\\ VOL. VI. NO 3. MARCH I960 EDITOR: JAN HAHN Published periodically and distributed to the Associates of the Woods Hole Oceano- graphic Institution and others interested in Oceanography Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution WOODS HOLC. MASSACHUSETTS HENRY B. BIGELOW Chairman oj the Board of Trustees RAYMOND STEVENS President oj the Corporation PAUL M. FYE Director COLUMBUS O'D. ISELIN H. B. Bige/onv Oceanographer BOSTWICK H. KETCHUM Senior Oceanographer Bernstein MEGOLAMANIA! N OT many general practitioners have the opportunity to listen to a thousand human hearts beating as one; (a supreme example of togetherness). This was given to Dr. Alfred W. Senft while listening to a whale's heart about one thousand times larger than ours. The moribund patient co-operated fully but not freely, while lying exhausted on the beach, (see pp. 7-10) Our fine cover photo was made by Daniel Bernstein of Provincetown, Massachusetts. Editorial VOL. VI, NO. 3, MARCH 1960 , LTHOUGH some time has passed since the International Oceanographic Congress, we felt that the material in this issue is of interest. The opening and closing speeches deserve a wide audience, and a more complete rendering than was possible in newspaper accounts; while the remarks by some of the participants may be of aid in the planning of a future congress. The remark: "It was wonderful to be able to meet so many old friends and others who were known by name only", has been omitted. In the texts of the impressions printed here this was repeated by almost all contributors. Oceanography, having still a comparatively few adherents around the world, has indeed a great comraderie. The ocean which divides us, also brings us together. Much has happened in the past year. Not only scientifically, but ocean- ography suddenly became 'popular'. But frankly, on our part we are a little tired of the following: "Almost % of the earth is covered by water"; "We know more about the face of the moon than we know about the bottom of the ocean"; "The ocean bottom is covered by millions of dollars worth of manganese nodules". A knowledge of the ocean is important to all mankind, tiresome cliches will not help to obtain this knowledge. Spooner Opening Address to the International Oceanographic Congress August 30, 1959 ROGER REVELLE, President TH, IIS is a great day for oceanogra- phy. Some of us have been scientific sailors since we were very young. I am sure none of us could have imagined then that we would one day hold a great international con- gress about the oceans. It is natural that this Congress should be held in the home of the United Nations, for our science is a peculiarly international one. More than half of the countries on earth are represented here tonight. Not only can scientists of every country and every continent contribute to our understanding of the seas, but it is absolutely necessary that they do so if our knowledge is to advance on a broad front. In our terrible century, when, by the ironies of science, the very exis- tence of our species is threatened, while, at the same time, human populations all over the earth are exploding in size, no one knows how to control or even to predict what will happen to our human society. But it may be that the oceans are the last, best hope of earth. If we are ever to learn to govern our planet, to accept rationally and use wisely the planetary home in which all men are imprisoned, we must start with the wise and far-seeing government of the oceans. Wise and far-seeing government depends on understand- ing. Thus we oceanographers have a grave responsibility to the United Nations to achieve that understand- ing on which an international govern- ment of the oceans can be based. Just as the United Nations is the forum and meeting place for all nations, our science of oceanography is the meeting place of all the sciences. There are many definitions of oceanography, or oceanology as my friends Anton Bruun and Lev Zenkevitch prefer to call it. Some say that it is not a science at all; others that oceanography is what oceanographers do, or simply the science that is done at sea. I have had some success in defining it by pointing out that oceanographers are basically just sailors who use big words. This is rapidly becoming an obsolete definition, because young people who know a great deal about theoretical physics or biochemistry or quantum mechanics or microbial genetics or the modern methods of applied mathematics are becoming interested in increasing numbers in one or another problem of the oceans. But it is now more true than ever that oceanography is the meet- ing place of all the sciences, and that much of the fun of it — the sheer excitement of oceanography — comes when people of different back- grounds talk together about common problems, problems in which the ideas and knowledge of biologists, geologists, chemists, physicists, math- ematicians, and engineers must be combined if a solution is to be found. Your Committee on Arrangements had this excitement very much in mind in planning this Congress. On each day, in the morning lectures and the afternoon seminars, we have tried to emphasize interrelationships between the many scientific disci- plines that underlie oceanography. We have tried to ensure that biolo- gists and chemists, geologists and hydrodynamicists will