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, Hon” Francise? (Bacon? Baro de deri T NN
t (am Vize-Comes c5 "Abani. mortuus 9 Apri 4;
Anno Uni .16 2 6. -Ánnog, Aetat 66.

OF THE

ADVANCEMENT

AND

PROFICIENCIE,

E

mek eet ONS
BGTEN CES
Nine Books.

Written in Latin by the moft Eminent, Illuftri-
ous and Famous Lord

PAM AUN Cols S B6. N

Baron of Verulam, Viícount St. Alban, Counfellour of Eftate
and Lord Chancellor of Exgland.

Interpreted by Gzlbert Wats.

—

LONDON,
Printed for Thomas Williams at the Golden Ball in Ofter-
Lane , 1674.

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SAGRAFISSIMO. 1 DOMINO: : NOST RO

DEI GRATIA, MAG. BRIT ANTE:
FRANCIZ ET HIBERNIZ REGI:
TERR MARISQ. .POTENTISSIMO
PRINCIPI: OCEANI BRITANNICI
AD QUATUOR MUNDI PLAGAS
DISPARTITI IMPERATORI: DOMINO
VIRGINIZ ET VASTORUM
TERRITORIORUM ADJACENTIUM
ET DISPERSARUM INSULARUM
IN OCEANO OCCIDENTALL

CHRISTIANA FIDEI DEFENSORI,;
PACIS INSTAURATORI, PUB.
SECURITATIS AUCTORI
PIO FEL AUG.

[A 2] NEC-NOW

NEC-NON

AUI (SUB SUI NUMINIS
| UC NFLHENTIA AC CLIENTELA
DUOBUS MAX. MUNDI LUMINARIBUS
PERPETUIS SAPIENTIZ FLAMMIS
CERTISS SCIENTIARUM CYNOSURIS
UTRISQ, ANGLIZ ACADEMIIS ^

INFIMUS HUMILLIMVUS

VERULAMII INTERPRES
HANC PRIMAM INSTAURATIONIS
MAGN/E PARTEM

DN. Gi Quit

i

TO THE |
PRINCE
OF
Boe JE: vin To sao suo Dac 4 adio: AE,
— FRANCE and IRELAND;

THE
GROWING GIL qm VY
OF A
Furure Acr.
ping HE facrifice of my Devotions in the Dedica-

tion of thefe Labours (excellent Priuce) had
gone amore humble way of Ambition, than

through the hands of Kings and Princes,
could 1 afterwards have juftified fuch humi-
liations. But the Tenure of this work is a Title-Royal,
which no lapfe of time, nor alteration of language can re-
vere. In the Original entitled to a King; fo con-
tinued in the Tranflation, and fo in a dire& line de-
Ícends upon Your Highnefs, as a part of a Royal Patri-
mony; which I durft not alienate by a lower inícription.
"The Author is Sir Francis Bacon, a name well known in
the European World ; a learned man , happily the
ear-

Tothe PRINCE.

ie? a ees EL M MEC C MEE

learned’ft, that ever lived, fince the decay of the Grecian

and Roman Empires; when Learning was ata high pitch ;
and which rife and fell with thofe Monarchies; for Sce-

pters and Sciences have the fame revolutions, the fame pe-
riod. . In the vaft {paces of time between thofe and thefe
laft Ages, Philofophy hath-been, as it were in a flumber;
for many centuries of years. For after the Chriftian
Faith grew up, the moft Writers betook themfelves to
Theology , and fome miftaking the right limits of Faith
and Reafon, fell foul upon 4riStorle , and other Philofo-
phers, as Patriarchs of Herefte, which were the Patrons
of Reafon. Somewhat awaked from this flumber fhe was

by the Arabian Writers, the School-Doéiors, and Spanifh
]nterpreters ; made more adve by the Chymick Philofo-
phers, but never perfe&ly, recovered until the days of this
Author, who is the firft that ever joyn' d Rational and Ex-
perimental Philofophy in a regular correfpondence ; which
before was either a fubtilty of words, or a confufion of
matter. He,after he had furveyed all the Records of An-
tiquity, after the volumes of men, betook himfelf to the
ftudy of the volume of the world ; and having conquer'd
whatever books poficft (his fpacious fpirit. not thus bound.
ed) fet upon the Kingdom of Nature , and carried that
victory very far, and which was more than thofe vi&o.
ries, himfelf being mortal: left (uch laws behind him,
as may fuffice to fubdue the reft , if Princes encourage
men, and men be not wanting to themfelves. This at-

tempt of his was favourd by the Stars of his Nativi-
ty. Forit was his felicity to live in the times of two

Great Patrons of Learning, King JAMES; Your High-

nef

^.

eon

iz a

Yorke PRINCE.

nefs Grand-father of bleffed memory, and Your: Royal
Fathe? now Reigning ; and ic was their glory that he
lived ta their times 5 and will. be the eternal ;.honoür of
this Nation, that the Greateff Kings and the Greatéft
Philofopber met together in one age, in one Ifland:
By the favour of his Prince, who well knew the value of
Learning and Leaintd‘men, hé was raifed to the higheft
dignities in the Civil ftate 5 and by his own happy Geni-
us, to the higheft degree in the ftate of Learning ;

which was'thé gréatéft Wonder of the ewo ; being (uch
incompatible perfections, and divided, enough to fillup
the Sphere of the greateft ablities alive. Yet with great
applaufe he acted both thefe high parts, of the greateft
Scholar, and the greateft States-man of his time: and fo
quit it himfelf in “both, as one and the fame Perfon, in
title and merit ; became Lord Keeper of the Great Seal
of England, and of the Great Seal of Nature both ac
once , which is a Myftery beyond the comprchenfion of
his own times, and a Miracle requires a great meafure
of Faith in Pofterity-, to believe it... This is the Author
T here prefent unto Your Highnefs, this his work ,
which by the powerful influence of Your favour fhall
profper, and, it may be, be quickned to the regeneration
of another Phenix out of his Afhes , to adorn your
World: for it is only the benign afpe& , and irradiati-
on of Princes, that infpires the Glob of Learning, and
makes Arts and Sciences, grow up and flourifh. Heaven
blefs Your Higbnefs with bleffings on the right hand, and
on the left, and make You Heir of all the vertues of

» your Royal si cane ; that the Honour of Princes

i m

Pu bh PRINCE.

begun in them, may be soa finals in Your perfon 3 au
that a future age may be fo bleffedin You , as the pre«

fentis in Your Royal pap tbe: Ghey of Kings and their:
Admiration.

YOUR HIGHNESS.

es

Moft humbly devoted

GILBERT. WATS i

FA-

FAVOURABLE

—PERS])HE intended Apologetick, for the In-
ftauration of Sciences, 424 the j'ff-
e| cation of this Author, which foould have
| been prefix'd tbis work, as a preparation

5 = thereto; is not publifbt. Motives to this
BG refolution, were divers, whereof fome are
x very concerning. — Apologeticks for (uch

Authors and {uch enterprifes are entertained with jealoufies,
as if they threatned an innovation in the ftate of Learning ;
by reverfing the judgements of Antiquity, and the Placits of
the Modern 5 and by bringing in 4 new Primum Mobile,
into the Intellecinal Globe of Sciences , tothe fubverfion of
the Arts received. But thefe are groundlefs fears, fancied
by fuch, who either underftand not the intention of this at-
tempt; or, engag'd in aProfeflory way , fufpe& their pro-
fit and reputation to be in danger, if {uch defigns fhould take
effet. Our Author protefts againSt {uch daring vanities,the
raifing of any new Se&,upon the ruins of Antiquity ; and
every where endeavours to improve the labours of Ancient
and Modern Writers,and (o muft be do who defegds him, if be
underftands the bufinefs be goes about.The point is not,touch-
ing what is already done ; nor of the Abilities of the Agents;
nor of the capacity of their Inftruments 5 which could not be
undertaken without emulous comparifons both of Perfons, A-
Gions. and Things : but the point is touching propagation
and advancement of Knowledges; the improvement, and
not the confervation only of tbe Patrimony of our AnceStors :
and that by opening to the underftanding a different way;
that hath been known to former Ages 5 and clearing that
glafs to the letting in of amore plentiful light. The ways
and ends of tbe(c two knowledges (I mean of what we have,
and of what we may have). thus different ; aud the-princi-
5 ples;

pm Se the Hu

ples upon which they proceed fo divers 5 both may confift
«without contradictions and confutations; or the invafions
upon their diftinguifht rights : and fo/the propagation of
Knowledge, by the affiftance, of the Father of Lights, may
be purfued, withthe refervation of the honour of Ancient
and Modern Authors, and the Arts in ufe, which refpeé-
ing tbe endwhereto they were inflituted, Difputation, Re-
dargution, and the like, are very conducent, and in their
way of perfection bigbly exalted. And this is. the firt
motive of deliberating the publication of my Apologetick,
the difficulty of the bufinefs. Another is this, The times
into which we are fallen, are learned Times, as ever were
fince the Grecian Philofophers, and, their feconds, the Ara-
bian Writers , which alfo through tbe great adwantages of
the experiments of later Ages, and the direCtions of Anti-
quity, in many particulars have out-goue tbeiv Predeceffors ;
fo as be that dare adventure, as, fome do, to intrude unfiudied
thoughts upon fo learned an Age as this is, neither reves.
rences the age as be ought, nor wifely confults his own repu-
tation with Pofterity. And as the Times are learned, fo
(which too frequently falls ont) fomewhat confident: Great
Wits, and which have fortified their conceptions by books
and fiudy, are Strongly prepoffeft with almoft impregnible ans
ticipations 5 and not fo eafily induced, as more inconcerned —
and difengaged natures are 5 toknow or unknow any thing, |
ibat eztber foould be fartheringuired into , or fbould be fore
gotten. And much within thefe two Orbs our Apology anovess
an difcovery of Ignorance, and of Error, of what we know
not, and of what we fbould not know. For certainly much
knowledge remains yet conceal’ d, and the way to this difco-
very is by foregoing many unprofitable fubtilties 5 sand by a
learn'd ignorance falling off from many aery fpeculations
to the felid fimplicity of the Ancients. Were we to
compals a Panegirick in praife of the perfettions of the
learning of our days , which indeed merits fuch a faerie
free, the labour were but balf what it is, for laudatos
ty bymus feldom come out of feafon 5 they need uo
preparations , and what might be wanting in the
weight of fpeech, would be fupplied by am aptitude
to accept and beliewe. But in the bufinefs in band, the

mind

To the Reader.

mind of man, the principal fubje& to be wrought upon,
and her fpeculations , both which we fa admire, are fo
immurd and blockt up with corrupt notions, either from the
placits of Philofophers, the depraved Laws. of Demonfira-
tion, or from inherent qualities in the general nature of many,
or individuate temperature of particulars; that nothing can
be done until thefe be convinced; at leaft, fubje&ied to ex-
amination : which is another motive that flays me upon
the Land. An other Reafon (which is the laft I will trou.
ble the Reader withall)is this. Time the meafure of all our
A&tions , without whofe affiflauce our be conceptions are
Abortives, by the intercurrence of other engagements (which
I might have difpenced withall, had I rightly underftood the
fervile tenure of fecular contracts )batb furprizid me. Icon-
ceive, which l pronounce with forte paffion , that a Scholar
for his fludies bad been the mafter of bis own hours; but be
that trafichs with tbe world fball find it otherwife. Time
which I prefumd 1 could command,and flay as 1 do my Watch,
bath commanded me. And thefe diverfions were feconded
( Humane Reader ) by 2 fad Accident. It pleafed God
zm the heat of my attendance on this bufinefs, to take away,
by one of the terrors of mortality ; the Stone, my dear
brother Sir Richard Scot, fervant to the moti eminent Lord,
the Lord Deputy General of Ireland; beloved of bis dear
Lord to the lateft minute of life s bonour'd with his pre-
fence to the fartheft confines of mortality; and there, by
bis Noble Piety, deliver'd up, with as much folemaity, as
a Kingdom could confer, unto the immortality of another
World. This deadly fbaft paffing through him, fo wound-
ed me, that I my felf was arrived within few paces of the
land of darknefs. In his filent Marble, the beft part of
that {mall portion of joy 1 had in the World; but all my
hopes are entombed. This penfive cafnalty fo took me off
from books and bufinefs , as for fome months after, could
relifb no thoughts but what were mingled withthe contem-
plations of mortality.

Sic fugit intercà fugit irrevocabile tempus.

Thefe were the impediments toiny AP OLOGETI CK;
[B 2] which

ee

Tae Ret

which (if what is done be accepted ) fball be prefixt the
NOV. ORG. For of this Tranflation this is the
firft part ( Reader). if it pleafe thee; if it pleafe thee
not, the laft. But before I take my leave, bere are fome
tacite. objettions, which I would meet balf way, and
and fo weaken their approaches, left they fall too heavy
upon me. The firft is, touching tbe Divifion of the firft
book into Chapters, contrary to tbe mind of the Author,
and the intention of the work. This exception may be thus
fatisfied, That profit is to be preferred before artificial cone
trivance, where both cannot fo conveniently be had; and to
this end, difcretion to be followed before rule. Were the
Author now alive and bis vaft defigns going on, this altera-
tion bad been fomewhat bold : but the inimitable Arcbite&t
now dead , having perfected little more than the outward
Courts, asit were, of bis magnificent Inflauration , and the
whole fumm of Sciences, and the ftock of Arts in prefent
poffeffzon, not able to defray the charges of finifbing this Fae
brick; I thought fit, by compartitions and diftributions into
{everal rooms, to improve what we have, to our best advan=
tage, fo it might be done without prejudice to the Authors
procedure, and apt coherence, which I hope it is: Having
re{pet berein rather to accommodation than decoration; for
Houfes (as our Author fays) are built to live in, and not to
look on, and therefore ule to be preferred before unifor-
mity. Another exception may be made against the draught
of the Platform into Analitick Tables, which feems fome-
what pedantick, and againft that common rule, Artis cft dif-
fimulare Arcem. To this I anfwer thus. Order and de-
pendance is, as it were, the foul of the World, of the Works
of Nature and Art, and that which keeps them united ,
without which all would fall afuinder, and become like the
ferft Chaos before the production of light. And of all Me-
thods that ever were, at leaSt that ever came to our. hands,
our Authors is tbe moft natural, and moft dependent. © For
Truth, os it refle&is on us, is a congruent conformity of the
Intclle& to the Objet, and of the different faculties thereof
to the difference of things : wherefore the trueft Partition of
humane Learning, is that, which hath reference to humane
faculties 5 when the Intelle&ual Globe, and the Globe of

the

To the Reader.

the World, iutermix their beams and irradiations in a di
re& line of projection, to the Generation of Sciences: This
our Author hath perform d to admiration and inthis gone
beyond all Antiquity , yet upon their grounds; wherein he
can never be out-cone , unle{s followed by Pofterity. The
Ancients indeed were men of moft profound fpeculations, but
in the delivery of themfelves, fomewhat involo'd, as appears
by Plotinus, Proclus, Trifmegiftus and others; and marty
of Platoes School writ Dialogue-wife, which is no do&lrinz!
way. As for Ariftotle, bis precepts touching Method (if

J

any fucb book was written) they are perifbt, faving where
be featters fuch rules bere and there, which fhould have
been filenced, and ave not fo well followed by himfelf.. And
for the Methods of the Modern s Ramus and others by the int
provement of German Iriters,iurpair'd 5 they knit the limbs
of knowledge too foon 5 have bedwarfed Sciences, and are
become an Art (as learned Hooker expreffes it) which
teaches the way of {peedy difceurfe , and reftrains che
mind of man, that ic may not: wax over-wife. |The Ex-
cellency therefore of our Authors Partitions, induced meto
thefe delineations, for their ufe ouly, wbo bave not the lea-
fires or patience to obferve it according to the merit; that
this Anatomy, the jun¢iures.and arteries; as it were, of
this great body might more vifibly appears Another obje-
Gion is, touching the Allegations in the Margin, contrary
tothe folemn cuftom of Antiquity, and the moft of graver
Authors. For this 1 bad tbefe reafons. It pleafed our Ait
thor, though be was bimfelf a living fountain of Know-
ledge, and bad a wealthy flock of bis oven, yet to tafte of o-
ther waters, and to borrow from Antiquity, and to achuom-
ledge fuch borrowings; He thus naming bis Authors,l thought
fit to note them. And as he was à man of a moft elevated
phaufie and choice conceptions,fo was he inthe {election of bis
Authors, and the paffages be pleas'd to make ufe of : and it
is worth the labour to know with whom fuch great Wits ufe
to converfe; to point to tbe Mines where they dig their Ore ;
and tothe fbadows where they repofe at noon. And as bis
fele&lion of Authors was very choice, fo was bis application
of their fayings, very curious 5 and in a ftrain beyond the
vulgar reach. Places out of Sacred Scriptares: are (o expli-
£ated

— "fo the R eader.

cated, fo applyed , as you may fearcb. all the Commenters
shat are extant, and not fend the like expofitions,as you fball
find inbim. As for bumane A utbors be betters bis borrow-
ings from tbem ; teaching the allegations out of them, a fence
above the meaning of bim that lent it bim; and which be
repairs too with double intereft for what be borrowed.
Thefe confiderations invited me to Marginal Citations. Thefe
Reafons fet apart, l cannot approve this weak ambition ;
and do, not without cenfure, read Modern Authors profti-
tute to humane allegations 5 as if the Truth they deliver,
were to be tryed by voices; or having loft its primitive
Innocence , muft be cover d with thefe figleaves ; or as if
the Authors themfelves were afraid that it fbould make an
efcape out of their Text, if it were not befet iz the Margin
with Authorities as with a Watch. The laft exceptionis,
touching the Prefaces, and other Introductions prefix'd
this work, ihat make the Gates and Entries fo wide, as they
feem to invite the City to runaway. ‘This is thus anfwer'd.
It muft be remembred that this work in the Defign was
very fpacious ; and is in the performance of what is done fo
ample, that when the fecond and third Parts fball be added,
(as added they will be) the Porches and \ngrefles, im the
judgement of any good Architect, are proportionable enough.
And if our Authors rule bold , that every fair Fabrich,
foould have three Courts 5 a green Court, a fecond Court
more garnifbt , and a third to make a f{quare with the Front 5
then have you here this Epistle as the mean Court; Fudgements
upon this Author living and dead, as tbe middle Court 5 and
the Authors own excellent Preface to confront with the work
it felf. Now Yhould fay fomething touching Tranflation ;

and as it is mine. The very Action is fomewhat obnoxious

to cenfure 5 being of the nature of thofe, the falling whereof |

may di(grace more, than the carrying of it through, credit
the undertaker. But, befides the confcience of the deed
doue; for other ends I could not have; (the Author now
dead, and alive mihi nec injuriis nec beneficiis notus) and
that to be a Tranflator is more than to be an Author, fome
fuch as there be 5 and that it is no (uch mean office, to bear
a light before a Lord Chancellor of England : I fhould
exenfe it, were the example mine: fo, writes learned Sa-

vil

T—————————————.

To the Reader.

vil; fo, eloquent Sandys; fo, Malvezzi's,Noble Interpre-
ter; with whom conferred I awa left than a fhadew : So, ma-
ny able and eminent names of France and Italy , and. ether
Nation; ; So the Ancients of former Ages and of all Argu-
ments. But if any be fo (olemn , fo fewere, and of fuch
primitive taftes, they can away with no waters, which couse
pot from the fpring-bead 5 nor endure to driuk af Tiber,
that paffes through Thames; They may give over heve, if.
they fo pleafe, and proceed no farther. This interpretation
was not meant for fucb faStidions palates, and yet, if may be,
fer as diftinguifhing as theirs are. Now if this very ati-
en be thus liable to exception, much more muft my perfor-
mance be. Certainly books by Ttanflation commonly. take
wind in the effufion 5 and for ftrength fall fbort of their O-
riginals; as reflexed beams are weaker than direét: but
then it ift be underftood of Originals , truly fo. For if
a Writer deliver himfelf out of bis Native Language, I
fee not why a Tranflacor readring him in it, may not come
near big : and in thiscafe, the Author bimfelf is the Yn-
terpreter, being be tranflates his own thoughts, which ori-
ginally {peak his mother tongue. Yet for all this, Errors
I know there are, and fome lapfes , which require a cons
nivence , anda Reader hath this advantage, that be may
ffay upon one period as long as an Interpreter did on one page;
befides bis peculiar Genius to fome fiudied paffages. Some
Errors (paffing but a trafieat eye upon what is done) I fee
already ; and could note them; but I would not willingly
gratifie fome kind of Readers fo far. They that are Fu-
ditious agd Ingenious too (for 1 would have no Readers that
bave not ibefe two ingredients in their compofitions though
fometimes I name but one, which I would then, fbould be
predominant ) will in their judgement find tbem, and in their
mercy pardon them. As for Sophifts and Satyrifts, a dege-
nerate Race of men, that fit upon the lives and learning
of all that write; who refolv’d to do nothing themfelves,
may with more fecurity cenfure others : and them too, who,
as Learned Don deciphers them , forbid not books , but
men; damning what ever fuch a name, hath, or fhall
write: they are things below the merit of my indignation ;
objetis of fcora s which a little flighted, and not sadi ^
"y

/

To the Reader

by oppofition, or countenanced toa reply by confutation, will
within a while, of themfelves, extinguifb and vanifh : like
(ome difperfed roving winds, which without enconnter are
difpirited and die. . And it concerns me, Courteous Reader,
to put on fuch a confidence as this; for being I am likely to
appear in mine own perfon, as 1do now in tbe perfon of a-
nother y to be too tender-frouted were to invite injuries, and
to prostitute (uch unfeafonable modefty to abufe. He that will
to fea, muft look for fome cloudy days ; and to be too {crupu-
lous or Ceremonious touching Times or Perfons,zs the bane
of bufinefs,and of all well-meant endeavours : according to
shat of Solomon, Qui obfervat ventum non feminat, &
qui confiderat nubes, nunquam metet.

POECSTDU by MO Wed Rs

C.. ES: EGR. A’ TE D
To the

MERIT

OF THE
INCOMPARABLE PHILOSOPHER

BURORGUNCUISS eo CUN,
BY
Some of the Beft-learn’d of this inftant Age.

22 though fevere Inquifitors of truth, and fach who
4 by their learned Labours ítand upon publick Re-
cord in the approv'd Archives of Eternity, may, in
9 an humble diftance, lay claim and title to that fa-

cred Prerogative— Ego autem ab homine Teflimoni-
um non Capto 5 ipfa enim Opera que facio teflantur de
me 3—— yet becaufe fuch Great Authors, in their highflight, are fo
leffen'd in the air of unfrequented contemplations; and take fuch
unbeaten ways, as they become the weak wonder of common Ca-
pacities, accuftom'd to popular opinions, and authoriz’d Errors :
and in this admiring Ignorance, the prejudicate objets of Emulation,
Envy. Jealoufies,and fuch like impotent paflions : It feems (in a fort)
neceflary, that the way be clear'd before fuch Writers ; and that
they enter the Theatre, as well with the (uffrage of voice , to gain
upon the z;// 5 as with the ftrength of Reafox, to convince the Ux-
derftanding.

Wherefore, not fo much for the honour of this Author, (though
that is intended too) as forthe aid of fome anticipate Readers, not
yet manu-miffed from a fervile belief to the liberty of their own
judgements, (fuch, I mean, as are yet under the minority of an im-
plicite faith,) I thought good to deliver this imperfect lift of De-
ponents, which the precipitancy of this Edition, would not permit
to fill up with fome other great Names, both of this Kingdom, and
of forreign Nations. What is wanting here to the accomplifhment
of this Catalogue, Time, the Parent of Truth, {hall confummate.

Le Sieur Maugars Counfellor and Secretary to the King of France,
in

Judgements upon

in the Epiftle to his Tranflation of a Part of this Work, gives our
Author this Teftimony.

Among{t whom every one knows that Sir Francis Bacon, by many de-
grees off, holds the first rank , both for the vivacity of his Spirit,
eminency of his Learning, Elegancy of his tile. I have fiudied with
diligence all his writings 5 and prefume I may do a performance of fome
merit and acceptation, in prefenting to my Country bis. Books of the Ad-
vancement of Learning, « Work hath not been feen in our Language.
This is the Book which I have caufed to pafs the Seas 5 not as the gold
of the Indies, to cherifh vice, and corrupt our Mannerss but as a fo-
veraign Plant of fingular vertue, to cure the wounds which ignorance
and Pedantifm have given humane Sciences.

Mr. Peirre D' Ambois. 8" de la Magdelaine , in his juft and
elegant difcourfe upon the life of our Author, delivers his cenfure
thus:

Judgement and Memory never met in any man ig that height and mea-
furethey met in bims fo as in. fhort time he became Matter of all thofe
Knowledges which are learnt ix Schools.

A page after 5 but as be ever valued himfelf, rather born for other -
men, than himfelf; now that he could not, for want of imployment, any
longer endow the publick with his AGive perfections 5 he mas defirows
at leaft to become profitable in a Contemplative way, by his writings and
by his books, monuments certainly meriting to find entertainment in all
the Libraries of tbeueorld 5, and.which deferve to be ranged with the
faireft works of Antiquity... ;

The fame noble French-man in his Advertifement to our Authors
Nat. Hiftorythus exprefleshim. |... ry

For this Natural Hiftory, where the quality of Adetals, the Nature of
Elements, the Canes of Generation avd Corruption, the divers aGions g
Bodies one upon another, and fuch like imprefions, are difcourfed mith
fuch life and light, that he may feem to have learn’d his knowledge even
in the School of the Firft Man. Aad though herein be may be thought
to have paff upon the breaches of Ariftotle, Pliny and Cardans yet
notwithstanding he borrows nothing from them : as if be had a. defign
to make it appear, that thofe great men have mot fo, entirely pofeft theme
Selves of this fubjed, but that there remains much to be di[couer'd. For
my part, though it be far from my intention, toraifethe reputation of this
Author upon the ruins of Antiquity 5 yet I think it may be avouched
upon the grounds of reafon, that im this prefent Argument he hath (ome
advantage of them: being that the-wiofi of the Ancients which have
written of things Natural, have fatisfied themjelues imreporting things,
as the information of others hath given theu iutelligence y. and confider-
ing, that oftentimes that whichis delioer d them for Hiltory, isfar
efloign’d from all verity; they have chofex rather, by reafous to confirm
the refolutions of another, thanto make an exad enquiry, and difcove=
ry themfelves. But Monfieur Bacon zot relying upon the mecr word
and credit of fuch as went before him, will have Experience joyn'd mith
Reaíon 3 and examines the receiv’d principles of the Schools, by the
effets of Nature 5 the {peculations of the Intellectual Globe, Jy the

operation

The Lord Verulam.

operations of the Corporal. — By this means he hath found out fo imazy
rare fecrets, whereof be hath bequeath'd us the invention 5 and wade
many axioms acknowledged for falje, which hithereto have gone current
among fi Philofophers, and have been held inviolable.

Tob. Adami, in his Preface to the Realis Philofophia, of thatvexcel-
lent Philofopher Campanella (who lives to enjoy that Fame; which
many eminent for their Learning, rarely poticls after death) {peaks
. hisopinion thus. 5

We eredi no Sed , eflablifh no Placits of Herefie, but endeavour to
tranfcribe univerfal and ever-veritable Philofophy out of the Ancient O-
rigimal Copy of tbe World: uot according to variable and difputable fpe-
culations, but according to tbe Conducture of fenfe and irrefragable dc-
pofitions of the Architect himfelf , whofe hands in works, diffents not
from his word in writing. Andif the great Inftauration of the deep-
mining lbilojopber, Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam,Chancellor of Eng-
land, 2 work of high expedi atzom and moft worthy, as of con{ideration,
fo of affiftance, be brought to perfecfion, it will perchance appear; that we
purfuethe fame ends 3 fecing we tread the fame foot-fteps in tracing,and,

s it were, hounding nature, by Sence and Experience, Gc.

Sr. Tob. Mathews, in his Epiftleto the Duke of Florence prefixt his
Italick Tranflation of my Lord Bacon’s Effays, amongtt other Elogies
decyphers himthus. — |

St. Auftin faid of bis illegitimate fou, Horrori mihi erat illud inge
nium, azd truly I bave known a great nunther whom I much value, ma-

whomI admire, but none who hath fo asfonifht me, and, as it were,
ravifot my fenfes, to fee fo many and fo great parts, which in other men
mere wort to be incompatible, united, and that in animinent degree in
one fole Perfon. I know not whether this truth will find eafte belief, that
there can be found a man beyond the Alpes, of a most ready wit 5. most
faithful memory, moft profound judgement s of a moft rich and apt ex-

zon; univerfal in all kinds of knowledge , as in part may be [een
by that rareincomparable piece, the Advancement of Learning, which
future Ages fhall render in different languages: But be the faith of other
Nations what it will 221 this point, the matter I report is fo well under-
ood in England, that every man knows and acknowledges as much ,
may, hath been an eye and car-witne( thereof 5. nor, if I foould expatiate
upon this fabject, [bould I be held a flatterer, but rather a fuffragan to
truth

Mr. George Sandys in his excellent Commentarics on his inimitable
Tranflation of the ftately Aetamorphofis, rendred,in an equal felicity
ofexpreffion, to the eternal fires of that /meet-tongu’d Roman 5 often
eites the judgement of our Author, from whole fentence he never
appeals,but rather adores as an Oracle 5 and in an ingenious acknow-
ledgement of aíü(tance from him, thus delivers bim to pofterity.

Of Modern writers I have receiv' d the greatesi light frove Geraldus;
Pontanus, Ficinus, Vives, Comes, Scaliger, Sabinus, 4zd the Crown
of the later, the Vicount of St. Albans 5. alfiif ed; though lef conftantly

[C 2] cons

—

——

ee

Judgements upon
conftantly,by other Authors, almost of all Ages and Arguments. Having
been true to my first purpofe, in making choice, for the most part, of
thofe interpretations, which either bear the flamp of Antiquity, or re-
cerve eflimation from tbe honour of the Author.

Marin Merfenne, An able man , but a declar'd adverfary to our
Authors defign (whofe Arguments I (hall encounter in my Apolo-
getick for the Inftaur. of Sciences) in his Book of the Verity of. Sci-
ences again(t the Scepticks and Pyrrhonians, Lib.1. Cap.xvi. acknow-
ledges thus much, which coming from an Adverfary is therefore
more valid.

Verulam, feews to have no other intention in his New Method,
shen to establifh the Verity of Sciences 5 wherefore you tzufl not anti-
cipate, as granted, that he makes for you, or that be is of your opinion 5
he confcffes we know little, but be fubverts not the Authority of Senfe
‘and of Reafon, zo, be labours to find out proper and proportionable in-
frrumenis, whereby to condu& the underftanding to the knowledge of
Nature and her effects. :

The Authors Cenfure upon himfelf.

For in my judgement, it is a matter which concerns not only the Be-
nefit of others 5 but our own Repetition alfo 5 that no man imagine that
me have projected im our minds fome flight fuperficial notion of thefé
Defigns 5 and that they are of the nature of thoje things , which me
could Defire, and which we accept only as good wifhes. For they are
fuch as without queftion, are within the power and polfibility of men to
compafs, umle(s they be wanting to themfelves 5 and hereof, we for our
parts, have certain and evident demonftration 5 for we come not hither:
as Augures, to meafure Countries in our mind, for Divinations; but
as Captains, to invade them for conquett.

His anfwer to fome Tacite Objections.

I doforefee that many of thofe things which I fhall regifler as Defici-
ents will incur divers cenfuress as that fome parts of this enterprize
were done long ago, and are now extant 5, others, that they taite of eu-
riofity and prone no great fruit 5 others, that they are izpoffible to be
compafjed by humane induftries. For the two firlt, let the particulars
peak for themfelves. For the laft touchin impoflibilities , Z deter-
minethus. — Alltbofe tbings are to be held polfible and performable which
vray be accomplifht by fome perfon , though not by every one 5 and which
nay be done by theunited labours of many, though not by any one apart
and which may be effebed in a fucceffion of Ages, though not in the ante
Ages and in brief, which may be fimifht by the care and charge of the pub-
lick, though not by the abilities and induftry of private perjons. If for
all this there be any, who would rather take to himfelf that of Solomon
Dicit Piger,Leo ett in via, than that of Virgil ;

Poffunt quia poffe videntur ——

it is enough for me, if my labours may be efteemed as votes, yet the better
fort of wifhes: for as it asks fome knowledge to demand a Queftion

not impertinent 5 fo it requires {ome und 1 1
ne underftanding, to make a wifh
not abfürd. Proezz. lib.a. T IN

The Lord Verulam.

v

Ramona. besrisquy

BEAT OREM
ILLUSTRISSIMI DOMINI

FRANCISCI
VERULAMIO

Vice-Comitis S* ALBAN I:
Poft Editam ab co INS TAUR. MAG

Uis ifle tandem? non enim vultu ambulat
Quotidiamo. Nefcis Ignare ?. audies :
Dux Notionum veritatis Pontifex 5
InduGionis Dominus 3 G» Verulamii 5
Rerum: Magifter unicus, at non Artium :
Profunditatis Pinus 5 atqs Elegantie z
Nature Arufpex intimus : Philofophie
Frarium: Sequefter Experientia,
Speculationifg,: Aquitatis Signifer :
Scientiarum [ub pupillari flatu
Degentium olim Emancipater : luminis
Premus : Fugator Idolum, atqs Nubiuam :
"Collega Solis: Quadra Certitudinis :
Sopbz[matum Maftix: Brutus Literarius,
Autboritatis exuens Tyrannjdem :
Rationis & fenfus fiupendus Arbiter 5
Repumicator Mentis : Atlas Phyficus,
Alcide fuccumbente Stagiritico : :
Columba Noe, qua in vetuflis Artibus
Nullun locum, requiemve Cernens, preflitit.
Ad fe fitamas Matris Arcam regredi.
Subtilitatis terebras Temporis nepos
Ex veritate matre : Mellis Alveus.

Mundiss

Pee.) ee eee se COMME
Judgements upon

Mundiqs & Animarum, facerdos unicsa : NA
Securis Errorum : ing; Natalibus

Granum finapis, acre aliis, Crefcens fibi.

O me, prope La[fum 5 "Juvate Pofleri. _

GEOR. HERBERT Orat. Pub.
in Academ. Cantab.

MANES

MANES

VERULAMIANTI:

SIVE
IN OBITUM

INCOMPARABILIS
FRANCISCI
DE
VERULAM 4:0, &.

E PIG, &: DIA

pee NCLYT A Academia CANTABRIGIENSTS,
Ay cujusfelicitasfuit, viro ad falutem fcientiarum zato, pri-
SS, mas fapientie mammas prebere 5 ac Philofophum, poft
, occafum Graciz, maximum, orbi dare : fuperfünus A-

296 7* lumni fui Lacrymas effudit, doGas ac duraturas meefti-
tias. Ex hocintegro Mufarum fonte, modica hzc fed facunda flu-
enta, collegit zzferpres 5 ut quod, viventi,feculum dederat decus,
glifcente adhüc invidid 5 & morienti dediffe conftaret, ceffante nunc
adulatione. Reliqua fui nominis zternitatt confecranda , continu-
ata feculorum ferie ad ultimas uíqs mundi favillas, rependet pofteri-
tas: Quis fupremam fuis laudibus manum imponet, novit tantum
Fundator ille, ac faul cuerfor Seculorum.

Adhue

— ——
——À——

Manes Verulamiani.

Dbuc fuperbis infolente purpura
Feretri rapinzs Inclitos in tot vires

Sterile Tribunal 2 cilicio dicas diem,
Saccfmqs totam facito Inxuriem fori.
A Themide libra wee geratur penfilis,
Sed urna, pregravis urna Verulamii.
Expendat. Eheu! Ephorus baud lancem premit;
Sed Arcopagus s nec minor tantus fophos,
Quim Porticus bracchata. Nam vefter,fcholz,
Gemifcit axis, tanta dum moles ruit.
Orbis foluta cardo litterarit,
Ubi Studio colit togam G trabeam pari.
Qualis per umbras Ditis Euridice vagans
Palpare gefHit Orphbéum, quali Orphéus,
Saliente tandem (vix prius crifpà) Styge,
Alite fibras lyra titillavit manu 5
Talis plicata Philologom enigmatis
Petiit Baconum vindicem, tali manu
LaGata criftas extulit Philofophia ,
Humiq; foccis reptitantent Comicis
Nox proprio Ardelionibus molimine
Sarfit, fed Inftauravit. Hine politius
Surgit cothurno celfiore, & Organo
Stagirita Virbius revivifcit Novo.

Calpen fuperbo Abylámaqs vincit remige
Phebi Columbus, artibus novis, Novum
Daturus Orbem 5 promovit conamina
juvenilis ardor, u(q5 ad invidiam trucem
Fati minacis. Quis Senex vel Hannibal,
Oculi fuperstitis timens caliginem,

Signis Suburram ventilat vidricibus ?
Quis Miloinultus quercubus bilem movet,
SeneGa tauro gibba citta gravior premit 9
Dum nofler Heros traderet {cientias
Eternitati, prorfus expeditior

Sui Sepulehri comperitur artifex.
Placida videtur Ecftafis fpeculatio,

Quá mens tueri volucris Ideas boni

In latfeos properat Olympi tramites.

His immoratnr (edibus Domeftica,
Peregrimaproprüs. Redit. ‘foculariter
Fugax 5 vagatur rurfus, & vur[us redit.
Furtiva tandem ferio, fe fubtrahit
Totams gementi, morbido cadaveri

Sic defuejcit anima, fic jubet mori.

Agite lugubres Mufa, & à Libani jugis
Cumulate thura,Sydus in pyram illius
Scintillet omne 3 fcelus ft accendi roguas
Regnum Prometheo culinari foco.

Et

Manes Verulamiani.

Et fi quà forte ludat im cineres facros
Aura petulantior, fugamqs Juadeat,
Tunc flete 5. lacrymis im araplexws ruent
Globuli fequaces. Denud fundamine
Ergafluli everfo radicitus tui

Evehere felix anima, Jacobum pete, —
Oflende, & illuc, civicam fidem fequi.

E Tripode juris, dittites oracula
Themidos alunmnis. Sic (Beati celites )
Aftrza priftino fruatur vindice, 577
Vel cum Bacono rurfus Aftraam date, ^

Rees

S" qui defundi vivant in marmore, & evuta

i

dax exemplum quo Mens bumana feraturs :
Et Secli vindex ingeniofe tui 5 .
Dum [enio macras recoquirfalicitór artes,
Subtrabis & prifco libera colla jugo 5
Quo deflenda modo veniunt tua funera 2. quales
Expo[cunt lacrymas; qnid fibi fata dolunt ¢
An timuit Natura parens ne sudajacérefy 0:00!
Detraxit vestem dum tua dextra facram >
Ignotíqs oculis rerum patuere. Receffur,.
Fugit C afpedum Rimula nulla tumm 2
An verb, Antiquis olim data Spon(a Maritis;
Conjugis amplexum refpuit ila novi >.
An tandem damnofa piis atqs invida. captis,
Corripuit vite fila (trabenda) tue? .
Sic ultra vitreuga Siculus se pergeret orbem: :
Privati cecidit militis enfe Senex.
Tuq5 tuos wanes ideo (Francilce) tulifl,
Ne, zon tentandum, perficeretur opus.

Annofis éredant postibus omne Jnif zo 00

4Ere micant alii, aut fuloo fpetkantir insauro,.— |

Et, dum fe ludunt, ludere fata patanty >.) s
Altera pars hominune, numerosa. prole füperfles,

Cum Niobe magnos temnit iniqua Deos, ^ 5e
At tua celatis beret nec Fama Columnis, 00)

Nec tuntulo lcgitur, Sifte viator terzi 5o oh
Si qua Patrem proles referat noncorporis ila eft y

Sed. qua(i de. cérebro sata Minerva:Jovis. |. \ >.
Prima tibi virtus monumenta perennia praftat,

Altera, nec citis corruitura, Libri 33»
Tertia Nobilitas 5 ducant jam fata triumpbos;

Que (Francilce) tu nil nift corpus babent,

D

Otraq3

Archim,

Manes Verulamiani.

—

Utraqs pars melior, Mens C bona. Fama fuper{unt,
Non tanti ut redimas vile cadaver babes.

T. Vincent. T. C.

Ufz fundite nunc aquas perennes
In Threnos, Lacrymá[45 Apollo fundat

Quas vel Caftalium tenet Fluentum :

Naw Letho neqs convenire tanto

Po[fint nenia parva, nec coronent

Immenfa bec medice fepulchra gutta :

Neruus ingenii, Medulla fuadze

Dicendiqs Tagus, reconditarum

Et gemma pretiofa Literarum,

Fatis concidit, ( beu trium Sororum

Dura flamina) Nobilis Baconus.

O quara te memorem Bacone fuxeme

Noftro carmine ! € illa gloriofa

Cuniorups monumenta feculorum,

Excufa ingenio tuo, & Minerva !

Quam dois, elegantibus, profundis,

Inítauratio Magna, j/eza rebus !

Quanto lumine tineas Sopborum

Difpellit ueterum tenebrico as

Ex chao pocreans ovans voqiow :

Sic ipfe Deus inditum fepulchro

Corpus restituet manu potenti :

Ergo non moreris (Bacone) vam te

A morte, C tenebris, & a fepulchro,
Inftauratio Magna vindicabit.

R. C, T. C,

Arcite : Noster amat facunda filentia lucius,
Posfquaze obiit folus dicere qui potuit :

Dicere, que flupeat Procerum generofa corona,
Nexags follicitis folvere Fura reis.

Vaflum opus. Atmofiras etiam Verulamius artes
Inftaurat veteres, condit & ille novas.

Non quà majores: Penitos verunt ille receffus
Naturz, audaci provocat ingenio.

Ai Ea, fite gradum, ferifqs nepotibus, (ixquit,)

_Linque quod inventum fecla minora juvet.

Sit fatis, his fefe quod nobilitata Juventis,

Ja&ent ingenio tempora noftra tuo.

Et:

f Manes Verulamiani:

Eft aliquid, quo mox ventura fuperbiet atas 3
Eft, foli notum quod decet effe mihi : kcu
Sit tua laus pulchros Corpus duxiíle per artus,
Integra cui nemo reddere membra queat :
Sic opus artificem infectum commendat Apellem,
Cum pingit reliquam nulla manus Venerem,
Dixit, Ó* indulgens ceco Natura furori,
Prafecnit vite Filum Operifqs fuut.
At Tu, qui pendentem andes detexere telam;
Solus quem condant hac monumenta fcies.

H. T. Coll. Trin. Socius.

Un moriens tantam noflris V erulamius Heros
D Tristitiam Mufis,Iuminaqs uda facit :
Credimus beu nullum fieri pofl fata beatum,
Credimus & Samium defipuiffe fehem.
Scilicet bic miferis, felix nequit effe, Camznis,
Nec fe quay; Mufas plus amat iffe fuas.
At ludantem animam Clotho imperzofa coégit
Ad celum, invitos traxit in aftra pedes.
Ergone Pheebeias jacuiffe putabimus artes $
Atgs berbas Clarii 2l valuiffe Dei ?
Phoebus idem potuit, nec virtus abfuit berbis,
Hunc artem, atq3illas vim retinere putes :
At Phaebum (ut metuit ne Rex foret ifie Camanis)
Rivali medicam crede negaffe manum. "
Hinc dolor eft 5 quod cum Phoebo Verulamius Heros
Major erat reliquis, bác foret arte minor.
Vos tamen 0, tantum Manes atq5 Umbra, Camxne,
Et pene inferni pallida turba Jovis,
$i fpiratis adbuc, & mon lufiftis ocellos,
Sed neqs poft illum vos fupereffe puteza :
Si vos ergo aliquis de morte reduxerit Orpheus,
Iitag; non aciem fallit imago meam :
Dicite nunc genitus, & lamentabile carmen,
Ex oculis veftris lacryma multa fluat.
En quam multa fluit 2 veras agnofco Camenas
Et lacrymas, Helicon vix fatis unus erit y
Deucalionzis &- gui non merfus in undis
Pernaflus (wirum eit) hifce latebit aquis.
Scilicet hic periit, per quem vos vivitis, O qui
Multa Pierias zutrzit arte Deas.
Vidit ut hic artes nulla radice retentas,
Languere ut fummo femina fparfafolo5
Crefcere Pegafeas docuit, velut Hafta Quirint
€revit, C exiguo tempore Laurus erat.

[D2]

,

Ereo

B NENNEN EM

Manes Verulamiani.

Ergo Heliconiadas docuit cwm crefcere divas;
Diminuent bujus fecula nulla decus.
Nec ferre ulterius generofi peoris efus
! Contemptum potuit, Diva Minerva, tuum,
Restituit calamus folitum divinus bonorem, —
Difpulit &» nubes alter Apollo tuas.

Difpulit & tenebras fed quas obfufca vetuftas,
Temporis &» prifci lippa fenetta tulit 5

445 alias metbodos facrum inftauravit acumen,
Gnofliaqs eripuit, fed fua fila dedit.

Scilicet antiquo fapientim vulgus in evo
Tam claros oculos non babuiffe liquet 5

Hi veluti Eoo furgens de littore Phoebus,
Hic velut in media fulget Apollo die:

Hi veluti Typhistentarunt equora primum,
At vix deferuit littora prima ratis,

Pleiadas hic Hyadafqs atq3 omnia fidera uofcens,
Syrtes atqsytuos, improba Syla, canes 5

Scit quod vitandum efl, quo dirigat equore navem,
Certins C curfum nautica neonfirat acus :

Infantes ill Mulas, hic gignit adultas 5
Mortales illi, gignit at ifle Deas. .

Ll Palwam ideb reliquis Magna Inftauratio libris

Abftulit, & cedunt fqualida turba fophi.

Et veftita novo Pallas modo prodit amiciu,
Anguis depofitis ut nitetexuviis. —

Sic Phoenix cineres fpe at modo nata paternos,
ZEfonis C rediit prima juventa fenis.

Insfaurata fuos & fic V erulamia zzuros
Jatat, €& antiquum [perat ab inde decus.

Sed quanta effulgent plus quam mortalis ocelli
Lumina, dum regni upftica facra canat 2

Dus fic nature leges, arcanáqy Regum,
Tanquam à fecretis effet utrifque, canat :

Dum canat Henricum, qui Rex, idezqs Sacerdos,
Connubio flabili junxit utramg; Rofam.

Atqui hac funt noflris longé majora Camznis,
Non hac infelix Granta, fed Aula fciat :

Sed cum Granta labris admoverit ubera tautis
jus babet in laudes (waxime Alumne ) tuas.

jus babet, ut mestos lacrymis extingueret igues,
Poffet ut € medio diripuiffe rogo.

At nofira tibi nulla ferant encomia Muf,
Ipfe canis, laudes & canis inde tuas.

Nos tamen & laudes, qua poffumus arte, canemus,
Si tamen ars defit, laus erit ifte dolor.

Tho. Randolph. T. C.
$e

Manes Verulamiani.

S cadit Aonii rariffima Gloria ceigs 2
Et placet Aoniis credere femen agris 2
Frangantur Calami, difrumpanturg; libelli,
Hoc poffint tetrice ff modo jure. Dex. ;
Heu que lingua filet, que jam facundia ceffat,
Qui fugit ingenii Near & Efca tui?
Quomodo Mufarum nobis contingit Alumnis
Ut caderet nofiri prefes Apollo chori ?
Si nil cura, fides, labor, aut vigilantia po[[int,
Sig; feret rapidas, de tribus una, manus 3
Cur nos multa bgevi nobis proponimus evo?
Cur putri excutimus fcripta fepulta fitu 2
Scilicet ut dignos aliorum à Morte labores
Dum rapimus, nos Mors in fua jura trabat.'
Quid tamen incaffum mil proficientia fundo
Verba? quis optabit, te reticente, loqui ?
Nemo tuum [pargat violis fragrantibus urnam,
Nec tibi Pyramidum mole fepulchra locet 5
Nam tua cenfervant operofa volumina famarz,
Hoc fatis, bec probibent te monumenta mori.

Williams.

^H gem fequeretur defcriptio Tumuli VER ULAMIANI,

monumentum Nobiliff. MUTISITI, in honorem domini fui
conftru&um 5 quá pietate, & dignitatem Patroni fui, quem (quod
rari faciunt, etiam poft cineres Coluit) confuluit; Patric fuze op-
probrium diluit 5 fibi nomen condidit. Bufta hec nondum in vifit
Interpres, fed invifurus: Interim Lector tua cura Commoda, & abi
in rem tuam,

Crefcit occulto velut Arbor evo
Fama BACONI.

FRAN-

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FRANCISCUS

BARO DE VER@ULAMI

O

Vice-Coms S* ALBANI.

ALMA MATRI

Inclyte Acad.
CANTABRIGIENSI. S.

Ebita Filii qualia poffum
D perfolvo; quod vero fa-
cio, idem & vos hortor, ut 44g-
mentis Scientiarum {trenué incum-
batis: & in Animi modeftia liber-

tatem ingenii retineatis :

Neq;

^

tálentum 4 veteribus concredi-
tum in fudario reponatis. Affu-
erit proculdubió & affulferit Di-
vini Luminis Gratia, fi humilia-

tà

INCY T XE
Academia.

OXONIENSI. S.

( Alma Matri mex in-
clyte Academia Cantabri-
gienft Scripferim , deeffem fané
officio, fi fimule Amoris pignus
forori ejus non deferrem. Sicut
autem eos hortatus füm, ita &
vos hortor ut Scientiarum Aug-
mentis Ítrenu& incumbatis , &
veterum labores, neq; nihil, neq;
omnia effe putetis 5 fe vires eti-

arm

E E ta MM REED ST La ae ie ID ILI E EG

D —ÓMM—————Ó— —

tà & fubmifea Religioni Philofophia| am proprias modefte perpenden-
clavibus fenfüs legitime & dex-| tes, fubinde tamen experiamini ,
tr utamini : & amoto omni con-| omnia cedent quam optimis. fi
tradi&ionis ftudio, Quifq; cum Arma non alii in alios vertatis fed
alio, ac fi ipfe fecum difputet ;| junctis copiis in Naturam rerum
Valete. impreffionem faciatis, fufficit quip.

peilla Honori & Vi&oriz, Valete.

LI
a

ee ME. MN

FRANCIS Lod VEROLA M
Confulted thus,

And thusconcluded with Himfelf ; the publicati-

on whereof he conceiv'd did concern the prefént
and future AcE.

PEing it was manifeftly knovin unto bim, that bu-
Eo mane underftanding creates it felf much trouble ;
X exa SY nor makes an apt and fober ufe of fncb Aids, as
"UP are within the Command of Mans from whence
infinite ignorance of Things s andfrom the ig-

morance of Things, innumerous difadvantages y his opi-
nion was, that with all our induftry we fhould endeavour, if
happily that {ame Commerce of the Mind and of Things
(than which a greater bleffing can hardly be found on Earth,
certainly of earthly Felicities) might by any means be en-
tirely reftored ; at leaft brought to terms of nearer corre-
Ípondence. But tbat Errors, which have prewailed, and
would prevail for ever, one after another, (if the mind
were left free to it felf ) fbould rektifie themfelves, either
by the inbred power of the underStanding, or by the aids and
affiftances of Logick, there was no hope at all; becaufe that
the Primitive Notions of Things, which the mind with a
too facile and fupine attractive faculty receives in , trea-
fures up and accummlates, from which all the reft are de-
rived , are unfound, confufed, aud rafbly abétratked from
things. The like luxuriant vanity and incon&lancy there is ia
the fecond and [equeut Notions 5 whence it comes to pafs,that
all that humane Reafon which we employ, as touching the In-
quifition of things, is not well digefted and built 5 but like
fome maguificent Pile without foundation. For whilft. men
admire and celebrate the counterfeit forces of the mind; ber
true powers which might be raifed (were right direCtions ad-
miniflred, and fhe taught to become obfequious to things ,
and not impotently to infult over them) they pafs by and
lofe. This one way ies that the bufinefs be wholly

gl

reattempted

V icu $t. Alban's, oe.

reattemped with better preparations 5 and that there be
throughout, An Inftauration of Sciences and Arts, and of
all Humane Learning rais d from folid foundations. And
ibis, though it may (eem in a fort an infinite enterprize,
and above mortal abilities, yet the fame will be found more
found and advifed, than thofe performances which bitber-
to bave been atcbiewed ; for inthis there is fome iffue 5 but
in the endeavours now undertaken about Sciences, a perpe-
tual Wheeling, Agitation and Circle. Neither is he igno-
rant bow uafrequented this Experience is, bow dificil and
incredible to perfwade a belief 5 yet be thought not to defert
the defign, nor binfelf , but to try and fet upon the way,
which alone is pervious and: penetrable to the mind of Man.
For it is better to give a beginning to a thing which may once
come to an end, than with an eternal contentiou and ftudy to

into any man’s mind, induced efpecially from this argument,

that there hath none hitherto appear d, who hath applied. bis

‘mind to fucb cogitations, «be refolu'd to publifb, feparately,

the Fut parts asthey could be perfe&led. Neitheris this am

ambitious but follicitons feftination y, that. if in the mean
| fpace be fbould depart this mortal flation; there might yet

remain a defignation and defination of the thing he compres

bended in bis mind; and withall fome Demonftration of bis .

fincere and propenfe affe&lion to promote the good of Man- |

hind. Truly be efteemed other ambition whatfoever, iufe-

rior to tbe bufinefs he bad in hand: For eitber.tbe matter

in confultation, and thus far profecuted, is nothing 5 or fo

much as the confcience of the merit it felf, ouibt to give

bim contentment without feeking a recompence from abroad.

THE

FRANCIS Lod VERULAM

His great Inftauration.

The PREFACE.

Of the State of Leatning , that it is not Profpe-
rous, nor greatly Advanced; and that a far dif-
ferent way, than hath been known to former Ages,
must be opened:, to man’s Understanding ; and o-
ther Aids procured; that the Mind may prattice

her own power the nature of things. |

Bd T fecms to me, that men neither underftand
W the Eftate they poffefs, nor their Abilities
eee to purchafe: but of the one to prefume

23) more; of the other, lefs,than indeed they
fhould. So it comes to pafs, that over-prizing
the Arts received, they make no farther Inquiry ; or un-
dervaluing themfelves, more than in equity they ought,
they expend their Abilities upon matters of flight confe-
quence, never once making experiment of thofe things
which conduce to the fumm of the bufinefs. Wherefore,
Sciences alfo have, as it were, their Fatal Columns ; being
men are not excited, either out of Defire or Hope, to pe-
netrate farther. And feeing the Opinion of Wealth is one
of the cheif caufes of Want 5 and that out of a confi-
dence of what we poffe(s in prefent, true affiftances are
defpifed for the füture , it is expedient, nay, altogether
neceflary, that the exceflive Reverence and Admiration
conceived of thofe Sciences , which hitherto have been
found out, fhould in the Front and Entrance of this work,
(and that roundly and undiffemblingly ) by fomé whol-
fome premonition, be taken off, left their Copy and U-
tility be roo much Magnified and Celebrated; For lie that
EE 2] furveys

a

OT Ge

Vicount St. Alban

furveys with diligence all the variety of Books, wherein
Arts-and Sciences triumph ; fhall every where find infi-
nite repetitions of the fame matter , for manner of De-
livery divers, but for Invention ftale and preoccupate ; fo
as what at firft view feem’d numerous, after examination
taken, are found much abated. § As for profit, I may con-
fidently avouch it, That the wifdom we have extracted ,
chiefly from the Grecians, feems to bea Child-hood of
Knowledge, and to participate that which is proper to
children, namely, that it is apt for talk 5 but impotent and
immature for propagation : for it is of Controverfies rank
and fertile, but of works barren and fruitlefs. So that
the Fable and Fiction of Scylla,-feems to be a lively Image
of the State of Learning, as now it is, which for the up-
per parts had the face and countenance of a comely Vir-
gin; but was from the womb downward circled and en-
wrapt with barking MonSters. So the Sciences wherein we
are trained up, contain in them certain Generalities fpeci-
ous and plaufible, but.when you defcend unto particu-
lars, as to the Parts of Generation, expecting folid effeas,
and fubftantial operations, then,Contentions and Barking
Altercations arife, wherein they clofe, and which fupply
the place of a fruitful womb. § Again, if thefe kinds
of Sciences were not altogether a mere livelefs Thing,
methinks it fhould not have faln out, which now for many
Ages hath continued, that they fhould thus ftand at a ftay,
in a manner immoveable in their firft Footings, without any
Augmentation worthy the Race of Mankind, in fuch a
dull Improficience, that, not. only Affertion remains Af-
fertion, but Queftion refts ftill Queftion , which by Dif-
putes is not determined, but fixt and cherifht : and all
Tradition and Succeffion of Difcipline delivered from
hand to hand, prefents and exhibits the Perfon of Teacher
and Scholar, not of inventor, or of one fhould add fome-
thing of noteto whatisinvented. $ Butin Arts Mecha-
chanical we fee the contrary hath come to país, whichas
if they’ were infpired by the Vital breath and prolifick in-
fluence of a thriving Air, are daily Propagated and Per-
feéied and which in their firft Authors appear d, for the
moft part rude and. even burthenfome and Formlefs, have

afterward

bis Preface, 3
DAE E ATTULIT ERU T pU
afterward acquir'd new-refin'd vertues; and a certain apr
Propriety and ufeful Accommodation, fo infinitely fruit-
ful, that fooner may mens ftudies and defires languifh and
change, than thefe Sciences arive at their full height and
perfe&ion. § Contrariwife Philofophy, and Sciences In-
telleEual, like States are ador'd and celebrated , but no-
thing Advanced 5 nay, commonly of moft vigor in their
firft Author, and by Time Degenerate and become em-
bafed. For fince the time men became devoted,andas (Pe-
dary Senators) refigned over to the Placits and Definiti-
onsofone, they do not add any Amplitude to Sciences,
but are wholly takenup in a fervile duty of Polifbing or
Protecting certain Authors. § And let no man here al-
leage, that Sciences growing up by degrees,have at Jength
arrived to a juft period or perfec Stature, and fo (as have-
ing filled up the juft fpaces of Augmentation) have fetled
and fixt themfelvesin the works of fome few Authors;
and now that nothing more accomplifht can be found. out,
there remains no more to do, but that the Sczences already
extant be improved , and adorned. Indeed it could be
wifht that the ffate of Learning were thus profperous; but
the very truth is, thefe mancipations and fervile refigna-
tions of Sciences, 1s nothing elfe but a peccant humour,
bred out of daring luft and confidence in fome few, and
a languifhing floth and Pufillanimity in the reft. For when
Sciences (forfome parts it may be) have been tilled and
laboured with diligence, then perchance hath there rifen
up fome bold-undertaking wit, for Compendious brevity
of Method popular and plaufible, who in fhew hath con-
ftituted a Science, but indeed depraved the Labours of the
Ancients : Yet thefe Abridgments find acceptation with
Pofterity, for the expedite ufe of fuch a work, and to a-
void the trouble and impatience of a new Inquiry. 5 And
if any ftand upon Confext now inveterate, as the Judge-
ment and teft of Time,let him know he builds upon a very
deceivable and infirm Foundation. Nor is it, for the moft
part, fo revealed unto us, what in Arts and Sciences hath
been diícovered and brought to light in divers ages, and
different Regions of the World; much lefs what hath
been experimented, and ferionfly laboured by particular
Perfons

Vicount St. Albans

Perfonsin private ; For neither the Births,nor the Abortions

of Time have been Regiftred. § Noris Confent it felf, nor
the long continuation’ thereof, with fuch reverence to be
adored: for however there may be many kinds of States
in Civil Government 5. yet the State of Sciences is but one,
which always was, and fo will continue, Popular ; and with -
the People the Difciplines moft 1n requeft are either Pag-
nacious and Polemical 5 or Speciont and Frivolous ; name-
ly fuch as either illaqueate or allure the affest. Where-
fore without queftion,the greateft Witsin every age have
been over-born, andin a fort tyrannized over, whilft men
of Capacity and Comprehenfion above the vulgar, (yet
confulting their own Credit and Reputation) have fub-
mitted themfelves to the over-fwaying Judgement of Time
and Multitude. Thereforeif in any Time or Place, more
profound Contemplations have perchance emerged and
revealed themfelves, they have been forthwith toft and ex-
tinguifht by the Winds and Tempefts of Popular opini-
ons: fo that Time like a River carries down to us that
which is light and blown up; but finks and drowns that
which is weighty and folid. § Nay, the very fame Au-
thors, who have ufurpt a kind of Di&tature in Sciences,and
with fuch confidence paft cenfure upon matters in doubt,
have yet (the heat once over) in the Intervals, from thefe
peremptory fits of Affeveration, changed their note, and
betaken themfelves to complaints, upon the fubtilty of
Nature, the fecret Receffes of Truth, the Obfcurity of Things ,
the Implication of Caufes , the Infirmity of Mans Difcern-
ing Power : Yet nothing the more modeft for all this, fee-
ing they chufe rather to charge the Fault upon the common
condition of Man and Nature, than to acknowledge any
Perfonal deficience in themfelves. Yea, itis a thing ufual
with them, that what they cannot compafs by Art, their
way applied, to conclude the fameimpoffible to be attain-
ed by the fame Art: and yet for all this, 4rt muft not be
condemned, being fhe is to examine and judge , wherc-
fore the aim and intention of fuch accufations is only this,
That Ignorance may be delivered from Ignominy. § So like-
wife what is already commended unto us, and entertained
hitherto, is for moft part fucha kind of Knowledge, as is

full

bir Preface.

full of Words and Queftions ; but barren of Works and --

real Improvements ; for Augmentation backward and heart-
Jefs; pretending per feGion in the w hole, but ill-filled up
in the Parts ; for choice Popular, and of the Authors them-
felves fufpeCted, and therefore fortified and countenanced
by artificious evafions. g And the Perfons who have en-
tertained a defign to make trial themfelves, and to give
fome Advancement to Sciences , and to Propagate their
bounds, even thefe Authors durft not make an open de-
parture from the Common received Opinions; nor vific
the Head-fprings of Nature, but take themfelves to have
done a great matter, and to have gained much upon the
Age, if they may but interlace, or annex any thiag of their
own; providently confidering with themfelves, that by
thefe middle courfes, they may both conferve the zzodefl y
of Affenting; and the liberty of Adding. But whilft they
thus cautioufly conform themíelves to ' Opinions and Cu-
ftoms, thefe Planfible moderations, redotind to the great
prejudice and detriment of Learning ; For at once to Ad-
mire and go beyond Authors, are babits feldom compatible :

but it comes to pafs bere after the manner of Waters, which
willnot afcend higher than tbe level of the firft Spring-bead,
from whence they defcend 5 wherefore fuch writers amend
many chings, but promote little or nothing, making a
Proficience in Melioration, not in Auginentation. § Nei-
ther hath there been wanting sadertakime Spirits , who
with a more refolute confidence, prefuming nothing yet
done, take chemfelves to be the men, muft reCifie All;
and imployimg the firength of their wits in crying down,
and reverfing al! former judgements, have made paflage
to themfelves, and their own Placits; whofe bufie Cla-
mof; hath not much advanced Knowledge, fince their aita
and intention hath been, not to enlarge the bounds of Phi-
lofopby and Arts, by a fincere and folid Enquiry ; but only
to change the Placits, and tranflate the Empire of Opizi-
ons, and (ettle itupon themfelves , with little advantage
to Learning; feeing amougft oppofite Errors, the Caufes of
Exvring are commonly the fame. § And if any inconcern-
ed natures, not mancipate to others, or their own opini-
ons, but affeGing liberty, have been fo far animated, as to

defire

Vicount St. Albans

defire that others together with themfelves, would make
farther Inquiry; thefe furely have meant well; but per-
formed little , for they feem to have proceeded upon pro-
bable grounds only, being wheeled about in a vertiginous
maze of Arguments, and by a promiícuous licenfeé of In-
quiry, have indeed loofned the finews of fevere Inquifit i-
on: nor hath any of all thefe with a juft patience, and fuf-
ficient expectance attended the Operations of Nature, and
the fucceffes of Experience. § Some again have embarqu'd
themfelves in the Sea of Experiments, and become almoft
Mechanical; but in the Experience it felf, they have pra-
Gifed a roving manner of Inquiry, which they do not in
' a regular courfe conftantly purfue. § Nay, many pro-
pound to themfelves, certain petty Tasks, taking chem-
felvesto have accomplifht a great performance, if they can
but extract fome one Invention by a manage as poor as im-
pertinent ; for none rightly and fuccefstully fearch the
nature of any thing to the lifein the Thing it felf 5 but af-
ter a painful and diligent variation of Experiments, not
breaking off there, proceeds on, finding ftill emergent
matter of farther Difcovery. § Andit is an Erroroffpe- -
cial note, that the induftry beftowed in Experiments, hath
prefently, upon the firft accefs into the Bufinefs, by a too
forward and unfeafonable Defire, feifed upon fome de- -
fign'd operation ; I mean fought after, Fructifera non Lu-
cifera, Experiments of Ufe and not Experiments of Light
and Difcovery : not imitating the divine method which
created the firft day Light only, and allowed it one entire
Day, producing zo Materiate work the fame day, but de-
{cended to their Creation the days following. § As for
thofe who have given the preeminence unto Logrck, and
are of opinion that the fureft Guards for Sciences muft
be procurd from thence ; they have truly and wifely
difcerned, that the mind of man, and IntelleGive Faculty
left unto it felf, may defervedly be fufpeGed. Bur the
remedy is too weak for the difeafe, and is it felf not exempt
from Diftemperature ; for the Logick in force, though ic
may be rightly accommodated unto Matters Civil and Po-
pular Sciences, which confift in Difcourfe and Opinion ; yet
it comes far fhort of penetrating the fubtilty of Nature ;

and

——————————————————

his P reface. | 9

and undertaking more chan it can. mafter, feems rather to
eStablifb and fix Errors than to opem a way to Truth.
§ Wherefore to recolle& what hath been faid, ic feems
that neither Information from others, nor mens Inquiries
touching Sciences, have hitherto fuccefsfully fhined forth,
efpecially feeing there is fo little certainty in Demonftrati-
on and Infallibility of Experiments thus far difcovered.
Andthe Fabrick of the Univerfe to the: contemplative
eye of the Mind, for the frame thereof, is like fome Laby-
rinth or intricate Maze, where fo many doubtful paflages ;
fuch deceiveable refemblances, of Things and Signs ; fach
oblique and ferpentine windings, and intricate knots of
Nature every where prefent themfelves, as confounds the
underftanding. And withall, we muft continually make
our way, through the woods of Experiences, and parti-
cular Natures, by the incertain Light of Senfe, fometimes
fhining, fometimes fhadowed : yea, and the guides, which
(as hath been toucht) offer their affiftance, they likewile
are entangled, and helpto make up the number of Errors,
and of thofe that Err. In’matters of fuch perplext dif-
ficulty, there is no relying upon the Fudgement of men
from their own abilities; or upon the Cafual Felicity of
Particular events; for neither the capacity of Man, how
excellent foever ; nor the chance of Experience, never fo
often iterated and effayed, is of force to' conquer thefe
Myfteries : we muft march by line and level, and all the
way, even from the firft perception of Senfes, muft be fe-
cured, and fortified by acertain’Rule, and conftant Me-
thod of proceeding. § Yetare not thefe things fo to be
underftood, as if, in fo many Ages, and fo much Indu-
ftry, nothing at all hath been performed to purpofe ; nor
is their any caufe why it fhould repent us of the Difcowe-
ries already made; for certainly the Ancients, in thofe
fpeculations which confift in ftrength of Wit, and abftra&
Meditation, have approved themfelves men of admirable
comprehenfions: But asin the Art of Navigation, the
men of former Ages, dire&ing their courfe by obfervation
of Stars only, could edge along the coaft of the known
Continent, and it may be, crofs fome narrow Seas or the

[F] Me:

10

V. es $t. Alban

Mediterranean 5. but before the Ocean could be thus com-
manded, and the Regions of the new world difcovered,
it was requifite that the ufe of the Mariners Needle, as a
more fure and certain guide fhould be firft found out ; even
fo what difcoveries foever have been hitherto made in Arts
and Sciences, they are of that quality, as might have been
brought to light by Practice, Meditation, Obfervation and
Difcourfe, as things nearer the fenfes, and for moft part,
under the command of common Notions ; but before we
canthake our approaches, to the remote and hidden fe-
crets of Nature, it is neceffaril y requifite, thata better and
more perfect ufe, and pra&ick-operation of the Mind and
Underftanding Faculty be introduc'd. § As for us, furely
we;(vanquifh'd with an immortal love of Truth) have ex-
posd our felves.to doubtful;difficult and defert Paths ; and
by the proteQion and ‘afliftance of the Divine Power,
have born up and encouraged our felves againft the vio-
lent Affaults and prepared Armies, as it were, of Opinions,
and. againft our own private and inward hefitations and
fcruples, and againft the clouds and darknefs of Nature,
and every where flying fancies; that fo we might procure
the prefent and future Age more fafe and found Indications
and. Impreffions of Truth. . If in this high and arduous
attempt, we have made any. Profrcience, furely by no o-
ther, means have we cleared. our felves a way, than by a
fincere and juft humiliation. of the fpirit of Man, to the
laws and operations of Nature. For all they that went be-
fore us, who applied themfelves to the finding out of
Arts, cafting a tranfient eye upon Things, Examples, and
Experience, have prefently (as.if Invention were nothing
elfe but a meer Agitation of Brain) invoked in a manner
their own fpirits, to divine, and utter Oracles unto them :
but we being chaftely and perpetually converfant with the
operations of Nature, divorce not the Intelle& from the
ObjeG farther chan chat the Images and Beams of things
(as in fenfe)may meet and concentrate ; by which manner
of proceeding, there isnot much left to the ftrength and
exceHency of. Wit. The fame fubmiffion of fpirit we
have practifed in difcovery, we have followed in delivery :
Nor

his Preface,

Nor have we endeavourd to fet off our {eives with Glory;
or draw a Majefty upon our Inventions, either by Tri-
umphs of Confutations, or Depofitions of Antiquity 3
or an ufürpation of Authority ; or the vail of Obfcuri-
ty 5 Which are Arts he may eafily find out, whofe ftudy is
not fo much the Profit of others, as Applaufe to him-
felf. fay we neither have practifed , nor go we about;
by force or fraud to circumvent mens Judgements, but con-
dud them to the things themfelves, and to the league and
confederacy of things, that they may fee what they have,
what they reprehend, what they add and contribute co the
Publick, And if we have been too credulous, or too dor-
manr,& not fo intentive upon the matter,or languifht in che
way, or broken off the thread of the Inquiry, yet notwith-
fianding we prefent things after fuch a manner open and
naked, that our Errors may be detected and feparated be-
fore they can fpread themfelves, orinfinuate their conta«
gion into the mafs of Sciences; and after fuch a Method
as the continuation of our labours, isa matter facile and
expedite. By this means we prefume we have eftablifhe
for ever, a true and legitimate Marriage, between the Em-
pirical and Rational faculty; whofe faftidious and unfor-
tunate Divorce and Separation, hath troubled and difor-
dered the whole Race and Generation ef Man-kind.
§ And feeing thefe performances are not within the com-
pafs of ourmeer natural Power and command,we do here,
in the Accefsto this work, Pour forth humbleft and moS
ardent fupplications to God the Father, God the Word, God
the Spirit, that they being mindful of the Miferies of Man-
kind, and of the Pilgrimage of this life, wherein we wear
out few and evil days, they would vouchfafe to endow Man-
kind , by my hand, with new Donatives. And moreover;
we humbly pray, that Humane knowledges, may no way im-
peach, or prejudice Divine Trutbss nor that from the dif-
clofing of the ways of feufe ; and the letting in of a more
plentiful Natural Light , any mifts of Incredulity or clouds
of Darknefs arife in our minds, touching Divine Myfte-
ries 5 but rather that from a purified IntelleG, purged fron:
Fancies and Vanity; and oy and abfolutely rendred

F2 up

Philo.Jud;

Vicount St. Albans

up tà: Divine. Oracles 5 the Tributes of Faith may be

rendred to Faith. Inthe laft place, that tbe venome of kuow-
ledge infufed by the Serpent, whereby the mind of man. is
{welled and blown up, being voided, we may uot be too a-
fpiringly wife, or above fobviety, but that we may improve
and propagate Verity in Charity. § Now we have per-
formed our vows to heaven, converting our felves to men,
we admonifh them fomethings that are Profitable , and re-
queft of them fome things that are equal. Firft we ad-
monifh (which thing we have alío prayed for,) that we
keep humane Reafon within due Limits in matters Divine,
and Senfe within compafs : For fenfe like the Sun, opens
and reveals the face of the Terreftial Globe , but fbuts up
and conceals the face of the Geleftial. Again, that men be-
ware that in flight from this error, they fall not upon a
contrary extreme, of too much abafing Natural Powers
which certainly will come to pafs, if they once entertain
aconceit, that there are fome fecrets of Nature feperate and
exempt, as it were by injunttion, from Humane Inquifition.
For it was not that pure and immaculate Natural Kuowledge,
by tbe light whereof Adam gave names unto the Creatures,
according to the propriety of their Natures , which gave the
firft motion and occafton tothe Fall; but it was that proud

. and Imperative Appetite of Moral Kuowledge, defining the

Prev, 25.

laws and limits of Good aud Evil, with an intent in man to
revolt from God, and to give laws unto bimfelf, wbicb was
indeed the proje&t of the Primitive Temptation. | Foryof the
knowledges which contemplate the works of Nature, the
holy Philofopher hath faid exprefly 5 That the glory of God
is to conceal a thing, but the glory of the King is to find it
out: as if the Divine Nature, according to the innocent
and {weet play of Children, which hide chemíelves to the
end they may be found, took delight to hide his works, to
theend they might be found out ; and of his indulgence
and goodnefs to mankind, had chofen the foul of man to
be his Play-fellow in this.game. § In fumm, I would advife
all in general, that they would take into ferious confide-
ration the true and Genuine:ends of knowledge, that they
feekit not cither for Pleafure, or Contention, or Con-

tempt

bis Preface. A3

tempt of others, ar for Profit, Or lame, or for Honour and
Promotion 3 or füch like adulterate or inferior ends: bue
. for the merit and emolument of Life; and that they. ree
gulate and.períect the fame in charity :: For the defire
of Pomer, was the fall of Angels; tbe defireof. Kuowledge,
the fall of Man; but in charity there is xo excefs, veither
Men nor Angels ever incurred danger by it. § The Re-
quefts we make are thefe ; (To fay nothing of our felves
touching the matter in hand) we Requeft thus much, That
men would not think of it asan opinion; but asa work, and
take it for Truth, that our aiu, and ends is not to lay the
foundation of a Sect or Placit, but of Humane Profit and
Proficience. § Again, that refpeding their own Benefit,
and putting off Partialities and Prejudices, they would all
contribute in one for the publick Good: and that being
freed and fortified by our Preparations and Aids, againft
the Errors and Impediments of the ways,they likewife may
come in, and bear a part in the burden, and inherit a por-
tion of the Labours that. yet remain behind. § Moreoyer
that they chear up themfelves, and conceive well of the
enterprife ; and not figure unto themfelves a conceit and
fancy, that this Our InStaurationis a matter infinite, and be-
‘yond tbe power and compafs of Mortality ; {eeing itis in truth
the right and legitimate end and period of Infinite Errors ;
and not unmindful of Mortality, and Humane Condition,
being it doth not promife that the Defign may be accom-
plifhe within the Revolution of an Age only, but deli-
vers it over to Pofterity to Perfed. Ina word, it feeks
not Sciences arrogantly in the cells of mans wit, but fub-
miffively in the greater world : And commonly, Empty things
are vaft and boundlefs, but Solids are contratied and deter-
mined within a narrow compafs. § To conclude, we
thought good to make it our laft fuit; (left. peradventüre
through the difficulty of the Attempt, any fhould become
unequal ludgesof our Labours) that men fee to it, how
they do,from that which we muft of neceffity lay down as
a ground (if we will be true to our own ends) affumea
liberty to cenfure, and país fentence upon our labours ;

feeing we reject all this premature and Anticipated bu-
wane

14

Vicount St. Alban

PII mune eee ne ee EL EE
mane Reafon, rafhly and too fuddenly departed from

Things, (as touching the Inquifition of Nature) as a
thing various , difordered and ill-built : Neither in.
equity can it be required of us, to fland to tbe Fudge

T
ment of that Reafon, which ftands it felf, at the Bar of
Fudicature.

EL.

bis Preface. . 15

1 be Destvibution of tbé Work into Six Parts.

P. J. Pantitiones Scientranum, Or afununary
Survey and partition of Sciences,

P.li. Novum Orcanum, On True Direttions for
the Interpretation of Nature. |

PALL Paenomena Untverst,Or Hiflory Natu-
ral and Experimental , for the building up Phi-

lofopby. | ?
P.IV. Scara Intettectus, On the Iniellettual
Sphere rectified to tbe Globe of the World,

P. V. Propromr, Or The Anticipations of fecond
Philofophy emergent upon Praétice. :

P, VI. SzcuxpA Puitosopuia, On Aitive Phi-
lofopby, from intimate Comverfe with Nature, ——

The ARGUMENT of the feveral
PARTS,

pe That every thing be delivered with all pof-

bo) fible Plainnefs and Perfpicuity : for the naked-

PRCA por of the Mind, as once of the Body, is the

companion of Innocence and Simplicity. Firft therefore ,

the order and Diftribution of the work, with the ‘reafon

thereof, muft be made manifeft, The Parts of the Work

are, by us affigned, Six. |
«| Tbe Firft Part exhibits the fumm or univerfal de- PW;

feription of that Learning and Kaowledges in the poffeffi-

| e, EAS T is one point of the Defign we have in, hand,

On

16

Prov.18,

Vicount St. Alban

on whereof, men have hitherto been eStated. For we
thought good to make fome ftay even upon Sciences re-
ceived, andthat, for this confideration ; that we might
give more advantage to the Perfeétion of ancient know-
ledges, and to the introduction of new : For we ate carried,
in fome degree, with an equal temper of Defire, both to
improve the labours of the Ancients , and to make farther

progress. And this makes for the faith and fincerity of

our meaning, according to that of the wife, The unlearn-
ed Man receives not tbe words of knowledge, unle(s you firft
interpret unto bim the conceptions of bis heart : Where-

fore we will not neglea to fide along(as it were in paflage)

the Coafts of accepted Sciences and Arts ; and to import
thither, fomethings ufeful and profitable. § Neverthelefs
we adjoyn fuch Partitions of Sciences, as comprehend, not
only {uch things that are found out and obferved already, but
fucb alfo as are thereto pertaining, and have heen hitherto
pretermifs'd. For their are found zz the Intellectual Globe,
as in tbe Terreflial, foyle improved and Deferts. Where-
fore let it not feem ftrange, if now and then we make a de-
parture from the #fual Divifions , and forfake the beaten
path of fome Partitions : for Addition whilft it varies the
whole, of neceffity varies the Parts and the Seétions tbere-
of; and the accepted Divifions, are accommodated only to
the accepted fumm of Sciences,as it is now caftup. § Con-
cerning thofe Parts, which we fhall note as Pretermitted,
we will fo regulate our felves, asto fet down more than
the naked Titles, or brief Arguments of Deficients. For
where we deliver up any thing asa Defiderate, fo it be a
matter of merit ; and thereafon thereof may feem fome-
what obfcure ; fo as, upon good confideration, we may
doubt, that we fhall not be fo eafily conceived what we
intend, or what the contemplation is we comprehend
in our mind, andin ourmediation, there it fhall ever be
our precife care, to annex either precepts, for the perform-
ing of fuch a Work ; or a Part of the Work it felf, per-

formed by us already, for Example to the whole: that fo

we may in every Particular, either by Operation or Infor-
mation, promote the bufinefs. For in my judgement, it is a
matter which concerns not only the benefit of others, but

our

his Preface,

our own Reputation alfo , that no man imagine that we
have projected in our minds fome flight fuperficial notion
of thefe Defigns ; and that they are of the ‘nature of rhofe
things, which we could Defire, and which. we accept on-
ly as good wifbes. For they are fuch as without queftion,
are within the power and poffibility of men to. compafs,
unlefs they be wanting to themfelves; and hereof, we for
our parts, have certain and evident demonftration ; for
we come not hither, as Augures 5 to meafure. Countries in
our mind, for. Divination; butias Captatus, to invade
them, for a conqueft. » And this-ts the Firft Part of our
Works. i Yon
@ Thus having paffed over Ancient Sciences, in. the
next place we enable humane Intelle& toofail through;
Wherefore to the Second Part is defggned the: Dottrine toncb-
ing more found, and perfect uferof Reéafon, in tbe. inquiry
of Things , and the true affiflances of the underStanding ;
that hereby (fo far as the condition of humanity and mors
tality will fuffer) the Intelle&, may be elevated ; and am-
plified witha faculty, capable to conquer the dark, - and
deeper fecrets of Nature,. And the. Art, we here fet down,

which we are wont to call, The Interpretation of Nature,

is a kind of Logick, though very» much ,«and: exceeding
different. That vulgar Logick profeffes the Preparation
and Contrivance of aids and forces for the underftanding,
herein they confpire , but it clearly differs from the Po-
pular, {pecially in three things, narnely; in the end, inthe
order of Denionftrating, and, in the: firft difclofures to Ingui-

§ For the Ezd propoundedin this our Science is, that
there may, be found out not Arguments, but Arts net
things Confentaneous to Principles, but) even: Principles
themíelves ; not probable reafons, but defignations:and
indications of works ; ‘wherefore from a different intenti-
on follows a different effe& : for there , an Adveríary is
diftreffed:and vanquifht by Difputation, here by. nature,

the thing done.: § And with this End accords the nature.

and order of their DemonStrations :: For in vulgar Logick,
almoft all the pains is imployed about: Syllogifm': as for
InduGion, the Dialetticks feem fcarce evet to have taken
jtintoany ferious confideration, flightly pafling it over

G] and

à

SA

19.

V icount’St.\Alban

and haftning:torthe: forms of ‘Difputing... But we reject
Demonftiation by: Syllogéfm, for that it proceeds confufed-
ly 5;and lets: Nacure efcape our hands. : For.though no
inan callinto doübé) bus that what dre coincident in a mid-
dle term are in themfelves coincident, (which is a kind of
Mathematick Certitude )) yet here lies the Fallax, that
Syllogifin confifts of Propofitious : Propofitions of words
and words areabe tokens^and marks of things. | Now: i£
thefe famezotiozs of the mind, (which are, as it were, the
foul-of words yiand. the Bafis of this. manner of Stru&ure
and Fabrick)'be.radelyand rafhly. divorcd. from things;
and roving ; not perfe&ly defind and limited, and alfo
many other ways vicious; all falls ‘to ruine. Wherefore
we reject Syllogé(m, notranly in regard of Principles (for
which nor do they makeafe of it) but in refpec alfo of Mid-
dle Propofitions,which indeed Syllogifm,however,infers and
brings forth.ssbuebarren.of operations and: remote from
practice ;and:àu relationcto the AGive Part of Sciences,
altogether incompetentu: Although therefore we may
leave to Syllàgzfm., and ofuchi celebrated and applauded
Demonftrations; a Juri(di&tion over Arts Popular and Os
pinable (for in. this kind we move nothing) yet for the
nature of tHings, weevery where; aswell in Minor as Mas
jor Propofttions} make ufc; of Indu&iions: for we take Im»
duétion tobe that form of; DemonStration, which fupports
fenife; :preflés ‘Natureyiand is inftanced in Works, and 18
a fort mingled:therewith.e Wherefore: the order alfo! of
Demonftration is altogether inverted, For hitherto the bu-
finefs ufed to be:thus managed; fromcfenfe, and fome few,
Particulars, fuddenly to fly up:ta thehigheft Generals, as
to fixt Poles,» about which: Difputations may be. turned
from which: the reft of intermediate Axioms may be des
rived: | A way compendions indeed, but. precipitate 3
and; to.Natuüre:iinperviouss but for Difputations ready;
and accommodate. ;. Butaccording to our Method, Axioms
are.raifed by-a fequent aontinüity-and graduat dependan-
cy» fooas there is noifeifingupon the:higheft Generals, but
in:the:laft place ;- and «thófe; higheft: Generals: in quality
not notionals; but: well £erminated, and fuch as Nature
acknewledgesto be truly. near allied: unto hers: and. which

i cleave

his Preface.

cleave to the individual intrinficks of things. § But
touching the form it felf of Induction and Fudzement made
by it, we undertake a mighty work. For the Form, where-
of Logicians fpeak , which proceeds by fimple enumeration,
is a childifh thing, and concludes upon admittance ; isex-
pofed to peril froma contradidory inftance ; looks only
upon common operations; and is in the iflue endlefs.
But to the knowledges of Induétion, fuch a Form is re-
quired, as may folve and feparate experience ; and by due
exclufion and rejection neceffarily conclude. And if thae
publick and popular Fudgement of Diale&icks , be fo la-
borious, and hath exercifed fo many and fo great Wits ;
how much greater pains ought we to take in this other ;
which not only out of the fecret clofets of the mind, but
out of the very entrails of Nature is extracted ? Nor is
this all 5 for we more firmly fettle, and folidate the foun-
dation of Sciences, and take the firft rife of our inquiry
deeper than hitherto hath been attempted ; fubmitting to
examinations thofe Principles, which wulgar Logick takes
up on the credit of another. For the Diale&icks bor-
row, asit were, from all other Sciences , the Principles of
Sciences; again, adore the prime Notions of the mind :
Laftly, reft fatisfied with the immediate informations of
fenfe rightly difpofited. But our judgement is this, chat
true Logick fhould vifit every particular Province of Sci-
ences, with greater command than their principles poflefs;
and that thofe fame putative Principles be enforc'd to give
an account, and beliable to examination, until fuch time
as their validity and tenure clearly appeared. And as
touching the Prime Notions of the Intelle& , there is no-
thing of thofe , (the underftanding left at liberty to it
felf) hath congefted, but matter to be fufpected; nor any
way warrantable, unlefs it be fummon'd, and fubmic it felf
to a new Court of Judicature; and that fenterice pafs
according thereto. Moreover we many ways fift and found
the information of fenfe it felf; for the Sénfes deceive ;
yet withall they indicate their Errors : but Errors are
at hand, Indications to be fought for a far off: § The guilt
of Senfeis of two forts, either it deftitutes us , or elfe. de-
ceives us: For firft, there are many things which

EG 2] efcape

19

20

Vicount St. Alban

efcape the cognizance of fenfe, even when it is well dif
pofed, and no way impedite : either by reafon of the fub-
tility of the entire body, or the minutneís of the parts
thereof, or the diftance of place, or the flownefs , and
likewife fwiftnefs of motion; or the familiar converfe
with the object, or fome other caufes.: Again, nor where
fenfe truly apprehends its object, are her Precepts fo ve-
ry firm: for tbe teftimony and information of fenfe, is e-
wer from the Analogy of Man, and not from the Analogy of
the World ; and it is an ertor of dangerous confequence to
affert, that fenfe isthe meafure of things. Wherefore to
encounter thefe inconveniences, we have with painful and
faithful fervice every where fought: out; and collected af
fiftances, that Supplements to Deficients y to Variations,
Rettifications, may be miuiflred. . Nor do we undertake
this fo muchby inftruments} as by experiments ; for the fubtil-
ty of Experiments,is far greater than of fenfe it felf,though
affifted with exa& inftruments , we mean fuch experiments,
which to the intention of the thing inquired; are skilfully
according to Artinvented and accommodated... Wheres
fore we do not attribute much to tlie immediate and partis. —
cular perception of fenfe 5. but we bring che matter to this
iffue, that fenfe may judge only of the experiment, the
experiment of the thing: :-We' conceive therefore, that
of fenfe, (from which all. knowledge in things natural
muft be derived, unleís we mean wilfully to: goia witlefs
way to work). we are become the religious Poritifs ; and
the notinexpert interpreters of hér Oracles; fo asothers
may feem in outward profeffion ; but :we in deed and adi-
on; to protect‘and honour. fefe, And of this kind are
they which we. prepare; \ifor'the lightof Nature, the actua
ating, and immiffion thereof; which of themfelves were
fufficient, were humane Intelle& equal, and a {mooth ins
anticipated Table. But when the minds of men are after
fuch fttange ways befieged, that-fot‘to admit the true
beams of things, a fincere ‘and, poliílit “Area is. wanting 5
it concerns us, of. neceffity £o. bechinlboür felves of feels
ing out fome remedy for ‘this difteiperature. | The Ido-
laes, wherewith the mind:is preoccupate:are .either At»
trated, or Innate; Attracted: have flid into mens minds ;

errher

bis Preface.

either by the Placits and Sects of Philofophers; or by de-
pravedlaws of Demonftrations. But the Inzate inhere in
the nature of the Intelle&, which is found to. be: far
more liable to error, than fenfe. For however men may
pleafe themfelves; and be ‘raviht into admiration, and al-
moft adoration of the mind of man, this is moft certain:
as an inequal looking -glafs, changes.the rays of obje&s,
according to irs own figure, and cutting 5 even fo "i
mind, when it fuffers impreflion from things by fenfe, in
encogitating and dilcharging her notions, doth» not fo
faichfully infinuate and incorporate. her nature, with the
nature of things. And thofe two firft kinds of Idolaes
can very hardly; but thofe latter, by no means be extir-
pate.. It remains;only that they be diíclofed ; and that
fame treacherous faculty of the mind be noted and con-
vinced ; left from the unfcund comple&ion of the mind,
upon the, extermination of:ancient, perchance new fhoots
of Errors {pring in their place; and the bufinefs be brought
only te this iffue; that errors be not extinguifht, but
changed: buton the contrary, now at laft, ic be for ever
decteed and ratified, That the intelle&t cammot make a judge-
ment but by indicthoou; and! by 2! legitimate form thereof.
Wherefore the Do&rine of purifying the Underftanding ;
that it may become receptive of truth, is perfected by
tbreé | Keprebenfions 5 Reprehenfion of Philofophy; Repre-
benfión of Deinonftrations ; 5 and Reprehenfion of Native bu-
mane Reafon. - Thefe explicated, and then the cafe clear:
ed, what the nature of things, what the nature of the
min dis! «capable off 5: we prefume (the Divine goodnels
being Prefident at the Rites)-that we have prepared: and
adorned; !the Bride-ebainber of the Mind and of 1be Uni
Vev(eq ; Now may the vote of che Martiage-fong bes: that
flomshir Conjuntion, Humane Aids, and a Race of Invens
mn Maybe protreated, as may. in fone part vanguifo and

fubdue niaps miferies and ons fies; And thisis the. gen

Part of tlie Work 3

A But our purpofe i is not only tó point out ind; mu-
tite the way ; but to enterprife it : Wherefore the third
Part of the Work: comprifetb, Phenomena Univer, as to

m all kind of Experience yand Natural Hiftory, of fach
kind

21

P. IIT.

22

M —ÀÀ— MÀ] —— M MÀ

- Viconnt St. Alban

kind as may be fundamental for the building up of Na-

tural Pbilofopby. For neither can any exact way of De-
monStration or Form of interpreting Nature, both guard
and fupport the mind from error and lapfe; and withal
prefent and minifter matter for knowledge. But they wlio
propofed to themfelves not to proceed by Conjedures
and Divinations , but to find out, and to know, whofe
end and aim is not to contrive Fi&dions and Fables, but to
{earch with diligenceinto the nature of, and, asit is were,
anatomizxe this true world; muft derive all from the very
things themfelves. Nor can the fubftitution and compen-
{ation of Wit, or Meditation, or Argumentation fuffice to
this travail, inquifition, and mundane perambulation; no
not if all the Wits inthe World fhould meet together.
Wherefore we muft either take a right courfe, or defert
the bufinefs for ever : and to this day the matter hath been
fo managed, that itisno marvail, if nature hath not dif-
clofed her felf. For firft, defective and fallacious infor-
mation of fenfe ; negligent, inequal, and as it were, cafu-
al obfervation ; vain Tradition, and from idle Report; Pra-
&ice, intent on the Work, and Servile;: Experimental at-
tempt, ignorant, dull, wild; and broken: laftly, flight and
poor Natural Hiftory ; have towards the raifing of Philo-
fophy , congefted moft depraved matter for the under-
ftanding. After this, prepofterous fubtilty of arguing ;
and ventilation, hath eflayed a late remedy to things
plainly defperate; which doth not any way recover the
bufinefs, or feparate errors. § Wherefore there is no hope
of greater advancement aud progrefs, but in the ReStaurati-
of Sciences. And the commencements hereto muft, by
all means, be derived from Natural Hiffory ; and that too,
of a new kind and provifion : for to no purpofe you poliflr
the Glafs, if Images be wanting : not only faithful guards
muft be procured, but apt matter prepared. And this our
Hiflory, asour Logick, differs from that in ufe, in many
particulars: iz tbe end or office, in the Mafs and Gongeries 5
then in tbe fubtilty, alfo in choice, and in conftitution in req
ference tothofe things that follow. & For first we propound
(ach a Natural Hiflory, as doth not fo much either pleafe
for the variety of things, or profit for prefent improve-

ment

his Preface,

ment of Experiments, as it doth difperfe a light to the |
invention of caufes; and gives, as it were, the firft Milk
to the nourifhing up of Philofophy:; For though we
principally purfue operation, and the A Give part of Sci-
ences; yet we attend the due feafon: of Harveft ; nor go
about to reap the green herb or theblade. For we know
well that Axioms rightly invented, draw after chem the
whole troup of Operations 5: and notdparfedly, but plen-
fully exhibit Works... Büt. we utterly condemn and re-
nounce, as Atalantaes Apple which retards the Race, that
unfeafonable and childifh: humour of accelerating early
Pledges of new Works. : And this is the Duty of our
Natural Hiftory. |. $ 4s for the Mafsywe compile aHiftory,
not only of Nature at Liberty , and in Courfe; I mean,
when without compulfion fhe glides gently along, and ac-
complifhes her own work : (as is che: Hiftory of the Hea-
wens,Meteors,Earth and Sea; of Minerals, Plants,Animals:)
but much rather.of Nature ftraitned and vext 5 when by
the provocations of Art, andthe miniftry of Man, the is
put:out of her common road ; diftrefied and wrought.
Wherefore, all:the experiments of iArts: Mechanical ; all
of the.Operative part of Liberal 5 ‘all of many Pradical,
not yetconípired into a peculiar Art«(fo far as any difco-
very may be had; and fo fat as is condücent to our inten-
tion) we will fet'down atolarge. So likewife (not to
diffemble the magter) nothing regarding mens pride and
bravades, we beftow more: páins and place more afíu-
rance in this Part than in that other being the nature of
things,more diíclofes her felf in tbe wexation of Art, than
when itis at its own liberty: § Nordo we prefent the
HiStory of SubSiance only, but alfo we-have taken it as a
part of our diligence, to prepare a feparate Hiftory of their
wertues , wemean, fuch as. in. nature may be accounted
Cardinal, and wherein the Primordialsof Nature are ex-
prefly-conftituted ; as matter invefted ywith her Primitive
qualities and appetites ; as-denfe, rare, bot cold, confiftent,
fluid, ponderous,liabé;and others nota few. § For indeed;
to fpeak of fubtilty, we fearcb out with choice diligence,
akind of Experiments, far more (ubtile and fimple than thofe
commonly met with. For we educe and extract many out

of

24

Plut.de Ed,
P. ex Plat.
de Rep.

