NUS

VOLUME IV, NO. 2
WINTER 1956

EDITOR: Jan Hahn

Published quarterly and distributed to the Asso-
ciates of the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution and others interested
in Oceanography

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Woods Hole, Massachusetts

Henry B. Bigelow
Chairman of the "Hoard of Trustees

Raymond Stevens
'President of the Corporation

Edward H. Smith Alfred C. Redfield
"Director ^Associate "Director

Columbus O'D. Iselin

Bostwick H. Ketchum

Senior Oceanographers

The interface between air and water is of
prime importance to the seaman. In many
ways sailing is akin to flying, both ships and
planes move through a fluid medium, both
are equally dependent upon air flow. Granted,
that the age of power has diminished the
ship's dependency in one way, on the other
hand, ships still remain at the mercy of storms
and waves driven by the wind, and capable
of damaging even the mightiest of vessels.

To the oceanographer the boundary layer
is a constant source of fascination, posing
innumerable problems. Here, is the beginning
of much weather and climate. Here, on the
smoothest, bluest surface the most brute
hurricane finds the first breath of life. Here,
minute salt particles spraying into the air,
are bound upward, later and many miles
away to form the nuclei for raindrops. Here,
the winds in some unknown way thrust
particle after particle into wavelets and
thence into ever higher waves. Here, the
steady blow of winds begins to impel the
water, finally forcing immense, immeasurable
power through ocean currents.

The air influences the water, the water
influences the air.

EDITORIAL

Winter 1956, Vol. IV, No. 2

UNFORTUNATELY, Oceanus although growing, is not yet large
enough to be able to contain all that happens at the Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution during a three months period. We believe
it essential to publish more articles on the problems of the various
sciences which together make up oceanography. Discussions are in
order on the knowledge that has been obtained, and on the questions
which need to be answered, particularly the latter.

An impatient reader wants to know what the next issue will
provide. We are planning a meteorological issue for April and a
geological one for August. Also, we hope that the August issue will
contain an article on hurricanes and the prediction of sea levels to
be expected along the coast.

To the outside world we present what the Institution is doing.
To our associates and friends we present what Dr. Someone or
Mr. The Other are thinking about. As Mr. Stevens, our President,
said at a recent staff meeting: "The project or program is not
important. It is the individual and his worth that count."

New Depih Record

RICHARDS
DEEP

A new deep in the eastern
South Pacific was located by
the Atlantis, according to a
cable received from Dr. Par-
ker D. Trask, chief scientist
on board.

Thirty-nine miles off Anto-
fagasta, Chile, in the Bartho-
lomew Deep, the bottom was
determined as 4,330 fathoms
(25,880 feet). This figure is
based on an estimate made in
the field for the correction in
the velocity of sound at the
depth. The former deepest
part of the eastern South
Pacific was 930 feet shallower
and found in the Richards
Deep, 80 miles south of the
new location. The general
depth in the area is 2,300
fathoms.

The depth was determined
with the aid of the echosound-
ing recording system devel-
oped last year by S. T. Knott
and others.*

The deepest point is situ-
ated in a narrow trough, 7,500
feet wide, bounded by steep
walls, evidently fault scarps.
The west scarp rises with a
gradient of 1:4.

Although this narrow trough
is deep enough, the sounding
is about 10,000 feet less than
the deepest spot in the ocean,
located by H.M.S. Challenger
in 1952 in the Mariana Trench,
200 miles southwest of Guam
and recorded at 5,940 fathoms
or 35,640 feet.

*See: "New Instruments," Oceanus
II, 2.

DEEP-SEA RESEARCH
Supplement to Volume 3

Papers in Marine Biology and
Oceanography

Dedicated to
HENRY BRYANT BIGELOW

By His Former Students and Associates

on the occasion of

The Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Founding

of
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

1955

Distributed with the compliments of

the
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

JUST about a year ago, a
group of Dr. Bigelow's for-
mer students and associates
decided to honor him for his
contributions to marine bi-
ology and oceanography. The
twenty-fifth anniversary of the
Institution's founding appeared
to be a fitting occasion. A vol-
ume, containing 48 scientific
contributions was completed
by the end of the anniversary
year and a leather bound copy
was presented to Dr. Bigelow
at a gathering in the Direc-
tor's Room at the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Har-
vard University on January
24, 1956.

We wish that space were
available to reprint the fore-
word to the volume. In a few
pages it is beautifully ex-
plained how much one man
can do to motivate others to
do their best. We quote:

"Henry Bryant Bigelow, you
broadened the vision, sharp-
ened the perception, fortified
the determination, simplified
the outlook, improved the
standards, and corrected the
folly of each of us."

Almost everyone interested
in some aspect of the sea will
find an article with special
appeal to him. Thus, one paper
has implications of import-
ance to atomic waste disposal,
another can be applied to the
manyfold problems to be in-
vestigated during the Internat-
ional Geophysical Year, and
still others apply to practical
fisheries problems.

As the volume will have
wide appeal to the layman as
well as to scientists, a copy
is being mailed to each
member of the Associates of
the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution.

On Fish and Fisheries

"C1 ISH have not been our

primary objective all these

years, — some of us like to
go fishing, some of us spend
our spare research time on
fish but, generally speaking,
this Institution has thrown its
major weight into physical
oceanography and into other
aspects of biology. Now, we find
ourselves in a position where
we have to pay some attention
to fish because we have been
granted the sum of $66,000
a year for three years, a
total of $200,000, for an inves-
tigation of climatic and ocean-
ographic factors influencing
the environment of fish. I have
not read the contract, but the
general problem is: Why do
the abundance and distribu-
tion of the great populations
of fish change from time to
time; to what extent are these
changes related to shifts in the
ocean circulation, and what
climatic influences may actu-
ate such shifts. We do not

The behavior of fish populations
has long baffled fishery investi-
gators. The following are ex-
cerpts from Dr. H. B. Bigelow's
remarks at a recent Friday
luncheon meeting of the staff
of the Institution.

have to look at fish, but what
we do have to do is to continue
our physical investigations on
ocean circulations with a mind
to fish in the background.