talk and listen to each other. The result may not be all we hoped. There may, in fact, be some confusion and misunderstand- ing. But remember, if you do get confused, the first rule of research - the sine qua non, if you please, of scientific progress — which is thai the best research is done by people who do not know very much about what they are doing. Dr. Sears' Congress Now that I have mentioned the Committee on Arrangements I cannot help speaking of Mary Sears. This is really Mary Sears' Congress. Tonight I feel very grateful to her and in- finitely proud of her. Gently, firmly, generously, and wisely she has moulded this Congress close to the heart's desire of all oceanographers everywhere. She has not been alone, of course, Raymond Taylor and Dael Dr. Revelle is the director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. He served as President of the Con- gress. Wolfle of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Gordon Lill of ONR, the entire staff of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and many others have been her more or less unwilling slaves. But somehow she has made them like their slavery. If this were a football rally I would suggest that four stalwart men pick Mary up, toss her three times in the air, and carry her in triumph around the room. Looking around I am struck by the youthfulness of the members of this Congress. The average age of the people is certainly under forty. This youthfulness, of course, reflects the fact that our science is a young one. This has both advantages and dis- advantages. The disadvantage is that I and many other members of my pre-war generation feel com- pletely out-dated by the younger, better-educated, brighter-eyed, sharper-minded, and more energetic members of the new post-war gener- ation of oceanographers. The ad- vantage is that our science is full of uninhibited young people, full of new men, new ideas and problems, and better ways of attacking and solving those problems. About all the old can offer as a gift to the young is advice. This gift is usually more or less politely re- jected. Nevertheless, I cannot resist taking advantage of my seniority to offer you three pieces of advice: As oceanographers you should 1. Ask questions of the ocean 2. Think no small thoughts and dream no little dreams 3. Fan the flames of controversy. Ask Questions Every science worthy of the name progresses, once it has passed the pioneering stage, by asking the right questions of nature. Indeed, ninety per cent of a scientific result has been achieved when an answer- able question has been properly formulated. In the past we oceanog- raphers have known so little about the oceans that we have had to depend pretty largely on blind ex- ploration and random discovery. But I am convinced that we have now grown up intellectually — grown up to the point where the next great steps ahead will come from delib- erate attempts to answer properly formulated questions and to test carefully conceived hypotheses. Much progress will come, especially in biology, from controlled experi- ments in the laboratory. But for -many problems the sea itself must be used as a laboratory, and even though we cannot make a controlled experiment in the oceans we should be able, by carefully choosing the right conditions, to answer well thought-out questions. An example is one of the problems to be attacked by the series of expeditions to the Indian Ocean proposed by the Spec- ial Committee on Oceanic Research - the problem of the magnitude and time scale of the changes in wind- driven currents brought about by changing winds. The Indian Ocean with its two wind systems alternating seasonally, would appear to be an ideal laboratory to study this problem. Although our science is a small one, and our ocean is only a film of water on a small planet, yet we should not be too modest about what we are doing. The marine sciences are concerned with some of the most profound questions of mankind — questions that men began to ask when they first looked up at the stars and inward toward themselves. We have good reason to believe that the earth is nearly as old as the Milky Way galaxy, and the records of the past preserved on earth, if we could only learn to read them, are the best archive available to us of the history of the galaxy. Most of these records are locked in the sedi- ments and rocks beneath the sea, in the sea water itself, and in the atmosphere above the waters. Even more significant are the problems of the origin and history of living things, and here again we must turn to the oceans for many of our answers. During the war one of my friends in Washington had a cardboard sign crudely lettered in red over his desk. It said "Fan the flames of contro- versy." No motto could be more proper for a scientist, for science progresses not only through the thinking of individual scientists but also through scientists talking and thinking together, through the mutual thinking and free interplay of several minds stimulated by a common prob- lem and quickened by each other. This is especially true of oceanogra- phy, in which the answers to many questions require the application of more kinds of knowledge than can be held in the mind of one man. The best mutual thinking is done not when our minds are cooled by plati- tudinous politeness, but rather when they are warmed by a hot discussion. The lasting merit of this meeting will rest in the number of bonfires of controversy that we can light and fan to a bright flame. 