Vicount St. Alban

of darknefs, which had never come into any mans mind to
inveftigate, fave his who proceeds by a certain and: con-
ftant path, to the invention of caufes: whereas in them-
{elves they are of no great ufe; that itisclearly evident,
that they were not fought after, for themfelves, but that
they have directly the fame reference to things and works,
that the Letters of the Alphabet have to fpeech and
words ;, which, though fingle by themfelves, they are
unprofitable, yet are they the Elements of all Language.
§ And in tbe choice of Reports and Experiments, we pre-
fume that we have given in better fecurity, than they who
bitberto have been converfant in Natural Pbilofopby : for
we admit nothing but by oculate faith, at left evident
proof; and that after moft fevere enquiry : fo as nothing
is reported hightned to the abufive credit of a miracle ;
but what we relate are chafte and immaculate from Fables
and Vanity. Soalfo all thofe received and ventilated cur-
rent fictions and lies, which by a ftrange neglect, have for
many agesbeen countenanced, and are become inveterate 5
we do by name profcribe,and precifely note,that they may
be no longer prejudicial to Sciences. For what one wifely
obferves, That Fables, Superftitions, and idle Stories, which
Nurfes inftill into young Children, do in good earneft deprave
their minds : fo the fame reafon moved us,to be fo religious
and careful, left at the entrance, where we handle and take
the charge of the lufancy, as it were, of Bhilofophy, under
natural Hiffory ; the fhould be initiated in any vanity.
§ But iz every new and fomewhat more fubtile experiment,
in our opinion, certain and tryed, we yet apertly adjoyn
the manner of the experiment we have pradtifed, that after
it ismade apparent what the fuccefs of every particular
was with us; men might fee the error which might lurk
and cleave thereto 3 and be awaked to proofs , if any
fuch be, more exa& and fecure. § In brief , we eve-
ry where fparfedly infert monitions and fcruples and
conjectures ; ejecting and interdicting, asit were, by afa-
cred adjuration, and exorcifm, all Phantafms. 9% Laflly,
being it is a thing moft liquid unto us, how exceedingly
Experience and Hiftory difperfe the beams of the fight of
humane Intelle& ; and how hard a matter ic is, {pecially

to

bis Preface.

to minds tender and preoccupate, at firft entrance, to be-
come familiar wich nature ; we therefore many times add
our own obfervations, as certain firft converfions and in-
clinations, andas it were, A(pects of Hiftory to Philofophy ;
to the end chat they may be both pledges to men, that they
fhall not ever be detained in the waves of Hiftory ; as alfo
that when they are once arrived to the operation of the
underftanding, all may be in a more preparednefs. And
by this kind of Natural Hiftory, as here we defcribe, we
fuppofe that there may be a fecure and eafie accefs unto
Narure; and folid and prepared matter prefented unto the

Underftanding.

25 ;

QJ Now we have both fortified and environed the un- p. ]v.

-derftanding with faithful Auxiliaries and forces, and by
a ftrict Mulier railed a compleat Army of Divine Works,
there feeus nothing remaining but that we fet upon Philof. opby
it felf. Burin fo deficile and dubious an enterprife, there
arc fome particulars, which feem neceffarily to be inter«

poted partly for infiruciion, partly for prefentufe. & Of

thefe tbe firft is, that the examples of Inquifttion, and of In-
wention, he propounded according to our Rule and Me-
thod reprefented in particular Subjects ; chiefly making
choice of fuch Subjects, which amongft other things to
be enquired, are the moft noble, and in mutual relation ;
moft adverfe ; that there may not wantan example in eve-
ry kind... Nor do we fpeak of thofe examples, which fot
illuftration fake, are annexed to every particular Precept
and Rule (for we have fufficiently quit our felves hereof
in the Second Part of tbe Work ,) but we mean directly
the Types and Platforms which may prefent, as it were,
tothe eye, the whole Procedure of the Mind, andthe
continued Fabrick and Order of Invention, in certain fe-
le&ed fubje&s ; and they various and of remark. For it
came into our mind, that in Mathematicks, the frame
fianding, the Demonftration inferred is facile and. perfpie.
cuous ; on the contrary, without thisaccommodation and
dependency, all feems involved, and more fubtile than in-
decd they be. Wherefore to examples of this fort we af-
fign the Fourth Part of our Work : which indeed is nothing
‘elfe, but a particular, and explicite application of the Se-
cond Part. CA] €| But

IV.

Academ,
Vet. Nov.

Dogmat.

P. VI.

Vicount St. Alban

i aut t ————ÓÁMMPÓÓÉÓÉÓÉU EET

/————— — —

Q[ But the fifth Part is added only for a time, and paid
as intereft until the Principal be raifed. For we are notfo
precipitantly bent upon the end, as too flightly to país o-
ver what we cafually meet with by the way. Wherefore
the Fifth Part of tbe Work, iscompofed of fuch things as
we have, or found out; or experimented, or fuperadded 5
nor yet do we perform this, by the reafon aud rules of In-
terpretatiou,burby the fame application ofthe underftand-
ing, which others in enquiry and invention ufe to practice.
For feeing from our perpetual converfe with nature, we
hope greater matters from our meditations, than we can
promife to our felves from the ftrength of our own wit;
thefe obfervations may be as tents pitched in the way, into
which the mind,in purfuit of more certain Collections,may
turnin, and for a while repofe her felf. Yetinthe mean,
we promife not to engage our felves upon the credit of
thofe Obfervations ; becaufe. they are not found out, nor
tried by the right form of Interpretation. § And there is
no caufe why any fhould diftaft or entertain a jealoufie, at
that fufpenfion of Fudgement in knowledge, which afferts uot
abfolutely, that nothing can be known y but that nothing with-
eut à certain Order, and a certain Method, canbe known ; and
yet withal, lays down for ufe and eafe, certain Degrees of
certitude, until the mind be fixt upon the explication of
canfes. For neither thofe very Schools of Philofophers,
who down right maintained Acatalepfie or Incomprebenfi-
bility, have been inferiour to thofe, who ulurp a liberty of
pronouncing fentence: but they provided not affiftances
to thefenfe and underftanding, as we have done , but ut-
terly took away all credit'and authority, which is a far dif-
ferent cafe and almoft oppofite.

«| Now the fixth Part of our Work, wbereto the refs
are fubfervient and miniftvant, doth altogether difclofe ,

and. propound that Pbilofophy , which is educed, amd .

conflituted out of fucb a legitimate fincere and fevere euqui-
ry, 4s we have already taught and prepared. But to
confummateand perfe& this laff Part, is a thing exalted
above our ftrength, and beyond our hopes. We have
given it, as we truft, not contemptible beginnings ; the
pro{perous: fuccefs of mankind fhall give it ifflue; and

per-

bis Preface.

peradventure fuch, as men, inthis preíent ftate of mind

and imployments, can not eafily conceive and compre-
hend. And the cafe concerns not contemplative felicity
alone, but indeed mens affairs and fortunes, and all the
power of Works: For Man, Natures minifter and inter-
preter, doth, and underStands fo much, as be hath by Ope-
ration or Contemplation obferwed of Natures Order 5 aor can
know or do any more: For neither can any forces unloofe
and break afunder the chain of Cauíes; nor is nature o-
therwife, than by obedience unto it, vanquifíht. Where-
fore theíe two main Intentions, Humane Sciences, and Hu-
mane Potencies, are indeed in the fame point coincident :
and the fruftration of Works, for moft part, falls out from
the ignorance of Caufes. $ But herein the fumm and per-
fedtion of all confifts, if a man, never taking off the eye
of his mind from the things themfelves; throughly im-
print their images to thelife. For God defend, that we
fhould publifh the ayery dreams of our own Fancy, for the
real Ideas of tbe World! But rather may he be fo graci-
oufly propitious unto us,that we may write the Apocalypfe,
and true vifion of the impreffions and fignets of the Crea-
tor, upon the Creature !

Wherefore thon, O Father, who haft conferred vifille
Lights as the Primitiz on the Creature; and breathed into
the face of Man Intelle&inal Light, as the accomplifbment of
thy Works prote& and conduét this Work, which iffuiug
from thy Goodnefs, returns to thy Glory! Thou, after thou
hadft [urveyed the works thy hands had wrought, faw that
all was exceeding Good, and haft refted : but Man furveying
the works bis bands bad wrought, faw that all was vanity
and vexation of Spirit , and found no Keft : Wherefore if
we labour with diligeuce , and vigilance in Thy works;
thon wilt make us Participants of thy Vifion, and of thy
Sabbath. We humbly fupplicate , that we may be of this
refolution,and infpired with this mind; and that thou wouldft
be pleafed to endow humane Race,with new Donatives by our
hands ; and the bands of others, in whom thou fbalt implant
the fame Spirit.

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THE

GENERAL ARGUMENT

Of the

Nine Books.

IB. T. Is Proemial to the Inftauration of Sciences. § Reports
, the DISCREDITS of LEARNING. § The DIGNITY of
LEARNING.

| IB. If. Declares the ADVANCEMENT of LEARNING, § In-
_, ftrumental. § Effential , in the Partition of Sciences, into
HISTORY. § POESY. § PHILOS. § Partit. of HIST.
§ POESY.

IB. Ill. Partitions of PHILOSOPHY , into § SUMMARY.
§ SPECIAL, into DIVINE. § NATURAL. § HUMANE.
§ Partitions of NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.

I IB, IV. Partitions of HUMANE PHILOSOPHY into § PHI-
~ LOSOPHY of HUMANITY. § CIVIL. § Partitions of
the PHILOSOPHY of HUMANITY.

p V. Partitions of SCIENCES, from the Ufe and Objects of
ofthe MIND, into § LOGICK, § ETHICK. § Of LO-
GICK into INVENTION. § JUDGEMENT. § MEMORY,
$ TRADITION.

135. VI. Partitions of TRADITION or ELOCUTION into the
ORGAN of SPEECH. § METHOD of SPEECH. § ILLU-
STRATION of SPEECH.

IB. VII. Partitions of ETHICK or MORAL KNOWLEDGE,
into the Doctrine of the PLATFORM of GOOD, § Ofthe
CULTURE of the MIND,

LIB.

[ 45. vir. Partitions of CIVIL KNOWLEDGE, into the Doctrine
of CONVERSATION. § Of NEGOTIATION. 5 Of GO-
VERNMENT of STATES.

IB. IX. Partitions of THEOLOGY omitted , DEFICIENTS

/ Three. $81. THE RIGHT USE OF HUMANE REASON
in DIVINITY. § Il. The DEGREES OF UNITY IN THE
c m GOD. $ III. The EMANATIONS OF SS. SCRI-
PTURE.

1 he

ARGUMENT

OF THE

CHAPTERS

Firft Book. ©
ae kane gp

Ex HE Confecration of this Work unto the moi# Learned of
Princes, King James. » § Who in high , but juft con-
ceptions is here admired. § The Diftribution into the
Dignity and Proficiency of Learning: . 1. Diferedits of
Learning from the objections of \ Divines 5. That the
afpiring unto Kuowledge was the-firft Sin. . That Learn-
ing is infinite and full of anxiety. That Learning inclines-he Mind
to Herefie and. Atheifg. WM. The Solution. . Original Guilt was notin
the Quantity, but in the Quality, of . Knowledge....§, The, Gorredive
hereof, Charity. Ul. Againft Infinity, Anxiety ,. and Seducement of
Knowledge,Three prefervatives. § That it instru us in our Mortality.
§ That it gives us content. § That it [oar not too high. §-And fo
Philofophy leads the Mind by the Links of Second Caufes unto the Firft.

G.A P Iia

L Difcredits caf upon Learning from the objeions of Politicks 5 That
Learning foftens Mens natures, aud makes them unfit for Exercife of
Arms,

32 The Defign.

Arms. That Learning perverts mens minds for matter of Govern-
ment. Other particular indifpofttions pretended. II. The folutions
Learning makes not wien unapt for Arms, III. Learning inables
men for Civil Affairs. IV. Particular feducettents imputed to
Learning: 4s curiowsincertainty. § Pertinacious Regularity. § Atif-
leading Book:Prefidents. § Retired flothfulnefs. § Relaxation of
Difpline are rather cured than canfed by Learning.

CAP. III.

L Diferedits of Learning from Learned mens Fortunes 5 Mannerss
Nature of Studies. M1. Derogations derived from Fortune are thefe 5
Scarcity of Means. § Privatenefs of Life. § Meannefs of Imploy-
ment. Ill. From their Manners 5 thefetoo Regular for the times,
§ Too fenfible of the good of others; and too neglel ive of their own.
§ 4 defailance in applying themfelves to Perfons of Quality. § A
Failing in fome leffer Ceremonies of demeanure. § Grofs Flattery
pradifed by fome Learned men. § Instanced, in the Moderz De-
dication of Books. § Difcreet Morigeration allowed.

CAP. IV.

I. Distempers of Learning from Learned mens Studies, are of three
forts; Phantaftical Learning 5 Contentious Learning; Delicate
Learning. 1l. Delicate Learning a curiofity in words , through pro-
fufenefs of fpeech, § Decent exprelfion commended. § Affected
brevity cenfured. MI, Comtentious Learning, a curiofity in matter,
through Novelty of Terms or firittne/s of Pofitions. § A vanity
either in Matter 5 or in Method. 1V. Phantaftical Learning hath
two branches, ImpoSture, Credulity, § Credulity a Belief of Hifto-
ry 3 or a Belief of Art 5 or Opinion: and that either Real, in the
Art it felf. § Or Perfonal in the Author of fuch an Art or Science,

CAPR V.

Peccant Humoursin Learning. 1. Extreme affection to tmo extremes;
Antiquity : Novelty. Ql. A distrust that any thing New, fhould now
be found out. WW. That of all Seis. and Opinions, the bei? bath
fli prevailed. IV. An over-carly redudion of Knowledge into Arts
and Methods. V. A megletf of Primitive Philofophy. VI. 4
Divorce of the IntelleE# from the Object. VII. A contagion of Know-
ledge in General, from Particular inclinations and tempers. V VI. Az
impatience of fufpenfe 5 bafle to pofitive affertion. IX. A Magifiral
manner of Tradition of Knowledge. X. Aim of Writers, Iufira-
tion, not Propagation of Knowledge. XI. End of Studies, Curiofity,
Pleafure, Profit, Preferment, &c.

CAP,

———

GAR: “VE

The Dignity of Learning from Divine Arguments and Teflimonies.
I. From Gods Wi(dom. § Angels of Tlumination. § The firft
Light. $ The first Sabbath. § Mans imployment in the Garden.
§ Abels contemplation. § The Invention of Mufick, § Confufion
of Tongues. Il. The excellent Learningsof Mofes. § Job. § So-
lomon. § Christ. § St.Paul. § The Ancient Dodors of the
Church, § Learning exalts tbe Mind to the Celebration of Gods Glo-
rys andis a prefervative againit Error and Unbelief.

CAP. VIL

The Dignity of Learning from humane Arguments and Teftimonies.
I. Natural Inventors of new Arts, for the Commodity of Mams life,
confecrated as Gods. II. Political, Civil Eftates and Affairs ad-
vanced by Learning. § The best and the happieft times under Learn-
ed Princes and others. § Exemplified in fix continued fucceeding
Emperours from the death of Domitian. Ill. Aéilitary : The Con-
currence of Arms and Learning. § Exemplified in Alexander the
Great. § Julius Cefar the Didator. § Xenophon the Phifopher.

CAP. VIII.

The Merit of Learning, from the influence it hath upon Moral vertues.
§ Learning a Sovereign remedy for all the Difeafes of the Mind,

_ § The dominion thereof greater than any Temporal Pomer, being a
Power over Reafon and Belief. § Learning gives Fortunes, Honours
and Delights, excelling all other as the foul the fenfe. § Durable
monuments of Fame. § A profped of the Immortality of a future
World,

The fecond BOO K.

THE PROEM.

"Ies Advancement of Learning commended to tbe Care of Kings.
I. The A s thereof im general three, Reward, Diretfion , Alfi-
ftance. Ul. In fpecial,about three Obje%s,Places, Books, Perfons. § Im
Places four Circumftances, Buildings, Revenues, Priviledges, Laws of
- Difcipline. § In Books two, Libraries, good Editions. § In Perfons
two, Readers of Sciences extant, Inquirers into Paris mon-extant.
ill. Deficients in the AG s of Advancement, fix, want of Foundations
for Arts at large. § Meannefs of Salary to Readers. § Want of al-
lowance for experiments. § Preposterows Inftitutions : unadvifed
prastifes in Academical fiudies., § Want of Intelligence between the '
Univerfities of Europe. § Want of Enquirers into the Defed s of Arts.
§ The Authors particular defign. § Modeft defence,
[1j CAP,

of this WA ork, | 33.

34. The Defzen

CAP. I.

{. 42 Univerfal Partition of Humane Learning into, § History. II. Poe-
fie. MUL. Philofophy. § Ti his Partition is drawn from the three In-
telledive Faculties 5 Memory 5 Imagination, Reafon. § The fame
diftribution is agreeable unto Divine Learwing.

CAP. If.

I. 1. he Partition of Hiftory, into Natural and Civil. (Ecclefiaftical, and
Literary comprehended under Civil.) M. The Partition of Natural
Hiftory, into the Hiftory of Generations. VL. Of Preter-Generations.

IV. Of Arts.
CAP. Ill. :

I. A Second Partition of Natural History from the Ufe and End thereof,
into Narrative, and Indudive. And that the most noble end of Na-
tural Hiftory i5; that it minifler and conduce to the building up of |.
Philofophy 5 which end, Inductive Hiftory refpefetb. Il. The Parti-
tion of the Hiftory. of Generations, into the History of the Heavens 5
The History of the Meteors; The Hiftory of the Earth, and Sea 5
The Hiftory of Maffive Bodies;or of the greater Collegiats 5 The Hiftory

of Kinds, or of the leffer Collegiats.
3 pay. SF
Pd atthe CAT DS
I. The Partition of Hiftory Civil, into Ecclefiaflical and Literary and
(which retains the general name) Civil. - WM. ‘Literary Deficient.
§ Precepts how to compile it. \ — |

J Cc A P. a V. j
Of tbe Dignity and Difficulty of Civil Hiffory.
GAT. VE

The firft Partition of Civil Hiflory; into § Memorials. § Antiquities.

§ Perfect Hiflory.
CAP. VII.

The Partition of Perfect History, into Chronicles of Times 5 Lives of
Perfons 5 Relation of Ads. § The explication of the Hiftory of
Lives, § Of Relations. Ce

a CAP. VIII.

The Partition of the Hiftory of Times 5 into univerfal and particular Hi-
Story. The advantages and difadvantages of both.

CAP. Ix. j
The Second Partition of the History of Times,into Annals,and Journals:

C A IP. 45 r
A Second Partition of Special-Civil History into Hiftory Simple C Mixt.
C

— of ibis Work.

e
—————M——— —— —— T ng

CAP. XI.

I. The Partition of Ecclefiastical Hiftory, into the General Hiffory of
- the Church. Ml. Hiftory of Prophefie. WM. Hiftory of Providence,

CAP. XII.

The Appendices of Hiftory Conver[ant about the words of Men, as Hiftory
it felf about Men's. Ads. The Partition of them into Speeches y Let-

ters, and Apothegms.
CAP. XIII.

The Second Principal part of Humane Learning, *Poefie. 1. The Partiti-
on of Poele into Narrative. Il. Drammatical, MI. Parabojical, § Three
Examples of Parabolical. Poefte propounded, IV. Natural. V Poli

- tical... Vl, Moral.

The Third BOOK.
CAP. L à
L The Partition of Sciences into Theology and Philofophy. II. The, Part;-
tion of Philofophy, into three Knowledges; of Gods of Nature 5. of
Man, Wl. The Coxftitution ef Philofophia Prima, 4s the common
Parent of All.
V ANCIENS CAP. IL. Pact
Of Natural Theology. § Of the Knowledge of Angels and. Spirits, an
Appendix thereof.
CAP. II.

The Partition of Natural Philofophy into Speculative C Operative. § Thefe
two, both in the Intention of the Writer, and Body of the Treatife,

ought to be feparate.
CAT. Wy:

L The Partition of Speculative Science concerning Nature, into Phyfick
fpecial , and Metapbyfick 5 whereof Phyfick inquires the Efficient
Canfe aud the Matter: Metapbyfick the Final Caufe of the Form-
Il. The Partition of Phyfickinto the knowledges of the Principles of
things; of the Fabrick of things, or of the World 5 and of the va-.
riety of things. Ul. The Partition of Phyfick repel ing the variety of

_ things, into the Doctrine of Concretes, and into the DoGrine of Ab-
firacds. The Partition of Concretes,is the fame with the Distribution
of Natural Hiflory. 1V. The Partition of the Doctrine of Abftracs,

. into theknowledge of the Schemes of Matter 5and into the knowledge
of Motions. V. Two Appendices of Speculative Phyfick, Natural Pro=

blems 5 And the Placits of Ancient Philofophers. VI. The Partition
of Metaphfick,int the DoGrine of Forms; and into the Dottrine of
Final Caufes.

CAP. V.

I. The Partition of Operative knowledge concerning Nature, into Mechas
I 2] nick,

The Defign

nick, and Magick : refpondent to the Parts of Speculative knowledge 5
Mechanick to Phyficks Magick to Metaphyfick. § A purging of the word -
Magia.ll-Two Appendices to Operative knowledge: An Inventory of the
eflate of Man.§ A Catalogue of Polychreftssor things of multifarious ufes

i CAP. VI.

Of the great Appendix of Natural Philofophy, as well Speculative as Ope-.
rative s Matbematick knowledge: and that it ought to be placed ra-
ther amongit Arpendices 3 than amongst fubftantial Sciences. § The
Partition of Mathematicks into Pure, and Mixt.

The fourth BOOK ^

CAP. I.

E He Partition of tbe Knowledge of Man, into the Philofophy of
Humanity, and Civil. § The partition of the knowledge of Hu-
manity, into the knowledge touching the Body of Mans and into the
knowledge touching the Soul of Man. Il. The conftitution of a gene-
ral knowledge, touching the Nature and Eftate of Man. § The parti-
tion of the knowledge concerning the Eftate of Man, into the know-
ledge touching the Perfon of Mans and into the knowledge touching
the League of Soul and Body. § T he partition of the knowledge touche
ing the Perfon of Adan into the knowledge of Man's uiferies.
6 And of Man's prerogatives-III. The partition of the knowledge touch-
ing the League, into the knowledge of Indications, § And of Impref-
fions. § The alfignment of Phyfiognomy. § Aud of Interpretation of

. Natural Dreams: unto the Doctrine of Indications.

CAP. Il.

I. The partition of tbe knowledge refpecting the Body of Man,into Art Mee
dicinal. § Cofmetick. § Athletick. § And Voluptuary. Il. The par-
tition of Medicine, into.three duties. § Confervation of Health, |
TII. Cure of Difeafes. YV. And Prolongation of life: and that the
last Part, Prolongation of life, [bould be feparate from the other two,

CAP. Ill.

I. The partition of Humane Philofophy touching the Soul, intotbe kuow- -
ledge of the Infpired Effence 5 and into the knowledge of the fenfible,
or traduced Soul. § The fecond partition of the fame Philofophy, into
the knowledge of the Suftance and Faculties of the Soul. And into
the knowledge of the Ufe, and Objei svof the Faculties. Ul. Two Ape
pendices of the knowledge, concerning the Faculties of the Soul, the
knowledge of Natural Divination. § And the knowledge of Faftinas
tion. MI. The Diftribution of the Faculties of the fenfible Soul, into
Motion, and Senfe.

The fifth BOOK.

«CAP. Y.
p. | He partition of the knowledge which refpecteth tbe wfe and objets of
; the Faculties of tbe Mind of Man, into Logick, and Etbick. IL.The
Divifion of Logick, into the Arts of Invention, of Judgement, of Me-
mory, and of Tradition. CAP.

BUE ea ag GU UNE TE Ee See
, _ of this Work. 37

— M QM (€ à

“CAP. “i.
L. The partition of the Art of Invention, into the Inventive of Arts, and
of Arguments. § The former of thefe which is the more eminentjis De f=
cient M. The partition of the Inventive Art of Arts, into Literate Ex-
perience. § And a New Organ. MI. A delineation of Literate Experience.
CA P. TIT.
1, The partition of the Inventive Art of Arguments , into Promptua
ry,or Places of Préparation: And‘Topick,or Places of Suggeftion. Il. The
| partition of Topicks,into General,§ And particular Topicks, IIL An Ex-
- ample of particular Topick in the Inquiry, De Gravi & Levi.
CAP, IV.
I. The partition of the Art of Fudging into judgement by Induion, § And
by Syllogi[m.Of the Jirft a Colleion is made inthe Novum Organum.
§ The firfi partition ef judgetnent by Syllogifm into RedutH ion, Dired,
and Inverjt. § The fecoud partition tbereof into Analytich Arts and tbe
knowledge of Elenches. M. Fhe divifion of the knowledge of Elenches,
into Elenches of Sophifms, § Into Elenches of Interpretation of |Terms,
§ And into Elenches of Images or Idolaes. VI. The divifion of Idolaes,
§ Into Impreffion from the general mature of Man, or Idola Tribüs.
§ Into Imprelfions from the Individual temper of Particulars, or Idola
Ípecüs. $ Into Imprelfions by words and Communicative nature, or Is
dola Fori. IV. 47 Appendix to the Art of judging 5 namely of the A-
nalogy of Demonftration according tothe nature of the fubjed.
CAP. V.
I. The Partition of Art Retentive,or of Memory, into tbe Knowledge of
the Helps of Memory, $ And the Knowledge of Memory it felf. I. The
Divifion of the Doctrine of Memory, into Prenotion, and Emblem.

The fixth BOOK.

CAF. I.
L '[ He Partition of the Art of Tradition, into the Dochrine of the Organ
of Speech. The Dorine of the Method of Speech, and the Do-
Grine of the Uluftration of Speech. § The partition of the Doctrine of
the Organ of Speech,into the knowledge of the Notes of thingssof Speak-
ing, and of Writing: Of which the two laft constitute Grammer, and
~ the Partions thereof. § The Partition of the knowledge of the Notes
of Things,into Hieroglypbicks 5 and into CharaGers Real. M. A fecond
. Partition of Grammer into Literary 5 and Philofophycal. Ul. The ag-
gregation of Poefie referring to Meafure,to the knowledge of Speech.§ An
aggregation of the knowledge ach to the knowledge of Scripture.
CAP. I.

I. The Dodfrine of the Method of Speech is alfigned a [ubflantial and pring
_ cipal Part of Traditive knowledge: it is ftiled the Wifdom of Delivery.
TI. The divers kinds of Methods are enumerated 5. their Profits and

Difprofits annext. § The Parts of Method.

CAP..: Hl.

I. The Grounds and Office of Rhetorick. V. Three Appendices which
appertain only to the preparatory Part. The Colours of Good and E-
wil, as well fumple as compared. MI. The Anti-theta of Things

IV. Leffer files or ufual Forms of Speech.
~ f / rs CAP.

38 The Defegn, &c.
Eo — ART ee Ee ee

I. Two general Appendices of Traditive keowledge s Art Critical. Vl. And
Pedagogical. —— . . ;

The feventh BOOK.

CAP. I.
I. TE Partition of Moral Philofophy, into the knowledge of the Ex-
émplar, or Platforms and into the Georgicks or Culture of the
Mind. § The divifion of the Exemplar (namely of Good ) into Good
Simple, and Good Compared. It. The Partition of Good Simple, in-
to Individual Goods and Good of Communion. !
CAP. H.

The Partition of individual or private Good, into Good AGives and
Good Paffive. M. The Partition of Paffive Good, into Confervative
Good 5 and perfe#ive Good. IM. The Partition of the Good of Com-
munion, into General. § And into Refpedtive Duties:

CAP. Ii.

. The Partition of the Dottrine of the Culture of the Mind, into the
knowledge of the Charatters of the Mind. Wl. Of the AffeFious.
III. Of the Kemedies and Cures thereof. YV. An Appendix to the fame
Dotfrine touching the Congruity between the Good of the Mind, and
the Good of the Body.

The eighth BOOK.

CAP. I.

[ie Partition of Civilknowledge, § Into the knowledge of Converfa-
tion. § The knowledge of Negociation. § And the knowledge of
Empire or State-Government.
CAP. IL |
1. The Partition of the knowledge of Negociation into the knowledge of °
difperfed Occaftons.M. And into the knowledge of the Advancement of
life. S Examples of the knowledge of feattered Occafions from fome
of Solomons Parables. § Precepts concerning the Advancement of For-
tune. '

Ld

CAP. II.

The Partition of tbe Art of Empire on Government is omitted, only ac-
cefs is made to two Deficients. Y. The knowledge of enlarging the
Bounds of Empire. YI. And the knowledge of univerjal Fuftice, or of
the Fountains of Law.

The ninth BOOK.

*GAPLIR

"[ He Partitions of infpired Theology are omitted, only way is made une

to three Defiderates. 1. The knowledge of the right Ufe of Humane

* Reafon in matters Divine, Il. The knowledge of the degrees of uni-
ty in the City of God. VII. The Emanations of SS. Scripture,

. FRAN-

EUR OCNGC POS «€ 1
D E

P HURCQTE AM 19

ARCHITECTURA

Scientiarum.
THE
G E"N3S3B RR AE-IDE4A
PR OTE Our

BBD. J EBaRJUAE A MS

Inftauratio Magna.

- Reprefented in the

PLATFORM

OF THE
D E Sd GIN
Of the Firft Part thereof,

Asit was conceiv’d in the Mind of the Author
and is expreffed in the Model of the Work.

DEUS OMNIA
IN MENSURA, ET NUMERO,ETORDINE,
DISPOSUI T.

ey ae

"*
e"
^ a

: (Bus p M ER: iy Lo.

‘ath ai bio qu s.

x uote eta

a dos suet dut HO
ANM Mr A: xd*1 ‘bat Moda of Bvisor: a p

ES vM gau! 2 as) ito ishaM ad ui bslio1qas: hb T

WE V Bale ERI iL ua ns
4 Hs ATWIM QT

‘fas

eee
em

ES digo " vni i

The Emanation of SCIEN CES, from the Intelle&ual Faculties of M E-
MORY, IMAGINATION, REASON.

From thefe D>

Ecclefiaftical.

Literary.---

Natural. The Subjed 5 tbe Ufe
| I WE = properly fo =

—— —— — — -. LIB. I.

Narrative or Hiftorical.-

DS II Poefie 2 Drammatical or m. "
Parabolical or Allufive.

———

Primitive Sapience,the receptacle of general Axioms
f Divine, or Natur. Theol.
1 Phyficks. :

Speculatives rics aph. (2-1. ||

B. N. - ;
Derivative2 qure 3 Operative Mechanick.
; Magick. 3

| ur Philo-
fophy

MON General of tbe nature of man, &c.
L Special into Philofophy. A.

f & Body, into§ Medicinal again difeafes. § Cofmetick or of Decorat.

| RS ‘Arts Athletick or of Activity. § Voluptuary or Senfual. |
E | us bftance abort — Native or Adventive, &c. 1 Y
| E Senfual Fiery, Aerial fubstance, &c.
Se SUY VEU Mmi D e e ia &c. |
E ! ! Senfual--- Voluntary motion, fenfe,&c. — |
x
| S | ( Invention or Inquifition. |
| Soul the i i judgement or Examination. V,
i | | Logick Atemory or cuftody. A
Grammar. >
E :
| 1 Cg easi TO Mabod ING
Ofe of Fa- i Rhetorick. }
_ culties Y :
Platform cKinds of Good, °
| | of good ^ Degrees of Good.
' 1 ; I
t Ethicks * Culture of 3 Tempers. n.
| (ie Mind 2 DiflemperssCures, A.
| f Converfation.
Civil of4 Negociation. Art of enlargi ^
: ‘ging 4 State
_ Government of Statesy Fountain of Lam. EVE
Infpir'd Divinity s here feparate > f Ofe of Reajon in Divinity.
from Philofophy : yet Reafon $ Deficients < Degrees of unity in Religion. eIX
receives the fignet of Faith — j | Derivations from Scripture.

The Preparation to thefe Books,is popular,not Acroamatick, LRBUSIN ON L

Relates the Prerogatives azd Derogations of Learning. J
elates g eto af Earns 2

jan do abit fate
ayes M a ae A AR.

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Bi temnoiad Tos legen
4. ide a4 LL

' The Platform of the Defign.

LIB. IL THE DIGNITY OF-LEARNING.

Reporting “Defire of Knowledge the firít fin.
the — inne Kote an Infinite : an Anxious thing.
U^ | Cap. 1. CLearning the caufe of Herefie and Atheifm.
| Objeed, Anjfwered.
Poli-C Learning makes men unapt for Arms.
x Heh 3D men for Civil Affairs,
: | F Difcre- | C- 2. C Particular indifpofitions pretended.

. | dites 3 Objeced, Anfwered.
from
* | f Scarcity of means.

| Ü Fortunes 4 Privatenefs of life.

t Meannefs of imployment.

| Too incompatible with the times.
cDitho- | Mens | Too fenfible ofthe common good.

nours & v Cap. 3 Manners Not applying to Períons of quality.
Deroga- : A failing in points of behaviour.

Vous oF 1 | Grofs flattery practifed by fome,
Learning Tw : P ,
— _ Studies in fom e impertinents.

| . . f Phantaftical Learning.
Diftempers in fiudies< Contentious Learning.
| Cap.4. i Delicate Learning.

| f Affection to two extremes, Antiquity, Novelty.
A diftruft that any thing New fhould now be found out.
| la conceit that the beft Opinions ftill prevail,
3: A too peremptory reduction of Sciences into Methods.
Peccant | A neglect of Primitive Philofophy.

| | Humors^ A divorce of the Intellect from the Object.
M Caps. | A contagion of Knowledge from particular inclinations,
| An impatience of füfpenfe : hafte to Pofitive Affertion,
A Magiftral manner of Tradition of Knowledge. -
J Aim of Writers, Hlluítration, not Propagation.
| LEnd of Studies, Curiofity,Pleafüre, Profit, Promotion, c,
i

* Wi(dom of God. $ Angels of Illumination.
[ Divines Firft light.) 4dams’.§ Abebs, Contemplation, cc.
Honors, and Prero- | Cap.6, i The Learning of 24/fe; Fob, Solamon, &c.
gatives of Learning 2 £3 !
from Arguments > of Arts confecrated as Gods.
| Humane )Civil Eftates advane’d by Learning.
ucap.7.8._) The concurrency of Arms and Letters.
The Dominion... § Donations of Learning.

- [K 2] 1B.lI.

The Platform

LIB. Ul. THE ‘ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING,
Amplitude of Reward.

General by thee Wildom of Direction.
Conjunction of Labours. ;

Places, §Buildings. § Revenews.
as Priviledges. § Difcipline.

© Perfonal, | o,
in Proem. 4
lib. ipae Books, ¢ Libraries.

as Good Editions.

| { pevjans Lectures for Arts extant;
especial 3 v as QInquirers into Arts non-extant,
V

€ Want of foundations for Arts at large.
Want of fufficient Salary to Eecturers.
Preju- » Want of allowance for Experiments.
diced | Want ofa right courfe of procediog in ftudies.
for | Wantof Intelligence between Univerfities.
t Want of Inquiries into Arts Deficient.

de £N Meteors.

€ Genera-
| tions.

Earth. §
Elements, § Spica

|
1
aq. | Preter- -Monfters. § M
Con! reter- c Moníters. arvels.
| eros x Gener. Magick, cc. Ut
| Arts me- cAgriculture.

ENatarald chanick » Alchimy, ec.

the

ee and end§ Narrative.

ap.3. Inductive.

1 Hiftory n P.3 |
referrd Memorials.
eons Civil in fpe- 3

mory bs cial. C.5.6, }

ww

Perfect Hiftory<Lives. ^ |

Antiquities. Semis
Relations.

: 78,9510.
Real, byay 35

iy 2 Pure. § Mixt.
right Ku ;

pie Wages astical§ General of the Church.

tition of
Cap.11. bilo ea

Learning ]

Tuto Providence.

Cap. | p | Literary 4 Ages. § Climates. § Declinations.
_Cap.4. 3. Inftaurations, oc. of Learning.

|
| | pus to Hjffory. Orations. Epiftles. § Apothegms,
ap.12. "É
| Narrative or Hiftorical.
2 Poefie referred to the&Drammatical or Reprefentative.
| Imagination, Cap. 13. CParabolical or Allufive.
C3 Philofopby, referring to -Reafoz and the will. Lib. feqq.

LIB,

of the Defign.

Oe ee ee

LIB. IN. THE PARTITION OF KNOWLEDGES IN GE.
NERAL INTO

m LA A Axioms of Univerfalily.
awe or EN 2 Tranfcendents of Entity.

1 God hence Divine Philofophy "3 aeos Theology.

Meafures of mot,
r Problems.

^^ Placits.

i? — Angels.
| TX Sim ane
| Crriniples of Things: "an
Lc | | Falriek, of things « or of the
i] yi ward.
57 enl
E | ick Heavens.
jo ie C Geze-X Meteots.
zs | | the | | con- rati- € Earth.Sea.
ie |n , | eren ons Elements,
| le! | | varie- , Specificks.
| = : | t m s of S Preter-Generations.
Sheci cS Hl : things
3 — En | a Hot. $ Cold.
| ing 3 ' Tuve 4 | Ab- 4 Mat. Denke. §
Ob- C2,4 | Utredts D Grave. $.
| jects. of 2 Light, oc,
E
| | Mo- C' Simple mot.
tions 2 Summs of mot.
3 ag C
[

3
|i
|

EF
Metapbyfi id Final M

ro BAD 2 Fe a Fd fubfer- r Metaphyfick.
VEN LAMagick. — Pvient to* | Metaphyfick,

V Appendi c Àn Inventory ofthe eftate of man.
(Caps. 3 A Catalogue of Polychreftes.

TAppend. Mathematicks -Arithmetick,
Cap. 6. | Geometry.

cy un MÀ ဗ o — — — X — —— — A — Ó Pea
" -
d NJ
3

| Man Hence the c H»umancA
Chie oe of Civil n bilofophy Lib, eq.

THEOLOGY infpired, Lib. ult.

— poo nd ee

LIB. 3:

eme.

— MM À—

| | The Platform

.

| LIB. IV. THE PARTITION OF HUMANE KNOWLEDGE, OR THE
KNOWLEDGE OF HUMANITY.

|

|

Miferies; 7
C His Pond Intélle&ual '
CGeneral of Prerogativess and Moral.
the nature
! andftate J | Indication § Mind by the Body.
| of man in | ofthe | Q Body by the Mind.
| refpe& of | E wees t ia SIE
Cap.1. | of foul an . yfiognomy.
| à v body by | acm Interpret. of dreams.
bbs | 'Body upon the Mind. ic
| C neprafsom of tbe Mind upon the Body.
| | Conferving of Health. :
EC c a of Difeafes.
"Body into Art Frolongation of Life,
; |: Cofmetick, or of Decoration.
= | Atbletick , or of AFivity, -
| i Pictures.
C Humane , | i olupfuary as Mufick; c.
| properly . | ! à
| fo called , 1 [ Native oradventive.
which re- E ' @Rational )Separable or infep..
fers to whether )Mortal or immortal.
| mans | € Sub- | CPaffible or impaflib.
| { | Statece | je
Te TS NN 2 orporeal, Fiery.
| | | Mq , Senfible ge fübftance.
Special di- | 1 | | (Intellect.
“ge fe § Reafon.
po | Soul the pins’ de Rational Imaginat.$ Memory.
| ron | Cap.3. * Uv ' Appetite. $ Will.
(0 pb. iba o |
on. S, wo tion.
a Mr

Senfi- lige Motion.

ble. "1? Senfe. § Preception.
Ve and Oljelis of Faculties. Lib.V. .

de d
| |
|
|

| Hence the Ema- -Logick. |
: t nations of ER
v Civil. Li " VIII.

| LIB.V.

of tbe Defign.

LIB. V. THE PARTITION OF THE UsE AND OBJECTS OF THE
FACULTIES OF THE MIND, INTO

¢ Vatiation. $ Production,
Literate Ex- JYranílation. $ Inverfion.
perience by du oe Copulation
€ Arts into Cafualty or Chance. ©
eL Isquif- |
tion or In-
vention fa
Cap.2. | NI or Provifion.

into General.
| Oh 3 ayedorreg or Zeppke Particular.

Interpretation of Nature Nov. Organ,

C ger whereof a collection is in the Noz. Org.

II. " c is Dire&.
nation or d r Redudlion Invert.
dgement
| ie ys | let lo- For Analytick Art.
f Cip. | gita 3
US boat f Sopbifms Elenches, hand-
| | | led by Arif, in precept,
| by Plato in example.
"Logick , | i : Majority.
iet four | | Elenchs of Minority.
Intelle&u. Know. | /nterp re= Priority.
al Arts. | ledge of ^ tation of jPotterity.
| | LElenchs | “Lerms Power.
2 2 1 | . T AG, c^c,
| | Append. | idoiaes f General nature of
2 Analogy of Demonftration 5 i , B. :
: reffions & Individual t
| from He wetercof the uljctT. Irons ed
l dir words and names,
| C Helps to memory, — Writing.
IIT. epa or Memory into

Dweaamn ite

| | i EU.
| LIV, Elocuton or Tradition. Lib. VI.
V

Ethicks, refer’d to man’s will. Lib. VI.

LIB.V.

l———

Tbe Platform

— ———————

LIB, VI. THE PARTITION OF THE ART OF ELOCUTION OR OF
TRADITION INTO THE

Hierogly phicks.

*( Notes of things < ; Real characters,

r Organ of Speech into
e. | Speaking Hence the orignal E

| Writing f of Grammar * + Philofophical.

ww

{ Speech-Poetick meafure,

|
UAR P poro LIFriting-- Cyphers,

|
| 4 Magiftral § * Of Probation or Initiative.
| 8 LExoterick, § Acroamatick.

; By way of Aphorifm.
A Pelineny 5 1 LBy way of Method.

' By Affertions, and Proofs.
tL By Queftions and Determinations.

LI

CKinds4 Opus | 4

fF itted to matter. — :
(ees ; Upon prefuppofition,

ug Method by way of Information, § Afitelpdtion.

r Analitick. § Syftutick.
E dii a 1 Dizretick. § Crytick. § Homerical.

Difpofit ttion of a whole work. M
Parts
‘Extention, ~
ci
Limitation of Propóf itions theirs Productiokt:

Of Speech refpectively to particulars.

The ufe and office
or the wifdom of private Speech.

Iluftration & Application *

eri es e of Good and Évil, fi imple, compar'd. b

jo the Dites of Reafon to Imagination, |

RA

meat S Append *< Anti-theta Rerurz, or the counterpoint of things.
Leffer Stiles and Forms of Speech.

(critical 4 Interpretation of Authors.
Two general Appendices : A judgment upon Authors.
touching the Tradition of:
(Knowledge.

Í

à f Corrected Editions.

| ¢ Collegiate education of youth.

Pedan- A Caveat again{t compends. |

“tical » Application of. Studies to the.
" quality of Wits,

} LIBVII.

of tbe Defrgn.
BR OE AS, SSIES Care o oe
LIB, VII. THE PARTITION OF MORAL KNOWLEDGE, INTO. THE

Perpetuity.
|. dive from a defire of 2 Certainty.
f Indivi- V , Variety.
| duals, i
or ver- Confervative Good,
| tues Paffive 4 Perfedive Good.
(General, Profélfions, &c.
OF Com- : Duties atone 5
simple munion, > Re/pe- Political duties.
or the ' or Duties Live Impoftures, frauds, cane
a Vices tils, &c.
dqow 3 B profelfions.
f pl | Cap. 2 Smply and irre, s etfivel taken,
H PY y
form of Individ. & PMan and Man.
Good. Lx Comparatively )Cafe and Cafe,
Cap. 1 d between — | Publick and Private,
C Time and Time.

Honefty. § Profit. § Pleafüre.
Body. § Mind. $ Fortune.

rees of Good of

|: Compared, or tbe De-
* Gódtemplatite: Active Good.

Arms. $ Letters,

| C Inpreffed. by Nature nonin §
openastaned
j |

Active courfe of life.
rSex. § Age. § Region.

or tempers.
| Health. $ Kem &c.

Chance LA 4

Inpord by peop. Hu Nobility. § Honours.
orm"? .. * Riches, § Poverty.

4 Pleafure, pain, fear, hope.

Culture
.L Anger, Patience, Love, Hate.

of the
Mind in
the

raNames

fee eo ee

Affe ions How ftirrd. How ftilld. .
or diftem- How fecreted ? How difclofed ?
pers, their.\qNature & What operations they produce,
What turns they take ?
How enwrapt ? How they encountre 2

PE ee

Cuftom, Exercife, Habit, Education.
Cures, or Remedies. Lee Company, Friends, Fame,

wee

Reproof, Exhortation, Laws, Books.
Study, Brief Precepts hereof.

Body
Append. The Congruity between the Good Ji and
+ Mind.

[L1 LIB, Vit,

|
|
|
|

Ibe Platform

LIB. VIII. THE PARTITION OF CIVIL KNOWLEDGE INTO :

Not Affetedsmuch lefs defpifed. ; Speech Conception.
in the 3 Utterazce.

cConverfation & | CGeneral d A
Cap.1. | in | f Gefture cSpeaker.
But Moderated, iuc of | 4 Hearer.

1s either
Refpe-C Quality of Men. '
| Scatttered occafions, exam- | Give Jar of Matter. §

ples thereof out of Solo- to the€§ Of time. § Of Place.

mons Proverbs,

six ¢Countenance. Works,
| rd Ktione Nature.

| | by Ends. Reports.

Others 2 Acquaintance with men well

| ; | feen in the world...
Three; A wife temper in liberty of

| mays

\
‘Knowledge of.
A.—

fpeech aud filence.
À prefent dexterity both to ob-
, & ferve and ad.

How bis Nature and abilities fort with
The eftate of the prefent time : Pro-
Him-
V felf

feffions that are in prize: His competitors
in fortune : The Friends he hath chofen:
The examples he would follow.

rp

Snmmary in the

Nee ees

nt forth his Vertues; Fortunes 5 Merits!

=
i]
N
T

Caution.
Concealing his Defects, Jer
wi and Difgraces, by C Confidence. i
| Precept of Ai Man's mind in particulars by a

thereof mediocrity of Revealing, Concealing.
Framing the mind to become flexible to
occafions, of place, time, and períons, ec.

f That he be well skill'd what inftruments to ufe
| and how. |
That heovertask not his own abilities, .
| ! | That he do not always ftay for,but fometimes,
v Spars'd 4 provoke occafions.
That he never undertake great, or long works:
.| That he never fo engage himfelf but that he
| leave a poftern door open for retreat.
_ That he fo love, as he may hate upon occafion.
Gover-f Partitions (* The art of enlarging an Eftate.
ment of Jomited Certain in the intimation.
| States P due free in the commandment.
of Laws. Fit to be put in execution.
j Agreeing with the form of the ftate.
Begetting vertue in the Subjects.
LIB.Ix.

tcc SS PE od ee 2 eee neue em, on co En TN weal ceo mus is eee Re d Ed e)

Cap.3.

of tbe De sign.

LIB. IX. INSPIRED THEOLOGY.

The Partition of Infpired Divinity is omitted, only an entrance is made unto
three DEFICIENTS.

CI * The Limits and Ufe of HUMANE REASON in Matters
DIVINE.
1 Explication of Divine Myfteries.
Ufe it elf Sriftrences thence deduced.

SthatVfe Attributing equal Authority to Derivations, as

The Ko into things not revealed by a too Curi-
to Principles themfelves.

| Exceffes ind ous inquiry.

Deficients« Il * The Degrees of Unity in the City of God.

Fundamental 5 one Lo. one Faith, &c.

In Points 9s, per(tructive or of perfection.

€ 4 poratesmen fromthe Church of God 5
U not {0 zz fuperstruive Points.

| f A diffent iz Fundamental Points, difcor-
T.

III * Emanations from Scripture wherein are obferved

In fuppofing that all Philofophy is derived

c :
ee from Scripture, as the School of Paracelfus
? tat = did, and fome others now do,

In Interpreting Scripture as one would a
humane Author; whereas two things
were known to God which are not known
to Man Secrets of the Heart.

The? Succeffion of Times.

fA Collection of Pofitive Divinity upon
4 particular Texts in brief obíervations.
i Prejudiced

A Defide-

rate

(eee eng A, css mccum

f Dilating into commmon places.
by< Chafing after Controverfies
& Reducing to Methods.

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Peet ONG ISSIIEASSDPOUESR OC aM
Vicount S* ALBAN,

OF THE

Dignity and Advancement
OF
LEARNING

Tae Finst Boo x.

CHAP." }

The Confecration of ibis Work unto the raoft learned of Princes, K. James,
who in high, but juft, conceptions is here admired. S The Diftribution,
into the Dignity avd the Proficiency of Learning. I. Difcredits of
Learning , from the objedions of Divines : That the afpiring unto
Knowledge was the firft Sin. That Learning is a thing infinite, and
full of Anxiety. That Knowledge enclines the Mind to Herefie and
Atheifm. IL The folution : Original Guilt was not in the Quantity,but
in the Quality of Knowledge. § The Corrective hereof,Charity. III. 4-
gainft Infinity, Anxiety, 274 Seducements of Sciences 5 three Preferva~
tives : That we forget not our mortality. § That Learning give us
content. § That it foar not toohigh. § 4z4 fo Philofophy leads the
mind by the Links of Second Caufes, uzto the Firft,

Here were under the Old Law ( Excellent King)
both Free-will-offerings, and Daily Sacrifices; the
one proceding upon ordinary obfervance 5 the o-
ther upon a devout Chearfulnefs; Certainly, in
my opinion, fome fuch kind of Homage belongs
to Kings from their fervants 5 namely, That every
one fhould tender, not only Tributes of his Duty;
but Prefents of Affection. In the former of
thefe, I hope, I fhall not be wanting ; for the
latter I was in füfpenfe what I íhould moft principally undertake, and in
conclufion I thought it more refpettive to make choice of fome Oblati-
on, which might refer, rather tothe propriety and excellency of your
individual Perfon,than to the bufinefs of your Crown and State.

.'$ Reprefenting your Majeíty, as my duty is, many times unto my
mind, (leaving afide the other parts, whether of your Vertue, or of your
Fortune) Ihave been pofleft with extreme wonder, whenI confider the
A excellency

v

Sm
S
ti

»

Set
T AEN

In Phedo.

Y Reg.4.

Annal.13.

— Of the Advancement of Learning, — Lis.

excellency of thofe Vertues and Faculties in you,which the Philofophers

call intellectual 5 the capacity of your Mind comprehending fo many and
fo great Notions, the faithfulnefs of your Memory, the {wiftnefs of your
Apprehenfion, the penetration of your Judgment, the order and facility
of your Elocution. In truth P/ato’s Opinion fometimes comes into my
mind, which maintains, That knowledge is nothing elfe but remembrance 5
and that the mind of man by nature knows all things, once redimed and re-
ored to her own native light, which the cloudy vault or gloomy tabernacle
of the body had orefpread with darknefs.* For certainly the beft and cleareft
Inftance for this Affertion fhines in. your Majefty, whofe mind is fo ready
to take flame from the leaft occafion prefented, or the Jeaft {park of an-
others Knowledge delivered. Wherefore asthe facred Scripture faith of
the wifeft King, That his heart was as the fands of the fea : which though
it be one of the largeft Bodies, yet it confifteth of the fmalleft portions 5
fo hath God given your Majeíty a compofition of Underftanding ex-
ceeding admirable, being able to compafs and comprehend the greateft
matters, and neverthelefs, to apprehend the leaft, and not to fuffer them
to efcape your Obfervation: Whereas it fhould (eem very difficult, or ra-
ther animpoflibility in nature, for the fame Inftrument to make it felf
fit for great and fmall works. And for your gift of Speech, I call to mind
what Cornelius Tacitus faith of Augustus Cefar, Augujio (faith he) prompta
ac profluens, qua deceret principem, eloquentiafuit. In truth if we note it
well, Speech that is Elaborate, or Affe ate, or Imitating, although other-
wife excellent, hath fomewhat fervile in it and holding of the fubje@ 5
but your Majefties manner of Speech is indeed Prince-like,flowing as from
a Fountain , and yet ftreaming and branching it felf into Natures Order,
full of Facility and Felicity Irzztatzzg none,and Inimitable of any. And as in
your Civil eftate, refpecting as well your Kingdom as your Court,there
appeareth to be an Emulation and Contention of your Majeftics Vertue
with your Fortune, namely,excellent moral Endowments with a fortunate
Regiment; a pious.and patient expectation when time was, of your grea-
ter Fortune, with a profperous and fcaífonable poffeflion of what was ex-
pected 5 a holy obfervation of the Laws of Marriage, with a bleffed and
happy fruit of Marriage in a moftfair Progeny 5 agodly Propenfion and
moft befeeming a Chriftian Prince to Peace, with a fortunate concurrence
of the like inclination in your neighbour Princes : So likewife in your
intellectual Abilities, there feemeth to be no lefs Contention and Emula-
tion; if we compare your Majefties gifts of Nature with the rich Treafury
of multiplicious Erudition and the knowledge of many Arts. Neither
is it eafie tofind any Kizg fince Chrifts time, which may be compared
with your Majefty for variety and improvement of all kind of Learning
Divine and Humane. . Let who will revolve and perufe the Succeflion of
Kings and Emperours, and he fhall find this, judgement 1s-truly en]
For indeed it feemeth much in Kings, if by the compendieus Extraction
of other mens Wits and Labours, they can take hold of knowledge, or
attain any füperficial ornaments or fhews of Learning, or if they counte-
nance and. prefer learned men 5. but for a King, and a King born, to drink
indeed the true Fountains of Learning, nay, to be himfelf a Fountain of
Learning, isalmofta Miracle. And this alfo isan accefs to your Majefty,
that in the fame Clofet of your Mind, there are treafured up as well Di-
vine and Sacred Literature, as Prophane and Humane 5. fo that your Ma-

jefty

| 15.1 Of the Advancement of Learning. ^
ow Cab. niae P V c n lec o dab e m SUC PLE IO = Oe
Jefty ftands invefted with that triplicity of Glory, which was afcribed
tothat famous Hermes Trifzceiflgs, The Power of a King, the Illumination
of aPrieft, the Learning of a Philojopher. Wherefore fince in thefe glori-
ous Attributes of Learning, fo inherent and individual in your Perfon,
your Majefty fo far excelsallother Kings, itis very meet that: fuch rare
endowments of Nature and Art fhould be celebrated,not only in the fame
or admiration of the prefent time, or in light of Hiftory conveyed o-
ver to Pofterity, but be engraven in fome folid Work, which both
may expreís the Power of a great King, and bear a Character or Signa-
ture of fo excellent a learned King. Now (to return to our intended
purpofe) I concluded with my felf that I could not make toyour Maje-
{ty a better oblation, than of íome Treatife tending to that end. |
§ The Sum and Argument hereof will confift of to Parts: £z the for-
mer, which is moreílight and popular (yet may not be paít over ) we (hall
entreat of the excellency of Knowledge avd Learning, through all the parts
thereof and likewife of the merit of thofe who have worthily and wifely. .
imployed and placed their bounties and induftries in the Augmentation, and
Propagation thereof. Inthe latter Part (whichis the main and fum of this =»
work ) 7 fhall propound and fet down what in this kind hath been embraced;
undertaken and accomplifot hitherto, for the Advancement of Learning ¢
and again briefly touch at {uch particulars as feem deficient in this enterprizes
to the end that though I dare not prefume pofitively to feparate and fe-
le& what I would chtefly commend unto your Majeíty 5 yet by reprefent-
ing many and different Obfervations, I may excite your Princely Cogi-
tations to vilit the peculiar Treafures of your own Mind, and thence to
extra& what is moít conducent to the amplifying and enlarging of the
bounds of Arts and Knowledges , agreeable to your Magnanimity and
Wiídom. Viistn
I. In the entranceéto the former Part, toclear the way, and asit were;
to make filence, to havethe teftimonies concerning the Digz;ty of Learn-
ing to be better heard, without the interruption of tacit Objections, I
think good firft to deliver Learning from the Di(credits and Difgraces
which [gnorance hath caft upon it,but Ignorance feverally difguifed 5 aps
pearing and difcovering it felf fometime in the zeal of Divines, fometime
in the arrogancy of Politichs, and fometimes i the errors of Learned men
themfelves. hear the former fort fay, That Knowledge is of the nature and
number of thofe things, which are to be accepted with great Liwitation and
Cantion 5 That the afpiring to overmuch Knowledge, was the original tempta-
tion and fin , whereupon en[ucd the Fall of Man3 And that even at this
day Knowledge hath fomewhat of the Serpentinit, amd therefore where it
entreth into aman, it makes hin fwell, Scientia inflat 5 That Solomon , Cor. 2:
givesacenfure, That there is no end of making Books, andthat much rea- Ecclef. va
ding i$ a wearine[s to the fief; and again in another place, Tht ix fpaci- Ecclel.t.
ows knowledge there is much contristation, and that be that encreafeth know-
ledge, encreafeth anxiety; That St.Paul givesa caveat,That we be not fpoibd
‘through vain Philofopky 5 And that experience demonftrates how the
Learnedít men have been Arch-hereticks ; How Learned ‘times have
been inclined to Atheifm;and how the Contemplation of fecond Caufes
doth derogate from the Authority of the firft. pl
II. To difcover then the errorand ignorance. of this Opinion, and the
mifunderftanding: in the grounds thereof, ay man may fee plainly that
: : A2 thelé

Colof. 2. |

4

Ecclef. t.

Ecclef.3.

1 Cor. 8.

1Cor,13.

Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis. I.

ie Ee AE LU NN
thefe men do not obferve and confider, That it was not that Pure and
Primitive Knowledge of Nature, by the light whereof man did give names
to other Creatures in Paradife, asthey were brought before him, accord-
ing to their Proprieties, which gave the occafion to the Fall; but it
was that proud Knowledge of Good and Evil, with an intent to fhake
off God and to give Law unto himfelf. Neither isit any Quantity of
Knowledge, how great foever, that can make the mind of man to fwell 5
for nothing can fill, much lefs extend the Soul of man but God, and the
contemplation of God: therefore Solomon {peaking of the two Princi-
pal Senfes of Inquifition, the Eye and theEar, affirms, That the Eye is
never fatisfied with feeing , nor the Ear with bearing 5 andif there be no
fulnefs, then is the Continent greater than the Content. So of Know-
ledge it felfand the Mind of Man,whereto the Senfes are but Reporters,
he defines likewife in the Words plac'd after theCalendar or Ephimerides
which he makes of the diverfity of times and feafons for all AGions and
Purpofes, concluding thus, God hath wade all things beautiful and decent
“jx the true return of their feafons 5 alfo be hath placed the world in mans
heart, yet cannot man find out the work which God worketh from the begin-
ning unto the end: By which words he declares, not obícurely, that God
hath framed. the Mind of Man, as a Mirror or Glafs capable of the Image
of the univerfal world, and as joyful to receive the Impreffions thereof,
as the Eye joyeth to receive Light 5 and not only delighted in the be-
holding the variety of things and the viciílitudes of times, but raifed
alfo to find out and to difcern the inviolable Laws and infallible Decrees
of Nature. And although he feem to infinuate that the fupreme or fum-
mary Law of Nature, whichhecalleth the work which God worketh from
the beginning to the end; is not poflible to be found out by Man 5 yet
that doth not derogate from the Capacity of the Mind, but may be refer-
red to the impediments of Knowledge, as the thortnefs of life, the ill con-
junction of labours deprav’d, and unfaithful Tradition of Knowledge
over from handto hand 5 and many other inconveniencies wherewith
the condition of Man is enfnated and involved. For that no parcel of
the World is denied to Man’s enquiry or invention he clearly declares in
another place, where he faith , The fpirit of a man is as the Lamp of
Ged wherewith be fearcheth theinwards of all fecrets. If thenfuch bethe
capacity and receipt of the Mind of Man, it is manifeft that thereisno
danger at all from the Proportion or Quantity of Knowledge how large
foever, leftit fhould make it {well or out-compafís it felf; but merely in
the Quality, which being in Quantity more or lefs, if it be taken with-
out the true Corrective thereof, hath in it fome nature of malignity, or
venom full of flatuous fymptoms. This Antidote, or Corrective fpice,
the mixture whereof tempers Knowledge and makesit fo fovereign, is
Charity, which the Apoftle immediately adds in the former claufe, faying,
Knowledge blows up, but Charity builds up 5; Not unlike to that which he
deliversin another place, If Z/pake (faith he) with the tongues of Men and
Angels and had not Charity, it were but as atinkling Cymbal : Not butthat
itis an excellent thing to fpeak withthe tongues of Men and Angels,but
becaufe if it be fever'd from Charity, and not refer'd to the publick
good of Mankind, it ratherexhibits a vainand empty glory, than any

fubítantial and folid fruit.
As for that Cenfüreof Solomon, concerning the excefs of writing and
reading

Li». IL Of tbe Advancement of Learning.

reading Books, and the anxiety of fpirit which redonndcth from Knorledg, —

and that admonition of S. Paul, that we be not feduced by vain Philofophy 5
if thofe places be rightly underftood, they do very excellenty fet forth
the true bounds and limitations, whereby humane knowledge is confin'd
and circum(cribed, yet fo as without any fuch contracting and coarcati-
on, itmay comprehend all the univeríal] nature of things. Thefe Iimi-
tations arethree: The first, that we do not fo place our felicity in Know-

ledge, as we forget our. Mortality: The fecond, that we make application of

our Knowledge, to give our felves repofe and contentment and not difiafte or
repining: The third, that we do not prefume by the coutemplatious of Nature
to attain the Myfteries of God. § For as touching the first, Solomon doth
excellently expound himfelf in the fame Book 5 7 fam well, faith he, that
knowledge recedes as far from ignorance as light doth from darknef«, and that
the wife mans eyes keep watch im bis bead, whereas the fool roundeth
about im darkge[ss but withal I learned that the fame mortality involves
them both. .
§ For the fecond, certain it is, no anxiety, or perturbation of mind re-
fulteth from knowledge, otherwife than merely by accident: For all
knowledge and wonder ( which is the feed of knowledge ) is an impref-
fion of pleafure init felf; but when we fall to framing conclufions out
of our Knowledge, which obliquely applied to our. particular purpofes,
either minifter weak fears or vaít defires, then there grows that vexati-
.on and trouble of Mind, whereof wefpeak : forthen Knowledge is no
more Lumex ficcum, as Heraclitus the Profound would have it, Lumen fic-
cum optima anima, but it becomes Lumen zradidum, or maceratum, being
ftecped and infufed in the humours of the Affections. _
§ The third rule deferves a little to be ftood upon, and not to be light-
ly pafíed over: For if any man íhall think by view and enquiry into
thefe fenfible and material things, to attain that light whereby he may
reveal unto himfelf the Nature and Will of God, then indeed, is he
Spoil'd through vain Philofophy. "or the Contemplation of the Creatures,
having regard to the Creatures themíelves, produceth Knowledge, but
having regard to God, wonder only, which is a broken Knowledge.
And therefore it was moft aptly faid by one of Plato’s School, That the
Senfe of man carries a refetablance with the fum, which opens and reveals the
terreftrial Globe, but conceals and feals up the fiars and celeftial Globe: So
doth the Senfe difcover natural things, but it darkens and fhuts up divine.
And hence it hath proceded, that fome of the chofen rank of the more
learned Have fallen into Herefie, whilft they have fought to fly up to the
fecrets of the Deity, by the waxen wings of the Senfes.
§ Asforthe conceit of thofe who are of opinion that too much know-
ledge fhould encline the mind to Atheifm, and that the ignorance of the fe-
‘cond Cáujes, foould be, as it were a Midwife to our Piety towards the firft.

5

cclef. 2.

Philo F ud.

deSomrsts,

I wonld willingly charge thefe in the language of Fob, Will you lye for God job i5.

4s one man doth for another to gratifie him 2 For certain it is that God
"Works nothing in Nature according to ordinary courfe but by fécond
"Caufes 5 andifthey would have it otherwife believed, it is mere im-
: a under colour of Piety to God, and nothing elfe but to offer un-

'the Author of Truth the unclean facrifice ofa Lye. But farther, itis
an affured truth and a conclufion of Experience, That a little or faper-

ficial tafte of rhilofophy, may perchance incline the Mind of Man to 4-
i thei/rs

6

' Homer.
Iliad. 9.

plato in
M.Cato.

Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis. I,

theifmsbut a full draught thereof brings the Mind back again to Religion.
For in the entrance ot Philofophy,when the fecond Caufes, which are next
unto the Senfes, do offer themíelves to the mind of man, and the mind it
felf cleaves unto them and dwells there,an oblivion of the higheft Caufe
may creep in; but whena man pafleth on farther and beholds the de-
pendency, continuation and confederacy of Caufes, and the works of
Providence, then according to the Allegory of the Poets, he will eafily
believe that the higheft link of Natures chain must needs be tied to the foot
of Jupiter's chair. To clofe in a word 5 Let no man, upon a weak con-
ceit of fobriety or ill applied moderation, think or maintain that a man
can fearch too far, or be too well ftudied 77 the Book of God's word, or in
the Book of God's works Divinity or Philofophy 5 but rather let men a-
wake themfelves and chearfully endeavour, and puríüe an endlefs pro-
grefs or proficiency in both : only let them beware left they apply Know-
ledge to /welling, not to charity 5 to offentation not toufe : and again,that
they do not unwifely mingle and confound thefe diftinct Learnings of
Theology and Philofophy, and their feveral waters together.

Crap. IL.

I. Difcredits of Learning from the objections of Politicks, That Learns
ing foftens mens Natures, and makes men unfit for the exercife of Armi.
That it perverts mens difpofitions for matter of Government. § Other -
particular indifpofttions pretended. 1I. The Solution. Learning
makes not men unapt for Arms. Il. Learning enables men for Civil
affairs. YV. Particular feducements imputed to Learning 5 As, Curi=
ows Uncertainty, S Pertinaciows Regularity, § Mifleading Precedents,
s Retired flothfulne/s, s Relaxation of Difcipline,are all rather cured
than caufed by Learning.

£6 Ow let us defcend to the Difgraces whereby Politicks de-
Lph fame Learning 5 They be thefe, That Learning doth fofter
QI ens manners, and makes them more unapt for the honour
jo and exercife of Arms: That it doth marr and pervert mens
PI Cd difpofitions for matter of Government and Policy 5 which
the ftudy of Arts makes either too Curious by vanity of Readings Or too

Lisl. Of the Atvancement of Learning.

minds of the youth, and at unawares bring in an alteration of the manners
cand cuftoms of the State. This fame conceit or humor mov'd Virgi/,pre-
ferring the honour of hts country, before the reputation of his own
‘Profetiion, to make a kind of feparation between the Arts of Policy, and
‘the Arts of Literature, challenging the one to the Romans, yielding the
the other to the Grecians, in the verfes' fo much renowned,

Tu regere imperio populos Romane memento,
He tibi erunt Artes

‘And we'fee that Anytws the accufer of Socrates, laid it as an article of
charge and accufation againft him, that he did with the variety and
power ef difcourfes and difputation, embafe,in the minds of young men,
the Authority and R everence of the Laws and Cuftonis of their Coun-
try 5 and that he did profefs a pernicious and dangerous Science, where-
in, whoever wasinítructed, might make the worfe matter feer the bet-
ter, and to fupprefs Truth by force of Eloquence.

AI. Butthefe andthe like imputations have rather à countenance of
‘Gravity, than any fincerity of Truth : For experience doth witnefs that
the felf-(ame perfons, and the felf-fame times, have flouritht in the glory
vf Arms and Learning, As for men, we may in(tancein that noble pair
of Emperors Alexander the Great, and alius C afar the Dictator 3 the one
was Ariftotle’s Scholar in Philofophy; the other Cicero's Rival in Elo-
quence. Butif any man had rather call for Scholars that have become
great Generals, than Generals that were great Scholars, let him take
Epaminondas the Theban, or Xenophon the Athenian; whereof the one
‘was thefirft that abated the power of Sparta, and the other was the firft
that made way to'the overthrow of the Aovarchy of Perfía, And this
conjuntFion of Arms and Letters, is yet more vifible in times than in per-
fons, by how much an Age is a greater object thana Man: For the felf-
fame times with the Zgyptians, Ajfyrians, Perfiaws, Grecians and Romans,
that are moft renowned for Arms, are likewife moft admired for Learz-
gv 5 {o that the graveft Au&ors and Philofophers, the greateft Captains
and Governors have lived in the fame Ages. Neither indeed can it o-
therwife be 5 forasin man the ripenefs of the ftreagth of the body and
the mind comes much about one age, fave that the {trength of the body
comes fomewhat the more carly 5 fo in States, the glory of Arms and
Learning (whereof the one correfpondeth to the body, the other to the
foul of. man) have a concurrence, ora near fequence of Time.

Ill. Now for matter of Policy and Government, that Learning fhould
rather be an impediment than an adjument thereunto is a thing very im-
probable. We all confefs that it is an unadvifed a& to commit a natural
Body, and the cure of Health, to Emperique Phyfittians, who com-
monly have a few receipts which feemto them to be univerfal Reme-
dies; Whereupon they are confident and adventurous. when yet they
neither know the caufes of Difeafes, nor the Complexions of Patients,
fior the peril of Symptomes,nor the Method of Cures. We fceit a like er-
-or in thofe, whofor expedition of their Caufes and Suits rely upon pet-
ty Advocates and Lawyers, which are only men of Practice, and not
grounded intheir Books, who are many times eafily fürprizd, when a
new cafe falls out befides the common Road of their experience: Soby

. like

Virgil.
En. 6,

Plato A-

pol.Socr;

Platon.

Of the Advancement of Learning. Las: T.

like reafon, it cannot but be a matter of doubtful confequence, if States
be managed by Emperique’ Statef-men. On the contrary, it is almoft
without inftance, that ever any Government was, difaftrous, that was in
the hand of Learned Governours. For howfoever it hath been ordina- -
ry with Politick men to extenuate, and difable Learned men by the

. name of Pedants, yet Hiftory, whichis the miftrefs of Truth, makes it

appear in many particulars, that the Government of Princes in minori-
ty, hath far excelled the Government of Princes of mature age, even
for that reafon which Politicks feek to traduce, which is, that by that
occafion the State hath been in the hands of Pedants. Who knows not
that for the firft five years fo much magnified during the minority of
Nero, the Burden of the State was in the hands of Sezeca a Pedant?
So likewife Gordianws the younger owes theten years applauded govern-
ment to Adifithews a Pedant. And with the like happinefs Alexander Se=
verus govern d the State in his minority, in whrch {pace women rul'd all,
but by the advice and counfel of Preceptors and Teachers. Nay, leta
man look into the Government of the 2fbop of Rome, as by name, into
the Government of Pius Quiz us or Sextus Quinifws in our times, who
were both at their entrance efteemed but as Pedantical Friars 5 and he
fhall find, that {uch Popes do greater things, and procede upon truer
Principles, chan thofe which have aícended to the Papacy from an e-
ducation and breeding, in affairs of eftate and Courts of Princes. For
though men bred in learning are, perchance, notío quick and nimblein
apprehending occafions, and accommodating for the preíent to points
of convenience, which the Italians call Raggioni di Stato, the very name
whereof Pizs Quintus could not hear with patience, but was wont to
fay, That they were the inventious of wicked men, aud repugnant to Reli-
gion and the moral Vertues 5 yetinthis there is made ample recompence,
that they are perfect and ready, inthe fafe and plain way of Religion,
Juftice, Honefty, and the Moral Vertues ; which way, they that con-
{tantly keep and. purfue, fhall no more need thofe other Remedies,than
a found body needs Phyfick. And befides, the {pace of one mans life
can not furnifh prefidents enough to direct the event of but one mans
life. For as it hapneth fometimes that the great Grand-child, Nephew
or Pro-nephew, refembleth the Grand-father, or great Grand-father
more than the Father; ío many times it comes to país, that the occurs
rences of prefent times may fort better with ancient examples, than with
thofe of later or immediate times. . Laftly, the witof one man can no
more countervail the latitude of Learning, than one mans means can hold
way with a common purfe.

IV. And were it granted that thofe feducements and indifpofttions im-
puted to Learning, by Politicks, were of any force and validity, yet it
muft be remembred withal, that Learzzzg minitreth in every of them,
greater ftrength of medicine or remedy, than it offereth caufe of zzdif-
polition ox infirmity: For if that Learning by a fecret influence and ope-
ration makes the mind zrrefolute and perplext, yet certainly by plain pre-
cept it teacheth how to unwinde the thoughts, how far to deliberate,
when to refolve 5 yea, it fhews how to protract, and carry things ip fu
penfe without Prejudice till they refolve.

$ Beit likewMe granted that Learning makes the minds of men more
peremptory and inflexible, yet withal it teacheth what things are in their

nature

Lis. I. Of tbe Adancement of Learning.

nature demonftrative, and what are conjectural 5 and propounds as
well, the ule of diftin&ions, and exceptions, as the ftability of rules and
principles.

6$. Be it again, that learning mifleads amd wrefteth mens minds, wbe-
ther by difproportiom, or dilfimilitude of examples, {know not, yet I know
well, that it unfoldeth, and laies open as well the force of circumftances,
as the errors of comparifons, and the cautions of applications; fo that
in all thefe it doth more rectifie mens minds, then pervert them. And
thefe remedies Learning doth every way convey and infinuate by the
quick penetration, and forcible variety of examples. Let a man look
into the errors of Clement VII, folively defcribed by Guicciardine,who
ferved under him; or into the errors and waverings of Cicero, painted
to the life by his own penfill, in Ais Epiftles to Atticus, and he will fly a
pace from being inconítant and irrefolute in his defigns. Let him look

9

into the errors of Phocion, and he will beware how he be obftinate or |

inflexible. Let him read the fable of Ixioz, and it will difpel vapo-
rous hopes and fuch like fumes and clouds. Let him behold -Cato the
Second, and he will never be one of the A4ztzpodes, to tread oppofite to
the prefent world.

§ Now forthe conceit, That learning fhould be a friend to floth, and
fhould orefpread the mind with a {weet flumber of repofe and retiredzefs 5 it
were a {trange thing, if that which accuftometh the mind to a perpe-
tual agitation, fhouldbe the Patrozef; to flotbfuluefs : whereas con-
trariwife it may be truly afürmed , that no kind of men love bufinels
for it felf, but thofe that are Learzed 5 for other Perfons love affairs
and bufinefs for the Profit, as hirelings the work, for the wages 5 others
for Honor, for while they are in A&ion, they live inthe eyes of men and
refrefh their reputation, which othewife would wears others for Power
and the Priviledges of. Fortune, that they may pleafure their friends, and
difpleafure their foes 5 others that they may exercife fome faculties
wherein they take a pride, and in this imagination, entertain their
thoughts in a good humour and pleafing conceit towards themfelves ;
others to advance other ends : (o thatas it is faid of untrue valours, that
fome mens valours are in the eyes of thofe that look on, fo the induftry
and courage of thefe men feems to aim at this, that other may applaud
them, or they hugg themfelves in the contemplation of their own de-
fignments : only Learzed men love bufine(s and imployment, as actions
agreeable to nature, and no lefs healthful to the mind than exercife is to
the bodystaking pleafure in the Aion it felf,and not in the purchafe: fo
that, of all men living, they are the moft indefatigable , if it be to-
wards any bufinefs, which can repleni(h and detain the mind according
to the dignity thereof. And if there be found fome laborious in read-
ing and (tudy, and yet idle in bu(inefs, and action, this grows not from
learning, but from fome weaknef or foftnefs of body or mind, fuch as
Seneca {peaks of, Quidam ((aith he) tam funt umbratiles ut putent in
turbido effe quicquid im luce efl. Well may it be, that füch a point of
a mans nature may make him give himfelfto learning,but it is not learn-

ing that breeds, or implants any fuch point in his nature. But if any
man notwithítanding refolvedly maintaineth, that Learning takes up too
much time which might othermife be better imployed 5 I anfwer , that no

man can be fo ftraitned and oppreft with bufinefs, and an active courfe
B of

Controy.
lib. 4.
Prov,

Yo

Of the Advancement of Learuing. Lis.TF

of life, but may have many vacant times of leafüre, whilft he expects

the returns and tides of bufinefs, except he be either ofa very dull tem- e

per and of no difpatch 5 or ambitious (little to his credit and reputation)
to meddle and ingage himfelf in imploy ment of all naturesand matters
above his reach. It remairieth therefore to be enquired, in what mat-
ter, and how, thofe fpaces and times of Leafure, fhould be filled up and
fpent 3 whether in pleafures or ftudy 5 fenfuality ; or Contemplation,
as was well anfwered by Demofthenesto Z/chiges , a man'givento plea-
fare, who when he told him by way of reproach, ‘that bis orations did

plu, m Jel of the Lamp, indeed ( {aid Demoft benes ) there is great difference be-

Demoft.

Plut.in;M.
Cato,

tween the things that You and I do by lampelight: Wherefore let nó man fear
left learning fhould expulfe bufivefs 5 nay rather it will keep and defend
the pofleffions of the mind, again(t idlenefs and pleafüre, which other-
wife, at unawares, may enter, to the prejudice both of Bufinefs and
Learning. o EMO "m

5 A whereas they object, That learning fhould undermine the
reverence of Laws and Government, itis a meer calumny without all
fhadow of truth: For to fay thata blind obedience fhould be a furer
obligation then an ocular duty, is all one to fay, that a blind man
may tread-{urer by a guide, then a fecing man can with the üfe of a light
and his eyes. Nay it is without all controverfie that Learning doth
make thé mind of man, gentle, du@ile, maniable and pliant to govern-
ments whereas ignorance makes them churlifh, thwart, and mutinons 5
which the Records of time do clearly manifeft, confidering that the moft
unlearned, rude and barbarous times have been moft fubjett:to fediti-
ons, tumults and changes. As for the judgement of Cato the Cenfor,
he was well punifhe for his b/a/phemy againft learning: For when he was
paft threefcore years old, he was taken with an extreme defire to go to
the fchool again, and to learn the greek tongue 5. which doth well de-
monftrate that his former cenfure of the Grecian Learning was rather
an affected gravity, than the inward fenfe of his own opinion. As for
Virgil's verfes, though it pleafed him to brave the world in taking to

the Rowans the Art of Empire, and leaving to others all other Arts;

as popular and fervile; yet fo much is manifeft, that the Romans never
afcended to that Aight of Empire, till the time they had afcended to the
hight of Arts. Forinthetime of the two firft Cefars, Perfons moft per-
fect in the State-principles of Government, there lived contemporaries,
the beft Poet, Virgilius Maro The bef? Hifforiograpber, Titus Liuius 5 the
beft Antiquary, Marcus Varro 3 the beft or fecond Orator Marcus Cicero 5
without queftion the chiefeft, every one in their feveral faculty, that
to the memory of manareknown. Laftly, as forthe accufation of So-
crates, only thisI fay, The time muft be remembred when it was pro-
fecuted, namly under the thirty Tyrants, of all mortals the bloodieft,
bafeft and moft unworthy of Government: which revolution of State

. and Time was no fooner over, but Socrates, whom they had made a

Perfon Criminal, was made a Perfon Heroical, and his Memory accu-
mulate with all honours divine and humane 5, and thofe Difcourfes of
his, which were then termed Corrupting of Manners, were after cele-
brated by all Pofterity for moft foveraign medicines of Mind and Man-
ners. And let this ferve for anfwer to Politiques, which in their hu-
morousfeverity, or intheir feigned gravity , have prefumed to throw

imputations

BEER LA TS eru i. i MER iure ae
L 12. I. | Of tbe Adancement of Learning. i

imputations upon Learning 5 which redargution neverthelefs, fave that
we know not whether our labours may extend to other ages, feems not
fo needful for the prefent , feeing the afpe&t and favour of twomoft
learned Princes (Queen Elizabeth and Tour Majesty , being as CafZor
and Pollux, Lucida Sidera, Stars of a moft benign influence ) hath
wrought in us of Britain, fo much love and reverence towards Learning.

(APs. lll.

- 1. Diferedits of Learning from Learned mens Fortunes , Manners,
Nature of ftudies. II. In the Fortunes fcarcity of Means, § Ob-
feurity of life. § Meannefs of Imployment. Ml. In their Manners,
Too Regular for thetimes, §. Too fenfible of the good of others,and
ncgleifive of their own. § They fail in applying themfelves to Parti-
cular Perfons. § They fail in fome points of Behaviour. § Grofs
Flattery pradis'd by ome Learned, § Inftanced in the Modern De-
dication of Books. §¢ Difcreet Morigeration allowed.

T. & 1Ow come we to the third fort of Difcredit or Diminution of

Credit, that redounds upon Learning from learned men them-
felves , which commonly cleaveth fafteft. It is derived either from
their Fortune, or from their Manners, or from the Nature of their ftudies 5
whereof the firft is not in their powers the fecond is not to the point 5
fo as the third alonefeemeth properly to fall into enquiry : but becaufe
we are not in hand with the true value of things, but with popular
eftimation, it will not be amifsto infinuate fomewhat alfo of the two
former.

II. The Derogations therefore,or Diminutions of Credit which grow
to Learning from the fortune of the Learned men, are taken either
from their Poverty and {carcity of Means 5 or from their obfcure and pri-
wate courje of Life; or from the meanne(sof imployment wherein they are
converfant. .

|. &. As concerning JZazt, and that ufually is thecaíe of Learned men,
that they are poor, and commonly begin with little, and grow not rich
fo faft as other men, which convert their labours cheifly to lucre and
encreafe; it were good to leave the common Place in Commendation
of Poverty to fome Frier Mendicant to handle, (if by their leaves I may
be fo bold) to whom much was attributed by Afachiavell in this point, par gig;
when he faid, that the Kingdom of the clergie had been long before at an Fior.lib.x-
end, if the reputation and reverence towards the poverty of Friers and
Monks, bad not born out the fcandals of the fuperfluities and exceffes of
Bifhops aud Prelates : {oa man might fay that the felicity and magnifi-
€ence of Princes and great Perfons, had long (ince turned to Barbarifm
and Rudenefs, if the Poverty of Learning had not kept up civility and
honour of life. But without fuch advantages of hunting after the
praiíe thereof.it is worthy obfervation,whata facred and reverend thing
Poverty of Fortune was , for fome ages inthe Roman State, which yet
was a State without Paradoxes: For thus faith Tites Livius in his ins
kx trodudiog

Mi
to

J

Pref.lib,
Te

Orat.ad C.
Czfar.
Saluft, im-
Putata.

Laert. in
Diog.
Cyn.

- Prov. 28.

Prov, 23.

Annal.3.

Joel 2.

Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis. I.

troduction, Either my affection to the mork I have undertaken deceives
me, or there was never State more great, more religious, more richly fur-
nif d with good prefidents, nor which avarice and riot conquered fo late ,
nor where fo great reverence to Poverty aud Parcimony continued fo long.
So likewife after the State of Kozze was now degenerate; we read that
when Cefar the Didaier took upon him a Reftauration of the col-
lapfed ftate, one of his cozf/dezts gave him this counfel, That of all
Points the moft fummary to füch a defignment, ashe went about, was
by all means to take away the eftimatton of wealth , For ( faith he )
thefe and all other evils, togetber with the reputation of mony [ball ceafe,
if neither publique Officers nor any other Dignity, which commonly are fo
coveted, were expofed to fale. To conclude this point, as it was truly
faid that Rubor esi virtutis Color, though fometimes it come from vice 5.
fo you may truly fay, Paupertas eff virtutis fortuna, though fometimes
it may proceed from mifgovernment and improvidence. Surely this is
Solomons Cenfüre, Qui feftinat ad divitias mon erit infons, and Precept,
Buy the truth and fell it not; So wifdom and knowledge judging it right
and equal that means fhould be imployed to get Learning, and not
Learning be applied to gather up means.

§ Towhat purpofe fhould we peak of theprivatenes and obfcurenefs
of life, which is objected to learned men ? It is a Theme fo common.
and fo frequently handled by all, toextol Leafure and retiredne/s, not
taxed with fenfuality and floth, before a Civil and A@ive life 5 for
fafety , liberty, fweetnefs, dignity, or at leaft freedom from indignities,
as no man handles this {ubject, but handles it well : fnch a confonancy
it hath to mens conceptions in the exprefling; and to mens confent in
the allowing. Thisonly I will add, that Learned men forgotten in
States, are like the [mages of Ca/feus and Brutus in the funerals of Fu-
zia, of which , not to be reprefented as others were, Tacitus faith, Eo
ipfo prafulgebant quod non vifebantur.

§ For Aeannefs of imployment affigned to Learned men, that whichis
moft traduced to contempt is, That the government of childhood and
youth is commonly allotted to them,the contempt of which age is tranf-
ferred upon the Preceptors or Tutors. But how unjuft this traduce-
ment is, if you will reduce things from popularity of opinion, to mea-
fure of reafon, may appear in that we fee men are more careful what
they put into new veflels, than into a veflel feafon'd 5 and more curi-
ous what mould they lay about a young plant, than a plant corrobo-
rate: So asit is manifeft that the weakeft terms and times ofall things,’
ufe to have the beftapplicationsand helps. Harken, if you pleafe, to
the Hebrew Rabbins, Your young men fhall fee oiftous, your old zem fhall
dream dreams; from this Text they collet, that youth is the worthier
age, by fo much as Revelation is more clear by vifions, than by dreams.
And it is worth the noting that however Pedazts have been the deri-
fion and {corn of Theaters, as the Apes of Zyrazzy, and that the mo-
dern loofene(s or negligence hath taken nodue regard to the choice of
School-mafters and Tutors; yet it hath been an ancient complaint drawn
down from the beft and wifelt times, even to our age, that States were
too bufie with their Laws and too negligent in point of Education.
Which excellent part of Ancient Difcipline hath been in fome fort re-
vived of late times by the Colleges of the Jefuits, whofe pains and_dilis

gence

5

L :s.I. Of the Advancement of Learaiug. 12

-

—

gence when I confider, as weli in the culture of knowledge, as infor-
mation of manners, the faying of Agefilexs touching Pharnabazus comes
into my mind, Tzlis cum fis utinanexofter effes. And thus much con- Plot. i2
cerning the difcredits drawn from the Fortunes and Condition of Leara- Art.
ed men.
IH. As touching the Afanners of Learmed men, itis a thing belonging
rather to their individual Perfons, than their {tudies and point of learn-
ing: No doubt there is found among them, as in all other Profeffions,
and Conditions of life, men of all temperatures, as well bad as good,
but yet fo, as it is not without truth that is faid, abire ffudia in mores 5
and that Learning and Studies, unlefs they fall upon very depraved
difpofitions, have an influence and operation upon the manners of
thofe that are converfant in them, to reform nature and change it to
the better. M
But upon anattentive and indifferent review, I for my part, can
not find any difgrace to learning can proceed from the Afanners of
Learnesl men, adherent unto them asthey are Learned 5 unlefs peradven-
ture it be a fault ( which was the fuppofed fault of Dezzoffbenes, Cicero,
Cato the fecond, Seneca, and many more) that becaufe the times they
read of, are commonly better, than the times they live in 5 and the
duties taught, better than the duties pradifeds they contend too far, to
reduce the corruption of manners to the honesty of precepts, and prefcripts,
of a too great hight, axd to impofe the Laws of ancient feverity upon dif-
folute times : and yet they have Caveats enough touching this aulterity
out oftheir own fprings: For Solon, when'he was asked Whether be had yi. «.
given his Citizens the best laws ? the best (faid he) of fuch as they would soton.
receive. So Plato, finding that his own heart conld not agree with the
corrupt manners of his Country, refufed to bear place or office, faying,
That a mans Country is to be ufed as his Parents were, that is, with per- V ii is
frafion and not with violence, by entreating and not by contefting: And epift. ali-
Cejars counfelor put in the fame caveat, faying, zoz ad vetera. inffituta ©:
revocans qu& jampriden: corruptis moribus ludibrio funt : And Cicero Qu
notes this error directly in Cafo the fecozd , writing to his friend Afti- saut. ad
cus, Cato optime fentit fed mocet interdum Reipub. loquitur enim tanquam p
in Repub. Platonis, non tanquam in fece Romuli, The fame Cicero doth tib.2.ep.1,
excufe and expound the Philofophers for going too far, and being too
exact in their Prefcripts , Thefe fame Preceptors and Teachers, (faith he) p, x,
Seem to have firetched out the line and limits of Duties fomewhat beyond the Murena,
natural bounds, that when we had laboured to reach the higheft point of Pers
feFion, we might reft where it was meet : and yet himfelf might fay, 740-
itr fame minor ipjemeis 5 for he {tumbled at the fame ftone , though
in rot fo extreme a degree.
§ Another fault which perchance not undefervedly is objected a-
gainft Learned men, isthis,that they have preferr'd the honour and profit of
their Country, amd Maflers before their own fortunes and fafeties. So De-
mofthenes to his Athentans, Aty Counfels (faith he) if you pleafe to note NOT
it, are not fuch whereby I fhould grow great amongst you, you become lit- Berens
tle amongft the Grecians 3 but they be of that nature as are fometimes not
good for me to eive, but are always good for you to follow. So Seneca af-

| ter he had confecrated that Quinquennium Neronis to the eternal glory

of Learned Governors, held on his honeft and loyal courfe of Good
and

14

Mat.25.