We must not forget that the
primary subject of the inves-
tigation is the biology of fish.
People have been worrying
about this subject for years
and years. The countries of
northwestern Europe are
vastly concerned with fish.
Their hydrographers and fish-
ermen have been accumula-
ting data actively ever since
1914 when Johan Hjort dem-
onstrated that many fishes
have only an occasional good
year of production, and that
the fisheries may depend for
years and years on the prod-
uct of that one year. The
biologists, hydrographers and
chemists have been collecting
innumerable data on changes
in salinity, in temperature and
currents, and on the variations
from year to year in the

abundance of fish, and have
been trying to explain the one
on the basis of the other, but
no one has obtained conclu-
sive results.

Now, perhaps, we can do
better. We have attained a
position where we have a very
good working unit and are in-
venting many new ways of
attacking problems in the sea.
Let us hope, that in the first
three years we will be able
to show that we have done
some constructive thinking
and that we have taken data
along lines that are apt to be
productive in results. I do not
think one can expect too much
in three years.

Population changes

I should like to state briefly
some of the things that hap-
pen to fishes that perhaps
were caused by the physical
environment. Down on Nan-
tucket Shoals there is a big
body of codfish and when Oc-
tober comes, about half of
them swim away to the offing
of New York and New Jersey
to spend the winter. Then, in
April, they come back to Nan-
tucket Shoals, spend the sum-
mer there and next autumn
they go west again. People
say, "Oh, yes, they get out
of Nantucket Shoals when the
water gets too cold, they come
back when the water warms
up, etc." The trouble is that
this migration is not north and
south but west and east, and
the temperature is just the
same at one end of the migra-
tion route as at the other.
Half the population does not
move at all. Why? What is
there in the environment?
Is it something direct between

the water and the cod or is it
something indirect between
the water and the food of the
cod? Is it something entirely
different?

Our colleague in England,
Arthur Lee, who is primarily
a physical oceanographer, goes
to the Arctic every winter in
connection with the British in-
vestigation on the distribu-
tion of the cod fisheries be-
tween Bear Island and the
northern coasts of Europe.
We have heard that the water
is warmer there, and that the
cod has shifted ground; it has
been in every newspaper. Lee
has suggested the direct cause
has not been the change in
temperature which has been
perfectly good for cod all
along. What has happened, is
that a great influx of water
from a warm source in the
south, revealed by the warm-
ing trend, has so altered the
circulatory pattern, carrying
the codfish from one location
to another. I do not know
whether he is right or not but
that is one hypothesis.

We hear no end of talk
about the warming of the
water and what has happened
in a mass-way to fishes in our
own region. But looking back
at the old records, it is hard
to see any evident correla-
tion. Back in the eighties,
there were big runs of bluefish,
north of Cape Cod, big runs
of menhaden and enormous
runs of mackerel. Now, the
bluefish and the menhaden
are warm water fish. But
there is nothing in the past
record to suggest that the per-
iod during the early eighties
had warm winters, it was
rather the reverse. Why did

these southerly fishes appear
in the Gulf of Maine? Was
that temperature?
Bass, Cod and Crabs

Apparently there was a
good production of striped
bass around 1865 or 1870. In
1932 there was an enormous
production of striped bass
along the mid Atlantic coast,
and this happened again in
about 1942 or 1943. There has
not been a really big year in
production of striped bass
since. Why not?

Fishermen have been at the
mercy of fluctuations of this
sort, from as far back as the
record runs. Along the south-
west coast of Norway, for in-
stance, the spring herring
fishery yielded more than a
million hectoliters in 1866,
only 208 hectoliters in 1875,
but an average of more than
700,000 yearly from 1891 to
1893. The haddock provides
an excellent local case since
we have full data on the suc-
cessive recruitment, year by
year, through the work of the
Fish and Wildlife Service,
dating back to 1930. Every
now and then a lot of haddock
produce and survive, to be
succeeded by a string of years
in which there are not nearly
as many. No one has been
able to connect this plausibly
to temperature changes. One
theory is that during some
years the eggs and larvae are
swept off the banks by the
prevalence of strong offshore
winds. But how about the
codfish which does not fluc-
tuate as much? You cannot
tell the eggs of cod from
haddock eggs until they get
pigment in them, also their
breeding seasons overlap.

Evidently something happens
to the one fish and not to the
other. It has been suggested
that it may be very important
at what level in the water the
eggs are drifting. If they are
in the upper-levels where the
general tendency of the water
on our continental shelf is to
drift offshore, the eggs tend
to drift off to deep water. If
the eggs are floating deeper
they tend to keep in on the
fishing grounds because the
general tendency is for the
bottom water to move in-
shore, in an estuarine type of
circulation. Does it work that
way?

Another case that has been
much discussed is that of the
miserable little crustacean
know as the green crab. He
serves no useful purpose in
human economy. But he is a
great enemy of the clam, and
has ruined the clam industry
in several Gulf of Maine areas.
This crab has always been
plentiful here at Woods Hole,
and as far south as Chesa-
peake Bay. In all ordinary
winters, except for the last few
warmer ones, the local green
crabs have had to survive
winter temperatures right
down to the freezing point of
salt water; for they were win-
tering here when Vineyard
Sound was full of ice, and
Buzzards Bay was frozen. Now
these crabs have extended
their ways northward until
they have spread as far as the
Bay of Fundy, and everyone
claims that this is due to the
warm winters in the north.
Has their spreading north had
anything to do with tempera-
ature? And if so, what is the
connection?

On considering how temp-
erature acts as an environmen-
tal factor, do not run away
with the idea that tempera-
tures-per se-are useful to an
animal. No animal can make
a good dinner on tempera-
ture, but every animal has
a certain range of tempera-
ture in which it can live and
a rather narrow range within
which it can do well. By and
large, the only thing tempera-
ture does is to set a limit be-
yond which the animal cannot
extend. The commercial fishes
with which we are concerned
all have a good leeway, a big-
ger leeway in fact than any
fluctuation in average temp-
erature over any period along
this coast since colonial times.
From the old Gulf of Maine
investigations we have a fair
picture of the general temp-
erature from 1912 to 1923-24
and some data during recent
years. I think we found an
average warming by about
3°F., and there have been no
very severe winters of late.
But there has not been any
enormous shift in fish popula-
tions. There is the shift north-
ward, of course, in the case of
the green crab, and there are a
number of records of stray
fishes from the south. But the
events that have taken place
during this period have not
resulted in any general shift
in fish populations; as far as
we know, nothing that has
happened has resulted in any
general change in fish popula-
tions since Captain John
Smith reported in the early
1600's. Fish population in this
part of the world evidently is
rather stable; but there are
ups and downs all the time.

