolk. Middlesex. Worcester. Suffolk. Suspected. Worcester. Essex. Suspected. Franklin. Hampshire. Plymouth. Plymouth. | [Cir. 138] . : ; 12 OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. MICHIGAN. [83 counties.!] Inspection under the supervision of the dairy and food commissioner, Lansing, Mich. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD, Present. | Present. Allegan. Berrien. Antrim. Cass. Barry. Manistee. Benzie. Mason. Berrien. Newaygo. Branch. Saint Joseph. Calhoun. Sanilac. Clinton. Van Buren. Eaton. Suspected. Genesee. Allegan. Gratiot. Kalamazoo. Hillsdale. Ingham. Tonia. Isabella. Jackson. Kalamazoo. Kent. Lapeer. Lenawee. Livingston. Macomb. Mason. Mecosta. | Missaukee. Montcalm. Muskegon. Oakland. Oceana. Osceola. | Ottawa. | Saginaw. | Saint Clair. Shiawassee. Tuscola. Van Buren. Washtenaw. Wayne. Suspected. Charlevoix. Grand Traverse, Kalkaska. Manistee. Sanilac. 1The lower peninsula, where all of the disease occurs, so far as known, contains 68 counties. [Cir. 138] OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. MINNESOTA. [85 counties. ] Inspector appointed by the governor. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Present. Benton. Waseca. Dakota. Suspected. Fillmore. Blue Earth. Hennepin. Ramsey. Wabasha. Suspected. Goodhue. Washington. MISSISSIPPI. f : : 79 counties. ] No apiary inspection law. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. | Present. Suspected. Washington. Benton. Suspected. Grenada. MISSOURI. [115 counties. } Inspector appointed by the State board of agriculture. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Present. Cape Girardeau. Dade. Greene. Jasper. Jackson. Lawrence. Jasper. Saint Charles. Schuyler. Saint Louis. Scotland. Suspected. Suspected. Barton. Clark. Cedar. Clay. Jefferson. Mississippi. Nodaway. Pike. Saint Charles. Saint Louis. MONTANA. [28 counties, } No apiary inspection law. [Cir. 138] 13 14 OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. NEBRASKA [92 counties.] County inspectors appointed by the governor. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Adams. Clay. Douglas. Fillmore. . Gage. Garfield. Greeley. Hall. Hamilton. Lancaster. Merrick. Saline. | Saunders. Seward. York. Suspected. Butler. Dakota. Dixon. Polk. Scotts Bluff. NEVADA. [15 counties. ] No apiary inspection law. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Lyon. NEW HAMPSHIRE. {10 counties, ] No apiary inspection law. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Rockingham. [ Cir. 138] OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. 15 NEW JERSEY. {21 counties. | Inspection under the supervision of the State entomologist, New Brunswick. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Present. Burlington. Burlington. Hunterdon. Hunterdon. Mercer. Mercer. Morris. Middlesex. Suspected. Monmouth. Gloucester. Morris. Middlesex. Ocean. Salem. a Union. Warren. Suspected. Essex. NEW MEXICO. [26 counties. ] Precinct inspectors appointed by board of county commissioners on petition of five resident bee keepers. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. Present. San Juan. [Cir. 138] 16 OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. NEW YORK. [61 counties. ] Inspection under supervision of commissioner of agriculture, Albany, N. Y. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Present. Allegany. Albany. Broome. Broome. Cattaraugus. Chemung. Chautauqua. Columbia. Chemung. Dutchess. Chenango. Erie. Columbia. Fulton. Cortland. Greene. Delaware. Herkimer. Genesee. Jefferson. Lewis. Montgomery. New York. Niagara. Onondaga. Onondaga. Schenectady. Oswego. Steuben. Otsego. Westchester. Rensselaer. Suspected. Saratoga. Jefferson Schenectady. Oneida. Schoharie. Rockland. Seneca. Saint Lawrence. Suffolk. Tioga. Tioga. Tompkins. Tompkins. Wyoming. Ulster. Warren. Washington. Suspected. Cayuga. Delaware. Lewis. Ontario. Orange. NORTH CAROLINA. No apiary inspection law. [98 ccunties. | NORTH DAKOTA. No apairy inspection law. [Cir. 138] [46 counties. ] OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. OHIO. [88 counties. Inspection under the supervision of the State entomologist, Columbus, Ohio. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Present. Allen. Ashland. Athens. Ashtabula. Auglaize. Belmont. Butler. Champaign. Cuyahoga. Darke. Defiance. Delaware. Franklin. Hamilton. Hardin. Huron. Marion. Medina. Miami. Montgomery. Ottawa. Paulding. Preble. Seneca. Union. : Van Wert. \ Washington | Wayne. Wood. Suspected. | Carroll. | Clark. | Clinton. | Gallia. Lucas. Meigs. Monroe. Stark. Tuscarawas. [ Cir. 138] 18 OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. OKLAHOMA. [76 counties. ] No apiary inspection law. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Grant. Kay. Muskogee. OREGON. [34 counties. ] County inspectors appointed by the county court on petition of seven resident bee keepers. The law applies only to counties east of the Cascade Mountains. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Malheur. Umatilla. Washington. Yamhill. [Cir. 138] OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. No apiary inspection law. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Bedford. Bradford. Bucks. Butler. Cambria. Center. Chester. Delaware. Elk. Indiana. McKean. Montgomery. Northumberland. Potter. Union. Washington. Wayne. Suspected. Berks. Philadelphia. Westmoreland. Wyoming. [Cir. 138] PENNSYLVANIA. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Bedford. Berks. Blair. Bradford. Bucks. Cambria. Center. Clarion. Clearfield. Clinton. Columbia. Crawiord. Erie. Huntingdon. Jefferson. Lackawanna. Lawrence. Luzerne. Lycoming. Mercer. Monroe. Northumberland. Philadelphia. Schuylkill. Susquehanna. Venango. Wayne. Wyoming. Suspected. Adams. Butler. Carbon. Chester. Cumberland. Franklin. Fulton. Lehigh. Montour. Perry. Somerset. Sullivan. Tioga. Westmoreland. 19 20 OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. RHODE ISLAND. [5 counties. ] Inspection under the supervision of the State board of agriculture. SOUTH CAROLINA. [43 counties. ] No apiary inspection law. SOUTH DAKOTA [66 counties. } District inspectors appointed by the governor. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Butte. Clay. Lawrence. Yankton. Suspected. Bonhomme. Hutchinson. Lincoln. Turner. Union. TENNESSEE. [96 counties. ] No apiary inspection law. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Present. Roane. Shelby. [Cir. 138] OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. PAU TEXAS. [244 counties. ] Inspection under supervision of State entomologist, College Station. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Bexar. Denton. Ellis. Frio. Gonzales. Limestone. Navarro. Uvalde. Wilson. Zavalla. Suspected. Bee. Bosque. Concho. Coryell. Delta. Dallas. Fannin. Hayes. Hunt. Kaufman. Live Oak. McLennan. Medina. San Patricio. - Tarrant. UTAH. [27 counties. | County inspectors appointed by county commissioners on petition of five resident bee keepers. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Emery. Salt Lake. Sanpete. Sevier. Utah. Weber. Suspected. Carbon. [Cir. 138] 22 OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. VERMONT. [14 counties.] Inspection under the supervision of the commissioner of agriculture. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Present. Caledonia. Bennington. | Grand Isle. Suspected. Rutland. Addison. VIRGINIA. [100 counties. } No apiary inspection law. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Frederick. Highland. Rockbridge. | Shenandoah. WASHINGTON. [88 counties. | Former law providing for inspection repealed. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. | EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Suspected. King. Lewis. Yakima. Thurston. WEST VIRGINIA. [55 counties. | No apiary inspection law. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Present. Brooke. Hampshire. Jefferson. Randolph. Suspected. Monongalia. [Cir. 138] OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. Inspector appointed by governor. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Crawtord. WISCONSIN. [71 counties. ] EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Columbia. 23 Dane. Dodge. Eau Claire. Fond du Lac. La Crosse. Marathon. Milwaukee. Rock. Suspected. Clark. Juneau. Kewaunee. Ozaukee. Pierce. Washington. Waukesha. Waushara Winnebago. WYOMING. [14 counties. ] No apiary inspection law. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. Present. Bighorn. EXAMINATIONS OF SAMPLES OF DISEASED BROOD. The Bureau of Entomology is prepared to assist in the diagnosis of disease in cases where the bee keeper is unable to tell whether or not disease is present or to determine which disease is in hisapiary. Sam- ples of brood comb about 5 inches square containing diseased or dead larvee should be sent by mail in a strong wooden or tin box. The comb should not be wrapped in paper or cotton, but should be cut to fit the box closely. It is not possible to diagnose from empty combs, and no honey should be included in the sample, as it is valueless in diagnosis and will probably spoil the sample as well as other mail mat- ter. The name of the sender must always appear on the package, and any available data should be sent in a separate letter. Never inclose a letter in the box with the sample. During the summer of 1911 the bureau will on request send boxes in which samples may be mailed to bee keepers in counties not listed as containing disease. [Cir. 138] 94 OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. PUBLICATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ON BEE DISEASES. ‘ There are several other publications of the Bureau of Entomology of this department which deal with bee diseases. They may be ob- tained on request to the Editor and Chief of the Division of Publica- tions, Department of Agriculture, and are the following: Farmers’ Bulletin No. 442, ‘‘The Treatment of Bee Diseases.’’ By E. F. Phillips, Phe: 1911s 22 pp:;.7 ties: This publication gives briefly the symptoms of the various bee diseases, with directions for treatment. Circular No. 94, ‘‘The Cause of American Foul Brood.’”’ By G. F. White, Ph. D. 1907. 4 pp. This publication contains a brief account of the investigations which demonstrated for the first time the cause of one of the brood diseases of bees, American foul brood. Bulletin No. 70, ‘‘ Report of the Meeting of Inspectors of Apiaries, San Antonio, Tex., November 12, 1906.’ 1907. 79 pp., 1 pl. Contains an account of the history of bee-disease investigations, the relationship of bacteria to bee diseases, and a discussion of treatment by various inspectors of apiaries and other prac- tical bee keepers who are familiar with diseases of bees. Bulletin No. 75, Part IJ, ‘‘ Wax Moths and American Foul Brood.”’ By E. F. Phil- lips, Ph. D. 1907: Pp. 19-22, 3 pls. An account of the behavior of the two species of wax moths on combs containing American foul brood, showing that moths do not clean up the disease-carrying scales. Bulletin No. 75, Part III, ‘‘ Bee Diseases in Massachusetts.’’ By Burton N. Gates. 1908. Pp. 23-32, map. An account of the distribution of the brood diseases of bees in the State, with brief directions for controlling them. Bulletin No. 75, Part IV, ‘‘The Relation of the Etiology (Cause) of Bee Diseases to the Treatment.’”’ By G. F. White, Ph. D. 1908. Pp. 33-42. The necessity for a knowledge of the cause of bee diseases before rational treatment is possi- ble is pointed out. The present state of knowledge of the causes of disease is summarized. Bulletin No. 98, ‘‘ Historical Notes on the Causes of Bee Diseases.’? By E. F. Phil- lips, Ph. D., and G. F. White, Ph. D., M. D. (In press.) A summary of the various investigations concerning the etiology (cause) of bee diseases, Technical Series No. 14, ‘‘The Bacteria of the Apiary, with Special Reference to Bee Diseases.”’ By G. F. White, Ph. D. 1906. 50 pp. A study of the bacteria present in both the healthy and the diseased colony, with special reference to the diseases of bees. [Cir. 138] OCCURRENCE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES. Table showing the prevalence of brood diseases in the United States. 