Seneca.

Of the Advancement of Learning. Lie. f.

and Free Counfel, after his Mafter grew extremely corrupt to his great
peril and at laft to his ruine; Neither can it be otherwife conceived 5
for Learning endues mens minds with a true fenfe of the frailty of their
Perfons; the Cafualty of fortune 5 the Dignity. of the foul; and their
vocation: which when they think of, they can by no means perfwade
themfelves that any advancement of their own fortunes, can be fet down
as atrue and worthy end of their being and ordainment. Wherefore
they fo live, as ever ready to give their account to God, and to their
Matters under God, whether they be Kings or States they ferve, in this
ftile of words, Ecce tibz Lucrifecz, and not in that Ecce mihi Lucrifeci.
But the corrupter fort of Politiques, that have not their minds infti-
tuted and eftablifh’d in the true apprehenfion of Duties, and the con-
templation of good in the univerfality, refer al/ things to themfelves,as if
they were the worlds Center, and that the coxcurrence of all lines fhould
touch in them and their fortunes 5 never caring in all tempefts, what
becomes of the Ship, fo they may retire and fave themíelves in the:
Cock-boat of their own fortune. On the contrary, they that feel the
waight of Duty, and underftand the limits of felf love; ufe to make
good their places, and duties, though with peril: and if they chance
to ftand fafe in feditions and alterations of times and Government, it is
rather to be attributed to the reverence which honefty even wrefteth
from adverfaries, than any verfatile or temporizing advantage iu their
own carriage. But for this point of tender fenfe, and faft obligation of
duty, which without doubt Learning doth implant in the mind, how-
ever it may be taxed and amerced by Fortune 5 and be defpifed by
Politiques in the depth of their corrupt principles, as a weak and im-
provident virtue, yet it will receive an open allowance,fo as in this mate
ter there needs the lef$ difproof or excufation.

§ Another fault there 1s incident to Learned men, which may fooner
be excufed than denied, namely this 5 That they do not eafily apply and ac-
commodate themfelves to perfons with whom they negociate and lives
which want of exact application arifeth from two caufess The firft is,
the largene{s and greatnefs of their minds,which can hardly ftoop and be cons
fined within the obfervation of the nature and cuftom of one perfon. It is the
fpeech of a Lover, not of a wife man, Satis magnum alter alteritheatrum

fumus. Neverthelefs I fhall yield that he that cannot contract the light

of his mind, as he doth the eye of his body, as well as difperfe and di-
lateit, wants a great faculty for an active couríe of life. The fecond
caufe is the boncfly and integrity of their nature, which argueth no inha-
bility in them, but a choice upon judgement 5 for the true and juft li-
mits of obfervance towards any perfon extend no farther, than fo to
underftand his inclination and difpofition,as to converfe with him with-
out offence 5 or to be able, if occafion be offered, to give him faithful
counfel, and yet to ftand upon reafonable guard and caution, in refpect ,
of our felves: butto be fpeculative into others, and to feel out a mans
difpofition, to the end to know how to work him,winde him and go-
vern him at pleafure 5 is not the part of an ingenious nature, but rather
of a heart doubleand cloven; which, as in friend(hip, it is want of in-
tegrity, fo towards Princes and Superiours it is want of Duty. Forthe
Cuftom of the Levazt, whereby it was accounted a hainous offence, to
gaze and fix their eyes upon Princes, is indeed, in the outward cere-
mony

Lis.L Of tbe Advancement of Learning. 15

mony, barbarous, but good in the moral; for it becomes not Subjects
by bent and iaqiifftive obfervations, to penetrate into the hearts of Prov.as.
Kings, which the Scripture hath declared to be ?2/eratable. '
$ There is yet another fault with which I wil! conclude this Part ,
which is often noted in Learned men; namely , that zz Jal! and out-
ward matters of behaviour and carriage (as in countenaneé, gefture,
march, ordinary difcourfe,and the like) they do ary times fail to obferve
decenfie and difcretion Yo as the vulgar fort of capacities make a judge:
ment, of them in greater matters, by that which they find wanting in
{mall and ordinary points of Action.’ ‘Bur this prejudication doth o£
tentimes deceive them: nay let them know, they have their anfwer
from Themiffocles, who being invited to touch a Lute, faid, "artogantly
enough, being applyed to himfélf, but pertinently to thé purpofe in
hand, That be could not indeed Jide, but be knew how to make a fmall Plot. in
Town, agreat State. And there are; no doybt, many well féen in the ?**7if.
Arts of Government, and Policy, which are to feek in ordinary conver-
fation and pun&tual occafions. I refer füch fcoffers to the Elogie AJ. Plato
cibiades gave of his Mafter Socrates, whom he compar'd to the G4. ©"
pots of the Apothecaries, which on tbe outfide were drawn with Apes, Owls,
and Antiques, but contained within precious liquors and foveraign con-
feFions ; acknowledging that to vulgar capacity and popular report,
he was not without fome fuperficial levites,and deformities, but was in-
wardly replenifht with excellent powers and virtues. And fo much
touching the Point of Mazzers of learned men.
§ Inthe mean time I thought good to advertife, that I have no pur-
pole to give allowance to fome bafe and unworthy Conditions of [ome
Profefjors, whereby they have difcredited both Themfelves and Learn-
ing : fuch were thofe trexcher Philofophers , which in the later age of
the Roman (tates were ufually in the houfes of great Perfons, whom
not improperly you may call folemz Parafites sof which kind Luciaz
makesa merry difcription of the Philofopher, that the great Lady took
to ride with her in the Coach, and would needs have ‘him carry her
little Dog Afelitens; which he doing officioufly and yet uncomely, the
Page fcoffing faid, I doubt our Philofopher of a Stoick will turn Cynique. De Metc.
But above all the reít, the grof$ and palpable flattery whereunto ma- «?29"8
ny not unlearned have abafed and abufed their wits and pens, turning
as Du Bartus faith Hecuba into Helena, and Fauftina into Lucretia, hath
diminifht the prize and eftimation of Learning.
§ Neither is the Afodern Dedication of Books to Patrons to be Com-
szended 5 for that Books, fuch as are worthy the name of Books,ought
to have no Patron but Truth and Reafoz. The cuftom of the Ancients
was better, who were wont to dedicate their writings only to private and
equal friends , or to entitle the Books with the names of fuch friends;
or if they Dedicated their Books to Kings or great Perfons, it was
to fome fuch as the Argument of the Book was fit and proper
for. Thefe and the like Courfes may deferve rather apprehenfion than
defence.
- § Nor fay Ithis, as if I condemned the Morigeration and application
of Learned men, to men in fortune and places for the anfwer was good
that Ariftippzs made to one that askt him in mockery, How it came to pafs

shat Philofophers were followers of Rich men, and not Rich men of Philo- ici:
fophers ¢ Atiftip:

16 Of the Advancement of Learning. E is.l

fophers ? He anfwered foberly and yet fharply, That it was becaufe Pbi-
lofophers knew well what they had need of, but Rich men didnot. Oflike
nature was the anfwer which the fame Philofopher made when having -
a Petition to Dionyfius and no car given to him he fell dowz at his feet
lbid. in manner of a Wor[bipper, wbereupon Dionyfius flaid and gave him the
bearing, and granted it : but a little after, {ome perfon tender of the ho-
nour and credit of Philofophy , reproved Ariftippus that be would offer
the Profeffion of Philofophy [ucb an indignity as for a private fuit to fall to
a Tyrants feet? to whom he replyed 5 That was uot his fault, but it was
the fault of Dionyfius that had his ears in bis feet. Neither wast ac-
counted weakneís, but a difcretion in him that would not difpute his
Spartian. beft with Adrianus Cefar, excufing the fat, That it was reafon to yield to
he him that commanded thirty Legions: Thefeand {uch like applications and
floopings of Learned men below the terms of Gravity, at the command of
neceflity or the advantage of occafion, cannot be condemned 3 for
though they may íeem, at firft fight, fomewat bafe and fervile, yet ina
judgement truly made, they are to beaccounted fubmilfions to the Oc-
cafion and not the Perfoz.

Cuar. IV.

I. Diftempers of Learuing from Learned mens ftudies,are of three forts. "
Phantaftical Learning, Contentious Learning, Delicate Learning.
II. Delicate Learning, « Curiofity zz words through Profufenefs of
Speech. § Decent exprelfion commended. § Affected Brevity cen-
jured. I. Contentious Learning, a Curiofityin matter, through the
novelty of terms,or ftricfnefs of Pofitions. § A vanity either in Mat-
ter or in Method. IV. Phantaftical Learning hath two branches,
Impofture, Credulity: § Credulity is a belief of Hiflory. § Ora
belief of Art or Opinion s and that either Real im the Art it feff-
§ Or Perfozal in the Author of fuch an Art, or Science.

Et us now proceed to thofe Errors, and Vanities, which have inter-

, vened among ft the fiudies of Learned men, and therewith are inter-
mingled 3 which is the principal point and proper to the prefent Argue
ment; wherein my purpofe is not to patronize errors, but by a Cenfure
and feparation of the errors, to fift out that which is found and folid,
and to deliver the fame from afperfion. For we fee it is the manner of
men, efpecially of envious perfons, to fcandalize, and deprave that
which retains the State and Virtue, by taking advantage upon that
which is corrupt and degenerate; asthe Heathens in the Primitive
Church usd to blemifhand taint the Chriftians, with the faults and cor-
ruptions of Heretiques: Neverthelefs I have no meaning to make any
exact animadverfion of the Errors, and Impediments in matters of Learn-
ivg, which are more fecret and remote from vulgar opinion, but on-
ly to {peak of fuch as do fall under a common and popular ob-
fervation, and known, or at leaft, which recede not far of there-
from. rd
I. I find

*

Tan E Of tbe Advancement of Learning.

I. I find therefore chiefly three vanites, and vacuities in Learning ,
which have given occalion to the reproach and difgrace thereof. For
thofe things are efteemed vaiz which are either fal/e,or frivolous 5 name-
ly, wherein thereis, either notruth, or noue: thofe Perfozs we eíteem
vain, which are either Credu/ows in things falfe, or Curious in things of
little ufe. And Curioftty is either inwatter or in words; that is when
either labour is {pent in vain matters, or time is waíted inthe delicacy

"of fine words : (o that it is agreeable as well to true reafon asapproved

experience, to fet down three diftempers of Learning: The firft is
Phantastical Learning 3 The fecond Contentions Learning; The third.
Painted and Delicate Learning: or thus, vain Imaginations, vain Altera
cations, vain affcilations. And with the laft I will begin.

if. This Diftemper feated in the fuperfluity and profufene of {peech
(though in times paft by turns, it was in fome price) about Luther;
time, got up mightily into credit, and eítímation. The heat and
efficacy of Preaching, to winand draw on the people, began chiefly
about that time to flourifh; and this required a popular kind of ex-

preíüon. This was furthered by the Enmity and Oppofition concei-
ved in that fame age againít the School-meex 5 whole writings were alto-
gether in a differing (tile and form of expreffion 5 taking liberty to
coyn and frame new and rude terms of Art, without any regard to
the purenefs and elegancy of fpeech, fo they might avoid circuit of
words, and deliver their fenfe and’ conceptions, in a precile exact ex-
preílion: and fo it came to país a little after, that a greater care was
taken for Words, than Matter; and many affected rather Comptnefs
of (tiles a round and clean Periods; the fweet falling of the claufes $
and illuftrations by Tropes and Figures; than the waight of Matter,
foundnefs of Argument, life of Invention, or depth of Judgment.
Then fprang up the flowing and watery: vein of Oforius , the Portugal
Bi(hop, to be in price and requeft: Then did Sturmiws {pend fuch in-
finite and curious pains upon Cicero the Orator, and Hermogenes the
Rhetorician. Then did our Carre and Afcbaz in their Lectures and
Writings almoft Deifie Cicero, and’ Demofthenes, and allure young
Students to that polifht and flourifhing kind of Learning. Then did
Erafmus take occafionto make that fcoffing kind of Eccho, Decem an-
nos confumpfiin Legendo Cicerone, to. which the Echo anfweted, Oxe,
Afine. Then grew the Learning of the Schoolmen to be utterly defpi-
fed, as rudeand barbarous. In fum, the whole inclination and bent
of thofe times was, rather about Copy than Weight. Here welee the firlt
Diflemper of Learning, when, as we have faid, men fiudy Words. and
wot Matter. Whereof though I have reprefented examples of late
times only, yet fuch vanities have been accepted,in forhe degree or o»
ther, in ancient times, and will be fo hereafter. Now it is fot poffi-
ble but that this fhould have an operation to difcredit and debate the
reputation of Learning, even with vulgar capacities; when they fee
Learned mens Works, likethe firít letter of a Patent, which though
it belimmed and fet out with large flourifhes, yet it is but a letter.
And it feems to me that Pigwalions frenzie isa good Emblem and Pore
traicture of this vanity ; for what are words but the Images of matter,
and except they be animated with the fpirit of reafon, to fall in Love
with them, is all one as to fall in love with a Picture. TUE
C §. But

17

18

Of the Advancement of Learuiug. Lis.I

3. Fim. 6.

§. But yet notwithftanding it is a thing not haftily to becondemned
to illuftrate and polifh the obfcurity and roughnefs of Philofophy, with
the Splendor of words and fez[ible elocution, For hereof we have great
examples in Xenophon, Cicero, Seneca, Plutarch, and even in Plato
himfelfand the ufe hereof is great: For though to the fevere inquifition
of Truth, and the deep progrefs into Philofophy, itis fome hinderance,
becaufe it is too early fatisfa&ory unto the mind, and quencheth the
thirft and defire of farther fearch 5 yet if a man be to have any ufe of
fuch knowledge in Civil occafions (of Conference, Counfel, Perfwafon,
Difcourfe, and the like) he fhall find all that he defireth prepar'd and
fet out to his hand inthofe Auctors. But theexcefs of this is fo juftly
contemptible, that, as’ Hercules, when he faw the Image of Adonis,
Venus minion, n the Temple, faid, wil facri es 5 fo there is none of Her-
cules his followers in Learning, I mean, the more induftrious and fevere
inquirers into Truth, but will defpife thofe Delicacies and Affefations,
as indeed capable of no Divinenefs. :

§ Little better is that kind of ftile( yet neither is that altogether
exempt from vanity) which neer-about the fame time fucceeded this
Copy and fuperfiuity of fpeech. The labour here is altogether, That
words may be aculeate, fentences concife, and the whole contexture of the
Speech and difcourfe, rather rounding into it felf, than fpread and dilated z
So that it comes to país by this Artifice, that evey paflage feems more
witty and weighty than indeed it is. Such a ftileas this we find more
exceflively in Seveca3 more moderately in Tacitws and Plinius Secuns
dus; and of late it hath been very pleafing unto the ears of our times
And this kind of expreffion hath. found fuch acceptance with meaner
capacities, asto be a'dignity and ornament to Learning; neverthelefs,
by the more exa& judgments, itháth been defervedly defpifed, and
may be fet down as 2 diftemper of Learning, feeing it is nothing elfe
but a hunting after words, and fine placing of them. And thus much
of the firlt Dzfeafe or Diftemper of Learning. : 1

III. Now followes the diftemper fetled iz Aatter, which we fet down
asa fccond difeafeof Learning,and have defigned it by the name of coz
tentions (ubtilty s and this is in nature fomewhat worfe than that where-
of we fpake even now. For as the fub{tance of Matter,is better than the
beauty of words; fo on the contrary, vanity. of Matter is more odious
than vazity of words. Wherein it^feemeth that the reprehenfion of
St. Paul was not only proper for thofe times, but Prophetical for the
times following 5 and not only ‘refpective to: Divinity, butiextenfive
toall knowledge, Devita prophanas vocum movitates: For in thefe
words he affignstwo Markes and Badges of fufpected and falfified fcie
ence; The firít is the Novelty and Strangenoff of Terms3 The other,
the ftridinef? of Pofitions 5 which of neceflity induce oppofition and fo
Alterations and Queftions. Certainly like as many fubítances in ma»
ture, which are folid and entire, doe many times putrifie: and corrupt
into worms 5 fo good and found Knowledge doth often putrifieand dif
folve intoa number of fubtle, idle; unwholfome, and (asI may terme
them) vermiculate Queftions, which feem indeed to havea kind of
Motion and Quicknefs in them, and yet they are unfound and hollow,
and of no folid ufe. This kind of Degexerate Learxing corrupting it
felf, did chiefly reign amongft the Schoolmen3 who having abundance

of

Lis. I. Of tbe Advancement of Learning. 19

of Leifüre, (harp, and ftrong wits, and {mall variety of reading,
(for their wits were {hut up within the writing of afew Authors, chiet-
ly Ariflotle, their Dictator,as their Perfons were (hut up in the celis of
Monalteries and Colleges) and for moft part ignorant of the Hiftory
either of Nature, or of Time, did out of no great Quantity of Matter,
but infinite agitation of their Wit and Phancy, as of the fpindle, fpia
out unto us thofe laborious webs of Learning, which areextant in
their Books. Forthe Wit and Mind of Man, if it work upon Matter,
by contemplating Nature and the Works of God, worketh according
to the {tuff, and is limited thereby 5 but if ic worketh upon it felf, as
the /pider works bis web, then itis endlefs, and brings forth Cobwebs of
Learning, indeed admirable for finenefs of thred aad work, but of no
Subftance and Profit.
§ This fame unprofitable /ubtilty or Curiofity, is of two forts 5 and
it is difcerned either in the fubject and Asatter itfel£ fuch as is fruitlels
Speculation or Controverfie, whereof there are no {mall number, both
in Divinity and Philofophy 5 Or in the Z4azzer and Method of hand-
ling, which amongít School-men was this; Upon every Pofition or
Aflertion they framed objections, then folutions of thofe objections,
which folutions, for the moft part, were only diítin&ions, whereas
indeed, the ftrength ofallíciences, like the Old mans Fagot, confiteth ^»...
not in every ftick afunder, butinthem all together united in the band. us EUM
For the Harmony of fciences, that is when each part füpports the other,
is and ought to be the true and brief way of ,confutation and füppret-
fion of all the fmaller fort of objections: but on the other fide, if you
draw outevery Axiom, asthe fticks ofa Fagot, one by one, you may
eafily quarrel with them, and bend, and break them at your plea(ure;
So that as it was faid of Sezeca,verborum Minutiis rerum frangit pondera, Fabiu:
may truly be faid of the School-men, Quaftionum Minutiis fcientiarum Qu Vot:
frangunt pondera. | For were it notbetter for a man, in a fair room to ds
fet up one great light, or branching candleftick of lights, whereby all
may be feen at once, than to goupand down witha {mall watch can-
dle into ever corner ? And {uch is their A¢ethod,that refteth not fo much
upon evidence of Truth proved by Arguments, Authorities, Simili-
tudes and Examples; as upon particular Confutations, and Solutions
of every fcruple, cavillation, and objection 5 thus breeding queftion
upon gueftion 5 even asin the former refemblance, mhex you carry the
light into one corner, you darken the refl. So that the fable of ScyZ4(cems
to bea lively image of this kind of Philofophy or knowledge, which
for the upper part had the fhape ofa comely Virgin, but below, Candie
da fuccin@am latrantibus ingnina monftris 3 So you shall find fome ge- vVirz. pvc:
neralities of the School. mea, fair and well proportioned, and invented Ed 5.
to fome good purpofe 5 but then when you defcend to di(tin&tions and
decifions , in ftead ofa fruitful womb for the ufe and benefit of mans
life, they end in ‘monftrous and barking Queftions. Wherefore it is no
marvail, if this quality of Knowledege fall under, even popular con-
tempt, the people being apt to contemn Truth upon occafion of Con-
troverfies, and altercations 5 and to think they are all out of their way,
which never meet and agree among themfelves 5 and when they fee the
digladiations of Learned men, about matters of no ufe or moment, they
-eafily fall upon that judgement of Diony fius of Syracufa, verba ifla funt
Ca "nz

———

20

E

; Of the Advancement of Learning, | Lis.

Laertius
in Plato, ,

Horat,
E pi.

Tacit.
Hifl I. f.

De Mirab,
Aufcult,

fenum dtioforum. Notwith{tanding it is moft certain,that if the School-

men, to their great thirft of Truth, and unwearied travail of wit, had
joyn'd variety, and univerfality of reading, and contemplation, they
had certainly proved excellent lights to the great advancement of
all Arts and Sciences. And thus much of the fecond Difeafe of
Learning. —

IV. For the third Diíeafe of Learning which concerns Deceit or Un-
truth,it is of all thereft the fouleft,as that which doth deftroy the Nature
and eflential form of Knowledge, which is nothing but a reprefenta-
tion of Truth. For the Truth of Being, and the Truth of Knowing are
all one, differing no morethan the dire& beam, and the beam reflected.
This vice therefore brancheth it felf into two forts, Impofture and Cre-
dulity 5 the one deceives, the other is deceived; which although they
appear to be of a diverfe nature; the one feeming to proceed of Cun-
ning, and the other of Simplicity 5 yet for the moft part they do con-
cur, for as the verfe noteth,

Percont atorem fugito nam garrulws idem eii :

Intimating that an Zzquifrtióe mtn és a Pratler 5 (o upon the like reafon,
a Credulows man is adeceiver. A's we feeit in Fame and Rumors, that
he that will eafily believe’ Rumors, will as eafily augment Rumors 5
which Tacitus wifely notes in thefe words, Fingunt fimul creduntgs
füch affinity there 1s between a ‘propentity to Deceive and a facility to
Believe. A

§ This facility of Crediting and accepting all things, though weak-
ly authorized, is of two kinds, according to the nature of the Matter
handled, for it is either belief of Hiffory, or (as the Lawyers fpeak) mat-
ter of Fact, or matter of Opinion. Inthe former kind, we fee with what
lofs and detriment of Credit and Reputation, this error hath diltain’d
and embafed much of the’Ecclefa{tical Hiftory, which hath two eafily
received and regiltred Reports and Narrations of Miracles wrought by
Martyrs, Hermites, or Monks of the Defert, Anchorites, and other ho-
ly men; and of their Reliques, Sepulchers, Chappels, Images and
Shrines. Soin Natural Hiflory , we fee many things have been rafhly,
and with little choice or judgement received and regiftred, as may ap-
pear in the writings of Plinius, Cardauns, Albertus, and diverfe of the
Arabians, which are every where fraught with forged and fabulous R e-
ports, and thofe not only uncertain and untried; but notorioufly un-
true and manifeftly convicted, to the great derogation of Natural Pbi-
lofophy with grave and fiber men. Wherein in truth the wifdom and
integrity of driftotle doth excellently appear, that having made fo di-
ligent and exquifite a Hiftory of living Creatures, hath mingled it fo
fparingly with any vain or feigned matter; but bath rather caft all
Prodigious Reports, which he thought worthy the recording into one
commentary, wifcly difcerning that matter of manifeft Truth (which
might be the experimental ground-work whereupon Philofophy and
Sciences were to be built) ought not unadvifedly, tebe mingled with
matter of doubtful faith: and yet again things rare and ftrange, which
to many feem incredible, are not wholly to be fupprefled or denyed to
be recorded to Pofterity. :

But

N 5

Lisl. Of the Advancement of Learning. 21

§ Butthat other Facility of Credit, which is yielded, not to HniíZorj
and Reports, but to 4rtr and Opimions, is likewife of two forts 5 either
when too much beliefis attributed to Arts themíelves, or to certain 4j-
thorsinany Art. The Sciences themfelves, which hold more of thé
fancy and of belief; than of Reafon and Demonftration, are chiefly *
three Aff rologie, Natural Magique and Alcbizzy 5 of which Sciences ne-
verthelefs the end and pretencesare noble; For Affrol»ey profefleth to
difcover the influence and domination of the (üperiour Globe, over the
inferiour : Afagique propofeth to it felfto call and reduce Natural Phi-
lofophy from variety of fpeculations , to the magnitude of works:
Alchimy undertakes to make a feparation and extraction ofall heteroge-
neous and unlike parts of bodies, which in mixture of Nature are Impli-
cate and Incorporates and to refine and depurate bodies themfelves,that
are diftained and foiledsto fet at liberty füch as are bound and imprifon-
ed 5 and to bring to perfection füch as are unripe. But the derivati-
ons and profecutions, which are pre(ümed to conduce to thefe ends,
both in the Theory and in the Practife of thefe Arts, are full of Errors
and Vanity. Nor is the Tradition and manner of Delivery for moft
part ingenious and without fufpition, but vail'd over and munited with
devifes andimpoftures. Yet furely to Alehimy this right is due, that it
may truly be compared to the Husbandman whereof /ope makes the
Fable, that when he died, told bis fons he bad left unto them a great mafs
of Gold buried under ground in his Vineyard , but did not remember the
particular place where it was biddez 5 who when they had with fpades
turn d up all the Vineyard 5 gold indeed they found none; but by
reafon of their ftirring and digging the Mold about the Roots of their
Vines, they had a great Vintage the year following: fo the painful
fearch and (tir of Alchimiffs to make Gold, hath brought to light a
great number of good and fruitful experiments,as well for the difclofing
of nature, as the ufe of mans life.

§ As for the overmuch Credit that hath been given to Authors in Sci-
ences, whom they have invefled with the power of Dictators, that their
words fhould ftand, and not of Confuls to give advice 5 the damage is in-
finite that Sciences have received thereby,as a Principal caufe that hath
kept them Jow at a ftay, and that they have lien heartlefs, without any
notable Groweth or Advancement. For hence it hath come to pafs, that
in Arts Mechanical, the firft devifer cometh fhort, and time fuppliesand_ «
perfects the reft 5 but in Siezces, the firít Author goeth fartheft, and
time loofeth and corrupteth. So we fee Artillery, Sailing , Printing ,
were imperfe&, formlefs, and groíly managed at firft, but in progrefs of
time accommodated and refined. But contrariwife the PAz/ofophy and
Sciences of Aristotle, Plato, Democritus, Hypocrates, Euclide, Archimedes,
were of moft vigor in their Authors, and in procefs of time, became
rather degenerate and embafed, and loft much of their luftre 5 where-
of the reafon is no other, but that in Arts Mechanical, many wits and in-
duftries have contribated im ome, in liberal Arts and Sciences, many wits
and indusiries have been fpent about , and yielded to the art of fome onc 5
whom (notwithítanding many times)his fectators have rather depraved
thanilluftrated. For as water will not afcend higher than the level of
the firít Spring-head, from whence it defcendeth; fo knowledge de-
rived from Ariftotle , will never rife higher than the knowledge of

Ariftotle.

v
Ld

22 Of the Advancement of Learning. dern D

Arift, — 4rijfotle, And thereforealthough the pofition be good, Oportet di/cen-

S tem credere, yet it muft be coupled with this, Oportet jam edodum ju-

t dicio fuo uti. For Difciples owe unto Maíters, only. a temporary be-
lief, and a fufpenfion of their judgment, until they be fully inftructed,
and not an abíolute refignation of their liberty, and a perpetual capti-
vity of their judgements. Therefore, to conclude this point, I will fay
no more but this. Let great Authors fo have their due, as me do
not derogate from Time, which is the Author of Authors and Parent of
Truth. ‘

Cuap. V.

: Peccant Humours in Learning. I. Fxtreme affeGion to two extremes,
Antiquity, Novelty. M. A diftruft, that any thing New, fhould now
be found out. Wl. That of all Sects and Opinions, the beft hath fil
prevailed, IV. An over early reduGion of Knowledge into Arts
avd Methods. V. A negled of Primitive Philofophy. VI. 4 Dz-
vorce of the Intellect from the OljeG. VII. Infection of Knowledge
in general from individual inclinations. VIL. An. impatience of
Doubt, hast to Affertion. YX. A Magiftral manner of Tradition of
Knowledge. X. Ain of writers, Iluftration, not Propagation of
Knowledge. XI. End of fludies, Curiofity, Pleafures, Profit, Prefers
ments, Kc.

Hus have we at length gone over three Diftempers or Difeafes of
Learning; befides the which, there are other, rather peccazt Hu-
mours, than confirmed Difeafes, which neverthelefs are not fo fecret and
intrinfique, but that they fall under a popular fenfe and reprehenfion,
and therefore are not to be pafled over. .

I. The firft of thefe is an extreme affection of two extremities, Anti-
quity and Novelty ; wherein the daughters of 77720, dotake after the Fa-_
ther; foras Time devoureth his children, fo thefe, one of them feeketh
to deprefs the other; while Amtiguity envieth there (hould be zem 4d-
ditions; and Novelty can not be content to add things recest, but it
muft deface and reje&t theo/4. Surely the advice of the Prophet is the
true direction in this cafe, sate [sper vias angus C videte quanam ft

Jerem.s, via reba & bona C ambulate inea. Antiquity deferveth that reverence,

_ that men (hould make a {tay a while, and ftand thereupon, and look

about to difcover which isthe beft way 5 but whenthe diítcovery is well

taken, then not to reft there, but cheerfully to make progreffion. In-

deed to {peak truly, Amtiquitas feculi, Juventus Atandi, Certainly our

times are the Ancient times, when the world is now Ancient, and not

thofe which we count Ancient, ordize retrogrado, by a computation
backward from our own times.

if. Another error induced by the former is, a fufpition and diffidence,

that any thing fhould be now to be found out, which the world fhould have
See mift and pal over fo long time: as if the fame objection might be made
Li: todime, wherewith Lucian reproacheth Jupiter, and other the Hea-
then

Lis.IT. Of the- Advancement of Learning.

then Gods, For he wonders that they begat fo many children iz old time,
and begat mone in his time? and asks in {coffing manner , whether they
were now become Septuagenary, or whether the Law Papias made again{t
old mens warriages, had veflrained them? Soit feems men doubt lealt
time is become paít children and generation. Nay rather the levity and
inconítancy of mens judgements, is hence plainly difcovered, which
until a matter be done, wonder it can be done, So Alexander's expe-
dition into Af2 was prejudg d asa valt impoflible enterprize 5 yet after-
wards it pleafed Lizie, fo to flight it as to fay of Alexander, Nil aliud
quam bene aufus eft vana contemnere : The fame hapned unto Columbus
in the weftern Navigation. Butin intelle&tual matters it is much more
common, as may be feen in many propofitions in Euclid , which till
they be demonftrate, they feem ftrange to our affent 5 but being De-
monítrate, our mind accepteth of them by a kind of Recognifance or

23

Hift.lib.o;

Retra&ation,(as the Lawyers fpeak)as if we had underftood and known.

them before. :

III. Another error which hath fome affinity with the former is, 2
conceit That all (eU s and ancient opinions, after they have been difeuffed
and ventilated 5 the best ftill preuail'd and fuppreft the refi: Wherefore
they think that if a man fhould begin the labour of a new fearch and
examination, he mult needs light upon fomewhat formerly rejected,
and after rejection, loft, and brought into oblivion: as ifthe zzu/titude,
orthe wifcít, to gratifie the wu/titude, were not more ready to give paí-
(age tothat which is popular and füperficial 5 than to that which is füb-
ftantial and profound. For Time feemeth to be of the nature of a River,
which carrieth down to us that which is light and blown up, and fink-
eth and drowneth that whichis waighty and folid. —

IV. Another error of divers nature from the former is, The over»
early and Peremptory redudion of Knowledge into Arts and Methods 5
which once done, commonly Sciences receive {mall or no augmentation. For
as young men, when they knit and fhape perfe&ly, do feldom grow to
a farther ftature : fo knowledge while itis difperft into Aphorifizs, and
Obfervatious, may grow and fhoot up; but once inclofed and compre-
hended in Methods, it may perchance be farther polifht and illuftrate ,
and accommiodated for ufe and practice, but it increafeth no more in
bulk and fubftance. ,

V, Another error which doth fucceed that which we laft noted, is,
That after diftribution of particular Arts and Sciences into their feveral

places, many men have prefently abandoned tbe univerfal notion of things,

or Philofophia Prima, whichis 2 deadly enemy to.all Progreffion. Profpects
are made fiom Turrets and high places; and it is impoflible to difco-
ver the more remote and deeper parts of any Science, if you ftand but
upon the flat and level.of the fame Science, and afcend not as into a
watch-Town to a higher Science.

VI. Another error hath proceeded frow too great a reverence, and
& kind of Adoration of the mind and understanding of man , by means
whereof men have withdrawn themfelves, too much, from the contemplati-
on of Nature, and the obfervations of experience 5 and have tumbled up aud

down ix their own [peculations and conceits; bur of thefe furpafling Op:-.
wators,and(if I may fo peak) IvteUecualists,(which are notwith(tanding,,

taken for the moft füblime and divine Philofophers) Heraclitus gave 2.
: jut

24

"NOIL

Tufc.lib.v,

De Gen.
& Cor,
lib.x. &
^alibi,

Cic. de
Nat. Di et.
lib.

4 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lie. l.

juft cenfure, faying, Atex feek truth in their own little world, and not in
the great common world, for they difdain the Alphabet of nature, and
Primer-Book of the Divine works; which if they did not, they might
perchance by degrees and leafüre , after the knowledge of fimple
letters, and fpelling of Syllables, come at la(t, to read perfectly
the Text and Volume of the Creatures. But they, contrariwife, by
continual meditation and agitation of wit, urge, and as it were invocate
their own fpirits to divine, and give Oracles unto them, whereby they
are defervedly and pleafingly deluded.

VII. Another Error, that hath fome connexion with this latter, is,
That men do oftentimes imbne and infect their meditations and dodrines
with the infuftons of fome Opinions, and conceptions of their own, which
they have moft admired; or (ome Sciences to which have moft applyed aud
confecrated themfelves , giving all things a Dye and Tindure, though
very deceivable, from tbefe favorite studies. So hath Plato intermingled
his Philofophy with Theology; Aritotle with Logick; The fecond
School of Plato, Proclus and the reft, with the Mathematicks. Thefe
Arts had a kind of Prizio-geziture with them, which they would ftill be
kiffing and making much of, as their firft born fons. But the 4k
chimifts have forged a new Philofophy out of the Fire and Furnace 5
and Gilbert our Country-man, hath extracted another Philofophy out
of a Load-{tone. So Cicero, when reciting the feveral opinions of the
nature of the foul, he found a Mufitian that held the foul was but a
harmony, faith pleafantly, Hic ab arte fua som receffit: But of thefe
errors Ariflotle faith aptly and wifely, Qui refpiciuzt ad pauca de facilé
pronunciant.

VIII. Another error is, 4” impatience of Doubt , aud an unadvifed
hafte to Affertion without due and mature [ufpenfion of judgement : For
the two ways of contemplation are not unlike the two ways of action,
commonly fpoken of by the Ancients; of which the one was a plain
and fmooth way in the beginnining, but in the end impaffible 5 the o-
ther rough and troublefome in the entrance, but after a while fair and .
even; foisit in contemplations, if a man will begin in certainties, he
fhall end in doubts; but if he can be content to begin with doubts,
and have patience a while, he (hall end in certanties.

IX. The like error difcovereth it felf in the zzazzer of Tradition. and
Delivery of knowlege, which is, for the moft part, imperious and magiftral,
not ingenious and faithful s fo contrived,as may rather command our affent,
than ftand to examination. It is true that in compendious Treatifes de-
figned for Practice, that Form of Writing may be retained; but ina
juft and compleat handling of knowledge, both extremes are to bea-
voided, as well the vein of Ve/iews the Epicurean, who feared nothing
fo much as to (eem to doubt of any thing; as that of Socrates and the Aca=
demy, leaving all thingsin doubt and incertainty: Rather men fhould
affe& candor and fincerity, propounding things with more or lefs
afleveration , as they ftand in their judgement proved , more or
lefs. ;

X. Other errors there are in the fcope that men propound to themfelves
wherennto they bend their endeavours and fiudies : For whereas the moft
devout Leaders and noted Profeflors of Learning , ought chiefly to
propound to themíelves to make fome notable addition to the Science —

they — i

Lis. I. Of tbe Advancement of Learning. 25 |

they profefss contrariwife , they convert their labours to. afpire to
certain fecond prizes, as to be a profound interpreter, or cemmentator 5
a fharpand (trong champion or Defezder 5, à! Methodical compounder
or Abridger : fo the Revenues and. Tributes of Sciences come tà be im:
proved, but not the Patrimony and Inheritance. Wi
. XI. But the greateft error of all the relt is, the miftaking or mifplacing
the laft and fartheft end of knowledge : For many have entred into a de-
fire of Learning and Knowledge, fome upon an inbred and reftlefS ens
riofity 5 others to entertain their minds with variety and delight 5 others
for ornament and reputation 5 others for contradidion and victory in
difpute; others for Lucre and living 5 few to improve the gift of rea-
fon given them from God, to the benefit arid ufe of men. As if there
were fought in knowledge, a couch, whereupon to reít a. re(tlefs and
fearching fpirit, or a Tarrafs for a wandring and variable mind to wall
up and down in at liberty unreftraineds or fome high and eminent
Tower of State, from which a proud and ambitious mind, may havea
Profpe& or a Fort and commandiiig: ground’ for ftrife and contenti-
on 5 or afoopfor profit and fale; and not rather a rich ftore-houfe and
Armory for the glory of the Creator of all things, and the relief of mans
eftate. Forthisis that which indeed would dignifie and exalt Learn-
ing 5 ifcontemplation and aGion were more nearly and ftraitly, than
hitherto they have been conjoyn'd and united together : which combi-
nation, certainly would be like unto that conjunction of the two high-
eft Planets, when Saturz which haththe Dominion over reft and con-
templations, conípires with Jupiter the Lord of Civil fociety and Adi-
on. Howbeit I do not mean when I fpeak of Ufeand Acron, Profef-
fory or Lucretive Learning, for I am not ignorant how much that di-
verts and interrupteth the Progreffion and advancement of knowledge 5
like indeed the Goldex apple, thrown before Atalanta, which while the
: goes afide and ftoopeth to take up, the race is hindred.

Declinat cur(us aurumqs volubile tolit, Ovid:
[ dc Meét.19;
Neither is it my meaning, as was fpoken of Socrates, to call Philofo-
phy down from heaven, to converfe upon the earth 5 that is to lay Ne-
tural Phylofophy afide, and to celebrate only ora! Pbilofopby and Pa-
licy. Butas Heaven and Earth do confpire and contribute, tothe ufe
and benefit of the life of Man; fo indeed this (hould be the end of both
Philofophies 5 that vain fpecülations, and what. ever is empty and bar-
ren, being rejected 5 that which is folid and fruitful may be preferved
and augmented ; that fo Knowledge may not be a Courtezan for
Pleafure, or as a bond-woman for gain; but asa fpouíe for generation;
fruit and honeft folace. | Ae s
6 Now me thinks I have defcribed and opened, as by a kind of dif-
fection, thofe Peccant Humours 5 or atleaít, the Principal of them, which
have not only given impediment to the Proficience of Learning, but have
given allo occafton to the traducement thereof. Wherein if I have come
too nearthe quick, it muft be remembred , Fidelia vulnera amantis do PsliZs;
lofa ofcula málignantis : however this furely [think I have gained, that
ought to be the better believed, concering the Commendations of Learn-
ing in that which follows,becaufeI have proceeded fo freely concerning
D cenfuüre

m eee

26 Of tbe Advancement of Learning, Lis.
cenfure, in that which went before. “And yet I haveno purpofe to ens
ter into a Landative of Learning, or to make a Hymn to the Mufes 5
though I am of opinion, that it is long fince their Rites were duely ce.
lebrated : but my intent is, without varnifh or amplification, to take the
juít waight, and to ballance the Dignity of Knowledge in the fcales with
other things ; and tofearch out the true values thereof, from teftimo-
nies Divine and Humane.

€ ix V]

The Dignity of Learning from Divine Arguments and Teftimonies;
I. From Gods wifdom. & Angels of Ilumination. § The firft Light
and firft Sabbath. §. Mans imployment in the Garden. § Abels
conteraplative life, § The invention. of Mufick. § Confufion of
Tongues: Ul. The excellent Learning of Mofes, § Job. § Solo-
mon. § Chriít, 6. St. Paul. § The Ancient Doctors of the Church.
§ Learning exalts the Mind to the Celebration of Gods glory 5 and is
a Prefervative againft Error and Unbelief. :

I, T Itf therefore let'üs feck the Dignity of Knowledge , iu the

E Arch-Type or firft Platform, which is in the 4ttributes, and in
the 4s of God, as far'as they are revealed to man, and may be ob-
ferved with fobriety. “Wherein ‘We may not feek it by the name of
Learnings for all Learning is Knowledge acquired, and no knowledge
in God is aequired, but Original + and therefore we mutt look for it by
another name, that is wi/dom or fapiente, as the {acred Scriptures call it.
Itis fo then; In the works of the Creation , we fee a double emanation

Gen’. of Divine virtue from God; whereof the one is referr'd to Power, the
other to Wifdom, that is chiefly expreft in making the 2/a/s and fub-
ftance of the Matter 5 this in difpofing the beauty of the Forw. This
being fuppofed,it is to be obferved; that for anything which appears in
the Hiftory of the Creation, the confufed Ma(s and Matter of Heaven and
Earth was made ina moment of Time yet the Order and. Difpofition of
that Chaos or Mafs, was the work of fix days: füch a note of difference
it pleafed God to put upon the Works of Power, and the works of Wif-
dom: wherewith concurs, that in the Creation of the ZZzffer; it 1s
not recorded that God’ faid Let there be Heaven and Earth, as it is faid
of the works following; but fimply and actually, God made Heaven
and Earth: ío that the 74atter feems to be as a Manufacture, but the
Form carries the {tile of a Lew or Decree.

§ Let us proceed from God to Angels or Spirits, whofe nature in or-
der of Dignity is next Gods. We fee,fo far as credit is to be given to the
Celeftial Hierarchy, fet forth underthe name of Dionyfins Areopagita,

pion, — that inthe order of Angels, the firlt place or degree is given to the

Amo, — Serapbim, that is, Angels of Love: the fecond to the Cherubim, that is,
Angels of Ilumination : the third, and fo following, Places to Thrones,
Principalities and the reft, which are Angels of Power and "ER

G

Lis. I. Of. the Advancement of Learning.
oO

So as from this order and diftribution , it appears, that the Angels
of Knowledge and Iuntination, are placed before the Angels of Office and
Domination.

§ Todefcend from Spirits and Intellectual Forms, to Senfible and
Material Forms; we read that the firft of Created forms was Light 5
which hath a relation and correípondence in natureand Coporeal
things, to knowledge in Spirits and Incorporeal things. | So in the dis
tribution of Days, we fee the day wherein God-did reft and contemplate
his own works, was bleft above all the days wherein the Fabrick of the
Univerfe was Created and Difpofed.

§ After the Creation was finifht, we read that Z742 was plac’d in the
Garden to work therein; which work fo appointed to him, could be
no other than the work of Contemplation , that is, the end hereof was
not for neceflity ; but for delight and exercife without vexation or
trouble: For there being then no reluctation of the Creature , no
{weat of the brow 5 mans imployment mutt of confequence have been
matter of delight and contemplation, not of Labour and Work, Again,
the firft Acts that man perform’d in Paradife, comprehended the two
fümmary parts of 4zomledge 5 thofe werethe ezem of Creatures, and the
impofitiom of names. For the kxowledge which introduc'd the Fall, it
was (as we have toucht before) not the Natural Knowledge concerning
the Creatures 5 but the Aral Knowledge of Good and Evil, where the
füppofition was, that Gods Commandments or Prohibitions were not
the Originals of Good and Evil, but that they had other beginnings j

m!

which man alpired to know, to the end to make a total de-

fe&ion from God, and to depend wholly upon himfelf, and his Free-
will. '

6. Topafs to the firft event or occurrence after the Fall of Man, we
fee (as the Scriptures have infinite Myftertes, not violating at all the
truth of the ftory or letter) az image of the two States, the Contempla-
tive and AGive, fieur'd in the Perfous of Abel and Cain , and in their
Profeffions and Primitive trades of life; whereof the one was a
Shepherd. who by reafon of his leifüre , reft im a place, and free
view of Heaven, is a4 lively image of a Contemplative life; the o-
ther a Husbandman, that is , a man toil'd and tired with working;
and his countenance fixt upon the earth: where we may fee the fa-
vour and Election of Gad went to the Shepherd, and not to the tiller of
Ground.

§ Soin the Age before the Flood, the holy Records (with in thofe
few Memorials which are there entred and regi(tred, touching the oc-
currences of that age)have vouchfafed to mention and honour Izventors
of Mufick and works in Metals.

§ Inthe next Age after the Flood , the great judgement of God
upon the ambition of Man was the Confufion of Tongues 5 where-
by the open trade and intercourfe of Learning and Knowledge was chiefly
embraced.

II. Let us defcend to A4fofes the Law-giver, and Gods firft Notary,
he is adorn d in Scripture with thts commendation, That he was {een iz
all the Learning of the Zgyptians 5 which Nation, we know, was one
of the moft ancient Schools of the world 5 for fo Plato brings in the
JEgyptian Prieft faying unto Solow, You Grecians are ever children ;

: D 2 jou

Gen. 43

Gen.43

Gen.r ts

A&a 73

Sige t
28

Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis.I

Is jimeo you have no knowledge of Antiquity, mor. Antiquity of Kuomledge : Let

Levit. 13.

Job 26.

Ibid;
Job 38,

Job 9.

Job to.

Job 28,

1 Reg. 4.

us take a view of the Ceremonial Law of . Mofes, and we fhall find (be-
fides the prefiguration of Chrift, the Badge or Difference of the peo- -
pleof God, from the profane Race of the world 5 the exercife and im-
preffion of obedience,and other facred ufes and fruits ofthe fame Law)
that fome of the moft learned Rabbins, have travelled profitably
and profoundly in the fame, intentively to obferve and extract, fome-
times 2 Natural, fometimes a Moral fence of the Ceremonies and Ordie
zances For example, where it is faid of the Leprofie,'Zf tbewbitenefs
have over-fpread the fiefh, the Patient way pafs abroad for clean 5 but if
there be any whole flefb remaining, he is to be fentenced unclean, and to be
Separated at the difcretion of the Priest. From this Law one of them
collects a Principle in Nature That Putrifaction is more contagious be-
fore maturity then after. Another raifeth a Moral inftruction 5 That men
ore fpread with vice, do not fo much corrupt publick Manners, as thofe
that are half evil and but in part only. So that from this and other like
places in that Law, there is to be found,befides Theological fence,much
afperfion of Philofophy.

§ So likewife that exccÜezt Book of Fob, if it be revolved with di-
ligence, it will be found full and pregnant with the fecrets of Natural
Philofophy s as for example, of Cofmography, and the roundnefs of the
Earth inthat place, Qui extendit Aquilonem fuper vacuum, € appendit
Terram fuper nibilum, where thePenfilenefs of the Earth 5 the Pole of
the North; and the Finitenefs or convexity of Heaven, are manifeftly
touched. Again, of Aftronomy aud Con[lellations, in thofe words,
Spiritus cjus ornavit Celos, C obstetricante manu ejus edudus eft colue
ber tortuofus : And in another place, Canft thou bind the fweet influe
enecs of Pleiades, or loofe the bands of Orion; where the fetled and
immoveable configuration of the firft Stars, ever ftanding at equal di-
ftance, is with great elegancy defcribed. So in another Place, Which
maketh ArGurus, Orion and Pleiades and the fecret chambers of the
South: Where he again points at the depreffion of Southern Pole, de-
figning it by thename of the feerets of the South, becaufe the Soue
thern Stars are not feen upon our Hemifphere. Matter of Generation
of living Creatures, Haft thou not poured me out like milk, and condenfed °
me like Curds? Matter of Minerals, Surely there is a Mine for Silver,and
a place wherein Gold is fined s. Iron is digged up out of compated duft, and
Brafs extraüled from ftone diffolucd in the furnace, and fo forward in the
fame Chapter.

§ So likewife in the perfon of Solomon the King, me fee the endom-
ments of wifdom, both im his Petition and Gods affent thereunto, prefere
ed before all terrene and temporal felicity. By virtue of which Dona-
tive and Grant, Solomon being fingularly furnifht and enabled, not on-
ly writ thofe excellent Parables or Aphorifms concerning Divine and
Moral Philofophy 5 but alfo compiled a Natural Hiftory of all verdure
or vegetables From tbe Cedar upon the Mountain, to the Mofs upon the
Wall; which is but the rudiment of a plant, between putrifaction
and an Herbs and alfo of all things that breath or move. Nay the
fame Solomon the King, although he excell'd in treafureand the mag-
niücence of Building, of Shipping, and Navigation, of Service and
Attendance, of Fame and Renown, and the like train of Glory, he

reaps

e RR M dar RANDE atr

L :».I. Of the Advancement of Learning. 39
reaps and makes claim to himfelf of nothing 5 but only the Honour of
the Inquifition, and Invention of Truth, for fo he faith exprefly, The
Glory of God is to conceal a thing, but the Glory of a King is ‘to find it Prove;
ont. Asif according to that innocent and affectionate play of Chil-
dren, the Divine Majefty took delight to hide his works, to the end
to have them found out 3 and as if K;zgs could not obtain a greater
Honour, than to be Gods play-fellows in that game 5 efpecially confi:
dering the great command they have of wits and means, whereby the
fnveltigation of all things may be perfected.

6 Neither did the difpenfation of God vary in the times after our
Saviour came into the world 5 Foresr Saviour himfelf did firft fhew his
power to fubdue Ignorance, by bis conference with the DoGors of the Law, Luc.aj
and the Priefts in the Temple, before he fhewed his power to fuddue Na-
ture, by his great and fo many Miracles. Awd the coming of the Holy naa A: 5
Ghoft was chiefly figur'd and expreft in the fimilitnde and guift of Tongues, pota.
which are the vehicula fcientia.

6. So in the election of thofe infiruments thich it pleafed God to ufe im
the Plantation of the Faith, at the firft he imployed perfons altogether
Unlearned, otherwife than by infpiration from the holy Spirit 5 where-
by more evidently he might declare his immediate and divine work-
ing, and might abafe all humane Wifdom and Knowledge: yet never-
theleís that gounfel of his in this refpect was no fooner perform'd, but
in the next viciflitude and fücceffion of time he fent his divine Truth
into the world, waited on with other Learning, as with fervants and
hand-maids; therefore we fee St. Pauls pez , (who was only learned Aka fe
among ft the Apostles ) was chiefly imployed by God, in the Seriptures of ?^f- 17.
the new Teftament.

§ So again we know, that many of the Ancient Bifhops and Doüfors
of the Church were excellently read and fludied in all the Learning of
the Heathen, in fo much that the Edict of the Ezzperour Julian, where= poig. ag
by it was interdi&ed unto Christians to be admitted into Schools, or ex- Jambi.
ercifes of Learning, was e{teemed and accounted a more pernitious
Engine and Machination againft the Chriftian Faith , than were al! the
fanguinary profecutions of his Predeceflors. Neither could the emu- P. Diz. t;
lation and jealoufie of Gregory the Firft, (otherwife an excellent man) 3, Parse
who defigned to extinguifh and obliterate Heathen Authors and Antiquity,
ever obtain the opinion of Piety and Devotion amongft holy men.
But contrariwife it was the Chriftian Church, which amidft the inun-
dations of the Scythians from the North-weft 5 and the Saracens from
the Eaft, did preferve in the facred Lap and Bofom thereof the precious
relicks of Heathen Learning, which otherwife had utterly perifht and
been extinguifht. And of late in our age we may likewife feethe Fe-
Juits, who partly in themfelves, and partly by emulation and provoca-
tion of Adverfaries, bave much quickned and Srengtbened the flate of
Learning; we fee, Ifay, what notable fervices they have done, and
what helps they have brought in, tothe repairing and eftabli(hing of
the Roman Sea.

6. Wherefore to conclude this Part, there are two principal Duties
and Services befides ornament and illuftration, which humane Learning
doth perform to Faith and Religion: The one, becaufe they are effeFu-

al incitements tothe exaltation and celebration of the Glory of God : for
23

20

Pfal.XIX.

Mat.22.

Herodia.l,
4 Dio.Re-
liqui,

Of tbe p omm of Learning. LuaL

as the Pfalms, and other Scriptures, do often invite us tothe contem-
plation, and publication of the magnificent and wonderful works of
God 5 foif we fhould reft only in the outward form, as they firlt offer
themfelves unto our fenfes 5 we (hould do the like the injury to the Ma-
jefty of God, as if we fhould judge of the {tore and wealth of fome ex-
cellent Jeweller, by that only, which is fet out towards the {treet
in his fhop. The other , becaufe they {minister a fingular help and prefer-
vative againft unbelief, and errors: Youerr , not knowing the Scriptures
nor the Power of God. Where he lays before us, two books or volumes
to ftudy, if we will be fecurd from errors : Firlt the volume of
Scriptures, which reveal the will of God 5 then the. volume of Creae
tures, which exprefs his power 5 whereof the latter isas a key to the
former, not only opening our underftanding to conceive the true fence
of Scriptures, by the general rules of Reafon and Laws of fpeechs
but befides, chiefly opening our belief, in drawing us untoa due me-
ditation of the omnipotency of God 5 the characters whereofare chiefly
figned and engraven upon his works. Thusmuch for Divixe Tefti-
monies and Evidences, concerning the true Dignity and value of
Learning.

Cuap. VIL

The Dignity of Learning from humane Arguments avd Teftimonies.
I. Natural, Inventors of New Arts for the Commodities of Mans
life, confecrated as Gods, 11. Political, Civil Estates and affairs
advanced by Learning. § The beft and happiest times under Learn-

ed Princes and others. § Exemplified in the immediate fucced- .

ing Emperours, from the death of Domitian. III. Military, The
concurrence of Arms and Learning. § Exemplified in Alexander
the Great. '& Julius Cxfar the Di&ator. § Xenophon the Pbz-
lofopher. *

S for Humane Teflimonies and Arguments, it is fo large a field,
A as ina difcourfe of this compendious nature and brevity, itis fit
rather to nféchoice, than toimbrace the variety of them.

I. Firft, therefore in the degrees of Honour amongft the Hea-
thens, it was the higheít, to attain to a Veneration and Adorati-
on as a God; this indeed to the Chriftians is as the forbidden
fruit 3 but we fpeak now feparately of Humane Teftimony.
Therefore, (as we were faying) with the Heathens, that which the
Grecians call Apotheofis; and the Latines Relatio inter Divos 3 wasthe
fupreme Honour which man could attribute unto mau: fpecially,
when it was given, not by a formal Decree or Act of Eftate, (asit was
ufed amongft the Roman Emperours.) but freely by the affent of Men
and inward belief. Of which high Honour there was a certain degree

and middle term: For there were reckoned above Humane Honours, — .

Honours Heroical5 and Divine; inthe Diftribution whereof, Antiqui-.
ty obferved this order. Founders of States; Lawgivers; Extirpers of
. Tyrants 5

L 1 p. L. Of tbe Advancement of Learning.

Tyrants 5 Fathers of their Country, and other eminent Perfons in Ci-
vil Merit, were honour'd with the title of Worthies only, or Demin
Gods; füch as were Thefews, Minos, Romulus, and the like: onthe o-
ther fide füchas were Inventors and Authors of new Arts5 and fuch as
endowed mans life with new Commodities, and acceffions, were ever confe-
«rated among tbe Greater and Entire Gods; which hapned to Ceres, Bac-
Chus, Mercury, Apollo, and others, which indeed was done juftly and
upon found judgment: For the merits of the former, are commonly con-
fined svithin the circle of an Age, or a Nation, and are not unlike fea-
fonable, and favouring fhowers, which though they be profitable and
defirable, yet ferve but for that feafon only wherein they fall, and for
a Latitude of ground which they water: bat the benefices of the latter,
like the influences of the Sun, and the heavenly bodies, are for time,

- permanent, for place, univerfal : thofe again are commonly mixt with

Ítrife and perturbation; but thefe have thetrue character of Divine
prefence, and come in Aura /exi without noife or agitation.

II. Neither certainly isthe Z4erit of Learning in Civil affairs, and in.

repre[firg the inconveniences which grow from man to man, much inferiour
to the other,which relieve mans neceffities, which arife from Nature. And
this kind of merit was lively fet forth in that feigned relation of Orpheus
bis Theatre; where all beafts and birds affembled, which forgetting their
proper natural appetites of Prey, of Game, of Quarrel, ftood all foci-
ably and lovingly together liftening unto the Airsand accords of the
harp; the found whereof no fooner ceafed, or was drown'dby fome
louder noife, but every beaft returned to his own nature. In which
Fable is elegantly defcribed, thenature and condition of men, who are
toffed and diforderedwith fündry favage and unreclaim'd defires, of
Profit, of Luft, of Revenge; which yet as long as they give ear to
precepts, tothe perfwafion of Religion, Laws, and Magiftrates, elo-

31

Philoft, in
Orph,

cen and fweetly coucht in Books, to Sermons and Harangues; fo .
n

isfociety and peace maintait'd, but ifthefe inftruments be filent,
or that feditionsand tumults make them not audible, all things diflolve
and fall back into Anarchy and Confüfion.
. 6 But this appeareth more manifeftly, s»bez Kings or Perfous of Au-
thority under them, or Governours in States, are endowed with Learning :
For although he might be thought partial to his own profeffion that (aid,
Then fhould People or States be happywhen either Kings were Philofophers
or Philofophers Kings 3 yet fo muchis verified by experience, that under
wife and Learned Princes and Governours of State, there bath been ever
the beft aud happieft times. For howfoever Kingsmay have their errors
and imperfe&ions; thatis, be liable to Paffions and depraved cuftoms,

Plato.de
Kep.5,

like other men, yet if they beilluminated by Learning,they have certain .

anticipate notions of Religion, Policy, and Morality, which preferve and
refrain them from all ruinous and peremptory errors and. exceffes,
whifpering evermore in their ears, when Councellours, and Servants
ftand mute and filent. Solikewife Senators and Councellours which be
Learned, do proceed upon more fafe and fubftantial principles than Coun-
€ellours which are only men of experience: Thofe feeing dangers a farre
off, and repulfing them betimess whereas thefe are wife only near at
hand, feeing nothing, but what is imminent’ and ready to fall upon
them, and then truft to theagility of their wit, inthe point of dangers,
tn ward and avoid them: 6 Which

32 of the p; of Learning. Liz.

§ Which felicity of times under Learned Princes (tokeep ftillthe
law of brevity by ufing the moft fele&ed and eminent examples) doth
beft appear, in the-Age which pafled from the death of Dowmitianuws the
Emperour, untill the reign of Commodus, comprehending a fuccelfion of
fix Princes, all Learned, or fingular favourers and aduancers of Learniug,
and of all ages (if we regard temporal bappineff ) the moft flourifbing that
ever Rome fam, which was then the Model and Epitome of the world: A

Suet.in matter revealed and prefigur'd unto Domitian in a dream, the night
Eu before he was flain, for he feem'd to fee grown behind upon his fhoulders a
“neck and a bead of gold 5 which Divination came indeed accordingly to
pafs, inthofe golden times which fucceeded 5 of which we will make

fome particular, but brief commemoration. Nerva was a Learned

Ptince, an inward accquaintance, and even a Difciple to 4poZ/orise

Noa tuia the Pythagorean; who alío almoft expired in a veríe of Homers,
ton.1.68, | "
Plin,Pan.

| Telie Phebe iuis, lachbeimas ulcifeere noftras.

Trajan was for his Perfon not Learned, but an admirer of Learning,
; and a munificent benefactor to. the Learned, a Founder of Librarics,
and in whofe Court (though a warlike Prince) as isrecorded; Profef-

Dionin foursand Preceptors were of moft creditand eftimation. Adrian was

Adriano. the moft curious man that lived, and the infatiable inquirer of all va-
riety and fecrets. Avtonivs had the patient and fubtile wit of a

Dion.in School-man, in fo much as he wascalled Cymini-Sedor, a Carver, or a

Anton P, diyider of Cummsin-feed: And of the, Divi fratres, Lucius Commodus
was delighted witha fofter.kind of Learning; and, Aéarcus was furnam’é
the Philofopher. Thefe "Princes as they excel'd,the-reft in Learning, fo
they excel'd then likemife in virtue and goodnefs...Nerva was a moft mild

pin, Pan. Emperour, and mwho.(if he had done nothing elfe) gave Trajvz to the

Aur. vid. World. Trajan, of all that reigned, for the Arts, both of Peace and

e13 War, was moft famous and renowriéd:: the fame Prince enlarged the

—— bounds of the Empire 5 the fame, temperately confin'd the Limits and

Dion. Power thereof; he was alfo a great Builder in fo much as Conftamtine

Trajan. the Great, in emulation was was wont to call him, Parzetaria, Wall-
Flower, becaufe his name was carved upon fo many walls. Adrian
was Times rival for the victory of perpetuity, for by his care and mu-

- nificence in every kind, he repaired the decaies and ruines of Time.
cur A7toninés, as by name, fo nature; a man exceeding Piows 5 for his na-

15 Ant p, ture and inbred goodnefs, was beloved and moft acceptable to men of
all forts and- degrees 5 whofe reign, though it was long, yet was it
peaceful and happy. -Lucins Commodus (exceeded indeed by his bro-

pea ther) excel'd many of the Emperours, for goodnefs. Aarcus formed.

77" by nature to be the pattern arid Platform of virtue, againft whom that
iefter inthe banquet ofthe Gods had. nothing to. object, or carpeat,
fave bis patience towards the humours of his wife. So in this continued
fequence of fix Princes, aman may fee tbe happy fruits of Learning in So-

Juliani weraiguty, Painted forth in the greateft Table of the world.

Calares . TIL Neither hath Learning an influence or operation upon Civil merit and
the Arts of peace only,but likewife it hath no lefs Power & Efficacy in24ar-
tial and Military virtue, asmay notably be reprefented in the examples
of Alexander the Great; and Iulius Cesar the Dicfator, mention’d,by the

way

L:s.Ll Of the Advancement of Learning. 33
way before, but now in fit place to be refümed 5 of whole 24il/tary vers
tues and A%s im war, there neéds no note or recital, having been the
wonders of the world in that kind 5 but, oftheir affection and propenfion
towards Learning, and peculiar perfection therein, it will not be imper-
tinent to fay fomething,
§ Alexander was bred and taught under Ariffotle, (certainly a great
Philofopher) who dedicated divers of his Books of PAilofophy unto him :
he was attended with Califthenes, and divers other Learned perfons
that followed him in Camp, and were his perpetual aflociates, in all
his Travels and Conquelts. What Price and Effimation he bad Learz-
ing in, doth notably appear in many particulars 5: asin the envy he ex-
prefled towards Achil/e’s great fortune, ip this, That be had fo good 4 Plutin .
Trumpet of bis Adions and proweffas Homer's verfes. In the judgment Alexand,
he gave touching the precious Cabinet of Darius, which was found a-
mongít the reít of the fpoils; whereot, when queftion was mov'd;
what thing was worthy to be put into it, and one faid one thing, ano-
ther, another, he gave fextence for Homer's works. — His reprehenfory ptut,ut
letter to Arijiot/e, after he had fet forth his Book of Nature, wherein he fupra.
expottulates with him, for publi(hing the fecrets or myfteries of Philo-
fophy, and gave him to underítand, That himfelf efteemed it more to ut fpray
excel others in Learning and Knowledge, than in Power and Empire.
‘There are many other particularstothis purpoíe. | But bor excellently
bis wind was endowed with Learning, doth appear, or rather (hine in all
his Speeches and anfwers, full of knowledge and wiídom 5 whereof
though the Kemains be fmall, yet you fhall find deeply impreffed in
them, the foot-(teps of all fciences in Moral knowledge; Let the /peech
of Alexander be oblerved touching Diogenes, and (ee (ifye pleafe) ifie
tend not to tothe true eftate of one of the greateft queftions in moral
Philofophy ? Whether the enjoying of outward things, or the contemning
of them, bethe greater bappineff. For when hefaw Diogenes contented
with fo little, turning to thofe that ftood about him, that mock’d at the
Cynicks condition, he faid, If Iwere not Alexander, Icould wifh to be
Diogenes. But Seneca, in this comparifon, prefers» Dzogezes, when
he faith, Plus.erat quod Diogenes nollet accipere, quiza quod Alexander p. Ben.$.
poffet dare, There were more tbirgswbich Diogenes would have. vefufed,
than thofe were which Alexander could bavegiven. In Natural knowledge,
obferve that fpeech that was ufual with him, That he felt his mortality PI:
chiefly in two things, Sleep, and Luft: which{peech, in truth, is extract- Alexand?
ed out of the depth of Natural Philofopby, tafting rather of the concep-
tion of an 4r/joile, ora Democritus, than an Alexander; fecingas well
theindigence, as redundance of nature; defign'd by thefe two Ads,
are, as it were, the inward witnefles and the earne(t of Death) In
Poefy, let that fpeech be obferved, when upon the bleeding of his
wounds, ‘he called unto him one of his Flatterers, that was wont to a=
fcribe unto him divine honour 5 /voA (faith he) this # the blond of a man,
not fuch liquor as Homer {peaks of, which ran from Venus hand, when it
was pierced by Diomedes: with this {peech checking both the Poets,
aud his fiatterers, and himfelf. In Logick obferve that reptehenfion of
DialeZick Fallacies, in repelling and retorting Arguments, in that fay-
ing ofhis wherein he.takes up Ca/jander, confuting the informers again{t
his father Aztipater. For when Alexander hapned to fay;Do you think thefé
E "mr

Ut fupra,

——

34

Of the Advancement of Learning. Pas f

Plut.in A-
lexand.

Plutarch.
ut fupra.

Plutarch.
Di&.Not.

Plut.in
Alexan.

Ut fupra.

Plut.in
Alex.

Ut fupra.

S.Fran,
Bacon.
Apol.

nen would come fo far ta complain, except they hadjuft caufe 9. Caflander
anfwered, Yea, that was it that made them thus bold, becaufe they hoped
the length of the way would dead the difcovery of the afperfion; See (faith
the King) the {ubtilty of Ariftotle wrefting the matter both waies, Pro and
Contra, Yetthe fame Art which he reprehended in another, he knew
well how to ufe himfelf, when occafion required, to ferve his own
turn. For fo it fell out that Califthezes, (to whom he barea fecret
grudge, becaufe he was againftthe new ceremony of his adoration)
being mov'd, at a banquet, by fome of thofe that fate at table with
him, that for entertainment fake (being he was an eloquent man) he
would take upon him fome Theme, at his own choice, to difcourfe
upon, which Califthenes did, and chufing the Praifes of the Macedo-
nian Nation, performed the fame with the great applaufe of all that
heard him: whereupon Alexander, nothing pleafed, faid, That wpoze
a good fubje& it was eafie for any san to be eloquent, but turn, faid he,
your ftile, and let us hear what you can fay againft us. Califthenes un-
dertook the charge, and performed it, with that fting and life, that
Alexander was fain to interrupt him, fayings 4zill mind alfo, as well as
agood caufe might infufeeloguence. For Rhetorick, whereto Tropes and
Ornaments appertain; fee an elegant ufe of Metaphor, wherewith he
taxed Amtipater, who was an Imperious and Tyrannous Governour.
For when one of Axtipaters friendscommended him to Alexander for
his moderation. and that he did not degenerate, as other Lievtenants
did, into the Perfian Pride, in u(ing Purple, but kept the ancient Ma-
cedon habit, But Aatipater (faith Alexander) is. al] Parple within. So
likewife that other Metaphor is excellent ; when Parmenio came unto
him in the plain of 4rbeZ/z5. and fhewed him the innumerable multitude
of enemies which viewed in the night; reprefented, by the infinite
number of lights, a new Firmameut of ftarres; and thereupon advifed
him to affail them by;/night, Iwill sot, faid Alexander, fteal a viory..
For matter of Policy, weigh that»grave and wife diftin&ion, which alk
ages have embraced, whereby he differenced his two chief friends, E-
pheftion and Craterus, whenhefaid, That the one loved Alexander, and
the other loved the King, Defcribing a Difference of great import, a-
mongit. even the moft faithfulfervants of Kings, that fome in fincere
affection love their Perfons, others in duty love their Crown. Obferve
how excellently he could. tax an'error, ordinary with Counfellors of
Princes, who many times give counfel, according tothe model of their
ownmind and fortune, and not of their Mafters. For when Darins
had made great offers to Alexander : I, (aid Parmenio, would accept thefe
conditions, If I were as Alexander : {aid Alexander, furcly fo would E,
mere Las parmenio. | Laftly, weigh that quick and acutereply, which
he made to his friends asking him, what be wonld referve for himfelf, giving
amay [o many and great gifts 2. Hope, faid he; as one who well knew
that when all accounts are caft up aright, Hope is the true portion and
inheritance ofall that refolve upon great enterprizes. This was Fulins
Car's portion when he went into Gaz/ , all his eftate being exhaufted
by profufe Largeffes. This was likewife the portion of that noble
Prince, howfoever tranfported with Ambition, Hezry Duke of Guyfe,
of whom it was ufually faid , That he was the greateft ufurer in all France,
becanfe that all his wealth was in names, and that he bad —
whole

!

m " 5 i : 1 acai = =
Lis. I Of the Advancement of Learning: js

whole eftate into obligations. But the admiration of this Prince, whillt
I reprefent him tomy felf, not asgdlexander the Great, but as driftetles
Scholar, hath perchance carried me too far. T
§ Asfor Iulius Cefar,the excellency of bis Learning; needsnotto beg;
argued, either from his education, ot his company, or his anfwers 5 Cic.de C-
For this, in a high degree, doth declare it felf in his own writings, See Ea
and works, whereof fome are extant, fome unfortunately perifh't, 1.1.
For firft, there is left unto us that excellent Hiftory of bis own wars, which
he entitled only a Commentary 5 wherein all fucceeding times have ad. S"et.in "
mired the folid weight of matters and lively images of Actions and ^ ^9 5^
Perfons expreft in the greateft propriety of words, & perfpicuity of Nar-
ration, that ever was. Which endowments, that they were not in-
fufed by nature, but accquired by Precepts and infirud tons of Learning,
is well witnefled by that work of his entitled De 4zalogia, which was parag.sé,
nothing elfe but a Grammatical Philofophy, wherein he did labour, to
makethis vox ad Placitum, to become vox ad Licitum, and to reduce
~cuftome ofípeech, to congruity ofípeechs that words, whichare the
the images ofthings, might accord with the things themfelves, and not
ftand to the Arbitrement of the vulgar. So likewife we have by his
edi&, a reformed computation of the year, correfpondent to the courfe s... fq
of the Sun; which evidently (hews, that he accounted it his equal glo- perag. 49,
ry, to find out the laws of the {tars in heaven; asto givelawsto men
on earth. Soin that Book of his entitled Azt;-Cato 1t doth eafily ap- pj, in
pear, that he did afpire, as well to vi&tory ofwit, as victory of war; Cat:
undertaking therein a Conflict againft the greateft Champion with the
Pen, that then lived, Cicero the Oratour. | Again in his Book of Apoph-
thegms, which hecolleded, we fee he efteemed it more honour, to
to make himfelf but a pair of Tables, or Codicils, wherein to regifter
the wifeand grave fayings of others; than if his own words were hal-
lowed as Oracles, asmany vain Princes, by cuftom of Flattery, delight
todo. But if I fhould report diversof his Speeches, asI did in Alex-
_ ander, they are truly fach, as Solomon notes, Verba fapientuz funt tan-
quam aculei, & tanquam clavi in altum defixi : wherefore Iwill here only
propound three, not fo admirable for elegancy, asfor vigour and effi-
cacy: Asfirft, it is reafon he be thought. 2 mafter of words, that could
with one word appeafe a mutiny in his army: the occafion was this 5
The Rowans, when their Generals did fpeak in their Army, did ufe
the word, Z4iliter, when the Magiftrates fpake to the people, they
did víe the word, Qwirites: Cefars fouldiers were ina tumult; and fe-
ditioufly prayed to be caíIzd, notthat they fo meant, but by expoftu-
lation thereof, to draw Ce/ar to other conditions He, nothing daun-
ted and refolute, after fome filence began thus, Ego, Quirites, which Svet.in
word did admit them already ca(hiered 5 wherewith the fouldiers were pr
fofürprized, and fo amazed ; asthey would not fuffer Bim to goonin ' '
his {peech; and relinquilhing their demands of Dzfzziffioz, made it now.
their carneft füit, that the name of 44i/ites, might be again reftored
them. _ The fecond fpeech was thus; Cefar did extreamly affect the name
of King; therefore fome were fet on, as he paffed by, impopular accla-
mation to falute him Kizg: he finding the cry weak and poor, putoff,
the matter with a jeft, as ifthey had mift his fir.name, Now Rex fum, d
(faith he) fed Ce(ar 5 indeed fuch afpeech,as if it be exaGlyfearch't; ^—
; E 2 the

Ecclef, 123

36 Of the Advancement of Learning. — Lis.L

—————

the life and fulnefs of it can fcatce be expreft. For firít it pretended a |
refufal of the name, but yet notferiows. Again, it did carry with itan 1
infinite confidence, and magnanimity 5 as if the Appellation Cefzr had
been amore eminent Title, thanthe name of King 5 which hath come
to país, and remaineth fo tillthis day. But, that which moft made for d
him, this fpeech by an excellent contrivance, advanced his own pur-
pole 5 for it did clofely infinuate, that the Senate and People of Rome
did ftrive with him about a vain fhadow, a name only, (for he had
the power of a King already) and for fuch a name, whereof mean fa-
milies were invefted 5 forthe Sir-rame Rex , was thetitle of many fa-
milies 5 as we alfo have the like in our Dialect. The laft {peech,which
I will mention in this place, was this; When Ce/ar, after the war was
declared, did poffefà himfelf of the City of Rome, and had broke o-
pen the inner Treafiiry, to take the mony there ftoredup, for the fer-
vice of the war, Méeteus, for that time Tribune, withftood him 5
Putin tq whom Céfar, If thon dost perfift (faith he) thon art dead 5 prefently
ae taking himfelf up, he added, Young man, it is harder for me to fpeak,
this, than to doit 5 Adolefcens, durius eft mibi hoc dicere quam facere s
A fpeech compounded-of the greateft terror, and the greareft clemen-
cy, that could proceed out of the mouth of man. But, to purfue Ce-
fars Abilities in this kind no farther, it isevident, that he knew well
his own perfeion in Learwing,as appears,when fome fpake,what a ftrange
refolution it wasin Lucius i$cy//a to refign his Diéfature 5 he fcoffing
at him, anfwered, That Scylla could. not skill of Letters, and therefore
Suet. in -kyew not how to Did ate. '
T § Now it were timeto leave this point touching the ffrif comcur-
77" ere of Military virtue and Learning, (for what example in this kind,
can come with any grace, after Alexander and Cefar ?) were 1t not that
I am tranfported with the height and rarenefs of one other particular
inftance, as that which did fo füddenly pafs from fcorn to wonder 5 -
xen. Hig. and it is of Xezopbon the Philofophor,who went from Socrates his School
dcExp. into Affa with Cyrus the younger, in his expedition againft King Ar. -
CY ^ “taxerxes. This Xemophbom, at that time was very young, and never
had feen the wars before; neithét had then, any command in the Ar.
my, but only followed the, war asa voluntary , for the love and con-
verfation of Proxexus his friend. He wasby chance prefent when Fa-
linus camein meffage from the great King, tothe Greciaus , after that
Cyrus was (lain in the field, and the Grecians, a handful of men, havin
loft their General, left to themfelves in the midít of the Provinces o
Perfia, cut off from their Country by the interception of many miles,
and of very great and deep Rivers. The Meffage didimport that they
{hould-deliver up their Arms, and fubmit themfelves to the Kings mer-
cy : to which meflage before publick anfwer was made, divers of the
Army conferr'd familiarly with Falinus, amongít whom Xenophon
Hif. de hapned to fay thus, Why, ((aid he) Falizus me have now but thefe two
eh Ex. things left, our Arms and our Virtue, if we yield up our Arms, bom fhall
à we make ufe of our Virtue 2? whereto Falinus {miling faid, If I be not
deceived, Young Gentleman, you are an Athenian, and findy Philofophy,
and it is pretty that you fay, but you are much abufed, if you think pour
Virtue can withftand the Kings Power 5 here was the fcorn, the won- |
der followeth. This yourg Scholar or Philofopher, after all the Cap-
tains

ee ae ne ^ mIRC T n ol eae

Lisl. Of the Advancement of Learning. 37

tains and Commanders were murthered by treafon, conducted ten thou-
fand Foot, through the heart of all the Kings high Countries, from
Babylon to Grecia, in defpite of all the Kings forces; to the aftonith-
ment of the world, and the encouragement of the Grecians in time
fucceeding , to make invafion upon the Perfian Monarchy and to fubvert
it. Which indeed foon after, jafoz the Theffalian conceiv'd and de-
fign'd 5 Ageftlaus the Spartan attempted and commenced; Alexander
the A£zcedoniaz at laft atchieved.all being ftirred up, by this brave leads
ing AG of that young scholar,

Cuap. VIII.

The Merit of Learning from the influence it hath upon Moral Vir-
tues. § Learning 4 {overaign remedy for all the difeafes of the
Mind. § The Dominion thereof greater than any Temporal Pow-
er, being a Power over Reafon and Belief. § Learning gives For-
tunes, Honours, Delights excelling all others, as the foul the fenfe.
6 Durable Monuments of Fame. § A Profpect of the immortality
of afuture world.

O proceed now, from Imperial and Military Virtue, to Moral, and
that which is the Virtue of Private men: Firft, that of the Poet
is a moft certain truth,

Scilicet ingenuas didiciffe fideliter Artes Ovi, d
Emollit mores nec (mit effe feros, Pont,

For Learning doth reclaim mens minds from Wildeneft and Barbarifin 5
but indeed, the accent had need be put upon Fideliter 5 for a {uperfi-
cial confufed knowledge doth rather work a contrary effect. I fay,
Learning takes away levity, temerity, and infolency, whilltit fuggetts all
dangers and doubts, together with the thing it felf; ballanceth the
Weight of reafons and arguments on both fides 5 turns back the firft
Offers and placits of the mind as fufpect, and teacheth it to takea tried
and examin'd way : The fame doth extirpate vain and exceffive admi-
ration, whichis the root of all weak advifement. For we admire
things, either becaufe they are New, or becaufe they are Great : As
for zovelty, no man that wades in Learning,and contemplation of things
throughly, but hath this printed in his heart, Nil novi fub fole : nete gcc
ther can any man much marvail at the play of Puppets, that thrufts but
his head behind the curtain; and advifeth well of the organs and
wires that caufe the motion. As for 7Magritude , as Alexander the
Great , after he was ufed to great Battles, and conquefts in 4/2 5 when
at any time he received Letters out of Greece, of fome fightsand fer-
Vices there, which were undertaken commonly for fome Bridge, or a
Fort, or at moft for the befiege of fome City; was wont to fay, I
Seemed tohim, that he was advertifed of the Battles of Homers Frogs and

Mice : So certainly, ifa man meditate upon the world aud the Fabrick
thereof;

ane Of the Advancement of Learning. Liz. l.

thereof; to him the Globe of the Earth, with men marching upbn it,

of Duft.
.& Again, Learning takes away, or at leaft , mitigates the fear of
death, and adverfe Fortune; which is one of the greatefl impediments to
Virtue or Manners. For ifa mans mind be feafoned and zzbued with
the contemplation of Mortality, and the corruptible nature of things,
he will, in his apprehenfion, concur with Epiéetus, who going forth
one day faw a woman weeping for her Pitcher of Earth; and going
forth the next day faw another woman weeping for her fon, faid, Herz
EA vidi fragilem frangi, bodie vidi mortalem mori: Pherefore Virgil did
i3.c.24, excellently and profoundly couple the knowledge of the caufe and the
' conqueft of fears together, as concomitants :

Felix qui potuit rerum cognofcere caufass
Quiqs metus omnes C inexorabile fatum,
Subjecit pedibus, fIrepitumqs Acherontis avari,

Geor.2

It were too long to go over the particular Remedies, which Learning

doth minister to all the difeafes of the Mind 5 fometimes purging the ill
Humours, fometimes opening the obftructions, fometimes helping di-
geftion, fometimes exciting appetite, often healing the woundsand
exulcerations thereof, and the like. Therefore I will conclude with

thaf, which feems to be the fum of all, which is, that Learning fo dif-
. C -^

pofeth and inclineth the mind, as that it is never wholly fetled and fixt in

phat Ala) the defects thereof, but ever awakes it felf and breaths after a Growth and
ro in Perfection : For the unlearn'd man knows not what it is to defcend into
ERN hinsfelf, or to call himfelf to account , or what a fweet life it is fenfibly to
Flut.Mor, feel, that be is every day better. If he chance to have any good parts, he
will be boafting thefe 5. and every where expofe them to thefull view 5

and it may be ufe them dexterouíly to,his own advantage and reputa-

tion; but not much improve or encreafe them. Again, what faults fo-

ever he hath, he will ufe art and induftry to hide and colour them,

but not toamend them 5 like an ill Mower that mowes on ftill and ne-

ver whets his Sythe: Contrariwife, a learned man doth not only iviploy.

his mind and exercife his good parts, but continually reforms himfelf, aud.

makes Progrefjion in virtue: Nay, to fay all in a word. . Certain it is,

that Veritas and Bonitas differ but asthe Seal and the Print 5 for good-

nei is Trutbs imprefion 3 and on the contrary the ftorms and
tempefts of Vice and Paflions break from the Clouds of error and
fafhood.

11. From Morality,let us pals on to matter of power and commandment,

and confider, mhither there be any. foveraignty or cmpire comparable to

that wherewith Learning invefts and crowns names. We fee the Dignity.

of commanding, is according to the dignity of the commanded : Com-
mandment over Beafts and Cattle, füch as Heardmen and Shepherds

have, isa thing contemptible ; Commandment over children, fuch as
School-mafters and Tutors have, is a matter of {mall honour 5 com-
mandment over flaves, is a difparagement, rather than a honour 5 net-

ther

——

L:5.IL. Of the Advancement of Learning. 39

4

ther isthe commandment of Tyrants much better, over a fervile Peo-
ple, difmantled of their Spirits and generofity of mind$ therefore it
was ever held, that honours in free Monarchies and Common-wealths
had a fweetneís more than in Tyrannies 5 becaufe a command over the
willing is more honourable than over the forced and compelled:
Wherefore Virgil, when he would out of the higheft {train of his Art
exprefs the beft of Humane honours,that he could attribute to Cefer,he

doth it in thefe words,

vik org; volentes Georg! 4
——Per Populos dat jura, viamqs affect at Olympo,

But the Commandment of knowledge is far higher than the Commandment

over the will, though free, and not enflaved and vaffal'd: For it is a Do-
minion over Realon,Belief, and the Underitanding,which is the bigbefl part

of man,and gives Law to the will it felf : For without Queftion there is no
power on earth,which advanceth and fets upa Throne, and,asit were,

a Chair of cftate, in the fouls ofmen and their Coffitations, Affents, and
Belief, bu; Knowledge and Learning: And therefore we fee, the detefta-
bleand extreme pleafure that Arch-Hereticks, falfe Prophets, and Impo-

Sfors are ravifht, and tranfported withal, when once they find that they

begin to have a Dominion, and Superiority over the faith and confci-

ences of men 5 indeed fo great, ashe that hath once tafted it, itis fel-

dom fcen that any perfecution or torture can make them relinqui(h this
Soveraignty : But as this isthat which the Divine Author ofthe Reve-
lations calls, The dépth or profoundne/s of Satam 5 fo on the contrary, the Apoc 2;
juít and lawful Soveraignty over mens minds, eftablifht by the clear e- i
vidence , and {weet commendation of Truth, approacheth certainly
neareft to the fimilitude of the Divine Rule.

§ As for Fortunes and Honours, the magnificence of Learning doth not
fo enrich and adorn whole Kingdoms and Common-wealths, as it doth not
likewife amplifie and advance the Fortunes and pets of particular perfonss
Forit is an ancient obfervation, that Homer hath given more men their
Irving, than either Scylla, or Cxfar,or Auguftus ever did, notwithttanding
their great Largefles, füch infinite donatives, and diftributions of much
Land. .No doubt, it is hard to fay,whether Arms or Learning have ads
vanced greater numbers: But if wefpeak of Soveraignty, we fee, that
3f Arms have carricd away the Kingdon , yet Learning hath born away
m Priefthood, which ever hath been in fome competition with

ire,

e Again, If you contemplate the Pleafure and Delight of Knowledge and
Learning, affaredly it far [urpaffes all other pleafnre : For what ? Shall,
perchance, the pleafnres of the Affections fo far excel the pleafures of
the fenfes, as a happy obtaining of adefire, doth a fong or a dinner 5
and muft not by the (an-? degrees of confequence, the pleafure of the
Intellect tranfcend thofé of the Affe&tons? [n all other pleafures there
is a finite faticty, and after they grow a little ftale, their flower and
verdure vades and departs 5 whereby we areinftructed, that they were
not indeed pure and fincere pleafüres, but fhadows and deceits of Plea-
fires 5, and that it was the Novelty which pleas'd, and not the Qua-
lity ; therefore voluptuous mien often turn Fryars, and the declining

" - age

MJ

im 4

AO Of the Advancement of Learning. — Liz.l.

De Rer.

age of ambitious Princes is commonly more fad and befieged with Me-
lancholy 3 But of Knowledge there is no fatiety 5 but viciflitude, perpetu-
ally and interchangeably.returning of fruition and appetites fo that the
good of this delight muít needs be fimple, without Accident or Fallacy.
Neither is that P/eafare of {mall efficacy and contentment in the mind
of man, which the Poet Lwcretivs defcribeth elegantly , Suave, mari
utagno turbantibus equoraventis, &c. Itis a view of delight (faith he) to

Nat.lib. 2. fLand or walk upon the fbore, and to fee a [hip toft with tempest upon the

fea: apleafure to ftand in the window of a Castle , and to fee two Bat-
tails joyn upon a plain: butit is apleafure incomparable , for the mind of
man, by Learning to be fetled and fortified in the Tower of Truth, and from
thence to bebold the errors and wandrings of other men below.

§ Laftly, leaving the vulgar arguments, That by Learning man excels
man, in that wherein man excels beafts; that by the help of Learning,
man afcends in his underftanding, even to the heavens, whither in bo-
dy he can not come, and the like; let us conclude this difcourfe con-
cerning the dignity and Knowledge of Learning, with that good, where-
unto mans nature dotlit moft aípire, Immortality and continuance. For
to this tendeth Generation, raifing of Houfes and Families, Buildings,
Foundations, Monuments, Fame, and in cffe& the fum and height of
humane defires. But me fee how far the monuments of Wit and Learning,
are more durable than the Monuments of materiate Memorials and Ma-
xufadures. Have not the verfes of Homer continued xxv Centuries of
years and above, without the lofs of a fyllable, or letter? during
which time, infinite number of Blaces, Temples, Caftles, Cities, have
been decayed or been demolifht. The Pidures and Statues of Cyrus ,
Alexander, Cefar, no nor of the Kings and Princes of much later years ,
by no means poffible are now recoverablesfor the Originals,worn away
with age, are perifht 5 and the Copies daily lofe of the life and Primi-
tive reíemblance 3 But tbe images of mens wits,remain unmaimed in books
for ever, exempt from the injuries of time , becaufe capable of perpetual
renovation. Neither canthey properly be called Images, becaufe, in

their way, they generate {till and caft their feeds inthe minds of men 5
raifing and procreating infinite Adtions and Opinions in fucceeding
ages. So that ifthe invention of a fhip, was thought fo noble and won-
derful, which tranfports Riches and Merchandice from Place to Place;
and coníociates the moft remote regions in participation of their fruits
and commodities; bom much more are letters to be magnified, which as
fhips, palfing through the vaft fea of time, do counite the remotes? ages of
Wits and Invention in mutual Trafique and Correfpondency?

§ Furthermore, we fee fome of the Philofophers which were moft
immerfed in the fenfes and leaft divine, and which peremptorily deny-
ed the immortality of the foul, yet convicted by the power of truth
came tothis point, That whatfoever Motions and Acts the fpirit 4 "am
could perform without the Organ of tbe body, it was probable that thofe re-
mained after death; füch as were the motions of the underftanding,but
not of the affections 5 fo zmmortal and incorruptible a thing did know-
ledge feew to. them tobe. But we, illuminated with divine Revelation,
difclaiming thefe rudiments and delufions of the fenfes, know that not.
only the mind, but the affections purified; not only the foul, but the
body fhall be advanced in its timeto immortality. But it muft be res

- membred,

*

a Of the Advancement of Learning. At

remembred, both now and other times, asthe nature of the point may
require, that in the proofs, of the dignity of Knowledge and Learning,

Idid at the beginning feparate Divine Teftimonies, from Humane 3

which method I have conftantly purfüed, and fo handled them both a-

part. Althoughall thisbe true, neverthelef$ I do not take upon me ,
neither can [hope to obtain by any Perorations, or pleadings of this

cafe touching Learning, to reverfe the judgement either of Z/ops Cock,

that preferred the Barley-corn before the Gemnz s or of Midas, that being Ovid: ,
chofen Fudge between Apollo, Prefident of the Mufes, and Pan Prefident of Met-XI,
Sheep, judg'd for plenty 5 or of Paris, that judged for Pleafure and love,

againft wildom and powers or of Agrippina’s choice, Occidat zzatrezz, Eurip. id
vsodo imperet ! preferring Empire with any condition never fo dete- 1:
ftables or of O/y/fés, qui vetulam pretulit immortalitatis being indeed

figures of thofe that prefer cu(tom before all excellency 5 and a number Tac. An;
of the like popular judgements : for thefe things muft continue as they *"Y-
have been, but fo will that alfo continue , whereupon Learning hath yg yt:
ever relied as ona firm foundation which can never beíhaken: jw. ——

ficata eft fapientia à Filiis fuis.

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43

THE

Second Book

OF

FRANCIS L VERULAM

VicountS' ALBAN,
OF THE

Dignity and Advancement

LEARNING.

To the KING.

THE PROEM

The Advancement of Learning commended unto the careof Kings. 1. The
Acts thereof in general, three, Reward, Direttion , Affiftance.
II. In fpecial, about three objeds, Places, Books , Perfons. § In
places four Circumftances, Buildings,Revenues, Priviledges, Laws of
Difcipline. § In Books two, Libraries, good Editions. § In
Perfons two, Readers of Sciences Extant 5 Inquirers into Parts none
extant. III. Defects inthefe Ads of Advancement, fix; Want of
Foundations for Arts at large. § Meannefs of Salary unto Profe/-
fors. § Want of allowance for Experiments. § Prepofterous infti-
tutions, and unadvifed pradices in Academical Studies. § Want
of Intelligence between the Univer fities of Europe. § Want of Iu-
quiries into the Deficients of Arts. § The Authors Defign. § Ine
genious Defence.