The fishermen are to benefit
from our work.

Let me present just one
more example of an up and
down for which no explana-
tion has been offered. People
who like to go fishing — I think
everyone ought to, but pos-
sibly there are some, who
really do not care — know what
a weakfish is. Weakfish never
ranged regularly north of
Cape Cod — in fact very few
strays had been caught north
of the Cape. But in 1890, long
before the Cape Cod Canal
was dug, people began to
catch weakfish in Massachu-
setts Bay. More appeared in
1891 and by 1892 one or two
million pounds were taken.
By 1894 there were so many
that they were a drug on the
market and could not be sold.
After 1896 there were none
and there have never been
any since. What is the story?
There is no reason to suppose
from the available air temp-
eratures, (where no water
temperatures are available) ,
that the period from 1891 to
1895 was a warm time. We
have no evidence that the cur-
rent system was any more
likely to bring weakfish eggs
or little or big weakfish
around the Cape, then than
now. And the Cape Cod Canal
did not exist. I could go on
and on with similar examples.

The Way Ahead

What I have tried to ham-
mer home is that things do
take place in fish populations
which cannot easily be ex-
plained. Now we have started
a program with the assump-
tion that somewhere in the
background the shifting physi-
cal factors are the cause of
these changes, perhaps not di-

rectly to the given fish but via
some change in intermediate
links. I do not know how we
are going to attack it, others
will decide this. But I am sure
we are going to do it with full
appreciation of what has been
done before in other parts of
the world. We are going to
do it with full appreciation of
why other people have not
gone ahead very far. We
are going to do it with the aid
of all sorts of new devices
that have been invented, and
are being invented. We are
going to do it with full co-oper-
ation with our friends down
the street (The Fish and Wild-
life Service, Ed.) and what is
most important we are going to
be able to publish our results
immediately. We have a per-
fectly free hand, I believe, in
a very large field, the whole
field of the dependence of ani-
mals on their environment. It
is not an easy field but I think
we are going to make good
headway.

Mr. Iselin remarked here:
This is a tough problem all
right. Dr. Bigelow has been
feeding me this problem for
thirty years. When the Insti-
tution was founded in 1930, Dr.
Bigelow said that he thought
marine biology could not pro-
ceed until it knew more about
the movements of the water.
The movements of the water
always came into the prob-
lems one way or the other,
either the eggs moved, the
fish was moved or the food
was moved. And so we tried
here a good many years to
advance physical oceanog-
raphy to a point where it can
be helpful to biology and I
think we have succeeded.

Associates News

"THE SILENT WORLD"

First Showing in the United States
March 15

ASSOCIATES ANNUAL WINTER DINNER MEETING

at the

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — NEW YORK

A T a joint meeting of the Executive and Corporate Committees of
the Associates, held on December 7, 1955 at the New York Yacht
Club, it was voted to hold the annual winter dinner meeting on March
15 at the American Museum of Natural History in New York.
Through the courtesy of the Edo Corporation arrangements have
been made to show the motion picture: "The Silent World." This
picture was made by Commandant Jacques-Yves Cousteau, inventor
of the aqualung, who will be present at the meeting. This will be the
first showing of the picture in the United States. Release to com-
mercial theatres will follow later in the spring.

Associates Fellowships

More than 700 announcements of the 1956-57 Associates' Fellow-
ships were sent to colleges, universities, societies, institutions and
to individuals suggested by the National Academy of Sciences, Of-
fice of Scientific personnel. Two fellowships will be awarded this
year and will be announced not later than May 15th.

New Corporate Associates

We are pleased to announce that the following have joined the
Corporate Associates of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution:

Alcoa Steamship Company, Inc New York, N. Y.

Bath Ironworks Corp Bath, Maine

American Airlines, Inc New York, N. Y.

Bethlehem Steel Company New York, N. Y.

Daystrom, Inc Elizabeth, N. J.

Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation...Bethpage, L.I., N.Y.

Humble Oil and Refining Company Houston, Texas

Raymond Concrete Pile Company New York, N. Y.

Associates may feel proud that their funds, in part, supported the
Pacific cruise of the ATLANTIS reported elsewhere in this issue. It
already is clear that significant scientific contributions will be forth-
coming from this winter's work off the South American coast.

Henry Crosby Stetson

October 10, 1900

Henry Stetson, Alexander
Agassiz Fellow in Oceanog-
raphy in the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology at Harvard
University, and submarine ge-
ologist on the staff of the In-

December 3, 1955

stitution since its early days,
died unexpectedly while serv-
ing as chief scientist aboard
the Atlantis on the geological
survey off the Peruvian and
Chilean coasts. The plan for
the cruise, as described in the
last number of Oceanus, had
progressed well under his lead-
ership and only two more sec-
tions remained to be worked.
Just seventeen miles off Anto-
fagasta, Mr. Stetson had a
sudden heart attack of short
duration. After services in the
Anglican church there, Atlan-
tis put to sea again, to finish
the work with Dr. Parker D.
Trask of the University of
California as chief scientist.

Henry Stetson was born on Oc-
tober 10, 1900, in Cambridge, Mas-
sachusetts. There he went to school
and was graduated from Harvard Uni-
versity in 1923. As a graduate student
in paleontology and subsequently as
an assistant to the late Professor
Percy E. Raymond at Harvard, Stet-
son made significant contributions
to the knowledge of trilobites, an-
aspids and fossil fishes. In his first
paper, "The distribution and rela-
tionships of the Trinucleidae," there
can be seen his interest in the way
this group had spread from one
land mass to another. He concluded
that ocean currents could afford the
only plausible mode of transpor-
tation. In this paper, too, he was
concerned with the environment
in which these trilobites lived. In
other words, he early had an ap-
preciation for the necessity of
knowing something about the sedi-
ments themselves and the condi-
tions under which they were laid
down.

As we shall see later, these ques-
tions were ever present in his mind,
despite the fact that his next papers
were chiefly concerned with clari-
fication of structural details of
certain anaspids and somewhat al-
lied groups. With Professor Ray-
mond and his daughter, Ruth, Stet-
son and his wife visited the old lo-
calities of Traquair in Lanarkshire
and Ayrshire, in the south of Scot-
land. Poor preservation of the
specimens there had led Traquair
to misinterpret certain features of
the anaspid anatomy. Stetson, on
the other hand, largely with clues
provided by Kiaer's more recent
description of well preserved speci-
mens of a similar group from Nor-
wegian beds, was able to reconstruct
these classical specimens in a more
satisfactory way.