4 The World Ocean "by G. O'D. Iselir Ownership of ocean "acreage" will have to be settled to make the exploitation of the oceans' resources beneficial to all mankind. W, E have heard a great deal of science discussed and argued over during the last 10 days. There is some danger, I think, that some peo- ple will leave this congress with the impression that oceanographers really do not yet know very much about the sea. While few of us are ever satisfied about the state of knowl- edge in our particular area of inter- est, nevertheless, collectively we really do know a great deal about a great many aspects of marine science. So rapidly is science advancing these days that in a relatively few years it can be expected that we will know enough about the seas for engineers to begin to make this knowledge of practical benefit to mankind on a considerable scale. It is obvious, I think, that we will soon be able to exert a significant mea- sure of control on climate. We cer- tainly are in a position today to suggest means whereby the winds could be aided in the overturn of the oceans so that the total biologi- cal resources could be increased. After all it is a great deal easier to turn over water than to plow the land. Thus it is no longer necessary to suppose that fishermen must always remain hunters rather than farmers. As scientists we are glad that until now nobody has seriously suggested that we begin tinkering with nature, but this is something that could obviously happen rather quickly, provided there were some agreed principals of control and monitoring. The disposal of radioactive wastes at sea is a good case in point. In short, my thesis is that a great deal of thought has gone into marine science. We can expect a consider- able acceleration during the next few years. It is high time that some wise and farsighted men begin to think seriously how the potential, vast resources of the oceans can be di- vided on an equitable basis. The sea is the only part of the earth that nobody claims to own. The old idea of the freedom of the sea has well served its original pur- pose. It arose because until now the most important characteristics of the oceans were that they provided for cheap world-wide transport and for national defense. I am afraid that the idea of the freedom of the seas is somewhat incompatible with their efficient and wise exploration. The economic and social problems that will be encountered as we begin seriously to exploit marine resources seem to me formidable, much more formidable than the remaining un- solved scientific problems. I hope that it is significant that during the last 10 days our discussions have been held at the United Nations. Some very wise agency needs to be developing the ground rules within which the vast marine resources can be developed in an efficient and safe manner for the benefit of all mankind. Inevitably it will be practical to set up the equivalent of fences in the sea so as to regulate the goings and comings of fish. It will be possible to remove the "weed" forms and to encourage the production of desir- able food fishes. But probably noth- ing will happen in such directions on a large scale until it is decided who will have a right to reap the harvest. This is such a knotty problem that I do not foresee any widely accept- able solution, but some influential agency should be working on it, both from the standpoint of con- servation and from that of efficient exploitation. Perhaps an even more immediate problem is that of manipulating cli- mate. Nearly all nations could use more rainfall or a better annual distribution of rainfall. As soon as this is attempted on any considerable scale a whole new kind of inter- national law will have to be devised. Many of us have clear-cut ideas about ways by which the oceans could be exploited and at the same time become more useful to man- kind. It is time that the lawyers and the statesmen go to work so that these achievable improvements in the overall economy can become a reality. The above is the text of a speech given by Dr. Iselin at a banquet closing the International Ocean- ographic Congress held at the United Nations. Part of this text was also printed as an editorial in Science. o The Lifelines Of A Whale To measure the heartbeat and temperature of the mightiest animal n~as a mighty task. BY J. KANWISHER I ROM the old testament story of Jonah down through Moby Dick and much of modern fiction, man has shown a recurring fascination for 'God's biggest creature', the whale. This is hardly surprising since few will deny that a beast weighing as much as 300,000 pounds truly is spec- tacular. Unknown to many people though, the smallest porpoise which is only 1/10,000 the weight of the biggest sulphur bottom or blue whale, is every bit a proper whale. They all belong to an order the biologists call cetacea. Some interest- ing questions of animal-engineering result when this size range is con- sidered together with the fact that whales are mammals like ourselves. Live porpoises have been studied and used for measurements, especially since, in recent years, these small whales have been kept in Marineland and other aquaria and thus