Bisa I might feem to have more convenience, although it
4 come often otherwife to país, (Excellent King,) that
thofe that are fruitful in their Generation, and have ,
§ this way, a fore-fight of their own immortality in their
3) Defcendants, fhould above all men living, be careful
=~ Of the the eftate of future times, unto which they can-

not but know that they muft at laft tranfmit their deareft Pledges.
Q. Elizabeth was a fojourner in the world, in refpect of her unmar-
ried life, rather thananinhabitant: fhe hath indeed adorned her own
2 time

Ecclef. 10.

Of ibe Advancement of Learning. Lis. lL.

time, and many ways enricht it 5 but in truth, to Your Majefty, whom
God hath bleft with fo much Royal I{fue worthy to perpetuate you for
ever; whofe youthful and fruitful Bed, doth yet promife more chil-
dren; it is very proper, not only; to irradiate, ‘as you do, your own
times, but alfo to extend your Cares to thofe As which fucceeding
Ages may cherifh, and Eternity itfelf behold : Amongft which, ifmy
affection to Learning do not tranfport me, there is none more wor-
thy, or more noble, thay the endowment of tbe world with found and
fruitful Advancements of Learning : For why fhould we erect unto our
felves fome few: Authors, to ftand like Hercules Columns, beyond which
there fhould be no difcovery of knowledge 5 feeing we have your Maje-
sty, as a bright and benign Star, tocondué and profper us in this Na-
vigation. |

I. To return therefore unto. our purpofe, let us weigh and confi-
der with our felves, what hitherto hath been performed, what pre-
termitted by Princes and others, for the Propagation of Learning: And
this we will purfüe clofely and diftin@ly, in an Active and Mafculine
Expreflion, no where digreffing , nothing dilating. Let this ground
therefore be laid, which every one may grant , that the greateft and
moft difficult works are overcome, either by the Amplitude of Reward,
or by the wifdom and foundnefs of Dirediion , or by conjunion of La-
bours 5. whereof the firft, excourageth our endeavours 5 the fecond, takes
away Error and Confu[ion 5, the third, fupplies the frailty of Man. But
the Principal amongft thefe three , is the wifdom and foundne|s of Di-
redion, that ts, a Delineation and Demonftration of a right and
eafie way to accomplifh any enterprize : Claudus enim , as the
faying is, iz via antevertit Curforem extra viam 5 and Solomon apt-
ly to the purpofe, Jf the Iron be blunt, and he do not whet the
edge , then muft he put too more ftrength 5 but wifdom is profitable
to Direttion : By which words he infinuateth, that a wife election of
the Mean, doth more efficacioufly conduce to the perfecting of any en-
terprize, than any enforcement or accumulation of endeavours. This
am prefled to fpeak , for that (not derogating from the Honour of
thofe who have any way deferved well of Learning) I fee and ob-
ferve, that many of their Works and Acts, are rather matter of
Magnificence and Memory of their own zames, than of Progreffion
and Proficience of Learning; and have rather encreafed the zw-
ber of Learned men, than much promoted the Augmentation of
Learning.

II. The Works or Acts pertaining to the Propagation of Learning ,
are converfant about three objeds 5. about the Places of Learns
ing 3 about the Books; and about the Perfons of Learned men. For
as water, whether falling from the Dew of Heaven, or rifing from
the fprings of the earth , is eafily fcattered and loft in the ground,
except it be colle&ed into fome receptacles, where it may by
union and Congregation into one body comfort and fuftain it
felf; for that purpofe the induftry of man hath invented Con;
duits , Cifterns and Pools, and beautified them with divers ac-
complifhments , as well of Magnificence and State, as of Ufe
and Neceflity: fo this moft excellent /;zzer of Knowledge , whether
it diftil from a divine infpiration; or {pring from the fefes,

uu would

Lis... Of the Advancement of Learning.

would foon perifh and vani(h, ifit were not conferved in Books, Tradi-

tions, Conferences, and in Places purpofely defigned to that end ; as U-

miverfities, Colledges, Schools, where it may have fixt tations and Pow-

er and Ability of uniting and improving it felf.

.. § And firft, the works which concern the Seats of the Mufes,are four,

Foundations of Houfes; Endowments with Revenues; Grant of Privi-

Tedeess Inflitutions, and flatutes for Government s all which chiefly con-

duce to privatenefs and quietnefs of life, and a difcharge from cares and -
troubles, much like the /tations Virgil defcribeth for the Hiving of

Bees,

Principio Sedes Apibus ftatioque peteuda,
Quo neque fit ventis aditus, Cc.

_ § But the works touching Books are chiefly two: Firft Libraries,
wherein, as in famous fhrines, the Reliques of the Ancient Saints full
ofvirtue, are repofed. Secondly, ew Editions of Authors, with cor-
reed imprelfions s more faithful Tranflatzons, more profitable Gloffes,
more diligent Annotations; with the like train furnifh’t and adorned,

§ Furthermore, the works pertaining tothe Perfozs of Learned men,
belides the Advancing and Countenancing of them in general, are like-
wife two 5 the Kezuzeratiooz and Defignation of Readers, in Arts and
Sciences already extant and known; and the Remuneration and Defigna-
tion of writers concerning thofe parts of Knowlege, which hitherto have
not been fufficientl til'À and labour'd. Thefe briefly are the works:
and Acts, wherein the Merit of many renowned Princes and other
illuftrious Perfons, hath been famed, towards the ftate of Learning.
As for particular Commemoration, of any that hath well deferved of
Learning, when I think thereof, that of Cicero comes into my mind,
which was a motiveunto him after his return from banifhment to give.
general thanks, Difficile non aliquem 3 ingratum, quenquam preterire :
Let us rather according to the advice of Scripture, Look unto the part

45

Geor, ts

Cic. Orat;
poft redit;

of the race which is before us, than look back unto that which is already at- tes
il.3,

tained.

nourifhment into the reft ofthe body: So ifany man think Philofophy
and univerfal contemplations a vain and idle ftudy, hedoth not confider
that all Profeffions and Arts from thence derive their fap and ftrength.
And furely I am perfwaded that this hath beena great caufe why the hape
p progrelfion of Learning hitherto hath been retarded 5 becaufe thefe Fun-
damentals have been ftudied but only in paffage, and deeper draughts
have not been taken thereof: For ;f you will have à Tree bear wiore fruis

than it hath ufedto do, it is ot any thing you can do tothe Boughs,
but

1 Sam.3c.

virg. Ge-
or.3,

46° Of the Advancement of Learuing. Lis.

I Loc se Sa ERE. ORI aD, ay i ose
but it is the ftirring of the earth about the root, and the application of
new mould, or you do nothing. Neither is it to be pafled over in fi-
lence, that this dedicating ofColledges and Societies, only to the ufe of
Profeffory Learning, bath, not only, been an enemy to the growth of Scien-
ces but hath redouuded likewife to the prejudice of States and Gouern-
ments : For hence it commonly falls out that Princes, whenthey would
make choice of Minifters fit for the Affairs of State, find about them
fuch a marvellous folitude of able men 5 becaufe there is no, education’
Collegiate defign'd to this end, where fuch as are fram'd and fitted by
nature thereto, might give themfelves chiefly to Hiffortes, Modern Lan-
guages, Books and Bir fé of Policy, that fothey might come morea- .
ble and better furnifh’t to (ervice of State.

§ And becaufe Founders of Colledges do Plant, and Founders of Le-
Gurers do water, it followeth now in order to {peak of the Defects
which are in publick Lectures; the fozalneff of ftipends (efpecially with
us) affigned to Readers of Arts or of Profelfions : For it doth much import
to the Progreffion and Proficiency of Sciences, that Readers in every kind
be chofen out of the ableft and moft fufficient men; as thofe that are
ordained, not for tranfitory ufe, but for to maintain and propagate the
feeds of Sciences for future Ages 3 This cannot be, except the Rewards
and Conditions be appointed fuch, as may fufficiently content the moft ©
eminent man in that Art, fo as he can be willing to {pend his whole
Age in that function and never defire to practice. Wherefore that $cz-
ences may flourifh, DavidsMilitary Law fhould be obferved, That tbofe
that flayed with the Carriage fhould have equal parts with thofe that were
in the AGions elfe willthe Carriages be ill attended. So Readers iz
Sciences are, asit were, Protectors and Guardians of the Provifion of
Learning, whence the Action and fervices of Sciences may be furnifh’t.
Wherefore it 1s reafon that the Salaryes of Speculative men, fhould be e-
qual to the gains of Adive men; otherwile if allowances to Fathers of
Sciences be not ina competent degree ample and condign, it will
come to país,

Ut Patrem. invalidi referent jejunia Nati.
4

§ Now I will note another Defe, wherein fome Alchymift fhould
be called unto for helps for this Se& of Men advife Students to fell their
Books and to build furnaces 5 to quit Aéimerva and the Mufes, as Bar-
ren Virgins, and to apply themfelvesto Vulcan. Yet certainly it muft
be confeft, that unto the depth of Contemplation, and the fruit of Ope-
rative ftudiesin many Sciences,efpecially Natural Philofophy,and Phyficks
Books are not the only fubfidiar; Infiruments, wherein the Munificence
ofmen, hath not been altogether wanting; for we fee Spheres, Globes,
Aflrolabes, Maps, andthe like, have been provided, and with indu-
ftry invented, as Helpsto Aftronomy and Cofmography s as well as Books.
We fee likewiíc fome places dedicated to the ftudy of Phifick, to have
Gardezs for the infpeion and obfervation of fimples of all forts; and to
beauthorized the ule of Dead Bodies for Anatonty-Leures. But thofe
do refpec but a few things; in the generality fet it down for Truth,
That therecan hardly be made any main Proficience in the difclofing of the

féerets of Nature, unleff there be liberal Allowance for Experiments 5 "n
ther -

Crk Of the Advancement of Learning. 47

ther of Vulcan or of Dxdaluss I mean of Furnace, or of Engine, or any o-
ther kind: And therefore as Secretaries and Spials of State, are allow-
ed to bring in Bills for their diligence in the inquiry and difcovery of
New Occurrences and Secrets in Foreign Eftates 5 fo you suff allow In-
zelligencers and Spials of Nature their bills of Expencess elfe you fhall ne-
ver be advertifed of many things moft worthy to be known. For if 4+
lexauder made fuch a liberal Alfignation of Treafure unto Ariftotle, for -
Hunters, Fowlersy Fifhers, and the like, that he might compile a Hi-
ftory of living Creatures; certainly much more is their merit, who
wander not in wild forrefts of Nature, but make themíelves a way
through the Labyrinths of Arts.
§ Another Defe& to be obferved by us (indeed of great import) is,
A negled, im thofe which are Governours in Univerfities, of Confultation
and in Princes and fuperior Perfons, of vifitation 5 to this end, that it
may with all diligence be confidered and confulted of, whether the Readings,
Difputations and other Scholaftical exercifes, anciently inftituted, will be
good tàó continue, or rather to antiquate and fubftitute others more effeFu-
al: For amongít Your Majefties moft wife maxims, I find this, That 2z pyestys R.
all ufages and Prefidents, the times be con[idered wherein they firft beoau 5
which if they were weak or ignorant, it derogateth from the Authority of
the ufage and leaves it for fufpe?. Therefore in as much as the ufages
and orders of Univerfities, were for moft part derived from times more
obícure and unlearned than our own, it isthe more reafonthatthey be
re-examined. In this kind I will give an inftance or two for examples
fake, in things that feem moft obvious and familiar. 1? 7; a7 zfa-
al pra&ice ( but in my opinion fomewhat prepoflerous ) that Scholars
in the Univerfities , are too early entred in Logick and Rhetorick 5
Arts indeed fitter for Graduats than Children and Novices. ‘For thefe
two (if the matter be well weighed) are in the number of the grav-
eft Sciences, being the Arts of Arts, the ome for Judgment , the other
for Ornament. So likewife they contain Rules and Directions,ecither for
the Difpofition or Iluftration of any fubject or material Circumftance
thereof; and therefore for minds empty and unfraught with matter,
and which have not as yet gathered that which Cicero calls Sylvuaand
Supellex, that is ftufrand variety of things, to begin with thofe Arts,
(as ifone would learn to weigh, of meafure, or paint the wind) doth
work but this effe&, that the virtue and ftrength ofthefe Arts, which
are great and Univerfal, are almoít made contemptible, and have de-
ponents either into Childifh Sophiftry or ridiculous AffeZation; or at
leaft have been embafed in their reputation. And farther, the untime-
ly and unripe acceffion to thefe Arts, hath drawn on,by neceflary con-
€quence, a watery and fuperficiary delivery-and handling thereof, as
is fitted indeed to the capacities of Children. Another inftance which
Twillfet down.as an Error now grown inveterate, long agoe in the Uni-
Verfities, and it isthiss That ix Scholaftical exercifes, there ufeth to be
4 divorce, uery préjudicious, between Invention and Memory: for there
the soft of their fpeeches are either, altogether premeditate, fo as they are ut-
tered 12 the very precife fore of words they were conceived in, and nothing
ro invention 3 or meerly extemporal, fo as very little is left to Memorys
Whereas in Life and A€tion, there is very little ufe of either of thefe a-
part, but rather of theif intermixture 5 thatis; of notes or memorials 3
3 and

Cic.Epift.
Ad Art,
lib.Ix.

Tac, t,

Bxod.7.

45 Of the Advancement of Learuing. L rz. Il.

and of extemporal fpeech : So as by this courfe, exercifes are. not ac-
commodate to practice, nor the Image anfwereth to the Life: Andit
is ever a true rule in exercifes, that all, as neer as may be, fhould repre-
fent. thofe things which in common courfe of life ufe to be pradifed 5 other-
wife they will pervert the motions and faculties of the mind, and not
prepare them. The truth whereofis plainly difcovered, when Scho-
lars come to the Practice of their Profeffions, or other ACtions of Civil
life, which when they fet into, this defed, whereofwe fpeak, is foon
found out by themíelves, but fooner by others. But this part, tonch-
ing the amendment of the Inftitutions of the Univerfities, I will conclude,
with the claufeof Cefars letter to Oppius, Hoc Quemadmodum fieri poffit,
nonnulla mibi in mentent veniunt C multa reperiri poffunt, de iis rebus,
rogo vos, ut cogitationem fufcipiatis.

§ Another Defe which I note, afcends a little higher than the pre-
cedent: For as the progreffion of Learning confifteth much in the wife Go-
vernment and inftitution of Univerfities in particulars fo it would be more
advanced, ifthe Univerfities in general, difperfed through all Europe, were
united ina neerer conjunition and correfpondence by mutual Intelligences
For there are, as wefee, many Orders and Societies, which, though
they be divided under feveral Soveraignties and fpacious Territories,
yet they do contract and maintain a Society and a kind of Fraternity
one with another; in fo much that they have their Provizcials and Ge-
nerals, to whom all the reft yield obedience. And furely as naturecre-
ates Brother-hoods in Families; and Arts Mechanical contract Brother-
hoods in Communalties; the Anointment of God fuper-induceth a £ro-
ther-hoodin Kings and Bifhops 3 Vows and Canonical rules unite a Zro-
ther-hood in Orders 5 in like manner, there cannot but intervene a Noble
and Generous Fraternity between men by Learning and Illuminations 5 xe-
flecting upon that relation whichis attributed to God, who himfelf is
called, The Father of Illuminations or Lights.

§ Laftly, thisI find fault with, which I fomewhat toucht upon be-
fore, that there hath not been, or very rarely been, any publick defignation
of able men, who might write or make inquiry of fuch parts of Learning as
have not been hitherto fufficiently laboured and fubdued. Unto which
point it will be very available, if there were erected a kind of wifitation —
of Learning 5 anda Cenfe or Eftimate taken, what parts of Learning are
rich and well improved 5 what poor and deftitute. For the opinion of
Plenty is among ft the Caufes of want 5 and the multitude of Books makes
a fhew rather of fuperfluity, than penury. Which furcharge, never-
thelefS, ifa man would makea right judgement, isnot remedied by
fupprefling or extinguifhing books heretofore written, but by publfh-
ing good new books, which may beoffuch a right kind, That, as the
Serpent of Mofes, may devour the Serpents of the Enchanters.

§ The Remedies of thefe defeés now enumerate, except the laft,
and ofthe laft alfo, in refpect ofthe AGtive part thereof, which is the
Defignation of writers, are opera Bafilica, towards which the endeavours
and induítry ofa privateman, are commonly but as an Image in a -
crofs way, which may point at the way, but cannot goit: But the
fpeculative part, which pertaineth to tbe examination of knowledges, natme-
ly, what is deficient in every particular Science, is open to the induftry
ofa private man, Wherefore my defignment isto attempt a general and

faithful

t

Lis. — Of the Advancement of Learning: 49

faithful perambulation and vifitation of Learning; fpecially with-a dili-
gent and exa& enquiry, what parts thereof lye frefh and wafte, and are not
yet improved and converted to ufe by the induflry of zen 5 totheend that
fuch a plot made and recorded to memory, may minilter light both to
publick Defignations , and the voluntary labours of private endea-
, vours, ., Wherein neverthelefs my purpofe is, at this time, fo xote only
Omilfions and Deficiencies, and not to make redargution of Errors and 0*
ver-fights : For itis one thing to fet forth what ground lieth unmanur'd;
and another thing, to correct ill husbandry in that which is ma-
nured.

$ In the undertaking and handling of which work I am not igno-
rant what.a bufinef I move , and what a difficult province I. fü(tain,
and alfo, how unequal my abilities are unto my will: yet I havea
good hope, that if my extreme love to Learning carry me too far, f
may obtain the excufe of affection, for that, it is sot granted to maz, To
love andio be wife. know well that I muft leave the fame liberty of
judgement to others, that I ufe my felf; and intruth, L(hall.be indiffe-
rently glad, to accept from others, as to impart that duty of humanity 5
Nam qui erranti comiter monftrant viam, &c. Ido fore-fee likewife,that Cic, Oxc.
many of thofe things which I fhall enter and regifter as Omiffions and *.9x £8-
Deficients, will incur divers cenfures 5 as, that fome parts of this enter- ^^
prife were done long-ago and now are extant 5. others, that. they taíte
of curipfity, and promife no great fruit 5. others, that they are too dif-
ficult and impoflible to be compafled by humane induftries.. For the
two firft, let the particulars {peak for themfelves: For the laft, touch-
ing impoffibility, 1 determine thus; Alb thofe things are to beheld po
fible and performable, which may be accompliht by fome períori;
though not by every one; and which may be done by the united la-
bours of many, though not by any one apart 5 and which may be.ef-
fected in a fücceffion ofages, though not in the fame age ; and in brief,
which may be finifht by the publick care and charge, though not by
the ability and induftry of particular perfons. If, notwithftanding,there
be any man who would rather take to himíclfthat of Solomon, Dicit Pi-
ger,Leo eff in via, than that of Virgil. Prov.22j

Poffunt quia poffe videntur : tis enough tome, if my labours may 7x5.
be eíteemed as votes, and the better fort of wifhes: for asit asketh
fome knowledge to demand a queftion not impertiaent 5 fo it requiret;
fomie fenfe to make a wiíh not abfurd.

Cuap. L

L Ax univer(al Partition of Humane Learning into, § Hiftory. Y. Poe-
try. IIL. Philofophy. § This Partition is taken from the triplicity of
Intelleive Faculties : Memory : Imagination : Reafou. § The fame
Partition is appropriate to Divine Learning.

i? E is the trueft Partition of hümane Learning , which hath
. reference to the three Faculties of Mans foul, which is the
fest

— ——

feat of Learning. Hiiforyis referred to Memory, Poefie to the Imsagi-
nation, Philofophy to Reafon. . By Poe(te,in this place, we underftand no-
thing elfe, but fezgzed Hiftory, or Fables. As for Verfe, that is only a
ftile of expreffion, and pertains to the Art of Elocution, of which in
due place.

6 Hiftory is properly of Individuals circumfcribed within time and
place : for although Netural Hiffory {eem to be converfant about sziver-
fal Natures 5 yet this fo falls out,becaufe of the promifcuous fimilitude —
in things Natural comprehended under one kind 5 fothat if you know
one, you know all of that fpecies. But if any where there be found
Individuals, which in their kind are either fingular, as the Suz andthe
Moon 5 or which do notably digrefs from their kind, as Afonfters5 thefe
are as aptly handled in Natural Hiffory,as particular men are in Civil Hi-

Story. All thefe arereferred unto AZemory.

II. Poefie, in that fence we have expounded it,#s likewife of Individu-
cals, fancied to the fimilitude of thofe things which in true Hiflory are re-
corded, yet fo as often it exceeds meafüres and thofe things which in
Nature would never meet, nor come to país , Poefie compofeth and in-
troduceth at pleafure, even as Painting doth: which indeed is the work
of the Imagination.

IIE. Philofophy difmifleth Individuals and comprehendeth,not the firft
Impreffions, but the ab{tra& Motions thereof, and converfast in come
pounding and dividing them according to the Law of Nature} and of
the things themfelves : And this 1s wholly the office and operation of
Reason.

Chad that this Diftribution is truly made, he fhall eafily conceive
that hath recourfe to the Originals of IntelleGtuals. Individuals only
{trike the fenfe, which is the port or entrance of the underftanding:
The Images or Impreflions of thofe Individuals accepted from the fenfe, — |
are fixtin the 7Jezzory, and at firít enterintoitentire, in thefameman- — |
ner they were met : afterwards the uzderftanding ruminates upon them,

- and refines them, which then it doth either meerly rezze» 5 or in a
wanton delight counterfeit and refemble or by compounding and di-
viding digeft and endue them, So it isclearly manifeft, that from thefe
three fountains of Afemory, of Imagination and of Reafon , there are -
thefe three Emanations, of Hiffory, of Poefie, and of Philofophy, and that
there can be no other nor no more : for History and Experience, we take
for one and the fame, as we do Philcfophy and Sciences. |

§ Neither do we think any other Partition than this is requifite to
Divine Learning. Indeedthe informations of Oracle and of Senfe be
divers 5 both in the matter and manner of Conveying, but the fpirit
of Man is the fame, the Cells and Receptacles thereof the very fame.
For it comes to pafs here, asif divers Liquors, and that by divers Fun-
nels, fhouldébe receiv’d into one and the fame vefiel. Wherefore Theo-
logy alo confifts either of Sacred Hiffory; of Parables, which area kind
of Divine Poefie 5 or of Precepts and Dodrines, as an eternal Philofophy.
As for that part which feems fupernumerary, which is Prophecy, that is
a branch of Hiftory : however Divine Hisfory hath that prerogative over
Humane, that the Narration may be before the Fac as well after,

CHAP,

2

Lis. II. Of the Advancement of Learning.

Cuap. IL |

IV. Of Arts.

I. HN: is either Natural or Civil + in Natural the operations of
Natureare recorded 5 in Civil the Actions of men. In both
thefe without queftion, the Divine Workings are tranflucent; but more
-confpicuous in 4s Civi] 5 in fo much as they conftitutea peculiar kind
of Hiftory, which we ufually ftile Sacred or Eccleffaflical :.And in
truth to us fuch feems the Dignity of Learning and of Arts tobe, that
there ought to be referv'd a Particular Hiffory for them apart from the
eft; which yet weunderftand to be comprehended; as Ecclefiaftick Hi-
"Sfory alfo is, under Hzffory Civil. o
~ IE. The Partition of Natural Hiflery we fhallraife out of the ftate
and condition of Nature heríelf, which is found fübject to a triple
ftate, and under a three-fold regiment : For Nature és either Free and
difplaying her felf in her ordinary courfe; asin the Heavens, living Crea-
tures, Plants, and the Univerfal furniture of the worlds or put. out of
ber u[ual courje and depos d from ber fate, by tbe pravities and iufolencies
of contumacious Matter, and the violence of Impediments, as in Mon-
fters: or laftly, the is Cozzpref? and fafhioned , and as it were zem caft ,
as in Artificial Operations: Let therefore the partition of Natural Hiflo-
zy, be made into the Hiftory of Gewerations 5 of Preter-Generations ,
and of Arts; whereof the la(t we ufe to call History Mecbanical, or
Experimental. The firlt of thefe handles the Liberty of Natures the
fecond the Errors 5 the third the Bazds thereof. And we are the ra-
ther induced to aflign the Hiffory of Arts,as a branch of Natural Hiflory,
becaufe an opinion hath long time gone currant, asif 4r? were fome
different thing from Nature, and Artificial from Natural. Fromthis mi-
ftake this inconvenience arifes, that many writers of Natural Hisfory
think they have quit themfelves (ufficiently, if they have compiled a
Hiftory of Creatures,or of Plants,or of Mizeralssthe experiments of Me-
chanical Arts paít over infilence. Butthere is yeta more fubtile deceit
which fecretly fteals into the minds of Men, namely, that 4r? fhould be
reputed a kind of Additament only to Nature, whofe virtue is this,that
it can indeed either perfect Nature inchoate, or repair it when itis decay-
ed, or fet it at liberty from impediments 3 but not quite alter, tranfmute;
or [bake itin the foundations : which erroneous conceit hath brought
in a too hafty defpair upon mens enterprifes. But onthe the contrary,
this certain truth (hould be throughly fetled in the minds of men, Thaé
Artificials differ not from Naturals in Form and Effence , but in the Ef-
ficient only 5 for man hath no power over Natzre, fave only.in her 24e-
tion that is, to mingle or put together Natural bodies, and to feparate
or put them afunder 5 wherefore,where there is Appofttion and Separas
tion of Bodies, Natural conjoyning (as they term it) Adive with. Palfive,
fan may do all things 5 this not done, he can do nothing. Nor isit
G 3 materiat

52

Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Lisi

material fo things be managed ina right order, for the production of
fuch an effect, whether this be done by the Art of Manor without the
ArtofMan. Goldis fometimes digefted and purged from crudities
and impurities, by fire; fometimes found pure in {mall fands, Nature
performing her-owh work. “So the Rain-Bow is formed of a dewy
cloud in the Air above; form dalfo by afperfion of water by usbelow.
Therefore Nature commandeth all, and thefe three are her fubfticute

Adminiftrators, The courfe of Natures tbe Expatiation of Nature and *

Art 3, or the Cooperation of Man with Nature in particulars. Wherefore

C.Plin.
Nat. Hift.

De Mirab.

it is: very proportionable, that thefe three be comprized in Natural Hi-
ftory, :which C. P/izis for moft part performed, who’ alone compre-

hended Natural Hiftory according tothe dignity thereof; but what he -

thus comprehended he hath not handled as was meet, nay rather foully
abufed. . ne Ede
III. The firft of thefe isextant in fome good perfection : The two lat-
ter are handled fo weakly and fo unprofitably, that they may be referr d to
the lift of Deficients.. For you fhall find no fufficient and competent col-
lection of thofe works of Nature which have a Digreffion and Defiettion
from the ordinary courfe of Generations, Produüfions and Motions 5 whe-
ther they be the fingularities' of certain Countries and Places, or the
ftrange events Of times; orthe wit of chance, or the effects of latent
proprieties; or Moxodicals of Nature in their kind. It is true, there
are.a number of Books more than enough, full fraught with fabulous
Experiments, forged Secréts,. and. frivolous Impoftures, for pleafüre
and (trangenefs 5 but a fubftantial and fevere Colleen of Heteroclites,
andofthe wonders of Nature, diligently examined and faithfully de-
fcribed, this, I fay, find not, efpecially with due rejection, and, as it
were; publick profeription ofuntruths and fables, which have got up
intocredit, For asthe matter-1s now carried, if any untruths touch-
ing Nature be once on foot and eelebrated (whether it be the Reverence
of Antiquity, that can thus far countenance them; or that it isatrou-
ble tocall them unto a re-examination 5 or that they are held to be rare
ornaments offpeech, for fimilitudes and comparifons) they are never at-
ter exterminate and called in. ‘The ufe of this work honour'd witha
Prefident in Ariffotle, is nothing lefsthanto give contentment to curi-
ous and vain wits, as the manner of Afirabilaries and the fpreaders of
invented Prodigies is'todos but for two reafons ferious and grave; the
one tocorrect the partiality of Axioms, which are commonly grounded
upon common and popular examples 5 the other becaufe from the won-
ders of Nature, à fair and open paflage is made to the wonders of Art.
For the bufinefs in this matter is no more than by quick fent to trace out
the footings of nature in her wilful wandrings; that fo afterward you
may be able at your pleafure, to lead or force her to to the fame place
and poftures again. M
§ Neither dol give in precept, that fuperftitious Narrations of Sorce-
ries, Witch-crafts, Inchantments, Dreams, Divinations, and the like,
where there is clear evidence of the fact and and deed done, bealtoge-
ther excluded from this Hiffory of Marvails. For it isnot yet known,
id what cafes, and how far, effects attributed to fuperftition, do partici-
pate of Natural Caufes5 and therefore, howfoever the ufe and praCtice
of thefe Arts, in my opinion; is juftly to be condemned; yet from the
fpeculatiod

^

L|

————————————ÀMM——— —ÀÀ €
Lis.lL © Of the Advancement of Learning. 953

fpeculation and confiderationofthem, (ifthey be clofely purfued) we

may attain a profitable dire&ions not only for the right difcerning of
offences in this kind of guilty perfons 5 but for the farther difclofing of

the fecrets of Nature. Neither fürely ought a man to makeiferuple of
entring and penetrating the vaults and recefles of thefe Arts, | that pro»
pofeth to himfelf only the inquifition of Truth, as your ‘Majelty hath x 1e.
confirmed in your own example: For you have with thetwo clear'and ceed baa
quick-fighted eyes of Religion and Natural Philofophy, fo wifely and " ^
throughly enlightened ‘thefe /bzdoms, that :youhave proved your (elf

moft like the Sv which paffeth through polluted places, yet 1s not di-
ftained. But this I would admonith,that thefe Narrationswhich have
mixture with Superftition, beforted by themfelves, and not be mingled

with the Narratzozs, which are purely and fincerely Natural. As for

the Narrations touching the Prodigies and Atiracles of Religions, they

are either not true; or no way Natural, and therefore: pertain not to
Natural Hiftory.

IV. For Hiftory of Nature, wrought and fubdued by thehand, which | 4
we are wont to call Afechanical, E find indeed fome colle&ions made
of Agriculture, and likewife of many Afamnal Arts 5 but commonly
(which in this kind of knowledge isa great detriment) with a negle&
and rejection of Experiments familiar and vulgar 5 which yet, tothein-
terpretation of Nature, do asmuch, ifnot more, conduce, than-Ex pe-
riments ofahigherquality. Butit is efteemed a kind of di(honour and
afperfion unto Learning if learned men fhould, upon occafion perchance,
defcend to the Inquiry or Obfervation of Matters Mechanical, except
they be reputed for Secrets of Art, or Rarities, or Subtilties.. Which
humour of vain and füpercilious arrogance, Plato juftly derideth, where
he bringsin Hppias a vaunting Sophift, difputiug with Socrates a fevere
and folid inquifitor of Truth; where the fubject being of Beauty, so-
crates after his wandring and loofe manner of difputing, brought in
firft an example of a fair Virgin, than of a fair Horfe, than of a fair Pot _
well glaz'ds at thislaftinftance Hippias fomewhat mov'd (aid; Were inipp,
it not for courtefie fake, I fbould difdain to difpute with any that allcdged. W9o-
Such bafe and fordid inflances 5 to whom Socrates, Tou have reafon, and
it becomes you well, being a man fo trim imyour veftments, and fo neat
in your fhooes 5 and fo goes onin an Irony. And certainly this may be
averr d for truth, that they be not the higheft inftances, that give the
beft and fureft information. This is not unaptly expreft in the Tale,
fo common, of the Philofopher, That while he gaz'd upward to the far, Esci
fell into tbe water : for if he had lookt down, he might have feen the d
ftarsin the water; but looking upto heaven he could not feethe water
in the ftars. In like manner it often comes to pafs that fmall and mean
things conduce more to the difcovery of great matters, than great things
to thedifcovery of friall matters; and therefore Ariftotle notes well,
that the Nature of every thing is befl feen dia hie {malleft Portions. For Poi.tib:::
that caufe he enquires the Nature of a Common-wealth, firft in a Fa-
mily and the fimple conjugationsof Society, Man and Wifé; Parents
and Children; Mafter and Servant, which arein every cottage. So
likewife the Nature ofthis great City of the world, and. the Policy
thereof, muft be fought in every firft Concordances and leaft Portions

of things: So we fee that fecret of Natüre (efteemed one of the great
my (tertes)

- ~ ~

aT

Of the Advancement of Learning. Lyx. Il,

myfteries ) of the turning of Iron toucht with a Load{tone to-
wards the Poles, was found out in needles of Iron, not in bars
of Iron.

§ But ifmy judgement be of any weight, Iam wholly of this mjnd,
that the ufe of Azechanical Hiftory, to theraifing of Natural Philofophy,
is of all other the moft radical and fundamental 5 fach Natural Philo-
fophy, I underftand, as doth not vaniíh into the fumes of fubtile and
fublime fpeculations, but fuch, as fhall be effectually operative to the
fupport and affiftance of the incommodities of mans life: For it will
not only help for the prefent, by connecting and transferring the ob-
fervations of one Art, intothe ufe of others, which muft needs come -
to pafs, when the experiences of divers Arts fhall fall into the confi-
deration and obfervation of one man; but farther, it will givea more
clear illumination, than hitherto hath fhined forth, for the fearching
out of the caufes of things, and the deducing of Axioms. For like as
you can never well know and prove the difpofition of another man, un-
lef$ you provoke him; nor Proteus ever changed fhapes, until he was
ftraitned and held faft with cords; fo nature provoked and vexed by
Art,doth more clearly Appear,than when (he is left free to her felf. But
before we difmifs this part of Natural Hiftory, which we call Afechanical
and Experimental, this muft be added 5 That the body of fuch a Hifiz-
ry, mult be built not only of Aechanical Arts themfelves, but the ope-
rative part of Liberal Sciences, as alfo many practices not yet grown up
into Art, that nothing profitable may be omitted, which avails to the
information of the underftanding. And fo this is the firít Partition of
Natural Hiftory.

4

Cuar. III.

I. The Second Partition, of Natural Hiifory, from the ufe and end
thereof into Narrative and InduGive. And that the moft noble end
- Of Natural Hiftory is, that it minifter and conduce to the building up

of Philofophy : which end Indudive Hiftory refpedeth. Ul. The Pare |.

tition of the Hiffory of Generations into the Hiflory of the Heavens +
The Hiftory of the Meteors : The Hiflory of the Earth and Sea: The
Hiftory of Maffive Bodies, or of the greater Corporations : The
Hiftory of Kinds, or of the leffer Corporations. —

I. Atural History, asin refpeGt of the fubject, it is of three forts, as
.N we obferved before; fo in refpect of the se, of two : for itis
applied, either for the knowledge of things themíelves recorded in Hie
ftory 5 or asthe Primitive matter of Philofophy. "The former of thefe,
which either for the pleafure of the Narrations is delighful, or for the
practice of experiments is ufeful, and for fuch pleafure or profits fake is
purfued, is of far inferiour quality, compared with that which is the
Materials and Provifion of a true and juft induéion., and gives the
firít fuck to Philofophy, wherefore let us again divide Natural History,
into Hiffory Narrative, and InduGive s this latter me report as Defici-
ent. Nor do the great names of Ancient Philofophers, or the mighty
volumes

Lis. (0 Of the Advancement of Learning. — 43

volumes of Modern writers fo aftonith my fenfe; for Iknow very well
that Natural Hijiory, is already extant, ample for the Mafs, for variety
delightful, and often curious for the diligence: but if you take from
thence Fab/es aud Axtiquity,and Al/egatzons of Authors, and vain Contro-
werfies, Philofophy and Orzaments, which are accommodate to Table-
talk, or the xight-di/courfes of Learned men, then will the fequel, for
the Zxjicurations of Philofophy, come to no great matter: And to {peak
truth, this is far íhort of the variety which we intend. For firít thofe
two parts of Natura! Hiffory, whereof we have {poken, The Hiftory of
Preter-venerdtions, and of Arts, matters of great conlequence, are there
Deficient : thenin that third general Part mentioned before, namely of
Generations, of five partsthereof, the Natural Hiftory extant gives {a-
tisfaction only to one. j
- II. For the Hijtory of Generations hath Five fubordinate Parts ; The
fir(t is of Cele/tial Bodies, which comprehends the Phenomena fincere,
and not dog matiz'd into any peremptory affertions: Thefecond of are-
teors with the Comets, and of the Regions, as they call them, of the 4r 5
nether is there extant any Hiftory concerning Comets, Fiery Meteors,
Wind:,Rain,Tempefts,and the reft,of any value : The third is of the Earth
and cf the Water (as they are integral parts of the World ) of Z4ouz-
tains, of Rivers, of Tydes, of Sands, of Woods, as alfo of the Figure
of the continents, asthey are ftretcht forth : in all thefe particulars the
Inquiries and Obfervations are'ratber Natural , than Cofmographical :
Fourthly, touching the geveral Maffes of \AZatter, which we ftile the
Greater Collegiats, commonly called the Elements: Neither are there
found any narrations touching Fire, Air, Water, and of their Natures,
Motions, Wofkings,impreffions,which make up any complete body:The
fifth and the laft Part is of the Perfe and exatf Colledions, which we
‘entitle the leer CoZegiatr, commonly called Kzzds or Specifickr. In
this la(t part only the 1nduftry of writers hath appeared, yet fo as was
prodigally wafted in fuperfluous matter; {welling with the outward de-
{criptions of living Creatures, or of Plants and fuch like; than en-
richt with folid and diligent obfervations, which in Natural History
fhould every where be annext and interferted. And to fpeak in a word,
all the Natural Hiffory we have, as well in regard of the Inquifition, as
ofthe Collection, is no way proportionable in reference, to that end
whereof we fpeak, namely the Raifing and advancing of Philofophy :
Wherefore we pronounce Indufive Hiflory Deficient. And thus far of
Natural Hiftory.

CHAP:

^

"

" s6 Of the Advancementof Learning, Lin 1h
— er een 2. eT on ; = =

"Cwar. IV:

I. The Partition of Civil Hiftory, intoEcclefiaftical and Literary, andj
which retains the general name, C7vil. II. Literary Deficient. & Pre-
cepts bom to compile it.

i}

I. ees Hiftory, in our Judgement, is rightly divided into three
» kinds; firlt into Sacred or Ecclefiaftical 5 then into that which
retains the general name Civil 5 laftly, into that of Learning and Arts.
We will begin with that kind we fet down laft, becaufe the other are
* extant, but this Ithought good to report as Deficient 5 it is the History of
Learning. And furely the Hiftory of the world deftitute of this, may
be thought not unlikethe ftatue of Polyphemus, with his eye out, that
part of the Image being wanting, which doth moft fhew the nature
and fpirit of the Perfon. And though we fet down this as Deficient,
yet we are not ignorant,that in divers particular Sciences of Juris-con-
fults, Mathematicians, Rhetoricians, Philofophers,there are made fome
flight Memorials and fmall relations of Sects,Schools,Books, Authors,and

fuch like fucceflions of Sciences. There are likewife extant,fome weak 4
and barren difcourfes touching the Inventors of Arts and Vfages 5 but a 4
Juft and General Hiffory of Learning,we avouch that none hitherto hath r

been publifht, Wherefore we will propound the Argument 5 the way
how to contrive it, and the ufe thereof.

IL. The Argument is nothing elfe but a recital from all Times , what
Knowledges and Arts, in what Ages and Climates of tbe world have flou-
rift. Let there be made a-commemoration of their Antiquities, Pro-
greffions and Peragrations, through divers parts of the World: (for
Sciences fhift and remove, as people do.) Again, of their Declenfions,
Oblivions,and Inftanrationus.. Let there likewife be obfervations taken
through all Arts, of the occafion and original of their Invention; of
their Afaxner of delivery, and the difcipline of their managings, Courfe 1
of fiudy and exercifes.. Let there alfo be added the Seéfs, then on foot 5 |
and the wore famous controverfies which bufied and exercifed Learned 4
mens thefícandalsand reproaches to which they lay open; the Lauds |
and Honours wherewith they were grac’d. Let there be noted the |
Chiefeft Authors, the beft Books, Schools, Succelfions, Univerfities, Socie- |
ties, Colledges, Orders , and whatioever elfe belongs to the State of
Learning. But above all, let this be obferved (which is the Grace
and Spirit of Civil Hiftory,) that the Caufes and Confultations be Con-
nexed with the events: namely, that the zature of. Countries and Peo-
ple be recorded, the difpofitions apt and ables or inept and inable for di-
vers difciplines 5 the Occurrences of time Adverfe, or Propitious to Learn-
ings the zeals and mixtures of Religions the Difcouxtenances, and fas |
vours of Laws s and laftly, the eminent virtues and {way of Perfons of note, |
for the promoting of Learning; and the like. But our advice 16, that |
all thefe points be fo handled , that time be not wafted in praife "
and eenfüre of particulars, after the manner of Criticks 5 but that f
things be plainly and hiftorically related, and our own judgements ve- |
ry fparingly interpofed. , l

$ As l

Lix IL. Of the Advancement of Learning. $7

. 6 As for the manner of compiling fuch a Hiftory, we do efpecially ad-
moniíh thus much 5 thatthe Matter and Provifion thereof be drawn, not
only from Hiftories and Critichss but alfo that through every century of
years or offer Intervals, by a continued fequence of time, deduced from
the bigbeft antiquity; the beft Books written within thofe diftinguifht
Spaces of time be confulted with 5 that froma tafte and. obfervation of
the argument, {tile and method thereof, and not a through a perufal,
for that were az infinite work, the learned fpirit of that age, as by a hind
of charm, may be awakt and rais’d up from the dead. '

§ As touching the ufe of this Work, it is defign'd to this end; not ;
thatthe Honour and State of Learning ufher'd in by fo many Images
and Gholts of the Learned, fhould be celebrated, or that for the earnelt
affedion we bear to Learning, we defire, even to a curiofity, to en-
quire and know, and to conferve whatfoever to the ftate of Learning
may any way appertain; but chiefly , for a more ferious and grave
purpofe. It is, in few words this, For that fuch a Narration, as we have
deferibed, im our opinion, may much confer to the wifdom and judgement
of Learned men, in the ufe and adminiftration of Learning : and that
the palfions and perturbations; the vices and virtues 3, as well about Intel-
leual matters, as Civil may be obferved 5 and the beft Prefidents for pra-
Gice may be deduced therefrom. For itis not Saint Axftims , nor Saint
Ambrofe his works,(as we fuppofe)that will make fo wife a Bifhop or a
Divine , as Eccleffaftical ftory throughly read and obferved : which
without queftion may befal Learned men from the Hiftory of Learning:
For whatfover is not munited and faftained by Example and Records,
is expofed to imprudency and ruine. Thus much of the Hiflery of

Learning.

Cusp. V.
Of the Dignity. § And difficulty of Civil History.

Ga Hiftory properly fo called comes now to be handled ; The Dig-
nity and Authority whereof, is very eminent among fecular writings :
For upon the credit of this Hiffory, the examples of our Anceftors 5
the viciffitudes of Affairs; the grounds of Civil Prudence; and the

Name and Fame of men depend. | Sa
§ But the Difficulty is as great as the Dignity 5 for to draw back the
mind in writing, to the contemplation of matters long ago paffed 5
and thus, as it were, to make it aged 5 to fearch out with diligence 5.
and to deliver with faith and freedom, and with the life and height of
exprefíion 5 toreprefent unto the eyes, the changes of times 5 the cha-
ra&ters of Perfons 5 the incertainties of Counfels 5 the Conveyances of
AGions (as of waters, ) the fubtilties of Pretentions, the fectets of
State, isa task of great pains and judgemients 5 efpecially feeing An-
cient reports, are fubject to incertainty Modern liable to danger :
Wherefore the errors are many which attend Civil Hiftory; whilft
fome write poor and popular Relations, the very reproach of Hiftory 5
H other?

59

L

Of tbe Advancement of Learning, Lr. I,

others patch up, in a rafh hafte, and unequal contexture, particular Re-
ports, and brief Memorials, others {lightly run over the heads of a-
étions done 5 others on the contrary purfue every trivial Circumftance,
nothing belonging to the fum and iffue of things; fome out of a too
partial indulgence to their own Wit, take confidence to fain many
things; but others add and imprint upon affairs the Image, not fo much
of their own wit, as of their affections 5 mindful rather of their own
parts, than to become Religious deponents for truth; others every
where interlace fuch Politick obfervations ; as they moft fancy, and
fceking occafion of digreffion for oftentation, too flightly break off the
contexture of the difcourfés others for want of moderation and judge-
ment over do things, by the prolixity of their fpeeches, Harangues or
other performances, fo as it is fufficiently manifeft, that inthe writings
of men, there ds not any kind more rare than a juft History, and iu all
points complete and perfe. But our purpofe at this prefent is, to fet
down a partition of knowledge, for the obfervation of parts omitted 5
and not acenfure of parts erroncous. Now we will proceed to the Par-
titions of Civil Hiflory , and thofe of divers forts; for the particular
kinds will be lef? intangled, if divers partitions be propounded 5 than
if one partition by divers members be curioufly drawn out.

Cuar.-. VI

The firft Partition of Civil Hiftory , ito § Memorials. § Antiq
quities. § And Perfed History.

(Nivil Hiflory is of three kinds, not unfitly to be compared to the
C three forts of Pictures or Images: for of Pictures and Images we
fee, fome are unperfe& and unfinilht 5. others perfe& 5 and others des
cayed and defaced with Age. In like manner we will divide Co; Hi-

tory; which is the Image of AG ions and Times, into three kinds, agree-

able to thofe ef Pi&uress namely, Alemorials 5 Perfecf Hiflory 5 and An-=
tiquities. Memorials are Hisfories unfinifht, or the firft and rough
draughts of Hiftory : Avtiquities are Hiftories defaced, or the Re-
mains of Hiftory, which have cafually efcaped the íhipwrack of
Time. !

§ Memorials or Preparations to History, are of two forts, whereof
one may be termed Commentaries; the other Registers. Commenta-
ries fct dowh a naked Continuance and Connexion of AGions and E-
vents, without the Caufes and Pretexts of Bufinefs; the beginnings
and Motives thereof; alfo the Counfels and Speeches, . and other pre-
parations of AGtions: For this 1s the true nature of Commentaries ,
though Cz/zr in modefty mixt with greatnefs, did for his pleafure ap-
ply the name of Commentaries, to the beft Hiftory that is extant. But
Regifters are of two forts, for either they comprehend the titles of Mat-
ter and Períonsin a continuation of Times, füch as are Calendars and
Chronologies : or Solenunities of Aif: 5 of which kind are the Editts of
Princes § the Decrees of Councils; the Proceedings of pos 5

Pub-

Lis. IL Of the Advancement of Learning. — $9

Publick Orations; Letters of E(tate, and the like 5 without the Con-
texture or Continued thred of the Narration.

§ Antiquities, or the Remains of Histories, areas we faid, tamquam
Tabula Naufragii 5 when induftrious and underítanding perfons (the
memory of Things being decayed, and almo(t overwhelmed with obli-
vion) by a conftant and {crupulous diligence, out of Genealogies,
Calendars, Infcriptions, Monuments, Coyns, Proper Names and Styles 5
Etymologies of words, Proverbs, Traditions,Archives and Inftruments,
as well publickas private 5 Fragments of ftories, fcattered paílages of
Books that concern not Hiftory 5 out ofall thefe, I fay,or fome of them;
they recover and fave (omewhat from the Deluge of Time. Certainly
a painful work, but acceptable to all forts of Men, and atttended
with a kind of Reverence, and indeed worthy (all Fabulous Origi-
nals of Nations defac’d, and extinguifht,) to be füb(tituted in the room
offuch counterfeit ftuff: but yet of the lefs Authority, becaufe what
is proftitute to the licenfe of private defigns, lofes the honour of. pub-
lickregard. Intheíe kinds of Imperfeé Histories, Y defignino Def-
cience, íceing they are taxguam imperfedé mista,{o as {uch Defects are
but theirnature. As for Epitomes the corruptions , certainly, and the
Moths of Hiflories , we would have them banifht (wherein we con-
cur with many of moft found judgement) as thofe that have fretted
and corroded the found bodies of many excellent Hiftories; and
wrought them into bafe and unprofitable dregs.

onn Lee

The Partition of Perfect Hiftory , into Chropicles of Times 3 Lives
of Perfons 5 Relations of Ads: & The Explication of the Hiflory of
Lives. § Of Relations.

T4 or Perfed History is of thtee kinds, according to the nature of the
object which it propotindsto reprefent; for it either reprefents 4
portion of Time; or fome memorable Perfon ; or fome Famous Att: Thé
firít we call Chronicles or Annals 5 théfecond Lives; the third Relations.
Of thefe , Chronicles fcem to excel, for Celebrity and Names Lives;
for profit and examples 5 Relations, for fincerity and verity. For Chro-
nicles, repre(cnt the magnitude of publick AG ous, and the extern faces of
Men, as they regard the publick, and involve in filence {maller Paffages ;
which pertain cither to Matter or Men... And. féeing it isthe workman-
fhip of God alone, to hang the greateft weight upon the [malleff wyers 5 1€
comes many times to país, that füch a Hiftory purfuing only the greater
occurrences, rather fets forth the Pomp and Solemnity, than the true
reforts, and the intrinfick contextures of bufinefs. And although it
doth add and intermix the Councils themfelves 5 yet affecting great-
nefs, it doth befprinkle mens actions with more folemnnefs and wif-
dom, than indeed is inthem; that 4 Satsre may be a truer table of 4
Mans life, than many fuch Hiftories. Contrariwifes Lives, x£ they be
well written:with diligence and judgement (for we do not {peak of
Elogies, and füch (light commemorations) although they propound un-
Ha

tj

^

60 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lrs.Ih

to themfelves fome particular perfon, in whom Actions, as well com-
mune asíolemn ; {mall as great; private as publick, have a compo-
fition and commixtures yet, certainly, they exhibit more lively and
faithful Narrations of Matters; and which you may more fafely and
fuccefsfully transferr into example. But fpecial Relations of Ad ions,
fuch as are the mars of Peloponnefws 5. the Expedition of Cyrus; the Coz-
piracy of Cataline, and the like, ought to be attired with a more pure
and fincere Candor of Truth than the Perfed Hiffories of Times; be-
caufe in them may be chofen au Argument more particular and com-
prehenfible; and of that quality, as good notice and certitude, and
full information, may be had thereof: whereas, on the contrary, the
frory of Time (fpecially more ancient than the age of the writer) doth
often fail in the memory ofthings, and containeth blank f{paces, which
the wit and conjecture ofthe writer (confidently enough) ufeth to feize
upon and fill up, Yet this which we fay, touching the fincerity of Ke-
lations, mutt be underftood with refervation, for indeed it muft be
confefled (fince all mortal good laboureth ofimperfection, and conve-
niences with difconveniences are ufually connext) that füch kind of Re-
lations, {pecially if they be publifhed about the times of things done
feeing very often they are written with paffion or partiality, ofallother
narrations, are defervedly moft fufpected. But again, together with
thisinconvenience, thisremedy growethups that thefe fame Relations, —
being they are not fet out by one fide only, but through fa@ion and
partiary affections are commonly publifhed by fome or other on both
fides; they do by this means open and hedge in a middle way between
extremes totruth : and after the heat of paflions is over, they become,
to a good and wife writer of Hiftory, not the Worft matter and feeds
ofa perfect Hiftory.

§ As touching thofe points which feem deficient inthefe three kinds
ofHiftory, without doubt there are many particular Hiftories (of fuch
I fpeak as may be had) of fome dignity or mediocrity, which have been
hitherto paffed by, to the great detriment of the honour and fame of
fuch Kingdoms and States, to which they were due, which would be
tootedious here toobíerve. But leaving the ftories of forreign Na-
tions, tothe care ofForreign Perfons, left I íhould become Curiofis im
aliena Repub. 1 cannot fail to reprefent unto Your Majefty thein-
dignity and unworthinefs ofthe Hiflory of England, as itnow is, in the
main continuation thereof, asalfo the partiality and obliquity of that
of Scotland, in the lateft and largeft author thereof: füppofing that
it would be honour to Your Majehy, and a work acceptable with Pos
fterity, if thisI(land of Great Britany, as it is now joyned in a Monar-
chy for the Agesto come, fo were joyned in one Hiftory for the times
paít, after the manner of the facred Hiftory, which draweth down the
ftory ofthe Ten Tribes, and ofthetwo Tribesas Twins together: And
ifit fhall feem that the weight of the works (which certainly is great
and difficult) may make it lefs exactly, according to the worthinefs
thereof, performed 5 behold an excellent period of much fmaller coms
país of time, as to the ftory of England 5 that is to fay, from the uni-
ting ofthe Rofes to the uniting of the Kingdoms; a fpace of time,
which in my judgment contains more variety ofrare events, than in like
number of fucceflions ever was known in an Hereditary Kingdome.

For

mE rer eye i v e
Lore. Bl. Of the Advancement of Learning. 61

MEM =e

=
For it begins with the mixt Title toa Crown, partly by might partly
by right: An entry by Arms; an eftablifhment by marriage; fo there
followed times anfwerable to thefe beginnings; like waves aftera great
tempelt, retaining their fwellings and agitations, but without extre-
mity of ftorm; but well paft through by the wifdom of the Pilot, being f» Vit;
one of the moft [ufficient Kings of all his Predeceffors. Then followed a
King whofe Actions conducted rather by ra(haefs, than counfel, had zm».vii;
much intermixture with the affairs of Europes ballancing and inclining
them according as they fwayed s In whofetime began that great Alter.a-
tion in the Ecclefiaftical State 5 füch as very feldom comes upon the
Stage. Then followed the Reign ofa Minor; thenan Offer ofanUfür- — .
pation, though it was very fhort, ke a Fever for a day : Thenthe Reign 7^V
ofa woman matche with a Forreigner: Again, of a woman thatliv'd aia
folitary and unmartied. And the clofe of all was this happy and glo- 2/s,
rious event 5 that is, that this Ifland divided from all the world,(hould
be united in it felf; by which that ancient Oracle given to ear, Virg. Zn;
which prefaged réft unto him; Avtiquan exquirité Matrems (hould be 3:
fulfill’d upon the moft noble Nations of England and Scotland, now
United in that name of Britannia, their ancient Mother 5 asa Pledge
and Token of the Period and Conclufion, now found ofall Wandrings
and Peregrination. So that as malfrve bodies once fhaken, feel certain
Trepidations before they fix and fettle 5 foit feems probable, that by
the Providence of God, it hath come to pals, That this Atonarchy, be- Kacobus;
fore it fhould fettle and be eftablifh d in your Majefly and your Royal Progeny, vu
(in which I hope it is firm fixt for ever) it fhould undergoe fo many chan- FS
ges, and vicilfitudes, as preluftons of future Stability.
_ § As for Lives, when I think thereon, I do find ftrange that thefe
our Times have fo little known, and acknowledged their own virtues ;
being there is fo feldom any Memorials or Records of the lives of thofe who
have been eminent our times. For although Kings and füch as have ab-
folute foveraignty, may be few and Princes in free Common-wealths
(fo many States being collected into Monarchies,) are not many 3 yet
however, there hath not been wanting excellent men (though living
under Kings, ) that have deferv'd better, than an incertain and wandring
Fame of their memoriess or fome barren and naked Elegie. For here-
iu the invention of oneofthe late Poets, whereby he hath well enricht
the ancient Fiction, is not inelegant: Hefains that at theend of the
Thread of every mans life, there was a Medal or Tablet, whereon the name
of the Dead was flampt 5, and that time waited upon the fhears of the
fatal Sifter, and as foon as the Thread was cut, caught the Medals,
and carrying themaway s a little after threw them out of bis Bofom in-
tothe River Lethe. Andthat about the Bank there were many Birds
flying up and down, that would get the Medals 5 and after they had
carried them in their beaks a little while, foon after, through negli-
gence füffered them to fall into the River. Amongft thefe Birds there
were a few fivazs found, which ifthey got a Medal with a name, they
ufed tocarry it to a certain Temple confecrate to Immortality. But füch
fans are rare in our Age: And although many men more mortalin
their vigilances and ftudies, than in their bodies, defpife the Azemory |
. ef tbeit Name, asifit were fume or air, Anime nil magne laudis egentes : Plin. fod
namely whofe Philofophy and feverity fprings from that root, Nox pri- Epil tgs
us

Prov.10:

62

Of the Advancement of Learning. Liz. I,

us laudes contemplimus quam landanda facere defcivimus. Yet that will
not with us, prejudicate Salomon’s Judgment, The memory of the Iuft
is with Benediction 5 but the name of the wicked foall putrifie 5 The Eat
perpetually flourithes; the other inftantly departs into Oblivion; or
diflolves into anill Odour. And therefore in that ftile and form of
fpeaking, which is very well brought in ufe, attributed to the Dead,
of Happy Memory 5 of Piows Memory 5 of Bleed Memory 5 we feem to
acknowledge that which Cicero alledgeth ; borrowing it from Dezzo-
fibenes, Bonam Famam propriam effe poffelfionem defuntkorum 5 which
pofíeflion I cannot but note that in our age it lyes much waft and neg-
lected.

As concerning Relations it could be in truth, wifh'd, that there
were a greater diligence taken therein: For there is no Acion more e-
minent, that hath not fome able Pento attendit, which may take and
tranfcribeit. And becaufe itis a Quality not common to all men to
write a Perfe Hiffory to the life and Dignity thereof 5 (as may well
appear by the fmall number, even of mean Writers in that kind) yet if
particular AGions were but by a tolerable Pen reported, as they pafs,
it might be hoped thatin fome after Age, Writers might arife, that
might compile a Perfect Hiffory by the help and affiftance of fuch Notes =
For füch Coleioxs might beasa Nurfery Gardez, whereby to Plant a
fair and ftately Garden, when time fhould ferve.

Cuar. VIII

The Partition of the Hiffory of Times, into Hiflory Univerfal, and Para
ticular. The Advantages and Difadvantages of both. .

HE Hiftory of Times is either Univerfal 5 or Particular : This cones
prehends the affairs of fome Kingdoms or States or Nation: That,

the affairs of the whole world. Neither have there been wanting thofe,
who would feem to have compofed a Hiftory of the world, even from the
Birth thereof; prefenting a miícellany of matter and compends of Reports
for Hiflory. Others have been confident that they might comprize, as
ina Perfect Hiffory, the Ads of their own times, memorable through-
out the world 5 which was certainly a generous attempt, and of fin-
gular ufe. For the actions, and negotiations of men, are not fo divor-
ced through the divifion of Kingdoms, and Countries; but that they
have many coincident Connections: wherefore it is of great import to.
behold the fates, and affairs deftinate to one age or time drawn, asit
were, and delineate in one Tab/e. For it falls out that many writings not
to be defpifed ({uchas are they whereof we fpake before, Relations)
which perchance otherwife would perifh; nor often come tothe Prefs 5
or at leaft the chief heads thereof might be incorporated into the body
of fuch a Gereral Hiflory, and by this means be fixed and preferved.
Yet notwithítanding ifa man well weigh the matter, he fhall perceive
that the Laws ofa 7»f? Hiffory are fo fevere and ftrict, as they can hard-
ly be obferv’d in fuch a va(tnefs of Argument 5 fo that the Majefty of
Hiflory is rather minifht, than amplified by the greatnefs of the md
or

— oe

Lis... Of tbe Advancement of Learning. — 63

For it comes to paf that he who every where purfucth fuch variety of
matter; the preciíc {trictnefs of Information by degrees flackned 5 and
hisown diligence difperíed in fo many things, weakned in all, takes
up popular Reports and Rumours; and from Ze/atiozs not fo authen-
tick, or ome other füch like flight {tuff, compilesa HifZorj. Moreover
he is forced (left the work fhould grow too voluminous) purpofely to
pafs over many occurrences worth the relating; and maay timesto
fall upon the way of Epitomes and abridgments, There is yet another
danger ofno fmall importance, which fuch a work is liable unto, which
is dire&ly oppofed to the profitable ule of Univerfal Hiftory 5 for as Ge-
neral Hi(tory preferves fome Relations, which;it may be,otherwife would
be loft; fo contrary wife many thnes it! extinguilhes other fruitful Nz;-
rations which otherwife would have lived through Brevéaries, which

are ever accepted in the world.

Ce Ap. oL.
Another Partition of the Hiffory of Tizses ‘into Aunals and Fournals.

HE Partition of the Hiftory of Time is likewife well made into 4z-

nals 5 and Journal; : Which Divifion,though it derive the names
from the Period of Times, yet pertains alfoto the choice of Bufinefs. For
Tacitus faith well, when falling upon the mention of the magnificence :
of certain ftructures, prefently he adds Ex digzitate Populi Ro. reper- Annal.t3;
tum effe, res illuflres, Annalibus s Talia, Diurnis urbis Adis mandari :
Applying to Azzals, Matters ofState5 to Diaries, Atsand Accidents
of a meaner nature. And in my judgment a Ditcipline of Heraldry
would be to purpofe in the difpofing ofthe merits of Books; as of the
merits of Perfons. For as nothing doth more derogate from Civil Af-
fairs, than the confufion of Orders and Degrees; fo it doth not alittle
embafe the authority ofa grave Hiffory, tointermingle matters of tri-
vial confequence, with matters of State; füch as are Triumphs, and
Ceremonies, Shews, and Pageants, and the like. And furely it could
be wiíht that this diftin&ion would come into Cuftom. In our Times
Journals are in ufe only in Navigations, and Expeditions of war. A-
mongít the Ancientsit wasa point of Honour to Princes to have the
AGs of their Court referr'd to Journals. Which we fee was preferv'd Lib. gti.
inthe reign of Ahajixerws King of Perfia, who, when: he could not take C2?
reft;call'd for the Chronicles; wherein he reviewed the Treafon ofthe
Evnuches paft in his own time. . But in the Diaries of Alexawderthe & 5
Great, fuch fmal! Particularities were contained , thatifhe chanc'd but PONE
to fleep at the Table, it was Regiftred. For neither have 4zzalr on-
ly compriz’d grave matters; and fournals only light; but all were pro-
mifcuoufly, and curforilytaken in Diaries 5 whether of greater, or of
leffer Importance:

€H &B,

64

Virg.
Geor.T.

Virg.£n.
6.

Of the Advancement of Learning. Liz. IL.

"L1 X.

A Second Partition of Hiftory Civil, iuto Simple, az Mixt. § Cof
mography azixt Hiftory.

and Mixt. The Commune Mixtures are two, the one from

Civil Knowledge 5 the other {pecially from Natural: For there
is a kind of writing introduc'd by fome, to fet down their Relations ,
not continued according to the Series of the Hiffory 5 but pickt out,
according to the choice ofthe Author, which he after re-examines,and
ruminates upon 5 and taking occafion from thofe felected pieces, dif
courfes of Civil Matters. Which kind of Ruminated Hiftory, we da

£x laft Partition of Civil Hiftory may be this. — Hiffory Simple ,

exceeding well allow of 5 fo fuch a Writer do it indeed, and profefs ©

himfelf foto do. But for a man refolvedly writing a 7wf? Hiffory, eve-
ry where toingelt Politick inter-lacings 5 and fo to break off the thread
of the f?Zery, is unfeafonable and tedious. For although every wife
Hiftory be full, and as it were impregnant with Political Precepts and
Couníels ; yet the Writer himfelf fhould not be his own AGd-wife at
the delivery.

§ Cofmography likewife is a wixt-History , for it hath from Natural
Hiftory, the Regions themfelves, and their fite and commodities; from
Civil Hiflory, Habitations, Regiments and Manners 5. from the Z4Zatbe-

maticks, Climates, and the Configurations of the Heavens, under which

thé Coafts and Quarters of the World. do lye. In which kind of Hi-
$fory or Knowledge, we have caufe to Congratulate our Times; for the
world in this ourage, hath through-lights made in it, after a wonder-
ful manner. The Ancients certainly had knowledge of the Zones, and
of the Aztipodes; |

(Nofgs ubi Primus Equis Oriens afl.auit anhelis,
Illic fera Rubens accendit Lumina vefper)

and rather by Demonftrations than by Travels. But for fome {mall
keel'to emulate Heavenit felf; and to Circle the whole Globe of the
Earth, with a more oblique and winding Courfe, than the Heavens do 5
this is the glory and prerogative of our Ages. So that thefe Times
may juftly bear in their word, not only Plus ultra, whereas the Anci-
ents ufed zon ultra 5 and alío imitabile fulmen, for the Ancients zoz imi-
tabile fulmen.

Demens qui Nimbos C non imitabile Fulmen.

But likewife that which exceeds all admiration zwitabile Colum, our
voyages; to whom it hath been often gtanted to wheel and role a-
bout the whole compafs of the Earth, after the manner of Heavenly
Bodies. And this excellent felicity in Nautical Art, and environing the

world, may plant alfo an expectation of farther Proficiencies and Augmen-

tations

—

oe —ÀÀ

tations of Sciences 5 {pecially feeing it feemsto be decreed by the Di-

vine Council, that thefe two fhould be Coevals, forío theProphet | .
Daricl {peaking of the latter times fore-tells, Plurimi pertranfibunt & Caps:
augebitur Scientia: asif the through Paffage, or Perluftration of the
World, and the various propagation of knowledge were appointed to

be inthefame Ages; as we fee it is already performed in great part 3
feeing our timesjdo not much give place for Learning to the former two
Periods, or Returns of Learning; the one of the Grecians; the other of

the Rowans 3 and in fome kinds far exceed them.

Cnar. XL.

L The Partition of Eccleftaftical Hiflory, into the General Hiftory of
the Church. Il. Biflory of Prophefie. Ill. Hiftory of. Provideace.

Iftory Eccleftaftical falls under the fame divifion commonly with
H Civil Hiflory s for there are Ecclefraffical Chronicles 5 there are
Lives of Fathers 5 there are Relations of Synods , and the like, per-
taining tothe Church. In proper expreffion this kind of Hiftory is di-
vided, intothe Hiftory of the Church by a general name, Hiftory of Pro-
phefies and Hiftory of Providence. The fir(t recordeth the times and dif-
ferent {tate of the Church Militant 5. whether (he flote as the Ark in the
Deluge 5 or fojourn asthe Arkin theWildernefs 5 or be at the re(t as

the Ark in the Temples thatis, the State of the Church in Perfécution 5

in Remove; and in Peace. In this Part I find no Deficience s. but rather
more things abound therein, than are wanting 5 only thisI could with,
that the virtue and fincerity of the Narrations were anfwerable to the
greatnefs of the Mafs.

~ If. The Second Part which is the Hiftory of Propheffe, confifteth of
two Relatives; the Prophefie it felf 5 and the accomplifhment thereof :
wherefore the defign of this work ought to be, that every Propbe(ie of
Scripture be forted with the truth of the event; and that throughout

. all the ages of the world; both for Confirmation of Faith; as alfo to
plant a Difcipline; and skill in the Interpretation of Propheffes, which

are not yet accomplifht. Butinthis work,that latitude muft be allow-

ed which is proper, and familiar unto Divine Prophefies 3 that their
accomplifhments may be both perpetual and punctual: For they refem-

ble the nature of their Author, to whom one day is asa thoufand years, Pfal, go!
and a thonfand years are but as one day: And though the fulne and ^ ~~
height of their complement be many times afligned to fome certain.age,

or certain point of time , yet they have neverthelef$ many ftairs and
fcales of Accomplifhment throughout divers Ages of the world. This
Work I fet down as Deficient; but it is of that nature as mult be *
handled with great wifdom, fobriety , and teverence, or not at

III. The third Part which is the History of Providence hath fallen
indeed upon the Pens of many pious Writers, but not without fiding
I of

- £8 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lrs. it

of Partiaries 5 and it is imployed iz the obfervation of that divine Core
refpondence which often'intervencth between Gods revealed Will, and kis
fecret Will. For thoügh the Counfels and Judgements of God be fo ob-
iCor2, fcure, that they are zzJerütable to’ the Natural man 5 yea, many times
withdraw themfelves'even from their eyes, that look out of the Ta-
bernacle’: Yet fometimes by turns it pleafeth the Divine: wifdom for
Ad Ephef, the Confirmation’ of this arid Confutation of thofe which are as with=
2. ont God in the worlds to purpofe thent to be feen written in füch Capi-
Habac.2. tal Letters, that, as ché Piophie? Quale. Every óné that runs by, may
read them s that is, that men meerly Senfual and Carnal s who make hafte
to pofl over thofe divine Judgements 5 and never fix their cogitations up-
on them: yet though they are upon the fpeed, and intend nothing lefs, they
are urg’d to acknowledge them. Such as are late, and unlooked for
Judgements; unhoped for Deliverances fuddenly fhining forth 5 the
divine Counfels, paífing through fuch Serpentine windings, and won-
derful mazes of thirgss at length manifeftly difintangling and clearing
themíelves.'. Which fervé riot only fot: the Confolation of the minds of
the Faithful 5 but forthe Aftonifhment and Conviction of the Confci-
ences of the Wicked. | TM

J

2 or XII.

The Appendices of Hiftory Converfant about the words of Mem, as Hi
füory it felf about tbe Deeds : "The Partition thereof into, Oratio
§ Letters. S And Apophthegms. ja
Ut not the Deeds only, but the Words alfo of Men, should be retained

in Memory. ltistrue that fometimes Words are inferted into the

Hiftory it felf, fo far as they conduce to a more perfpicuous, and fo-

lemn Delivery of Deeds. But the fayings aud words of men, are pres

ferved properly in Books of Orations 5 Epifiles 5 and Apopbtbegms. And
certainly the Orations, of wife men made touching bufinefs, and. mat-

ters of grave and deep importance, much conduce, bothto the knowe

ledge of things themíelves 5 and to Elocution.. "n j

§ But yet greater Inítructions for Civil Prudence, are from the Ze£-

ters of great Perfonages , touching the Affairs of State. And of the

words of men, there is nothing more found and excellent, than are Let=

ters 5 for they are more natural than Orations , more advifed than fud-

dain Conferences. The fame Letters, when they are continued accord-

ing to the fequel of times (as is obferved in thofe fent by Embaffadors;
Governours of Provinces,..and other Minifters of Eftate) are without,
Queftion of all other the woft precious provifion for. Hiflory.. 0

§ Neither are 4pophthegms only for delight, and ornament 5 but

E- for real Bu(ineffes ; and Civil Ufages, for they are, as he faid; * Secures
Pax. dui mucrones verborum, which by their fharp edge cut and. penetrate
the knots of Mattersand Buf(inefs : And Occafions run round ina Rung 5

and what was once profitable, may again be practis’d 5 and again be
effectual, whether a man fpeak them as ancient; or make them his

OWNs

|
|

lu

4

x

Lis. IL — Of the Advancement of Learning. — 65

own. Neither can it be doubted but that is ufeful in Civil negotiati- a Etiam &
ons, which « Cefzr himfelf hath honour'd by his own example 5 it is (5^
pity his book is loft, feeing what we have in this kind, feems to beco!-
le&ed with little choice. bu: much of Hiftory, namely of that part of
Learning, which an{wereth to one of the Cells; or Domicils of the un-
derftanding, which is, Afemory.

Cn Ap. LLL >.
The Second Principal. Part-of Humane Learning Poefie; | 1. The Pars
tition of Poefie into Narrative. II. Dramatical. IIL And Pa

rabolical. § Three Examples of Parabolical Poefie propounded:
IV. Natural. V. Political. VI. Moral.

N°: let us proceed to Poefie: | Poefíe is akind of Learning in words
retrained 5. in matter loofe and licensd 5 (o that it is referred , a3
we faid at firlt,to the Iagination 5 which ufeth to devife, and contrive,
unequal and unlawful Matches and Divorces of things. And Poeffe ,
as hath been noted, is taken in a double fence 5, 5 it refped#s Words 5. or
as it refpeds Matter. Inthe firft fence, it isa kind of Character of fpeech ;
for Verfe, is a kind of Stile and Form of Elocution, and pertains not to
Matter 5 for a true Narration may be compofed in Verfe; and a Feigned
im Profe. Inthe latter fence , we have determined it, a Principal mem-
ber of Learning, and have placed it next unto Hiffory 5 feeing it is no-
thing elfe than Imitation of Hiftory at pleafure. Wherefore fearching

. and purfuing in our Partition the true veins of Learning; and in many
points, not giving place to cuftom, and the received Divifions 5 we have
difmifled Satyrs, and Elegies, and Epigramms, and Odes,and the like, and
referred them to Philofophy and Arts of Speech. Under the name of
Poefie, we treat only of Hiffory Feigned at Pleafure.

L The trueft Partition of Poefie, and moft appropriate, befides thofe
Divifions common to it with Hiftory (for there are feign’d Chronicles,
feign d. Lives, and feigmd Relations) is this, that it is either Narrative 5
er Reprefentative, or Allufive: | Narrative is a meer imitation of Hiftory,
that in a manner deceives us; but that often it extols matters above
belief. Dravatical or Reprefentative , is as it were a vifible Hiftory 5
for it fets out the Image of things, as if they were Prefent 5 and Histo-
rj, asifthey were Palt. Parabolical or Allufiveis Hiftory with the Type,
which brings down the Images of the underfkending to the Objects of

Sen|e.

4 As for Narrative Poefie, or if you pleafe Heroical, (fo yow under-
ftand it of the aarter, not of the Verfe) it feems to be raifed altoge-
ther from a noble foundation 5 which makes much for the Dignity of
mans Nature. For feeing this fenfible world, is tn dignity inferiour to

. the foul of Man; Poeffe feems to endow Humane Nature with that
which Hiffory denies; and to give (fatisfadion to the Mind, with, at
leaft, the fhadow of things, where the fubftance cannot be had. For
ifthe matter be throughly confidered 5 a ftrong Argument may be
drawn from Poefe, that a more ftately greatnefs of things; a more per-

l3 ;

68 Of the Advancement of Learning. . Lis.1h

fe& Order; and a more beautiful variety delights the foul of Man, than
any way can be found in Nature,fince the Fall. Wherefore feeing the
A@s and Events, which are the fubje& of true Hiffory, are not of that
‘amplitude, as to content the mind of Man; Poeffe is ready at hand to
feign AG s more Heroieal. Becaufe true Hiftory reports the fuccefles of
bufinefs , not proportionableto the merit of Virtues and Vices ; Poefe
correéts it, and prefents Events and Fortunes according to defert, and
according to the Law of Providence : becaufe true Hiffory , through
the frequent fatiety and fimilitude of Things, works a diftaft and mi-
fprifion in the mind of Man 5. Poefecheereth and refrefhes the foul;
chanting things rare, and Various, aud full of viciffitudes. So as Poefie
ferveth and conferreth to Delectation, Magnanimity and Morality 5 and
therefore it may feem defervedly to have fome Participation of Divine-
nefs; becaufe it doth raife the mind , and. exalt the fpirit with high
raptures, by proportioning the fhews of things to the defires of the
mind ; and not fubmitting the mind to things, as Reafon and History
do. And by thefe allurements, and congruities, whereby it cherifheth
the foul of mans joyned alfo with confort of Mufick, whereby it may
more fweetly infinuate it felf,it hath won füch accefs, that it hath been
in eftimation even in rude times, and Barbarous Nations, wher other
Learning ftood excluded. |
Il. Dramatical, or Reéprefentatioe Poeffe , which brings the World up-
on the lage, is of excellent ufe, ifit were not abufed. For the Inftru-
étions, and Corruptions of the Stage, may be great 5 but the corrupti-
ons in this kind abound 5. the Difcipline is altogether neglected in our
times. For although in Modern Common-wealths, Stage-playes be
but efteemed a fport.or paftime, -unlefs it draw fromthe Satyr, and be
mordent 5 yet the careof the Ancients was, that it fhould inftru& the
minds of men unto virtue. Nay, wife men and great Philofophers
have accounted it, as the Archet, or mufical Bow of the Mind. And
certainly it is moft true, and as it were, a fecret of nature , that the
minds of men are more patent to affections , and impreffions, Congregate,
than folitary.
Hl. But Poefie AUuftve, or Parabolical, excels the reft, and feemethto be
a facred and venerable thing 5 efpecially feeing Religion it felf hath al-
lowed it in awork of that nature, and by it, traficks divine commodities
with mex. But even this alfo hath been contaminate by the levity and
indulgence of mens wits about A4/egories. And it is of ambiguous ufe,
and applied to contrary ends. For it ferves for Obfeuration 5 and it
ferveth alfo for Wuftration : in thisit feems, there was fought a way
how to teach 5 inthatan Arthow to conceal. And this way ofteach-
ing, which conduceth to ZZ//f?ratioz,. was much in ufein the Ancient
times: for when the inventions and conclufions of humane reafon,
(which are now common and vulgar) were in thofe ages ftrange and
unufual 5 the underftandings of men were not fo capable of that füb-
tty, unleís fuch difcourfes, by refemblances and examples, were
brought down to fenfe. Wherefore in thofe firft ages all were full of
Fables, and of Parables, and of Znigwaes,and of Similitudes of all forts,
Hence the $yzzboles of Pythagoras 5 the Znigmaes of Sphynx 5 and the
nm, E4blerof Zfop 5 and the like. So the Apophthegmes of the Ancient
Ib. fages, were likewile expreffed by ffmilitudes. So Adenenins Agrippa ,
amongft

amongfít the Romans, a Nation in that Age not learned, reprefied a fe-
dition by a Fable, Awd as Hiereglypbicks were before letters 5 fo Para-
bles were before Arguments. So even at this day, and ever, there is
and hath been muchlifc, and vigour in Parables; becaufe Arguments
cannot be fofenfible, nor examples fo fit. There is another fe of Para-
bolical Poefj, oppofite to the former, which tendeth to the folding up of thofé
things 5 the dignity whereof, deferves to be retired, and diftingnifht, a5
trith a drawn Curtain : That is, when the fecrets and myfteries of Religion,
Policy, and Philofophy are veiled, and invested with Fables, and. Para-
bles. But whether there be any miftical fence cotiched under the anci-
ent Fables of the Poets, may admitfome doubt: and indeed for our part
We incline to this opinion, as to think, that there was an infufed my.
ftery in many of the ancient Fables of the Poets. Neither doth it move
us that thefé matters are left commonly to School-boys, and Gramma-
rians, and fo are embafed, that we fhould therefore make a flight judge-
ment upon them : but contrarywife becaufe it is clear, that the writings
which recite thofe Fables, of all the writings of men, next tofacred writ,
are the molt agient ; and that the Fables themfelves, are far more an-
cient than they (being they are alledged by thofe writers, not as exco-
gitated by them, but as credited and recepted before) they feem to be
like a thin fine rarified Air, which from the traditions ofmore Ancient
Nations, fell into the Flutes ofthe Grecians. And becaufe that what-
foever hath hitherto been undertaken for interpretation of thefe Para-
bles, namely by unskilful men, not learned beyond common places, gives
us no fatisfaction at all; we MK torefer Philofopyaccording —
to ancient Parables, in the number of Deficients. =

§ And we will annex an example ortwoof this work: not that the
matter perhaps is offüch moment: but to maintain the purpofe of our
defign. Thatis this; thatifany portion of thefe works, which we re-
port as Deficient, chance, to be more obfcure thau ordinary 5 that we
always propofe, either Precepts, or Examples, for the perfecting of
that work; left perchance fome fhould imagine , that our conceit
hath only comprehended fome light notions of chem 5. and that we like
Augures, only meafure Countries in our mind, but know not how to
fet one foot forward thither. Asforany other part defe&ive in Poefj,
we fiad none; nay rather, Poefy beinga plant coming, asit were, from
the luft ofa rank foil, without any certain feed, it hath fprung up, and
fpread abroad above all other kind of Learning. But now we wiil
propound examples, in number only three, one from things Natural 3
one from Political; and one from Azforal.

The firft example of Philofophy, according to Ancient Parables im
things Natural. Of the Univerle, according to
the Fable of Pan.

IV. The Original of Paz, the Ancients leave doubtful; forfome fay _
that he was the Sox of Mercury, others attribute unto hima far different Fh He:
beginning : For they affirm that all Peze/opes fuitors had to do with her, rod.éut;
and from this promifcuous A& Paz defcended, a common offíprinzto
them all. There isa third conceit ofhis birth, not to be paífed over:
for fome report that he wasthe fon of Jupiter and Hybris, which fignifigs

cops

vi Of the Advancement of Learning. — Lv.ll.
rae ak quaes “My nie ides o cubus IR I 0
"^ A A eontumelie. But however begotten, the Parce, they fay, were his fi-
{ters,who dwelt ina cave under ground 5 but P2z remained inthe open
Air. The figure and form, Antiquity reprefented him by, was this.
He had on his head a pair of Horns,, rifing ina (harp, acuminate to hea-
ven; his body (bagged, and hairy; his beard very long 5, his fhape bi-
formed; above like a man, below like a beafts finifht with thefeet of
a Goat. He bare thefe enfigns of Juriídiction 5 n his left handa pipe
of feven Reeds; in.his right a fheep hook or a ftaff, at the upper end
crooked or inflexed: he wasclad with a Mantle made of a Leopards
skin. 75e dignities and offices attributed unto him were theíes that
he was the God of Hunters; of Shepherds 5 and ofall Rural Inhabi-
tants: Lo. Prefident Mountains 5 and next to Aercury, the Embafla-
dour of the Gods. Aforeover he was accounted the Leader, and Com-
mander ofthe Nymphs; which were always wont to dance the Rounds,
and frisk about him: his train were the Satyrs, and the old Sileni: He
had power alfo to ftrike men with terrors, and thofe efpecially vain,
. and fuperftitious, which are termed Pamick fears. His As recorded
Cic Fpift. are not many 5 the chiefelt was, that he challenged Cupgd at wreftling,
adA&t.l.5. - : 7 : L Kd
in which confli& he had the foil; caught 77pboz ina n8E, and held him
Claud. de fat, — Moreover when Ceres being fad arid vext for the Rape of Proferpi-
R.Profere | had hid her felf, and that all the Gods took pains,by difperfing them-
felves feveral ways, to find her out; it was only Pazs good fortune, as
he washunting, to lite on her, and to give the firft intelligence where
the was. . He prefumed alo to put it to the trial,who was the better mu-
ovd; _‘fician he or Apollo, and by the judgment of Adidas was preferred 5. for
MetXL — which judgment, A¢idas had a pair of Affes ears fecretly imped to his
head. © Ofthe Love-tricks of Paz, there isnothing reported, orat leaft
not much ;. a thing to be wondredat, efpecially being among a Troop
of Gods fo profufely amorous. _ This alfo is faid of him, That he loved
the Nymph-Eccho,whom he took to wife 5 and one pretty wench more
called syrinx, towards whom Cypid (in an angry revengeful humour
becaufe fo audacioufly he had challenged him at wreftling) inflamed his
defire. So be is reported once to have follicited the Moon apart into
the high Woods. | /4oreover he had noillue (which isa marvel alfo,
feeing the Gods,fpecially thofe of the male-kind,were very Generative)
only he was the reputed Father of a little Girl called Zambe, that with
many pretty tales was wont to make ftrangers merry 5 and fome thought,
that fhe was begotten of his wife Eccbe. The Parab/e fcemeth to be

this.
* § Panasthe very name imports reprefents, orlayeth open the world,
or the world of things. Cozcerzizg his Original there are only two o-
pinions that go for Currant : For either he came of Aéercury, that isthe.
Word of God, which the holy Scriptures, without all Controverfie,a£-
firm; and the Philofophers, fuch as were the more Divine,faw; or elfe
from the coufufed feeds of things. For fome of the Philofophers
iaert.in held, that the Seeds and Principles of Nature, were even in the fub-
Anzxeg. {tance infinite, hence the opinion, of Szzzilary Parts primordial, was
brought ins which Avaxagoras either invented, or celebrated. Some
more acutely and foberly, think it fufficient to falve the variety of Na-
latin ture, if feeds, the fame in fubítance, be only diverfified in form and
vitiseo- figure 5 certain and definite; and placed the reftin the dE 2s
olom

——— ER 9 o o Rr Ro T y. cm EE eee EE DEM
L:1sz.IL Of tbe Advancement of Leariting. 71

bofom of the feeds. From this fpring, the opitiion of Atomtesvis dcri-
ved, which . Dewocrifus maintain d 5. and Lwe7ppes found out... But o- LENS
thers, though they affirm only one Principle of Nature (Thales wáters ^
Anaximenes Air 5. Heraclitus Fire) yet they have defined ‘that Principle,
which is one in AG, tobe various and ‘difpenfable in powers as that
wherein the feeds of all natural effénces lie hidden. + ‘They who have
introduced the firft Matter every way difarayed, and unformed; and zzi»
indifferent to any form (as Plato and “Ari/fotle dtd ) came to afar neas Phy":
rer, and natural refemblance ofthe Fignre of the Pa¥able. For they con-

geiv'd the Matter as a common Courtezan; and the Forms‘as Suirors,
So as all the Opinions touching the Eg dud of things come to this
point, and may be réducd to tliisdiftributions that the world took
beginning either from Z4ercary.5. or frgm Pékelope 5 and. all her füitors,
The third conceit of az; Originals fitch, as it feems that the Grecians

ithef by infercourfe with the A.gyprians; or Ohie way or other, -had
fend fomething of the Hebrew myfteries. Fof it! points to the ftate
of the World not confidered in the abfolute production 5 butas it ftood
after the fall of Adam, expos'd and made fubjeé to Death aud Corrup-
tion: For in that {tate it was, and remains tothis day s the off-fpring
Sf God 5 and of Sin, or Contumely For the like fin of Adam Wasa kind Gen.3:
of Contumely,when he would be like God. And therefore all thefe three
Narrations concerning the manner of Pas Birth;* may feem true 5 if they
be rightly diftinguifht according to things and times. For this Paz;
as we now behold and comprehend it, took begining from the word
af God, by the means of confüfed matter, which yet was the work of

God, and the entrance of Prevarication, and through it of corrupti-

on, Ler :

— 6 The Deffinies may well be thought the fiftefs of Paz; or Nature =
for the beginnings, and continuances, and diffolutions; the Depreffi-
onsalío, and eminencies, and labours, and felicities of things; and
whatfoever conditions of particulat Nature, are called Fates or Deftj-
nies: which yet, unlefs it be in fome noble indi¥iduate fübjed, asa
Man, a City, ora Nation, commonly are not acknowledged, But
Pan, that is, the Nature of things, isthe caule’6f thefe feveral ftates,
and qualitiesin every particular; fo as in refpe@ of Individuals, the
Chain of nature, and the thread of the Deffizies; ts the fame}. More-
over the Ancients feigned, that P27 ever lived m the open Airs but
the Parce, or Deftinies, in a mighty fübterraneous Cave; from whence
With an infinite fwiftne(s they flew to men: becaufe the nature and com-
mon face ofthe Urzierfeis apert, and vifible; but the individual Fates
of Particulars are fecret, fwift, and fuddain. Bunt if Fate be takenin
a more géneralacception, as to fignifie the more notable only,’ and not
every common event; yetin that fenfe alfo, the fignification is corre-
fpondent to the univerfal ftate of things; feeing from the order of Nz-
ture, thereis nothing fo fmall which. comes to pafs withott'a Caufe 5
and nothing fo abfolutely great, as to be independent ; fo that the ve-
ty Fabrick of Nature comprehendeth in the lap and bofom thereof, eves
ry event, {mall or great; and by a conftant rule difclofeth them in due
feafon. Wherefore no marvel if the Parce be brought in,as the legiti-
mate Sifters of Pax: For Fortune is the daughter of the foolifh vulgars
and found favour only with the more unfound Phifofophess; ^ Certain-

hn

7?

Senec.in
Epift.

Of the Advancement of Learuing. Lre. II.

ly the words of Epicurus favour lefs of Dotage than of prophanenefs
where he faith 5. Preftare, credere fabulam Deorum, quam Fatum affere-
re, Asifany thing in the frame of nature could be like an Ifiand, which
is feparate from the connection ofthe continent. But Epicurus (as itis
evident from his own words) accommodating, and fubjecting his Na-
tural Philofophy to his Mora! 5; would hear of no opinion which might
prefé and fting the confcience 5 or any way difcalm, and trouble that
Euthymia, or Tranquility of mind, which he had receiv'd from Demo-
critws. Wherefore being more indulgent to the delufions of his own
fancyes, than patient of truth 5 he hath fairly caft off the yoak, and
abandon'd as well the Neceffzty of Fate, as the Fear of the Gods. And
thus much concerning the Fraternity of Paz with the Deftinies.

§ Horns are attributed unto the World, broad at theroot, fharpat
thetops the nature ofall things being like a Pyramis leflening upwards.
For Individuals in which the Bafe of nature isfpread out; being infi-
nite, are collected into Species, which are many alío 5 Species again
rife up into Generals ; and thefe afcending are contracted into more U-

' niveríal Generalities ; fo that atlength, nature may feem to clofé ina

Miad. 1X.

unity whichis fignified by the Pyramidal Figure of Pans Horzs, Nei
ther is it to be wondr'd at, that Paz toucheth heaven with his horas 5
feeing the tranfcendentals of Nature, or Univerfal Ideas, do in fome
fort reach things Divine. Wherefore Homersfamous Chain of Natural

Caufes, tyed to the foot of lupiters Chair, was celebrated. “And itis -

plain, that no man converfant in Metaphyfick 5 and thofe things which
in Nature are Eterzal, and immoveable; and that hath never folittle
withdrawn his mind from the fluid ruin of fublunary things, which doth
not at the fame inftant fall upon Natural Theology: fo direc and com-
pendious a paflage it is, fromthe top of the Pyramis, to matters Di-
vine.

§ The body of Nature iselegantly anal and lively drawn Hairy, re-
prefenting the beams of things; for beamsare, as it were, the hairs or

briftles of nature 5 and every Creature is more or lefs Beamy5 which:

is moft apparent in the faculty of feeing 5 and no lef$ in every magne-
tick virtue, and operation upon diftance 5 for whatfoever worketh up-
on any thing upon Diftance, that may rightly be faid to dart forth rays,
Moreover Pans beard is faid to be exceeding long, becaufe the beams or
influences of the Heavens; and fpecially of the Sun, do operate, and
pierce fartheft ofall; fo that not only the furface, but the inward bow-
els ofthe earth have beenturn’d; fübduc'd 5 and impregnate, with the
mafculine Spirit of the heavenly influence. . And the form of Pazs beard
is the more elegant 5 becaufe the $uz, when his higher part, isfhadow-
ed with a Cloud, his beams break out in the lower 5 and fo appears to
the eyeas i£ he were bearded.

§ Nature is alfo moft expreffively fet forth with a bi-formed Body 5
in reference to the Differences between fuperiour and tnferiour bodies.
For the one part, by reafon of their beauty 5 and equability 5 and con-
{tancy of motion; and dominion over the earth; and earthly things 5
is aptly fet out by the fhape of man: And the other part in refpect of
their perturbations 5 and irregular motions; and that they are for moft
part commanded by the Celeftial 5 may be well fitted with the figure
of a bruit beaft. Again this fame bi-formed defcription of his body, per-

tains

tains to the participation of the fpecies or kind 5 for no fpecies of Na-
ture, feemsto be fimple; but, asit were participating aud compounded
of two, Effential Ingredients. For Man hath fomething of a Beaft : a
Beaft (omething of a Plant: a Plant fomething of an inanimate Body :
and all natural things are indeed bi-formed ; and compounded of a fue
periour and inferiour kind. jtd Se.