About this same time, Stetson
acquired an old Friendship sloop,
"Neva," which he based at Cohas-
set. Thereafter during the Easter
holidays at the University, he
cruised sometimes as far as Casco

10

Bay, taking water temperatures
for Dr. Bigelow and collecting sedi-
ment samples (usually accompanied
by William Schevill and sometimes
by Columbus Iselin). From the
"Neva," he observed floating layers
of sediments which aroused his
curiosity. He devised a truncated
sediment trap with doors that could
be tripped by a messenger. Despite
serious interference from the Coast
Guard, who suspected that his buoys
marked the cache of some rum-
runner, he secured enough samples
to ascertain that the sediments
which settled in his traps were en-
cased in an amorphous jelly-like
substance (Raymond and Stetson,
1931). On his surveys from the
"Neva," he also used a gravity cor-
ing tube and a Petterson grab to
sample the bottom, the sort of work
he was to continue later from At-
lantis. At this time, too, he became
interested in beach formation, par-
ticularly one on the coast of Maine
where, contrary to the usual con-
cept, calcium carbonate was being
depositied in cold water (Raymond
and Stetson, 1932). Thus, his in-
terest and effort gradually shifted
from the fossils found in sediments
to the formation of the sediments
themselves and to submarine ge-
ology, a field in which he was to
pioneer.

It is a small wonder, then, that
Dr. Bigelow was impressed by
Stetson's ideas and his energy in
attacking these fundamental prob-
lems. Therefore, when assembling
the staff for the newly formed
Oceanographic Institution, Dr. Big-
elow asked Stetson to become the

submarine geologist. His bibliog-
raphy* which appears below proves
the wisdom of this choice.

Four of his longer papers were
published in the Institution's
"Papers in Physical Oceanography
and Meteorology" and may be
termed "best-sellers." One was so
much in demand that it has long
been out-of-print and the others
are still much sought after. "Pat-
terns of deposition at the continen-
tal margin" in "Papers in Marine
Biology and Oceanography," the
volume just published to honor Dr.
Bigelow. is Mr. Stetson's reappraisal
of the terms "continental shelf and
slope,'' "continental terrace" and
"continental platform." He considers
"critically whether the term should
be applied to the submerged margin
of any large land mass, no matter
how dissimilar the topography and
the structure may appear to be."
Obviously, this draws largely from
his own experience at sea and in-
deed summarizes the work de-
scribed in greater detail in his
earlier papers in the most fitting
way for his ultimate work. He also
left the work on a survey of the
eastern Gulf of Mexico well ad-
vanced so that this too will probably
be a contribution to his memory.

By the time this is read, Atlantis
will have returned from her first
venture into the Pacific. We feel
sure that the results to be worked
up in the next three or four years
by Mr. Stetson's close associates
will be a fitting memorial to him.
This is as he would have wished
it — to see the job well done.

Bibliography of HENRY CROSBY STETSON

1927.

1927.

1928

1928.

The distribution and relation-
ships of the Trinucleidae. Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool.. Harvard
Univ., 68:85-104.

Lasanius and the problem of
vertebrate origin. J. Geol.,
35:247-263.

A restoration of the anaspid
Birkenia elegans Traquair. J.
Geol., 36:458-470.

A new American Thelodus.
Amer. J. Sci., 16:221-231.

1930. Notes on the structure of
Dinichthys and Macropetalach-
thys. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
Harvard Univ., 71 (2): 19-39.

1931. Studies on the morphology of
the Heterostraci. J. Geol., 39
(2):141-154.

1933. Scientific results of the NAU-
TILIS Expedition, 1931, under
the command of Captain Sir
Hubert Wilkins. V. The bot-
tom deposits. Paps. Phys.
Oceanogr., Meteorol., 2(3): 17:
37.

1934. Origin and limits of a zone of
rounded quartz sand off the
southern New England coast.
J. Sed. Petr., 2(3):152-153.

1935. Bed rocks from the canyons
off Georges Bank. (Abstract).
Proc. Geol. Soc, Amer., 1934:
112.

♦The gap in the appearance of published papers between 1941 and 1949 repre-
sents the period when he was actively providing information in numerous
unpublished manuscripts and charts for the Navy.

11

1935.

1936.

1936.

1936.

1936.

1936.

1937.

1938.

1938.

1938.

1938.

Bed-rocks from the continen-
tal margin on Georges Bank.
Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union,
16th Ann. Meet., 226-228.

The fossil mammal - reptile -
fish and amphibian collec-
tions. Notes concerning the
history and contents of the
Museum of Comparative Zoo-
ology. Cambridge, 79-83.

Review: Morphologie des At-
lantischen Ozeans. Pt. 1. Die
Tiefenverhaltnisse des offenen
Atlantischen Ozeans. Rept.
"Meteor" Exped., 3, 1935.
Geogr. Rev., July 1936, 513-
516.

Review: Report of the Snel-
lius Expedition. Geological
interpretation of bathymet-
ric results, 5(1), 1936. Geogr.
Rev., Oct. 1936, 702-703.

Geology and palaeontology of
the Georges Bank canyons. 1.
Geology. Bull. Geol. Soc,
Amer., 47:339-366.

Dredge-samples from the sub-
marine canyons between Hud-
son Gorge and Chesapeake
Bay. Trans. Amer. Geophys.
Union, 17th Ann. Meet., 223-
225.

Current-measurements in the
Georges Bank canyons. Trans.
Amer. Geophys. Union, 18th
Ann. Meet., 216-219.

German and Austrian papers
on mechanical analysis and
papers dealing with sediments
and sedimentation since 1933.
Nat. Res. Counc, Div. Geol.
Geogr., Rept. Comm. Sedi-
mentation, 28-36.

Submerged valleys of the con-
tinental margin. Appalachia,
n.s., 4(7):37-47.

Present status of the prob-
lem of submarine canyons.
Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 79(1):
27-33.

The sediments of the contin-
ental shelf off the eastern
coast of the United States.
Pap. Phys. Oceanogr., Meterol,.

5(4):l-48.

1939. Summary of sedimentary con-
ditions on the continental
shelf of the east coast of the
United States. In: Recent
Marine Sediments. Publ. Amer.
Assoc. Petr. Geol., 230-240.