25 Number of counties— Containing disease. Containing American foul brood. Containing European foul brood. State. é 8 oD) na INBVOR ING og hae SOU HBO SRS SE oe See a TP OOS AH Ca abeoe 67 INTAUAO NOG Wa Boe Phe rE Sa TO eS aes a a ote eae et eee 13 BAUTGEUT SELG harman erage a rec ed 2 gaya epic aye a Nie tes sl ner, Ste rae 75 Catliionmila ares seer ee O lepeen i es lect ead camer ek anes st ea 58 CWOTORAC Oe arse ee ee ccna Se Abu Mira st a ea 60 ConmectiCuibesteeee oe eee Sen Ge aa iri ay she ee ala reg ART ne 8 ID GUAT IRS Bes CA So Seno SAO SES AUER eC OER caeeaaon aoe 3 DistnichotaColumlbiaeeaet se oe pee aoe see eo ose oe eens Pecan TENG SAO Me 5 See Ree ee ae OD ee NS A Spree De ene ee 47 Cott paseo Sa cqmeatocs dae Se ae ead pos Aa ear eemeree oreeiaeee 146 SER SRW Veh TT ees cree ooh pepe ocr ees reg ae al aay Ui ate ayale eae op clere meee 5 IIo Ket aVOy ese eme Veer Hy ea ee ate egy RE Nan pp at ce cae AlAs I tt SU cae 23 TODA VON SS Ge es SO aa SE a ee ee at 102 hOGA TGS S5o5 be ORNS BOS on Se ee Re eee ein ore rR anaes 92 OW eee rae eae era ay mee aaa SE SO a ee he ee disee 99 KCTS Ree reat yee vst cn teh ci MA Miny nar cya Oete AN aya rapa cee ay 105 ITAA yO S SS SS SRO ROE nae DOSE A CAeC Sean Sena teem mma ees 119 ITO URL STANT eeepc eer ae a tay nace ae ct Aes eee mieten 60 AVES eee ate eee nano Ee ee Sen Gent Se eee NA 16 INAH OC ee ean Oa ecoCoseRc SEBO e aoe Saunas Her SOSH eGeaae 23 IVES SSA CINUTS CHES oats arene ee ee a SEU SW 14 INDO anh OY os Soe ee et Nea ican ame ent R tarts Ren tenn tec ey Fars 283 WH pty GOK ENSTON HS HSS ey es ss gS te ae See fee eS 85 Mississippi....-...--- Ee Ere fae ierersicteiereie eee Sells eee ee 79 SIVETS SO UGS eee eeepc fe italic, ah recta be cera ay ee Laer 115 WO MIMO BE SSNeee Saar ee OR eis a eer eae pe ee ter eu 28 INIG) ODES ksh 2s Ls SES ey Ii A wets Ota pee Bre Bay aes See hee 92 INIGW EKO Rh ais Barone eae OBO Ee tn tise Bane ry a arene ieee 15 Newae Hampshire fact eons etcetera eee alse heetnnele 10 ING WHIICTISC Gerretse cee aoa a oant isle Bebe esta oe es ha 21 WIE HIN Keb CTO ASR aes CROSE MBS BS Ree Gece EO Sores 26 TRIGA EOLA EOE eS rcs ae re Nn es A eR Ue Ne rere ae 61 INGO OB WRONG), oh ete ai a hs se Fe ee eee 98 JR (OEE ON] DRY EGY eee A Sa a ee Ral ee emo 46 ONO) aI re Ce Ng ay IE em PE ee RDN 88 Oklahomaceesssecse. AS ae cil eve See ee Dn Bhs cs alee de ein ELE Reet, 76 (QNRSYEROY OT Se aS ET RCI eR at On ae rea Me ee ST 34 RS TATA Wal yyeuta iets se retest eye pyre arora rey ies ge ets ie le teiepcee ech evar a 67 Te avoye Keys EOC LORE SiG een Ss IER Ny Se Oo as En ear rea en 5 Sou oVOPE Robe) Be oe oe cae SEE GON EOS KES ORE HEE See tee aaa ae 43 SOWIE IDEN ROUE ES Rena So eee ease Oras ai eee ees Ir ee ener 66 PNETITN ESSEC aces ois cetera oot arete eon a olaveie ero ieee verevaie Be tages eh 96 WEIR GGA SS ROBB OO SOE BECO E Ss Ge EER AOS SO RES CU eee ere 244 UOTE OV he oes SO ree ont ae ee na Sa ear ea ma ii WG Oi 3 Sao BOBO AN ER Oe Se Gn Sp Se GOCE Seon ern aie ae 14 frie Sats yi a i ee al pe ea ar eae ete rene ao mer a ena | 100 \WEG Onb nea toy ales soconeaosces DEC Go SOS h EU ScOS ODE CUd eso onedetas 38 \VGsib WAtgsa live is See Gas Ga soo SU SR SESE SoC Soe acre eter 55 WiSconsinmen ce eeeee oe tae ee Sa ee Pape St gene 71 IVVsV OMI ee ees sewer eres eeaeeeer SNC REE NEC oSmoteaT 14 INO Raat dane cocee Fea o Ene CeOB EE Daca ean eerie Sema 2,932 4 BROCrHOOCOANWRrHOL — Cees ow bo HFPORPRDWRPWRONKLOOCMRWOCONH OP HNORPrATWOWNO ioe) — — 416 ROCF OONWHKRFOWN HH oo AON e ISN) Nw e POH NOH ROR ROOT EWATOCOOMHP HHH NOMDORBDUHHOM = _ 294 eh bo Sr WORNCTOHF TOO WMDOONTORGCVOCCOCOTHHOMNKHOORRATOOCOOCOCOOMNOHSCOoOOoO iw) for) or | Where disease is suspected.1 Hb COOCCCCOCOONOFND [peal eel owed NORE — = SORPNONKFNOUDONOOCVDONOCWOOCMNOWBNWRWHNMOHNWD | H ~I or | Where American foul brood is suspected. — ts = SOOT CTCORPMNONDOKR ODOM DOSMNCWOOCUMSDDHNYAWOCOCONAWDNOCOCCTCORANGN|D H or oO | Where European foul brood is suspected. H CSCOFPNONDTOOCCOCOOKR COCO CCUOFMOCSDONEFHENNFWONORrAONTOCOOCCOSCORF OO > ow 1 When one disease is present and the other is suspected in a county, that county is not included in this column. 2The lower peninsula, where all of the disease occurs so far as known, contains 68 counties. [Cir. 138] O iy aD HERG HICH) 2 axe - meen “J “ye sive fs ViAU nA « areata tit ; ie Nowe wot! a ere ; 8 ah Siete Ha — ) ran = Ne ee — wae: eae ——~ aaa Soon ase Re Seesacs oH — Nee Ai 54 ‘ Ones * in By co is Soa Giant Sees area esas ‘ 2 oY; titles ‘t; SY As Bit OH a rae : (elect it; a Nt (t Lad Sie tuy 2) i Ny Widens alk Re ee ie 2) Soe! PORTIA ARO eee Ah i he ay } Ween ht pee eY inet: ete i ( 7 aS Ryeesat tae) ie te T+ ae en ASH 43! th betta ven tetra ’ ie Rhy oe fi GLO (i: ra) i Ge a Meaty Le — oe et ee — tel >.