§ It isa witty Allegory that fame, of the feet of the Goat; by rea-
fon of the upward tending motions of Terreftrial bodies towards the re-
gions of the air; and ofthe heaven; where alfo they become penfile ;
and from thence are rather forc'd down, than falldown. For the Goat
is a mounting Animal, that loves to be hanging upon rocks, and preci-
pices, and íteep hills: And this is done alfo in a wonderful manner,
even by thofe things which are deftinated to this inferiour Globe; as
may manife(tly appear, in Clouds and Meteors, And it wasnot without
the grounds of reafon, that Gilbert, who hath written a painful and an
experimental work, touching a Loedjfone, caít in this, doubt, Whether
. er no ponderous bodies, after 2 great diflance, and long difcontinuance

from the earth, may not put off their motion towards the inferiour Globe.?
^. 6 The two enfigns which Paz bears in his hands, do point, the one
at Harmony, the other at Evpiry: for the Pipe of feven Reeds, doth e-
vidently demonftrate the confent and Harmony 5 or difcordant concord
of Nature, which is caufed by the motion of the feven wandring (Lars:
for there are no other Errors, or manife(t Expatiations in heaven, fave
thofe ofthe feven Planets; which being intermingled, and moderated
with the equality of the fixed ftarrs ; and their perpetual and invaria-
ble diftance one from the other, may maintain and excite both the con-
ftancy ia fpecifical 5 and the fluency of Individual Natures. If there be
any leffer Planets which are not confpicuous 5 or any greater Mutati-
on in heaven (asin many fuperlunary Comets) they feem but like Pipes,
either altogether mute, or only ftreperous for a time, becauié their in-
fluence either doth not {tream down fo low as tous; or doth not long
interrupt the Harmony of the fevez Pipes of Paz. And that Staff of
Empiry, may be excellently applied to the order of Nature ; which is
partly right, partly crooked. And this (taff or rod is efpecially crook-
ed at the upper end; becaufe all the works of Divine Providence are
commonly fetcht about by circuits, and windings; fo that one thing
may {eem to be done, and yet indeed a clean contrary brought to pafs 5 2
as the felling of Fofeph into Egypt, and the like. — Befidesin all wife hu- 867-45:
mane Government, they that fit at the helm, do more happily bring
their purpofes about, and infinuate more eafily things fit for the people,
by pretexts, and oblique courfes; than by down-right dealing. Nay,
(which perchance may fcem very ftrange) in things meerly natural, you
may fooner deceive nature, than force her; foimproper, and felf-im-
peaching are open dire& proceedings; whereas on the other fide, an
oblique and an infinuating way, gently glides along, and compaffeth the
intended effed. .
.& Pans Cloak or Mantle, is ingeniou(ly feigned to be the skin of 4
Leopard,-becaufe it is full of fpots: fo the Heavens are fpotted with
Stars; the Sea with Iflands 5 the Land with Flowers; and every par-
ticular cfeaturealfo, is for moft part garnifhed with divers colours ae
bout the fuperficies; whichis, as it were, a Mantle unto it.
K § The

De Magn?

74

——

E. the Advancement of Learning. Lr. XI.

Virg. B.2.

Mart. Ep.

Pfal. 19.

N.L

§ The office of Paz could be by nothing fo conceived ; and expreft
to the life,as by feigning him to be the God of Huzterssfor every natural
A&tion, and fo by confequence, motion and progreffion, is nothing elfe
buta Hurting. Arts:and Sciences have their works; and humane
‘Councils their ends, which they they earneftly bunt after. All natu-
ral things have either their food, as a prey 5 or their pleafure, as a re-
creation; which they feek for; and that in a quick-difcurfive, and dif
cerning Way, ———

Torva leena Lupum fequitur, Lupus ipfe. Capellan,
Florentem Cytbifum fequitur lafciva Capella.

& Pan is alfo {aid to be the God of the Country Swains 5 becaufe
men of this condition lead lives more agreeable unto Nature, than thofe
that livein the Cities and Courts of Princes; where Nature by too
much Art is corrupted: fo as the faying of the Poet (though in the
fence oflove) may be here verified :

Pars minima eft ipfa puel/a fui.

§ Pam was held to be Lord Prefident of the Mountains 5 becaufe in
high Mountains and Hills Nature lays her felf moft open, and is malt
difplayed to the view and contemplation of men. à;

§ Whereas Paz is (aid to be ( zext unto Mercury) the Meffenger of
the Gods 5 there isin thata Divine Myftery contained 5 becaufe, next.
unto the word of God, the Zzz4ge of the world proclaims the Divine
power and wifdom 3 as records the facred Poet,75e Heavens proclaim the
Glory of God,and the vaft Expanfton reports the works of his hands.

§ The Nymphs, that is the Souls of livingthings, give great delight
to Paz : for the fouls of the living are the Minions of the World. The
Condud of thefe Nymphs is with great reafon attributed to Paz, be-
caufe thefe Nymphs,or Souls of the living,do follow their natural difpo-
fition, as their guides ; and with infinite variety every one of them af-
ter the fathion of his Country, doth leap and dance with unceffant mo-
tion about her. Wherefore one of the Moderz vety ingenioufly hath
reduced all the power of the Soul into Motion; noting the mifprifion,
and precipitancy of fome of the ancients; who fixing their eyes and
thoughts with unadvifed hafte,upon Mémory 5 Imagination and Reafon
have paft over the Cogitative faculty untoucht 5 which hatha chief part
in the order of conception. For he that calleth a thing into his mind,
whether by impreffion or recordation, cogitateth and confidereth; and
he that imployeth the faculty of his phanfie, alfo cogitateth and he
that reafoneth doth in like manner cogitate or advife : and to be brief,
the Soul of man, whether admonifht by fenfe, or left to her own liber-
ty 5 whether in functions of the Intellect, or of the affections and of the
will, dances to the mufical Airs of the cogitations 5 which is that tripu-
diation of the Nymphs.

& The Satyres , and Sileni, are perpetual followers of Paz, that is
old age and youth: for of all natural things,there isa lively,jocund,and
(as may fay) a dancing age; and a dull, flegmatick age: the care
riages and difpofitions of both which ages, may peradventure feem to a

man

Lis. II. Of the Advancement of. Learning.

man which ferioufly obferves them, as ridiculous and deformed, as thofe
of the Satyrs, or of the Silex.

§ Touching the Terrors which Pan is faid to be the Author of, there
may be made a wife inftrudion 5 namely, that Nature hath implanted
in every living thing, a kind of care and fear, tending to the prefervation
of its own life, and being 5 and to the repelling and fhunning of all hurtful
encounters. And yet Nature knows not how to keep a mean, but al-
ways intermixeth vain and empty fears, with fuch as are diícreet
and profitable; fo that all things (1f their infides might be feen) would
appear full of Pazick frights; but {pecially Men 5 and above all other
men, the people which are wonderfully travailed and tofled with fu-
perítitions {pecially in hard, and formidable , and adverfe times ;
which indeed is nothing elfe but a Paxick terror. Nor doth this (u-
perítition reign only in the vulgar 5. but from popular opinons, breaks
out fome times upon wife men 5 as Divinely Epicurus (if the reft of
his difcourfes touching the Gods, had been conformable to this rule)
Now Deos vulgi negare prophanune 5 fed vulgi opiniones diis applicare pro-

banurz.

E § Concerning the axdacity of Pans and his combate upon challenge
with Cupid 5 the meaning of it is, that matter wants not inclination ,
and defire, to the relapling and diffolution of the World into the old chaos 5
if her malice and violence were not reftrained and kept in order, by the pre-
potent concord of things 5 fignified by Cupid, or the God of Love. And
therefore it fell out well for man, by the fatal contexture of the world 5
or rather the great goodnefs of the Divine Providence, that Paz was
found too weak, and overcome. To the fame effe& may be interprets
ed, his catching of Typhon zz 4 net: for howfoever there may fome-
times happen vaít, and unwonted tumors ( as the name of Typhon im-
ports) either in the Sca, or inthe Air, or in the Earth 5 yet nature
doth intangle in an intricate toil, and curb, and reftrain, as it were with
a chain of Adamant, the excefles and infolencies of thefe kind of
Bodies. A * emi

§ As touching the fizding out of Ceres, attributed to this God, and
that as be mas hunting and thought little of it, which none of the other
Gods could do, though they did nothing elfe but feck her, and that
with diligence 5 it gives us this true and grave admonition; that is,
that men de not expel the invention of things neceffary for life and man-
ners, from abftrad Philofophies,as from the greater Godssthough they fhould
apply themfelves to no other fIudys but only from Pan, that is, from difereet
experience, und from theuniverfal obfervation of the things of the Worlds
where oftentimes by chance (and as it were going a hunting) füch in-
ventions are lited upon. For the moft proftable inventions, are the
off-fpring of experience 5 and,as it were,certain Donatives diftributed
to men by chance. ist

;His eonteftation with A4poZo about Mufick 5 and the event thereof,
contains a wholefome inftruction , which may ferve to reftrain mens
reafons, and judgements, with thc reins of fobriety, ftom boafting and
and glorying in their gifts. For there feems to be a two fold Harmony
or Zx[icks the one of Divine Wifdom; the other of Humane Rea-
fons for, to humane judgement, and as it were, the ear of mortals;
the adminiftration of the world; and of Creatures therein; and the
Bae = —R more

m) a

/9

Laert, it
Epicur,

Addas &
incompat;
Sandifii
comments
ad Ovid.
Met. XJ;

76

Of the Advancement of Learning. Lie. Il.

~ ——

Hered.
Polym.
Ovid,

Mer.4.

more fecret judgements of God, found fomewhat hard and harfh:
Which rude ignorance, albeit it be well proclaim'd by Afles ears; yet
notwithftanding thefe ears are fecret, and do not openly ap-
pear; neither is it perceived, or noted as a Deformity by the
Vulgar. i ,

& Laftly, it isnot to be wondered at, that there is nothing attri-
buted unto Paz concerning Lover, but only of the marriage with
Eccho 5 for the world doth injoy it felf, and in it felf all things elfe.
Now he that loves would enjoy fomething : but where there is enough,
there is no place left to defire. Wherefore there can be no wanton love
in Paw, or the World, nor defire to obtainany thing, (feeing it is cons
tented with it felf) but only Speeches; which (if plain) are pronounced
by the Nymph Eccho, a thing not fubftantial, but only vocal 5 if more
accurate by Syringa; that 1s, when words and voices are regulated by
certain numbers; Poetical, or Oratorical, as by mufical meafüres. Ie
is an excellent invention, that amongít /peeches and voices, only Eccho
fhould betakenin marriage by the World; for that alone is true Philo-
fophy, which doth faithfully render the very words of the world 5 and which
is written, xo otherwife, than the world doth didate and is nothing elfe
than the image and reflection thereof; and addeth nothing of its own,
but only iterates, and refounds.

And whereas Pag. is reported to have called the Moon afide into a
high-fhadowed wood; leems to appertain to the convention between
fence and heavenly, or divine things: For the cafe of Ezdyzioz, and
Paz are different 5 the 24702 of her own accord came down to Exdymi-
on, as he wasalleep: For that Divine illuminations oftentimes gently flide
into the underftanding, caft afleep, and retired from the fenfes 5 but if they
becalled, and fent for by Sex/e, as by Paz 5 then they prefent no other
light than that,

Quale fub incertam lunam [ub luce maligna
Eft iter in fylvis.

It belongs alfo to the fufficiency, and perfection of the world, that it begets
no iffue : For the world doth generate in refpect ofits parts 5 but in re-
{pect of the whole, how can it generate, feeing there is no body be-
yond the bounds of the Univerfe > 4s for that Girl Iambe, father'd up-
on Paz, certainly it is a wife adjeCtion to the fable; for by her are res
prefented thofe vain and idle Paradoxes concerning the nature of things,
which have been frequent in all ages, and have filled the world
with novelties, for the matter, fruitlefs 5 fpurious for the Races by
their garrulity., fometimes pleafant ; fometimes tedious and une
feafonable. ;

An other example of Philofophy according to Ancient Parables
in Politicks of War, according to the p
Fable of Perfeus.

V. Perfeus a Prince of the Eaft is reported tohave been imployed by
Pallas for the deftroying of Medufa, who was very infeftious to the We-
ftern parts of the World, about the utmoft Coafts of Hiberia. A

Monfter

Lisl, © Of the Advancement of Learning.

Monfter huge and fierce, of an afpe& fo dire and horrid, thatiiwith her

very looks fhe turn'd men into ftones . Of all the Gorgons. this Ageduj2 *

alone was mortal, the reft not fübje&t to death: Perjexs therefore pre-
paring himíelf for this noble enterprife, had Arms and gifts beftowed
on him by three of the Gods: Afercury gave him wings fitted for his
feet not his arms 3 P/uto.a helmets Palas aíhield, anda Looking-glafs.

_Notwithfianding although he was thus well furnifht, he went not di-

rectly to Afedufa, but turned into the Gree, which by the Mothers
fide were filters to the Corgozs. Thefe Gree from their birth were
hoary-headed, refembling old women. They had but one only eye,
and one tooth among them all 5 both which as they had occafion to go
abroad, they were wont in couríe.to take with:them, and at their re-
turn to lay them down again. This eyeand tooth they lent to Perfeus 5
fo finding himfelf completely appointed for the Action defigned, with
winged {peed he marches towards Medufa. ‘Her be found íleeping ;
yet durft not venture himfelf a front to her afpe&, if (he (hould chance
to awake; but turning his head afide; beholding her by refledion in
Pallas her Afirror, and fo direGing his blow,cut off her head ; from whofe
bloud gufhing out , inftantly there emerged Pega/ws the flying Horfe,
Her head thus {mitten off, Perfews! transfers and. inferts into Pal-
las her fhield 5 which yet retained this virtue, that whofoever lookt
upon it, as one blafted or Plannet-ftruck, he fhould fuddealy become

fenfelefs,
§ This Fable feemsto be devifed ‘for direction to the preparation ,

and order that is to be obferved in making of war. And firft-the un- €?

dertaking of any war ought to be asa commiflion from Palas s. cer-

tainly not from Venus, (as the Trojan war was) or fome fuch flight
motive; becaufe the Defigns of War, ought to be grounded upon (o.
lid counfels. Then for the choice of Wars for the nature and quality
thereof 5 the Fable propounds three graveand wholfome Precepts. The

ferfl is,that a Prince do mot much trouble himfelf about the conqueft of neigh-
bour Nations : nor is the may of enlarging a Patrimony, and an Empiry,the
fame; for in the augmentation of private poffelfions, the vicinity of Terris
tories 25 to be.confidered 5 but in the amplificatiou of publick Dominions,
she occafiox.and facility of making war, and the fruit to be expeed, ought
to be inflead of propinquity. Therefore Perfeus, though an Eattern
Prince, makes the expedition of his Wara far off, evenin the remoteft
parts of the Weftern World. There is-2 notable prelident of this Cafe,
in the different manner of warring, practifed by two Kings, the Father

and theSon, Philip and Alexander. For Philip warred upon Borderers

only, and added to the Empire fome few Cities, and that not without

great contention and danger; who many times, but efpecially in a

Theban war, was brought into extreme hazard :. But Alexander carried
the AGions of his War afar off 5 and with a profperous boldnefs un-

dertook an expedition againft the Perfíaz 5 conquered infinite Nati-

ons 5. tired, rather with travel than war. This point is farther cleared

in the propagation of the Roman Empire, what time their conque(ts to-

wards the Wet {carce reacht beyond Liguria, did yetin the Ezf, bring

all the Provinces, as far as the mountain Taurus, within the compals of

their Arms and command. So Charles the Eighth,King of France, find-

ing the War of Britain (which afterward was compounded by marrige)

not

77

Pau.
strabs

Sardys
m-

ment, it
Ovid;
Met. 4,
Renovard,

Plut. ig

Alex. Id;
de Fort;
Alex,

Hifl F£ i,
Serr&g 3-
lii.

s

————

Cic. v.de
OF,
Bacon de
jure Belli
cont.
Hifp.

Ovid.’
Met. IX,
Sandifii.
Com-
ment.

facit. —
Herodian.
&c.

Fra.Ba-
con ut fu-

pra.

Of the Advancement of Learning. — Lrw.M,

Sh Nostell) wae No P mu CU UM . 5 NR
riot fo feafible, purfued his enterprizeupon Nap/es, which he accomplifht
with wonderful facility and felicity.. Certainly wars made upon Nati-
ons far off, have this advantage, that they are to fight with thofe who
are not practifed in the difciplineand Arms of the Aggreffor: butina
war made upon Borderers, thecaíe is otherwife. Befides the preparati-
on for fuch an expedition is commonly better appointed; and the ter-
ror to.the enemy from fücha bold and confident enterprize, the grea-
ter. Neither can there ufually be made, by the enemy to whom the
war is brought fo far off, any retaliation or reciprocal invafion 5 which
ina warupon borderers often falls out. But the chief point is, sthat in

fubduing a neighbour ftate, the election of advantages is broughttoa —

ftreight ; but ina foreign expedition,a man may turn the race of the war
at pleafure, thither, where military difcipline is moft weakned; or
the ftrength ofthe Nation much wafted and worn; or Civil difcords are
feafonably on foot 5 or {uch like opportunities prefent themfelves,

6 The fecond preceptis, that tbe motives of war be jufl 5 and Religious 5
and Honourable; and Plaufible : for that begets alacrity, as well in the
Souldiers that fight, asin the people that afford pay: it draws on and
procureth aids ; and. hath many.,other advantages befides. , Amongft
the juft grounds of war, that is moft favourable, which is undertaken
for the extirpation of Tyrantss. under whom the people loofe their
courage, and are caft down without heart and vigour, as zz the fight of
Medufa: which kind of heroick Acts, procured Hercules a divinity a-
mongít the Gods. Certainly it was.a point of Religion amongft the
Romans, with valour and fpeed, ,to.aid and fuccour their Confederates

and allies, that were any way diftreffed. So juft vindictive wars have.
for moft part been profperous; fo the war againft Brutus and Calfzys,

for the revenge of Cefars deaths of Seuerus for the death of Pertizax 5
of Junius Brutus for the revenge of the death of Lucretia : and ina word,
whofoever relieve and revenge the calamities and injuries of men, bear
arms under Perfews. : PONES an* 4
§ The third preceptis, that inthe undertaking of any war, a true effi.
mate of the forces betaken 5 and that it be rightly weighed whether the
enterprife may be compat and accomplifht; left vaft and endlefs de-.
figns be purfued. For amongjt the Gorgons, by which war is reprefen-
ted, Perfews wifely undertook her only, that. was mortal; and did not
fet his mind upon impoflibilities. ; Thus far the fable inftructs touching
thofe things that fall in deliberation, about the undertaking ofa wars
the reft pertain to the war it felf. 172g
§ Inwar thofe three gifts of the Gods do moft. avail, fo as commonly
they govern, and lead fortune after them : for Perfews received fpeed,
from Mercury 5 concealing of his Counfels, from Orcus; and Providence
from Pallas. Neither is it without.an Allegory, and that moft prudent;
that thofe wings of /peed in difpatch of affatrs (for quicknefs:in war is of
{pecial importance) were faftened unto his heels, and not untohisArm-
holes; >to his feet, and not to his fhoulders 5 becaufe ce/erity ts required}
not fo much in the firft aggreflionsand preparations; as inthe purfuit
and the fuccours that fecond the firft affaults: for there is no errors itt
war more frequent, than that profecution, and [ubfidiary forces, fail t0
anfwer the alacrity of the firft onfets. Now the Helmet of Plute, which
hath power to make men invifible, is plain in the Moral : for the fecret2

ing

COO TCODUEANU DEGREE XI ROGA XC MF SW EIC M IR E cr e LM MEM ot
Dish Of the Advancement of Learning. — 29

> [qv
ting of Connfels next to Celerity, is of great moment in War 5 whereof
Celerity it elf is a great part; for /peed, prevents the difclofure of
Couníels — Zi pertains to Pluto’s Helyiet, that there be one General of

the Army in War. inveftéd with; abfolute authority for confültations
communicated with m ny pattake more of thé Plumes of Mars, thanof

the Fielct of Pluto. Tothe far |

€ fame purpofe afe various pretenfions, and
doubtful defignations, and émillary reports which either caft a cloud
Over iens ey: $5 or turn £l em afiother Way, and place the ttue aims of
Cond in the dark : for diligent and diffident cautions touching Let-
ters, Ambafladors, Rebels, and many fach like Provifoes, adorn and
begirt the Helwct of Pluto, But it importeth no lefs, to difcover the
Counfels of the enemy, than to conceal their own? wherefore to the
Helmet of Pluto, we mult joyn the Looking-¢laft of Pállás; whereby the
flrength, the weaknel3, the fecret abettors, the divifions and factions,
the proceedings and counfels of the enemy may be difcérned and dife
clofed. Amd becaufe the cafualties of war are fücb; as we mutt not put
too much confidence, either in the concealing our own defigns, or the
diffecreting the defigns of the enemy, orin celerity it felf; we muft e-
{pecially take the shield of Pallas, thatis of Providence 5 that fo, as lit-
tle,as may be, be left toFortune. Hitherto belong the fending out of
Efpials, the fortification of Camps, (which in the Military Difcipline
of this latter age, is almoft grown out of ufe : for the Camps of the
Romans were {trengthened as ifit had beena City, againít alladverfe
events of War) a fetled and well ordered Army;nót trufting too much
to the light Bands, or tothe Troops of Horfemen, and whatfoever ap-
pertains to a füb(tantial and advifed defenfive War * feeing in Wars the —
Shield of Pallas prevails more than the ford of Mats,

§ But Perfeus albeit he was fufficiently furnifht with forces and cou-
rage, yet was he to do one thing of fpecial importance, before he en-
terprized the Adion 5 and that was, to have fome zzteZ/;gezce with the
Gree. Thefe Gree are treafons, which may be termed the fiiers of
‘War; not defcended of the fame ftock , but far unlike in nobility of
Birth: fo Wars are Generous and Heroicals but Trea[ons bafe and ignoble.
Their defcription iselegant, for they are faid to be gtay-headed, and
like old women from their birth 5 by reafon that Traitors are continu-
ally vexc with cares and trepidations. But all their ftrength, before
they break out into open Rebellions, confifts either in an eye, or ina
tooth, for every faction alienated from any (tate, hath an ewil eje, and
bites. Befides, this eye and tooth is,asit were,common 5 for whatfoever
they can learn or know , runs from'hahd to hand amongft them. And
as concerning the tooth, they do all bite alike, and caít the fame fcan-
dais; fo that hear one, and you hear all. Perfens therefore was to deal
with thefe Gree,and to engage their affiftance for the loan of their Eye.
and Tooth: their Eye for Difcoveriess their Tooth for the fowing and
Spreading of Rumors; andthe ftirring up of envy 5 and the troubling

of the minds of men. After all things are well, and preparedly difpofed
for war 5 that is firít of all to be taken into confideration, which Perfeus
did, that Medula may be found afleep: for a wile Captain ever affaults
the enemy unprepared ; and when he is moft fecure. Laftly, in the ve-
ry ation and heat of war, the looking into Pallas her Glajs, ts to be put

in practice : for moft men,before it come to the pü(li;can with diligence
and

80

Orph.in
Hym.

Ov. Met.35,
Eurip.in
Bacc,
Nonn.in
Dion.

Pans: in
Boot.
Eurip,in
Bac.

V.Com-
toent.in
Ovid.Met
3.G. San-
Qiis,Re-
Bovard.

^

Of the Advancement of Learning. — Lis. IT,

and circumfpe&tion dive into, and difcern the ftate and defigns of the
enemies; but in the very point of danger, either are amazed with fear 5
or in a rafh mood fronting dangers too diredly, precipitate themfelves
into-them 5. mindful of vi&ory 5 but forgetful of evafion, and retreat.
Yet neither of thefe fhonld be pradifed, but they fhould look with a
reverfed countenance ifto Pallas Mirror; that fo the ftroak may be
rightly directed, without either terror or fury, a 5 org
6 After the war was finifht, and the victory won, there followed
two Effects 5 The procreation and raifing of Pegafws 5 which evidently de-
notes Fame, that flying through the world proclaims victory ; and
makes the remains of that war eafy and fea(ible* The fecond is the bear-
ring of Medufa' s head in his fhield 5 becaufe there is no kind of defence
for excellency comparable tothis: For one farhous and memorable A&
profperoufly enterpriz'd and atchieved 5 {trikes the Spirit of infurrecti-
on in an enemy, into an amazing terror; and blafts envy her felf into
an aftonifhment and wonder.

The third Example of Philofophy according to Ancient Parables
in Morality. Of Paffion according to the Fable ,

of Dionyfur. —

VI They fay that Semele Fupiters Minion, having bound her Para:
mour, by an inviolable oath, to grant her one requeft which fhe would
ask, defir’d thathe would accompany her.in the fame form, wherein
he came into j440: So fhe perifht with lightning. Bnt the Infant
which fhe bare inher Womb, «piter the Father took out, and fowed
it in his thigh till the months were.accomplifht, that it fhould be born.
This burden made Jupiter fomewhat to limp 5 wherefore the child, be-
caufe it vext and pinched Fupiter, while it. was in his flank, was called
Dionyfius. Being born he was committed to Proferpiza for fome years to
be nuríts and being grown up, he hadfucha maiden face, asthata
man could hardly judge whether it werea boy, ora girl. He wasdead
alfo and buried for atime, but afterwards revived, Being bat 2 youth
he invented the planting and drefling of vines; the making and ufe of
wine ; for which becoming famous and renowned, he fubjugated the
world even to the utmoft bounds of India. He rodein a Chariot drawn
with Tygers. There danced about him certain deformed Hobgoblins
called Cobali; Acratus and others; yea, even the 24»fes alfo were (ome
ofhis followers. « He took to wife Ariadne, forfaken and left by Thefens.
The tree facred unto bim was the Tuy. He was held the Zzveztor and Ine ©
ftitutor of facrifices and Ceremonies, but füchas were frantick and full
of corruptions and cruelties. He bad likewife power to ftrike men with
madneff : For it is reported that at the Celebration of his Orgyes, two
famous Worthies, Pexthens and Orpheus, weretornin pieces by certain
mad-enraged women s the one becaufe he got upon a tree, out ofa cu-
riofity to behold their Ceremonies in thefe Sacrifices; the other becaufe
he played fweetly and cunningly upon the harp. nd for tbe Gefts of
this God, they are ina manner the fame with Zupiters.

§ There is fuch excellent Morality coucbt in this fable, as Moral Philo-
fophy affords not better. For under the Perfom of Baechus is defcribed

the nature of Palfion 5 or of Affeidions and Perturbations of the mind. Firft
there~

L 12. II. Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Si

therefore touching the birth and pene oc Palfiow 5 the beginning of

all Paflion, though never fo hurtful, 1s nothing elfe than good Apparent :
For as the Mother of virtue is good Exiftent 5 fo the Mothér of Pafflo’
is good Apparent.- The one of thefe (under which Perfon, the foul-of
manisreprefented) is Jupiters lawful wife 5 thé other his Concubine :
which yet affecteth the honour of juno, as Semele did. — Pafffon is con-
ceiv'd in an unlawful defire, ra(hly granted, before rightly underítood,
and judged : And after when it begins to grow fervent, the Z4otber of
it, which is the Nature and Species of Good, by too much inflammation
is deftroyed and perilheth. The proceeding of Paffron from the fitt
coüception thereof is after this manner : It i$ nourifht arid concealéd
by the mind of man, (which is the Parent of Paffiox,) {pecially in the
inferiour part of the mind, asin the thigh 5 and fo vexeth, and pülletli,
and deprefleth the mind; as thofe good determinations and actions,
are much hindred and lamed thereby: but when it comes to be con:
firmed by confent and habit 5 and breaks out into A@, that it hath
now, as it were,fulfill’d the months,and is brought forth and born s firft,
for a while it is brought up by Proferpiza 5 thatis, it fecks corners and
fecret places, and lurks, as it werejunder ground 5 until the reigns of
fhame and fear laid afide, and bolduefs coming on; it either affumes the

retext of fome virtue, or becomes altogether impudent and fhame-
fes. And it is moi true that every vehement Paffion is of a doubtful fex 5
being mafculine in the firlt motion 5 but feminine in profecution. 7;
is an excellent fittion, that of dead Bacchus, reviving 3 fot Palfions do
fometimes feem to be ina dead fleep, and extin&; but we muft not
truft them,no though they were buried: For let there be but matter and
opportunity offer'd, they rifeagain. |.

§ The invention of tbe Vine is a wife Parable; for every affection is
very quick and witty in finding out that which nourifheth and cherifh-
ethit; and of all things known to men, wire is moft powerful and éffica-
cious to excite and inflame palfions 5 of what kind foever 5 as being, ih a
fort,a commca incentive to them all.

§ Again, affe iow or palfion is elegantly fet down to be a fabduer of Na-
tions, and an undertaker of infinite expedition: For defire never refts
content with what it poffeffeth 5 but with an infinite and unfa=
tiable appetite ftill covets more 5 and harkens after a new pure
chafe.

§ So Tigers Stable by affections 5 and draw their Chariot: For (ince
the time that A4ffe;ox began to ride in a Coach; and to go no more
a foot 5 and to captivate Reafon 5 and to lead her away in triumph; it
grows cruel; unmanageable and fierce, againít whatfoever. withítands
or oppofeth it. . :

§ And it is a pretty device, that thofe ridiculous Demons, are brought
in dancing about Bacchus his Chariot: For every vehement affection doth
caufe in the eyes, face, and gefture,undecent and fübfeeming, apith, and
deformed motions; fo that they who inany kind of Paffion, (as inan-
ger, arrogance, or love,) feem glorious and brave in their owa eyes 3 do
appear to others mifhapen and ridiculous.

§ The Mufes are feen in the company of pa[fion : and there is almoft no
affection fo depraved and vile, which is not foothed by fome kind of
Learning: And herein the indulgence and arrogancy of Wits doth ex-

L

ceedingly

TT Of tbe Advancement of Learning. L:z.1I.

82

ceedingly derogate from the \pietty of the Mufes 5 that whereas they
fhould be the Leadersand Anctent-bearers of life ; they are become the

foot-pages, and bnffoons. to lufts and vanity.

Again, where Bacchus is faid to have engaged his affections on her that
was abandoned and rejected by another : it 1s an Allegory of fpecial re-
gard 5 for itis moft certain, that paffior ever feeks and fues for that
which experience hath relinquifht 5 and they all know, who have paid
dear for ferving and obeying their /as#s 5 that whether it be honour, or
riches, or delight, or glory, or knowledge.or any thing elfe, which they
feck after 5 they purfue things caft off, and by divers men in all ages, af-
ter experience had,utterly rejected and repudiate.

§ Neither is it without a Mystery , that the Ivy was facred to Bacchus 5
the application holdstwo ways: Firft, in that the Zvy remains green in
Winters Secondly,in that it creeps along,imbraceth,and advanceth it felf
over fo many divers bodies, as trees, walls, and edifices. Touching the
firi, every paffion doth through renitence and prohibition, and as it
were, by an Antiperiftafis, (like the Ivy through the cold of Winter)
erow frefhand lively. Secondly, every predominant affection in mans
foul, like the Zzy, doth compaís and confine all Humane Actions
and Counfels 5 neither can you find any thing fo immaculate and
inconcern'd, which affections have not tainted and.clinched, as it were,
with their tendrels.

§ Neither is it a wonder, that fuperflitious ceremonies were attributed
unto Bacchus, fecing every giddy-headed humour keeps, in a manner,
Revel-rout in falfe Religions 5 fo that the pallutions and diftempers of
Hereticks, exceed the Bacchanals of the Heathens; and whofe fuper-
ftitions have been no lefs barbarous, than vile and loathfome. Nor zs
it a wonder, that madnefs is thought to be fent. by Bacchus, feeing every
affection in the Excefs thereof, isa kind of hort fury 5 andif it grow
vehement and become habitual 5 it'commonly concludes in AZadnefs.

§ Concerning therending and difmembring of Pentheus and Orpheus,
in the celebration of the Orgies of Bacchus 5 the Parable.is plain. For eve-
ry prevalent affection is outragious againft two things 5 whereof the one is
curious enquiry into its the other free and wholfome admonition. Nor
willit avail, though that ézguiry was only to contemplate end to be-
hold, as it were going up into a trée, without any malignity of minds
nor again, though that admonition was given with much art and fweet-
nefg 5 but howíoever, the Orgies of Bacchus cannot endure either Pez-
theus ox Orpbeus. ^

6 Lafily, that confufion of the perfons of Jupiter and Bacchus, may be
well transferred to a Parable 5 feeing noble and famous Acts, and re-
markable and glorious merits, do fometimes proceed from virtue and
well ordered reafon, and magnanimity 5 and fometimes from a fecret
affection, and a hidden paffion 5 howfoever both the one and the other,
fo affe&t the renown of Fameand Glory 5 that a man can hardly diftin-
guifh between the Acts of Bacchus; and the Gefts of Jupiter.

But we {tay too longin the Theatre; let us now pafson tothe Palace

of the Mind s the entrance whereof we are to approach with more ve-
neration and attention. .

THE

THE

Third Book

OF
PRANCKS: LV.EROLAM

VicountS' ALBAN,
OF THE

Dignity and Advancement

LEARNING

To the KING.

Cuap. L

I. The Partitios of Sciences,into Theology and Philofophy. II. P27-
tition of Philofophy into three Knowledges. Of God 5 of Nature 5
of Man. III. The Conftitution of Philofophia Prima, or Summary
Philofophy 5 as the Commune Parent of all.

9 GPLL Hiftory (Excellent King) treads upon the Earth, and per-
9) forms the office of a Guide, rather than of a lights and
Fe Poeffe is, as it were, the dream of Knowledge; a {weet

Sciences. 007 ,
COL Knowledge is like waters; fome waters defcend from the Heavens ,
Some [pring from the Earth, fo the Primary Partition of Sciences, is to be
derived from their fountains; fome are feated above; fome are here
beneath. For all knowledge proceeds from a twofold information;
either from divine in[piration, or from external Senfe 5 As for that know-
ledge which infufed by inftru&ion$ that is Cumulative, not Original 5
‘as it isin waters, which befides the Head-fprings, are encreafed by the
L2 reception

54

Of the Advancement of Learuing. L rs. Ill.

Euclid.
Ellib.t.

Eclid, El.
Arift.

Arift.de
Part, Ani-
1al.1.

Polit.:.

reception of other Rivers that fall into them. Wherefore we will divide
Sciences, into Theology 5 and Philofopky 5 by Theology we underftand Iz-
fpired or Sacred Divinity; not Natural, of which we are to {peak anon.
But this Zzfpired Theology, we referye for the laft place, that we may
clofe up this work with it feeing it is the Port and Sabbath of all Hu-
mane Contemplations.

II. Tbe Object of Philofophy is of three forts; God 5. Natures Man 5 fo
likewife there is a Triple Beam of things; for Nature darts upon the un-
derfianding with a dire Beam 3 God becaufe of the inequality of the me-
dium, which is tbe Creature, with a refra Beam and man reprefented
and exhibited to himfelf, with a beam refiext. Wherefore Philofophy
may fitly bedivided into three knowledges 5 the kuowledge of God 5
the Agomledge of Natures andthe knowledge of Man.

III. And becaufe the Partition of Sciences are not like feveral lines
that meet in one angle 5. but father like branches of treés that meet in
one ftemm, which ftetitrn for fome dimenfion.and {pace is entire and
continued, before itbreak, and part it felf into arms and boughs, 5
therefore the nature of the fübject réquires, before we purfue the parts
of the former diftribution, to ere&t and conftitute ove nxziverfal Science,
which may be the mother of théfeft; and that in the progtefs of Sci-
ences, a Portion, as it were, of the common high-way may be kept,
before we come where the ways part and divide themfelvés. This Sci-
ence me ftile Primitive Philofophy or Sapience, which by the Ancients was
defin'd tobe, The Science of things divine and kumane. To this Science
none of the reft is oppofed, being ‘it is. differenced from other Know-
ledges, rather in the limits of latitude 5 than in the things and fübjedt 5
that is, handling only the tops of things. Whether I fhould report this
as Deficient, Iftand doubtful, yet IthinkI very well may. ForI find
acertain kind of Rhapfody, and confufed mafle of knowledge, namely
of Natural Theology; of Logick : of particular parts of Natural Philofophy
(as of the Principles of Nature, and of the foul), compofited and com-
piled: and by the height ofterms, from men wholoveto admire them-
felves advanced, and exalted, asit. were, to the vertical point of Sci-
ences. But we, without any fuch ffately loftinefs, would only have thus
much, That there might be defign’d a certain Science, that fhould be the re-
ceptacle of all fuch Axioms, as fall not within the eompaff of auy fpecial part
of Philojobhys ‘but are more common tà tbe all, or moft of them.

§ That there are many of this kind,needs not to be doubted. Fot
example, S7inequalibus equalia addat omnia crunt inequalia; às a vule
in the Mathematicks: and the fame holds in the Ethicks concerning
Altributive Fuftice; for in Fuftice Exjletivcyche reafon of equity require
That equal Portion be given to unequal Perfous 5 but. in Attributive, unk
unequal be ciftributed unto ‘unequal, at 15 a great injuftice. Que into»
dem tertio conveniunt, C inter fe conueniunt 5 is likewife a. rule taken
from the Mathematicks 5 but fo potent in Logick alfo, as all Syllogifms
are built upon it. Natura fe potiffimum prodit in minimis, isa rule it
Natural Philofophy fo prevalent, that it hath produced Democritus his
Atomes3 yet hath 47z/fotle made good üfe of it in his Polstioks, where he
raiféth his contemplations of a City or State, from the Principles of a
Family. Omnia mutantur nil interit; is alfo a maxime in Natural Phi-
Jofophy thus exprefled, thatthe Qyavtiim of Nature ‘ts neither dimi-

ni(ht

i

Lis. Ub Of the Advancement of Leawring. 85

nifht nor augmented: The fame is applied to Natural Theology thus
varied; That they are the works of the fame Owenipotence, ta make nothing
omewhat aud to uake fomewhat nothing 5 which the Scriptures likc-

wile teftifie : 7 have found by experience that all the works of God do per-

Jevere for ever: nothing can be put unto them, nor any thing taken from ®eclel.3:
them. Intéritus rei arcetur per redu ionem ejus ad Principia, isarule in
Natural Philofophy 5 the fame holds alfo in the Politicks (as Agachiavel SMe(o-
hath wifely obferved) becaufe the means which mutt {pecially preferve Eu
States from ruine, are commonly nothing elle than reformation, anda iv-lib.3.,
reduction of them to their Ancient cuftomes. — Putredo ferpens magis coz- Wipe
tagiofa eft quam maturas, is a ground in Natural Philofophy 5 the fame Evid. —
Is an excellent Maxime in Moral Philofophy 5 becaufe profefledly wick-

ed, and defperately impious perfons, do not corrupt publick manners

fo much, ‘as they do, who feem to have fome foundnefs and goodnefs
inthem 3 and are difeafed but in part, Quod confervatioum efl forme Arti ui
majoris, 14 df rvitdte potentius 5 1s a ground in natural Philofophy: for ‘ud

it makes for the confervation of the fabrick of the univeríe 5 that the

chain and contexture ofnatüre, be not cut afünder or broken 5 and that

there benot vacuum, asthey callit, or empty difcontinuityin the worlds

and that heavy bodies fhould be congregate and affembled to the mafly

pile of theearth, makes for the confervation of the Region of grofs and
compacted natures: wherefore the firft and univerfal motion commands,

and fübdues, the latter and more particular. The fame rale holds inthe
Politicks, for thofe, things which conduce to the confervation of the

whole Body Politickin its entire narüre and abfence, are more potent,

than thole things are, ‘which make only for the well-fare and exiftence

of particular members, ina State or Civil Goverament. | So.the fame

rule takes placein Theology 5 for among{t Theological virtues, Chari-

iy, a virtue moft communicative exeells all thereft. Augetur vis agen Arif. Mec
tis per anti-periftalia tóntrarii : is a tule in Natural Philofophy 5 the '?^*.
: Jey: j 43 3 3 3 oblem;
fame works wondets in Ciyil tates,” for all fa&ionis vehemently moved, &.ir.
and incenfed at the rifing ofa contrary faction. — Tous difcors ix con-

cordem athitum de[iseui, concentum commendat zo fall fuddenly from VBoct.ce
à Difcond upon a Concord commends the Air : it isa rule in Mufick: the M Is
likeeffzttit worketli in Morality; ‘and the Affe&ions. That 7rope Pa"

Mujick, to fall orflidefoftly, from the clofe or cadence (as they call it)

Whenitíeemed even to touch it, is ‘common with the Trope of Rheto-
rick, of deceivin expe ation. The Quaveringupon a (topin Mufick,
gives the fame Aclight tothe ear; that the playing.of light uponthe wa-
ter, otthe fparkling of a Diamond-gives to the eye. io

Senger — Splendet tremulo fub. lumine Pontus.
W € om: 4 Ea 1j ur Virg. En.
Organa [eujuum cum Organis reffecfionum conveninnt : This hath;placein jj;
PerjpeiEiue, Art, for the eyeis like'to a Glas, or to waters : andán 4- Opt. 4, vi-
couptich Ari 5 for the Inftrument of hearing is like to the (traits and wind- dorf:
ing within a-Cave, Thefe few inftances may ‘fuffice for examples.And “~
indeed the Per(ian Magick, fo much celebrated, confilts chiefly in this;
to obferve the re[pondenty in the ArchiteG tures, and Fabricks of things Na-
tural and of things Civil. Neither are all thefe whereof we have {po-

ken, sand others of like nature weer Similitudes only, as men of narrow
óbíer-

"ed net

56

Of the: Advancement of Learning. L rz. IIl. .

obfervation perchance may conceivesbut one & the very fame footfteps,
and feals of Nature, printed upon feveral fubjeCts or matters. This kind
of Science, hath not been hitherto ferioufly handled: You may perad-
venture find in the Writings coming from the pens of the profounder
forts of wits, Axioms of this kind, thinly and fparfedly inferted, for
the ufé and explication of the Argument which they have in hand 5 but.
a complete body of fuch Maximes, which have a Primitive and Summa-
ry force aud efficacy in all Sciences , none yet have compofeds being not-
withítanding a matter of fuch confequence, as doth notably conduce
to the unity of Nature; which we conceive to be the office and ufe of
Philofophia Prima. ify

There is alfo an other part of this, Przzitive Philofophy, which, if

PhiL 241

CHAP.

°° = Sa Sn Sis OCMEOGRAE D2 REMENECENENI oa
Lis. Ill. Of the Advancement of Learning. 85

Cuap. II.

I. Of Natural Theologie: § Of the Knowledge of Angels, and of Spi
ritss which are an Appendix thereof. &

spate Parent of Sciences being firít placed in its pro-
per Throne like unto Berecyzthia, which had fo much hea-

venly Iflue.

Onnes Celicole, omnes fupera alta tenentes. Virg.-£ir;

We may return to the former Divifion ofthe three Philofopies, Divine,
Natural and Humane.

‘I. For Natural Theology, is truly called Divine Philofophy. And this
is defined to be a Knowledge, or rather a {park and rudiment of that
Knowledge concerning Godsfüch as may be had by the light of Natures
andthe Contemplation of the Creature : which Knowledge may be
truly termed Divize in refpe& of the Object 5. and Natural in réfpe&t of
theLight. The Bounds of this Knowledge are truly fet forth,that they
may extend to the Confutation and Conviction of Atheifíms tlie Infor-
mation of the Law of Nature 5 but may not be drawn out totlie Con-
firmation of Religion. Therefore there mas never Miracle wrought by
God to convert an Atheift, becaufe tbe light of Nature might have led him to
comfejs a God 3 but Miracles are defigned to convert Idolaters, and the Su-
perftitious, who have acknowledged a Deity, but erred in his Adoration 5
becanfe no light of Natare extends to declare the Will and true Worfhip of
God. For as works do fhew forth the power and skill of the work-
man, but not his Image: So the worksof God, do thew the Omnipo-
tency and Wifdom of the Maker 5 but no way exprefs his Image. And
in this the Heathen opinion differs from the facred Truth; For they
defined the World to be the Image of God; Man the Image of the
Worlds but Sacred Scriptures never vouchfafed the World that ho-
nour, as any where to be ftiled the Image of God, but only, the works
of bis hands : but they fubftitute man,tJe zzzzedate Image of God. Where- ae
fore, that there is a God; that heretgnsand rules the World; that he
is moft potent, wile, and provident : that he is a Rewarder, a Reven-
ger 5 that he is to be adored 5 may be demon(trated and evinced even
from his works; and many wonderful fecrets touching his Atributes,
and much more touching his Regiment and difpenfation over the
world, may likewife with fobriety be extracted, and manifefted out
of the fame works; and is an Argumtent hath been profitably handled
by divers. But out ef the contemplation of Nature, and out of the
Principles of Humane Kea(on, to difcourfe, or earneftly to urge a point
touching the Myfterics of Faith; and again, to be curioufly fpeculative
into thofe fecrets, to ventilate them 5 and to be inquifitive into the
manner of the Myftery, is, in my judgement not fate : Da Fidei qué
Fidei fuat. For the Heathens themfelves. conclude as much, in that

excellent and divine Fable of the golden Chain, Thzt Aten and Gods
merge

Of the Advancement of Learning. | Ls. If.

were not able to draw Jupiter down to the Earths but contrariwife jupi-
ter mas able to draw them up to Heaven.Wherefore he laboureth in vain,
who (hall attempt to draw down heavenly Myfteries to our reafon 5 it
rather becomes -us to raffe and advance our reafon to the adored
Throne of Divine Truth. And ix this part of Natural Theologie, | am
fó far from noting any deficience, as [rather find an excefs; which to

® obferveI have fomewhat digrefled , becaufe of the extreme prejudice,

Coloff.2,

2 Cor.2.

Laert, Se-

Nees

‘either by extolling them above the degree of a creature 5 or to exto

which both Religion and Philofophy have received we | as that
which will fa(hion and forge a heretical Religion, and an imagfhary and
fabulous Philofophy. :
§ But as concerning the nature of Angels and Spirits, the matter is
otherwife to be conceived; which neither is infcrutable, nor interdi&-
eds to which knowledge, from the affinity it hath with mans foul,there
isa paffage opened. The Scriptnre indeed commands, let so mean des
ceive you with fublime difcourfe touching the worfhip of Angels, preffing ina
to that he knows not 5 yet notwith{tanding if you obferve well that pre-
cept, you (hall find there only two things forbidden; namely Adora-
tion of Angels, füch asis due to God 5 and Phantaftical Opinions of them

a mans knowledge of them farther than he hath warrantable ground. .
But the fober enquiry touching them, which by the gradations of things
corporal, may afcend to the nature of them 5 or which may be feen in
the Soul of Man, asin a Looking-glafs, is in no wife reftrained. The fame
may be concluded of impure and revolted fpirits ; the converfing with
them, and the imployment of them, is prohibited ; much more any
veneration towards them; but the Contemplation or Science of their
Nature 5 their Power ; their Illufions 5 not only from places of facred
Scripture, but from reafon or experiences is a principal part of Spiri-
tual Wifdom. For fo the Apoftle faith, me are zot ignorant of his fira- -
tagems. And it is no more unlawful to enquire, in natural Theology,
the nature of eil Spirits 5 than to enquire the nature of Poyfons in
Phyfick, or of vices in theEthicks. But this part of Science touching
Angels and degenerate fpirits, I cannot note as Deficient 5 for many have
imployed their pens in it : Rather moft of the Writers in this
kind may be argued either of vanity, or fuperftition, or of unprofitable
fubtilty.

Cuap. IIL
This Partition of Natural Philofophy into Speculative, and Opera-

tive. § Andthat thefe two, both in the intention of the writer 5 and
an the body of the Treatife, fhould be feperated.

Eaving therefore Natural Thologie (to which we have attributed the

, enquiry of Spirits, as an Appendix) we may proceed to the fe-
cond Part, namely that of Nature, or Natural Philofophy. Democritus
faith excellently, That the knowledge concerning Nature, lies hid in cers
tain deep Mines and Caves, fad itis fomewhat to the purpofe , that
the

Lis lil Of the Advancement of Learning. — 89.

(oe AI ce SS it SS 2 CNN
the Alchimilts do fo much inculcate, That Vulcan is a Second Nature, Patacel;
and perfeds,.that compendioufly which Nature wfeth to effet by ambages de Philof,
and length of time: why then may we not divide Philofophy into two “8°
partss the Adine, ad the Fornace 5 and make two profeflions , or oc-
cupatioris of Natural Philofophers 5 Pyoners or workers in the Mine 5 and
Smiths, or Refiners ? Certainly however we may feemto be conceited,
and to fpeak in jeít 5 yet we do belt allow of a divifion inthat kind, if
it be propofed in more familiar and Scholaftieal terms; nartely, that
the Avowledge of. Nature, be divided into the Ingnifition of Cáufes 5 and
the Production of Effe s 5 Speculative, and Operative; thevone fearch-
eth the bowels of Nature 5 the other fathions Nature, as it were, upon
the Anvile.

Now although I know very well with what à ftrict band, cau(es
24 effe&s.ate united 5 fo as the explication of them, muft in a fort be
coupled and conjoyned: yet becaufe all folid and fruitful Natural know-
ledge hath a double, and that diftintt, (cale or ladder 5 Afcendent and
Defcendént s From Experiments to Axioms, and from Axioms tothe new
Experiments. Y judge it moft requifite, that thefé two parts, Speculative
and Operative, be feparate, both in the intention of the Writer, and the
Body of the Treatife. . *

Cuar. dV. a

I. The Partition of the Speculative knowledge of Nature iuto Phy-
~ fick fpecial, and Metaphyfick : Whereof Phyfick exguires the Effi-
cient Caufe, and the Matter : Metaphyfick the final Caufe and the
Form. IL. The Partition of Phyfick, into the knowledges of the

. Principles of Things 5 of the Fabrick of Things, or of the World:
And of the variety of things. III. The-Partitioz of Phyfick, touch-
ing the variety of things, into the DoGrine of Concretes 5 and in-
to the Do@rine of Abítrads. The Partition of tbe knowledg= of
Concretes, # referred over to the fame Partition which Natural Hie
Story Comprehends. IV. The Partition of the knowledge of Ab-
{tracts, into the knowledge of the Schemes of Matter; and into
the knowledge of Motions. V. Two Appendices of Speculative
Phyfick; Natural Problems: 474 the Placits of Ancient Philofo-
phers. VI. The Partition of Metaphyfick , isto tbe DoGráne of

Forms; 4d into the Doctrine of the Final Caufes,

I. Hat part of Natural Philofophy which is Speculative and Theori-
cal, wethtnk convenient to divide into Phyfick fpecial, and
Metaphyfick, Andiu this Partition defire it may be concetv'd, that we
ufe che Z4etapbyick in a different fence from-that, that is received. And
here it feems to fall out not unfitly, to advertife in general of our pur-
pofé and meaning touching the ufc of words, and terms of Art. And
3t is this, that as well in this word Z4etapbyfick now deliveted, asin o-
ther terms of Art, wherefoever our conceptions and nations are new;
and differ from the received 5 yet with much reverence, we retain the

M Ancient

(9o Of the Advancemont of Learning. Ene

419581

in

Toan.5.

Lucan, I.
10.

Annal.1,

| Ancient terms: For being we hope; that the method it fel, ‘and a per-
' fpicuous explication of the Matter, which we labour to annex, may re-

deem us from an incongruous conéeption-of the words we nfe; we are
otherwile zealous (fofaroas We? @ané without prejudice of Truth and
Sciences) to depart as little as may be; ‘from the opinions and expret-
fions of "Antiquity. "And'herein V cannot but marvail at the confidence
‘of Ariffotle who poflek swith a fpirit of contradiction 5 and ‘denouncing
war againft-all: Antiquity; ‘not only “ufurpt a licen{e to coyn’new terms
of Arts'át.pleafure but: hath endeavoured‘todéface ‘anid: extinguith
all ancienpwifdomy Info rhuch as le Hever names any ancient Authors 5
or makes.any:mentiotróf “their opinions; but to’ réprehend' their Per-
fons; or to redargue [their Placits, and Opinions. Certainly if he
affected ! glory ;'and drawing <difciples after him, he took the right
courfe :: For the famé; comes toipafs in the afférting and receiving a
Philofophical Truth;thatdoth ina-Divine Truth ez in nomine Pa-
iris, ncc recipitis me,ofignis vencrit'in' nomine fio eun recipietis. But
from thisdivine Aphorifm, if we confider whomfpecially it hath de-
figned. (namely Autichrift the greateft Impoftor of all times ) we may
collec, that the coming ina mans omh'name, without any regard of An-
tiquity, or (if I may fo fpeak) of Paternity, is no’ good Augury of
Truth, however it be joyned with the fortune and fuccefs of an euzs
recipieti s.—Bnut for-Aritotle;- certainly an excellent man, and of an admi-
rable profound wit, I fhould eafily be induced to believes that be learned
this ambition of his Scholar, whom perhaps hedid emulate : that if one
conquered all Nations 5 the othet would conquer all Opinions, and raife to
himfelf a kind of Monarchy, in contemplations. Although it may fo fall
out, thathé may at fore’ mens hands,that are ofa bitter difpofition,and
biting language, get a hike title; as his Scholardid.
i à SIMBD 3 305 zi9ti y SJ iN
| e3ebsluiorzi 211 0? EU aiv
Félix terrarum qgdo, non utile Mundo -
Editus exemplumtes—. 89.
(fade (

J xO 90)

- Felix Dollrine Pr2dó; &c. But, tous on the other fide that do de-
fire, fo much as lies in'thé power of our pen, to contract a league and
commércé between Aricient and Modern knowledge 5 our judgement
ftands firm,fo keep way With Antiquity,uqs ad Aras 5 and to retain the Ane
cient terms,though fómetimes we alter their Sence,and Definitions : ac-
cording tótherhoderd-and approved manner of Innovation, in Civil
Govéfnments where the ftate of things being changed, yet the fo-
lemnity of words atid’ ftilesis obferved which ‘Tacitus notes; Eadens
Magiftratuum vocabula.

§ ‘Fo, return therefore to the acception of the word Adetaphjfick, in
our fence," It appears,;by that which hath been already faid, that we
diftinguitli Primitives Phylofophy; from Metapbyfich , which heretofore
hath beén.confounded and taken for.the fame thing. The one we have
fet down'as a comune Parent of all Sciences the other, as a portion of
Natural, Philofophy. -We have, affignd Common. and. Promifcuous
Axioms of Sciences ,.. to. Primitive Philofophy..; Likewife All Relative
aud Aduventive Conditions and, Charaers of Fffences , which we
have named Tranjceudents; as Multitude, Pancity, Identity, Diverfity,
NODE teris j | Polfible,

Lis. HII. Of tbe Advancement of Learning. 9I

Poffzble, Impoffible, and (uch like we have attributed to the fame, on-
ly with this Provifo, that they be handled as they have efficacy in na-
ture; and notLogically. But we have referred the inquiry concerning
God; Unity, Bonity, Angels, Spirits, to Natural Theology. Where-
fore now it may rightly be demanded, what after all this is remaining
to AMetaphyfick! certainly beyond nature, nothing; but of nature it
felf the moft excellent part. And indeed without prejudice to Truth,
we may thus far concurr with the opinion and conceit of Antiquity 5
that Phyfick only handleth that which is inherent in matter, and
is moveable 5. Afetaphyfick things more abftra&ted and fixt. | Again that
Phyfick fuppofeth exiftence only and Motion; and natural Neceflity :
but Zzctapbyfick the Mind alfo 5the Idea or platform. For to this point
perchance the matter comes, whereof we fhall difcourfe, But we will
propound this difference, (leaving afide the fublimity of {peech) per-
{picuoutly and familiarly. We have divided Natural Philofophy into the,
Inquifition of caufes; and the production of effects. The inquiry of
caufes we have referred to the Theorical part of Philofophy 3 which we
have divided into Phyfick and Metapbyfick 5 wherefore by neceflary con-
fequence the true difference of theíe two Theories, muft be taken
from the nature of the Caufes which they enquire 5 fo without all ob-
{curity or circuit, Péyfick is that which enquires of the efficient caufe s
and ofthe AMatter 3 Afetaphyfick, that which enquires of the Form and
end.
II Phyfick therefore comprehends Caufes variable and incertain, and
according to the nature of the (übje& moveable and changing, and at-
tains not a fixt conftancy of Caufes. ;

Limus ut bic durefcit, & bec ut cera liquefcit
Uno codemque igni

Vitg. Kn;
8.

Fire is caufe ofinduration, but refpective to clay ; Fire is caufe of col-
liquation, but refpective to wax. We will divide Phyfick into three
Knowledges: For Nature is either united and colle&ed into one; or
diffufed and diftributed : Nature is collected into one either in tefpe&
of the common Seeds and Principles of all things or in reipect of the ez-
tire, total Fabrick of the univerfe. This union of Nature hath brought
forth two Parts of Phyfick, one of the Principles of Things 5. the other of
the Fabrick of the Univerfe, or of the World 5 which we ufe to call the
Dodtrines of Sums or Totals. The Third Knowledge which handles Na-
ture diffufed, orfcattered, exhibits aJ the variety of things, and the lef-
fer Summs or Totals. Wherefore from thefe contemplations it is plain-
ly manifeft, that there are three Knowledges touching Natural Philofo-
phy, of the Principles of things 5 of the world s or of the Fabrick of things
Of Nature multiplicious or {parfed; which laft Part, (as we have faid)
contains all the variety of things; andis, asit were, the firft Glofs, or
Paraphrafe touching the Interpretation of Nature, Of thefe three Parts,
none is wholly Deficient; but in what truth and Perfection they are

handled, I make not now my Judgmcae bic
III. But we will again divide Phyfick diftindively forted, or of the va
rietyof things, into two Parts; into Phyjick of concretes, and intoPhyfickh —
of Abftrads: or into Pbyfick of ches and: into Phyfick of Na«**"

2 Tires

Mo ERERENOR ee gee Re or DT ED anl
92 Of the Advancement of Learning. Liz. Tih

tures. Theone(to ufe the terms of Logick) inquires of Subflances with
all the variety of their Adjunctss the otherof Accidents, or Adjuncts
through all the variety of fubftances. For example, if the inquiry be
ofa Lion, or ofan Oak, thefe are fupported by many and divers Acci-
dents: Contrarywife ifthe enquiry be made of Heat, or Heavinefs, thefe
arein many diftin&t fubftances. And feeing all Phyfick or Natural Philo=
fophy is Geuate ina middle term, between Natural Hiftory and Afetaphy-
fick; the firft part (if you obferve it well) comes nearer to Natural Hifio-
"7j 5 the latter part nearer to Atetaphyfick s Concrete Phyfick hath the fame
divifion which Natural Hiftory hath 5 fo that it is a knowledge either
concerning the Heavews 5 or concerning Afeteors 3 or concerning the
Globe of the earth and Sea 3 or concerning thegreater Col/egiates, which
they call the Elements; or concerning the /effer Colegiates, or natures
fpecificks fo likewife concerning Pretergeneratzons 5 and concerning Afe~
ébanichs. For in all thefe, Natural Hiflory inquires and reports the fact
it felf; but Phyfick, the Caufes likewife 5 but you muft conceive this of
fluid, not fixt Caufes, that is, of matter and of the efficient.

§ Amongítthefe Portions of Phyfick, that part is altogether maimed
and imperfect which enquires of Celeftial bodies, which notwithftanding,
for the excelleney of the Subje&, ought to be taken into fpecial confi-
deration. For Aftroxomy,it is indeed not without'fome probability and
ufe grounded upon the Phenomena, but it isvulgar 5 bafe, and no way
folid: But .4ffrology in many Circumftances hath no ground atall. zz
srith Aftronomy prefents fuch a facrifice to Mans underftanding, as once
Promethens did, when he went about to couzen Fupzter 5 for inftead of
a true, fubftantial Ox, he prefented the hzde of a great and fair Ox ftuft,
and fet out with ftraw, leaves, and Ofier twigs; fo in like manner 4»

ftronomy exhibiteth the extrinfick Partsof Celeftial Bodies, (namely
the Number, Scituation, Motion, and Periods of the ftars) as the Hide
of Heaven 5 fair and artificially contrived into Syftems, and Schemes:
but the Entrals are wanting, that is, Pbyfícal/ reafons, out of which
(adjoyning Aftronomicall Hy pothefes) the Theory fhould be extracted,

not fuch grounds and fuppofitions as fhould only fave the Phenomen
(of which kind a number may be wittily devifed ) but füch as propound
the fübftance, motionand influx of the Heavens, as they truly are ity
nature. Forthofe Dogmaes and Parodoxes are almoft vanifht, and long
Ra" t- agoe exploded, namely, the Rapture of the Férfé Movtr : and the Soli-
ripas dity of Heaven (ftars being there fixt as nails in the Arched Roof of a Pare
mousse lou). And other opinions, not much ‘better, as, that there are dim
moli adver. Vers Poles of the Zodiack s and of the worlds that there is afecond move=
fi.Epigdi. able of Renitency, contrary to the rapture of the firft moveable; that all
nis, bats of the firmament are turned about by perfei? circles 5 that there are
se dium: Eecentricks and Epitycles, to fave the conftancy of Motion by perfect cire
€. cles 5 that the Moon hath no force or influence upon a body fnperior to it,
Mie and the like. And the abfurdity of thefe fuppofitions, hath caft men
5: Upon that opinion, of the Diurnal Motion of the Earth 3 an opinion which
Mad me cin demonftrate to'be ntoft falfe. But fcarce any man can be found,
’ who hath made enquiry of tbeliNatural Caufes of the fubftance of the bea-
wens, ast well Stellare, as Inter-ftellare; fo of the fwiftuef and flomucffof
heavenly bodies, veferr'l one to anothers alfo of the various incitation of
Motion in the fame Planet 3 likewife of the perpetuated conrfe of Motion
from

c" uupeeec c e dun eeu dep oo reo Y Ae m
Drs. Tih Of the Advancement of Learning: 93
from Eaft to West, and the contrary: Laftly of Progrelfions, tations and
Retrogradations, of the Elevation and Declixation of Motions, bythe Apo»
gée, or middle point 5 aud Perigée or loweft point of heaven 5 fo of the ob-
lique windings of Motions, either by flexuous Spires, weaving and unmea-
ving them[clues, as they make their approach or rece from the Tropicks ;
er by ferpentine finuations, which they call Dragons, fo of the fixt Poles of
Rotations or wheeling motions, why they [bould be placed in fuch a point of
the heavens, rather than in any other 3 {0 of tbe alligation of fome Planets
at a certain diftance from the Sun: ¥ fay an inquiry of this kind, hath
fcarce been attempted, fave that fome labour hath been taken therein,
only in Mathematical obfervations and Demonftrations. But thefe ob-
fervations only fhew how wittily all thefe motions may be contrived,
and cleared from oppofition 5 not how they may truly fubfift in Nature ;
and reprefent only fceming Motions, and their fi&titious Fabrick, and
framed at pleafüre, not their caufes, and the real truth of Things.
Wherefore Affrozomy, fuch as now itis made, may well be counted in
the number of Afzthematical Arts, not without great diminution ofthe
Dignity thereof; íceing it ought rather (ifit would maintain its own
right) be conftitute a branch, and that moft principal of Natural Philofo-
phy. For whoever (hall reje& the feigned Divorces of fuperlunary and
Sublunary bodies, and [ball intentively obferve the appetencies of Matter,
and the mosi univer{al Palfions, (which in either Globe are exceeding Po-
tent, and transverberate the univerfal nature of things) he {hall receive
clear information concerning celeftial matters from the things (cen here with
ws: and contrarywife fronethofe motions which are. pradfifed in heaven 5
be [ball learn many obfervations which now are latent, touching the motions
of bodies here below: not only fo far as thefe inferiour motions are modera-
ted by fuperionr, but in regard they have a mutual intercourfe by palfions
common to then both. Wherefore this part of 4ffronomy which is zata-
ral wefet down as Deficient. And this we will call Living Aftronomy,
to diftinguifh it from Promethexs Ox ftuft with ftraw,which was an Ox
in outward fhape only.

But Affrology is corrupted with much fuperftition, fo as there is
hardly to be found any found part thetein. Yet in our judgment it
fhould rather be purged,than clean caft away. But if any contend,that
this fcience is not grounded upon reafon, and Phyfical contemplations 5
but in blind experience, and the obfervation of many Ages; and there-
fore reject a trial by natural Arguments (which the Chaldee Aftrolo-
gers boafted) he may by the fame reafon revoke Auguries, Divination,
and Predictions from beafts entrals, and {wallow down all kind of Fa-
bles 5 for all thefe füperftitious vanities were avoucht, as the Di&ates
of long experience, and of Di(cipline delivered over by tradition. But
we do both accept 4ftrology, as a Portion of Natural Philofophy 5. and .
yet attribute unto it no more credit, than reafon and the evidence of
Particulars do evinces fetting afide fuperftitions and fictions, And that
We may alittle more ferioufly confider the matter.

§ Firft what a vain fancy isthis, that every Planet fhould reign for cer-
tain hours by turn, fo as in the {pace of twenty four hours, they {hould re-
fime their Dominions thrice over, three fupernumerary hours referved2
Yet this conceit brought forth unto us the Divifion of the week, a

computation very ancient, and generally received, as from the inter-
changeable

Of the Advancement of Learning. Lire. IIL.

changeable courfe of days moft manifeftly it appears ; when in the be-
dinning of the day immediately fucceeding, the fourth Planet from the
Planet of the firít day, enters upon his Government 5 by reafon of the
three füpernumerary hours, whereof we have fpoken.

Again we are confident to reject, as an idle fiction, the doctrine of
Genethliacal Pofitures of the heavens, to precife points of times with the
Diftribution of the Houfes 5 thofe fame darlingsin Aftrology, which have
made füch mad work in the Heavens 5 nor can I füfficiently wonder that
many excellent men,and for Aftrology of Principal note, fhould ground
themfelves upon fo flight reafons, to avouch fuch opinions. For they
fay, feeing that experience it felf difcovers as much, that so/fices, £-
quinottials, nem Moons, full Moons, and the like greater. revolutions of

{tars, do manifeftly and notably work upon natural Bodies; it muft .

needs be, that the more exact, and fübtile afpe& and pofture of the
ftars, fhould produce effects more exquifite and occult. But they fhould
firít except theSuns operations by manifeft heat; and likewife, the
magnetick influence of the Moon, upon the zzereafe of Tides every half
Moon (for the daily Flux and Reflux of the Sea is another thing :) But
thefe fet afide3 the other power of the Planets upon natural bodies
(fo far asthey are confirmed by experience) is {lender and weak 5 and,
which they (hall find, latent in the greater Revolutions. Wherefore they
fhould rather argue the other. way, namely, that fceing thofe greater
Revolutions, havefo (mall influence, thofe exalt and minute differences

of Pofitures have no force at all.

§ Thirdly, Thofe Fatalities, that the hour of Nativity or conception go=

verns the Births The hour of inception, the fortune of the thing begun
the hour of Queftion, the fortune of the thing enquired, and, in amord,
the fcience of Nativities, Elections, Queftions, and fuch like levities s im
our judement, have no certainty or folidityinthems and may by natural
reafons be plainly redargued and evinced. The point to be fpoken of ra-
ther, is, what that is which we retain and allow of in Aftrology ; and
in that which we do allow, what is deficient ? for, for this end, thatis,
for the obfervation of Deficients, we undertook this work 5 not intend-
ing (as we have often faid) matter of cenfure. And indeed amongft
the receiv'd partsof Asfrology, the Doctrines of Revolutions we judge
to have more foundnefs in them, thanthe reft. But it may beto good
purpofe,to fet down and prefcribe certain Rules, by the fcale and fquare
whereof, Aftrological Obfervations may be examined; that what is
fruitful may be retain'd ; what is frivolous rejected.

§ Thefirft Precept may be that whereof we have admonifht already 5
let the greater Revolutions beretained s the leffer Horofcopes and Houfes ca-
fhiered. Thofe,like Great Ordnance may difcharge their influences, at
a fpacious remotenefs 5 thefe like {mall Bows, are for a fhort diftance,
and carry not their forces far. The fecond rule is 5 That the operation of
the Heavens workes not om all bodies but only upon the more tender and
penetrable s füch asare Humours,Air, Spirits : but here we except the
Operations of the heat of the Sux, and of the Heavens, which without
queftion pierce even to Mettals, and many fubterraneous Bodies. The
third rule is, that the Operation of the Heavens extends rather to the Mafé
of things and Nature in groff s than unto individual effences, and parti-

cularitiess yet obliquely it reacheth to many Individuals, namely,
thofe

L ts. IIL Of the Advancementiof Learning, — 95.

thofe Individuates which of the fanie fpecies are molt Pa/fible, and are-

like foft ‘wax: even as when a Peftilential air feizeth on bodies more

we will adda few more obfervations which (hall clearly propound, out
‘of what materials it fhould be collected, and to, what end it fhould be
referred. — ~ 7) to UNA
6 Firfl, let the knowledge touching the Commixtures of Beams be re-
cei d into fónnd Aftrology, that isof Conjunctions, and of Oppofitions,
and the reft of the conftellations,: or Afpects of Planets, one on ano-
ther. | Al/o we alfign to this part concerning the Commixtures of Beams,
the pafling of the Planets through the fignsofthe Zodiack, and Pofi-
tion under the fame figns : For the location ofa Planet under any fign,
is a kind of Conjunction ofthe fame Planet with the Stars of the figns :
"Moreover as Conjun&tions, fo likewife Oppofitions and other. Conttcl-
Tations of Planets towards the Stars ofthe ligns, areto be. noted, which
"hitherto hath not perfe&ly been accomplitht. Bat the interchangeable
Commixtures of the Rays of the fixt ftars, are indeed profitable tothe
Contemplation of thé Fabrick of the world 5. and of the Nature of the
"Regions lying under them’; but not unto Pred;Gáezs, becaufe thefe At-
peas are ever the fame. i1 damen »
"S Secondly, let there be taken into Afixology tbe Acceffions of every par-
ticular Planet nearer to the Perpendicular,and Rece[fzous from it, accor-
ding to the Climates of Regions. For all the Planets as wellas the Sun,
have their Summers,their Winters; wherein they dart down more forci-
bJe,or more feeble rays,according to their Polture in refpe&t of the Per-
pexdicular. For without queftion, the Afoon i2 Leo works more for-
cibly upon natural bodies here below, than when fhe 1s in Pifces :No£
becaufe the 74007 placed in Leo-hath reference tothe Heart,and under
Pifces tefpe&ts the Feet, (as the vulgar Fable goes) fag their Elevati-
on towards the Perpendicular and Approximation towards the greater
Stars, juft after thefame manner asthe Sun.

0$ Thirdly, let the Apogea, and Perigéa of the Planets be received Rit
ue

——

96

Interpret,
additam,

Of the Advancement of Learning. Lue. III.

due inquiry, to what the vigor of 4 Planet appertains in refpedt of himjelf 5
and to what in his vicinity to us, For a Planet in his Apogez, or exalta-
tion is more chearful and ative 5 but in his Perzgea or declenfion more
communicative. “So the Sun in hisElevation, when he enters the
« Tropick of Caxcer, is in heat more recollected and vigorous ; but
* when he falls off from the Meridian, as in Capricorz, he is more faint,
* yet more difperfed in his influence. For in his Afcenfion,he is not only
¢: nearer to the fixed Stars ; but his beams then falling at more equal
* and right angles 5 become more united 3 and by a direct refültance
* from the earth intermix, and fo reduplicate their force 5 whereas in
€ his declenfion, they are oblique, and therefore feeble and errant ig
€ reflection, Wherefore with the Inhabitants under the Equator, the
« heat is more intenfe 5 thanit is with Northern Confiners ,. where the
* Sun daily keeps his circuit near about the Horizon: But yet in this
* Perigean motion, the Suns beams are more communicative, though
< Jefs active; becaufe departing from the point of their incidence in the
« rebound , their reflection is oblique and difperfed. This enquiry
« touching the projection of beams in a right or oblique line, Mss
« be made with diligence, for it concerns all the influences of the hea-
* vens upon terrene bodies 5 the general conftitution of the year 5 the
* divers temperatures of the air in the five Zones; the complexion of
** different Climates and the like. ined

§ Fourthly, to be brief, Jet there be taken in all the remaining Acci-
dents of the motion of Planets 3 as what are the Accelerations, Retarda-
tions, Progreffes, Stations, Retrogradations , of every one of them in
their courfe, what their diftance from the Suz, their Combuftions, En-
creafe, and Diminutions of Light, Eclipfes, and whatfoever elfe of this
nature. For all thefe caufe, that the Beams of the Planets do work
more ftrongly, or more weakly, and after divers ways and diftin&t
virtues: And thefe four obfervations , belong to the Radiations of
Star.

Fifthly, let there be received in, whatfoever may any way, open

and difclofe the natures of Stars Erravt or Fixt, in their proper ef- -
fence and activity 5 as what is their Asagnitude; of what colour and a-
Spe 5 what Scintillation and Vibration of lights what Situation to-
wards the Poles or ZquinoGials what Afteri{ms s which are more zzizgled
with other Stars which are more fo/itary 5; which are fuperiour, which
inferiour 5 which of the fixt Stars are within the line and courfe of the
Sun and Planets (namely within the Zodiack) which without; which
of the Planets is more fmift 5 which more flow 5 which may move iz
the Ecliptich line 3 which may expatiate iz latitude from it 5 what Pla»
net may be retrograde, which not ; what Planet may beat any diftance
from the Sun, whichis tyed to attend theSun 5 which moves fwifteria
Apogéo, which in Perigéo 5 to conclude the Irregularities of A¢ars 5 the
expatiations of Yeas, the wonderful Labours or Paflions, which are

often found in the Sz”, and in Venus, and the like ?

§ Laft of all, let there be taken into Affrologie, even from traditi-
on the particuMr Natures, and Inclination of Planets, as alfo of fixt
Stars 5. which fecing they are delivered over with fuch an univerfal con-
fent, they are not lightly to be rejected; but where they crofs the
grounds and reafons of natural Principles. And of fuch obfervations

ag

Lis. I. Of the Advancement of Learning — «

as thefe, found Astrologie is compiledsand according to thefe only,(hould
Schemes and configurations of Heaven, be compofed and interpreted:
Sound Aftrologie is likewife applied and referred with more confidence
to PrediGions 5 to Eledions, with more Cantion, within due limits to
both. Predi&ion: may be made of future Comets, which as we cons
je&ure may be foretold; and of all forts of Meteors; of Deluges ;
Droughts, Heats, Conglaciations, Earth-quakes, overlowing of Was
ters; breaking out of Fires, Winds, great Rains, divers Tempefts, and
ftrange feafons of the Year 5 Peftilences, Epidemical difeafes ; Plenty
and dearth of Grain 5; Wars, Seditions, Sects, Plantations of new Colo
nies: laftly, of all Commotions and greater Innovations, either in Nz-
ture, or in State-Government: fo thefe predictions may be drawn down
(though not with like certainty) to more fpecial occurrences, and per-
chance to fézgularities; if the general inclinations of fuch times and
feafons, being firft di{covered and found out, thefe be applied by a
fharp piercing judgement Philofophical or Political, to fpecial or more
particular events, which may be moft{ubjeG to fuch Accidents. As
for example, a man {hall find out from a fore-fight of the feafons of the
year, fach temperatures of Weather, as are propitious or pernitious ra»
ther to Olives, chan to Vines 5 rather to Phthificks, and ulcerattous of
Lungs, than to Hepaticks and ob(tructions of the Liver; more tothe
inhabitants of high and mountainous, than low and champain Coun-
tries; more to Monksthan Courtiers, by reafon of their different kind
of diet: Orif one from the knowledge he hath of the influence, the
Heavens have over the fpirits of men, fhould find out a man to be of
fach a complexion and difpofitions to affect or diftat rather the peo-
ple than Princes; rather learned and curious, than couragious and
warlike difpofitions 5 rather fenfual and voluptuous, than active and po-
litick natures... Such iuftances as thefe: are infinite ; but (as wehave
faid) they require not only. that general. knowledge, taken from the
Stars, which are active; but alío a particular knowledge of Subjects
which are Paflive. Nor are EleGioz: altogether ta be rejected,but more
fparingly to be credited; than Predidtions,. « For we fee in Planting, and
in Sowing, and in Grafting, that the obfervation of the age of the
Moon is a matter, not altogether vain aud frivolous: But thefe Eleci-
ons, are by ourrules more re(trained than Prediéions : and this mutt
ever be obferved, that Eledfiozs are of force, infuch cafes alone, where
both the Izf/ux of the Heavens is fuch, as doth not fuddenly país over 5
and likewiíe the Ad oz of inferiour Bodies fuch, .asis not prefently per-
fe&ed : for neither the Ezcreafes of the Z4»oz, nor of the Planets are
accomplifht in an inftant : but prz ualLity of time, is by all means to
bereje&ed. There are found many of the like precife obfervations
(which a man would hardly believe) in Elediozs about Civil affairs.
But ifany man in this cafe (hall except againft us, faying, that we have
indeed made fome remonf(trance out of what this reformed Aftrologie
fhould be deduced 5 and likewife to what it may with profit be referred :
but the manner how it is to be deduced, we. have given no precept at
all 5 he fhould not deal equally with us, to éxa& at our hands the
Art it felf, which we never promifed, or purpofed to handle, Yet not-
with{tanding touching (ucha point of Demand, thus much we will ad-
monith; that there are only four sing which may prepare the way

tg

- 98 Of the Advancement of Learning. Li s. IIl.

tothis knowledge. Firft, by Experiments future, then by Experiments
pat: Again, by Tradition 5 laftof all, by matural Reafons. Now for fue
ture Experiments, to what end fhould we {peak much of them? feeing
to make up a competent number of Inftances, fo many ages are requifite ,
asit were, but loftlabour, tothink to comprehend it? 4s for Experi=
ments paft, they indeed are within the compafs and reach of men, al-
though 1t isa matter will require much labour, and much leifure to ac-
complifh. For Afirologiazs (if they be not wanting to their Profeffi-
on) may make a collection from the faithful reports of Hiftory, of all
greater contigences 3; as Inundations, Peftilences, Wars, Seditions, and
(ifthe ftate fo require) the deaths of Kings: and may contemplate the
fituation of the Heavens, not according to the fubtilty of Figures 5 but ac-
cording. to thofe general rules which we have already fet down, to
know in what poftures the Heavens were, at thofe times, when fuch ef-
fects came to pafs 5 that fo where thereisaclear, and evident confent,
and concurrence of events; there a probable rule of Prediion may
beinferred. As for Traditions, they ought to be fo examined and
fifted,that fuch as manifeftly oppugn Phyfical Reafons, (hould be difcard-
ed; .but fuchas well confent, fhould be valid even of their own aus
thority. Laftly, as for Phyfical or Natural reafons , they are the apteft
for this inquiry 5 which make inquiry of the Catholick, and more uni-
verfal inclinations and Paffions of Matter, and of the fimple and gee
nuine motions of Bodies; for by thefe wings we fafely foar and mount
up tothofe celeftial materiare {ub{tances. Thus much concerning A=
firologia fama. (Di
§ There is another Portion of Astrological Frenzie (befides thofe fig-
, ments which we have noted at thebeginning) which is wont to be fe-
perate from Affralogie, and tobe: transferred. into Celestial Magick, a$
they callit. This hath purchafed a ftrange Glofs, from the working
C. Agrip. fancie of mans wits namely , That a benevolent fituation or afped o
de Occult; Stars, may be taken in feals and fignet-rings (be it of Metals, or of any
Pht. Germ, capable of fich impreffion) which may arreft the felicity of that
hour, which otherwife would fmiftly paf? away, and as it were, fix it, being
volatilous. As the Poet pathonately complains of this fo noble Art,
among the Ancients, now long ago buried in oblivion. Ww

Annulus infufo non vivit mirus Olympo,
N.L, (Non magis ingentes bumili fab lumine Phebos
Fert Gemma; aut Celfo divulfas cardine Innas.

Indeed the Church of Rome hath imbraced the Reliques of Saints,
and their virtues, (for in Divine and immateriate things, the flux of
time hath no power to abate the force and efficacy) but that the Reliques
of Heaven thould be fo lodged, asthat the hour which is paft, and, as it
were, dead, fhould revive and be continued ; isa meer fuperftition,and
impo(ture, Wherefore let us let go thefe idle fancies, unlefs the Mufes
be grown doting old Wives.

IV. Abjfirad Phyfick in our judgement, may very well be divided into
tmo Parts, into the DoGrine of the Schemes of Matter 3 and into the do-
Grine of Appetites or Motious, We will run them both over briefly,
from whence the delineations of the true Phyfick of Abítra&s may be

drawn

"

Lis. Ill — Of the Advancement of Learning.

drawn. The Schemes of Matter are 5 Denfe, Rare 3 Grave, Light 5 Hot,
Cold 5 Tangible, Pucumatichks Volatile, Fixt 3 Determinate, Fluid; Hue
mid, Dry 3 Fat, Crude; Hard, Soft; Fragile , Tenfiles Porous, United
Spirituous, Languid 5 Simple, Compofite 5 Abfolute, imperfectly Mixt 5 Fi-
brous and full of veins, of a fimple Pofiture or equal Similar, Diffimilar 5
Specificate, Non-[pecificate 5 Organical, Inorgamicals Animate,Inanimate.
Neither do we extend the figurations of Matter any farther, for Sez-
fible and Infenfible; Rational and Irrational, we refer to the knowledge
of Man.

§ Appetites and Motions, are of two forts 5 either »otions fimple ,
which contain in them the Roots of all natural Actions; but yet ac-
cording to the Schemes and habitudes of Matter: or Motions compofited
and produ ed 5 from which laft, the received Philofophy of the Times
(which comprehend little of the Body of Nature) takes its beginning.
But fuch Compound Motions (as Generation Corruption , aud the reít )
fhould be taken forthe fuzzs and produds of fimple Motions; rather
than for Primitive Motions. Motions fimple , are Motions of Axtitypie ,
commonly called Motion oppofing Penetration of Dimenfions 3 24otioz
of Connexion, or Continuity, which they call, Motion to avoid vacuity 5
Motion of Liberty , left there fhould be any compreffion or extenfi-
on preternatural; 44ofiominto a zem fphere, or to Rarefaction and Con-
denfation 5 Z4o£iom of a fecomd connexion,or a motion left there fhould
be a folution of continuity 5 44otoz of greater Congregation, or to
the Mals of their connaturals, which is commonly called Natural Moti-
on Motion of leffer Congregation, ufually ftiled, Motion of Sympathy
and of Antipathy 5. Z4ot;oz Di/ponent, or that parts may be rightly
placed inthe whole 5 Afotion of Alfimilation, or of Multiplication of its
Natureupon another; Z4otioz of Excitation, where the more noble
and vigorousagent awaketh, and ftirs up Motion latent and dormant

in another; Motion of the Sealor of Ivpreffion, that is, Operation with-
out Communication of Subítances Afotion Regal, or a Cohibition of .
other Motions from a Motion Predominant 3 Motion without Termina-
tion, or Spontaneous Rotation; Atotion of Trepidation, or of Contra-
ion and Dilatation of Bodies placed betwixt things good for them,
and obnoxious to them; J/afily, Motion of Reft or abhorrency of Motion,
which is the Caufe of many things. Of this kind are fimple Motions
which truly iffue forth out of the inward bowels of Nature; which
complicate,continuate,interchang’d reprefs’d,repeated, and many ways
aggregated, do conítitute thofe Compofite Motions or Summs of Moti-
ons, which are receiv d, and fuch other of thefame kind. The Summs
of Motions are thofe Celebrated Motions, Gezeration, Corruption, Aug-
mentation, Diminution, Alteration and Lation, fo Mixtion, Separation ,
Verfton.

§ There remains only as Appendices of Phyfick, the Meafures of Motions 5
of what efficacy the Quantity, ar Dofe of Nature is? What diftance can
do, which is called, not unproperly, the orb of Virtue or Adtivity ?
What incitation, or Tardity, can effet? What a long or fhort delay ? What
the force or rebatement of:athing ? What the infligation of Periflaffe or
cireumambient inclofure ? And thefe are the natural and genuine
Parts of truenatural Philofophy, touching Abffrads. For in the figu-
rations, or Schemes of Matter 5 in Motions fimple 5 In fumms or Aggres

N a gations

ioo Of the Advancement of Learning, L Tu

Ariftot.

Probl.

gations of Motions; andin Meafures of Motions, the Phyfick of Abftrads
is accomplifht. As for voluntary Motion in Animals; Motion in the
Actions of Senfes 5. Motion of the Imaginations of the Appetite, and of
the wills Motion of the minds of the difcerning faculty, or Practick
Judgementsand of the Intel/eciuals,we refer over to their proper Know-
ledges.’ Yet thits much again we advertife, that all thefe Particulars we
have delivered, are no farther to be handled in PAyfick, than the en-
quiry of their Matter and Efficient 5 for according to their Forms and.
Ends they are revifed and re-examined in Z4etapbyfick. nO
V. We will bere annex two notable Appendices, which have reference
not fo much to the Matter, as to the Manner of Inquiry 5 Natural
Problems 3 and Placits of Ancient Philofophers. The firftis the Appez-
dix of multiplied or {parfed Nature 5 the fecond of Nature united or of
fumns. Both thefe belong tda grave and circum{pect moving of doubiss
which is no mean part of Knowledge: For Problems: comprehend pare
ticular Dubitations 5 Placits , general 5. about Principles and the Fa-
brick. Of Problems there isan excellent example in the writing of Ari
ftole; which kind of work certainly deferv’d not only to have been
celebrated by Pofterity 5 but by their Jabours to have been continued 5
feeing new doubts arife daily. But in this point Caution is to be taken)
and that of great Importance. The' recording and propofing of Donbts
hath inita two-fold ufe : Ove, that it munites and fortifies Philofophy
againft errors; when that which is not altogether fo clear and evident
is not defin'd and avouched, (left error fhould beget error)but a judge-
ment upon it is fufpended, and is not definitive. The other, that the
entry.of Dexbts,and recording of them,are fo many Sponges which con-
tinually fuck and draw in unto them an increafe and improvement of
Knowledge 5 whereby it comes to país that thofe things, which with-

out the függeftion of Doubts had been (lightly, and without obfer-

vation pafled over,are by occafion offuch Dubitations,more ferioufly and
attentively confidered. But thefe two utilities {carce recompence one

difcommodity, which unlefs it be carefully lookt unto, infinuateth it.

felf; namely, That a doubt once acknowledged as juftly made, and become,
as it were, autbentichs prefently ftirs up defendants both ways 5 who in like
manner commend over the fame liberty of doubting to Pofterity s fo that mex
bend and apply their wits, rather to keep a doubt (till on foot, than to de-
termine and [ole it. Inftances of this cafe we have every where, both
in Jurifconfultss and in Students in the Univerfities ; who if they have
onceentertain'd a Doubt, it goes ever after authoriz'd fora Doubt, af
fuming unto themfelvesa priviledge, as well of Dubitation,as of Affer-
Hon: Whereas the right ufe of Rea[on is, to make things doubtful certain 5
and not to call things certain, into doubt : Wherefore I report as Deficient
a Calendar of Dubitations, or Problems in Nature, and approve the un-
dertaking of füch a work, asa profitable pains; fo care be had, that as
knowledge daily grows up, (which certainly will comé to pafs, if men
hearken unto us) füch Doubts as be clearly difcuft, aud brought to re-
folution, be rafed out of the Catalogue of Problems. To this Calezdar, Y
would have another annext no le(s ufefül : Fer fcezzg tbat iz all Enquie

ries, there be found thefethree forts of things; things manifestly trues

Doubtful 5 wanifefily falfe: It would be a very profitable courfe to ad-

joyn to the Calendar of Donbts, and Nou-liquets 5 a Calender of Falfboods,

and

Cm: ps,

L rs. Ili. Of tbe Advancement of Learning: lol

and of pepular Errors, now paíling unargued 1n. Natural Hiftory, and
in Opinions 5 that Sciences be no longer diftemper’d and embated by
them,
§ As for the Placits of Ancient Philofophers, as were thofe of Pythago-
ras, Philolaus, Xenophon, Anaxagoras, Parmenides, Lemcippus, Demo-
critus, and others, (which men ufe difdainfully to run over ) it will not
be amifS to caít our eyes with more reverence upon them. - For al-
though Ariftotle,after the manner of the race of the Ottomans, thought he Auot;
could not Jafely reign, unlef he made away all his Brethren 5 yet to thofe
who férioufly propound to themfelves the inquifition and illuftration
of Truth, and not Dominion or Afagiftrality, it cannot but féem a mat-
ter of great profit, to fee at once before them, the feveral opinions of
feveral Authors touching the Natures. of things. ‘Neither is this for a-
ny great hope conceiv d,that a more exa truth can any way be expect-
ed from thefe or from the like Theories.For as the fame Phexomena;the
fame Calculations are fatisfied upon the Aftronomical Principles both of
Ptolomy and Copernicus: So the popular experience we embrace 5 and
the ordinary view and face of things, may apply it fclfto many feve-
ral Theories 3 whereasa right inveltigation of truth requires another
manner of feverity andípeculation. For as Ariifotle faith clegantly,
That Children at first indeed call aU. men Fathers, and women Mothers,
but afterwards they diffinguifh them both: So. certainly experience in
Childhood, will call every Philofophy, Motber 5. but when it comes to
ripenefs, it will difcern the true Mother. In the mean time it is good
to read over divers Philofophics, as divers Gloffes upon Nature; where-
of, it may be.one in one place; another in another , is more corrects
ed. Therefore I could wifh a collection made, but with diligence and P* Arti
. wo : UC : X : quis Phi-
judgment, De Antiquis Philofopbiis, out of the lives of Ancient Philo- io(ophiis;
fophers; out of the Parcels of Plutarch of their P/4ct5 outofthe Ci- 5
tations of Plato; out of the Confutations of 4rif7otJe 5 out of a fparfed
mention found in other Books as well of Chriftians, as of Heathens, (as
out of Lai aztius, Philo, Philoftratus, and the reft) : For 1 donot yet
fee extant a work of this Nature. ButhereI muft give warning.that this
be done di(tin&ly, fo as the Philofophies, every one feverdly, be com-
pofed and continued,and not collected by titles and handfuls, as hath
been done by Plutarch. For every Philofophy while it is entire in the
whole piece, fupports it {elf s and the opinions maintained therein give
light, firength, and credence mutually one to the other 5 whereas if they
be fimple and broken, it will found more ftrange and diffonant. In truth
when I read in Tacitus the Actions of Nero, ot of Claudius invelted
with Circumftances of Times, Perfons, and inducements: I find them
not fo ftrange, but they may be true: but when Iread the fame AGi-
ons in Suetoxins Trazquillus, reprefented by titles and common places,
and not in order of Time, they feem monftrous and altogether incre- 5,5;
dible : £0 is Philofophy when it is propounded entire, and when it is fli-
ced and articled into fragments. Neither do I exclude out of this Ca-
lendar of tbe Placits, or Se&s of Philofophy, the Theories and opinions
of later times, as that of Theophraftus Paracelfus eloquently reduced in-
toa body and Harmony of Philofophy by Severzzz: the Dane, or of
Telefss of Cofenze, who reviving the Philofophy of Parmenides hath
turn'd the weapons of the Peripateticks upon themfelves, or of ?atr;-
£€1Af

Phyf.1;

Tacit;

*

Forma.Re-

rum.

102

Of the Advancement of Learning. Eit.

NEA RS dor IES SI Nae oh et RAR o 0

cius the Venetian 5 who hath fublimated the fumes of the Platoxifts 5 or
of Gilbert our Countryman, who hath reftored to light the opinions
of Philolaus 5, or of any other whatfoever, if he be of merit. And be-
caufe the volumes of thefe Authors are wholly extant, there may be a-
bridgements made only ofthem, andío annext, by way of reference
tothe reft. And thus much of Natural Philofophy, and the Appendices
thereof.