1940. Submarine geology. Harvard
Alumni Bull. 42(13) :420-424.

1940. Depositional environments of
sedimentary rocks. Geogr.
Rev., 30(3):480-484.

1941. Oceanography. Chapter in:
Geology, 1888-1938, Fiftieth
Anniversary Volume, Geologi-
cal Society of America, 43-69.

1949. The sediments and strati-
graphy of the east coast con-
tinental margin: Georges Bank
to Norfolk Canyon. Pap. Phys.
Oceanogr., Meteorol., 11 (2) :1-
60.

1953. The sediments of the western
Gulf of Mexico. 1. The con-
tinental terrace of the western
Gulf of Mexico: its surface
sediments, origin and devel-
opment. Pap. Phys. Oceanogr.,
Meteorol., 12(4):l-45.

1953. Memorial to Percy Edward
Raymond (1879-1952). Proc.
Geol. Soc, Amer., Ann. Rept.,
1952:121-126.

1954 A preliminary investigation of
shifting beach profiles. Coastal
Geogr. Conf., 18 Feb., 1954:
57-62.

1955. The continental shelf. Scien-
tific American, 192(3):82-86.

1955. Patterns of deposition at the
continental margin. Pap. Mar.
Biol, and Oceanogr., Deep-Sea
Res., Suppl. to Vol. 3:299-308.

Stetson, H. C, and F. L. Parker

1942. Mechanical analysis of the
sediment and the identifica-
tion of the Foraminifera from
the building excavation. The
Boylston Street Fishweir, 2.
Papers of Robert S. Peabody
Foundation for Archaeology,
41-42.

12

Stetson, H. C. and F. B Phleger

1947. Oceanography as related to
petroleum geology. Bull. Amer.
Assoc. Petr. Geol., 31(1):175-
178.

Barbour, Thomas, and H. C. Stetson

1929. The squamation of Homoeo-
saurus. Bull Mus. Comp.
Zool., Harvard Univ., 69:97-
134.

Stetson, H. C, and Marshall Schalk Raymond, P. E., and H. C. Stetson

1935. Marine erosion of glacial de-
posits in Massachusetts Bay.
J. Sed. Petr., 5(1):40-51 2 text-
figs.

Stetson, H. C. and J. F. Smith

1937. Behavior of suspension cur-
rents and mud slides on the
continental slope. Am. J. Sci.,
(5) 35(205) :1-13, 2 textfigs.

Stetson, H. C, and J. E. Upson

1937. Bottom deposits of the Ross
Sea. J. Sed. Petr. 7(2):55-66.

1931. A new factor in the transpor-
tation and distribution of
marine sediments. Science 73
(1882):105-106.

1932. A calcareous beach on the
coast of Maine. J. Sed. Petr.,
2(2):51-62.

Trask, P. D., F. B Phleger and
H. C. Stetson

1947. Recent changes in sedimenta-
tion in the Gulf of Mexico.
Science 106(2759) :460-461.

The Institution recently acquired the ex-Coast Guard cutter CRAWFORD.
The 125 foot vessel is seen here moving through the Cape Cod Canal, tied
alongside the BEAR, on her way to the Munroe Shipyard in East Boston
for a hull inspection prior to being converted for oceanographic use.

T"

13

Fish, Fisheries and Environmental

Factors

by J. N. Carruthers
British National Institute of Oceanography-
Fish, catches may be predicted through a knowledge
of wind conditions during and after spawning.

HP HE news that the sum of
*• 200,000 dollars has been
granted to the Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution for
three years, to investigate cli-
matic and oceanographic fac-
tors influencing the environ-
ment of fish, makes exciting
and enviable reading. To a
man on the other side of the
"herring-pond" whose strong
interests have long lain in
just such investigations, read-
ing of the award brings first
to mind the fine work done
by Walford on the dispersal
of haddock fry over Georges
Bank, and invests with prom-
ising extra importance the
censuses made by the Fish
and Wildlife Service over the
past one quarter century, of
the relative strength of each
year-class of that fish. The
present writer greatly regrets
not knowing at the time this
was written, what was said by
Dr. Bigelow in a talk he is
known to have given about the
investigations which should
be carried out under the
award, but would not be in
the least surprised to learn
that he had dwelt upon the
discovery by Mr. J. Chase of
a variable factor which could.

at times, all but wipe out a
year class of the Georges
Bank haddock.

To present any adequate
recital of his own views which
are relevant in the present in-
teresting and very-important
connection, the writer would
have to repeat many things
already said in full detail a
year ago in his paper contri-
buted to the "Festband" which
appeared in honour of Pro-
fessor A. Defant's seventieth
birthday*, or in his essay "An
Attitude on Fishery Hy-
drography" published three
years earlier (June, 1951) in
the Sears Foundation Journal
of Marine Research. The con-
tents of these two papers and
of others referred to in them,
shows that in respect of vari-
ous important North Sea food
fish, the present writer holds
fast to the following thesis :-
"that annual fish fortunes can
hardly fail to be materially
dependent upon those year-
from-year differences in the
total commotion of the sea
which can be attributed to the
year-from-year differences in
the wind conditions which
reigned during the individual
spawning seasons." It would
take much more space than is

*Some Inter-relationships of Oceanography and Fisheries: Archiv. fur
Met, Geophys., und Bioklim. Ser. B. Band 6, Heft 1-2, Wien, 1954, pp
167-189. This article is available also as Contribution No. 75 in the Col-
lected Reprints of the British National Institute of Oceanography.

14

r ■ ■■■

There are many difficulties facing those who toil the sea. Science may
aid by eliminating some of the uncertainties that plague the fisherman.

15

available here fully to discuss
again the grounds for holding
extremely strongly to the
view that wind is a very pow-
erful causative agency indeed
in determining whether fish
broods shall grow up success-
fully or otherwise, but, in the
writer's own view, the pre-
sented evidence points over-
whelmingly that way in the
cases of all the kinds of fish
studied by him and his asso-
ciates.

It is not surprising that
amongst his professional breth-
ren, some have supported the
writer enthusiastically in the
work he and his associates
have carried out towards the
establishment of prediction
procedures based upon fish/-
wind interrelationships,
whereas others have been ad-
versely critical.