were easily available for study. But the functioning of big whales is largely a matter of conjecture built on ana- tomical studies of dead specimens and analogies with other animal types. Only measurements made directly on the live animals can give the answers with the desired cer- tainty. So what course should one follow to get instruments onto such an animal? A live whale in the water is an imposing experimental subject. The direct approach of pursuing whales in the open sea with oceano- graphic vessels is too expensive, (this is not a subject like cancer or rockets which attracts ample funds). Such a course also might not work since whales can swim faster than most oceanographic vessels. For some time I have thought that the best oppor- tunity lay in making measurements on a live beached animal. Such strandings occur fairly often on the New England coast and animals have been reported to stay alive for as long as two days. Unfortunately most people view the great mass of po- tentially putrifying meat as more of a public health hazard than a scien- tific opportunity. After several disap- pointments in which the word did not reach me in time I have recently been able to take advantage of such an event. A 45 foot fin whale, (weight about 40 tons, sex-male, age about 1 year), grounded on the beach at Province- town in early December. It was towed off several times but swam back. Finally, after it had made the local papers, I received the news late on a cold rainy Saturday night. The necessary instruments had been under my desk for several years so it took only a few hours to check them, find a willing recruit, and drive the 65 mile lepgth in the rain. We located the whale in the dark by the sound of its breathing. It had been left high and dry by the receding tide and fortunately no one was around to ask questions. It blew at regular 20 second intervals and showed no obvious signs of distress. But is was impossible to hear or feel the heart beat as I had expected. I badly wanted to count the pulse rate to check the hy- pothesis of decreasing heart rate with increasing size that has been found for smaller animals. The only hope lay in using the electrical recording techniques used on humans to obtain an electro-cardiogram. Over the years I have had half serious discussion about taking a whale's electrocardiogram with my friend and neighbor, Dr. Alfred Senft, a local general practitioner who shares my enthusiasm for research. Sometime after midnight I called him to tell him of the whale's apparent good health and to enlist his aid. The response was immediate and en- thusiastic. He spent the rest of the night at the lab sharpening pieces of welding rod for electrodes and gath- ering long lengths of wire from un- knowing donors. Such unorthodox and hurried preparations were to prove successful and it is probably fortu- nate that we did not have time to consider how technically crude they were. He showed up at dawn with his wife and children, (no baby sitters at such an hour), and a nearly new electrocardiograph from his office. A Cold Night Meanwhile I spent the night meas- uring temperatures rectally, over the surface of the whale, and also Pushing an electrode into the whale's blubber. Dr. John W. Kanwisher was assisted by Dr. Edward J. Kuenzler Bernstein The gallery through the blubber. The air and water both were only slightly above freezing. My uncomplaining colleague, Dr. Edward Keunzler, held a flash- light and recorded data. He is also a marine biologist but his usual work, ironically enough, is on some of the most minute animals in the sea which are more than a billion times smaller than the whale. Without his presence I probably would not have dared to climb on the heaving animal's back to take temperatures on the dorsal tin and also to draw breath samples. The latter were taken by holding a syringe a foot inside the blowhole which opens for only a few seconds during each breath. Since about 1000 liters of the hot breath come rushing out it was a little like working in a hurricane. Fortunately the whale did not have halitosis. The returning tide forced a halt so we crawled in sleep- ing bags as a summer resort has little to offer in the way of entertain- ment in the middle of a December night. At daylight we were faced with the problem of getting 110 volt DR. J. KANWISHER of our staff has been to the Arctic to study the survival of seashore animals on frozen tidal levels, has hunted whales for tempera- ture observations off Norway and is working on the CO2 exchange be- tween the ocean and the atmosphere. power for the electrocardiograph. A local fireman was awakened and with only slight mutterings he brought an emergency generator down to the beach. Unfortunately the machine wrote a very noisy record with this power source but we thought we could see the heart beat in among all the extraneous wiggles. Then we realized we were only 100 yards from a beach house that was con- nected to the power mains. A Christ- mas light display was dismantled for an extension and entry was effected through a window. The machine was reconnected and we now had a mo- ment we will never forget. The inter- ference was mostly gone and the large excursions of the whale's heart beat stood out. We now proceeded with several hours of recording. The electrodes were pushed through the blubber