VI, As for Metaphyfick, we have alfigned unto it, the inquiry of For-
mal azd Final cawfes 5 which application, as to Forms, may (eem to be
nugatory andvoid. Foran opinion hath prevailed; and is grown in-
veterate, that the e/feztzal Forms and true Differences of things, can by
no diligence of Manbe found out. Which opinionin the mean, gives
and grants us thus much; that the Ixvestion of Forms, is of all other
parts of knowledge the worthieft to be fought 5 if it be poffible they
may befound. Andas for Poffibility of Invention,there are fome faint-
hearted difcoverers; who when they fee nothing but Air and Water,
think there isno farther Land. Butit is manifeft that Plato, aman of

In Time? 4n elevated wit, and who beheld all things as from a high cliff, in his

alibi,

Gen.2.
Gcn. 1r,

do&rine of Ideas, did defcry, that forms were the true objed of knows
ledge, however he lost the real fruit of this most true opinion, by contesa-
plating and apprehending Forms, as abfolutely abftract from matters 5 and
not confined and determined by matter : whereupon it came to pafs that
he turned himfelf to Theological [peculations, which infetted and diftained
all bis Natural Philofophy. But if we keepa watchful, and a fevere eye
upon Action and Ue, it will not be difficult, to trace and find out what
are the Forms; the di(clofure whereof would wonderfully enrich and
make happy the eftate of man. For the Forms of fubftances, (man on-
ly except, of whom it is faid, Forzzavit hominem de limo terre, &fpira-
vit in faciem cjus fpiraculum vita 5 not as of all other kinds, Producat a-
qua, producat ierra) fay the fpecies of creatures, as they are now

multiplied by compounding and tran{planting, are fo perplext and com-

plicate, asit is either altogether loft labour to make enquiry of them,
or the inquifition thereof, füch asas may be had, fhould be fufpended
fora time, and when the Forzz: of nature, in her more fimple exiftence
are rightly fought and found out, then to be determin'd and fet down.
For, as it were not a thing eafie, nor any way ufeful, to feek the Form

of that found, which makes a words; being that words through compo- .

fition, and tranfpofition of letters are infinite: but to enquire tbe Form
of found, which expreffeth fome fimple letter (namely with what collifion,
with what application of the inftruments of voice it is made) is a thing
comprehenfible and eafie 5 which form of letters once known, prefently
leads usto the form of words. In the fame manner to enquire the form
ofa Lyon, ofan Oak, of Gold, nay of Water, of Air,is a vain pur-
fuit; but to enquire the Forms of Denfe, Rare; Hot, Cold; Heavy,
Light 3 Tangible, Paeumatick 5 Volatile, Fixt 5 and the like, both of
Figurations and of Motions ; whereof the moft of them we have enu-
merated when we handled PAy{rck, and are wont to call them, Forms
of the first rank or order 3 and which (as the letters of the Alphabet) are
not fo many in number, and yet build up and fupport the Effences and
Forms ot all fubftances. And this is that very point,which we aimat,
and endeavour to compaf$ 5 and which conftitutes and defines that part
| of

ailes STPPP

SO SEER RRC sco erre ru e rie o UE cn Ute per
L rs. Il. Of the Advancement of Learning. 102

of Mataphyfick, whereof we now enquire. Nor doth this fo preju-
dicate or hinder, but that ?/jf/c& may confider the fame Natures alfo

(as hath been faid) bnt only according to the fluid and mutable caufes,

For example, if the caufe of mbiteneff in Snow or in Froth be enquired,

it is well rendred, that it is the fubtile inter mixture of Air with water,
But this is far from being the Form of mbiteueffs being that Air inter-
mixt with the duít, or powder of Glafs, or Chryftal, doth likewife
produce whitene/s, as well as if it were mingled with waters but this
isthe efficient caufeonly, whichis no other than vebiculum Forme. But

if the enquiry be made in Azetaphyfick, you (hall find fome fuch rule as
this, That two diaphanous bodies being intermixt, their optick Portions ite

a (imple order, or equally placed, dodetermine and conftitute mbiteneff.
This part of Afetaphyfick I find deficient: and no marvail, becaufe by the
courle of enquiring, which hitherto hath been practifed, the Forms of
things will never appear, while the world endures. The root of this
error, as of all other, is this; that men in their contemplations of nature

are accustomed to make too timely a departure, and too remote a rece/s frons
experience and particulars 5 and have yielded and refigned themfelves whol-

ly over to the fumes of their own fancies, and popular Argumentations.

But the ufe of this part of Alntaphyfick, which I report as deficient, is

of the reft the molt excellent in two refpeds.

§ Firfl, becauíe itis the duty and peculiar virtue of all Sciences, to

abridge (as much as the conception of truth will permit ) theambages

and long circuits of Experience, and fo to apply a remedy to theanci-

ent complaint of vita brevis, ars longa. And thisis excellently perfor- gj,
med, by colleding and uniting tbe Axionts of Sciences, into, more general Aphoz;
beads and conceptions 3 which may be agreeable to all Individuals. For
Sciences, are thePyrantids fupported by Hiflory 5 and Experience as their

only and true Bajis s and fo the Bafts of Natural Philofophy is Natural Hi-
Story; the fiage next the Bais is Phifick 5 the ftage next the vertical point

és Metaphylick: as for the Cone atid vertical point it felf (opus quod ope- t. cs
ratur Dens à principio ufque ad finem the fummary law of Nature ) we do s
Ju(tly doubt, whether mans enquiry can attain unto it. But thefe three

be the true fiages of Sciences 3 and are, to men {welled up with their
own knowledge, and a daring infolence, to invade Heaven, like the
three hills ofthe Giavts, ' ^

ER virg.
Ter funt Conati imponere Pelion offe, Geor E
Scilicet atque Offe frondofum involvere Olympum.

But to thofe that difabling themfelves, and difcharging their pride, re-
fer all to the glory of God, they are the three acclamations; sanée,
SanBe, Sante : for God is holy in the multitude of his works, Holy inthe Apoc.
order of thent, Holy in the union. And therefore the fpeculation was ^
excellent in Parmenides and Platos although but a fpeclation in
them, That all things by (cales did afcend to unity. Sothen, that fcience
is the worthieft, which leaft chargeth mans underftanding with multi-
plicity 5 and itis evident, that that is AZetaphyfick, asthat which prin-
cipally fpeculates thofe fizzpie Forms of things; (which we have ftiled
Forms of tbe firft degree or order ) which though they be few in number;
yet in their Commenfurations and Co-ordinations, they make all kinds

of variety. § The

oe

Plat. in
Phzxd.Cic.
de Fin.2.
Tale. 4.

Prov, IV.

Arift Xt.
Probl.

& The Second re(pect which enobles this part of Asetaphyfick touching
Forms, is, that of all other fciences, it doth moft enfranchife, and fet
at liberty the Power of Man; and brings it forth into a moft ample and
open field to exercife in. For Phyfick directs mans labour and diligence
through narrow and reftrained ways, imitating the flexious courfes of
ordinary Nature; But late undique fapientibus vie, to fapience (which.
was anciently defined to be, Rerum divinarum © bumanarum fcientia)
there is ever copy and variety of means, For Phyficall caufesgivelight
and occafion to new inventions in frzzil; materia; but whofoever knows
any Form, knows alfo the utwoft polfzbility of [uperinducing that nature up-
on any variety of. matter 5 and fo is lefs re{trained and tied in operation,
either to the Bafis of the watter, or to the condition of the Efficient 5
which kind ofknowledge, though in amore divine fence, Solomon e-
legantly defcribes, Noz ar@abuntur greffus tui, et Currens non habebis
offendiculum 5 his meaning is, that the ways of fapience, arenot liable
to ftreights, nor perplexities. — — |

§ The fecond part of Metaphyfick, isthe enquiry of Final, Canfes 5 which
we note not asomitted, but as mifplaced: for the enquiry of them ue
fually is made amonglt the Phyficks, and not in the Afetaphyficks. And
yet if this were a fault in order only, I fhould not much ftand upon it 5
for order isa matter of Illuftration, and pertains not to the fubftance of
Sciences : but this inverfion of order, hath caufed a notable deficience,
and brought a great decay upon Philofophy. For the handling of Fz-
zal Canfesin the Phyficks, hath intercepted, and banifht the enquiry of
Phyfical Caufes 5 and hath given men occafion to reft fatisfied in füch fpe-
cious, and umbratilous Caufess and not thorowly to urge and prefs
the enquiry of real and truly Phyfical Canfes. For this I find done not on-
ly by P/ato, who ever Ancreth upon that Shore ; but alfo by AriffotJes
Galen, andothers, who ufually likewife fall upon thefe Flats. Forto
fay, That the eye-lids furnifht with hairs are for a quick-fet and fence to
fortific the the fight : or that the firuenef of fkins, and hides of living Crea-
tures, istorepel the extremities of beat and cold : or that Bones are ordai-
ned by Nature for Columns and Beams whereupon the frame of the Body is to
be built + or that Trees fhoot forth leaves to fuadow and protect the fruit from
the Sun and the wind: orthat the Clouds are ingendred above, to water
the earth below: or that the Earth is clofe,compad and folid, that it may
bea Station and Manfion for living Creatures 5 is properly enquired in
Metaphyfick; but in Phyfickthey are impertinent. | Nay, (to purfte this
point) fuch difcourfing Caufes as thefe, like the Remoraes ( as the fid ion goes)
adhering to fhips, flay and flug the faylixg, and the Progrefs of Sciences,
that they could not hold on their Courfe, and advance forward to further Dif-
coveries: And now long ago it is fo brought to pafs,that the fearch of Phyfical
Caufes, thus negleded, are decayed and paffed over in filence. And there-
fore the Natural Philofophy of Democritus, and fome others, who remo-
ved God and a Mind from the frame of things; and attributed theftru-
&ure of the world to infinite Preludiums, and Effays (which by one
name they term d Fate or Fortuzes and have afligned the Caufes of Par-
ticulars to the neceflity of Matter,without intermixture of Final Caufes)
feemeth to us (fo far as we can conjecture from the Fragments and Re-
mains of their Philofophy ) in refpect of Phyfical Caufer, to have been

far more fotid, and to have penetrated more profoundly into Natnres

than

Lis. HL — Of the Advancement of Learning. 105
el SE uic OR GU MC ur ME PS RR PS CON
than that of Ariffotle and Plate for this reafon alone, that thofe Ancient
Philofophers never wafted tine in final Caufess, but thefe perpetually prefs

and inculcate them. Andin this point Arffotle is more to blame than

Plato, feeing he hath omitted the fountain of all final Caufes, God 5

and in the place of God (üb(tituted Nature 5 and hath imbraced ff»!
€anfes rather as a lover of Logick, than anadorer of Divinity. Nor do

we therefore {peak thus much , becauíe thofe fizal Caufes are not true,

and very worthy the enquiry in Afetaphyfick Speculations 5 but becaufe,

while they fally out,and break in upon the Pofieffions of Phyfical Cau/es,

they do unhappily depopulate and waíte that Province: For otherwife,

if they keep themfelves within their precinéts and borders, they are ex-
tremely deceiv'd,who ever think that there is an enmity or repugnancy
between them and Phyfical Caufes. For the caufe render d,7/at the hairs

about the eye-lids are for the fafe-gard of the fight, doth not indeed im-

pugn that other Caufe 5 That pilofitie is incident to Orifices of
Moifture, ; Virg. Bue,
Mufcoft Fontes, &c. —— s

Nor the Caufe render d,that tbe firmnefs of Hides is im Beafts for armor a-
gainft thé injuries of extreme weather,doth impugn that other CaulesThat
that firmne/sis caufed by the contraion of pores in the outward parts of
the body through cold, and depredation of Air; and foof thereft: both
caufes excellently confpiring, fave that, the one declares an intention,
the other a confequence only : Neither doth this call in queftion, or de-
rogate from divine Providence; but rather wonderfully confirms and
exaltsit. For as iz Civil AGions, that Politick wifdom will be more
deep, and admired, if a man can ufe the fervice of other men to his
own ends and defires; and yet never acquaint them with his purpofe
(fo as they fhall do what he would they (hould do, and yet not under-
ftand what they do); then if he (hould impart his counfels to thofe he
imploys : So the wifdom of God (hines more wonderfully, when Na-
ture intends one thing, and Providence draws forth another 5 then if
the Characters of Divine Providence were impreft upon every particular
babitude and motion of Nature. Surely 4riffotle, after he {welled up
Nature with Final Caufes 5 Naturam nihil fruftra facere 3 [uique voti fem- De Cato,
per effe compotem ( ft impedimenta abeffent) 5 and had fet down many Hy =
fuch tending to that purpofe 5 had xo farther need of God: But Democri pat.a.
tus and Epicurus, when they publifht and celebrated their Atoms 5 were "ml.
thus far by the more fubtile wits liftned unto with Patience : but when
they would avouch, that the Fabrick and Contexture of all things in
Nature, knit and united it felf without a 24/zd, from a fortuitous Con-
courfe of thofe 410775, they were entertain'd with laughter by all. So
that Phyfical Caufes are fa far from withdrawing mens minds from God
and Providence 5 as rather contrariwife thofe Philofophers which were
moft exercifed in contriving thofe Atoms , found no end and iffac of
their travail, unfil they had refolved all at laft into God and Providence.
Thus much of Z4£tapby(ick , a part whereof touching Final Cazfzs I de-
ny not to have been handled both in the Phyficks and Metaphyficks 5
in thefe truly, in thofe improperly 5 for the inconvenience hath eniued
thereupon.

Oo. CHAP,

— —— ———— Án

Cnuar. V.

I. The Partition of the Operative Knowledge of Nature into 74eà
chanick and Magick : Refpondent to the parts of Speculative
Knowledge; Aechanich to Pbyfick 5 Magick, to Metaphyfick, §& A
purging of the word Magia. I. Two Appendices to Operative
Knowledge, Az Inventany of the Eftate of man. A Catalogue of
Polychrefts, or things of multifarious ufe.

I. HE Operative keowledge of Natnre, we will likewife divide inta
two Parts; and that from-a kind of Neceflity. For this Di-
vifion is fübordinate to the former Divifion of Speculative ' Knowledge 5
for Phyfick, and the Enquiry of Efficient and Material Caufes , produces
Mechanich : but Metaphyfick, andthe enquiry of Forms produces Magick:
As for Final Caufes, the enquiryis barren , and as a Virgin confecrate ta
God brings forth nothing. Wor are we ignorant that there is a. Afecha-
nical Knowledge, whichis meerly ezzperical, and operary, not depend-<.
ing on Phyficks but this we have referr’d to Natural Hiffory, and fepa-
rate it from Natural Philofophy : Speaking here only of that Afechanical
Knowledge which is connext with Caufes Péyfical. But yet there falls
out a certain Afechanical, or experimental Knowledge which neither is
altogether Operative, hor yet properly teaches fo high as fpeculative
Philofophy : For alf the-Inventions of Operattons which have come tg
mens Knowledge , either have'fallen out by cafual incidence 5 and a£-
terwards deliver'd from hand to' hand, or were fought by 4 purpofed
experiment. Thofe which have been found out by intentional éx-
periment, they have been difclofed either by the light of Cases, and
Axioms, or found out by extending, ortraniferring, or compounding
former inventions; which is'a matter more fagacious and witty, than
Philofophical. And’ this part which by no means we defpife, we thall
briefly touch hereafter, when we fhall treat of Literate experience as
monglt the parts of Logick. As for the Mechanick now in hand, Ari=
- ftotle hath handled it promifcuoufly 5 Hero in fpiritalibus 5 as likewife
Georgius Agricola a modern Writer,very diligently in his Z4izeralr 5 and
many others in particular Treatifes on that fubje& 5 fo asT havenothing
to fay of Deficients in this kind 3 but that the promifcuous M Basics
of Ariftotle, ought to have been with more diligence continued, by the
pens of recent Writers 5 efpecially with choice of füch experimentals,
of which either the Caufes are more obícure, or the Effects more no-
ble. But they whofnfift uponthefe, do, as it'were, only coaft along
the fhoar, Prezzendo littus iniqnum. For i my judgement there can
hardly beany radical alteration; or novation in Natures either by any
fortuitous adventures 5 or by effays of Experiments; or from the light
of Phyfical Caufes 5 but only through the invention of Forms. There-
fore if we have fet down that part of azeraphyfick as Deficient, which en-
treatcth of Forms 5 it follows that Natural Afagick alío, which 1s a Ree
fative unto it, is likewife DefeTizie.

§ But

Lis. IIL — Of tbe Advancement of Learning. 102.

§ But it feems requifite in this place that the wotd Z/zgia, ac-
cepted for a long in the worfe part, be reftored to thé ancient
and honourable fence. A/agia amezgf? the Perfians , was taken for a
fapience , and a Science of the harmony and contents of univer-
fals in. Nature 5 fo thofe three Eaffern Kings which came to adore
Chrift, are {tiled by the name of Afagi: and we underftand it in
that fence , as to be, a Science which deduceth the knowledge of
hidden forms to Rrange and wonderful effes and operations 5 andas
it is commonly faid , by joyning Actives with Paffives, which difclo-
feth the great wonders of Nature. As for the Natural AMagich , (which
flies abroad in many mens books) containing certain credulous and
fuperftitious traditions, and obfervations of Sympathies , and Anti-
pathies, and of hidden and {pecifick proprieties, with fome experiments
commonly frivilous ; ftrange, rather for the art of conveyance and dit
guifement, than the thing it felf; furely he fhall not much ert, who
{hall fay, that this kind of Magick, isas far differing in truth of Na-
ture, from fuch a knowledge as we require 5 as the Books of the Gefts
of Arthur of Britain, or of Hugh of Burdeaux, differs from Ce/ars Com-
meataries in truth of ftory. For it is manifeft, that Ce/ar did greater
things de vero, than they durft feignof their Heroes 5 but he did theni
not in that fabulous manner. Of this kind of Learning, the Fable of Ixion
was a figure 5 who projecting with himfelf to enjoy 74ze the Goddes of
Power, had copulation with a cloud, of which he begot Centaurs and
Chimeraes. So whoever are carried away witha frantick and impotent
paflion, and vaporous conceit to thofe things, which only, through the
fames and clouds of Imagination, they fancy tothemfelves to fee, in
ftead of fubftantial operations 5 they are delivered of nothing but airy
hopes, and certain deformed and monftrous apparitions. The ope-
. ration and effe of this fuperficiary,and degenerous Natural Magick up-
on Men , is like fome foporiferous drugs, which procure fleep 5 and
withal exhale into the fancy, merry and pleafant dreams infleep. Firft,
it cafts mans underftanding into a íleep, ftill chanting and fuggefting
fpecifick proprieties, and fecret virtues; and (et down, as it were, from
heaven, tobe delivered , and to be learned only by auricular traditi-
ons 5 whence it comes to país, that men are no more ftirred up and a-
waked to fearch with diligence, and to force out the true caufes; but
fit down fatisfied with thefe frivolous and credulous opinions : and then
inftills an infinite number of pleafing fictions, in the manner of dreams,
and fuch as one would moft wifh to be true. And it is worth the paing
to note, that in thefe Sciences,which hold fo much of imagination (as
are that adulterate Magick, whereof we now {peak , Alchymie , Affro-
nomy, and thelike) the means. and Theory are ever more montftrous,
than the end and pretences. The turxing of Silver or Quick-filver, ov
any other metal into Gold, as a hard thing to believe: yet it is a thing
far more probable, to a man well skilled, and experimented in thena=
tures of weight, yellow, colour, malleable and extenfible; as al(o fixe
and volatile : and likewife to one who hath exaétly fearcht into thé
firft (eeds and menftruous Purgings of Minerals; that Gold by an in-
duftrious and curious wit, may, at laít, be produced; than that a few
grains of Elixir, or of the power of es fhould be of force;

; 4 ru

\

in a few Minutes, to turn Metals into Gold, by the a@ivity of the fame
Elixir 5 which isable to perfe&t Nature, and to deliver it from ‘all im-
pediments., So tbe retarding of Age, orthe reftoring of fome degree of
youth , doth not eafily purchafe a belief : yet it is far more like-
ly to a man that knows. perfedtly the nature of 4Arefaétion, and
the depredations of the fprrits , upon the folid parts of the bodys
aud hath throughly obíerved the nature of Affimulation, and of
Alimentation; either more perfe& or more peccant; alío the na»
ture of the Spirits and of the Flame (as it were) of the body, af
fligned fometimes to confume , fometimes ito repair; may by Diets,
Bathings, Anointings, proper Medicines, and accommodate Mo-
tions, and the like, prolong life, or renew fome degrees of youth,
or vivacity : then that this fhould be effected, by a few drops
or fcruples of fome precious Liquor or Quintelcence. Again, that
Fates may be drawn from the Stars, men will not fuddenly, and eafily
aflent unto; but thefe, that the hour of Nativity (which oftentimes
through: many natural accidents, is either accelerated or differed )
fhould govern the fortune of the whole life, or that the hour of Que-
{tion is co-fatal with the thing it felf which is fought, you will fay are
meer impoftures. But fuch a rafh impotency and intemperance, doth
poffefs and infatuate the whole race of man 5 that they do not only pre-
fume upon, and promife to themfelves what is repugnant in nature to
be performed; but alfo, are confident that they are able to conquer e-
ven at their pleafure, and that by way of recreation, the moft difficult
paflages of nature, without trouble or travail. And of Magick thus
much 5 the name whereof we have vindicated from reproach ,
and feparated the true and noble kind from the bafe and coun-
terfeit,
* Il. Of this operative part of Nature there are two Appendices, both of
iNvEN- muchimportance. The firft is , that there be made an Inventary of the
TARIUM effate of Aag 5 in which there fhould be taken and compendioufly caft

Qui. up, the fumm of all the wealth and. fortunes of men (whether they

NARUM. arife from the fruits and revenues of Nature, or of Art) which arenow _

extant, and whereof men are already pofleft, adding fuch inventions,
as is manifeft have been in times paft celebrated , but are now perifht.
To this end and purpofe, that he who addreffeth himfelf to the feazch
of new Inventions, may not be arreíted in his inqueft, nor wafte time
and ftudy in thofe things which are already invented, and are now ex-
tant. And this Inventary will be more artificial, and more ferviceable,
ifyou add thofe things which in popular conceit are reputed impoffible 5
and together with them couple fuch inventions, as are neareft in dee
.gree to impoffibles, and yet are extant; that the one may fet an
edge on mans enquiry, the other may in a fort direct it: and that
from thele Optatives, and Potentials, mans AGives may be more readily
conducted,

x § The fecond is, that there be made a Calendar. of thofe experiments ,
cata- Which are Polychreffs, things of a multifarious ufe ; and moft uni-
LOGOS verfal confequences and which conduce and dire& to the Ivven-
Cd. tion of other, experiments. For examples the artificial experiment
STO- of cowglaeiatiom of Water by Ice with black falt , pertains to ine

finite purpofes and eflays 5 for this difclofeth the fecret and ab-

ftrufe

"108 — Of the Advancemem of Learning, Liv. TUL.

Coa

L rs. Ill. Of tbe Advancement of Learning. 109

Si 6 + pa nae aoe E Ene T T OS
ftrufe manner of Condenfation, than which nothing is more com-
modious for men. 4s for fire, that isa ready’ and. known Agent
for RarcfaZ iom , but the myftery of Condenfation, is not yet fully dif-
covered : and it makes much for the abridgement of invention ,
if Polychreffs of this nature were ‘collected into’a particular. Cata-
logue. asl P

o wem vL.

LE]

Of the great Appendix, of Natural Philofophy, Speculative, as Opera-
-— "tive, Mathematick knowledge 5. aed that it ought rather to be placed
_amonglt Appendices, than among [ubStantial Sciences. § The Par-
tition of Mathematicks into Pure and Mixt. _ Ed
rj iU cmos ) Y
OA Riffotle faith well, Phyfick and Matbematick zuaender praükical or
% mechanical knowledge > Whercfore:now: we have handled, both
the fpeculative and operative part of the Azomledge of Nature 5. order re-
quires that we fpeak of Afzthematiek, which is an auxiliary Science to
to them both. © For, in the received Philofophy, Z/atbezzatick is annext,
as a third part, to Phyfick and Metaphyficks but it{eems to us, who have
undertaken to reexamine, and Till over again thefe things, (if we had
defigned this as a fubftantive and principal Science) more agreeable
both in refpe& of the nature of the thing, and the light of order, to
place it as a branch of Metaphyfick. For Quantity; whichis the fübje&
of Afathematick Science; applied to Matter, is the Dofe, as it were, of
Nature, and productive of a numberof effects inthings natural 5 and
therefore is to be reckoned in the number of effential: forms. For the rac. in
Power of Figure and Number , feemed to be of:fach force:amongft Dem.
the Ancient Philofophers, that Democritus placed the feeds of the
variety of things, principally, in the Figures of Atoms; and Pythago-
ras aflerted, the Natures of things, to be conftituted of Numbers, In vita PE.
the mean, this istrue, that of Natural Forms, (as we underftand forms) 1.1.
Quantity is of all moft abftraéted and feparable from Matter :. which
was the reafon why it hath been more painfully laboured, and exactly
inquired by men, than any other Form whatfoever, which are all
more immerfed in Matter. For being it is the nature of Man (cer-
tainly to the great préjudice of knowledge) to delight zz the open
Fields of Generals; rather than in the Woods and Izclofures of Par-
ticulars, there was nothing found ‘more acceptable and delightful ,
than the Afathematicks, wherein that appetite of expatiating and _
meditating might be fatisfied. 474 though all this be true, yetto
us, who provide not only for truth and order, but likewife for the
ufe and profitof mens it feemed at laít better, to defign A/athema-
ticks 5 being they are of fuch efficacy, both in Phyfick, and in 24atapby-
fick, and in Mechanicks, and in Magick, as the Appendices and Auxi-
hary Forces of them all: which ina fort we arecompelled to do
for the wantonnefs and arrogancie of the Alsthematicians, who
conte

Metaph.s
& ix.

- Of the Advancement of Learning. Lue. lI,

could be content, that this $ciexce, might even command and over-
rule Pbyfick. For it is come to país, by what fate I know not, that
Mathematick and Logick, which fhould carry themfelves as hand- .
maids to Phyfick, boafting their certainty above it, take upon

- them a command.and Dominion. But we do not fo much ítand
upon the rank and dignity of this Science , let us confider the thing it
felf.

§ Maibematicks are either Pure or Mixt 5 to Pure Mathematicks, thofe
Sciences are referred , which handle Quantity altogether abítra&ed
from Matter, and Phyfical Axioms. They are two, Geometry, and
Arithmetick 5 the one handling Quantity continued, the other diffe

‘ vered. Which two Arts have indeed been inquired into, with fub-
tilty and induftry, but neither to the labours of Euclid in Geometry,
hath there been any thing of any worth added by pofterity , in fo
many centuries of years fince he flourifht; nor hath the Doctrine
of Solids, for the ufe and excellency of the knowledge , been
laboured and advanced by Writers Ancient or Modern. And in
Arithmetick there hath not been found out apt and fufficient variety
of compendious ways for fupputations 5 efpecially about Progreffrons 5
whereof there is great ufe in the Phyficks. Nor is the Algebra, or
Art of Equation well perfected’; but that Pythagorical and Afystical A-
rithmetick, which is begun to be revived out of Proclus, and fome
Remains of Euclid 5 is a fpacious field of fpeculation : For fach is the
nature of Man, that if it be not able to comprebend folids, it mafles it Self.
in unprofitable siceties.

$ Mixt Mathematick, hath for fubje& Axioms, and portions of Phy-
fick; and. confiders Quantity, as it is auxiliary to enlighten, demon-
ftrate , and actuate them. For many parts of Nature can never be
with fufficient fübtilty comprehended, nor demonftrated with fuf-
ficient perfpicuity, nor accommodated to ufe with füfficient dexterity
and certainty, without the Aid and intervening of the Aathewag-
ticks. Of which fort are Per/pective , Mufick, Aftronomy, Cofmogra-
phy, Architedure, Ingenarie, and divers others. But in AMixt Mathe-
maticks, I can now report no entire portions Deficient 5 Irather make
this prediction, that there will be more kindsof them invented by -
pofterity , if men be not wanting to themfelves. For as Phyfical
knowledge daily grows up, and new Axioms of nature are dif
clofed , there will be a neceflity of new Mathematick inventions ,
and fo at laft more Mixt Mathematicks will be contrived. — 444
now we have paffed through the knowledge of Nature, and have no.
ted the Deficients therein. Wherein if we have departed from the
Ancient and received opinons, and thereby have moved contradj-
ction 5 for our part , as we affect not to diffent, fo we purpofe nog to
contend. Wfitbetruth,

virg. Éu- Nom Canimus furdis, refpondent omnia fylve s
col, ,

The voice of nature will cry it up, though the voice of man fhould
cry it down. And as Alexander Borgia was wont to fay, of the- Ex-

vid. Bift, pedition of the French for Naples, that they came with chalk in their
Gal, (bands

E eu hu coo o
L 1:5. lil. Of the Advancement of Learning. III

hands to mark up their Lodgings, and not with weapons tofigbts fo we
like better, that entry of truth, which comes peaceably, where the
Minds of men, capable to lodge fo great a gueft, are figned, as it were,
with chalk; than that which comes with Pugnacity 5 and forceth it felf
a way by contentions and controverfies. Wherefore having finifht two
parts of Philofophy, concerning God, and concerning nature 5 the third
remains concerning Man.

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113

THE

Fourth Book

OF
PoAdNGOIS L VERO LAM

VicouurS ALBAN,
OF THE

Dignity and Advancement

LEARNING

To the KING.

Cnuar. I.

1, The Partition of the Kzowledge of Alan into tbe Philofophy of Hu-
manity 5 and Civil. § The Partition ofthe Knowledge of Huma-
e ity into the Knowledge touching the Body of Mans and into the
Knowledge touching the Soul of Manx. Il The Conftitution of 2
general Knowledge of the Nature, or of the State of man. § The
Divifion of the Knowledge-of the State of Man, into the Knowledge
of the Perfox of Mans and of the League of the Mind, and the body.
§ The Divifion of the Knowledge of Mans Perfon, into the Know-
ledge of Mans Miferies. § And of bis Prerogatives. III. The Di-
vifion of the Knowledge of tbe League, into the Knowledge of Indi-
cations. § And of Imprefions. § The Affignment of Phyfogno-
my. § And of the Interpretation of Natural Dreams , to the Knom-
ledges of Indications.

EASZHF any Man (Excellent King ) fhall affault, or wound mie for
any of thofe Precepts E have delivered, or fhall hereafter
deliver (befides that I fhould be (afe, being under the Pro*
tection of Your Majefty) let him know, that he doth that
- which is againft the Cuftom and Law of Arms: For lama
Trumpeter only, 1do not beginthe fight; perchance one of thofe of
whom Homer, &c.

P Kat dere

in . Of tbe Advancement of Learning. I ^n IV.

Hom.Il.4. Kaloere uneunes atc " Agythots WO¥ z avd’ ed :

For thefe even between Mortal and énraged enemies paft to and fro
everinviolated. Nor doth our Trumpet fafmmon, and incourage men
to tearand rend one another with contradictions 5 and in a civil rage
to bear Arms, and wage War againft themfelves; but rather , a peace
concluded between them, they may with joynt forces direct their
ftrength againít Nature her felfs and take her high Towers, and dif
mantle her fortified Holds 5 and thus enlarge the Borders of
mans Dominion, fo far as Almighty God of his goodnefs fhall
ermit.
Plat. in : I. Now let us come to that Knowledge, whereunto the Ancient O-
Alib.'- racle directeth us, which is tbe kzowledge of our felves : which deferves
Titik ,, the more accurate handling by how muchit toacheth us more nearly.
UC This knowledge is to man the end and term of Knowledges 5 but of Nature
_ her felf, a portion only. And generally let this bea rule, that all Di-
Sen. Fit. vifions of Knowledges be fo accepted and applied, 4s may rather de-
fign forth and diftinguifh Sciences into Parts 5 than cut and pull them afun-
der into piecess that (o the continuance and entirenefs of Knowledges may
ever be preferved. For the contrary practice hath made particular Sci-
ences to become barren, fhallow, and erroneous 5 while they have not
been nourifht, maintain'd and reétified from the common Fountain and
5 d Nurfery. So we fee Cicero the Orator complained of Socrates, and his
Ort, School; That he was the first that {cparated Philofophy and Rbetorick s
whereupon Rhetorick became a verbal, and an empty Art. And it is
alfo evident, that the opinion of Copernicus, touching the Rotation of
the Earth (which now is maintain'd ) becaufe it is not repugnant to the
Phenomena, cannot berevinced by Aftronomical Principles; yet by
the Principlesof Natural Philofophy, truly applied, it may. So we fee
alfo that the Science of Medicine , if it be deftituted and forfaken
of Natural Philofophy, itis not much better than Emperical PraGice.
§ This being laid as a ground, let us proceed tothe Knowledge of mary
This hath two parts: For it either confidereth man fegregate , or distri-
butively s or congregate, and in fociety: the one we call Philofophy of Hu-
manity 5 the other Philofophy Civil. The Philofophy of Humanity, or. Hu-
mane, confitteth ofthe fame Parts, whereof man himfelf confifteth 5 that
is, of knowledges which refpe& the Body 5 and of knowledges which
refpect the Afind. 3
II. But before we purfue particular Diftributions, let us conftitute 5
One general Knowledge of tbe Nature and State of Man: For indeed it is
very fit that this Kzomledge be emancipate, and made a knowledge by
it (elf. It is compos'd of thofe Syzpatbzes and Concordances commune
between ghe Body and the 44izd.
§ Again, this Knowledge of tbe Nature and State of man may be di-
ributed into two Parts 5 attributing to the one the undivided Nature
of mans, to the other the Combination between the Mind and the Body:
The firft of thefe we will call the knowledge of the Perfon of mans the
fecond the knowledge of tbe League. And it is plain that all thefe feve-
ral Branches of Knowledge , being they are common and commixt,
could not be affigned to that firft Divifion of Knowledge, converfant
about

Lis.1V. Of the Advancement of Learning. 115

about the Body 5 and of Knowledges converfant about the Afind.
§ The Knowledge concerning the Perfon of man, comprehends {peciale '

ly two things; namely the Contemplations of the 2£iferies of Mankind 5

and of the Prerogatives, or Excellencies of the fame. | But the bewailing

of mans miferies hath been elegantly and copioufly fet forth by many in

the writings, as well of Philofophers, asdivines. And itis botha pi. ^
fant and a. profitable Contemplation. Triumph

. § As for that other touching 74475 Prerogatives,it is a point may well enda
be fet down among the Deficients. Pindar when he would extol Hiero; Summitaz
{peaks (asufually he doth) moft elegantly, That he cropt off the tops, or i! Bi
fummities of all virtues. ForI(üppofe it would much conduce to the mane.
Magnanimity, and Honour of Man; if a Collection were made of the 1 Olym£.
"Ultimies (as the Schools fpeak) or Summities (as Pindar ) of Humane

Nature, principally out of the. faithful reports of Hiítory : That as;

What is the laft and higheft pitch, to which mans Nature of it Jelf hath ever

reach'd in all the Perfections both of Body and Mind. What a ftrange a-

bility was that which is reported of Cefar, that be could dicfate at once guai
to five Secretaries! So the Exercitations of the Ancient Rhetoricians, Iul. ;
Protagoras 5 Gorgias 5 likewife of Philofophers 5 Califibeness Poffidoni- E
us5Carneadess who were able to difcourfe extempore upon any Subject rif. Quin.
Pro and Cow, with fluency and elegancy of expreffion, do much enno. !ntt-3 La-
ble the Powers of mans wit and natural endowments. And that which Philo.
Cicero reports of his Mafter Archias is little for ule, but perchance great in Ep. alii
for Oftentation and Faculties; that he was able upon the fudden to al- fy? Dod
ledge a great number of excellent verfes pertinent to the purpofe of fuch ta...“
Diícouríes as were then in hand. It is a fingular. commendation to X*ner. .
that faculty of the Mind, the Afemory 5 that Cyrus or Scipio could call Quai
fo many thoufands of men by their Particular. Names, But the Tro- Ini-XI.
phies of Moral virtues, are no leís famous than thofe of intellectual vir- xd
tues. What a great example of patience doth that common ftory of
Anaxarchus prefent unto our thoughts, who put to the Rack and Tors

ture, bit out his own tongue, the hoped Inftrument of fome Difcove-

ry, and {pit it in the Tyrant's face? Nor isthat inferiour for tolerance
though much for the merit and Dignity, (which fell out in our time )

of acertain Burgundian, who had committed a Murder upon the Per- M¢teran.
fon of the Prince of Oranges this {lave being fcourged with iron whips ; 1. x1 gt
and his flefh torn with burning Pincers, gave not fo much as agroan; -
‘-howbeit when a broken piece of the Scaffold fell by chance upon the

head of one that (tood by, the fcorcht ftigmatiz'd varlet laught, even

in the midít of his torments, who alittle before wept at the cutting
off of his curled hair. In like manner the ferenity and fecurity of Mind

hath appeared wonderful in many, even at the inftant approaches of
Death 5 asthat of a Centurion recorded by Tacitus; who being com-
manded by the executioner to ftretch forth his neck valiantly. Imould Mrinal (5s
( faith he ) tho wouldft ftrike as valiantly. But Tobz Duke of Saxonie

when the commiflion was brought him, as he was playing at chefs,where- nif.
in his death was commanded the next day, call'd to one that ftood By oc
andímiling, faid 5 See, whether I have not the better hand of this Game 3

He ( pointing towards him with whom he played ) will boat when I am

dead, that he was the fairer of the fet.And our More,Chancellour of Eng-

land, when the day before he was to die, a Barber came unto him ((ent

P 3 for

nó. b ihe Advancement of Learning. — Vi 1s.1V-

-—

. for this end,left perchance the grave and reverend fight of his long hair
Vita. Mó- might move compaffion in the People, andasked him whether it was
2x his pleafüreto have his hair cut) he refufed, and turning to the Barber;
The King (aid he) is at fuit with me for my head, and until that Contro-
verfie be ended I mean to beftow no coft upon it. And the fame Perionat
the very point of Death, after he had laid his head upon the fatal Block
raifeth up himfelf a little again 5 and having a fair large Beard gently
removed it, faying, Tet Z hope this hath not offended the King. But not
to infift too long upon this point, it is evident what we mean, namely,
that the wonders of Humane Nature, and the ultimate Powers, and virtues
as well of Mind as of Body, fhould be collefed into a Volume, which might
ferve as a Kalendar of Humane Triumphs. Fora work of this Nature,we
approve the Purpofe, and Defigne of Valerins Maximus, and C. Plizi-
155 but it could be wifht they had usd more choice and Diligence.
Ill As touching the knowledge of the league, or mutual Alliance between
the Body and the Minds that may be diftributed into two Parts. For
as all leagues and Amities confilt. of mutual intelligence, aud mutual
offices; fo this league of Mind and Body, is inlike manner comprifed in
thefe two circumftances 5 that is, to defcribe How thefe two, namely,
the Mind and the Body, difclofe one tothe other 5 and how one worketh up=
onthe other, by difcowery or Indication 5 and by Imprelfion. The for-
mer of thefe (namely a defcription what difcovery may be made of the
Mind, from the habit of the Body,or of the Body from the Accidents of
the Mind) hath begotten unto us wo Arts, both of prediction 5 where-
Atif.nip. Of theone is honoured: with the-Inquiry of Arifotle 5 and the other of
Hippocrates. - And although the modern times; have polluted thefe Arts
with fuperftitious and Phantaftical mixtures, yet being purged and re-
ftored to their true ftate; they have both a folid ground in nature, and
a profitable ufein lifes) ial 51 I
6 Thefirfl is Phyftognomy, which difcovers tbe difpofitions of the mind,
by the lineaments of the Body. The fecond'is the expofition of Natural.
dreams, which difcovereth the flate and Difpofition of the Body, from the
Palfions and Motious of the mind. In the Former of thele, Tote a Des
_* ficience s for Ariflotle hath very ingenioufly and diligently bándled the Pox
T b» fiogno- fiures of the Body, while it is at Refl 5. but not the Crfinres of. thé Body wher
it ia. m^ st is in Motions which are no lef comprehenfible'by Art, and of Greater
in. ufe. For the lineaments of the Body, do difclofe the Inclinations and
Proclivities ofthe Mind in generals ‘but the Motions and Geltures of
the Face and Parts, do not only fo, but further declare the Acceffes,
aud Seafons,and Prognofticks of the prefent difpofition, and ofthe will.
For, to ufe your Majelties moft apt and elegant expreffion, The tongue
bubus. R. fPcaht to the ear, but the Geflure fpcaksto'tbe eye. And therefore a num-
"ber ofold fubtile and crafty Perfons, whofe eyes do dwell upon the fa-
ces and fa(hions ofMen, do well know this obfervation; and can turn
it to their own advantage, as being a great part of their ability and wife
dom, Neither indeed can it be denied, but that thisis 4 great difco-
very of diflimulation in an other, and a great direction, for the election
of feafons, and opportunities ofapproaching to perfons5 which is not
the meaneft part of Civil Prudence. Andlet'oman think, that fuch
dexterity may fomewhat avail, in refpect of fome Particular perfons)
but cannot be comprehended under rule: for we alllaugh, and weep}

and

Lis.IV. Of the Advancement of Learuing. 117

and blufh, and bend the brow much after the fame manner; and fo for
moft part it'sin other more fubtile motions, As for Chiromancy, it is a
meer impotture,

§ Aud as touching the expofition of Dreams; itis a fübje&t handled in
fome mens writings, but foild with many idle vanities; only thus much
for the prefent Ido Infinuate,that this knowledge ofzzterpreting Dreams,
wants the füpport of a folid Bafes andthat foundation is this, mbere the

fame cffe is wrought, by an inward caufe, that nfeth to be wrought by an
outward 5. that extern AG. is transformed into a Dream. The fürcharge
of the ftomack from a grofs vapour, and from the poife of (ome out-
ward weight, arealike 5 wherefore they that labour of the Night-mare
do dream, thata weight is put uponthem, witha great preparation of
circumítances. The fluctuation or penfility ofthe Bowels, from the a.
gitation ofthe waves in the fea, and from the wind gathered about the
Diaphragma, are alike: therefore fuchasare troubled with the Hypo-
condriack wind, do often dream of Navigations, and Agitations upon
the waters. Therearean infinite number offüch like inftances.

6 Theother branch of the Azomledge of the league (which we have cal-
led Impreffior) hath not as yet been collected into Art, but hath fome-
times intervened among other Treatifes fparfedly, andas in paflage on-
ly. Ithath the fame Anti(trophe with theformer: for the confiderati-
on is double 5 esther how, and how far tbe bumours and temperament of
the body, do alter or workupon the mind: Oragain, How and how far,
the Paffions and Apprehenfions of the mind do alter or work upon the Body.
The former of thefe we fee fometimes handled in the Art of Phyfick 5
but the fame hath by ftrange ways infinuated it felfinto Religion. For
the Phyfician prefcribes Remedies to cure the Maladies of the mind ; as
in the cures of Frenzies and Melancholy: they do alfo admini(ter Phy-
fick to exhilerate the Mind; to munite and ftrengthen the heart, and
fo to increafe the courage, to fharpen and clarifie the wits, to corrobo-
ratethe Memory, andthelike. But Diets, and choice of Meats, and
Drinks, and other obfervances touching the Body, in the fect of the
Pythagoreans 5 in the Herefie of the Afanichees, and in thelaw of 742-
bomet do exceed all meafure. So likewife the ordizances of the Ceremo-
nial Law, interdidting the eating of the bloud s and the Fat: and diffin- y... »
guifbing between beafls clean and unclean, fofarastheyare for meat, are ^ —
many and ftri. Nay the Chriftian faith it felf, though clear and fin-
cere from all cloudsof ceremonies; yet retainsthe ufe of Faftings; Ab-
ftinences ; and other obfervances, which tend to the maceration and
humiliation of the Body; as things not meerly Figurative; but alfo
Fruitful, The root and life ofall füch prefcripts asthefe, (befides the
Ceremony it felf, and the practice of Canonical obedience, ) confifts in
this whereofwe fpeak, namely, that there may be a mutual fufferance and
humiliation of tbe Soul with tbe Body. And if any man of weaker judge-
ment do conceive, that thefe impreffions of the Body upon the Mind,
do either queftion the immortality, or derogate from the foveraignty
of the foul over the Body 5 to aneafie doubt, an eafie anfwer is futfici-
ent. Let him take thefeinftances 5 esther from an Infant in the Mothers
moztbe, which is compatible with the Accidents and Symptomes, of the mo-
ther, and yet feparable in its feafon, from the Body of the mother Or from

Monarchs, who though they have abfolute power, are fomerimes in/
eltned

— 118 Of the Advancement of Learning. L:s.IV.

clined by the fway of their Servants; yet without fubjection of their
Perfons or diminution of their Power.
§ Nom as for tbe reciprocal part, the operations of the Soul, and of the
Effects and Paffions thereof upon the Body that alo hath found a place
in Medicine. For all wife Phyficians do ever confiderand handle, 4c-
cidentia Animi, asa Matter of great moment, for their Cures; and
which are of great force to further or hinder all other Remedies: But
there is another obfervation pertinent to this fubject, which hath been
very fparingly inquired into, and nonne to the depth and dignity of
the thing 5 that is, (fetting afide the affections) how far tbe Imagination
of the Mind, or a thought deeply fixt, aud exalted as it were, into a be-
lief, is of Power to alter the Body of tbe Imaginant ¢ For though it hath
a manifeít power to hurt, it follows not,that it hath the fame degree of
power to help: No more‘indeed, thanifa man fhould conclude, that
becaufe there be peftilent Airsable fuddenly to kill a man in health 5
therefore there fhould beSoveraign Airs, able fuddenly to cure a man
. inficknefs. _ This Inquifition would certainly be of excellent ufe, but
LaettinY. 45 o crates faid, it zeedsa Delian Diver, being covered with darknefs
and obfcurity. 4gaiz, of all thefe Knowledges, de Federe 5 or of the
Concordances between the mind andthe body, there 1s no part more ne-
ceflary than the difquifition of the Seats and Domicils, which the feve-
; ral faculties of the mind do takeand occupate in the Body, and the Or-
gans thereof. Which kind of knowledge hath not wanted Sectors,
but what is found in many fuch Writers is either controverted,or flight-
ly inquired; and would be fearcht into with more diligence and per-
PlatinTi- fpicacity. For theopinion introduced by P/ato placing the underftand-
mzo jnginthebrain, asina high Towers Avimofity (which he unfitly cal-
a leth Anger,being it is nearer to Tumor and Pride) in the Heart; Coz-
nim.4. — cupifcenceand Sexuality in the Liver, deferves not altogether to be de.
= fpifed 5 nor yettoo haftily embrac'd. So the placing of the Intelledu-
alFaculties Imagination, Reafon, Memory s according to the ventri-
cles ofthe Brain, is not without error. Thus have we explicatedthe
Knowledge touching the izdivided nature of man, as alfo touching the
League of the Body and the Mind. ;

CHA pool.

I. The Partition of the Knowledge refpecting the Body of Man into Art
Medicinal. §.Cofmetick. §, Atbletick. §. And Voluptuary. II.
The Partition of Medicine, into three duties. §. Confervation of
Health. II. Cure of Difeafes. IV. And Prolongation of Life:
And that the laft part, Prolongation of Life, {hould be feparate from
the other two.

HE Knowledge that concerns mans body, is divided, as the Good
of Mans Body is divided, unto which itis referr’d. The Good of
Mans Body, is of four kinds 5 Health; Form, or Beauty; Strength 5
Pleafure. Wherefore there are fo many Sciences; Medicine, or the Art

Lis.IV. |. Of the Advancement of Learning. I

of Cures Cofmetick, or the Art of Decoration 5 Athletick, or the Art of
AGivity; and Art Voluptuary, which Tacitus calls Eruditus Luxus.

§ Medicine is a noble Art, and according to the Poets defcended of
a moft generous race; for they have brought in 4po//o, asthe chiefGod
of Medicine, to whom they have afligned 4/culapius for hisfon 5 a God
too, anda Profeflor of Phyfick: Becaufe 12 things natural the Sun is the
Author, and Fountain of Life s the Phyfician tbe Conferver of Nature 5 and
as it were a fecond [pring of Life. Butthe greateft glory to Phy/ick is from
the works of our Saviour, who wasa Phyfician both of Soul and Body.
And as he made the Soul the peculiar object of his heavenly Doctrine 5
fo he defign'd the Body the proper fubject ofhis miracles. For we ne-
ver read of any miracles done by him reípecting Honour or Wealth, (be-
fides that one when Tribute was to be given to Ce/ar ) but only ref{pect-
ing the Body of man; orto preferve, or to fuftain, or to cure it.

§ The Subjed of Medicine (namely mans Body ) is, of all other things
which nature hath brought forth, moft capable of Remedy 5 bnt then
that Remedy is moft capable of Error: For the fame fubtility, and va-
riety of the fubject, asit affords great poffibility of Cure, fo it gives
great facility to error. Wherefore as that Art (füch as now it is) may
well be reckon'd amongft Arts conjectural 5 fothe enquiry thereof may
be placed in the number of the moft difficult, and axacteft Arts. Net-
ther yet are we fo (enílefs, as to imagine with Paraceljus, and the Al-
chymifts 5 That there are to be found in mans Body certain Corre{ponden-
ces, and Parallels to all the variety of [pecifick Natures in the world (as Stars,
Minerals, and the reft ) as they fooli(hly fancy and Mythologizes ftrai-
ning, but very impertinently, that emblem ofthe Ancients, 754 wan
was Microcofmus, an abftrad, or model of the whole world, to counte-
nance their fabulous, and fictiousinvention. Yet notwith{tanding this
is an evident truth, (which we were about to fay) That among ft all Boe
dies Natural, there is not found any fo multiplicioufly compounded as the
Body of man. For we fee Herbs, and Plants, are nourifhed by earth
and waters Beafts by Herbs and Fruits: But man by the flefh ofliving
Creatures; as Beaíts, Birds, Fifh; and alfoof Herbs, Grains, Fruits,
Juice, and divers Liquors; not without manifold commixtures, fea-
foning, and Preparation of thefe Bodies before they come to be mans
meat, andaliment. Add hereunto, that Beafts have a more fimple or-
der of life, and le(s change ofaffections to work upon their Bodies, and
they commonly working one way 5 whereas manin his Manfions, Ex-
ercifes, Paffions, Sleep, and Vigilances ts fübje& to infinite viciflitudes
of changes. So that it is moft evident that of all other natural fübftan-
ces, the Body of man ts the moft fermentated, compounded, and in-
corporated Mafs. The foul, on the other fide, is the fimpleft of fub-
ftances, asit is well expreft 5

—— —— Purumqs relinquit
Ai bereum fenfum, atqy Aurai fimplicis igneut.

So that it is no marvail , though the foul fo placed; enjoy rio reft 5 ac-
eording to that Principle, Afotus rerum extra locum eff rapidus, placidus
inloco: Butto the purpofe, this various and fubtile compofition and
fabrick of mans body hath made it, as a curious and exquifite inftrue

ment,

19

Homer.
Hym. Paws
an,alii,

Pzramiris
lib. 4.
Rob.
Elud. pat
fim,

Virg. Xii;
6;

Arift.
Phyl& ds
czl.

——

ment, eafie to be diftemper'd 5 therefore the Poets did well to conjoyze
Paufanin Mufick and Medicine in Apollo 3 becaufe the Genius of both thefe Arts is
A , almoft the fame 5 and the office of a Phyfician confifteth meerly in this,
"to know how to tune, and finger this Lyre of mans body; that the
Harmony may not become difcordant amd harfh. So then this incons
ftancy, and variety of the fübje&t, hath made the Art more conjeciu-
ral: And the Art being fo conjectural had given more largefcope, not
only to error, but even to impofture. For almost all other Arts and
Sciences are judg d by their power and operations and mot. by their fuccefs
and work. The Lawyer is judg d. by the virtue of his pleading, and not
by the iffue of the Caufe 5, the Mafler in the Ship approves his Art, by the
dire ing his courfe aright, and not. by the fortune of the voyage: But the
Phyfician, and perhaps the Politick hardly have any porper particular AG s,
whereby they may make a clear demonstration of their Art and abilities 5
but bear away honour or difgrace principally from the event which is ever an
unequal judicature. For who can tell, if a Patient dye or recover; or
ifa State be preferved or ruin'd 5 whether it be by Art or Accident?
Therefore it often falls out, that the Impoftor bears away the Prize,
Virtue the Cenfure. Nay, the weaknefs and credulity of men isfuch, 4s
they often prefer a Mountebank or Witch,before a Learn’d Phyfician. There-
fore the Poets were clear and quick-fighted, when they made ZA/cula-
pius and Circe, Brother and Sifter; both children of the Sun, as inthe
Verfes 5 of Z/culapius the Suns Son,

vitg. En. Ille repertorem Medicine talis, & Artis,
dnd Fulmine Phebigenam Stygeas detrufit ad undas 3

And likewife of Circe the Suns Daughter,

ibid. Dives inacceffos ubi folis filia lucos
Alfiduo refonat caniu: tedifgs fuperbis

Urit odorata notkurnain lumina Cedruma.

For in all times in the reputation and opinion of the Multitude,
Witches, and old Women, and Impoftors have been rival Competi-

tors with Phyficians 3 and have even contended with them for the fame

of Cures. And what I pray you follows? Even this,that Phyfitians fay to
themíelves, as Solomon expreffeth it upon a higher occafion, Jf t befals

Reclef2. fo me, as it befals to the fool, why fhould 1 labour to'be more wife? And
therefore I cannot much blame Phyficians , if they ufe commonly to

intend fome other Art, or Practice, which they fancy more than their
Profeflion: For you fhall have of them Poets, Antiquaries, Criticks,

dedit de Rhetoricians, Politicks, Divines, and in thefe Arts better feen, than in
van.tcien, their own profeflion. Nor doth this come to pafs, as I fuppofe, be-
caufe (as a certain Declaimor againít Sciences, objects againft Phyfici-

ans) they have ever Converfant before their eyes fuch loathfome and

fad {pectacles, that they muft needs retire their minds from thefe ob-

jets, to fome other contemplations 5 for as they are men, Nibil Ha-

mani à fe alienum putent, but for this reafon, whereof we now fpeak 5
namely, that they find, that Mediocrity, and excellency in their Art,
maketh no difference in profit or reputation towards their Perfous or Fore

tuner,

Lis. IV. Of tbe Advancement of Learning. 121

EDO a Ss Bol e aueh lalla Gl eS Se A. ERO -
tunes. For the vexations of ficknefs5 the fweetne(s of life; the flatte:

ry hope 5 the commendation of friends; maketh men to depend up-
on Phyfictans with all their defects : But if a man ferioufly weigh the
matter, thefe things rather redound to the imputation of Phyficians ,
than their excufation : who fhould not for thefe prejudices caft away
hope; but encreafe their painsand diligence. For whofoever pleafeth
to excite and awakehis obfervation, and a little look about him, fhall
eafily deprehend even from common and familiar examples, what a come
mand and foveraignty the fübtilty and fharpnefs of the underftanding
hath over the variety either of matter,or of the form of things. Nothing
is more variable than mens faces aud countenances 5. yet the memory re-
tains the infinite diftinctions of them: Nay, a Painter with a few (hells
of Colours; the benefit of his eyes the habit of his imagination; and
the {teadinefs of hishand 5 can imitate and draw with his pencil all
faces that are, have been, or ever fhall bes ifthey were brought before
him : Nothing more variable than mans voice 5 yet wecan eafily difcern
their differences in every particular perfon 5 nay, you fhall have a Buf-
foon, or a Pantomimus will render and exprefs to the life, as many as

he pleafeth. Nothing wore variable than articulate founds of words, yet .

men have found away to reduce them toa few Letters ofthe Alphabet.
And this is moft certain, that it is not the infufficiency, or incapacity of
mans mind s but rather the remote flanding , or placing of the object that
breeds thefe Mazes, and Incomprekenfions. Yor asthefenfe a far off is
full of miftaking 5 but within due diftance errs not much; fo it is in
the underftanding. For men ufe commonly to take a profped of Nature ;
as from fome high Turret, and to view her a far off s and are too much
taken up with generalities, whereas if they would vonchfafe to defcend and
approach nearer to particulars 5 and more exa@ly and con[iderately look in-
to things themfelues s. there might be made a more true and profitable difco-
very and comprehenfion. Now the sae ca] this error, is zot alone this,
to quicken or firengtben the Organ s. but withal to gonearer to the objedf :
And therefore there is no doubt but if Phyficians, letting Generalities
go for a while, and fufpending their affent thereto, would make their
approaches to Nature 5 they might become Mafters of that Art,where-
of the Poet fpeaks,

Et quoniant variant morbi, variabimus Artes 5
Mille nzali (peeies, mille falutis erunt.

Which they ought th: rather to endeavour becaufe the Philofophers
themfelves, upon the which Phyficians, whether they be Methodifts, or
Chymitts, do relye (for Medicine not grounded upon Philofophy is a weak
thing) are indeed very flight and fuperfictal. Wherefore if too wide
Generalities, though true, have this defect, that they do not well bring
men home to AGion; certainly there is greater danger in thofe Gene-
rals, which are in themfelves falfe, and inftead of direding to truth,
miílead the mind into the by-paths of Error.

§ Medicine therefore (as we have feen) hitherto hath been fuch, as
hath been more profefled, than laboured 5 and yet more laboured than
advanced ; fceing the pains beftowed thereon, hath been rather in cir-

Qu cle,

Ovid Kj
A. 1.2.

—————M—— 2
122 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis: IV.

Fatum,
Stoic.
horr,Dog-
ma.

cle, than in progreflion. For I fizd much Iteration but Jwall Addition da
Writers of that Faculty. 3 ;

Il. We will divide it into three Parts, which we will call thethree
Duties thereof: The firft is Confervation of Health, fecond the Cure'of Dif-
eafes s the third Prolongation of Life. ; dw

§ But for this laft duty, Phyficians feem not to have acknowledg'd it
as any principal part of their Art 5 but have (ignorantly enough)
aiingled. and confounded it as one and the fame with the other two. For
they füppofe, that if Difeafes be repelled before they feize upon the
body; orbe cured after'they havefürpriz d the body 5 that Prolonga-
tion of Life muítnaturally follow. ‘Which though it be fo, without
all queftion;yet they do not fo exa&t!y confidersthat thefe two offices of
Conlervatiow and Curation, only pertain to Difeafes$ and to fuch Pro-
Jougation of Life alone, which is abbreviated and intercepted by Dif-
eafes: Butto draw out thethread of Life, and to prorogue Death for à
feafon, which filently fteals upon'us "by natural refolution, and the A-
trophy of Ape 5 is an argument, thàt no Phyfician hath handled it ac-
cording to: the Merit of the fubject. : Neither let that feruple trouble the
minds of “ile, as if thisthing committed to the difpenfation of Fate, and
the divine providince , were now by us firft repealed and commended to the
charge and office of Art. For without doubt Providence doth difpofe
and determine all kind of deaths‘whatfoever , whether they come of
violence, or from Difeafes, or from the courfe of Age 5 and yet doth
not therefore exclude Préventions and Remedies : For Art and humane
induftry do not command and rule Fate, and Nature 5 but ferve and
adminiíter unto them." But of this part we fhall' fpeak anon: Thus
much in the mean time by way of anticipation, left any fhould unskil-
fully confound this third office of medicine, with the two former, which
ufually hitherto hath been done.

§ As for the duty of prefervgtion of Health, the firft duty of the three,
many have written thereof, as in other points very impertinently, fo
(in our judgment) in this’ particular 5 in attributing too much tothe
quality of meats, and too little to the quantity thereof: and in the quan-
tity it fcl£ they have difcourfed like Moral Philofophers, exceflively
praifing Mediocrity 3 whereas both fa/ting changed to cuftome, and fu
feeding, to which a man hath inured himfelf, are better regiments of
health, than thofe Afediocrities which commonly enervate Nature, and
make her flothful, and impatient, ifneed (hould be, of any extremity,
excefs, or indigence. And for the divers kinds of Exercife, which much
conduce to the hes be of health, none of that profeflion hath well
diftinguifht or obferved, ‘whereas there is hardly found any difpofition
to a difeafe, which may not be corrected by fome kind of exercife pro-
per to fuch an infirmity-: | As bowling is good againft the weaknefs of
the Reins; fhooting againft the obftruction ofthe Lungs; walking and
upright deport of the Body, againft the Crudities of the ftomach 5 and
for other difeafes other exercitations.. But feeing this part. touching
the confervation of health,hath been in every point after a fort handled,
it is not our purpofe to purfue leffer deficiencies.

HI. As concerning the cures of Difcafer s that is a Part of Medicine,
whereon much labour hath been beftowed, but with fmall profit. It
comprehendeth in it the 4zomledge of Difeafes, to which mans body is

fubje&

Lis.1V. Of tbe Advancement of Learning. 123

fubje&, together with the Cafes, Symptomes, and Cures thereof. In
this fecond Duty of Medicine, many things are deficient, of thefe we
will propound a few, which are more remarkable, which to enume-
rate without precife order or Method, we fuppofe fufficient:

§ The firfl is the difcontimuance, of that profitable and'accurate dili-

gence of Hippocrates, whofe cultom was to fet downa Narrative of NARRA-

the fpecial cafes of his Patients, what the Médicament, what the event.
Therefore having fo proper and notable a precedent from him,who wa’
accounted the Father of the Art, we fhall not need to alleage any ex-
ample forreign, fetcht from other Arts 5 as from the wifdom of the
Lawyers, with whom nothing is more ufual, than to fet:down and en-
ter more notable cafes, and new dicifions, whereby they may thé bet-
ter furni(h and dire& themfelves for the definition of future cafes.
Wherefore I find this continuation of Medicinal Reports deficient, fpeci-
ally digefted into one entire body , with diligence and judgement ,
which yet I underftand not to be made fo ample, as to extend to every
common cafe that daily falls out (for that were an infinite work, and to
{mall purpofe) nor yet fo referved and contracted as to admit none,
' but Prodigies and wonders, as many have done: for many things are
new in the zzazzer and circumítances of the thing, which are not zem
in the 4/zd; and he that fhall give his mind to obferve, (hall find many
things even in matters vulgar worthy obfervation. |

6 Soin Difquifitions Anatomical, the manner is , that thofe parts
which pertain in general to Mans body, are moft diligently enquired
and obferved even to a curiofity, and that in every leaft filet: but as
touching the variety whichis found in divers bodies, there the diligence of
Phyficians fails. Andtherefore I grant that fimpls Anatomy hath been
moft clearly handled 3 Comparative Anatomy , 1 defize to be deficient.
For men have made a good enquiry into all the parts, and into their
confiftencies, figures, and collocations: but the divers figure, conditi-
on, and polture of thofe partsin divers men, they have not fo well ob-
ferved. The reafon of this omifBion I fuppofe is no other than this ,
that the firft inquiry may be fatisfied inthe view of one or two Anato-
mies; but the latter, being Comparative and Cafual , mutt arife from
the attentive and exa& obíervation of many Diffeions : and the firft
isa matter, wherein learned Profeflors in their Lectures, and the prefs
of fpe&tators ftanding about them, may vaunt themfelves; but the fe-
cond kind of AZzatozzy,is a fevere knowledge, which muft be acquired
by a retired fpeculation, anda long experience. Neverthelefs, there
is no doubt but that the Figure and Structure of the inward parts is ve-
ry little inferiour, for variety and lineaments, to the outward members 5
and that Hearts and Livers, and Ventriclesare as different in men, as are
either their Foreheads, or Nofes, or Ears.

§ And in thefe differences of inward parts, there are often found the
Cafes continent of many Difeaíes 5 which Phyficians not obferving,
dofometime accufe the Humours which are not delinquent, the fault
being 1n the very Mechanick Frame of fome part. [n the cure of which
Difeafes, to apply Alterafive Medicines , isto no purpofe (becaufe the
part peccant is incapable of fuch alteration, ) but the matter muft be
mended, and accommodated, or palliated by a prefcript Diet and
familiar Medicines. So likewife to Comparative Anatomy appertain ac-

Q 2 curate

*

TIONES
MELICI-
MALES.

*

ANATO-
MIA
COMPA-
RATA,

124 Of the Advancement of Learning. — Liv, IV.

~ curate obfervations, as well of all kind of humours, as of the footíteps

\

De Re
Medica,

*

DE CURA-
TIONE
MORBO-
RBIIM HA-
BITORUM
PRO IN-
SANABI-

Lists.

DE BU-
THANA-
SI^ EXTE-
RIORE.

aud impreflions of difeafcs in divers bodies diflected : for the Humours
in Anatomies are commoniy paft by,. asif they were fuperfluous Purga-
ments and Excrements 5 whereas it is a point very ufeful and p

ry, to note of what nature, and of how various kinds there be of dif-

ferent humours (not relying herein too much upon the received divifi-

ons,) which fometimes may be found in the body of Man 5 and in what

Cavities and Receptacles, every humour ufeth for moft part to lodge

and neftle,and with what advantage or prejadice,and the like. | In like

manner the Footffeps and Tmpreffions of Difeafes, and the lefions and de-
vaftations of the inward. parts by them, are to be obferved with dili-
gence in divers Avatomies 5 as impofthumes, ulcerations, folutions of
continuity, putrefactions, corrofions, confumptions,: luxations, diíloca-
tions, obftru&tions, repletions, tumors 5 together with all perternatural
excreícencies, found in mans body (as (tones, carnofities, wens, worms,
and the like 3) I fay allthefe, and fuch other, fhould be with great dis
ligence inquired, and digefted by that Comparative Anatomy, whereof
we fpeak, and the experiments of many Phyficians collected and col-
lated together. But this variety of Accidents, is by Anatomiíts, either
handled perfunctorily,or elfe paft over in filence.

§ Touching that other defect in Anatomy, (namely, that it hath not beex
ufed to be prattifed upon living bodies,) to what end (hould we {peak oi
it? for this is an odious and an inhumane experiment , and by Celfus
juftly condemned: yet notwithftanding, that obfervation of the Anci-
ents is true, That many Pores, Paffages and Pertufions, which are more
fubtile than the reft, appear not in Avatomical diffedions, becauíe they
are (hut and latent in Dead Bodies ; whereas they are open and mani-
feft in Live. Wherefore to confult both for ufe and humanity, this 4-
natomia vivoru, is not altogether to. be relinquifht, or referred (as
Celjus did ) to the cafual infpections of Surgions, feeing this may well
be performed, being diverted upon the Diffeition of Beafts a-
live, which , notwithítanding the diflimilitude of their parts with
mans, may fufficiently fatisfie this enquiry, being done with judge-
ment.

§ Lihemife in their inquiry of Difeafes, they find many Difeafes which
they decer and judge to be incurable 5 fome, from the firít acce(s of the
Difeaíe, others, after fuch a certain period : fo that the Profcriptions of
L. Scylla, and the Triamvirs, were nothing to the Proferiptions of Phyfici-
ans, by which, by their moftunjuft Edits; they deliver over fo many
men to death 5 whereof numbers do efcape with lefs difficulty, than
they did in the Roman Profcriptions. Therefore I. will not doubt
to fct down among Deficients a work of the cures of Difeafes held incura-
ble 5 that fo fome excellent Generous Profeflors in that faculty, may be
awakt and (tirred up,to fet to this work(tfo far as the latent operations of
Nature, by mans induftry, may be difclofed) feeing this very fen-
tence of Pronouncing Difeafes to be incurable, enacts a Law, asit were,
for {loath and negligence, and redeems ignorance from Difcredit and
Infamy. E

§ Nay farther, to infift a little upon this Point, Lefteem it the office of
a Phyfician, mot only to veflore health, but to mitigate dolours, and tor-
ments of Difeafes 5 and not only when fuch mitigation of pain, asof a

dangerous

cr

dangerous fymptome, may make and conduce to recovery ; but even
when all hope of recovery being gone, it may ferve to makea fair and
eaíie paflage out of life. For it 1$ no fmall felicity, which Aveufius Ce-
far mas wont to wifh to bimfelf, that fame Euthanafiay which was alfo no-
ted in the Death of Antonius Pins, who feemed not (0 much to dye, as
to be caít into a {weet and deep fleep. And it is written of Fpicurus
that he procured this fameeafie departure unto himfelf; for after his,
difeafe was judged defperate, he drowned his ftomach and (ents. with
alargedrauglit, and ingurgitationof wine; whereupon the Epigramm
was made binc Stygias ebrins baufft aquas, He took away by thefe
draughts of wine, the bitter taft of the Stygian water, But in our times
Phylicians make a kind of fcruple and nicety of it, to ftay with a pati-
ent after the difeafe is paít hope of cure; whereas in my judgment, if
they would not be wanting to their profeflion, and to humanity it felf,
they ought both to enquiretheskill, and to give the attendance, for
the facilitating aud affwaging of the Pains and Agonies of Death at their
departure. And this part, the enquiry de Euthavafia Exteriovz, (which
we fo calito diftinguith it from that Evthanafe, or fweet-calm Dying,
procured by a due preparation of thefoul) we refer to the number of De-
fretents.
& Soin tbe Cures of Difeafes, I find generally this Deficience ; that the
Phyficians ofthe time, though they do not impertinently purfue the ge-

neral intentions and (cope of Cures 5 yet for particular Receipts, which 4

ee E ace WF JA. d E E = = ee ee ee
Lis. lV. Of tbe Advancement of Learning. 125

Sueton.in
Aug.

Laert-in
Epicuro;

*

DE ME,
DICINIS
y-

by a kind of propriety refpect the cures of {pecifical difeafes; eitherthey TREN.

do not well know them, or they do not religioufly obfervethem. For
the Phyficians have fruftrated and taken away the fruit of Traditions,
and approved experience, by their Aéagiftralities 5 in adding and taking
out, and changing ingredients of Recetpts at their pleafure; and almoft
after the mannerof Apothecaries, putting in Quid pro Quo 5 comman.
ding fo prefumptuoufly over Medicine, as the Medicine can no longer
command the difeafe. For except Treacle, and tithridatum, and of
late,Diofcordium, and the confection of Alkermes, and a few more Me-
dicines ; they commonly tie themfelves to no receipts feverely and
ftridly. For the confections of (ale, which are in the fhops, they are
in readinefS rather for general purpofes, than accommodate and proper
for particular cures; for they do not exactly refer to any difeafe in fpe»
cial; but generally to the opening of obftructions, comforting conco-
ion, altering Diftemperatures. And this is the caufe why Empericks
and 0/d women are more happy many times in their Cures, than Lear-
ned Phyficianss becaufe they are faithful, aud fcrupulous in keeping
themfelvesto the confection and compofition of approved Afedicines.
I remember that a Phyfician with us here in England , famous for pra-

étice, in religion half Jew, and almoft an Arabian for his courfe of ftu-
dy,wont to fay, your European Phyficians are indeed Learned men, but

they know not the Particular Cures of Difeafes. And the fame perfonu-

fed to jeít, but unreverently, faying, That our Phyficians were like Bifhops,

they had the Keys of binding and loofing, and nothing elfe. But to {peak

the truth in earneít 5 1n our opinion it would be a matter of good con-

fequence, if fome Phyficians of Note for Learning and Practice, would

compile 2 work of Probations, and experimented Medicines for the cure

of Particular Difeafes. For that any man, induced by (ome fpecious rea-

tor

7

$

a

126 Of the Advancement of Learning. — L1s.1V.

fon, fhould be of opinion, thatit is the part of a learned Phyfician (re-
fpecting the complections of Patients, their Age, the feafon of the year,
Cuftomes and the like, rather to accommodate his Medicines as occafi-
ons fuggeft, than to infift upon fome certain Prefcripts, 1s a deceivable
aflertion, and which attributes too little to experience, too much to
judgment. Certainly asinthe {tate of Rome they were the men moft
uleful, and of the beít compofitton, which either being Confuls favou-
red the People, or being Tribunes inclined to the Senate : So in the mat-
ter we now handle, they be the beft of Phyficians, which either in
their great Learning, do much value the Traditions of Experience 5 or
being famous for Practice, defpife not Methods and Generalities of Art.
As for qualifications of Medicines (af at any time that be expedient) they
are rather to be practisd upon the Differents of Phyfick, than incor-
porated into the Receipt, wherein nothing (hould be innovated with-
out apparent neceflity. Wherefore this Part which handleth Authentick,
and Pofitive Medicimes, we report as Deficient: but it is a matter not
to be attempted or undertaken without a fharpand piercing judgment 5
aad asit were, ina Synod of fele@ Phyfictans. }
TIO § Alío in the Preparations of Medicines 1 do find it ftrange (fpecially
rHER- . conlidering how Zdizeral Medicines have been fo extolled, and celebra-
Natit ted by Chymitts 5 and that they are fafer for the outward than inward
uM. Parts) that uo man hitherto hath endeavoured by Art to imitate Natural
Baths, and Medicinable Fountains 3 and yet it is confeffed that thofe
Baths and Fountains receive their virtues from ‘mineral veins through
which they país: and for manifeft proof hereof mans induftry knows
well how to difcern and di(tinguilh from what kind of Minerals fuch
waters receive their tinctures; as whether from Sulphur; Vitriol 5 Steel,
orthelike: which natural tindure of waters, if it may bereducedto
compofittons of Art, it would bein mans power, both to make more
kinds of them,as occafion required 5 and to command, at pleafure, the
temperament thereof. »Thereforethis Part of the imitation of Nature in
Artificial Baths (a thing without. queftion both profitable and eafie to
be done) we take to be Deficient.

E 6 But lei I fbould purjue Particulars more precifely, thanis agreeable
rrtum ‘0 Ourintention, or to the proportion of this Treatife; I will clofe and
MEDICI- conclude this Part with a note of one Deficzence more, which feems to
usto be of great confequence 5. whichis, that tbe Prefcripts in ufe are too
compendious to effe@ amy notable or difficult cure. For in our judgment
it is a more vain and flatecring, than true opfnion, to think that any
Medicine canbe fo fovereign, or fo happy, as that the (imple ufe there-
of fhould be of force fufücient for fome great cure. It were a ftrange
{peech which fpoken, or fpoken oft, fhould reclaim a man trom a vice
deeply rooted and inveterate, certainly it is far otherwife : But it 7s
order, Purfuit, Sequence, Artificial interchange, that are potent and
mighty in nature : Which although they require more exact judgment
in preferibing ; and more precife obedience in obferving, yet this is
amply recompenced in the greatnefs of effects. And although a man
would think, by the daily diligence of Phyficians, their Viüitations,
Seífions, and Preferiptions, which they perform tothe fick 5 that they
did painfully purfue the Cure 5 and go on in a certain courfe: Yer let
a man exactly look into their prefcripts, and miniftrations, he fhall find

many

Lis.1V. Of the Advancement of Learning. — 1

many of them full of wavering, inconftancy, and every days deviíes 5
and {uch ascame into their minds without any certain, or adviled courfe
of Cure. For they fbould even from the beginning, after they have made
a full and perfect difcovery of the difeafe, meditate-and refolve upow an or=
derly fequence of Cure 5 and not without important reafons depart there-
from. And let Phyficians know for certain, that (for example), three
petchance, or four receipts, are rightly prefcribed. for the Cure ofifome
great difeafe; which taken in due order, and in: due fpaces' of time
perform the Cure, which if they were taken fingle, or bythemfelves alones
or if the Conv [c were siverted, or the entervals of time not obferded, mould
beburtfil: Nor is it yet our meaning that every {crupulous and füper-
ftitious way of Cure in eftimation fhould be the beít 5 no move than
that every fireiglit way is the way to Heaven,but that the way fhould be
right as well’as {treight and difficult. Aud this Part which we call Fis
lum Medicinale we fet down as Deficient. So thefe are the Parts which
in the Knowledge of Medicine, touching’ the cure of Difeafes;-are def
derate, fave that there remains yet óne part more of more mfe than all
the other, Which is here wanting, A true and Ave natural Philofo-
phy, upon which the feience of Meditinefhould be built : but thavbelongs
not to this Treatife. |

IV. The third part of Medicine we have fet down to be that ofthe
Prolongatton of Life, which isa part new and Deficient, and the moft
noble of all: Forifany fach thing may be found out, Medicine (hall
hot be pra&tis’d only in the impurities of Cures; nor fhall Phyficians be
honour'd only for Neceflity, but fora'gift, the greateft of earthly Do-
nations that could be confer'd on mortality, whereofmen, next under
God, may be the Difpenfers and Adminiftrators.! For although the world
to 4 Chriftian wan, travelling to the land of Promife, be as it were a wile
dernefs, yet that our fhooes and veftments (thas is our Body, which is as
a coperture to the foul, ) be lef worn away while we fojourn in thts wil-
dernefs, isto be eftcemed a gift coming from the divine gooduef, » Now
becaufe this is one of the choiceft parts of Phyfick, and that we have
fet it down amongft Defreients, we will after our accuftomed manner
give fome Admonitions, Indications, and Precepts thereof.

§ Firff we ddvertife, that of Writers in this Argument there is none
extant that hath found out any thing of worth, that I may not fay,any
thing found touching this fübject. | Izdeed Ariftotle hath left unto po-
fterity a {mall brief Commentary of this matter; wherein there is fome
acutenefS, which he mould have tà' be all cám be faid, as his manner is:
But the mote recent Writers have written foidly, and fuperftitioully up-
on the point, that the Argument it felf, through their vanity, is re-
puted vainand fenflefs: di

—.$ Secondly, we advertife, that the intentions of Phyficians touching
this Argument are nothing worth: and that they rather lead men a-
way from the point, than dire& thernunto it. For they diícoutfe 752r
Death is a deftitution of Heat and Moiflure, and therefore natural beat:
Should be comforted and radical moifture cherifht; as if tt were a matter
to be effected by Broaths, or Lettucés, and Mallows, or * Jüjubs, or
fine Wafer-cakes, or elfe with hot (pices, generous wine, or the fpirits
of wine, or chymical oyls 5 all which do rather hurt, than'Help. — *

27

DE PRO-
LONGANS
DO CUR-
RICULG

VITA,

De longi-
tud.&
Brev, vit,

* Arabian
Plums,

6 Thirdly, we admoniíh men thatthey ceafe to'trifle, and that they®

be

128 f the Advancement of Learning. Li».IV.

be not fo credulous as to think that fuch a great work as this is, to retard
and turn back the courfe of Nature, may bebrought to perfection by a
morning draught, or the ufe of fome precious Receipt 5 no not with
Aurum Potabile, or the fubftances of Pearls, or {uch like toys 5 but that
they take it for a grounded truth , that the Prolongation of Life, isa
great work, and which confifts in many kinds of Receipts, and of an

orderly courfe and connexion of them: And letno man be fo ftupid

as to believe , that what never yet. was done, can be now effet ed, but by
means yet never attempted.

Fonrthly, weadmonifh men, that they rightly obferve and diftingu(h
touching thofe Receipts which conduce to a healthful life, and thofe
which confer to a Jong life. For there are many things which exhila-
ratethe fpirits, ftrengthen the active powers of nature, repel difeafes,

which yet fubduct from the {um of life , and without ficknefs accele--

rateaged Atrophie. And there are other Receipts which conduce to
the Prolongation of life, and the retardation of the Atrophie of old-age 5
but yet are not us'd without hazard of health: So that they who ufe
thefe remedies for the prorogation of life, mult likewife provide againft
füch inconveniences as upon their ufage may unexpectedly fall out. And
thus mucli by way of Admonition.

6 As for Indications, the image, or Idea we have conceiv'd in our
mind hereof, isthis: Things are conferv'd and continued two ways;
either in their own Identity, or by Reparation. In their proper Identz-
ty, asa Fly or an Ant in Amber 5 a Flower, an Apple or Wood in Cons
iervatories of Snow; a dead corps in Balíam. | By Reparation, as in
Flame, and Mechanicks, He that goes about the work of Prolozga-
tion of Life , muít put in practice both thefe kinds, (for difunited ,
their ftrength is weakned) and Adams body mult be cozfér'd after the
fame manner zzazizate Bodies are conferved : and again, as Flame is
conferved 5 and laftly, even as Mecbazick: are conferved, | Wherefore
there are three intentions for the Prolougation of Life 5 the Retardatioz
of Confumption s the Integrity of the Reparation 5 and the Renovation
of that which begun to decay and grow old. Confumption is caus’d by
two Depredations, Depredation of innate Spirit 5; and Depredation of
ambient Air. The refiftence of both is twoefold, either when the .4-
gents (that is, the fucc and moiftures of the. Body ) become lels Pre«
datory 5 or the Patients are made lefs depredable. _The Sprit is made
le(s Predatory, if either it be condenfed in fubftance, asin the ufe of
Opiates, and nitrous application, and in contriftations; or be dimi-

nifhed in Quantity, as in fpare, Pythagorical or Monaftical Diets: or -

is {weetned and refrefht with motion, as in eafe and tranquility. Am-
bient Air is made lefs Predatory , either when it is Jefs heated with the
beams of the Sun, as in colder Countries 5 in Caves, in Hills, and in
the Pillars or Stations of Anchorites 5 or when it is repell'd from the
Body, as in dens-clofe skins in the Plumage of birds, and the ufe of
oyland unguents without Aromatick ingredients. The juyce and füc-
culencies of the Body, are made lefs depredable, if either they be
made more indurate, or more demy, and oyly: Indurate as in aujiere

courfe Diet 5 in alife accuftomed to cold, by ftrong exercifes 5. by certaiz

Mineral Baths : Rofcide or dewy, as inthe ufe of Sweet-meats, and

abftinence from Meats, Salt and Acid; but efpecially in füch a mix-
ture

L | "TU Of the Advancement of Learning. 129 T.

2 RRS REE us I MUSSUUN CUN RA NIE ru NEN MA, i
ture of drinks, as is of parts very tenuious and fubtil , and yet wit
out all aérimony ortartnefs, — Reparation is done by Aliments 5 and Al
mentation is promoted four ways: By tbe Concoétion of the inward Parts
for the fending forth of the nourifhment 5 as in Cozfortativer of the
Principal Bowels 5 by Excitation of the outward parts, for the attracti-
on of nourifhment,as in dve exercifes and frications ; and fome kind of
Unétions and appropriate Bathssby preparation of the Aliment it felf' that
it may more eafily infinuate it felf , and in a fort anticipate Digeftions;
asin divers and artificial kinds of feajoning meat, mingling drink, leaven-
ing bread, and reducing the virtues of all thefe three into one; by cozz-
forting, the laft a& of Affimilation, as in feafonable fleep, and outward
or Topick Applications : tbe Rénovation of that which began to wax old,
is performed two ways, either by zwtezeratiom of the habit of the body
it felf, asin the ule of fuppling or foftning applications by Baths , em-
plaifters and unctions, of fuch quality as may foak or infinuate into the
parts, but not extract from it 5 or by expurgation of the old moifinre,,
and fubftitution of new moifture, as in feafonable and often purging; let-
ting of blood; attenuating Diets, which reftore the Flower of the
Body, and fo much for Indications.
§ Ar for Precepts, although many of them may be deduced from the
Indications, yet we thought good to fet down three of the moft prin:
cipal. Firff, we give in Precept that the Prolozgation of Life, mult be
expected from a prefcript fet Diet, rather than from any familiar regi-
ment of Food, or the excellency of particular Receipts : for whatío-
‘ever are of füch virtue, as they are able to make nature retrograde, are
commonly more ftrong and potent to a/ter, than that they can be coni-
‘pounded together in any Medicine, much lefs be intermingled in fa-
‘miliar food. It remains therefore that fuch Receipts be adminiftred
regularly, and fucceflively, and at fet appointed times, returning in
certain courfes.
§ Our fecond Precept is, that the Prolongation of life be expetfed, va:
ther from working upon fpirits, and from a malaciffation or inteneration
of Parts, than from any kinds of Aliment or order of Dict. For feeing
the Body of Man, and the Frame thereof (leaving afide outward ac-
cidents) three ways becomes Paffive; namely, from the fpirits s from
the parts; and from aliments 5 the way of prolongation of life, by means
of aliment is a long way about , and thes by many ambages and cir-
cuits but the ways by working upon pirits, and upon the parts;
are more compendious , and fooner brings us to the end defired5 be-
caufe the fpirits are füddenly moved , both from vapours and paffis
ons, which work ftrangely upon them: and the Parts, by Baths, Un:
guents, Emplaifters , which in like manner make way Asi
preffions. Ld
6 Ourthird Precept is, that Malaciffation or inteneration of by
outward Topicks, muft be performed by applications Confubftantial , Pene-
trating, and Stringent. Confubftantials are willingly entertained with
a kindly imbrace, and properly intenerate and fupple 5 Penetrating
and infinuating remedies are theDeferents, as it were, of Malaciflant
and mollifying qualities, and convey more eafily and impreffedly the
virtue thereof; and do themfelves fomewhat expand and open the
Parts. Reifringezt: keep in the virtue of them both, and for a gre

7 WA Of tbe Advaucement of Learning. Liz. IV.

2 Reg.o,

it, and alfo cohibite and repre($ perfpiration 5 which isa thing re-

x
il... to Malaciffation or fuppling, becaufe it fends forth the moifture 5

wherefore by theíe three (but difpofed in order, and fücceeding than
intermixt) the matter is effected. In tbe mean time we give this ca-
veat, that it is not the intention of A4alaciffation by outward Topicks
to noutri(h Parts; but only to render them more capable of nouri(h-
ment : for whafoever is more dry, is lefs active to affimilate. And thus
much of the prolongation of life, which is a third part newly affigned to
Medicine.

§ Come we now to Cofmetich medicaments, or the Art of Decorations
which hath indeed, parts Civil, and parts effeminate. For cleannefs,
and the civil beauty of the Body was-ever efteemed to proceed from a
modefty of behaviour, and a due reverence iz the firft place towards
God, whofe creatures we are, then towards fociety, wherein we lives
and then towards our felves, whom we ought no lefs, nay, much more
to revere, than we do any others. But that Adulterate decoration by
Painting and Ceru[s , it is well worthy of the imperfections which at-
tend it 5 being neither fine enough to deceive, nor handíome to pleafe,
nor fafe and wholfome to ufe. And itis a wonder that this corrupt cus
{tom of painting, hath fo long efcaped penal Laws, both of the Church
and of the State; which yet have been very fevere againft the excef-
five vanity of Apparel, and the effeminate trimming of hair. We read
indeed of Jefabel that fhe painted her face 5 but of Etther and Judith, zo
fuch matter is reported.

§ Letws proceed to. Athletick, which we take in a fomewhat more
large fence than ufually itis. Forto this we refer any point of Ability,
whereunto the body of man may be brought , or any aptitude there-
to, whether it be of 4(fivity, or of Patience: whereot Aivity hath
two parts, ffrength and fmiftne/ss and patience likewife hath two parts,
Indurance of Natural wants, and Fortitude in torments. Of all thefe
we fce many times notable Inftances in the practice of Tumblerss in the
hard fare of fome Salvages; in the wonderful ftrength of Lunatickss
and in the conftancy of many in the midit of exquifite torments. Nay,
if there be any other faculty , which. falls not within (as in thofe that
Dive, that obtain a (trange power of containing Refpiration, and the
like) we refer it to this part. And that fuch things may fometimes be
done, is moft certain : /but the Philofophy and enquiry of caufes touch»
ing them, is commonly neglected ; for this reafon, as we fuppofe, bee
caufe men ate perfwaded, that fuch maíteries and commands over Na-
ture, are obtained either by a peculiar inbred aptnefs of fome men,
which OF within the rules of difcipline 5 or from a continual cu-
ftom from childhood, which rather is commanded than taught. Which
though it be not altogether fo true, yet to what end fhould we note
any Deficience ? for the Olympick games are down long (ince 5; anda me-
diocrity inthefe things is enough for ufes but an excellency inthem
ferveth commonly but for Mercenary oftentation.

§ In the laft place we come to Arts of Pleafure: They, as the fenfes to
which they refer are of two kinds, Painting delights the eye, efpeci-
ly, with an infinite number of fuch Arts appertaining to Magnificence a-
bout Buildings, Gardens, Garments, Veflels, Cups, Gemms, and the
like. Adufick delights the ear , which is fet out with fuch variety and

preparation

Lis.1V. Of the Advancement of Learnings 131

preparation of Voices 5 Airs and Inftruments. Inancient time water-
Inftruments were e(teemed the chief Organs of that Art which now are
almoft grown out of ufe. Thefe Arts belonging to the eye and the ear ,
are principally above the reft accounted Liberal, thefe two fenfes are
more chafte; the Sciences thereof more learned, as having in their
train the Mathematick Art as their Hand- maid: So the one is refetr’d
to Memory and Demonttrations 5 the other unto Manners,and the Paf-
fions of the Miad. The delight of the other fenfes and the Arts about
which they are converfant , are inlef$ reputation and credit, as draw-
ing nearer to fenfuality than magnificence. - Unguents; Odors; Dain-
ties; Delicious fare, and Incitenients to Lufts; need rather a Cenfor
to reprefs them , than a Do&tor to inftru& them. And it is well ob-
ferved by fome, That while States and Conimonwealths have been in
their growth and rifing, Arts military have flourifht 5 when they have been
fetled and flood at a height, Arts liberal 5 and drawing to their declenfion
and ruin, Arts voluptuary. And it is to. be fear'd. that this age of the
world being fomewhat upon the deícent of the wheel, inclines to Arts
voluptuary : Wherefore we pals them over. With. Arts voluptuary I
couple Practices Foculary 5 for the deceiving of the fenfes, may be fet
down as one of the delights of the fenfes. . M" a

§ And now we have gone through the Knowledges, concerning the Body
of man (Phyfick, Cofmetick, Atbletickand Voluptuary ) weadmonith thus
much by the way; that feeing fo many things fall into confideration
about the Body of man, as Parts, Humours, Funttions, Faculties; Acci-
dents 5 and feeing (if we could aptly do it) an entire Body fhould be
made touching the Body of. maz, which might comprehend all thefe,
(like to that of the knowledge of the Soul; whereof we (hall {peak anon)
notwithftanding left Arts (hould be too much multiplied, or the anci-
ent Limits of Arts tranfpos'd, more than need muít5 we receive, into
the Body of Medicine, the knowledge of the Parts of mans Body, of
FunGions, of Humours 5 of Refpiration, of Sleeps of Generation y of the
fruit of the Womb, of Geftation in the Womb s of Growth of the flower
of Age 5 of what Hairs 5 of Impinguation, and thelike; although they
do not properly pertain to thofe three duties. of Coxfervation of Health 5
Cure of Difeafes; Prolongation of Life : But becaufe mans body is every
way the Subject of Medicine. As for voluntary motion, and fenfe, we
refer them to the hnowledge concerning the Soul; as two principal Parts
thereof. And fo we conclude the knowledge whichconcerns mans Body,
Which is but the Tabernacle of the Soul...

rR 4 Crap.

Et M HU MUN

Gen,2,

Ge. t.

132 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lr. IV.

C ^ ap. IIl.