Amongst the very numerous
accessions to oceanographical
literature which pour from the

presses these days, papers in
which attention is paid to the
all-important role exercised
by wind in making and ruling
sea-currents are legion. This
is a fact which gives good
support to the original thesis
which contended that, to make
a side-by-side study of fish
events and currents, is tanta-
mount to relating the former
to an umbrella factor includ-
ing a large number of indi-
vidual factors. Whereas these
might severally exercise some
determinative influence upon
upgrowth fortunes from fish
fry to adult, it could never
be possible to investigate them
individually and separately in
their presumed connection
with fish fortunes. In earlier
papers the writer has de-
scribed what was done in Eng-
land to provide information on
currents, having what seemed,
on practical grounds, as good
a distribution in space, dura-

Fish are caught by the few, as by this Bermudian skiff.

xf

mm

■

16

Fish are caught by the many, as by the New Bedford fleet.

tion, and freedom from
weather-dependence as possi-
ble. He has described why he
ultimately preferred to seek
the establishment of correla-
tions between fish events and
wind conditions rather than
currents. Within the consid-
eration paid to wind, attention
is paid to more than the hori-
zontal water movements pro-
duced by it; this fact explains
the inclusion of the words
"total commotion" in the thesis
detailed above.
Forecasting of Harvests

For different North Sea
fish, associations were worked
out between the wind con-
ditions reigning during, and
after, spawning seasons, and
the subsequent harvests of
adult fish. The writer and his
associates were more than
content with the results, all of
which have been published,
which came from forecasting
procedures based upon the
worked-out associations, and
have found no reason at all
to be discouraged by certain

assaults made by statisticians.
Somebody must try to estab-
lish acceptable prediction tech-
niques, and whether success
or failure attends the fore-
casts made can be seen with-
out any recourse to weighty
mathematics.

Thanks to valuable help
from German colleagues, an
excellent half century-long
body of suitable wind infor-
mation was available. This
was good for large areas of
fish interest being computed
from mean atmospheric pres-
sure distributions over trian-
gular regions stretching over
the North Sea, the English
Channel, and other waters.
There is, of course, no impli-
cation that the fish/wind asso-
ciations established by the
writer and his colleagues and
used by them in prediction
procedures, were the first of
the kind, but it is thought
that they had special advan-
tages not possessed by earlier
workers.

One thing in particular

17

needs emphasizing: The writer
has always contended that it
is not essential to be able to
explain the workings of the
linkage between the fish
events and the wind events
correlated with them. He
and his associates put forward
various tentative hypotheses
as suggestions only. It is quite
possible that better hypotheses
could have been advanced,
and a warm welcome is ac-
cordingly given to the ideas
of K. M. Rae of Edinburgh
who has laid certain work of
D. P. Wilson under contribu-
tion to provide explanatory
linkages between the fish and
the wind events. Five years
ago, Wilson showed that wat-
ers which were quite similar
chemically and physically,
could be very different in bio-
logical properties. From one and
the same position, there could
even be a marked difference
between bottom and surface
waters in so far as develop-
ment chances of certain larvae
were concerned. In years past,
the present writer had been
unable to venture a "guess"
on environmental grounds,
why those conditions of cur-
rent which had occurred most
frequently from year to year
at spawning times, had been
followed, at the requisite time
interval, by the best acces-
sions of adult fish. K. M. Rae
now pictures the haddock lar-
vae in the northern North Sea
as always "starting off" at the
same established spawning
grounds, year after year, but
whereas the most often occur-
ring wind conditions achieve
that the grounds are bathed
by the beneficent incoming

water, if there is a more than
average component of wind
directed away from England
the beneficent water flows by
on the far side. Inversely: too
little wind away from England
results in the beneficent water
keeping inside the spawning
grounds. For the sake of brev-
ity the ideas are only given
crudely in what has just been
said, but Rae has put figures
to them. On the supposition
that the addition of Atlantic
water to the haddock spawn-
ing grounds enhances the
chances of larval survival,
Rae has computed the wind-
ruled position of the Atlantic
drift eastwards of the river
Forth for 27 spawning seasons
of the haddock and has found
that thirteen of them when
the drift position was average,
gave rise to brood strengths
twice as strong as those which
came from spawning seasons
during which the drift was
either inside or outside its
most-usual track.

The "fits" obtained by the
writer and his associates be-
tween haddock and wind be-
fore Rae attacked the problem,
could now be re-examined in
the light of what is probably
a much better linkage hypoth-
esis.

About 30 years ago, Wilier
of Konigsberg was writing
illuminatingly about "Wind
und Fischwasser," and during
the ensuing years a good deal
of progress has of course been
made. All that the writer him-
self has attempted in his en-
deavours to relate the fortunes
of fish to their wind-ruled en-
vironment, has had prophesy
as its aim, and it is thought

18

that few will disagree with
what Professor H. U. Sver-
drup said at the meeting of
the International Council for
the Exploration of the Sea
held at Amsterdam in 1951.
He gave it as his opinion that
"the most important goal of
fisheries research is to prepare
predictions of value in fisher-
ies problems" — and that the
question before us today, may,
therefore be formulated as
follows: "generalizing, it may
be stated that the predictions
to which hydrography can
contribute fall in two groups,
the prediction of availability
and the prediction of the size
of the stock."

The writer wonders whether,
when the Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution work gets
well under way, it will be
possible to use the new arti-
ficial islands as sources of the
best-obtainable wind records.
Perhaps if they are not suf-
ficiently far apart to provide
atmospheric pressure triangles
from which wide-area wind
data of the kind earlier re-
fered to can be computed, it
might be possible to site upon
them simple and robust total-
ising anemometers of the kind
the writer pressed for when
writing in the July 1947 issue
of the journal of the Internat-
ional Council for the Explora-
tion of the Sea. The installa-
tion of such instruments both
on prominent points of coast
and aboard lightships was ad-
vocated.

If, in line with the advocacy
of this small paper, more and
more work is done towards
the establishment of fish/-
winds interrelationships good
enough to base prediction pro-

cedures upon, the mere fact
of taking wind into considera-
tion as an umbrella factor of
great importance, negligible
expense, and singular conven-
ience, will mean that impor-
tant wind effects discussed by
Sverdrup in his paper: "Some
Aspects of the Primary Pro-
ductivity of the sea," under
the heading: "Plowing the
Sea Surface"* will be covered.
Bottom fish

In addition to what has been
said so far, thought needs to
be given to the environment
of bottom-living fish which
spend their lives mostly in
waters beyond direct wind
influence. It is quite possible
that conditions which are
genial to them, or the reverse,
are expressible in terms of
temperature, salinity, oxygen
content and so forth — either
considered individually or as
a summation of some kind.