layer into the muscle. Dr. Senft placed them in positions ana- logous to those used on humans. This required imagination when it comes to those that go on the legs since these organs disappeared in the whale far back in evolution. Eventu- ally we ran out of paper, the whale died, and we started for home to look at our records out of the rain. So what did we find out? Since these were the first measurements of this nature they were bound to be useful. Thermally the whale behaved pretty much as theory had predicted. The blubber is clearly an insulation as we thought it should be. The dorsal fin was much warmer than the rest of the body surface, indicating it was one of the preferred pathways of heat disposal. The breath samples showed an impaired lung function not unlike pneumonia in humans. A sec- tion of the electrocardiogram is shown here along with one taken on myself. The various excursions of the record are electrical signals associ- ated with the contraction of different chambers in the heart. The pulse rate is about 27 per minute compared to my own of 72. The way one beat im- mediately follows the previous one leads us to speculate that 27 is probably an upper limit and that the normal rate may be about 10 per minute. The events in each individual beat are stretched out in time twice as long as any ever recorded before. This was expected since the whale's heart was about 1000 times larger than a human's and time can be con- sidered a measure of size from what we know about the workings of the mammalian heart. During the record- ing we noted many defects such as missed beats that gave us the im- pression of working on a pretty sick whale. It is not surprising then that the whale died shortly thereafter. Before we had been home long we were to realize that we had unwittingly performed a stunt of considerable publicity potential and during the following weeks our whale cardio- gram became the subject of many news stories. Although some of this reflects a general interest in whales, much of it can probably be attributed to the president's recent heart attack. At the time he was attended by Dr. Paul Dudley White, a heart specialist who in addition has studied the hearts of whales. He has directed some large well publicized expedi- tions with helicopters, airplanes, and telemetering electronics to record a The slow thump of a finwhale's heart compared fo the cardiogram of a human heart. For years, scientists have tried to make a cardiogram of the largest known heart, that of the whale. Woods Hole scientists succeeded when a whale beached on Cape Cod stayed alive some 24 hours. Trie lower cardiogram is that of Dr. Kanwisher. 10 WHALE SCIENTIST r r u l| 1 1 1, | 1 ! f I | • g - i- i 1 r -± whale's heart beat and had not suc- ceeded. It is not surprising that he figured prominently in many of the reports although neither of us knew him and he played no part in our plans. Since then we have enjoyed discussing the electrocardiograms with him. He felt that our results should be considered a beginning of whale cardiography and that a record from a healthy whale in the water was still needed. We agreed wholeheart- edly and regret that we ourselves cannot pursue live whales, but, just in case, I am keeping an electro- cardiograph ready with my tempera- ture measuring instruments. Although the general news interest was in the whale's heartbeat, my own interest was in the body temperature measure- ments. * "See: "How cold is a whale's tail"? Oceanus, Vol. V, 1 and 2. PROPOSED RESEARCH SHIP New ship a reality Only last August did we "hope" that funds for a new research vessel might be raised. Little did we realize how soon the large sum required would be forthcoming. By late November the National Science Foundation provided a grant of three million dollars to design and build the new ship. "U. S. oceanographers badly need adequate research vessels," said Dr. Alan T. Waterman, Director of the National Science Foundation, in announc- ing the grant. In his acceptance, our Director Dr. Paul M. Fye stated: "We believe that this research vessel will prove to be an important stimulus to American oceanography. She will be the best equipped ship afloat and is expected to be the most modern in ship design." The Institution's Ship Committee, led by naval architect Francis Minot — who was partner in the firm of Owen and Minot when they designed the "Atlantis" in 1930 — is busy with the plans for the final design of the ship. We deeply regret to announce fhe uritimely death of Mr. Minot which occurred as we wenf to press. 