I. The Partition. of Humane Philofophy concerning the Mind, inte
knowledge of the infpired Effence 5 and into tbe knowledge of the fez-
fibleyor produced Soul. § A fecond Partition of the fame Philofo-
phy, into the knowledge of the Substance and Faculties of the Soul,
and the knowledge of the ufe and objects of the Faculties. M. Two
Appendices of the knowledge concerning the Faculties of the Soul.
§ The knowledge of Natural Divination; & And the knowledge of
Fafcination. .MI. The Diftribution of the Faculties of tbe fenfible
Soul. § Into Motion, and & into Sene. ;

L SQ 10» let us proceed to the Knowledge which concerns the Mind or

N Soul of man, out of the treafures whereof all other Know-
ledges areextra&ed. It hath two Parts, the one entreateth of the Rea-
fonable Soul, whichis athing Divine the other of tbe unreafonable Soul,
which is common to us with Beafis. We have noted a little before
(where we {peak of Forms) thefe two different Exanations of Souls ,
which in the firft Création of them both , offer themfelves unto our
view, thatis, that one hath its original from the Breath of God 5 the
other from the Afatrices of! thé Elements 5 for of the Primitive Emana-
tion of the Rational Soul; thus fpeaks the Scripture , Dens formavit
bominem delimoterte, €* |piravit in faciem ejus fpiraculum vite : But
the Generation of the unreafonable Soul, or of Beafts , was accome
plifit by thefe words; Producat Aquit, Producat Terra: And this irra-
tional Soul, as it is ití man, is thé Inftrüment only to the Rez/onable
Souls and hath the fame original inus, that it hath in Bea(ts ; namely,
from the flime of the earth y for iit isnot faid God form’d the Body of man,
of the flime of the earth, but God formed man, that is the whole man
that’ $piraculum excepted. Wherefore we will (tile that part of the gene-
ral knowledge concerning zzaz5 foul, the knowledge of the fpiracle, of
infpired fubfiance’s andthe other Part, the knowledge of the Senfible
or Produc Soul.’ And feeing that hitherto we handle Philofophy only
(placing facred Theologie tn the clofe of this work) we would not have
borrowed this Partitton from Divinity, if it had not here cofcurr'd
with the Principles of Philofophy.: There aré^many and great Precellencies
of the foul of man, above the fouls of beasts, evident unto thofe who
philofophize even according to fenfe : And whirefoever the concur-
rentCharatters of fuch great excellencies are found, there {ould e-
ver, upon good reafon, be madea /pecifick Difference. Wheretore we
do not altogether fo well allow the Philofophers promifcuous, and con-
fufe Difcourfes touching the Fund ions of the Soul 5 as if the Soul of man
was differenced gradually, rather thax fpecifickly 5 from the foul of Beafts 5
no otherwife than the Sun amongft the Stars , or Gold amongít
Metals.

§ There remains another partition alo to be annexed to the Knowledge
in General concerning the foul or mind of man, before we {peak at large
of the kinds: For what we (hallfpeak of the /pecies hereafter, com-

prehendeth

ones REDE
prehendeth both the partitions 5 as well that which we havefet down
already, as this which we fhall now propound. Wherefore the fecond
Partition may be, into the knowledge concerning the Subflance and Facu]-
ties of the Soul 5 and into the knowledge concerning the ufe and objects
of the Faculties.

§ This two-fold Partition ofthe Soul thus premis'd, let us now come
unto the fpecies or kinds. The knowledge of the Spiraculum,or izfpired
Effence, asthat concerning the fübftance of the Reafonable Soul, com-
prehends thefe Inquiries touching the Nature thereof; as whether, it
be Native, or 4dventives Separable, or Infeparable 5 Mortal, or Im.
mortal s how far itis tied to the Laws of Matter, how far, not, and the
like? What other points foever there are of this kind, although they
may be more diligently, and foundly inquired even in Philofophy,
than hitherto they have been; yet for all this, in our opinion, they
muft be bound over at laít, unto Religion, there to be determined and
defined; for otherwifethey {till lye open to many errors and illufions FEM
ofíenfe. For feeing that tbe fubjiance of the Sonl mas not deduced and ex- Orig».
tra@ed in her Creation from the Maff of Heaven and Earth, but immedi- Mytts:t-
ately infpired from Gods and feeing the Laws of Heaven and Earth are the “™
proper jubjetf s of Philofophy, how can the knowledge of the fubftance of the

Reafomable Soul be derived or fetch'd from Philofophy ? But it muft be drawn

from the fame infpiration from whence the fubstance thereof first flow-
ed.

*

§ The Knowledge of the fenfible or produited Soul, astouching the pe sr.
fubftance thereofis truly enquired into; but this enquiry feems to us to 5/4NT 14
be Deficient: For what makes thefe terms of 44s Ultimus 5 and Forma SENsiSC-
Corporis and {uch like wild logical Univerfalities, to the knowledge of Kis
the Souls fubftance ? For the fexfible SouLor the foul of Beafts,muft needs
be granted, to be a Corporal {ubftance attenuated by beat and made Invi-
fible: Tfay, atbim gentle gale of wind [meld and blown up from fore fla-
may and airy Nature, indeed with the foftneff of Air to receive imprelfron,
and with the vigor of fire to embrace adion; nourifhed partly by an oily,
partly by a watery fubftance 5 fpread over the Body y refiding (in perfect |
Creatures ) chiefly in tbe bead 5 running through the nerves; refrefht and |
repair d by the Jpirituous blood of the Arteries 5 as Bernardinus Telefius, and Tele: de
his Scholar, Auguftinus Donius in fome points, not altogether unpro- TE
fitably, have delivered it. Let there be therefore made a more dili- viis.
gent enquiry touching this knowledge, and the rather for that this
point, not well underftood hath brought forth fuperftitious and very
contagious opinions, and moft vilely abafing the Dignity of the foul
of man s. of Tranfmigration of fouls out of one body into anothers and Lu-
Jférations of fouls by Periods of years, and finally of the too near affinity in
every point of the foul of man, with the fouls of beafts. This foul in Beafts
as a principal foul, whereofthe body of Beafts is the Organ 5' but z man
this foul is it [elf an Organ of the Soul Rational and may rather be called
by the appellation of a Spirit, than of a Sox/. And thus much of the
fubfiance of the Soul.

§ The Faculties of the Soul are well known, to be Underftanding; Rea-
fons Imagination 5 Memory, Appetite; Will, andall thofe Powers, a-
bout which the Sciences of Logick and Ethick are converfant. But in the
knowledge concerning the foul, the Original of thefe Faculties ought i un

handle

we RENE NNNM a SU Estate

Saluft, in
Jugurth.

| G4 Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Lh 1 ».IV.

handled, and that Phyfically, as they are connatural with the Soul,
and adhere to it: Only their zfes and objed s are deligned to other Arts.
Aud in this part (in our opinion) there hath been no extraordinary per-
formancehithertos although we donot report it as Deficzent.

lt This Part touching the facultiesof the Soul hath two Appendices,
which as they have been handled have rather prefented us with fmoak,
than avy lucid flames of truth 5 one of thefeis the Knowledge of Natu-
ral Divination, the other of. Fajcimation.

§ Divination hath been anciently and fitly divided into two Parts 5
Artificial and Natural. Artificial. by arguing from the Indication of
figns, collects a Pred;diom : Naturalfrom the internal Divination of
the mind without the affiftance of figns, makesa Prefage. Artificial is
of two forts 5 one argueth from Canfes 5 the other from Experiments on-
ly, by a blind way. of Authority 5 which later is for the moft part fu-
perftitious, fuch as was the Heathen. Difcipline upon the zzfpedzon of
the Intrals of Beafts; the Flight of Birds 5 and thelike: So the folemn
Aftrology of the Chaldeans was little better. Both the kinds of Arti-
ficial Divination are diftributed amongft divers Sciences. The Aftro-
loger hath his PrediGions from the fituation of the ftarss the Phyfici-
an hath his Predi&iozs, of the approach of Death; of Recovery 5 of
enfuing Symptomes of Di(eafess from Urines; Pulíess afpect. of Pati-
ents, and thelike. The Politick hath his predictions; O urbezz vana-
leu c cito perituram, [i emptorem invenerit, The truth of which Pro-
phefie taid not long, being firft accomplifht in SyWa, after in \Cefar.
Wherefore Predictions of this Nature are not pertinent to the prefent

| purpofe, but.are to be referred over to their proper Arts... But the

Divination Natural, which fpringeth from the internal Power of the
Soul, isthat which we now {peak of. This is of two forts, tbe oae Na-
tive 5 the other by Influxion. | Nativeis grounded upon this fuppofition,
that the mind when itis withdrawn and colleded into it felf, and not. dif-
fufed into Organs of the Body, hath from tbe natural Power of its own Ef-
fence, fome Prenotion of things future. And thisappears moft in fleep 5
Extafies; Propinguity of Death; more rare, in waking, or when the
Body is healthful and ftrong. And this {tate ofthe mind is commonly
procured and furthered by abftinencies, and thofe obfervances which
do moft ofall retire the Z4;zd unto it felf from the practick functions of
the Body : that thus redeem d from the incumbrances of exterior ingage-
ments, it may.poílcfs and: enjoy its own Nature. But Divination by In-
flexion is grounded upon another füppofition, That the 7Mizd as a Adir-
ror or Gla[s fhould take a fecondary kind of Illumination from tbe fore-huom-
ledge of God and Spirits 3 unto which the fame State and Regiment of the
Body which mas to the firft, doth likewife conduce. For the fame feque=
{tration of the mind caufeth it more feverely to employ its own Effence 5
and makes it more fufceptive of Divine Influxions ;. fave that the foul,
in Divinations by Yoffnd ion israpt witha kind of fervency and, impatis
ency, asit were of the Deity, wherewith it is pofleft (which. the An-
cients noted by the name of/acred Fury 5 but in Native Divination, the
mind is enfranchis'd and neerer to a repofe rather, and an, immunity

from labour. -
6 Fajcinationisthe Power and intenfive AG of the Imagination upon
ihe Body of another, (for of the Power of the Imagization upon the Body
of

L:s.[IV. Of tbe Advancement of Learning. 123

of the imaginant, we have fpoken before). In this kind the {chool of

Paracelfus, and the Difciples of pretended Natural Magick, have been
fo intemperate, as they have only not equall'd the force and apprehene
fion of the Iagination, with the Power of miracle-working faith, O-

Par.In Pas
Tam.

thers, drawing nearer to the fimilitude of truth, when they had more £75

intentively confidered the fecret energies and impreflions of things 5
the Irradiations of the fenfes; the tranímiffions of cogitations from Bo-
dy to Body ; the conveyances of Magnetick virtues 5 came to be of o-
pinion, that much more might fuch impreílionss Informations; and
Communications be made, from fpirit to fpirit5 being that a fpirit of
all other things is more powerful and ftrong to work, and more foft and
penetrable tofuffer: whence the conceits have grown, made almoít
popular, ofthe Maftering fpirit; of men ominous and unlucky 5 ofthe
ftrokes of loveand envy 5 and of others of like Nature. Incident un-
tothis, isthe enquiry, How the Imagination may be intended and fortifi-
ed 2 For if the Imagination fortified be of fuch great power, then it is
material to know by what ways it may be exalted, and made greater
than it felf? And here comes in crookedly, and as dangeroufly a Palli-
ation and Defence of a great part of Ceremonial Magick. For it may be
a fpecious pretence, that Ceremonies; Characters; Charms; Gefticu-
lations; Amulets, and thelike, do work not by any tacit or facramen-
tal contra with evil fpirits 5 but ferve only to firengthen and exalt the i-
magination of bim that ufeth them 3 even as the ufe of Images in religion
hath prevail’d for the fixing of mens minds in the Contemplation of things,
and the raifing of the devotion of thewe that Pray. But for my own judg-
ment, ifit be admitted, that the force of Izzag;zatioz is fo Potent, and
that Ceremonies exalt and fortifie that Powers and be it granted, that
Ceremonies are ufed fincerely to that intention, and asa Phyfical Re-
medy, without the leaft thought of inviting the afliftance of Spirits by
them; yet for all this, I íhould hold them unlawful, becaufe they im-
pugn and contradi& that divine Edi& pafs'd upon.man for fin, 77 fu-
dore vultus comedes panem tuum. — Forthis kind of Afagick propounds
thofe noble fruits, (which God hath fet forth to be bought at the price
of Labour) to be purchasd by a few eafie and flothful obfervan-
ces, *
III. There remain two knowledges, which refer {pecially to the F2-
culties of the inferior or fenfible Soul, as thofe which do moft Communi-
cate with corporal Organs; the one is of Voluntary Afotion, the other
of fenfe and fenjibility.
. § Inthe former of thefe the Inquiry hath been very fuperficial, and
one entire part almoft quite left out. For concerning the office and apt
fabrick of the Nervs and Mufcles, and of other parts requifite to this
Motion, and which part of the Body refts whil(t another is moved, and
that the Governour and Chariot-driver, asit were, of this Afotion, is
the Imagination; Íoas di(miffidg the Image to which the Afotiox was car-
tied, the Aéotion it felfis prefently intercepted and arrefted (as when
we walk, if another ferious and fixed thought come into our mind, we
prefently ftand {till) and many other fuch fubtilties not to be flighted,
fave now long ago come into Obfervation and Enquiry. And how Com-
preffions, and Dilatations, and Agitations of the Spirit (which without
gueftion is the fpring of Motion, fhould incline, excite, and enforce
the

Crollij
rxf.

Gen.3;

Nee
136 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis. IV.

*

the corporal and ponderous Mafs of the Parts, hath sot yet been enqui-
red into, and handled with diligence 5. and no marvail, feeing the fen-
fible foul it felf hath been hitherto taken for an extelechie, or felf-moving
Facultie, and fome Function, rather than a fubftance. But now it is -
known to be a corporal and materiate Subftance ; it is neceflary to be
enquired, by what efforts fuch a pufil and a thin foft air fhould put in
motion, füch folid and hard bodies. Therefore feeing this part is De-
ficient let enquiry be made thereof.

& But of fenfe and fenfibility there hath been madea far more plenti-
ful and diligent enquiry, bothin General Treatifes about them, and in
Particnlar Sciences; as in Perfpedfive, and Mufick 5 how truly, is not
to our purpofeto deliver. Wherefore we cannot {et them as Deficients =
Notwithftanding there are two noble and remarkable Parts, which in
this knowledge we affign to be Deficient 5 the one concerning the diffe-
rence of Perception and Senfe 5 the other concerning the Form of
Light. |

j' As for the Difference between Perception and Senfe, Philofophers

pevirre- fhould in their writings de fenfu C fenfibilihave premis'd a folid and

RENTIA
PERCEP-
TIONIS
ET SEN-
sus

Campa-
nella,alij.

Virg. Zn.
3:

found difcovery thereof, as a matter Fundamental. For we fee that
there isa manifeft power of Perceptioz even in all Bodies Natural; and
a kind of Ele&tion to embrace that which is any way allied in nature, and
favourable to them and to fly what is adverfe and foreign. Neither
do we mean of more fübtile Perceptiows only; as when the Loadftoue
draws unto it Iron s Flame leaps to Bituminous Mould; one Bubble of
water near another Bubble, clofeth and incorporates with it 5 Rays
glance froma white object; the Body of a living Creature affimilates
that which is good for it, excerneth what is unprofitable 5 a piece of
fpunge even whenit is rais'd above the fürface of the water, fucks in
water, expels air; and the like. Forto what end (hould we enume-
rate fuchinftances, feeing no body plac’d neer to another, changeth
the other, or is changed of it, unlefsa reciprocal Perception precede
the operation. Every Body hath a Perception of the Pores and Paf-
fages by which it infinuates it felf; it feels the invafion of another Bo-
dy, to which it yieldeth 5 itperceius the remove of another Body, by
which it was detained; when it recovers it felf, it percetus the divul-
fion of its continuance, which for a time refifteth ; and in a word,Per-
ception is diffufed through the whole body of Nature. Air doth fo -
exactly Senfe Hot and Cold, that the Perception thereof is far more fub-
tile than mans Touch, which yet is taken for the difcerning Rule of
Hot and Cold. Two faults therefore are found concerning this know-
ledge s that men have for moft part paft it over untoucht,and unhand-
led 5 which notwithftandingisa moft noble fpeculation: The other
is that they who perchance have addicted their minds to this contem-
plation, have in the heat of this Purfuit gone too far, and attributed
Senfe to all Bodies, that it is almofta piacular crime to pul of a bom from
a Tree, left it fbould groan and complain as Polydore did. Butthey fhould
explore with diligence the difference of Perceptzoz and Sezfe, not on-
ly in comparing of Sezfibles with Infenftbles according to theentire bo»
dy (as of Plants, and living Creatures) but alfo to obferve in the fen-
fible Body, what fhould be the caufe that fo many A@tions fhould be
difcharg'd, and that without any Sen/e at all? Why Aliments are di-

- gefted,

E -

?

Lis.1V — Of the Advancement of Learning. 137

gelted, egefted: Humouts and fücculent Moiítures carried upwards
and downwards 5 the Heartand Pulfe beat 5 the Guts as (o many Shops,
or Work-hou€es fhould every one accomplith his proper Work, aud
yet all thef, and many fuch like are performed without Sexfe 2. But
men have not with (ufficient enquiry fearcht or found out of what .Na -
ture the Action of Sez is; and what kind of Body 5 what. delay 5
what Conduplication of Impreflion are. required to this, that pain or
pleafure (hould follow? To clofe this Point they do íeem to be altoge-
ther ignorant of the difference betwixt ./imple perception and fep[a s. how
far perception may bé made without, fenfe ? Nor isthis‘enquiry a contro: %
verlie of words, but a matter of great and important moment... 7 berc-
fore Jet thete be madea better izquiry. of this knowledge, as of a matter
very profitable, and of manifold ufe. -Confidering alío that the igno-
rance of fomeof the ancient Philofophers touching, this matter , (o. far
obfcured the light of reafon;as that they thought, there was, without any
difference, a Soul;infufed into.all Bodies 5.nor did they conceive how Ado-
tion, with a difcerning inftin&, could be‘made with Sex/e 5 or Sen/e-exilt
without a 3o. : 191 V ^k [won 5i *
&. As for the Forve of Light, that. there. hath been made a dueen- nap;
quiry thereof ({pectally feeing men | have fo paiufully employ'd, their; P5RsPE-
Studies in the Perfpecfives) may well,be cenfür'd asaí(trange overfight. sive be
For neither in the Per/pectives; nor, elfewhere, is there any thing in- do
quired concerning Light, of any worth or weight: The Radiations of
it are handled, the Originals not : But the placing of Perfpetives amongft
the Mathematicks hath begotten this defe 5 and others of like nature 3
becaufe men have made a too early departure frou Phyfick. So on the o-
ther fide the handling of Light, and the Caufes thereof, in Phyficks is
commonly fuperftitious, as of a thing ofa middle nature, betwixt
natural and Divine; in fo much as fome of Plato's School have intro- fici
duced Light as a thing more ancient than Z4atter it felf : For when the Card.de
empty {pace was fpread abroad they-affirm'd, in a vatn imaginatton,that Cua.
it was firft fill’d with Light ; and afterwards with a Body; whercas Ho-
lyWrit fets down plainly the Ata/s of Heaven and Earth to be a dark Chaos ^-
before the Creation of Light.But what are handled Phyfically, and accord-
ing to fenfe, of this íübject, prefently defcendeth to Radiatious 5 fo as
there is very little Philofophical enquiry extant touching this point.
And men ought to fubmit their Contemplations a while, and to enquire
what is common to all Lucid Bodies, as of the Form of Light : For what
an immenfe difference of Body is there (if they may be confidered ac-
cording to their dignity ) betwixt the Sun and the rotten Wood, or
the putrid fcales of Fifh? They fhould likewife make enquiry, what
fhould be the Cauíe why fome things take fire, and once throughly
heated caft forth a Light 5 others not? Iron, Metals, Stones, Glafs, Wood,
Oyl, Tallow by fire, either caft forth a Flame, or at leaft grow Red ;
But Water and Air heated with the fury of the hotteft Flames,to the
higheft degree they are capable of, acquire no füch Light, tior caft
forth any Splendor. If any man think, it therefore thus comes to pafs,
becaufe it is the property of fire to give light 5 but Water and Air are
utter enemies to Fire; fure he was never rowed with Oars in a dark
night upon fale waters, and in a hot feafon ; where he might have feen
fmall drops of water rebounding from the cla(hing of the Oars, to
"um

foarkle

n. td

€—————————

129 f the Advancement of Learning. Liz.1V.. |

Sparkle and caft forth a light: Which is likewife feen in the fervent
froath of the Sea which they call the Sea-lomgs. And what affinity
with flame and fired matter have the Cicizdule, the Luciole, and the
Indian Fly, which caft a light over a whole arched Room 5 orthe eyes
of certain living Creatures in the dark; and Sugar,as it is grated or bros
ken; or the fweat of a horfe hard ridden, in a foultry night 5 and
many more ? Nay, many have'underftood fo little in this point, as mang
have thought the {parks from a flint to be’ attritéd Air. But when the
Air is not fired with heat, and apparently conceives Light; how comes

* itto pafs, that Owls and Cats , and many other Creatures fee in the
night? Sothat it muft needs be Cfeeiug vifion cannot be conveyed witboug
light) that there is a native and inbred light in Air, although very feeble.
and weak; yet fuch as may be proportioned to the Optick, Beams of fncb
Creatures, and may fuffice them for fight. But the caufe of this evil, as
of many more, that men have not drawn forth the common Forms of
things Natural , ftom particular Inflances 5; which is that we have fet.
down as the proper fubject of Afetapbyficks which is it felfapartof _
Phyfick, or of the knowledge of Nature. Therefore let there be enquiry
made of the Form and Originals of Light, and in the meantime, it may
be placed among Déficients. “And thus much of the Kzowledge cons
cerning the fubftance of the Soul, Rational and Sen[ible, with their Facwl=
ties,and ofthe Appendices of the (aue Knowledge. :

—— MÀ—MMÀ——— — — M Á—— MÀ —À—.

THE
Fifth Book
OF
EKA N.GL, Ss -LoFEBSR Qu M

VicouurS* ALBAN,
OF THE

Dignity and Advancement

LEARNING.

To the KING.

CHAP... a

I. The Partition of the Knowledge, which refpetetb the Use, and Ob-
jets of the Faculties of the Mind of Man, into Logick , and Ethicks
II. The Divifion of Logick into the Arts, of Invention s of Fudge=
ment; of Memory, and of Tradition,

HE Knowledge refpecting the underftanding of Man
( Excellent King )and that other refpedting his Will, are,
as it were, Twins by Birth: For the Purity of Idnzinatie
on, and the Liberty of will began together 5 fell together:
Nor is therein the Univerfal Nature of things fo intimate

2° a Simpathy, as that of Truth and Gooduefs, The more

fhame for Learned Men, if they be for Knowledge like winged Angels 5

for bafe Defires, they be like Serpezts which crawl in the Dutt, carrying

indeed about them Minds like a Mirror or Glafs 5 but menítruous and
diítain'd.

& VVe come now to the Knowledge which refpecteth the ufe aud objets
of the Faculties of the Mind of Man. This hath two Parts, and they
well known, and by general confent received, Logick and Ethick : Save
that we have a little before fet at liberty Civil Kzowledge, which com-
monly was taken in as a Part of Ethick 5 and have made it an entire
Knowledge of man congregate or in fociety 5, handling here only maa fegre-
gates

v

440 "DE the Advancement of Learning. Lis.IV.

lefS are faces,

ova. ———— Quales decet effe. fororum.

et. ee
Neither is the Zagization a meer and fimple Meflenger, but is invefted
with, or at leaftwife ufurpeth no fmall Authority , befides the duty of
the meflage : For it is well faid by Ariftotle, That the Mind hath over the

Polit.1, Body that command which the Lord hath over a bond-man 5. but the Rea-
fon hath over tbe Imagination that command which a Magiftrate hath over
a free Citizen, who may come alfo to rule in his turn. For we {ce that
in matters of Faith and Religion, the Imagination mounts, and is ele-
vated above Reafon 5 not that Divine Iumination refideth in the Ima-
gination 3 (nay, rather in the high Tower of the mind, and underítand-
ing) but, as in virtues Divine, grace makes ufe of the motionof the will 5

o in INuminations Divine, grace makes ufe of the Imagination : Whichis
the Caufe that Religion fought ever an accefs, and way to the tind, by
Similitudes, Types, Parables, Vefions, Dreams. Again, it is no {mall Do-
minion the Iwagination hath in perfwafions, inftauated by the power of
Eloquence: for where the minds of men are gently intreated,inflamed,
and any way forcibly won by the fmooth Artifice of fpeech, all this is
done by exalting the Iagination, which growing hot and impatient, not
only triumphs over Reafon 5 but in a fort offers violence unto it 5 part-
ly by blinding, partly by extimulating it. Neverthelefs I fee no rea-
fon why we fhould depart from the former Divifion: For the Imaginati-
ox commonly doth not produce Sciencess for Poeffe which hath ever
been attributed to the Imagination, is to be cíteemed rather a play of
the wit,thana knowledge. As for the power of the Imagination in things
Natural, we have affigned that, alittle before , tothe Dorine de Ani-
ma. And for the affinity it hath with Rhetorick, we think it fit to refer
it to the Art it felf, whereof we fhall intreat hereafter.

- § This Part of Humane Philofophy which is Rational or refpecting Lo-
gick, isto the Tafte and Palate of many Wits, not fo delightful 5 and
feemeth nothing elfe but a net and fnare of thorny fubtilty. For as it

Senalicus is truly faid.ihat knowledge is animi Pabulumso in the nature of mens ap-
E petites, and election of this food, moft men are of the tafte and ftomach
of the Ifraelities in the Defert, that would fain have turned ad o/las Car-
nium,and were weary of Z4agza 5 which though it were Celeftial, yet
feemed it lefs nutritiveand comfortable. So generally thole Kzomledges
relifh beft, that have an infufion fomewhat more efculent of fle(h in thems,

fuch

Li

Lrs.lV. Of the Advancement of Learning. 141

fuch as are Givi! Hiffory, Morality, Policy, about the which mens affecti-
ons; Praifes, Fortunes do turn, and are converíant : But this fame /z-
men ficcum, doth parch and offend moft meas watry and foft natures.
But if we would meafüre and value things according to their proper

‘worth, Rational Sciences are the keys of all other Arts 5 and asthe Hand

is. the Infirument of Infiruments3; the Atind , the Forms of Forms 5 fo

thefé knowledges are to be esteemed the Art of Arts. Neither do they

dire& only 5 but likewife ftrengthen and confirms as the ufe and habit
of (hooting, doth not only enable to fhoot a nearer (hoor 5 but alfo
to draw a ftronger Bow.

II. Arts Logical or inteledfual are four in number , divided according
to the ends whereunto they are referred : For manslabour in Ratio-
nal Knowledges is,either to invent that which is fought 5 or to judge what
is invented 5 or to retain that whichis judg'd 5. or to deliver that whichis
retained: So asthere mult necds be fo many Rational Sciences; Art of
Inquiry or Invention 5 Art of Examination or Judgement; Art of Cufto-
ad Memory; and Art of Elocutioz Or Tradition 5 whereof we will
peak, of every particular apart.

C : Ape wm:

I. The Partition of tbe Art of Invention into the Inventive of Arts:
and of Arguments. § The former of thefe, which is the more
eminent, is Deficient. lI. The Divifion of the Inventive Art of
Arts, into literate Experience. § And a new Organ. MI. A De-
lineation of Experience Literate.

I, Noentioz is of two kinds, much differing 5 the one of Arts and Sci-

I ences 5 the other of Arguments and Speeches. The former of thefe
I report to be wholly Deficient, which feems to me to be (ücha Def
ence, as if in the making of an Inventory, touching the eftate of a De-
fun, it fhould be fet down, of ready money nothing : For as money
will fetch all other commodities 5 fo all other 4rts are purchas'd by
this Art. And as the Weft Indies had never been difcovered, if the ufe
of the A¢ariners Needle had not firft been difcovered, though thofe Ke-
gions be vaít, the Verfor is a {mall Motion: So it cannot be found
itrange , if iv the difcovery and advancement of Arts, there hath not
been made greater Progreflion, feeing the Art of Invention and Perlue

fération hitherto was unknown.

§ That this part of knowledge is wanting flands plainly confeffed.
For firít Logick doth not profels, nay, not pretend to zzvezt either Arts
Mechanical, or Arts (as they call them) Liberal; norto elicite the
Operations of the one, or the Axioms of the other 5 but {peaks to men
as it werein Paflage, and fo leaves them with this inftru&ion, cui45 fu2
arte credendum. Celfus a wife man, as well as a Phyfician (though it
be the cuftom of all men to becopious in the commendation of their
own Profeflion) acknowledgeth it gravely and ingenioutly, {peaking of
the Emperical and Dogmatical Sects of Phyficians, That Medicines and
- Cures

*

EXPERI-
ENTIA Lt-
TERATA,
SIVE. VE-
NATIO
PANIS.

Arift. Mc-
ral.1.

142 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis. V.

De Re
Medica.

InTimzo.
Phileb. a-
libi.

Vite. Ep,
12,

Virg.
c £n.8«

Ovid.Ho-
rat &c,

' Pamirol-
Jus Rer,
Meu. pa.2.

Virg. G.1,

Oratio,
pro I^
Cor. Bal
bo.

Virg. Git

Cures were firft found out, and then after the Reafons and Canfes were dif-
covered: not the other way, that the Caufes first extraGed fromthe nature
of things, gave light to the invention of Remedies. But Plato often notes
it; That particulars are infinite 5 again, that the highest Generalities
give no fufficient Direttion 5 and that the Pyth of all Sciences,whereby the
Arts-man is diStinguifht from the Inexpert, confifteth in middle Propofiti-
ons, which experience hath delivered and taught in every particular Sci-
ence, Andtheretore we fee, that they which difcourfe of the firft Zz-
ventors of things, and the Originals of Sciences, have celebrated rather
Chance than Art; and have brought in Beafts, Birds, Fifhes, Serpents, ra-
ther than Z4ez,as the firft Doctors of Sciences. |

Didamnum Genetrix Crete carpit ad Ida,

Puberibus Caulem foliis, & flore comantens

Purpureo, non illa feris incognita Capris

Gramina, cum tergo volucres befere fagitta.

So that it was no marvail ( the manner of Antiquity being for to
confecrate Inventors of things profitable ) that the ZEgyptians, an
ancient Nation, to whom many Arts owe their Beginnings , had
their Temples full of the Idols of Brutes , but atmoft empty of the
Idols of men,

Omnigenumg; Denim monftra c Latrator Anubis,
Contra Neptunum, C Venerem, contraqs Minervam, &c.

And if you like better, from the Tradition of the Grecians, to afcribe
the firs? invention of Arts to men 5 yet you cannot fay that Prozetbe-
us applied his contemplation on fet purpofeto the invention of Fires
or that when he firft (troak the flint he expected {parks 5 but that he
fell upon this experiment by chance, and as they fay, furtum Fovi
feciffe 5 Yo as for the Invention of Arts we are more beholding to a wild
Goat for Chirurgery 5 or to a Nightingal for modulations of Mufick 5
the Ibis for Clyíterss to a Potlid that Hew open for Artillery 5 and
to fay in a word, to Chance,or any thing elfe more than to Logick, Nei-
theris the form of Invention , which Virgil delcribes,much other,

Et varias u(us meditando extunderet Artes
Paulatim

For here is no other method of Invention propounded, than that
which brute Bealts are capable of, and often put in ure, which ira
moft intentive follicitude about fome one thing , and a perpetual praice
thereof 5 which the necelfity of their Conferration impofeth upon fuch Crea-
tures, for Cicero faith very truly , wfus uni rei deditus, C naturam &
artem fepe vincit, Therefore if it be faid of men,

Labor omnia vincit
| Taprobus, & duris urgens in rebus egeftas.

It

Lis V. Of the Advancement of Learuiug. 143

It is likewife faid of Beafts,
"Quis expedivit Pfittaco [uum Kaos 5 Perf, Prol;

Who taught the Raven ina droughth to throw Pebbles into. a. hollow
tree, where by chance fhe fpied water, that the water might rife fo as
fhe might come toit? Who taught the Bee to fail throügh fücha vaft
fea of Air, to the Flowers in the Fields; dnd to find the way fo far Plin. Ns
off to her Hive again? Who taught the Ant to bite every grain of ”
Corn that (he burieth in her Hill, leftit fhould take root and grow, and
fo delude her hope? And if you obferve in Virgi/'s veríe, the word ex-
fundere, which imports the Difficulty, and the word Paulatizz, which
imports the /Jomzc[r: we are where we were, even amongft the Egyptian
Gods , feeing hitherto men have made little ufe of the faculty of
Reafow, none at all of the duty of Art, for the difcovery of Inventi-
6n.

§ Secondly, if this which we affirm, be well confidered , it is de-
monftrated by the Form of Induéfion which Logick propounds, namc-.
ly by that Form of Inference, whereby the Principles of Sciences are
found out and proved; which, as it is now framed, is utterly vitious
and incompetent, and fo far from perfecting nature, that it rather per-
verts and diftorts it. For he that thall exactly obferve how this Zthe-
teal Dew of Sciences 5 like unto that the Poet {peaks of,

"Aerei mellis Caleftia dona,

is gather’d (feeing that even Sciences themfelves are extra&ted out of
particular examples, partly Natural, partly Artificial, or ftom the
Flowers of the Field and Garden) fhall find that the mind, of her own
nature and inbred difpofition, doth more ingeniouíly, and with bet-
ter Invention, AG an Izdud'zoz, than Logictans defcribe it. For from
à nude enumeration of Particulars (as Logicians ufe to do) without an
Inftance Contradi&ory, is a vitious Conclufion 5 nor doth fuch an 7z-
duiioz infer more than a probable Conjecture. For who will take
upon him , when the particulats which a man knows , and which he
hath mention'd, appear only on one fide, there may not lurk fome
particular which is altogether repugnant? As if $477c/ fhould have ©
refted in thofe fons of hay , which were brought before him in the
houfe; and fhould not have fought David, which was abíent in the
field. And this Form of Induction (to fay plainly the truth) is fo grofs
and palpable, that it might feem incredible, that fuch acute and fubtil
wits as have exercis'd their meditations in thefe things, could have ob-
truded it upon the world; but that they hafted to Theories, and Dog-
maticals; and from a kind of pride and elation of mind defpifed pzr-
ticulars, {pecially any long ftay upon them. For they have ufed thefé
examples and particular inflances, bat as Sergeants and Whifflers, ad fum-
msovendam turbam, to make way and room for their opinions; and never
advis'd with them from the beginning 5 that fo a legitimate and mature de-
liberation, concerning the truth of things, might be made. Certainly it is

a thing hath touch’d my mind with a pious and religious wonder, to
fee

ae hs Of the Advancement of Learning. Lire. V.

fee the fame fteps leading to error, troden in divine and humane enqui-
ries. For as inthe apprehending of divine truth, men cannot endure |
to become asa child 5 fo in the apprehending of humanetruth, for men 4
cometo years, yetto read, and repeat, the firft Elements of Indudi-
ons, asif they were {till children,is reputed a poor and contemptible
‘employment. : ‘ifonsrod 0
§ Thirdly ifit be granted, that the Principles of Sciences may be
rightly inferr'd from the Induction, which they ufe, or from fenfe and.
experience 5 yet neverthelefs, certainitis, that inferiour Axioms,can-
not rightly and fafely be deduced, by Syllogifm from them, in things
of nature, which participate of matter. For in Syogi/ there is axe-
duction of Propofitions to Principles by middle Propofitions; | And this:
Form, whether for Invention, or for Proof, in Sciences Popular, as
Ethicks , Politicks, Laws, and thelike,takes places yea, and in Di-
vinity ; feeing it hath pleafed God of his goodnefs, to accommodate
himfelf to mans capacity: but in Natural Philofophy where nature
fhould be convinc'd and vanquiíht by deeds, and notan Adverfary, by
Argument; truth plainly efcapes our hands: becaufe that tbe fubtilty of
the operations of Nature, 15 far greater than the fubtilty of words. |. So that
the Sy//ogi/m thus failing, there is every way need of help and fervice,
of true and rectified Indudion, as well for the more general Principles,
as infertour Propofitions. For Syllogi/ms con(ift of Propofitions, Pro-
pofitions of words, words are the currant tokens or marks of the Noti-
ons of things; wherefore if the/e Notions (which are the fouls of words)
be groficly, and variably abítra&ed from things, the whole building
falls. Neither is it the laborious examination either of Confequences,
Arguments, or the verity of Propofitions, that can ever repair that rue
ine; being the error is, asthe Phyficians fpeak, in the fir/t digeffion 5
which is not rectified by the fequent functions of Nature. And there-
fore it was not without great and evident Caufe, that many of the Phi-
lofophers, and fome of them, fome of fingular note, became Acade-
mickss and Scepticks; which took away all certainty of knowledge ox of
Comprehenfions 5 and denyed that theknowledge of man extended fur-
ther than apparence and probability. It is true that {ome are of opi-
Ciccin A- DOD, that Socrates, when he put off certainty of {cience from himfelf,
cad. did this but by a form of Irozy, & fcientiam dilfimulando fimulaffe; that
is,that by renouncing thofe things which he manifeftly knew, he might
be reputed to know even that which he knew not; neither in thela-
ter Academy, which Cicero embraced,was this opinion of Acatalepfie held
fo fincerely: For all thofe which excell'd for eloquence, commonly
inAcal. made choice of this Sect, as fitter to give glory to their copious {peech,
ES and variable difcourfe both ways; which wasthe caufe they turmd a-
fide from that ftreight way by which they fhould have gone on to truth,
to pleafant walks made for delight and paftime.Notwithfianding it ap-
pears that there were many fcatter'd in both Academies,the old and new
(much more among the Scepticks)that held thisAcata/epfie in fimplicity
and integrity : But here was their chief error, that they charged the
Perceptions of theSenfes,whereby they did extirpate and pluck up Scien-
ces by the roots. For the fenfes although they many times deftitute and
deceive men,yet aflifted by mnch induftry they may be füfficient for Sci-
ences 3 and that not fo much by the help of Inftruments (though thefe
are

Lis. V. Of the Advaucemeat of Learning. 145

LM — ——————— ee
are infome fort ufeful) as of experiments of the fame kind, which may

produce more fubtil objects, than for the faculty of fenfe, are by fente
comprehenfible. And they ought rather to have charged the defects
in this kind upon theerrors, and contumacie of the mind, which refu-
feth to be pliant and morigerous to the Nature of things 3 and to crook-
ed demonítrations and rules of arguing and concluding, ill fet down
and propounded from the Perception of Senfe. This we {peak not to
difable the mind of man; or that the bufinefs fhould be abandoned ;
but thatapt and proper affi(tances may be accquired 5 and applied to
theunderftanding, whereby men may fubdue the difficulties of things,
and theobfcurity of Nature. For zo man hath {uch a fteadinef of hand
by nature or praGice, that be can draw a ftrait line or make a perfedd cir-
cle with:his baud at liberty, which yet is eafily done by rule or compafs.
"This is that very. bufinefs which we go about and with great pains en-
‘deavour; thatthe mind by the help cf Art might be able to equal Nature 5
and thar there might be found out. an Art of Difcovery, or Direction,
which might difclofe, and bring to light other Arts, and. their Axi-
oms and Works. This upon good ground we report Deficient.

II This Art of Difcovery (fot fo we will call it) hath two parts; for

either the Indicationis. made from Experiments to Experiments 5 or
from Experiments to Axioms 5 which may likewife defign zem Experi-
ments; whereof the former we will term, Experientia Literata; the
later, Interpretatio Nature, or Novum Organum. Indeed the former
(as wehave touched heretofore is not properly to be taken for an 4rf,
or a part of Philofophy, buta kind of /agaczty ; wherefore we fome-
times call it Venatio Panis, borrowing the name from the Fable, But
ar a man may go on his way after a three-fold manner 5. either when him-
Self feels out his way inthe darks or being weak-fighted is led by the band
of another 5 or elfe when he diretts his footing by a light : So when aman
eífays all kind of Experiments without fequence or method that is a
meer palpation; but when he proceeds by direction and order in Ex-
periments, itisasif he were led by the hand; and this is it which we
underftand by Literate Experience: For the light it felf, which was the
third way;is to be derived from the Interpretation of Nature, or the New
Organum.

IIE. Literate Experience, or the Hunting of Pan (hewsthe divers ways
of making Experiments: This ({eeing we have fet it down as Deficient,
and thatit is a matter not altogether fo plain and perfpicuous) we will
according to our manner and defign give fome light touches and fha-
dowsofit. The manner of waking Experiment chiefly proceeds; either
by variation of tbe experiment 5 or by Produdion of the Experiment 30t
by tranflation of the Experiment 5 or by inverfion of tbe Experiment 5 or
by compulfion of the experiment 5 or by Application of the Experiment 5
or by Copulation of the Experiment 5 or elfe by the lots and chance of the
Experiment. And all thefe are limited without the terms of any 4xi-
om of Invention: For that other part of the New Organ takes up and
containeth in it all Tranfition of Experiments into Axioms 5 or of Axioms
into Experiments.

§ Variation of Experience is firft practis'd upon Matter; that is when
the Experiment in things already known commonly adhereth to füch a
Rind of matter 5 and now it is tried in other things of like kind; as

T the

—

*

EXPERI-
ENTIA Lis
TERATA
five VENA=
TIO PA=
NIS

í

n 46 Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Lis.V.

the waking of Paper is only tried in linen, and not in filk, (unlefs per-
chance amongft the Chinefes5 nor yet in (tuffs intermixt with hair and
briftles, of which is made that which we call chame-lot 5. nor yet in
woollen, cotton, and skins, although thefe threelaft feem to be more
Heterogeneous, and fo rather may become ufeful mingled, than fepa-
rate: So infition in fruit-Trees, is pradis'd, but rarely tried in Trees
wild; although itis affirm'd that an Elm. grafted upon an Elm, will
produce wonderful fhades of leaves. - Infition likewife in flowers, is
very rare, though now the Experiment beginsito be made upon musk-
Rofes, which are fuccefsfully 1noculate upon common Rofes, So we
place the variation in the Part of a thing amongft the variations im Mat»
ter. For wefeeafcion, or young flip grafted upon the trunk of a tree,
to (hoot forth more profperoufly, thanif it had been fet in earth: And
why, in like manner, fhould not the feed of an Onion inferted into
the head of another Onion while it is green, germinate more happily
than if it had been fown in the bare earth ? And here the Roo? is vari-
ed for the Zruzk, that the thing may feem to be a kind of infition in
the root. Secondly, tbe variation of ag Experiment may be made in the
efficient. The beams of the Sux through burning-Glafles are fo fortifi-
ed, and intended to fuch a degree of heat, that they are able to fet on
flame any matter, which is apt eafily to conceive fire: Now whether
may the beants of the Moon, by the fame Glaffes be a&uated by fome weak
degrees of warmth that we may fee whether all heavenly Bodies be

hot in power ? So bright and radiant beats are exalted by Glaffes:: Whe»

ther are gloomy and opaque heats (as of {tones and mettals, before they
be made burning hot by the force of fire) fubject to the fame imprefii-
on , or are they rather in this fome portions of light? So Amber, and
Jet, oran Aggat chafed draw unto them ftraw 5 whether warmed
at the fire will they dothe like ? Thirdly, the variation of a Expe-
riment may be made in Quantity, concerning whicha very diligent care
isto betaken,being it is encompafled with many errors. For men are
of opinion that if the Quantity be augmented. and multiplied, the virtue
is proportionably augmented and multiplied 5 and this commonly is with
them a Poftulatum, and a fuppofed truth, as ifthe matter werea Ma-
thematical certitude; which isutterly untrue. A globe of Lead, or 2
pound in weight let fall from a Tower, fay, it defcends ta the earth in
the fpace of ten Pulfes ; whether will a Globe of two pound weight (in
which that force of Motion, which they call Natural, fhould be doubl.
ed,) light upon the earth inthe {pace of five Pulfes? But that Globe

fhall come down almoft in an equal {pace of time with this, and (hall .

not be accelerated according to the meafure of Quantity. So (ima-
gine,) one dragm of Sulphur mingled with half a pound of Steel, it
will make it fluid and liquid; Will therefore an ounce of Sulphur fuffice
to the diflolving of four pounds of Steel? But that follows not 5 For
it is certain that the obftinacy of the matter in the Patient is more encreas d
by Quantity, than the AG@ivity of the virtue in the Agent. Befides, too
much, as well as too little fruftrates the effe&t : For in the excoctions
and depurations of Mettals it is a familiar error, that to advance exco-
ction, they augment the heat of the Furnace, or the Quantity of the
Injection but if thefe exceed due proportion, they hinder the operas
tion; becaufe through their force and acrimony, they turn much of

the

Lis. V. Of the Advancement of Learning. 147
the pure Metal into fumes, and carry itaway 5. fo as there isa lofs in
the Mettals and the mafs which remains through the emifüon of the
Spirits becomes more obítinate and indurate. déen fhould therefore
remember the mockery of ZE/op': houfwife,who conceited that by doub-
ing her meafure of Barley, her Hen would daily lay her two eggs: P
But the Hen grew fat and laid none. It is not altogether fafe.torely ——
upon any Natural experiment,before proof be made both ix a leffer,and
greater Quantity. |

$ Produion of am Experiment is of two forts, Repetition and Exten-
fion 5. namely when the Experiment either is iterated 5 or driventoa kind
of fubtilty. Example of Repetition may be this 5 the fpirit of wines
made of wine once diftilled, and it is much more quick and {trong
than wineitfelf; willlikewifethe (pirit it felfof wine diftilled, or fub-
limated, proportionably-exceed.it felfin ftrength ? But Repetition al-
fo is not without deceit; for neither doth the fecond exaltation equal
the exce(s of the &r(t 5 and many.times by steration of the Experiment
after a certain ftate, and height of operation, Nature is fo far from a
further progreílion, as (he ratherfalls into a relapíe. Wherefore the
experiment mult be made with Caution and judgment. So QuicA-frloer
inlinen, or elíe in the mid(t of moulten Lead when it begins to grow
cold, the Quick-filver inferted fs f{tupified, and is no longer fluid;
will the fame Quick-filver if it be often fo practis'd upon, become fo
fixt asto be made malleable > The example of extenfion may be this,
water placed upwards, aad made pen(iles and by a long neb of a glaís
dipt ia wine, mixte with water, will unmtogle, the water from the
wine, the wine leafurely afcending, and fetlingin thetop 5 the water. -
defcending, and fetling inthe bottom: Now as wine and water which
are two divers bodies are feparate by this devices may the more fubtil
parts of wine in like manner, which isanentire body, be feparate from
the more groís, that fo theremay be a diítilation, as it were, by
weight; and that there may befound floating in the top, a fub{tance
neareft to the fpirit of wine, but perchance more delicate? So the Load-
{tone draweth Iron folid, and entire, unto it 5 will a piece ofa Load-
ftone, plunged into diflolv’d parcels and fragments of Iron, allure the
Ironunto it, and cover it felf with it? So the verfor of a Mariners nee>
dle applies it elf to the Poles of the world: Dothit do this after the
fame manner, and upon the fame,confequence whereby Celeftial Bodies
move? Namcely if you fhould place the Needle in a contrary pofture,
that is, in the South-point, and there (tay ita while, and then ceaíe,
your forcing it, and leave it to it felf, would this Need/e turn it felF per-
chance to the North 5, and chufe rather to wheel about by the Weft;
intoits defired natural fite, than by the Eaít? 5660/2 imbibeth Quick-
filver which is contiguous toit doth the gold ingulf, and fuck up

- this Quickfilver into it felf without extenfion o£ its fubftance, that it be-
comes a Mafs more ponderous than gold it felf?. So fozze men fubmini-
fier helps to tbeir memories by fettingup Images and Pictures of Perfons
in certain rooms 5 would they attainthe fame end, if (fetting afide fuch
Images) they fhould effigiate to themfelves an. Idea of their gcíts and
habits. .. And thus much of the Podudion of an experiment.

'& The trav [lation of an experiment is three-fold, either fram Nature,
or chance into Art s or from Art, or one PraGiceinto another 3 or from

t3 a

MÀ

148 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis. V.

Pancirol-
lus par.2.

a part of fome Art, into a diverfe part of the fame Art. Of Tranflation
from Nature, or chance into Art, there are innumerable examples 5 for

‘that almoft all Mechanical Arts owe their originals from {lender be-

ginnings prefented by Nature or Chance. — It isa receiv'd Proverb, That
Grapes conforted with Grapes fooner come to maturity: Which from the
Nature of mutual affiftance and friendíhip grew popular. But our ma-
kers of Syder, which is a wine of Apples, do well imitate this: For
they provide that they be not ftampt or preft, before, by being caft
into heaps fora time; they mature by mutual contact; whereby thea-
cidity and tartnefs of the liquoris corrected. Sothe imitation of Arti-
ficial Rainbows by the fpifs afperfion of little drops, is by an eafie deri-
vation from natural Rain-bows compofed of a dewy Cloud. So the
manner of diflilling might be taken either from above, as from fhowers
or dew or from that homely experiment of Drops adhering to Co-
vers put upon Pots of boyling water. And a man would have been a-
fraid to have imitated Thunder and Lightning. if the Potelid of that chymick
Monk had not by being toft up into the air, inflrucied bim. But themore
plentiful this experiment isofexamples, the fewer we need to produce.
And if men would be at Jeifure toimploy their ftudies in the inquiry
of things profitable; they fhould view attentively, by degrees and of
fet purpofe all the workmanfhip, and the particular workings of Na-
ture ; and perpetually, and thoroughly meditate with themfelves,
which of thofe may be transfer'd to Arts, For Nature is the Mirror of
Art : And theexperiments are as many which may be tranflated from
Artinto Arts or from one PraGice into another, though thisis not fo
much in ufe: For nature every way is obvious to all men 5 but Arts
appropriate to particular Profeflors, are only known to them. Spe-
(f acles are invented to help a weak fight 5 might there becontrived an
in(trument which faftned to the ear, might help füch as are thick of
hearing? So embaluing, and honey conferve dead Corps; might not fome
of thofe ingredients be transfer'd into a medicine, which might be ufe-
ful to bodies alive? So the practice of Seals upon wax; cements for
walls,and upon Lead is anzient s. but this invention (hewed the way to
Impreffion upon Paper, or the Art of Printing. So i# the Art of Cooke-
ry, falt feafons flefh, and that better in Winter, thanin Summer: Might
not this be profitably tranflated to Baths and their temperament, as
occafion (hall requires either to imprefs fome good moi(ture, or ex-
tract íome peccant humour. So falt in the new-found experiment of
Artificial. Conglaciations 1s found to have great power to condenfe:
Might not this be transfer'd to the condenfation of Metals; feeing it
is known long fince that ftrong-waters,being compofited of (ome kinds
of falts, have a power to deject and precipitate fmall fands of Gold
out of certain Metals, not fo denfe and compact as Gold? So painting
revives the memory of athing,by the Image of a Pid ure: Is not this tradu-
ced into an Art, which they call the Art of Memory? Let this in gene-
ral ferve for admonition; that nothing can fo much conduce to the
drawing down, as it were, from heaven, a whole fhowr of new and
profitable Inventions, as this, that the experiments of many Mecha-
nick Arts, may come to the knowledge ofone man, orfomefew, who
by mutual conference may whet and fbarpen one anothers that fo by
this which we call Tranflation of Experiments, Arts may nouri(b, and as
it

* — | | |
Lis. V. Of the Advancement of Learning. 149

it were, by a commixture, and communication of Rayes, inflame one
the other. For althoughthe rationall way by an artificial Orgarss,
promiíe far greater matters; yet neverthelefS this fegacity by literate
experience, may tn the mean project and fcatter to the benefit of man
(as miflive Donatives among({t the Ancients) many rudiments to know-
ledge, which may be hadat hand. There remains the Tranflation of 4
Part of Art into another part diverje from it, which little differs from
the Tranfletion of Art into Art: But becaufe many Arts exercife great
{paces, io as they may very well fü(tain a Tramflation within the limits
of their own operations 5 we thought good to annex this kind of Traz-
fiation 5 {pecially feeing it is in fome Arts of very great import. For
it maketh much to the advancement and amplification of the Art of
Phyfick; ifthe Experiments of that part of Medicine concerning the
Cures of Difeafes, be transfer'd to thofe Parts concerning the Reesment
of Health, andthe Prolongation of Life. For if fome excellent Opiate
be of that force.and virtue, as to reprefs and aflwage the raging infla-
mation of the ípirits, ina peftilential Fever; let no man queftion, but
that a like receipt by a due proportioned Dofe made familiar, may in
fome degree put back and retard inflamation, which grows and creeps
upon us by age. Thus much forthe Tran/flation of Experiments.

§ Inverfion of Experiment is, when the contrary to that which is by
Experiment manifelt, is tried: For example, Heat by Glaffes is intens
ded s is cold fotoo? So Heat when it diffufeth it felf is yet rather car-
ried upwards: Is cold likewife in diffufing it felfcarried rather down-
wards? For inftance, take a fmall Bar of Iron, and heat it on one end,
then fet it upright, (that end which is heated placed downwards) lay-
ing your hand upon the end, it will prefently burn your hand; but
now inveríe the Bar, placing the hot part upwards, and your hand up-
on the part whichis downwards, and you fhall not feel the heat fo foon
by many Pulíes: Whether or no, if the Bar was heated allover, and
one end fhould be moiftned with fnow, or with a fponge dipt in cold
water 5 ifthe {now or fponge were applied tothe part whichis upward,
would (I fay) the cold fooner pierce downward, than if the fnow or
{ponge placed at the lowerend, thecold would fhoot upward. So the
Beams of the Sun rebound from a white upon a black are congregate:
Whether are (hadows alío difperfed upon white,and united upon black?
The Experiment we fee made in a dark room, the light being let in
thorow a narrow chink only, where the Images of things which are
without, are taken upon white Paper; not upon black. So a vein is
opened in the fore-head for the Megrim, or Head-ach. Mutt alfo the
Hemicrane be fcarified for the Sodas orthe pain of the head in gene-
ral? So much for the Ivver fion of Experiment.

6 Compullion of Experiment, is when Experiment is urged, and exten-
ded to annihilation, or privation of tbe vertue. For in other kinds of
hunting, the game is only taken, but in this kill'd. Example of Com-
puljion is this; The Loadfione draws Iron, inforce therefore thelron,
or vex the Loadítone, foas the virtue ofattraGion be ftifled or expir'd:
As, fuppofe the Load{tone were burnt or macerate in ftrong -waters,
whether will it forego, or abate its virtue? Contrarywi(e, 7f free! or
[ron be reduced into Crocus Afarlis, ot into prepar'd fteel, as they call
it5 or be difiolved in 4444 Fortis 5 will the Load{tone ftill allure them?

Again,

Hippoc.

E put. La-
crt. 1n. vi-

ta Plin.
Lib.30.

150 Of the 5 Te n of Learning. — Lis. V.

i Hn« POR GÓÓ—— BE ERE

Again, the Loadftone draws Iron through all interpos'd Bodies that we
know, as Gold 5 Silver 5. Glafs, &c. : Fix therefore fome medium
upon it (ifit may be) that may intercept, and arreftits virtue. Make
atrial of Quickfilver 3. of Oyl5, Gums5 a burning coal; and the like,
which yet have not been experimented. So tbere have been brought
in of late certain Per{pectives, which multiply. after a ftrange manner
the minuteft vifibles; Prefs the u(e of them, either upon fmall objects,
as they may not be able to work upon; or upon fo vaít, as they may
be confounded in working: As whether they can clearly difcover thofe
moats in Urine, which otherways could not be difcern'd ? Whether
in Iewels, every way pure and {potlefs, they can make the grains and ;
imperceptible clouds to become vifible ? Whether can they expofe to
view the moats in the Sun ( which are untruly charged upon Democritus
for his Atoms, and the Principles of Nature ) as if they were great
Bodies ? Can they fo) diftinguith to the fight the grofier duft made of
Ceruís, and Vermilion, that the fmall grains:may appear 5 here the
red, there the white ? \dgaim, can they multiply greater Figures (ima-
gine a faces an eye,,or fo) to the fame bignefs they cana flea, or a
little worm? Caz they make a piece of Cyprefs, or Cobweb-Lawn ap-
pear fo full of holes, .as if it werea Net? But we fiay the lef$ upon the
Compultions of Experiments becaule commonly they fall not within the
limits of literate experience; but,,arerather .referr'd to Caujes; and
Axions s, and, theNew Orgevum, «For wherefoever there is a Nega-
tive. Privative 5. orexclulive faculty 5 there iSalready fome light gi-
ven to the Inwentiogof Forms. Thus far of the Compulfion of Experí-
ment, ySabla ke ei tt infi | J

6. Application of Experiment 15 mothivg he than a witty Tranflation
of it to fore other projitable Experiment. kxample may be this; ‘All
Bodies. have theirjown|dimenfions, and their.own weights: Gold'is
of greater weight, of leís dimention, than Silver; Waterithan Wine.
Fromthisis traduced a profitable Experiments that from a juft weight
and. meafure being taken, , you may know how much Silver hath been
mixt with Gold; how much Water,with Wine; which was that celebra-
ted Even of Archimedes... So ficlh fooner--putrifies in fome Cellars,
than it.doth in others... It willbe, of ufe,to make application of this
Experiment to the finding out ef Airs, more orlefs healthful, for ha-
bication; namely, there where},fleth 1s longeft preferv'd from putre-
faction;.., The (ime.may.be applied to the difcovery of healthful, or
pettilential feafons of the, year. «-« Bat ibere; are innumerable examples
of this, Nature: Only let men.awake, and perpetually fx their eyes,
one while, on the nature of things; another while, on the applica-
tion of them to the ule and fervice of mankind.\ So much concerning
the Application of the Experiment. ..

-§ Copulation of Experiment is: the. Links and Chain of Application s
whenas things, fingle, aud feparate had been to little ufe, are, ( connex-
ed )of farce and efficacy. For example, you defire to have late Rofes
or fruit 5 this is effected if you pull off the more early buds when they
are newly knorted 5 the fame isdone, if you Jay the roots bare until
the {pring be well come on,.and. expofe them unto the open Air 5
but it will take the better, if you joyn both thefe practices of putting
back germination. So Ice and Nitre do much conduce to refrigera-

tion 3

4

Lis. V. —Of the Advancement of Learning. Tr
o J

tion; but commixt,together much more. But this experiment isclear
of it felf, notwithítanding here may covertly a fallacy lie hid, (as
there may in all other effects, and conclufions where Axioms are wan-
ting) if the Copulation be made of things which work aftera different,
and as it were; repugnant manners, And fo much for Copulation of Ex-
periment. | | T

"6 There remain the Chances, or Fortunes of Experiment. | This is alto-
gether an irrational, and asit were, apaffionate manner of experimenting,
when you have a mind to try a conclufion not for that any reafon, or other
Experiment induceth you to it 5 but only becaufe the like was never attenzpted
before. Yet1 donot know whether or no, in this kind, there may not
lie hid fome fecret of great ule, if you try Nature every way. For the
wonders of Nature commonly lie out of the high road, and beaten
paths fo as the very abfurdity of an attempt may fometimes be pro-
fperous. But if reafon go along with this practice ; that is, that it is evi-
dent that fuch an Experiment wasnéver yet tried ; and yet there is
great reafon why it fhould be attempted 5 then it is a choice Experiment,
and fearcheth the very bofom of Nature. For Example: In the opera-
tton of Fire upon fome Natural Body; one or other of thefe effects hi-
therto ever comes to paf$3 as that either fomething flies out, (as flame
and fume in ordinary burning fewel ) or at leaft there is made a local
feparation of Parts, and that for fome diftance 5 asin Diftillation where
the Lees fettle, the vapours, afterthey have play'd about; are gather-
ed into receptacles: But no man ever yet made trial of an imprifond
Diftillation,for fo we may call it: And it fcems very probable,that if the
force of heat immur'd with in the Cloifters of a Body, do fo great mat-
ters,and work fuch alterations; and yet without lofs, or manumiffion to
the Body 5 that then this Proteus of Matter, fetter'd, as 1t were, with
Manacles, may in time beforced to many transformations, if fo be, that
the heat be fo temper'd 5 and intermutually chang'd, that the veffels
benot broken. For this operation is like that of the womb, where
the heat works without emiílion, or feparation of any part of the Bo-
dy, fave that in the Matrix, there is conjoyn'd Alimentation 5 but for
verfion, the thingis the fame. Thefe are the fortunes, or adventures of
Experiment. In the mean time, we give this advice, touching Experi-
ments of this Nature; that no man be difcouraged, or confounded ,
if the Experiments which he puts in practice anfwer not his expectati-
on 5 For what fucceeds pleafeth mores but what fucceeds not,many times in=
forms xo lefs, And this ought ever to be remembred (which we of-
ten prefs) that Experimenta Lucifera Experiments of Light, and difcove-
ky, ought for a time to be much more enquired after, than Experimenta
frudifera, Experiments of ufe and praZice. And thus much of Literate
Experience, which (as we have faid before) is rather a fagacity, anda
hunting fcent, than a Science.

* § Nowfor the Novuzi Organunt, we fay nothing, nor give any fore-
taft thereof; being we have projected in our minds, by the affiftance
of the Divine favour, to make a perfect entire work of that fubject 5
feeing it is a matter of higher confequence, than all the reft.

CAP,

oe - ain ii cU. — Ses
152 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis. V.

De Repr.
Soph.lib,
216.95.
ult.

Mat.1 Be

Cic.de O
rat.

\

Cu A P. IIT.

1 The Partition of the Inventive Art of Arguments, into Promptuary,
or Places of Preparations and Topick, or Places of Suggeftion. Il.
The Divilion of Topick Art into General. §.And Particular Topicks.
III. In example of Particular Topick in the Enquiry De Gravi c
Levi.

Nuention of Arguments is not properly an Invention 5 for to Invent is to
| difcover things unknown, and. not to recover, or recall that which ie
known already. The Ufe and Office of this kind of Invention feems to be
no other, than out of the Mafs of Knowledge; congefted, and flored up in
the Mind, readily to produce, that which may be pertinent to the Matter,
and Queftion propounded. For he that is little or nothing acquainted
before hand with the Subject in queftion, Topicks of Invention will lit-
tle advantage him: On the contrary he that hath Provifion at home

which may be applied to the purpofe, even without Art and Places of

Invention, will at length, (though not fo readily and aptly) find out
and produce Arguments. So that this. kind of Invention (as we have
faid ) is not properly Invention, but only a ReduGion into Memory, or
Suggeflion with Application. But becaufe cuftom and confent hath au«
thoriz'd the word, it may in fome fort be called Invention: For it may:
be as well accompted a chafe, or finding of a Deer, which is made
within an inclofed Park; as that within aForreftat large. But fet-
ting afide curiofity of words it may appear that the {cope and end of this
kind of Invention, is a certain promptitude, and expedite ufe of our
Knowledge , rather than any encreafe, or Amplification there-
of.

I To procure this ready Provifion for difcourfe, there are two ways 5 either
that it may be defigned and pointed out, as it were, by an Index, under
what Heads the zaatter is to be fought 5 and this is that we call Topick: Or.
elfe,that Arguments may be before hand framed, and ftored up, about fuch
things as are frequently incident, and come intodifceptation 5 and this we
will call promptuary Art, or of Preparation. This later fcarcely deferveth,
tobe called a Part of Kuowledge, feeing it rather confifteth in diligence,
than any artificial erudition. And in this part 4rifotle doth wittily
indeed, but hurtfully deride the Sophifts near his time, faying 5 They
did as if one, that profeffed the Art of fooo-making, fhould not teach how to
make up afbooes but only exhibit in a readine[s a number of fhooes, of all
fahions and fixes. But yet a man might here reply, that if a Shoo-
maker (liould have no fhooes in his íhop, but only work as he is befpo-
ken, he would be but a poor man, and weakly cuftomed. But our
Saviour fpeaking of Divine knowledge, faith far otherwifes Every
Scribe infiruded for the Kingdom of heaven 3 às like a good honfholder that
bringeth forth both new and old flore. And we fee the ancient Writers
of Rhetorick do give it in Precept, That Pleaders fhould have divers con-
mon Places prepared long before hand, and handled, and iluftrated both
ways; forexample, for the fence and equity of Law again(t the words,
and letter of Law 5 and on the contrary. And Cicero himfelf being

3 broken

LL.

4 — 2 P:

L:s. V. Of tbe Advancement of Learning. 153

broken unto it by great experience, delivers it plainly; That az Ova-
tor if be be diligent and fedulous, may have in effec premeditate, and
handled, what{oever a man [ball have occafion to {peak of 5 (o that in the
Pleading of the Caufe it (elf he fhall have no need to infert any new or
fudden matter, befides new names, and fome individual Circumftan-
ces. But the pains and diligence of Demofthenes went fo far, thatin
regard of the great force that the entrance and acces intoa Caufe hath
to make a good Impreflion upon the Minds of Auditors, he thought

Ad Attic:
Lib.x VI.
EP.VI.

it worth his labour to frame, and to have in readinefs a number of Pre- Eivs <s

faces for Orations and Speeches. And thefe Prefidents, and Authori-
ties, may defervedly overweigh 4riftotle’s Opinion, that would advi(e
«s to change a Wardrope for a pair of Shears. Therefore this part of
knowledge touching Promptuary Preparation, was not to be omitted ;

Exordisj
fi ejus,

whereof for this place this is fufficient. And feeing it is common to -

both Logick and Rhetorick, we thought good here among/(t Logicks, on-
ly in Paflage, to touch it; referring over a more ample handling of it
to Rhetorick.

If The other Part of Invention, whichis Topick, we will divide into
General and Particular Topick. General is that which is diligently and
copioufly handled in Logick, or rational knowledge; asit werd needlefs to
{tay upon the explication thereof. Yet thus much We thought meet to
admonith by the way; that this Topickis of ufe, notonly in argumen-
tations, when we come to difpute with another 5 but in meditations
alfo, when wereafon and debate matters Within our felves. Neither
do thefe places ferve only for /uggeftion, or admonition, what we ought
to affirm or affert5 but alfo what we ought to exquireand demand.
Aud a faculty of wife interrogating, is halfa knowledge; for Plato
faith well, Whofoever feeks, comprebends that he feeks for, in general no-
tion; elfebow [ball be know it, when be hathfoundit ? And therefore the
larger and more certain our anticipation is, the more dire and compendi-
ows is ourfearch, The fame places therefore, which will conduce to
fearch the mind of our inward conceptions, and under(tandings and to
draw forth the knowledge there ftored up 5 will alfo help usto pro-
duce knowledge from without. So as if a man of Learning, and un-
derítanding be in prefence, we might beable, aptly and wifely to pro-
pound a Queftion thereof 5 and likewife profitably felect and perufe
Authors and Books, or parts of Books, which might teach and inform
us of thofe points we enquire.

§ But particular Topichs do much more conduce to the purpofe we (peak
of 3 and is to be accompted a thing of far greater ufe. There hath been
indeed (ome {light mention made hereof, by fome Writers 5 but it hath:
not yet been handled fully, and according to the dignity of the Subject.
But to let pafs that humour and pride, which hath reigned too long in
Schools, which is, to purfue with infinite fubtilty, things that are within
their command 5 but never to touch at things any whit removed 5 we do
receive and imbrace particular Topick, asa matter of great ufe, that is,
places of enquiry and invention, appropriate to particular Subje s and Sci-
ezcessand theíe places are certain mixtures of Logick,and the proper matter
of particular Sciences. Forheisbut a weak man, and of narrow capa-
city, who conceives that the Art of finding out Sciences may be found
out, propounded and perfected at once, even in their firft conception 1

an

In Menc-
ne.

*
TOPICZE
PARTICU-

LAKES,

id Of the Advancement of Learning. Li s. V.

V. DI-
GRES.

and prefently be fet down,and practifed in fome work.But let men know
for certain, That folid and true Arts of Invention do fhoot up, and come
to maturity with the Inventions themfclves : S0 as when a man firft en-
ters upon the fearch of a knowledge, he may have many profitable Precepts of
Invention y but after he hath made farther progrefs in the knowledge it
felf, be may, and muft excogitate new Precepts of Invention, which may,
lead him more profperoufly to further Difcoveries. Kor this kind of pur-
fuit is like a going upon a plain and open Champions for after we have
gone a part of the way, we have not only gained this, that we are
now nearer to our journeys end 5 but we gain the better fight of that
part of the way, whichremains. Soevery degree of proceeding in Sci-
ences, having paft over that which isleft behind, gives a better profpect
to that which follows: And becaufe we fet down this part of Topick
as Deficient, we will annex an example thereof.
\ TII. A particular Topick, or the Articles of Enquiry
de GRAVI €: LEVI. |

I Et it be enquired what Bodies thofe are which are füfceptible of the
4 MotioP of Gravity, what of Levity, and whether there be any ofa
middle and indi t Nature ?

2. After an abfolute Inquiry de Gravi &* Levi 5 proceed to comparative
Inquirys as of Ponderaus: Bodies, which doth weigh more, which le(s, in
the (ame demenfion > fo of Light Bodies, which are more fpeedily cars
ried upward, which more {lowly ? rot yin tq 9l

3. Let it be enquired, what the Quantum of ai Body may contribute,
and effe& gares the Motion of Gravity. But this, at firft fight, may
feem a fuperfluous Inquiry, becaufe the computation of motion’ muft
follow the computation of quantity: But the matter is otherwife 5 for
although the quantity in the fcales do compenfate the weight of the Bo-
dy it felf, (the force of the Body every way meeting by repercuffion ,
or by refiftance, of the Bafins, or of the Beam ) yet where there fs but
{mall refiftance (asin the falling down ofa Body through the Air) the
quantity of a Body little availsto the zzcitatioz of the defcent s feeing
two Balls of Lead, one of twenty, the other of one pound weight, fall to
the earth almoft in an equal {pace of time.

4. Let it be inquired, whether the Quantity of a Body may be fo
increafed , as that the Motion of Gravity may be utterly depofed and
caft off; asin the Globe of the earth, which is penfil, and falls not >
Whether may there be other maflive fubftances, fo great,as may füftain
themfelves > For Local De(cent to the Centre of the Earth, is a meer fifie
025 and every great Mafs abhorrs all Local Motion, unlefs it be over-
rul'd by another more predominant Appetite.

5 Let it be inquired, what the refiftance of a Body interpofing, or in-
countring may do, or actuate towards the managing of the Afotion of
Gravity : Fora Body defcending, either penetrates and cutteth the Bo-
dy occurrent 5 oris arrefted by it: If it penetrates, then there is peze-
tration s or with weaker refiftence, asin Air, or with more ftrong, as
in Water : Ifit be fdaid, it is ftaid either by a refiftance unequal, where
there is a Pregravation 5 asif Wood fhould be put upon Wax 5 or e-
qual, as of Water fhould be put upon Water, or Wood upon Wood of

the

Lis. V. — Of the Advancement of Learning. 155
the fame kind: which the Schools, ina vain apprehenfion call the z»z-
Ponderation of a body within its own Sphere. All thefe do vary the
Motion of Gravity 5 for heavy fubflances are otherways moved in (cales;
otherwife in falling downs nay;otherwife(which may feem ftrange) in
Ballances hanging in the Air, otherwife in Ballances imaieríed in Wa-
ter; otherwile in falling down through Water , otherwife in {wim-
ming, or tranfportation upon Water.

6. Let it be inquired, what the Figure of a body defcending may, of
doth work, to the moderating of the Adotion of Gravity; as abroad Fi-
gure with tenuity 5 a cubick Figure, long round, Pyramidal 5 when
they turn; when they remain inthe fame pofture, wherein they were
deliver’d,

7. Let inquiry be made,{of that which the Contindance and Progre(fion
of a Fall or De/cent,may,and doth work to this effect,that it may becar- ,
ried with a greater incitation and force; and with what proportion,and
how far that Incitation will carry ? For the Ancients, upona (light con-
templation, were of opinion, that becaufe that was a natural Motion, it v. Dii
would continually be augmented and improv'd. . ORES

8. Let izquiry be made of that which Diffasce and Proximity of 4
Body defcendzna from the earth, may, and doth work to this end, that
it may fall more {peedily, more flowly, or elfe not at all, (if fo be that it
be without the Orb of A&ivity of the terreze Globe, which was Gillert’s pe Magti]
opinion ): as likewife what the zzemerfion of a Body defcending more in
the deep of the earth; ox the placing thereof wearer to the fupérficiés of
the earth, may produce ? For thefe kinds of Pofitures vary the Motion,
as they experience that work in Mines.

g. Let there be inquiry made of that which the difference of Bodies;
by which motion of Gravity is diffufed, and communicated, can do
and doth: And whetherit may equally be communicated by Bodies
foft, and porofe; as by hard and folid: As if the Beam of the Ballance
be on one fide of the Tongue Wood, on the other fide Silver, (though
they be reduced to the fame weight ) whether doth it not beget a va-
riation in the Scales? In like manner, whether Metal put upon Wool;
or upona blown Bladder, weigh the fame, it would do, if Jaid in the
bottom of the Scale >

Io. Let there be inquiry made what the diftance ofa Body from the
level-Poife ; that is the quick, or late perception of the incumbent, or
of depreflion, can do or doth: Asina Ballance where one part of the
Beam is longer (though of the fame weight) whether this doth {way
the Ballance ? Or in the crooked Pipes, where certainly the longer part
will draw the Water, although the fhorter part, made more capacious,
may containa greater weight of Water. . .

1. Let there be Enquiry made of that which the intermixtion or
copulation of a light Body with a weighty , may do to the raifing
of the meight of a Body, as in the poife of living Creatures, and
Dead ?

12. Let inquiry be made of the fecret afcenfions , and defcenfions of
the parts more light, and more weighty in one, and the fame entire Bo-
dy. Whereby there may be made oftentimes exact feparations 5 as in
the feparation of Wine and Water 5 inthe Afcenfion of the Flower of
Milk, and the like.

Y 2 13; Let

~

[

t»

6 s Of the income of Learning. Lis.V.

13. Let it be inquired what is the line and direction of the Motion
of Gravity 5 and how far it may follow either the centre of the earth,
that is,the mafs of the Earth, or the centre of the Body itfelf; that is,
the contention and driving on of the parts thereof; for thofe centres
are profitable in demontftration, but of no ufein Nature.

14. Let it be inquired touching the comparifon of the Motion of Gra-
vity, with other Motions 5 what Motions it mafters, to what it yields?
Asin the Motion, which they call, vo/ezt, whichis repreft and bridled
for a times as when a far greater weight of Iron is drawn up by a fmall
Load-ftone, the Motion of Gravity gives place to the Motion of Sym-

athy.

‘ gt Let inquiry be made of the Motion of Air, whether it be carried
upwards, or be collateral and indifferent? Which is a hard thing to
find out, but by fome exquifite Experiments : for the glittering appa-
rition of Air in the bottom of Water, is rather by the Percuflion of
Water, than by the Motion of Air; being thefame emication may be
made in Wood. But Air mingled with Air difcovers no Experiment 3
becaufe Air in Air exhibits Levity nolefs , than Water in Water doth
Gravity: But ina Bubble drawn over with the inclofure of a thin Skin,
it ftays for a time.

16. Let it beinquired what isthe Term of Levity, for fure their mean-
ing (who made the Centre of the Earth, the Centre of Gravity) is not,
that the ultimate convexity of Heaven (hould be the ftint and limits of
Levity: Orrather, that as ponderous Bodiesfeem to be fo far carried,
that there they may caft Anchor as ata fixt Pillar; fo light Bodies are
fo far carried, that they may begin to wheel about, and come to a mo-
tion without termination 2

17. Let inquiry be made, why vapours and exhalations fhould be car-
ried as high as the ziddle Region of the Air(as they call it);feeing they
are íomewhat a grofs fübftance 5 and the beams of the Sun by turns (as
in the night) ceafe their Operation.

18. Let inquiry be made of the condu of the Motion of Flame up-
wards 5 which ts the more abítrüfe , becaufe Flame exípires every mo-
ment; fave perchance in the imbracement of greater Flames:
For Flames feparated and broken off from their continuation, laft not
long. | LK

a Let imquiry be made of the a[cemdamt Motion of the Attivity of
Heat, as when the Heat of red-hot Iron affe@eth rather to mount up-
wards, thanto move downwards? The example therefore of particular
Topick may be made in this manner; in the mean time, what we have
begun to advife, wedo again admoni(h, which is, that men vary their
particular Topicks fo, as after farther Progreflion made by Inquiry, they
do fübítitute one, and after that another Topick, if ever they defire to
reach the top of Sciences. As for us, we attribute fo much to particular
Topicks, as we do defign to make a particular Work of them upon fome
Subjects in Nature, which are more obfervable, and more obícure , For

we are Commanders of Queftions, not fo of things. Aud thus of Inven-
ti0n.

Cap;

a EL

Cna», IV:

I. The Partition of the Art of judging, into Judgement by Indu&ion;
§ And by Syllogi[m. | Of the firft a Collection is made in the New Or-
gan. § The firlt Partition of arena by Syllogifwe into Redu-
Gion, Dire, and Inverft. § The fecond Partition thereof, ixto
Analytick Art: and the Knowledge of Elenchs. WU. The Divifion
of the Kzomledge of Elenchs , into Elenchs of Sopbifmas. § Into
Elenchs of Interpretation of Terms. § And into Elenchs of Images,
or Idolaes. Ul. The Divifion of Idolaes. § Into Impreffions
from the General Nature of Adan, or Idola Tribüs. § Into izpref-
fions frou the Individual temper of particulars, or Idola Specüs,
§ Into Impreffions by Words , aud Communicative Nature , or I-
dola Fort. IV. An Appendix of the Art of Judging, namely of
the Analogie of Demonttration according to the Nature of the
Subjed.

Ll [ ET us now pals to judgement , or the Art of Fudeing , which

handleth the Nature of Proofs, or Demonftrations. And in this
Art of Fudging (as alfo generally it is accepted) 4 Conclufion is inferred;
either by Indnd'iom s or elfe by Syllogifm : For Enthymenes, and Exanzs
ples are only the abridgements of thefetwo. As for Fudaewent that it
is by Izdutfion, weneed nothing doubt. For by one and the fame Opera-
tion of the Mind, that which is fonght,'is both found and judged. Nei-
ther is the thing perfected by any mean, but immediately after the
fame manner, for moft part, as it isin Sezfe : For Sezfe, in her primary
Objects, doth at once feize upon the fpectes of an Object, and confent
tothe truth thereof. But it zs otbermife in Syogifm, the Proof where-
of is not Immediate, but perfetted by a Afeaw5 and therefore the In-
vention of the Medinm 79 one thing s and the Fudgement of the confequence
of Argument, is another: For the mind first difcourfetb , afterwards refts
pony But a Vitious Forne of InduGion we utterly difclaim; a Legi=
timate Foru: we refer over tothe New Organ. Therefore enough in this
place; of Fudgement by Induttion. '

. § For that other Judgement by Syllogifm, to what purpofe is it to
fpeak, feeing this is by the fubtil files off mens wits amoft worn away,
and reduced into many minute pteces? And no marvel, being it isa
thing hath fach Sympathy with mans underftanding. For the mind of
man doth wonderfully endeavour, and extremely covet this, that it may not
be penfil, but that it may light upom fomething fixt and immuoveable, on
which as on 4 firmament it may fupport it felf,in 115 fwift motions and dif-
quifitions. Surely, as Ariftotle endeavoureth to prove, That imal! mo p. Aui
tion of Bodies there is [ome point quiefcent 5, and very elegantly expoundetb ma}. Mé-
the Ancient Fable of Atlas that ftood fixed, and bare ap the Heavens from tones
falling , to be meant of the Poles of the World, wherenpon the Conver~
fion is accomplifht. In like manner men do earneftly feck to have fome
Atlas, or Axcltree of their Cogitations within themfelves , which may in

some

1598 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lie. V.

fowe meafure moderate the fluduations, and wheelings of the underfiand-
ing, fearing it may be, the falling of their Heaven. Therefore mex
have haftned too fast to fet down principles of Sciences, about which all the
variety of Difputations might turn without peril of ruine or fubverfion. — Im
truth not knowing that be who too early lays bold on certainties, will cons
clude in ambiguities and he that feafonably fufpends his judgement, [hall
attain to Certainties.

§ Sothen itis mianifeft, that this Art of Judging by Sylogifm is no-
thing elfe, but the reduction of Propofitions to Principles, by middle
terms 5 and Principles are underftood to be agreed of by all, and are
exempt from Argument. But the invention of middle terms is per-
mitted to the free fagacity, and purfuit of mens wits. This Reduéion is +
of two kinds,Dire and Inverted. — Diretf is, when the Propofition is ree
duced to the Principle, which is call'd Probation Oifenfive. Inverfed is,
when the Contradictory of the Propofition is reduced to the Contra-
di&ory of the Principle; which they term a Probation from incongrui-
ty, or an abfurdity. The number alfo of middle terms, or their {Cale is
diminifhed or increafed, as they are remov'd from the Principle of the
Propofition.

§ Thefe grounds laid, we will divide the Art of Fudgement (as for moft
part generally itis ) z#to Analytick Art 5 and the Dotfrine of Elenchs 5
the one giveth Direction, the other Caution. For Analytick fetteth
down the true Forms of Confequences of Argument by a Variation,
and Deflection, from which, the Conclufion is deprehended to be er-
roneous ; and this part contains in.it a kind of E/ezcb, or Kedargution.

v.Fudid. For, as itisfaid, Reckum € fui index eft, & obliqni. WNotwithftanding
& Com- it isthe fafelt way to fetdown Elenchs as Monitors, whereby Fa//acies,
' — which otherwife might infnare the Judgement, may be more eafily de-
tected. Ix the Analytick Part we find nothing Deficient, which ra-
ther is loaden with fuperfluities , than any way is wanting in accef-
fions. E»
II. The Knowledge of Elenchs we divide into three Parts: Elenchs of
Sophifms s Elenchs of Intepretation 5 and Elenchs of Images or Idolaes,
The Do&rine of Elezebs of Sophifms is very wheful5 for although the
the more grof fort of Fallacies is (as Seneca makes the comparifon ve-
Epi, 4s. ry well) But as the feats of Fuglers, which though we know not how theg
are done 3 yet we know well it is mot as it feems to be. Yet the more
fübtil fort of sopbzfzzs doth not only put a man befides his anfwer, but
dothin good earneft abufe his Judgement. ;
§ This Part concerning tbe Elenchs of Sophifms 1s excellently handled.
by Arisfotle in Precept 3 but more excellently by P/ato in Example, not
only in the Perfon of the Ancient Sophiíts, Gorgias, Hippias, Protagoras,
and Euthidemus,and thereft; but even inthe Perfon of Socrates him-
felf , who profeffing to affirm nothing, but to infirm whatfoever others
avouch, hath exactly expreffed all the Forms of OdjeéFions, Fallacies and.
Redargutions. Wherefore in this Part we have nothing Deficiewt. But
this, in the mean time, is to be noted, that though we make the inges
nuous and principal ufe of this Knowledge to confift in this, Zhat So-
phifms may be redargued s yet it is manifeft, that the degenerate and
corrupt ufe thereof is imployd to contrive, and impofe Captions and
ContradiFions , by thefe Sopbifms s which paffetb for a great Faculty ,
ang

In Dial.ità
infcript.

Lis. V. Of tbe Advancement of Learning. | 159

and no doubt is of great advantage. Though the difference was clegant-
ly made by one betwixt an Orator, and a Sophift, That the one is as the
Grey-hound, which hath bis advantage in the race 5 the other as the Hare
which hath her advantage in the turn.

§ Now follow Elezchi Hermenie, for {o we will call them, borrow-
ing the Word, rather than theSence, from Ariftotle. And here let us
call to mens memory what we have faid before; (when we handled
Primitive Philofophy) of tranfcendent, and adventitious Conditions, or
Adjund s of Entity, they be Majority, Minority; Much, Little; Prio-
rity, Pofferiorityy Identity, Diverfity 3 Power, AG Habit, Privation 3
Totality , Partiality 5, AGivity, Paffivity 5 Motion, Quietude 5 Entity,
Non-Entity, and the like. But fpecially let men remember, and ob-
ferve the different Contemplations of thefe Properties, which is, that
they may be enquired, either PAyfically, or Logically.. The Phyfical
handling of thefe adherent Qualities we have afligned to Primitive
Philofophy. The Logical remaineth, and that is the very thing which
we here ftile Dotfrivam de Elenchis Hermenie, the Knowledge of the E-
lenchs ef Interpretation. This indeed isa found and material Portion
of Knowledge: For theje Commune and general Notions have this Na-
ture, that in all difputations they every where intervene, fo as,if they be
not by a careful Judgment accurately diftinguifht at firft 5 they may won-
derfully overclond the whole light of Difputations 5 and even bring the cafe
to that pafs, that the Di/putations [bal be refolved into a shirmifh of words.
For JEquivocattons, and erronious acception of words ({pecially of this
Nature) are the Sophifm, of Sophifms. Wherefore it feemeth better to
conítitutea Treatife of them apart, than to receive them into Prime
Philofophy, I méan AMetaphyficks or to annex them as a part of A4zaly-
ticks, which Ariftotle very confufedly hath done. And we have given it
aname from the Nature and Ufes for the right wfe as plainly Redarguti-
om, and Caution about the acception of words, Nay that Part of Predi-
caments touching Cautions, of not confounding, aud tranfpofing the
terms of Definitions, and Dzvifions, if it were rightly in{tituted,would
be of fingular ufe, inour judgment, and might fitly be referred hither.
And thus much of the Elenchs of Interpretation.

IIL As for the Elenchs of Images or Idolaes 3 certainly Idolaes are the
profoundejt Fallacies of the mind of man. Nor do they deceive in Parti-
culars, as the reft dos ca(ting a Cloud, and {preading {nares over the
Judgment; but apertly from a corrupt, and crookedly-fet predifpofi-
tion ot the mind 5 which doth, as it were, wreft and infect all the an-
ticipations of the underftanding. For the mind of man (drawn over,
and clonded with the fable Pavillion of the Body ) is fo far from being
like a fmooth, equal, and clear Glafs, which might fincerely take and
reflect the beams of things, according to their true incidence ; that it is
rather like an inchanted Glaf,full of Superítitions; Apparitions,and Im-

oltures.

: § 4dolaes are impofed upon tbe underftanding, either by tbe univer{al Nac
dure of zzan in generals or from the individual Nature of Particulars 5 or
4y words, or mature Communicative. The firft fort of Images we wont
to call Ido/z Tribus; the fecond, Idola SpecEs5 the third, idola Fori:
Thereis alío a fourth kind, which we call, Idola Ibeatri andis intro-
duced by depraved Theories or Philojophies, and perver[e Laws of Demonftra-

DL tions 5

Arift.Ana-
lyt.

*

ELENCHE
IDOLO-
RUM.

NOV.OR,
Lib.r.
APH.LXI,
ad LXIX.

NOV.OR.
Lib.I.
Aph.
XLV.

ad LUL
exclufive,

Cic.de N.
D.hb.V.

V. DI-
GRES.

Elem.Tg-
nis vide
Digre(s.

Paracel,
Fludde
p2ffin.

Epiphan.
lib. 3. Ni-
ceph.Hilft.
Eccl.lib.i

460 Of m Advancement of Learning, — Lis.V. -

tions 5 but this kind may be denied and put off, wherefore we pafs it
over forthe prefent.. Butthe other do'plainly befiege the mind, nor
canthey ever be quite removed, or extirpated. Therefore let none
expectany Analytick Art in thefe; but the knowledge of Elezchs con»
cerning thefe Zdo/aes is a Primary Knowledge. Nor (to {peak truth) can
this Knowledge of Idolaes be reduced into Art; but only by a contem-
plative wifdom, we may be inftru&ed to beware of them. As fora
ju(t and more fubtile Treatife thereof, we refer that to the Novum Or-
ganum, touching upon them in a generality in this place.

§ Idola Tribus is thus exemplified, The Nature of the mind of s2an is
more affedied with Affirmatives and Adives, than with Negatives and Pri-
vatives 5 whereas in a jut and regular courfe it foould prefent it felf equal to
both. But the mind of man, if a thing have once been exiftent, and
and held» good, receives a deeper Impreffion thereof, than if the fame
thing, far more often fail'd and fell out otherwife; which is the root,
as it were, of all fuperftition and vain credulity. So that be anfwered
well to him that (hewed him the great number of Pictures of fuch as had
‘{caped Shipwrack, ‘and had paid their vows; and being preft with this
Interrogative, Whether he did not now confeff the Divinity of. Neptune 2
return'd this counter-queftion by way of anfwers yea, but where are
they painted, that aredrowned? And there isthe fame reaíon of all füch
like Superftitions, asin Aftrology 5 Dreams 5 Divinations, and the
re{t. An other Inftance is this The Spirit of waz being it felf of an equal
and uniform Subftance, doth prefuppofe, and feign a greater equality, and
uniformity in Nature, than in truth there is, Hence that fiction of the
Mathematicians, that in the heavenly Bodies, all is moved by perfed Cire
cles 3 rejecting fpiral Lines : fo it comes to país, that whereas there are
many things in Nature, as it were Afomodica, and full of imparity 5
yet the conceits of men {till feign and frame unto themfelves, Rela-
tives; Parallels, and Conjugates. For upon this ground, the Element
of Fire and its Orbis brought in to keep (quare with the other three, Earths
Water; Air. The Chywicks have fet out a Phanatical Squadron of the
word, feigning by amoft vain conceit, in thofe their four Elements
( Heavens Air; Water, and Earth, there are found to every one paral-
lel and conform fpecies. The third Example hath fome affinity with the
former, That manis, as it were, the common meafure and mirror, or glaff
of Natures for it is not credible (ifall Particulars were fcann'd and no-
ted) what a troop of Fictions and Ido/aes the reduction of the operati-
ons of Nature, to the fimilitudeof humane Actions, hath brought into
Philofophy 5 V(ay this very fancy, that it fhould be thought that Nature doth
the [ame things that man doth, ‘Neither are thefe much better than the
Herefie of the Avthropomorphites, bred in the Cells aud folitude of grofs
and ignorant Monks, or the Opinion of Epicurus anfwerable to the
fame in Heathenifm, who fuppofed God to be of Humane fhape. But
Velleius the Epicurean needed not to have asked, why God fhould have
adorned the heavens with ftars and lights, asifhe had been,an £dilis 5
one that fhould have fet forth fome magnificent fhews or playss for if
that great Workman had conform'd himfelfto the imitation of an 4di-
lis, he would have caft the (tarsinto fome pleafant and beautiful works,
and orders, likethe curious roofs of Palaces, whereas one can fcarce
find in {uch an infinite number of (tars a Pofture in quare, or Triangle,

: or

Lis. V. Of the Advancement of Learning. 161
‘or right-Line. So different a harmony there is betweenthe Spirit of maiz,
and the Spirit of the world. nad di
§ Idola Spec y are derived from the Individual Complexion of every Par- Lib. ^
ticular in refped of Mind, and of Bodys as aljo, from Education 3. Cuflon s a It:
‘and Fortuilous Events, which befall every man.) For itis an excellent ^^
emblem that of Plato’s Cave 5 for certainly (to let go the exquifite (üb- piae
tilty of that Parable) if a man were continued from his Childhood un- Rep. vir:
to mature Age in a Grot, or a dark and fubtertaneous Cave, and then
hould come tiddenly abroad, and fhould behold this ftately canopy of
heaven, and the Furniture of the World 5 without doubt he would
have many (trange and abfurd imaginations come into his miad, and
people his brain. Soin like manner we live.in the view of heaven; yet
our Spirits are inclofed in the Caves of our Bodies 5; Complexions, and
‘Cuftoms, which muft needs minifter unto us infinite images of errors,
and vain Opinions, ifthey dofo feldom, and for fo fhort a {pace appear
above ground, out of their holes; and do not continually live under
the Contemplation of Nature, -as in the open Air. That Parable of
Heraclitus doth well fuit with this emblem of Plato’s Cave, that mex x. i 3
feck Sciencees in their own proper, World, and not in the greater
World. hs
.. $ But Idols Fori are moft troublefome, which eut of a-tacite ftipulation lb
umonefl men, touching ibe impofition of words, and names, have infinita- ee
ted themfelues into the underflanding. Words commonly are impofed * "RE
according to the capacity ofthe Peoples and diftinguifh things by füch
differences, asthe Vulgarare capable of; and when a more prefciflive
conception , and a more diligent obfervation would difcern, and {e-
parate things better; the noife of popular words.confourids and inter:
rupts them. Aud that which is the remedy .to this inconvenience
(namely Defizitions) in many points is\not a reníiedy fufficient. for the
difeafe 5 becaufe the Defixitzons themíelves confilt of words, and words
beget words. For although we prefume that we are mafters of our
words, and expreffions 5 and it is fobnfaid, loguendum ut vulgus, fen-
tiendum ut fapientes, and that words of Art, which are of Authority
only with the Learn'd, may feem to give (ome fatisfaction to this de-
fect; and that the Defizitions whereof we have fpoken, premifed, and
prefuppofed in Arts according to the wiídom of the Mathematicians,
may be of force to corre& the depraved acceptations of words; yet
| all this fecures us not from the cheating flights and charms of words,
which many ways abufe us, and offer violence to the underftanding 5
and after the manner ofthe Tartars Bow, do íhoot back upon the judg-
ment from whencethey came. Wherefore this difeafe muít have a
* . newkind of remedy, andofmoreefficacy. But wedonow touch thefe
in paflage briefly, in the mean time reporting this Knowledge which
we will call, the Great Elezcbs, or the Doctrine of Idolaes, Native and
adventual of the mind of man, to be Deficient. But we refer.a juft
Treatife thereof tothe Novum Organunt.