Whatever the conditions
may be which the fish seek or
flee, they will be dependent
in some, perhaps in a marked,
degree upon deep near-bot-
tom currents. This is the view
of A. J. Lee of Lowestoft who
is so much concerned with
seeking possible hydrograph-
ical explanations for cod con-
centrations in Arctic Waters.

To ascertain whether there
is or is not a causative inter-
relationship between demer-
sal fish concentrations and
near-bottom currents of which
practical fisheries use could
be made, required, in the view
of the present writer, the pro-
vision of an apparatus of sim-
ple type which could be used
to measure off -bottom currents
without having to anchor ship.
Such an apparatus has been

•F.A.O. Fisheries Bulletin, Vol. 5, No. 6, Rome, 1952.

19

provided and already used to
some extent in Arctic waters.
Used without line contact with
a ship, difficulties due to the
ups-and-downs occasioned by
waves are escaped. However,
since, in many areas, much
current - measuring could be
done from lightships or other
anchored vessels, a special
modification of the simple ap-
paratus in question has been
made. This, which will serve
to measure current speeds
and directions at various
depths, will be suspended
from anchored ships and op-
erated without the trouble
due to wave motions which so
often attends such work. Using
this instrument it should be
possible after ample experi-
mentation, to discover whether
interrelationships between de-
mersal fish and their environ-
ment which will serve practi-
cal fisheries interests, do exist.
Mid-depth trawls

Where, in pursuance of the
investigations, fish have to be
caught at mid-depths with
non-bottom trawls, it will be
useful to know at what depths
such nets have fished during
a tow.

The telemetering depth
meter devised by Willard Dow
of the Oceanographic Institu-
tion will doubtless serve for
use from research vessels, but
ordinary commercial fishing
vessels are hardly likely to
possess it. Accordingly, a sim-
ple instrument has been made
to measure what had been the
slope of each warp during a
tow. This, a perspex-encased
directional rolling clinometer,
operates through the congela-
tion of a hot solution of gel-
atine. A number must be used
to reveal the slope of the

warps since each tells the
obliquity at one point only.
Illustrations and descriptions
of the simple devices will be
found in the Autumn 1955
issue of the F.O.A. Fisheries
Bulletin.

Finally: so that information
on bottom water movements
can be gathered in large
amount and over the large
areas without the need to op-
erate current-meters, and with
the added advantage of learn-
ing something of the regional
distribution of ground fishing
intensity, a current-indicating
system of bottles has been
thought out and is being de-
veloped. This intended prac-
tice will involve coupling a
pressure-resisting empty bot-
tle to one made of heat-resist-
ing glass (pyrex) bound to a
thin stranded copper cable
uniting the former to an an-
chor weight of non-perishable
earthenware such as a brick.
The pyrex bottle will be half-
full of hot liquid gelatine
topped up with kerosene, and
a magnetised rod impaled
through a cork will "float" at
the liquid interface. When
such objects reach the sea floor
they will cant over in a cur-
rent and solidification will
preserve the degree and di-
rection of slope which will be
easily convertible into cur-
rent speed and direction. Some
of them will remain on the
sea bed until trawled up, but
others will leave their "an-
chors" after a time and will
float away to strand on distant
shores. There will be a simple
means whereby a finder of no
scholarship can furnish the
few facts which it is necessary
for the investigating office to
know.

20

Pacific Geology

Atlantis passing through the Panama Canal.

Although the ATLANTIS
will not return to Woods Hole
until about February 2, the
geological program in the Pa-
cific was finished by the begin-
ning of January and the scien-
tific party has returned. The
ship traversed the Panama
Canal in November 1955 and
worked in the Pacific Ocean
for the first time since she was
built in 1931. The cruise was
not unmixed with sadness, for
the chief scientist Henry C.
Stetson died at sea off the
coast of Chile. He had been
interested for many years in
the great deep trenches which
lie close to shore near the arid
highlands of the Andes Moun-
tains. His primary objectives
for the Pacific cruise were the
study of the sedimentary pat-
terns and the shape of these
trenches.
' The ATLANTIS occupied

seven profiles at right angles
to the shore, 90 to 150 miles
in length and also made sev-
eral short profiles in shallow
water near the coast. About
one-hundred cores of sedi-
ment were obtained for later
analysis, this work will take
considerable time before any
conclusions can be reached.

Soundings were recorded on
the Woods Hole echo sounder
recording system, developed
at the Institution and operated
by Herbert Small. In addition
to the Depth mentioned on
page 2 of this issue, a submar-
ine canyon was charted, north
of Mollendo in Latitude 16°4'
N. More than 3,000 feet deep
in some places, the canyon
was crossed four times. Dr.
Parker D. Trask, who took
over as chief scientist, has
proposed the name Stetson
Canyon for this feature.

21

In the Humboldt Current,
Robert A. Lufburrow took
about 250 temperature obser-
vations with the bathythermo-
graph, which may represent
the most detailed study so far
obtained in this current. Luf-
burrow also made a dozen
current observations with Dr.
von Arx's Geomagnetic Elec-
trokinetograph, the first time
this method has been applied
south of the magnetic equator,
which limited the use of the
instrument in the area.

Although it was expected
that many fish would be
caught in the region, famed
for its productivity, only two
fish were caught, despite the
fact that lines were trolled for
hundreds of miles. One nine-
foot marlin was taken by
Bo'sun Carl Speight, the other
fish was a corbina. Both small
and large squid, up to four or
five feet were seen in large
numbers. Captain W. Scott
Bray tried repeatedly to catch
one of the large squid but
after much falling around in
the dark and unsuccessful at-
tempts at gaffing he had to
give up. Dr. John W. Zeigler
reported that the steward
spent the rest of the night
pacing the deck and mutter-
ing about squid, spaghetti and
meat sauce. Large schools of
whales were repeatedly en
countered and frequently spot-
ted around the ship when
hove-to on station.

Strong targets, evidencing
large animals, were repeatedly
seen on the sound recorder al-
though not seen on the sea
surface. Jellyfish and larvae
covered the sea at many times
and the enormous numbers of
sea-birds continued to amaze
everyone.