11 Jack Pales Visible heating of the sea by lava flowing from the Hawaiian shore. Upwelling at right may come from the leading edge of an underwater flow. ava and the Se by A. H. Woodcock w HAT happens when magma (lava), at a temperature of one thousand degrees centigrade, flows into the sea? Attempts to find some of the many answers to this question caused me to journey ten thousand miles and to make airplane flights through the "steam clouds" from the recent Puna eruption in Hawaii. Mr. Saul Price of the U.S. Weather Bureau at Honolulu, reported dense haze over vast areas of the North Pacific, following the entrance of the hot lava streams into the sea. The "steam clouds" formed previously were found to contain large amounts of sea salt. This report caused the speculation that the great heat of the lava* probably forced the sea salt as well as the water into the steam cloud. The introduction of great numbers of hygroscopic particles into the air can have important effects upon the atmosphere, such as an altered radi- ation absorption characteristic, a changed temperature lapse rate, and perhaps a modification of some of Jack Pales 1000° lava entering the Pacific caused a dense cloud which changed the visibility over a vasf area of the North Pacific Ocean. the rain-forming processes as well. Examination of particle samples taken from aircraft in the steam clouds reveals the presence of enor- mous numbers of small hygroscopic droplets several hundred times more than found in the sea atmos- phere under strong wind conditions. These are probably sea salt, since drying reveals crystalline structures, many of which contain the cubic crystals characteristic of sodium chlo- ride, the major salt of the sea. Thus, the ideas of the effectiveness of lava in producing salt nuclei upon contact with the sea seem confirmed. Study of this phenomenon and these results will continue, since they pre- sent new facts of significance to add to those already known about the role of volcanism in meteorological processes. *The quantity of heat in a given volume of lava is about equal to that required to vaporize an equal volume of sea water. 13 Associates' News THE EIGHTH ANNUAL DINNER MEETING was held on Thursday March 3 at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Our guest speaker was Commandant Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Braving the snow storm some 175 brave associates and guests attended. New Corporate Associates ALFAX PAPER & ENGINEERING CO. EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY E. I. du PONT de NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC. ENGELHARD INDUSTRIES, INC. LABORATORY FOR ELECTRONICS, INC. PHILCO CORPORATION RAMO-WOOLDRIDGE WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION Among the many representatives of Corporate Associates visiting Woods Hole was a film group from the Grumman Aircraft Engineering Company. The Company is preparing a motion picture on Anti-Submarine Warfare. READER'S GUIDE An eight page bibliography: "A reader's guide to oceanography" is available to Associates and their friends. The pamphlet lists many easily available popular articles and books, as well as technical publications. INDUSTRIAL COURSE The second course for industry: "Environmental factors influencing the performance of naval weapon systems", was held at the Institution in December. Fifty-four representatives from forty corporations and industries took part in the course. The meetings were closed with a speech by Vice Admiral John T. Hayward, U. S. Navy, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (development). 14 Impressions of the International Oceanographic Co Henry Stommel: It is with diffidence that I have accepted the invitation of the Editor of Oceanus to comment upon the Oceanographic Congress at the United Nations in New York. The meetings themselves were very stim- ulating, and the program well organized. Everyone who attended expressed admiration of Dr. Mary Sears' arrangement of the Congress. And it was certainly impressive to convene in the handsome auditoria — especially the Great Plenary Hall - a marked contrast to the uncomfor- tably hot streets and stuffy Hotel Commodore. Two weeks is a long time to sit and listen to talks. Fortunately, the subjects were varied and covered a wide range of topics. The idea of having "feature presentations", or invited formal lectures, in the morn- ing, followed by various shorter papers and round tables in the afternoon was successful in produc- ing variety and maintaining interest. Since it is difficult to get large groups to discuss any connected theme co- herently, the round-tables in the afternoon were more in the nature of "selected short subjects" than genuine discussions of a central Congress theme. But this was probably inevi- Albatross Award table, and I think no convenor could have managed a genuine discussion One imPortant event which was under such circumstances, the interests apparently not widely publicized nor of the individual participants being a strict|y official part of the Congress what they were. was tne presentation of the American One of the pleasant consequences Miscellane°'u* Society's Albatross of the prolonged two-week period Award to Prof' Walter K Munk late was that there was plenty of time °ne mght' The award s'9nif|es recog- for delegates to renew personal mtlon of high attain™ent by an acquaintance with old friends American in the field of oceanogra- Also, there was enough time for ^ UnlikAe th? "obel Prize' the everyone to fraternize with Russian Albatross Award doe* n°' rely for colleagues from the splendid research lts ren°,W" UfO" a larae sum of vessel Michael Lomonosov. During m?ne£ lndeed fLhere is no money at the first day, I had the impression alL rHowever' the recipient has the that we all felt a little awkward but satisfac'lon of owning for one year that within a few days the tension ° handsome stuffed and mounted eased, and we felt free to discuss Alb°tr°ss ; which he can display in most subjects (except politics and h'S labo«;tory or at home. It was Pasternak). At the meetings, some aninounced *