The ATLANTIS received
the most friendly attention in
South America and made
many friends. Some hundred
participants of the First Latin
American Geological Con-
gress, meeting in Lima, Peru,
came down to Antofagasta to
visit the ship and discuss the
scientific program. Exceptional
hospitality was shown by the
members of the recently
formed Yacht Club of Anto-
fagasta. Dr. Zeigler reported
that their boats used copper
as ballast!

In addition to those already
mentioned, other members of
the scientific party were: Vic-
tor Benavides of the Internat-
ional Petroleum Co., Lt. Jose*
Carvajal of the Peruvian
Navy, Senor Jose Stuardo of
the Biological Station at Val-
paraiso, Chile, Dr. Bernhard
Kummel of Harvard and Wm.
D. Athearn, of this Institution.

After the departure of the
geologists at Callao, Peru, Mr.
David H. Frantz, Jr., took
over to obtain measurements
of the thermal gradients in the
sediments with the aid of re-
covery buoys.

22

Gifts and Grants

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION — $30,000 for three years

Game fish investigations in the Atlantic Ocean have been car-
ried out for a number of years by Frank J. Mather, III, through the
Institution's Endowment Fund and were necessarily on a small
scale.* Now, a grant has been received from the National Science
Foundation to study the biology of the large pelagic fishes of the
western Atlantic. Mr. William C. Schroeder, co-author with Dr.
H. B. Bigelow of: "Fishes of the Gulf of Maine," and many other
books and contributions, is the principal investigator for this
program. Mr. Mather is on a leave of absence to investigate the
game fishing potentialities in the Virgin Islands region for the U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service.

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION — $9,700 for two years

The above grant has been awarded to Dr. Gordon A. Riley, As-
sociate in Marine Physiology on our staff and Associate Director of
the Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory at Yale University. With
his co-worker, Dr. H. L. Sanders, Research Associate in Marine
Biology, Dr. Riley will investigate the productivity of the seabottom
communities in coastal waters. Field work will be carried out in
Vineyard Sound and in Buzzards Bay with the aid of the ASTERIAS.

ROCKEFELLER BROTHERS FUND — $10,000

This gift has been received as a contribution toward our edu-
cational motion picture on oceanography: "SCIENCE OF THE
SEA." The motion picture presently is in the final editing stage
and will be ready in late Spring for distribution to High Schools,
Junior Colleges and other educational outlets. The title was selec-
ted after a contest among the personnel at the Institution. Tied
for the prize were: Miss Jeanne M. Backus, Front Office secretary
and Alan J. Faller, Research Associate.

Gifts were also received from the TI-GSI Foundation in Dallas,
Texas and from C. A. Woolsey Paint & Color Co., Inc., of New
York City.

*See: 'The Swift and the Roving," OCEANUS, Vol. II, No. 1, 1953

23

Currents and Tides

Dr. Waldemar Ohle, of the
hydrobiological department,
Max Planck-Gesellschaft in
Plon, Germany, visited the
Institution in December and
gave a Monday night lecture:
"Ion exchange and the origin
of ion relations in waters."

Photosynthesis by marine plankton al-
gae in relation to light intensity" was
the title of a paper read by Dr. John
H. Ryther at 122nd meeting of the
A A AS in Atlanta, Georgia.

Drs. Willem V. Malkus and
Joanne S. Malkus returned to
Woods Hole after a year's
leave of absence. The wife,
lecturing at the Imperial Col-
lege of Science in London, the
husband doing research at the
National Institute of Oceanog-
raphy.

Drs. A. C. Redfield, B. H Ketch-
urn, F. A. Richards, and Mr. L. V.
Worthington ffew to Hawaii in Nov-
ember to read papers at the mid-Pacific
regional meeting of the American Geo-
physical Union.

Following the meeting, Dr. Redfield
made an aerial survey of the shores and
waters of the Gulf of California, with
Dr. Gifford C. Ewing of the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography.

Senior Scientist C. O'D. Ise-
lin lectured on the general
circulation of the ocean to the
American Physical Society.
The meeting was held in De-
cember at the University of
Southern California.

Dr. John Kanwisher, Research Asso-
ciate in Biophysics sailed on the Horizon
of Scripps Institution of Oceanography
during the 11 week Eas tropic expedition.

UNION '

===^^^^^s~^ (836AME)

HY15 B RZ A118 FR R N ATLANTIS CHATHAMRADIO VIA RCA 4}

OCT }0 1425 1955=

OCEANINST*
'WOODS HOLE MASS=

AT 1000 Q THIS MORNING POSITION 29 DEGREES 42
MINUTES NORTH 67 DEGREES 15.5 MINUTES WEST THE LAST REMAINS
OF CAPTAIN ARVID KARLSON WERE PUT TO REST IN THE SEA IN THE
PRESENCE OF THE FULL CREW-

W S BRAY MASTERS

24

MBL lillllllllllHIiSllii

UH 17YR III
ASSOCIATES

OF THE

WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION

GERARD SWOPE, JR., Chairman

N. B. McLEAN, President

JOHN A. GIFFORD, Secretary

RONALD A. VEEDER, Executive Assistant

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

CHARLES F. ADAMS, JR. N. B. McLEAN

BENJAMIN H. ALTON HENRY S. MORGAN

WINSLOW CARLTON FRANK PACE, JR.

RACHEL L. CARSON MALCOLM S. PARK

POMEROY DAY GERARD SWOPE, JR.

JOHN A. GIFFORD THOMAS J. WATSON, JR.

GEORGE F. JEWETT JAMES H. WICKERSHAM

CORPORATE COMMITTEE

Chairman: CHARLES F. ADAMS, JR.
President, Raytheon Manufacturing Company

ROBERT M. AKIN, JR. President, Hudson Wire Company

F. M. BUNDY President, Gorton Pew Fisheries

W. VAN ALAN CLARK Chairman, Avon Products, Inc.

POMEROY DAY Partner, Robinson, Robinson and Cole

M. C. GALE President, Monarch Buick Company

CAPTAIN PAUL HAMMOND Hammond, Kennedy & Legg Company

F. L. LaQUE Vice President, International Nickel Company

T. V. MOORE Esso Research and Engineering Company

FRANK PACE, JR. Exec. Vice President, General Dynamics

Corporation

MILES F. YORK President, Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company

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RAYMOND STEVENS, President
ADMIRAL ED. H. SMITH, Director
EDWIN D. BROOKS, JR., Treasurer

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WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION

WOODS HOLE, MASSACHUSETTS