IV There remainsone part of Fudgwent of great excellency, which
Itkewife we fet down as Deficient. Forindeed 4riffotle noteth the thing, rocia
but no where pur(üeth the manner.ofacquiring it. The Subject of this DEVON”
point is this. The different kind of Demonftrations, ard Proofs, to diffc- oNuv.
rent kind of Matter and Subjetts 5 fo that this Do&rine containeth the

X Indications

Agell.N.
H.alicub?.

162 Of the Advancement of Learning. — Lis. VI.

£th.lib, 1.

Indications of Indications. For Ariftotle advifeth well, That we may

not require Demonftrations from Orators, or Perfia[ions from Matbeznati-
cians 5 fo that if you miftake in the kind of Proof, the judicature cans
not be upright and perfect. And feeing there are four kinds of De-
wonfirations either by immediate Confent, and commune Notions 3 or
by Indudion 5 or by Syllegifm s or by that which Arifivile calls De-
monftration inorb, or im Circle, (that is not from the more known no-
tions; but down right); every of thefe Dewonflrations hath certain
Subjects, and matter of Sciences, wherein refpectively they have chief-
eft ufe3 other Subjects from which refpe&ively they ought. to be ex-
cluded. For a rigor and curiofity in requiring too fevere proofs in fone
things y much move a facility and remiffion in refting fatisped in flighter
Proofs, areto be uumbred among ft thofe prejudices, which have been the
greateff Caufes of detriment, and: impediment to Sciences, Thus much

concerning the Art of Fudging. -

Cot apo V6

" | The Partition of Art Retentive, or of Megzory into the Knowledge
of the Helps of Memory. §. andthe Knowledge of the Memory it felf.
IL, The Divifion of the Doctrine of ALemory into Prenotion. $. and
Emblem. . x pi

i E will divide the Art of Retaining, or of Cuftody, into two Kuow=

V V ledges; tbat:is, into the knowledce of the Helps of Memory, and
the Knowledge of the Memory it felf. Afliltant to Memory is writing 5
and it muft by all means be noted, that 44ezzery of it {elf without this
fupport, would be too weak for prolix and accurate matters ; wherein
it could no way recover, or recall it felf, but by Scripture. And this
Jubfidiary fecond 1s alfoof molt {pecial ufe in Indudive Philofopby, and
the Interpretation of Nature. Foramanmayas well perfect, and fum
up the Computations of an Ephemerides by mere Z4ezory 5 as compre-
hend the Iuterpretation of Nature by meditations, and the nude, and
native ftrength of Memory; unlefs the fame Memory be aflifted by Tables,
and Indices provided for that Purpofe. But to let go the Interpretati-
on of Nature, whichis anew knowledge; there fcarcely can bea thing
more ufeful even to ancient, and popular Sciences, than a folid, and
good Aid to Memory 3 that is, a fübftantial and Learned Dzgeff of Cozz-
mon places. Neither am I ignorant, that thereferring of tbofe things me
read, or learm, into Common Places, is imputed by fome as a Prejudice to
Learning y as caufing aretardation of Reading, dnd a flothful relaxation
to Memory. But becaufe itis a Counterfeit thing in Knowledge, to be
forward and pregnant, unlefs you be withal deep and full; [hold that
the diligence, and painsin collecting Commun Places, is of great ufe
and certainty in ftudyings as that which Subminifters Copy to Zzvez-
tion and contra&eth the fight of Judgment toa ítrength. — But this is
true, that of the Methods and Syntaosas of Common Places, which we have
feen, there is none thatis of any worth 5 for that in their Titles, they mere-

ly

Lis. V. Of the Advancement of Learning. 16 3

ly reprefent the face, rather of a School, than of tbe worlds exhibiting Vul-
gar and Pedantical Divifions, and not fuch as any way penetrate the Marrow
and Pith of things. ;

§ As for Afemory it fclf 5 that in my Judgement hitherto hath been
loofely, and weakly inquired into... There is indeed an Art extant of

it; but weare certain that there may:be had both better Precepts for

the confirming and increaling Asemory, than that Art comprehendeth 5
and a better praCtice of that Art may be fet down , than that’ which
is receiv.d. Neither do we doubt (if any man have a mind to abufe
this Art to oftentation) ‘but that many wonderful and prodigious Mat-
ters may be performed byit. But for nfe (asit is now managed) it is
abarrenthing. Yet this in the mean time we do not tax it withal, that
it doth fupplant, or furcharge Natural Afemory (as commonly is object-
ed) but that it is not dexteroutly applied to lend afliftance to 24ez;ory
in bufinefs, and feriousoccafions. And we have learned this (it. may
be from our practifed Courfe in a civil Calling) that whatfoever makes
oftentation of Art, and gives no affurance of ufe, we efteem as as no-
thing worth. For to repeat on the fudden a great number of names or
words, upon once hearing, in the fame order they were delivered 5 or
to pour forth a number of verfes upon any argument extempore; or
to tax every thing that falls out in fome fatyrical fimilesor the turning of
every thing to a Jeít 5 or the eluding of every thing by a contradicti-
on or cavil, and the like 5 whereof in the faculties of the mind there
isa great ftores and fuch asby wit and practice may be exalted toa
great degree of wonder. All thefe and the like, we make no more efti-
mation of, than we do of the agilities and tricks of Tumblers, Buffoons
and Juglers: For they arealmoft all one thing, feeing thefe abufe the

_ Powers of the Body, thefe the Powers of the Mind 5 and perchance

they may have fome ftrangenefs in them; but little or no worthinefs.

Il. This Art of Memory is built upon two Intentions,Prezótioz and Ezz-
blem.We call Prenotion a Precifton of endlefs Inve stigation;for when a mari
would recal any thing to Z4Zezzory, if he have no Prenotion or Preception
of thathe feeketh, he fearcheth indeed,and taketh pains, rounding this
way and that way, as ina maze of infinity. But if he have any certain
Prenotion, prefently that which is infinite 1s difcharged and cut off; and
the queftioning of the A/emoryis brought within a more narrow come
país; asin the hunting of a Fallow Deer within the Park. Therefore
it is evident, that the Method helps the Memory 5 for Prenotion luggefteth
that it muít agree with order. So verfes are fooner gotten by heart
than Profe ; for if a man make a doubtful ftand at a word, Prezotzoz
prompts him that the word which agrees with the verfe, muft be of
fucha Nature. And this Prezotioz is the firlt part of Artificial 2femo-
ry. For in Memory Artificial we have places digefted and provided be-
fore hand: But we make Images extempore, according as the prefent
fhall require. But Prezotioz doth admonifh that the Zzzzge muít be
füch as hath fom refemblance with the pices this ts that which a-
waketh, and in fome fort muniteth the Zezzory inthe chafe of what we
feek.

§ Emblem deduceth conceptions intelle ual to Images fenfible, and that
which is fenfible, more forcibly firikes the Memory , and is more eafily im-
printed, iban that which is MUS So wefce that even the Afemo-

C 2 5j

164. Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis. V.

ry of Beafts is ftirr'd up by a /enfible object, not by an zzteleZsal. So
you will more eafily rezzezzber the Image of a Hunts. man purfuing the
Hare, or of an Apothecary fetting in order his Boxes, or of a Pedant
making a Speech, or of a Boy reciting Verfes by heart, or of a Jefter
acting upon a Stage, than the Notions of Invention, Difpofition, Elocuti-
on, Memory, Aion. There areother things that pertain to the help of
Memory (as we faid even now) but the 4rt which now is in ule con(i(ts
of thefe two Inventions now fetdown. To purfue the particular De-
feds of Arts, would be to depart from our intended purpofe. Where-
fore let thus much fuffice for the Art of Retaining, or of Cuftody. Now
we defcend in order to the fourth member of Logzck, which handles
Tradition and Elocution.

THE

THE

Sixth. Book

OF

FRANCIS TL. VERULAM

VicountS' ALBAN,
OF THE

Dignity and Advancement

LEARNING.

. lo the KING.

CHA Bar

I. The Partition of the Art of Tradition into the Doürine of the Or-
gan of Speech. The Doétrine of the Method of Speech; And the Do-
Grine of the Iluflration of Speech. § The Partition of the Do-
Grine of the Organ of Speech 3 into the Knowledge of the Notes of
things 5 of Speaking; and of Writings of which the two !2/t confti-
tute Grammar, avd the Partitions thereof. § The Partition of the
Knowledge of the Notes of things 3 into Hieroglyphicks 3 And into
Chara@ers Real. I. A fecond Partition of Grammar, into Literary
and Philofophical. VI. An Aggregation of Poefie,referring to Meafure,
unto the Knowledge of Speech. An Aggregation of the Kuowledge of
Cyphers to the Knowledge of Writing.

SS Ertainly any man may affume the liberty (Excellent King)
He a) if he be fo fo humour’d, to jeft and Jaugh at himfelf,or his
cR ; - own Projects. Who then knows whether this work of ,.
pees) iv.2.¢.78

ours be not perchancea Tranfcript out of an Ancient Book 4,, fig;
found amongít the the Books of that famous Library of © 4/8; dss
$. Vidor, a Catalogue whereof 4f. Fra. Rabelais hath collected? For eii T
there a Book is found entitled Forzzicariuzm Artiwz:; we haveindeed ~~
accumulated a little heap of /z72/] Duft 5 and lail up many Grains of

Arts and Sciences therein, whereto Ants may creep, and there repofe 2

while

166 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis.VL

while, and fo-betake themfelves to new labours. Nay the wifeft of
Prov.6. Kings fexds the flothful, of what rank or quality foever, uzto the Ants 5
whofe only care is to live upon the main flock, but not to improve it by fow-

ing the ground of. Sciences over again, and reaping a new Harveft.
I. Nom let us come unto the Art of Délivery, or of Exprejjing, and Tranf-
ferving thofe things which are Invented, Judged, and laid up in Memory 5
which, by a general name, we will term Tradition. This comprehendeth
in it all Arts touching Words and Speeches 5 for though Reafon be, asit
were, the Soul of Speech, yet in the manner of hanaling, “Reafor and
speech fhould be feparate,even as the Souland the Body are. We will
divide thefe Traditive Sciences into three Parts 5 into the Knowledge con-
cerning the Organ of Speech into the Knowledge concerning the Method of
Speech 3 and into tbe Knowledge concerning the Iluifratiom and Orna-

ment of Speech. 21 2

§ The Knowledge concerning the Organ of Speech generally receiv'd,
which is alfo called Grammar, hath two Partss the one of Speech; the
Deintere Other of Writing. For Ariftotle faith well, Words are tbe Images of Cogi-
pret. tations s. Letters are the Images of Words ; we will aflign both to Grazz-
mar. But to derive the Matter fomewhat higher before. we.come to
Grammar, and the Parts thereofnow fet down 5 we muft {peak of the
Organ of Tradition ingeneral, For there feems to be other Traditive
Emanations befides Words and Letters. For this is certain whatfoever
may be diftinguifht into differences, fufficient for number , to exprefs

, the variety of Notions(fo thofe differences be perceptible to fenfe)may

be the Convoy of the Gogitations from man to man. For we fee Na-
tions of different Language to trade one with the other, well enough
tofervetheir turn by Geffures. Nay, in the practice of many, that
have been dumb and deaf from their birth, and otherwife were in-
genious, we have feen ftrange Dialogues held between them, and their
friends, who have learn'd their Geftures. — Moreover it 7s zom generally
known that in Chiza, and the Provincesof the high Levant,’ there are
at this day in ufe, certain Rez/, and not Nominal Cbaradfers 3 that 1s,
füch a$ exprefs neither Letters nor Words 5 but Things and Noiious : in
fo much, that many Countries that underftand not one anothers Lan-
guage, but confenting infuch kind of Chara¢fers (which are more gene-
rally receiv'd amongít them) can communicate one with another by
fuch Figures written; fo as every Country can read and deliver in his
own native Tongue, the meaning ofany Book written with thefe Cha-
ravers.

& § Notes therefore of things, which without the help and mediation
on xoris Of Words fignfie Things, are of two forts; whereof the firft fort is fig-
REXUM. nificant of Congruity; the other ad placitum. Of the former fort are

Hieroglypbicks and Geftures of the later are thofe which we call Cha-
raider: Real, The ufe of Hieroglyphicks is very ancient , and had ina
kind of Veneration; efpecially among{t the Egyptians, one of the moft
Ancient Nations: So that Hieroglphicks feem to have been a ferff-borr
writing, and elder than the Elements of Letters; untefs, it may be, the
Letters of the Hebrews. As for Geftures,they are,as it were, Tranfitory
Hieroglyphicks. For as words pronounced vanith, writings remain ; fo Hie-
roglyphicks expreficd by Geffures,are tranfieut,but pazted, permanent. As
when Perzander being confulted with, how to preferve a Tyranny, bid
the

Lis. Vl. Of tbe Advancement of L earning. 167

the Meflenger ftand {till, and be malkizg i» aGarden, topt all tbe higheft Werotot:
Flowers 5. fignifying the cutting off; and the keeping low of the Nobi- ^*'*
lity 5 did.as well make ufe of a Hieroglyphicky as if he had. drawn the

fame upon Paper. This inthe mean is plain, that Hieroglyphicks and
Geftures ever have fome fimilitude with the thing fignified, aud are kind

of Emblems; wherefore we have named them the’ Notes of things from
Congruity. But Charaéers Real have nothing of Emblem in them 5 but

,are plainly dumb and dead Figures, as the Elements of Letters are; and
only deviled 2d Placitum, and confirmed by Cuítom, as by a tacit a-
greement. And it is manifelt alfo that there muft needs be a va(t num-

_ber of them for writing 5 at leaft fo many asthere are Radical words,
Wherefore this portion of Knowledge concerning the Organ of Speech,
which is of the Notes of Things, wereport as Deficient. And though it
may feem of no great ufe, confidering that Words and writings by Let-
ters are the moft apt Organs of Tradition 5 yet wethought good to make
mention of ithere, as of a knowledge not to bedefpifed. For we here
handle, as it were, the Coyzs of things Intelleíual 5 and it will not be
amifs to know, that as Money may be made of other matter befides
Gold and Silver ; fo there may be (tamped other Notes of things be
fides Words and Letters.

If Let us proced to Grammar 5 this doth bear the office as it were, of
an'Ofber to other Sciences; aplace not very honourable, yet very neceffa-

ry, efpecially feeing that im our age Sciences are chiefly drawn from Learned
Languages, and not from Mother-tongues. Noris the dignity thereof to
be efteemed mean, feeing it fupplies the place of an Antidote, againft
that AfalediGion of the Confufion of Tongues. Surely the Indultry of
man (triveth to reítore, and redintegrate himfelf in thofe Benedictions,
which by his guilt he forfeited 5 and by all other Arts,armsand ftrength-
ens himlelf againít that fir&general Curfe of the fferility of the earth,and
the eating of his bread in tbe [weat of his brows. But againít that fecond Gen 7.
Curíe, which was theConfufion of Tongues, be calls in the affiftance of
Grammar, lTheufe hereof in fome Mother-tongues is indeed very {mall 5
in forreign tongues more large; but moft ample in fuch tongues, as
have ceafed to be vulgar, and are perpetuated only in Books.

§ Wewill divide Grammar into two forts, whereof the one is Litcrary,

the other Philofophical. The oneis merely applied to Languages, that
that they may be more fpeedily learned 5 or more correctedly and pure-
lyfpoken. The other in a fort doth miniíter, and isfübfervient to PAi-
lofophy. Yn thislater part which is Philofophical, wefind that Cefar writ suet in
Books De Analogia 5 and itis a queftion whether thofe Books handled tM.
this Philofophical Grammar whereof we {peak ? Our opinion is, that
not any highand fubtil matter in them, but only that they deliver'd
Preceptsof a pure and. perfe fpeech, not depraved by popular Cu- tistics
ftom; nor corrupted and polluted by over-curtous affectation 5 in 557.059
which kind Cejar excell'd. Notwithftanding, admoni(h'd by füch a
work, we have conceiv'd and comprehended in our mind, a kind of
Grammar, that may diligently enquire, not the Azalogy of words one
with another, but the 422/277 between Words and Things, or Reafon 3
befides that Izterpretation of Nature, which is fubordinate to Logick.
Surely Words are the foot-fieps of Reafon 5 and foot-(teps do give fome
indications of the Body 5 wherefore we will give fome general defcri-

ption

Q Of the Advancement of Learning. Lite. VL

i6

In Cratyl.

Sn

ption ofthis. And firft we do not allow that curious enquiry which
Plato an excellent man purfüed, touching the zzofitioz and original E-
tymology of names. conceiving it, as f words bad not been impofed at

firft, ad Placitums but were fignificantly derived and deduced from a cer-
tain reajon and intendment. Certainly an elegant and. pliant fpecula-

-tion, which might be aptly fain'd and made fquare to the purpofe: and

De Orat,

fib.2.

by reafon it feemeth to fearch the fecrets of Antiquity, in fome kind re-
verend. . But yet fparingly mixt with truth, and without fruit. Bye
without queftion that would be a moft excellent kind of Grammar (as
we fuppofe if fome man throughly inftructed in many Lazezaeges, as well
Learned, as Motber-tougues, {hould write a Treatife of the divers Pro-
prieties of Languages (hewing in what points every particular Lan-
guage did excel; and in what points it was Deficient. For fo
Tongues might be enricht and perfected by mutual iatertraffick one with
another 5 and a moft fair Image of fpeech (like the Vexws of Apelles ) 5
and a goodly pattern for the true expreflion of the inward fence of the
mind, might be drawn from every part which is excellent in every
Language. And withal no {light Conje&ures, but füch as were well
worth the obfervation, might be taken (which a man perchance would
little think) touching the natural difpofitions and cuftoms of People;and
Nations, even from their Languages. For I willingly give ear to Cice«
ro noting that the Grecians have not a word which may exprefs this La-
tine word, Zzeptum s becaufe (faith he) this vice was fo familiar to the
Grecians, that they did not fo much as acknowledge themfelves guilty there
of. Certainly a Cenfure worthy a Roman gravity. And what may
that infer, that the Grecians ufed fuch a Liberty in compofition of
words; contrarywife the Romans were in this point fevere? Surelya
man may plainly collect that the Grecians were more fit to ftudy Arts 5
the Romans to manage affairs of {tate. For diftin&tions of Arts, for
moft part, require compofition of words 5 but matters and bufinefs,
fimple words. But the Hebrews fo fhun Compofition,that they make choice
rather to firain a Metaphor too far, than to bring in a Compofttion, Nay
they ufe fo few words, and fo unmingled, that a man may plainly per-
ceive by their Tongue, that they were a Nazarite People, and feparate
from other Nations. Avd is not that worthy obfervation ?(though it may
ferve to abate our high conceit of our own times )ihat ancient Languages
were more full of Declenfionss Cafes Corjugationss Tenfes, andthe likes
the modern commonly deftitute of thefe, do loofely deliver themfelves in
many expreffions by Prepofitions, and auxiliary verbs. Certainly a man
may eafily conjecture (however we may pleafe our felves) that the wits
of former times were far more acute and fubtil than ours are. There
are an infinite number of ob(ervations ofthis kind which might make up
a jut Volume. Wherefore it will not be ami(s to diftingui(h Grays
mar Philofophical, from mere and literary Grammar, and to fet it down
as Deficient, Unto Grammar allo belongs the confideration of all 4ccz-
dents of words; fuch as are AMeafures Sounds Accents but thofe firít
infancies of fimple Letters (as, with what Percuffion of the Tongue,with
what opening of the mouth 5. with what drawing ofthe lips, with what
{training of the throat 5 the found of every Particular Letter isto be
made) belongs not unto Grazzzar 5 but is a Portion of the Azomledee of
founds, tobe handled wader fenfe and fenfibility. Grammatical foun
whereo;

Lis. VI. Of the Advancement of Learning. 169 _

whereof we fpeak, belongsonly to {weetnefs and harfhnefS of founds 5

of which fome are common; for there is no Tongue but in fome fort
fhuns the too much overture of concurrent Vowels, and the afperities
of concurrent Confonants. There are other refpective founds which
are pleafing, or unpleafing to the ear, according to the temper of di-
vers Nations. The Greek Tongue is full of Diphthongs; the Latin is
far more {paring 5 the Spanifh Tongue hates {mall-founding Letters ,
and prefently changeth them into Letters of a middle tone; the Tongues
derived from the Goths delight in Afpirates ; there are innumerable of
this nature, but perchancethefe are more than enough, =|

- IIl. But tbe zmeafure of words hath brought us forth an immenfe Body
of Art, namely Poeffe 5 not in refpe& of the Matter (of which we have
fpoken before ) but in refpect of ftile, and the form of words, as Azetre
or Verfe5 touching which the Art is very {mall and brief, but the ac-
ceís of Examples large and infinite. Neither ought that Art (which the
Grammiarians call Profodia) tobe only reftrain'd to the kinds and mea-
fures of Verfe; for their are Precepts to be annext, what kind of erfe
beft fitteth every Matter or Subject. The Ancients applied Heroical
Verfe to Hiftories and Laudatoriess Elegies to Lamentations 5 Fambicks
to InveFives 5. Lyricks to Songs and Hymns. And this Wi(dom of the
Ancients is not wanting in the Poets of later Ages, in Mother-tongues ;
only thisis to be reprehended, that fome of them too ftudious of Anti-
quity have endeavoured to draw Modern Languages to Ancient Mea-
fures (as Heroick, Elegiack, Saphick, and the reft ) which the Fabrick
and compofition of thofe Languages, will not bear 5 and withal is no
les har(h unto the ear. In the Matters of this Nature the Judgement
of Seníe is to be preferr'd before Precepts of Art, as he faith,

Cene Fercula noftre
Mallem Convivis quam placuiffe Coquis.

Nor is this Art, but the abufe of Art, {eeing it doth not perfect, but per-
verts Nature. 4s for Poefie (whether.we [peak of Fables, or Metre) it is,
as we have faid before, as a Luxuriant Herb brought forth without feed,
and |prings up from the ftrength and ranknefs of the foyl. Wherefore it
runs along every where, and is fo amply fpread, as it were a fuperfluous la-
bour to be curious of any Deficients therein 5 the care therefore for this
is taken already.

§ As for the Accents of Words, there is no need, that we fpeak of fo
fmall a matter 5 unlefs, perchance, fome may think it worth the noting,
that there hath been exact obfervations made of the Accents of Words,
but not of the Accents of Sentences 5 yet this, for moft part, is the gene-
ral Cuftom of all men, that in the clofe of a Period they let fall their
Voice, in a demand they raife it, and many füch like ufages.

6 As for Writing, that is perform'd either by the vulgar Alphabet;
which is every where receiv'd 5 or by a fecret and private Alphabet,
which men agree upon between themfíelves, which they call Cyphers.
But the Vulgar Orthography hath brought forth unto us a Controverfie,
and Queftion, namely, Whether words fhould be written as they are. [po-
hen, or rather after tbe ufual manner. But this kind of writing, which
feems to be reformed, which is, that writing fhould be confonant to fpeak-
gvg, is a branch of unprofitable fubtilties 3 for Prozunnciation it {elf

Y every

——

Mart;
Bp.9.

-

170 Of the Advancement of Learning. — Liv. VI.

every day encreafes and alters the fafhion 5 and the derivation of
words, efpecially from forreign Languages, are utterly defac'd and ex-
tinguifht. In brief,’ feeing writing, according to the receiv'd Cuftom,
doth no way prejudice the manner of {peaking, to what end fhould this
innovation be brought in ? gntissiq 516
§ Wherefore let us come to Cyphers. Their kinds are many, a8 Cyphers
fimple 5 Cyphers intermixt with Nalloes, or non-fignificant Characters;
Cyphers of double Letters under one, Chara&er 5 Wheel-Cyprers 5. Kays
Cyphers 5 Cyphers of words s Others. But the virtues of them,wheteby
they are to be prefert'd, are Three; That they be ready , and not labori-
ousto write; That they be fure, and lie not open to Decyphering: And
lastly, if it bepo|fible, that they may be managed without fufpition, For if
Letters Miffive fall into their hands, that have fome command and aus
thority over thofe that write 5 or over thofe to whom they were writ=
ten 5 though the Cypher it felf be fure and impoffibleto be decypherd
yet the Matter is liable to examination and queftion ; unlefs the Cypher
be fuch, as may be void of all fufpition, or may elude all examination:
As for the fbifting off examination, there is ready prepared a new and
profitable invention to this purpofe 5 which, feeing it is eafily procured,
to what end fhould we report it, as Deficient. Theinvention is this:
That you have two forts of Alphabets, one of true Letters, the other of
Non-fignificants ; and that you likewife fold up two Letters; one
which may carry the fecret , anothér fuch as is probable the Writer
might fend, yet without peril. _ Now if the Meffenger be ftri&ly exa-
mined concerning the Cypher, let him prefent the Alphabet of Non-figni-
cants for true Letters , but the Alphabet of true Letters for Non-frgnifr-

cants: by this Art the Examiner falling upon the exterzor Letter, and’

finding it probable, fhall füfpe&t nothing of the zzteror Letter. But
that jealoufies may betaken away , we will annex another invention ,
which, in truth,we devifed in our youth, when we were at Paris : and is
a thing that yet feemeth to us not worthy to be loft. It containeth the
higheft degree of Cypher, which is to fignifie omnia per omnia, yet fo, as
the writinginfolding, may bear a quintuple proportion to the writing
infolded 5 no other condition or reftri&ion whatfoever is required, It
fhall be performed thus : Firft, let all the Letters of the Alphabet , by
tranfpofition, be refolved into two Letters only 5 for the tranfpofition
of two Letters by five placings will be fufficient for thirty two Diffe-
rences, much more for twenty four, which is the number of the A/-
phabet. The example of fuch an Alphabet is on this wife.

An

X"

Lip: VIL Of the cement of Learnin g. 171

An Example of a Bi-literate Alphabet.

" dem
v op aaaaf. Td cal ue el

ARA
d ae p Pa de E

A P Qs.
des /. ve Ls pa aa

Ga Lb ba T, 74 Ld £s. ied

Neither is it a fmall matter thefe Cypher- Characters have, and may
perform : For by this 4rt a way is opened, whereby a man may exprels
and fignifie the intentions of his mind, at any diftance of place, by ob-
je&s which may be prefented to the eye, and'accommodated to the
ear : provided thofe objects be capable of a two-fold differerice only 5
as by Bells, by Trumpets, by Lights and Torches, by the Reports of
Muskets , and any Inftruments of like nature. But to purfue our en-
terprife, when you addrefs your felf to write, refolve your inward-
infolded Letter into: this Bi-literary Alphabet. .Say the izteriour Let-
ter be

Fuge.
Example of Solution.

Eu 0. 1
dA SU MU Wi E

Together with this, you mu(t have ready at hand a Bi-formed Af-
n abet, which may reprefent allthe Letters of the Common Alphabet,

Y 2 as

E x Of the Ado sancement of Learning. Td VL

as well Capital i tters as the fmaller Characters in a double form, as
may fit every ma ip x

An Example of a Bi-formed Alpbabet.

Seek ab. a. ba b. a ab. a. b. a.b.
Ala. S Eb CCceDDLL
anges: ababa bas.
T. ee d Fs =f G Gap AAR
a .b.a.b. a. b.a b a Jd b. a. b
SCG s MRK Hilo
j a. b.a p.a. fra. baa d.a p.a b a p.a
Ann OPooff- pp Q, 9.445.
D. a.a ba b a.b. a.b a b. a bab.
C f DN LUPA E 122227.
4.b.a- b. a. b A bua b. a b a b a bea,
gr 72779 EX Eoo OU TRY I LLL.

Now

Lis. VI. Of tbe pow of Learning. 173

Now to the interiour Letter, which is Bi-literate, you (hall fit à Bi-
formed exteriour Letter, which fhall anfwer the bihe er, Letter for Let-
ter, and afterwards fet it down. | Let the exterioür example be;

Manere te volo, donec venera.

An Example of Accommodation.

a Le ug aL aah bua thaaith dq Xa

Maners Ze volo donec Penerg

We have annext likewife a more ample Example of the Cypher
of Writing ovnia per ozzmii: An interiour Letter, which to exprefs,
we have made choice of a Spartan Letter fent once in a Scytale or round
Cypher d-(taff.

By die Ree Gin din CLUS CCadis. 4s ies

à or à
eS MnWtb.u le eque hine OS.€26it ICAY CTI] US

1c ái. iit ance fPossumus

Aa exteriour Letter, taken out of the fir(t Epiftle of Cicero, where:
ina Spartan Letter is involved;

Fgo

|

5
4

VE Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis. VI.

hoe Orn, officio, cagpotinspieate op fe
ei feris, satisfacie omnibus: Mki.ipsenn
4441 satisfacio e Sania eSLenimamagm =
£u PA ZHOPHTL enga me meriforutt véquon T
dint, nisi perfects 7€, demetion Con4tites-
(/; ego, J via fron 1 den Inna causa officio,
plíani nili essc ace feifem « "cdit -
SA hace suit: Aamonins Regis DM
ape ptcmia Hos oppida : os agityy
fepemsásin cjediiores fer tes cum bode
146; achat Regis otis, 8 qul SUNE>
gi polind- qui panel sunfomtesad* ge
iin ters bfervi volui. Senafis Rel:
gionis ca/uttiam non relipione sed tid:
Lenolertia, eL illins Regiae Keraitionss

[1 sidia comprofat. Ee.

1 he

Lis. VÍ. Of the Advancement of Learaing. à 3

The knowledge of Cyphering, hath drawn on with it a knowledge re-

Jative unto it, which isthe knowledge of Di/cypherixg,or of Difcreting
Cyphers though a man were utterly ignorant of the Alphabet of the
Cypher, and the Capitulations of fecrecy paft between the Parties. Cer-
tainly it isan Art which requires great pains anda good wit, and is (as
the other was}. confecrate to the Counfels of Princes: yet notwith-
landing by diligent previfion it may, be made unprofitable, though, as
things are, it be of greatufe. For.ifwood and faithful Cyphers were
invented and -prattifed,. many of them would delude and foreftal all
thecunning of the Decypherer, which yet are very apt and ealie to be
read or written: but the rawnefs and unskilfulnef$ of Secretaries, and
Clerksin the Courts of Princes, is fuch, that many times the greateft
Mattéts are committed to futile and weak Cyphers. But it may be, that
in the enumeration, and, as it were,’ taxations of Arts, (ome may think
that we^gó about ta make a great Multer-rowl'of Sciences; that the
multiplication of them may be more admired; when their number
pétchance may bé difplayed , but their forces in fo fhort a Treatife
can hardly be-tried. — But for our parts we do faithfully purfue our
pürpofe, andin makinethis Globe of Sciences, we would not omit the
leffer and temoter I(lands. | Neztber have we (in our opinion) touch-
ed thefe^Arts perfunctorily , though curforily 5 but with a piercing
{tile extracted the Martow and Pith of them out of a Mafs of Matter.
The judgement hereof we refer to thoíe who are moft able to judge of

thefe Arts. For feeing it is the fafDion of sany mbo would be thought —

to know much, that every where, making oftentation of words aud. out-
ward terms of Arts, they become a wonder tothe ignorant , but a derifion
to thofe that are Majters of thofe Arts: we hope that onr Labours shall
have a contrary fuccefs, which s, that they may arrest the judgement of
every one Who 7s bof vers'd in every particular Arts and be undervalued
by the reff. As For thofe Arts which may feem to be of inferiour
rank and order, if any man think we Attribute too much unto
them ; let him look about him , and he fhall fee that there be ma-
ny of fpecial note and great account in their own Country, who
when they come to the chief City or Seat of the Eftate, are but
of mean rank , and fcarcely regarded: fo it is no marvail if thefe
fleighter Arts, placed by the Principal and Supreme Sciences, feem
petty things; yet to thofe that have chofen to fpend their Labours
and Studies in them , they feem great and excellent Matters. And
thus much of the Orgaz of Speech.

(Qua,

176 Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Lis. VI.

Cuap. Il.

I, The Doarine touching the Method of Speech is alfigned a fubflantis
al and principal part of Traditive knowledge: \t isentituled, The
wifedow of Delivery. 2. Thedivers kinds of Afethods are emus
merated: their Profits and Difprofits are annexed. 3: The parts oft
Method two. 2.

LY Etusnom cometo tbe dotrine concerning the Method of Speech $

In hath been handled asa part of Logick, fo it hath found a place
in Rhetorick by the name of Difpefitior. But the placing of zt as a par
ofthe Train of other 4rts, hath been the caufe that many things which
refer unto;t, and are ufeful to be known, are prese : wherefore
we thought good,to conftitute a fubjtential and principal Dodrine,touchs
ing Afetbod, which by a general name we call the wifdom of Tradition.
The kinds of Method, feeing they are divers, we will rather reckon
them up, than divide them. But for one onely Method, and continued
Dichotomies we zeed not [peak much of them 5 for it was a little Cloud of
knowledge which was foo difperfed. Certainly a trivial invention, and
an infinite prejudice to Sciences 5 forthefe Dichotomifts, whez they would
wreft all things to the Laws of their Method, and whatfoever doth not apt-
ly fall within thofe Dichotomies they would either omit or bow contrary
to their natural inclination 5 they bring it fo to pafs, that the Kernels
and Grains of Sciences leap out, and they clafp and inclofe only the dry
and empty husks : So this kind of Method brings forth fruitleff Compends,
deftroys the fubftance of. Sciences.

II. Wherefore let the firft difference of Afethod be fet down, to ba
either A4agifiral, or Initiative: neither do we fo underftand the word
Initiative, as M this (hould lay the ground-work, the other raife the
perfect building of Sciences 5. but in a far different fence, (borrowin
the word from facred Ceremonies) we call that Initiative Method
which difclofeth and unvails the Myfteries of Knowledges: For Aagie
firal teacheth, Initiative infinuateth: Magiftral requires our belief to what
is delivered, but Initiative that it may rather be fubmitted to examinati-
on. Theone delivers popular Sciences fit for Learnerss the other, Scz-
TIO — ences.as to the Sons of Science: In fum, the one is referred to the ufe
LAMPA- of Sciences asthey now are; the other to their continuation, and fur-
EM ther propagation. The Jater of thefe, feemsto be a deferted and an
METHO- inclofed path. For Knowledges are now delivered, as if both Teacher
DUS AD and Schollar fought to lay claim to error, as upon contract. For he
FELIOS,

that teacheth, teacheth in fuch a manner as may beft be believed, not as
may be beft examined: and hethat learneth, defires rather prefent fatis-
facion, than to expedl a juft and ftayed enquiry 3 and rather not to doubt,
than uot to err: So as botbibe Mafter, out of a defire of glory, is watchful,
that he betray not the weakneffof bis knowledges and the Scholar, out of
an aver{e difpofition to labour, will not ir» bis own firength. But Know-
ledge, which is delivered as a thread to befpun on, ought to be intima-

ted

Lis.Vi. Of the Advancement of Learning, 177

ted (i£ it were poffible) ito the mind of another, in tbe fame Method
wherein it was at firft invented. And (ürely this may be done in know-
ledge acquired by InduGion : But in this fame anticipated and preven-
ted knowledge, which we ufe, a man cannot ealily fay, by what couríe
of ftudy he cameto the knowledge he hath obtained. — But yét cer-
tainly more or lefSa man may revi(tt his own Kzomledge, and meature o-
ver again the footíteps of his Kwom/edge, and of his confent 5 and by
this means fo tran{plant Science into the mind of another, as it grew in
his own. Forit isin Arts, as it isin P/amtrs if you mean to ufe the
Plant, itis no matter for the Roots; butif you would remove into a-
nother foyl, than it is more affured to reft upon roots than flips. So
the Delivery of Knowledge, asit is now ufed,: doth prefent unto us fair
Bodies indeed of Sciences, but without the Roots; good, doubtle(s for
the Carpenter, but not for the Planter. Butif you will have Sciences
grow, you need not be fo follicitous for the Bodies 5 apply all your
care that the Roots may be taken upfound, and entire, with fome little
earth cleaving to them. . Of which kind of Delivery, the atethod ofthe
Mathematicks in that fübject, hath fome fhadow, but generally I {ee it
Neither put inure, nor put in Z#quifitions and therefore number it a-
mongít Deficients, and we will call it Traditionem Lampadis, the
Delivery of the Lamp, or the Method bequeathed to the fons of Sapi-
ence. 3

§ Another diver(ity of Method followeth, in the intention like the
former, but for moft part contrary in the iffue. In this both thefe 24z-
thods agree, that they feparate the vulgar Auditors from the Sele 3 here
they differ, that the former introduceth a more open way of Delivery
than is ufual 5 the other (of which we (hall now {peak ) a more referved
andíecret. Let therefore the di(tin&tion of them be this, that the one
ts am Exoterical or revealed 5 the other am Acroamatical, or concealed Ate-
thod. For the fame difference the Ancients 'fpecially obferved in pub-
lifhing Books, the fame we will transfer to the manner it felf of Delivery.
So the Acroamatick Method was in ufe with the Writers of former Ages,
and wifely, and with judgement applied; but that Acroamatick and
JEnigmatick kind ofexpreffion is difgraced in thefe later times, by ma-
ny who have made it as a dubious and falíe light, for the vent of their
counterfeit merchandife. But the pretence thereof feemeth to be this,
that by the intricate envelopings of De/ivery, the Prophane Vulgar may
be removed from the fecrets of Sciences 5 and they only admitted,which
had either acquired the interpretation of Parables by Tradition from
their Teachers 5 or by the fharpnefs and fubtilty of their own wit,
could pierce theveil.

§ Another diver(ity of Method follows, of great confequence to Sci-
entes, which is, when Sciences are delivered by way of Aphorifz, or
Methods. For itisa thing worthy to be precifely noted, that it hath
been often taken into Cuftom, that men out of a few Axioms and Ob:
fervations upon any Subject, have made a compleat and folemn Art,
filling it with fome difcourfes of wit, iluftrating it with examples, and
knitting it together by fome Azethod. But thatother way of Delivery
by Aphorifms, brings with it many advantages, whereto Delivery by
Method doth not approach. For firít it tryes the Writer whether he
be füperficial oríolid im knowledge. For Aphorifis except they mould

Z 2e

1 78 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lie. VE

Horat.de
Art.P.

bealtogether ridiculous, cannot be made but out of the pythand
heart of Sciences: For llluftration and Excuffion are cut off ; variety of
examples is cut off 5. Deduction and Connection are cut off 5 Defcrip-
tion of Prattice is cut off; fo there remaineth nothing to fill the Apho-
rifms, but'a good quantity^ of obfervations. And therefore no man
can fuffice, nor inreafon will attempt to write Aphorifms, who is not
copioufly farnifh’d and folidly grounded. But in Atethods,

—Tantum feries, jundiuraque pollet s
Tantum de medio fumptis accedit. Honoris.

As oftentimes they makea great fhew of (I know not what) fingular Art,
whichif they were disjoynted, feparated, andlaid open, would come
to little ornothing. Secondly, Afethodical Delivery is more fit to win
confent or belief; butleís fit to point to AGtion s for they carry a fhew
of Demonftration in Orb or Circle, one part illuminating anothers and
therefore do more fatisfiethe underftanding; but being that A@ions
in common courfe of life are difperft, and not orderly digefted,they

- dobeft agree with difperfed Directions. Laftly, 4phorifms reprefenting

certain Portions only, and asit were fragments of Sciences, invite o-
thers to contribute, and add fomethings whereas A4ethedical Delivery,
carrying fhew of a total and perfect Knowledge, forthwith fecureth men
as if they were at the furtheft.

$ Another diverfity of Method follows, whichis likewife of great
weight, which is when Sciences are delivered either by Afertions with
their Proofs annext 5 or by Queftions together with their Determinatis
ons. The later kind whereof,ifit be immoderately followed, is as pre-
judicious to the progreffion of Sciences, as it is to the fortunes and
proceedings ofan Army, to go about to befiege every little Fort or
Hold. Forif the field be kept, and the fum of the enterprize with di-
ligence purfued, thofe fmaller places will come in of themfelves. Yet
this I cannot deny, that it is not alway fafeto leave any great and
fortified town athis back. Ix like manner the ufe of Confutations in the
Delivery of Sciences ought to be very fparing, and to ferve only to re-
move and break (trong Preoccupations and Prejudgements of mens
minds, and not to excite and provoke fza/ler Doubts.

6 Another diverfity of Metbod followeth, which is, that the Afethod be
accommodated to tbe purpofed matter which is to be handled, For there
is a great difference in Delivery ofthe Mathematicks,which are of know-
ledges the moft abítracted and moft (imple; and the Politicks, which
are the moft immerfed and compounded: Neither can an wxiformity of
Method (as we have obferv'd already) be fitly forted with zzultz-formity
of Matter 5 and therefore as we haveallowed Particular Topicks for Ins
vention; fo we would likewifein fome meafure have Particular Methods
for Tradition.

§ Another diverfity of Atetbod followeth, with judgement to be pra-
étis'd in the Delivery of Sciences; and it zs direcfed according to the light
of Informations, and anticipations, of the Knowledge to be delivered, in-
fufed, and impreffed inthe minds of the Learners. For that Knowledge
which isnew and foreign to mens minds, isto be delivered in another
form than that which by long-receiv’d, and imbibed opinions is ud

ralize

Lis. VI. Of the Advancement of Learning. 179

ralized and made familiar : And therefore driftotle when he thinks to
tax Democritus dothin truth commend him, where he faith, 7f we fhall
indeed dijpute, and not follow after [imilitudes, Cc. Charging it as a dee
fe& upon Democritus that he was too copious in Comparifons. — But tbofe
whofe conceits are feated in popular opinions, have nothing elfe to do but
to difpute and prove. Whereas on the contrary thofe whofe conceits are be-
yond popular opinions,have a double labours firft,that what they produce may
be conceiv'd 5 then, that they be proved. So that it is of neceflity with
them to have recourfe to Similitudes and Tranjlations, whereby they
may infinuate themfelves into mens capacities. Therefore we fee in the
infancy of Learning, in rude times, when thofe Comprehenfions which
are now Vulgar and Trivial, were then new and unheard of; the world
was full of Parablesand Similitudes; for otherwife men would have pail-
ed over without mark or due attention, or elfe rejected for Para-
doxes,that which was propounded. Forit isa rule of Traditive Art,
That whatfoever Science i5 not confonant to Anticipations or Prefuppofiti-
ons, muft pray in aid of Similitudes and Comparifons. And thus much of
the divers forts of Methods, namely {uch as have not heretofore been
noted by others. As for thofe other Afethods, Analyticks Syflatich 5
Dieritich 5 Cryptick 5 Homerical, and the like3 they have been well in-
vented and diftributed 5 nor do we fce any caufe why we fhould dwell
upon them.

III. But thefe are tbe kinds of Methods the Parts are two 5 the one of
the Difpofition of a whole work, or of tbe Argument of fome Books the o-
ther of the Limitations of Propofttions. For there belongs to Archite-
@ure not only the frame of the whole Building ; but likewife the form
and figure of the Columns; Beams, and the like; and Afethod is as it
were tbe Archite@ure of Sciences. And herein Ravius merited better a
great deal in reviving thofe excellent Rules Ka3' tis wear, mévroc, xoc3"
oor, than in obtruding one only Adethod and Dichotomie. But it falls out
I know notby what fate, that of humane things (according as the Poets
fier feign) the moft precious have the moft pernicious Keepers. Certainly

iligent endeavours about the rank and file of Propofitions, caft him
upon thofe Epitomes and fhallows of Sciences; for he had need fet out in
a lucky hour, and togo onby the conduct ofa happy Genius, that at-
tempts to make Axioms of Sciences Convertible 5 and yet withal not
make them Circ#/ar, or returning into themíelves 5 notwithftanding
we deny not, but that £a»us'sintention in this kind is profitable. There
remains yet tmo Limitations of Propofitions, befides that they may be
made Convertible; the one touching the Extenfion;, the other touching
the ProduGion of them. Surely Knowledges have, ifa man mark it
well,two other dimenfions befides Profundity 5 namely Latitude and Loz-
gitude. For Profundity is referr'd to the Truth and Reality of them;
and thefe make them folid. As for the other two, Latitude may beta-
ken and reckoned of Science into Science 3. Longitude may be accepted
and underftood from the higheft general Propofition, tothe loweft pars
ticular in the fame Science. The one comprehends the bounds and
true limits ofScieices, that Propofitions may be properly, not promif-
cuoully handled 5 and that all Repetition, Excurfion, and Confufion
may be avoided: the other gives rule how far, and to what degree of
Particularity, Propofitions of [ciences may be deduced. Certainly

£2 there

Ramus:

180 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis. VI. |

Dion.in
Anton.P.

Lullius.

Exod.7-

Prov,
XVI.

there is no doubt but fomewhat muft be left to ufe and Practices for

for we ought to avoid the precife error of Antonius Pius, that we be not

Cumini fecfores in Scientiis, Mincers of Commin in [ciences 5 nor that

we multiply divifions to the loweft Particularity. herefore how we

fhould moderate our felves in this point is well worth the enquiry. For

we {ee too remote Generalities, unlefs they be drawn down, do little
inform, nay rather expofe Knowledge to the fcorn of Practical men;
and areno more ayding to Practice, than an Orfelus's Univerfal Mapp is
to dire& the way between Lozdoz and Tork. Surely the better fort of
Rules have not unfitly been compared to Glaffes of fteel, wherein you
may fee the Images of things, but firft they muftbe filed and burniíht :
fo Rules and Precepts do then help, after they have been laboured and
polifht by Practice; but if thofe Rules may be made ¢learand Chry-
{talline aforehand, it would be the more excellent, becaufe they would
lefs ftand in need of diligence, labour and exercife after. dad thus
much of the Knowledge of Method, which we have named the Wifdom of
Delivery. Nor can wehere pretermit that many more vain-glorious,
than learned have laboured about a Method, which is not worthy the
name ofa lawful Method, feeing it is rather a Method of Ixepofture; which
yet to fome vaporous, and vait-boafting natures, without doubt hath
been moft acceptable. This azethod doth fo fprinkle drops of any
Knowledge, that any half-learned Clerk may with a little fuperficiary
Knowledge make a glorious fhew. Such wasthe Art of LuZzss5 füch
the 7jpocofurie drawn by many 5 which were nothing elfe buta heap and
mafs of words of all Arts, to give mencountenance; that thofe which
have the terms of Art, might bethought to underftand the Arts them-
felves. Which kind of Colleétions are like a Fripper's or Broker's (hop,
that hath ends of every thing, but nothing of worth. ;

Cuap.. IIl.

I The Grounds and Duty of Rhetoric. YI. Three Appendices of Rhe-
torickwhich appertain only to the Preparatory Part. The Colours of
Good and Evil,as well fimpleasCompared. MI. The Antitheta of things
IV. Leffer fliles, or ufual forms of fpeech.

Ow come we to the Knowledge which concerneth the Iluffration of
IN seit: it isthat which is called Rhetorick, or Art of Eloguence 5
a Science certainly both excellent in it felf, and by Authors excellente
ly welllaboured. But Eloguence, if aman valuethingstruly, is with-
out doubt inferior to Wifdom. For we fee how far this leaves that be-
hind, in thofe words of God to Adofes, when he difabled himfelf for that
fervice impofed upon him, for want of this Faculty; There is Aaron, be.
fhall be thy Speaker, thou [halt be to him as God. Yet in profit and po-
pular efteem, Wi/dom gives place to Eloguence 5 for fo Solomon, Sapiens
corde appellatur prudens 5 fed dulcis eloquio. majora reperiet 5 fignifying,
not obfcurely that profounduefs of Wifdom will help a man to fame and ad=
mirations but thatit is Eloquence which prevailsin bufinef and aitive

Life.

Lis. VI. Of the Advancement of Learning. 1S1

Life. And as to the labouring and culture of this Art, the Emulation
of Ariftotle with the Rhetoricians of his time, and the earneít and ve-
hement diligence of Cicero,labouring with all might to raife and enno-
blethat 4rt, joyned with long Experience, hath made them in their
Books written of this 4r; to exceed themfelves. Again, the excellent
example of Elog:sence in the Orations of Demtofthenes, and Cicero, added
to the fubtilty and diligence of Precepts , have doubled the Progref-
fion in this 4rt. Wherefore the Deficients which we find in this Art ,
will be rather in fome Collections , which may as Hand-maids attend
the Art 5 than in the Rules and the ufe of the art it ff... For even
then when we made mention of a Promptuary Knowledge in Logich, we
engaged our felves by Promife, to exhibit Examplesat large thereof in
Rbetorick.

Notwithftanding that we may ftir up and fübdue the earth a little ,
about the Roots of this Scezce, as our manner is to do in the reft ;
fürely Rhetorick is fub-fervient to the imagination, as Loeich is to the
Understanding. And the office and duty of Rhetorick (ifa man well
weigh the matter) is no other, than to apply and command the Didlates
ef Reafon to the Imagination , for the better moving of the Appetite and
Will, For we fee the government of Reafon is difquieted, and affailed
three ways 3 either by I/zqueation of Sophifms, which pertains to Lo-
gicks or by the deceits of words, which pertains to Rhetorick; or by
the violence of Paffions, which pertains to Aforality: And as in nego-
ciation with others,a man may be wrought and overcome either by Cuz-
ning, or by Importunity, or by Vehemency, fo in that inward negociation
which we practife within our felves, either we are undermined by the
Fallacies of Arguments 5 oríollicited and difqnieted by the affiduity of
impreffions and obfervations; or fhaken and tranfported by the affault of
affedions and paffions. But yet the (tate of man's nature is not fo un-
fortunate, as that thofe Powers and Arts fhould have force to difturb
Reafor, and not to eftablifh and advance it; nay, rather much more do
they conduce to this effect, than tothe contrary. For the end of Lo-
gick, isto teach a form of Arguments, to fecure Reafon, and not to en-
trapits fo the end of Morality is to compofe the 4feFions, that they
may fight for Reafon, and not that they may invade it; the end like-
wife of Réetorick, is to fill the Imagination with obfervations and re-
femblances, which may fecond Reafon, and not opprefs and’ betray
it : for thefe abufes of Arts come in but ex obliguo for prevention, not b
for practice. And Pe it was great injuftice in Plato( though’;
fpringiag out of a juít Hatred to the Rhetoricians of histime ) to place i
Bbetorick'amgngft Arts voluptuary, refembling it to Cookery, that did
marr wholéfome meats, and help unwholefome by the the abufe of
of variety of fawces and feafonings, to the pleafure of the tafte. But . |
beit faraway; that fpeech fhould not be much more converfant in a-
doriig that whichis fair and honeft ; than in colouring that which is
foul and evil: for thi$ is every whereat hand 5 and there is no man but
{peaks more honeftly than he can do or think. Indeed it was excel-
lently noted by Thucydides, that fome füch thing as this, ufed to be
objected to Cleon, that becaufe he ufed to hold the bad fide in caufes
he pleaded , therefore he was ever inveighing againít Eloguence, and

good fpeecb, for he knew no man could fpeak fair of things fordid gx
afe

192 Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Kas. Vi. T

In Menon,

Tule, Q.
lib, &

Ovid.
Met.7.

bafe, but in things honeft it was an eafie matter to be eloquent. Plato
faith elegantly (though the faying be now popular) That vertue, if fhe
could be feen, would move great love and affection : but Khetorick patats
our vertueand goodnefs to the life, and makes them ina forc confpicu-
ous: For feeing they cannot be fhewed to fenfe in corporal fhape, the
next degree is by the fair attire of words, to (hew them to the Imagina-
tion, fo faras may beinalively reprefentation: for the cuftom of the
Stoicks was defervedly derided by Cicero, who labour'd to thruft ver-
tue upon men, by concife and fharp fentences and conclufions , which
have no fympathy with the Imagination and Will. Again, if the Affec£i-
ons themfelves were brought into order, and fo reciatm'd from exor-
bitant courfes, as to be pliant and obedient to Zezfoz, it were true,
there fhould be no great ufe of períwafions and infinuations, which
might give accefs to the mind 5 but ic would be enough if things were
nakedly and fimply propofed and proved: but on the contrary, the
Affe#ions make fuch revolts; and raife up fuch mutinies and {editions
(according to that

video meliora Proboque
Deteriora fequor)

That Reafon would be forcibly led away into fervitude and captivity,
if the perfwafion of Eloquence did not practile, and win the Imaginati-
on from the Affections part, and contract a league between Reg/ox and
Imagination againkt Affedtions. For it.muft be noted that the 4ffectioxs
themfelves are ever carried to a good Apparent, and, in this refpect,
have fomewhat common with Rea[on : but herein they differ; that the
aff lions behold principally good in prefent 5 Reafon beholds a far off, even
that which is future, andix jumm. And therefore feeing things in pre-
fent fight do more ftrongly fill the Imagination; Reafon commonly
yields and is vanquiíht : but after that by Eloquence, and the force of
perfwafion, things future and remote are propofed, and beheld, as if
they were actually prefent5 then upon the falling off of the Imaginati-.
oz, to take part with Rezfoz, Reafom prevails. Let us conclude there-
fore, that Rhetorick, can no more be charged with the colouring and
adorning of the worfe part.than Logck,with the fetting out and füborn-
ing of Sophifms: for who knows not that the doctrine of contraries
arethe fame, though they be oppofite in ufe. Again, Logick differs
from Rhetorick 5 not only in this, that the ones commonly is faid) is
like the Fiffl, the other like the Palms that is, handleth things clofe-

ly,theotheratlarge : but much more in this, that Logic confidereth

Reafonin its Naturals; Rhetorick, as it is planted in vulgar Opinion.

Therefore Aris£otle doth wifely place Rhetorick between Logick on the

one fidejand Ethick with Civil Knowledge on the other: as participating

of both. For the Proofs and Demonftrations of Logick, are to all men

indifferent and the fame; but the Proofs and: Perfwafions.of Rhe-

torick, muft be varied according to the Auditors, that.a. man ,

like a skilful Mufician accommodating himfelf to different ears, may

become——

Orpheus in [ylvis, inter Delphinas Arion,

Which

E

Lis. V L of the Aduancenieni of Learning, 185

Which Application and variance of fpeech (ifa man defire indeed the. *
perfection and height thereof) ought to befo far extended, that if the PRUDEN-
fame things thould be [poke to feveral perfons, he fhould peak to them all wovas
refpeively, and feveral ways. "Though itis certainthat the greateft O- "^17
rators many times may Want this politich and aGiive part of Eloquence in
private Speech 5 whilft by the obferving the Grace, and Elegant forms
of Expreílion, they loofe that voluble application 5 and charatfers of
fpeech, which in difcretion they fhould have ufed towards particular
perfons. Surely it will not be amif$ to recommend this whereof we
now ípeak, to a new Inquiry, and to call it by:name, The Wifdom of
private Speech, and ta refer it to. Defeients 5 a thing. certainly which
the more feriouíly a man fhall think on, the more highly he {hall va-
lue 5 and whether this kind of Prudewce íhould be placed be-
tween Rhetorick and the Politicks ; is a matter of no great confe-
quence.

§ Now let us defcend to the Deficiewts in this Art; which (as we have
faid before) are of fuch nature as may be efteemed rather Appendices,

> than portions of tbe Art it (elf 5 and pertain all to the Promptwary part

of Rbeterick, "

I]. Firft, we do not find that any man hath well purfued or {upplicd x >
the wifdom and the diligence alfoof <4riffotle- for he began to make cotoats
a collection of the Popular Signs and Colours of Good aud Evil im appea- Ai
rance, both [imple and comparative, which are, indeed, the: Sophifizs of 12 110p.
Rhetorick: they are of excellent ufe, fpecially referred to butinefs ,
and the wifdom of private fpeecb. But the labours of Ariifetie con-
cerning thefe Colours, is three ways defective, Firft, that there be-
ing many, he recites very few. Secondly, becaufe their Elewchs or Re-
prebenfions ate not annext. Thirdly;that he conceiv'd but in part the
ufe of them, for their ufeis not more for Probation, than for imprefli-
on and raifing the affections. For many Foris of {peaking are equal in
Signification, which are different in zzspreffion : for that which is (harp.
pierceth more forcibly, than that which is flat, though the ftrength of
the percuífion be the fame. Surely. there is no man but will be a
uc more raifed by hearing it faid, Your enemies mil triumph ix
this,

Hoc Ithacus velit maguo mercentur Atride, gen
Then if it fhould be merely thus rendred, This will be to your difadvantages
wherefore the fharp-edged, and quick-pointed fpeeches are not to be de-
fpifed. And being we report this part as Deficient, we will,according

to our cuftom,confirm it by Examples, for Precepts have not {ufficiently
illuftrated the Point.

Examples

184 Of tbe Vivancement of Learning. Lis. VE.

Examples of the Colours of Good and Evil, both

Simple and Comparative.

The Colour.

1. What men Praife and:Celebrate,is Good 5 what they
Difpraife, and Reprebend is Evil.

The Reprehenfion.

His Colour deceives four ways; either through Ignorance, of
thtough Fraud, or out of Partialities and Fa@ion 5 or out of the
natural difpofition of füch as Praife or Difpraife. Out of Ignorance 5 for
what's the judgement of the cormmon People to the trial and definiti-
on of Goodand Evil? Phocion difcern’d better, who when the People
gave him an unufual applaufe, demanded whether be had not perchance
fome way or other done amifs ? Out of Fraud and Circumventive cun-
ning, for Praifers and Difpraifers many times do but aim at their own
ends, and do not think all they fay

Plutar. in
vita.

&iotat lib. Laudat venaleis qui vult extrudere merces,

2. Epl. J

Prov. 20, SO, It is naught ; it is naught faith the Buyer, and when he is gone he
vauntetb. Through Fadions 5 for it is plain that men are wont to
extol their own fide, beyond the ‘modeft bounds of defert, but to de-
prefsthofe of the contrary part below their demerit. Through am inbred
difpofition 5 foríome men are by nature made and moulded to fervile
Flattery 5 others on the other fide are by nature Sowre and Cenfori-
ous; fo asin their commendations, or vituperations they are only in«
dulgent to their own humours, little or nothing follicitous oftruth.

The Colour.

2, What draws Commendation even from an Enemy , is a great Good,
What moves Reprebenfion even from a Friend, is a great Evil.

The Colour feems to be built upon this foundation; that whatfoever
we fpeak againft our will, and contrary tothe affection and propenfion
of our own mind, it is eafily believed, that the force of truth wrefted
the fame from us.

The Reprehenfton.

THs Colour deceives through the Art and Subtilty both of Enemies
and Friends : for Enemies do fometimes afcribe Praifes, not un-
willingly, nor as urg'd from the force of Truth: but yet feleCting fuch
points

L re. VI. Of tbe Advancement of Learning. 183

points of Praife, as may create envie and danger to their Enemies;
wherefore a fuperftitious conceit went currant amongít the Grecians as
they believed, that he who mas praifed by another malicioufly,and to bis
burt, fhould have a pufh rife npon his nofe. Again it deceives, becaufe e-
nemies fometimes attribute Praifes,as certain brief Prefaces, that fothe

may more freely and fpitefully traduce afterwards. On the other fide;
this Colour deceives through the flight and cunning of Friends ; for their
cuftom is fometimes to acknowledge and Jay open the infirmities of
their Friends, not out of a tender Conícience from the impreflion of
Truth, but making choice of fuch imperfections , as may leat pre.
judice the reputation, or provoke the indignation of their Friends 5 as
if in all other points they. were excellent men. . Again it deceives, be-
caufe Friends ufe their Reprehenfions (as we have obferved Enemies

do their Praifés) as certain (hort Introductions, that they may expatiate

more amply in their commendations aítewards.

The Colour.

3 Whofe Privation is Good , that fame is Evil Whofe Privdation jj
Evil , that fame is Good. :

The Reprehen|ion T

^ Ns Colour deceives two ways either by reafon of the Comparie
^ fox of Good and Evil; or by reafon of the-Succeffiox of Good tà
Good, or of Evil to Evil. By reafon of Comparifor s tf it wete Good
for mankind to be deprived of the eating of Acorns, it follows not that
fuch food was Evil, but that Maft was Good; Corn Better. |. Neither if
it were Evil for the State of Siczly to be deprived of Diony/ius the Elders
doth it follow that the fame Dionjfins was a’ Good Prince 3 but that he
was le/s Evil than Dionyfins the younger. By reafon of Succelfion 5 for
the Privation of fome Good, doth not always give place to Evil; but
fometimes to a greater Good 5 as when the Flower falleth, Fruit Jucceed-
eth. Nor doth the Privation of {ome Evil always yield place to Good,
but fometimes to a greater Evil; for Clodius an enemy being taken a-
way, Alo withal forfeited a fair harveft of Glory. -

The Colour.
4 That which draws neer t0 Good or Evil, the fame is liheivife Good or

Evil: But that which is remow'dfrom Good is Evil; from Evil, is
_ Good.

Such commonly is the internal condition of things, that things of like
Quality, and confenting iri Nature, con(ent likewife in place, and are,
as it were, quartered together, but füch things as are contrary and di-
ftant in Nature, are alfo fevered and disjoyned inplace; in regard that
all things defire to approach things fymbolizing with them 5 to extere
$ninatc and chafe away their contraries.

Aa Fhg-

186 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis. VI.

Mat.9.

Cicero,

QA.

The Reprehenfiow.

Ut the Colour deceives three ways: Firft, in refpe&t of Deftitution =
Secondly, in refpect of Obfcuration : Thirdly, in refpect of Pro-
tection. Inregardof Deftitution, it comes to país that thofe things ,
which in their kind are moft ample, and do moft excel, do (as muchas
may be) ingrofs all to themfelves, and leave that which is next them
deftitute and pined 5 wherefore you fhall never find thriving Shoots or
Under-wood near great fpread Trees: fo he faid well

. *,? LE L * -
— —Divitis fervi maxime fervi 5

and the derifion was pleafant of him that compared the lower Train of
Attendants in the Courts of Princes, to Fafting-days which were next
to Holy-days, but otherways were the leaneft daysin all the week. In
regard of Obfcuration, for this is the quality of things in their nature
excellent and predominant, that though they do not extenuate and im-
poveriíh the fubftance of things adjoyning to them, yet they darken
and fhadow them: And this the Aftronomers obferve of the the Sun,
that it is good by Afpe&t, but evil by Conjunction and Approximation.
In regard of Proteé#ion 5 for things approach and congregate not only
for confort and fimilitude of Nature 5 but even that which is evil (e-
{pecially in Civil Matters) approacheth to good for Concealment and
Protedion 5 fo wicked perfons betake themfelves to the fanCuary of
the Gods, and Vice it elf affumes the fhape and fhadow of Virtue. — ,

Sepe latet vitinne proximitate boni.

So on the other fide, Good draws near to Evil , not for fociety, but for
converfion and reformation of it.into Good; and therefore Phyficians
are more converfant with the fick thanthe found; and it was objected
to our Saviour that be conver fed with Publicaus and Sinners.

TheColour.

5 That fide,to which all other Parties and Sets unanimoufly confer fecond
voices, after every particular hath afferted a Primacy to it felf, feems to
be juftly preferr’d before the reft : for every Sct may be prefum'd to ufurp
the firft place, out of Palfioz and Partiality; but to yield the fecond
place, out of Truth and Merit, 1 . ^

So Cicero went about to prove the Seé# of Academicks, which fufpend-
ed all affeveration,for to be the beft of all Phifofophiess for (faith he)
ask a Stoick which Se& is better'than other, be will prefer his own before
the ref? : Then ask him which approachetb nextin dianity, he will confefs
the Academick, fo deal with an Epicure that will cant endure the Stoick
to be inthe fight of bius, fo foon as he hath placed himfelf inthe chief room,
he will placethe Academick next him. So if a place were void, and a
Prince fhould examine Competitors feverally, whom next themfelves

they

7

they would {pecially commend, it were like that the moft fecond voices
would concurr upon the ableft men.

The Reprehenfion.

"THe fallax of this Cofour is in refpe& of Envy = for men are accuftortt-

ed after themíelves, and their own faction, to incline and bend
unto them, which of all the reft are the fofteít and weakeft, and are
Jeaft in their way in defpight and derogation of them who have moft
dnfulted over them, and have held them hardeft to it.

The Colour.

6 That whofe excellency, and fupereminency is better, tbe fame is every
- may betier.

Appertaining to this are the ufual forzis 5. Let us not wander in gene
ralities, let us compare particular with particular.

The Reprebenfion.

"| His 4pparencefeems to be of ftrength, arid rather Logical, than Rhe-

torical: yetis it very often a fa//ax. Firlt, becaufe many things
are cafual, which if they efcape, prove excellent 5 fo that in kind they
are inferiour, becaufe they are fo fübject to peril, and to perifh before
they come to perfection; but in the I¢dividual more noble. Of this
fort is the Bloffom of March, whereof the French Proverb goes

Burgeon de Mars , Enfans de Paris,
Si un efchappe bien vant dix;

So that the Bloffom of May generally is better than the Bloffom of March,
and yet in particular the beft Bloffom of March, is better than the beft
Bloffom of May. Secondly it deceives, becaufe the nature of things,
In fome kinds, or {pecies,is to be more equal, in fome kinds more ;zegual :
as it hath been obferved that warmer climates produce geneíally more
acute wits; but in Northern climates the wits of chief für-pafs the acuteft
wits of hotter Regions. So in many Armies,if the Matter fhould be tried
by Duel between particular champions fingled out,perchance the victc-
- ry fhould go on the one fide; if it be tried by the grofs, it would go on
the other fide:for exceZ/ezcies,and eminencies g0,as it were,by cliance,but
kinds are governed by Nature and Art. So likewife generally Metal is
riore precious than Stone;and yet a Diamond is more precious than Gold.

The Colour,

7 That which keeps the Matter. entire in our own hands, is Goods that
which leaves no pafjage open for retrait, is Evil: for not to be able to
come of is a kind of impotency, but the Power of difengaging oar elves

“#5 good.

Aa 32 Hereof

- $88 Of tbe Advancement of Learning. "Edu X

e £fop.

virg. Ens

Héreof #£/op framed the Fable of the two Froggs, that confulted
together in the time of drouth ( when many plafhes, they had repaired
to, were dry) what was now at laft tobe dones the firít faid /et ws go
down into a decp well, for it is not like the water wonld fail there, to
whom the other replied, yea, but if it do fail 5 how fhall we get up again 2
The ground of this colour is, that humane actions are fo uncertain and
expoled to perils, as that feenzeth to be the beft courfe, which hath moft
paffages out of it. Appertaining to this perfwafion the Forzz: are 5 you
{hall wholly engage and oblige your felf, non tantum, quantum voles, fumes
ex fortuna, you shall not be your own carver, nor keep the matter in yous
own hand, &c.

The Reprehenfion.

He Fallax of this Colour is firft, becaufe in Humane Actions Fortune
urgeth us at length to decree, and to refolve upon fomewhat: for
as he faith elegantly, ot torefolve, is to refolve 5 fo that many times a
fufpenfion of a final decifion engageth and implicates us in more ne-
ceffities, than if we had determin'd of fomewhat. And this difeafe
of the mind is like that of covetous men tranílated from the defire of
retaining wealth, to the defire of retaining Free-will and Power: for
the covetous man will enjoy nothing, left he fhould fubftra& from the
total; andthis kind of Sceptick will execute nothing, that all things
may be entire and indifferent to him. Secondly, it deceives becaufe ne-
ceffity, and this fameja& eff alea, awakens the powers of the Mind
and puts the fpurs to any enterprife; as he faith, Ceferzs pares, nece(fi
tate certe fuperiores eftis. |

The Colour.

8 What a man hath comtratied through bis own Default, is a greater Ex
vil 3 what is impofed from without, is a le(s Evil.

The reafon hereofiis,becaufe the fting and remorfe of the Mind accufing
it felf, doubles all adverfity 5 contrariwife the recording inwardly that a
manisclear and free from fault, and jufi imputation, doth much attemper
outward calamities. Wherefore the Poets do exceedingly aggravate
thofe pafficnate Lamentations, as fore-runners to defperations when a
man accufeth and tortures himfelf.

Se caufam clamat, crimeng3 caputqs etalorum.

Contrariwife the con{cience of. Irnocence and good deferving, do molli-
fieand mitigate the calamities of worthy perfons. Befides when the
evil comes from without, caft uponus by others, a man hath whereof
he may juítly and freely complain, whereby his griefs may evaporate
and not ftifle the heart:for what comes from the injuries of men, we are
wont to take indignation at, and meditate revenge 5 or elfe to implore,
or expect, that the divine Nemefis, and Retribution, may take hold
on the Authors of our hurt 5 or if it be inflited from Fortune , yet
their is left a kind of expoftulation againft the Divine Powers,

AiG

— ————— —

Lrs. VI. Of the Advancement of Learuing. 189

Virg,Buc;

Atque Deos atque Aflra vocat Crudelia Mater.

Buton the other fide, where the evil is derived from a man'sown fault,
there the grief (trikes inward, and does more deeply wound and pierce
the heart.

The Reprehenfion.

He Fallax of this Colour is, firft in refpe&t of Hope, which is a great
Antidote againft Foi/; : for the reformation of a fault is many times
in our own power, but the amendment of fortune isnot. Wherefore
in many ofhis Orations Demofthenes faith thus to the People of Athens : Demof,
That which having regard tothe time paff, is the worft Point and Circum- 9
france of all the refts that as tothe timeto come, isthe beft : whatisthat 2
Even this, that by your floth, irrefolution, and mifgovernment, your af-
fairs are grown to this declination and Decay; for bad you ufed and orde-
red your wxeans and forces to the best, and done your parts every way to.
the full, and notwitbflanding your matters fhould have gone backward in
this point as they do, there had beex no hope left of recovery or reputation
for hereafter 5 but fince it hath been only by your own errors chiefly, you
may have good afjurance, that thofe errors amended, you may again recover
the hononr of your former ftate. So Epitfetus {peaking of the Degrees of Frets
the Tranquillity of mind, faith the worst ftate of man is to accufe extern
things 5 betterthen that, to accufe amans felf s, and best of all to accufe
neither. "Secondly this colour deceivs in refpe& of that pride which 1s
implanted in the minds of men, whereby they are with much ado in-
duced to anacknowledgement of their own perfonal errors; but that
they may fhift offthis acknowledgement, they canfuffer with far great-
er patience füch evzls, asthey have by their own overfights drawn upon
themfelves. For as we fee it comes to pafs that when a fault is commit-
ted, and it is not yet known who is the delinquent, men make much
ados grow hotand impatient above meafüre upon the matter: but af-
ter, ifit appear to be done by a fon; or by a wife, or bya near friend,
then it is light made of, and prefently all is quiet: fo tt is when any
thing falls out ill, the blame whereof muft needs lite upon our felves.
And this is commonly feen to cometo pafsin women, whoif they have
done any thing unfortunately againft their Parents or Friends contents, .
what ill foever betide them upon it,yet you (hall (ce them feldom come
plain, but fet a good face on it.

The Colour.

9 The Degree of Privationfeems greater than the Degree of Diminution3
and again, the Degree of Inception, feems greater than the Degree of Ine
ercafe.

It isa pofition in the Mathematickss that there is xo proportion betmcen
fomewhat and nothing : therefore the Degrees of Nullity and Quzddity.feens
larger, than the Degrees of Increafe and Décreafe, Astoa Monoculus, it

1s

—

is moretoloofe one eye, than to a man that hath two eyes: fo if one
have divers children, it is more grief to him to loofe the la(t furvivimg
fon, than allthe reft. And therefore Siby//2 when fhe had burnt her
two firft Books, doubled the price of the Third,,becaufe the lof: of that
M had beengradus Privationis, and not Dizeinutionis,

The Reprebenfion.

He Fallax of this Colour is reprehended 5 fif]. in thofe things, the
ufeand fervice whereof refteth in fufficiency, or competenty, that ae
in a determinate Quantity, |. Asif a man be bound upon penalty to pay
a fum of money at an appointed day, it would bemore to him to want
one Noble, than if, (fuppofing he could not tell where to. be firniíht
with this one Noble) ten Nobles more were wanting. Soin the decay
of a man's eftate, the degree of Debt which firft breaks the ftock, and
caíts him behind, feems a greater damage, thanthelaft Degree, when
he proves nothing worth. And hereof the common Forms are, Sera iz
Befiod. — fundo Parfimonia: and as good never awhit, as never tbe better, Orc. Se-
condly this Colour deceives in vefpetd of that Principle in Nature 5 Corru-
Atilt.t.de Ho uius, Generatio alterius : fo that the degree of ultimate Privation,
Gen.& doth many times leff difadvantage, becaufe it gives the caufe, and fets the
Cor wits a-work tofome new courfe. Which is the canfe that Demosthenes
Orat.r.in Often complains before the people of Athens... That the conditions im-
Philip — pofed by Philip, and accepted by them, being neither profitable, nor honox-
rable, were but aliments of their floih and weaknefe, that it were much bet-
ter they were taken away 5 for by this means their induflries might be a-
waked to find out better remedies and fironger refolutions. We knewa
Phyfician was wont to fay pleafantly and yet fharply to delicate Dames,
when they complained they were they could not tell how, but yet they
could not endure to takeany Phyfick; he would tell them, your only
way is to be fich indeed, for then you will be gladto take any medicine. So
further, this Degree of Privation, or of the higheft period of want, fer-
veth not only to ftir up induftry, but alfo to command patience. As
for the fecond branch of this Colour, it depends upon the fame reafon, |
which is the degrees of Quiddity aud Nullity 5 hence grew the common
Place of extolling the begzzzizg of every thing

Dimidium fadi qui bene cepit babet.

This made the Aftrologers fo idle as to make a judgement npon a man's
nature and Deftiny, from the moment or point of conftellation in his
Nativity, or Conception.

The Reprehenfion.

pe Colour firft deceives, becaufe in many things, the firft inceptions
are nothing elfethan what Epicurus terms thea in his Philofophy,
Tentamenta, that is imperfect Offers, and Efjays, which vanifh and come
to no fubStance without iteration and improvement. Wherefore in this
cafe the fecond degree {eems the worthier,and more potent than the Fzrf? =
as the Body-horfe in the Cart that draws more than the formof, And

1i

Lis Vl Of the Advancement of Learning, 19i
itis a common faying, and not without good fence, The fecond blow is
that which makes the fray: for the firft, it may be, would have vani(ht
without farther harm ; and therefore Prius Adalo Principium dedit, [ed
posterius modum abstulit. Secondly this colour deceives in refpe of the
dignity of Perfeverance, which confifls im the Progre(fion, and not in the
Aggreffion, For chance, or inftin of Nature, may caufe inception 5
but fetled affection and judgement makes the continuance. Thirdly,
this Colour deceives in [uch things which have anatiral conrfe and inclina-
tion contrary to an Inception; fo that the first Inception is perpetually eua-
cuated, unlefSthe force and faculty be continued. As in thofe common
forms it is faid Nox progredi eft Regredi and Qui non proficit deficit, as
in running againft the hill 5 rowing againft the {tream3 for ifit be with
the hill or with the ftream , then the degree of Inceptiox is more than
all the reft, Again this Colour is not only extended to the Degree of In-
ception, which is from Power to AG, compared with the Degree; whichis

from AG to increment y but al[o is to be underGood. of the degree which is
from Impotency to power, compared with the Degree which is from power to

AG » for tbe Degree,from Impotency to Potency, feems greater, than frows

Power to AG.
The Colour.

10 That which is referred toTruth, is more than that whichis referred to
opinion, The manner and Proof of that which pertains to Opinion, is
this 5 that a man would never have done it, if he thought it Should be fe-
pulchred in fecrecy and oblivion.

So the Epicures fay to the Stoicks,Felicity placed in virtue, that it is
like the Felicity of a Player, who ifhe were left of his Auditors, and
their applaufe, he would ítreight be out of heart and countenance 5
therefore they call virtue, out,of a f{piteful emulation, Boxun Theatrale.
But itis otherwife of Riches, whereofthe Poet faith

——Populus me fibilats at mihi plaudó Horat;

Likewife of Pleafure 5
Grata fub into jaye
Gaudia Corde premens, vultu fimilante pudorents

The Reprehenfiox.

He Fal/ax of this Colour is fomewhat fubtil; though the anfwer

1 tothe exemplealledged be ready ; for neither is virtue chofen .

propter Auram Popularem 5 {eeing that alfo is given in Precept, That 2 :
wan fhould above all things, and perfons, revere himfelf; fo, that a Good
man is the fame in folitude which he is inthe Theatres though perchance
virtue will be more {trong by glory and fame, as heat is encreafed by
refle&ion: But this denyes the fuppofition, but doth not redargue the
Fallax. The Reprehenfion is this, be it-granted that virtue ( efpeci-
ally fuch as is joyned with labour and conflict) would not be chofen
but for her concomitants, Fame and Opinions yet it follows not that

an appetite and chief Motive to virtue, fhould not bereal, and for it
felf 5

——

ad
i Y

192 Of tbe videuncenni of Learning. Lis. V1.

Hab.1.

Pro.M.
Marcel,

N

felf5 for Fame may be only caufa impul(iva, or fine qua non, and not
caufe Conftituent or Efficient. For example, if there were two Horfes,
whereof the one would perform with good fpeed, without the {pur 5
but the other with the fpur would far exceed the performance of the
former; this latter ([fupppofe) will bear away the prize, and be judg'd
to be the better Horfe 5 and it will not move any man of found judge-

ment to fay, Tufhthe life of this Horfe, is but inthe pur: for feeing the —

ordinary inftrument of Horfemanfhip is the /pzr, and that it is no mate
ter of impediment or burden 5 the Horfe is not to be lefs accounted of,
which will not do well without the f{pur: nor is that other which with-
cut the fpur will do great matters, therefore to be reckoned the better,
‘but the more delicate. So in like manner, Glory and Honour are the
Goads and [purs to virtues and though virtue would fomewhat langui(h
‘without them, yet fincethey be always at hand toattend virtue, even
when they are not invited 5 there is no impeachment but that virtue
may be defired foritfelfs and therefore the Pofition, That the zote of
a thing chofen for Opinion and not for Truth, is this, Thatif aman thought
that what he doth, fhould never come to light, he would never have done
it 5 is reprehended.

The Colour.

"ar What is purchafed by our own induftry and virtue, is a greater Good 3
what is derived upon us, from the benefit of others, or from the indul-
gence of Fortune, is a leffer Good. «a

The reafons are thefe? ‘Firft iv refpe&d of futire Hopes becaufe in the
"favour of others, or the good winds of fortune, me bate no flate or certain-
“ty3 in our own endeavours or abilities we have. So When they have pro-

“cured us one good fortune, we have the fame inftruments teady for

a new purchafe; nay by c&ftom and'fücéefs, ftronger than before. Se-
condly becaufe thefe Properties which we enjoy by the benefit of others, we
are debtors to others for thems whereas what we derive from our felves,
brings ao burden with it, mor draws upon us an obligation to another. A»

gain, if the Divine Providence confer a favour upon us, it impor- :

tunes a kind of Retribution towards the goodnefs of God, which ftings
ungracious and wicked men 5 whereas in that other kind of happinefs,
that of the Prophet commonly falls out, They rejoyce and triumphs they
facrifice unto their net, and burn incenfe unto their drag. Thirdly becaufe,
that which cometh unto us without our own abilities,yieldeth not that

“commendation and reputation. For! Actions of great Felicity draw

wonder, not praifes as Cicero faid to Caefar... wa miremur habemur,que

audemus expedamus. Fourthly. becaufe the purchafes of our. own in-
“duftry are joyned commonly with labour and {trife, which makes the ~

fruition of our defires more pleafant, .as faith Solomon, Suavis eibus 2
venatu. |

The Reprehenfion.

Ut there are four Coztre-Colours which encline the cafe to the con-
trary. Part, and may be as Reprehenfions to the former Colours,

Firft

,

En s E e o os hs snaps
Lis.Vi. Of the Advancement of Learüing. 193

Firft becaufe Felicity fcems to be a feal and character of Divine favour j
and accordingly begets both confidence and alacrityin our felves 3 and re-
SpeE and authority from others: And this Felicity comprehends many
cafualties, whereunto the power and providence of a man cannot 4-
fpire. As when Caefar encouraging the Sayler, faid Cefaresz portas &
moe ejus3 but if he had faid, Cefarem portas C virtutew ejus, it
ad been a cold comfort againft a tempeft. Secondly becaufe that fuch
things as proceed from virtue and. induflry, are imitable, and feafable by
others to be praGifed 5 whereas Felicity is a thing inimitable,and a Preroga-
tive of fome few fingular perfons. Wherefore we generally fee;that things
of Nature are preferr'd before things of Art, becaufe they be inimitable:
for what is imitable isin effe& Proftitute and common. . Thirdly the Ree
venues of Felicity, feer to be no purchafe of our own, but a Donative fron
others: but what is acquired by our own proper virtue is, as it mere, bought
at a price. Whereupon P/ytarch faith elegantly of the, Arts of 227z0/e-
ez, a man of all men moft fortunate, compared with the Acts.of Age/i-
laus and. Epavtinondas who lived inthe fame Age, That they. iere like
Homer's verfes, which as they excell'd in other points, fo they feem'd to
have an cafte native flidein then and tobe, conduited by a happy Genius,
Fourthly becanfe what falls out beyond hope and exped ation, infinnates it
Self more fmeetly, and with greater delight, into the minds of men; but
this cannot be incident to thofe things, which proceed from our own
careand compafs, abd q^ sat othe
, \
The Colour.
12 “What confifts of many and divided parts, 2sgreater thax that. which
* confifts of few Parts, and is moreventtire 5 for all things confidered by
+ “parts feem greater: wherefore both plurality of parts hath a fhew. of
“* Magnitude; and the fame Plurality works wore flroncly, if it be pre-
-. “ fented unto us without order 5 for itinducetha refemblance of Infinity,
“ and hinders Comprehenfions 1 Aces

This Colour feems a Fal/ax, at firft fight very palpable: for not th€
Plurality of Parts alone, but the Afsjorzty,may make the total Greater 5
yet neverthelefs the Colour many times carryes the imagination away 5
yea, itdeceivesfenfe. Foritfíeemsto the eye, a fhorter diftance of way»
ifit beall dead and continued, fo as nothing intercurr which may break
the fight 5 than in fuch a coaft or quarter, where there are Trees and
- Buildings, and other marks, which may meafure and Divide the fpace.
So when a great Morited«mian hath divided and diftributed his chefte
and bags into’ feveral and diftin&t rooms, he feemeth to himfelf richer
than he was.’ Therefore a way to Amplify any thing, is to break it in-
to many Parts, and to handle every part feverally by itfel£ And this
again will more fill the imagination, if it be done promifcüoüfly and
without order 5 for cozfu[ioz raifeth an opinion of multitude; fo what
are prefented and propounded in order, both feém to be more finite,and
defhonftrate that nothing is left out, but all is thére? whereas cn the
contrary, whatfoever things are reprefented confufedly, are not only
thought to’be more numerousin themfelvess but they leavea füfpictort

that more might be faid than is expreffed.
Bb Thé

Suet. isi
ul.

In Timol;

4

ae

194 Of tbe Advancement of Leaving. Lis. VI.

Luk.10.

c£ fop.

The Reprehenfion.

THe Fallax of this Colour is. F#jtwhen a man doth over-conceive, or

prejudicate of the greatneff of any thing, comprehending it beyond the
true limits of Magnitude 5 for then the breaking of it will make it feem leff,
aud rettifie that falfe opinion, and prefent the object in its native verity,
and not with amplification. Wherefore ifa man be in ficknefs or in pain,
the time will feem longer to him without a Clock or an Hour-glaf3,than
if it were meafured with them : for ifthe wearyfomenefs, and vexation
ofa difeafe, make the time feem longer than in truthitis5 yet thecom-
putation of time reforms that miftake, and makes it fhorter than that
erroneous opinion conceived it to be. | So in a dead Plain (whereof e-
ven now we gave a contrary inftance) it fometimes falls out 5 for thou
at firft the eye preconceiv’d the way fhorter, becaufe it was undivided;
yet if upon this fuppofition, an opinion poflefs the imagination of a far
fhorter fpace of ground than it proves tobe, the fruftrating of that vain
conceit, makes it feem longer than:the truth. Therefore ifany man
defire to humour and fecond the falfe opinion ofanother, touching the
greatneff of any thing, Tet him beware of diftributions, and breaking it
in feveral confiderations, but lét himout of hand extol the matter en-
tire, arid in the grofs.! Secondly this Colour deceives when tbe Diflributi-
on is dislraled or feattered, or is not prefented entire, or doth not at once
object it felf to the fight. Therefore if flowers ina Garden be divided
into feveral beds, they will fhewsmore than if they wereail growing in
one bed ; fo the Beds be within a plot that they be the object of view
at once; otherwife;” union is of more force inthis cafe than fcattered
diftribution. ' Fhereéfore their Revenues feem greater, whofe Lands and
Livings lie together in one hires forsifthey were difperfed, they would
not fall fo eafily within noticeand comprchenfion. Thirdly this Colour
deceives in re(pect of the dignity of ünfty above multitudes for all compofiti~
on is a fure mark of deficiency, in particularities feverally confidered, which
thus pieces out one thing with the addition of another.

ee) p^ ! i
Et que non profunt fingula,multa juvant.

Tare o4 r
And therefore A4ary, bad chofen the. better parts. Adertha, Mantha; at;
tendis adplurima, unum fufficit. i:Hereupon &fop, framed, the fable of.
the Fox and the Cat, The Fox bragged what a number of fhifts aud devis
ces be had:to get fromthe Hounds 5, the Cat (aid. [be had but. one.only way top
truft to, mbich was this.s, fhe bad. a poor slender faculty in, climbing up 4,
tree: which yet in proofiwas a furer guard then all Vulpone's policies and,
ftratagems: whereof the proverb grew, zzulfa zovit Vulpes, fed. Felis un:
num magnum, the Fox knows many practices, but the Cat one fpecial 5.
onethat willhelpat a. dead lift, And in the Moral of this, Fable it;
it comes likewife to pals , that.a, potent: and., faithful: Eviend,, ss.
a. furer, Card at a pinch than all the Plots and Policies of 4 mans
own wit. :
And thefe (hall fuffice for example: we have an infinite nnmber more
of Colours, of this nature, which. we colleded. in our youths but,
without

L rs. VI. 195

(e ae Sade
without their Z/ufirations and Reprebenfrons , which at this. time we

have now leifure to perfect and digeft 5; wherefore we thought it in-
congruous to expofe thofe Colours naked, without their Wuffrations ,
feeing thefe other come abroad attired. Yet thns much in the mean

time we admonifh, that this branch of knowledge, in our judgement,
whatfoever it may feem, isof no contemptible confequence, but a
matter of high price and ufe, as that which participates both of Przz-

tive, Philofophy, of Policy, and of Rhethorick. Thus much of popular
marks, or of the Colours of Good and Evil in apparence, as well fimple az
comparative. :

Ill. A fecond collection,which appertains to aready provifion,orpree — *

fon kee is that which Cicero intimates (as we have noted before ANI,
nLogich) where he gives it in Precept, that we have Common-plaices RERUM,
in ready son argued and handled Pro and Coztra 5 füch as are, ^7
For tbe words and letters of Law, for the fence and mind of Law, aud

the like. ' And we extend this Precept to other things alfo3 as that

it may be applied, not only to Judicial Forms 5 but to Delibera-

tive aud Demonstrative alfo. Generally thisis it we would have done 5
namely, that we have all places, wheteof there ag more frequent ufé
(whether we refpe& Probations aud Confutations, er Rerfiajions and Dif-
fwafions, or Praifes and Vituperations 5) (tudied and@fheditated before-

hand, and the fame extoll'd and depreffed by the highelt ftrains of

Wit and Invention; and perverfely wrefted, as it were, of purpofe ut-

terly beyond Truth. And in our opinion the manner of this CoZe-

Gion , as well for ufe as for brevity, would be the beft, if füch common-
places, and feeds of feveral Arguments were abridg'd and caft up into

fome brief and acute fentences, as into Skains or Bottoms of Thread

to be drawn out, and unwinded into larger Difcourfes as \occafion -
[hould be prefented. A ColleGion im this nature we find in Seneca, but. Sen, Con-
in fuppofitions only,or Cafes. Of this fort(in regard we have many ready "?:
prepared ) we thought good to fet down fome of them for example:

Theíe wecall Antritheta Rerum.

Of the Advancement of Learning.

Examples of the Antitheta.

NOBILITY. E

Pro. | Contra.
Hey whofe vertite is altogether Obility feldom Jprivgs fron
" deriv'd from tbe flock stbefe Vertue 5, Vertue more fel-
not only have not a will,but dom from Nobility.

want a power to be wicked.

Nobility, is a Garland of Bays,
wherewith time Crowns men.
,: We reverence Antiquity ever in
dead Monuments, how much more
in living. ;

Nobles by birth more often ufe the
intercelfiow. of their Anceftors for
Pardon, than their fuffrage for Ho»
nours. . :

: The induftry of new rifing men is
oftentimes fuch, as Nobles compar d
with them are but Statues.

Bb 2 af

. i96

If you regard not the Honour of an

Of the Advancement of Learning:

Lis. Vi

Nobles by blood, look too often back

ancient Houfe: Then what difference in the couríes mbich is the quality

will there be between the Race of
Men, and the Race of. Beafts ¢

Nobility removes Vertue from En-
oys recommends it to Grace and
Favour.

of an ill Racer.

BEAUTY. IL.

Pro.
Deformed perfons commonly have

their revenge of Nature.
Vertue is nothing elfe but inward

Contra.
Vertue is like a rich Stone, beft
plain fet.
What a fair veftment isto a de-

Beauty; and Beauty nothing elfe but formed Body, the fame is a comely Bo-

an outward Vertue.

Deformed perfons feek to refeue
themfelves from Scornghy malice and
bolduefs. LE

Beauty makes Véitues.fDine, vices
blufh. 1

3

1.511 Seer re OSA

Pro, |
Our firft cogitations, and the coun-
Fels of Youth ftrean more dioinely.. .
Old men are more wife. far. tbegz-

feles, than they are for others and,

the Repub.

Jf it could be made vifible, Old
age doth more deform the mind than
the body.

Old men fear all things fave the
Gods.

dy to adeformed Mind.

They ufually are of no great parts,
wbom Beauty commendetb or mo-
eth.

u

'sContra. : 1
- Youth 7s the field of Repentance,

There is in Youth an inbred dif-
ofteenz of the Authority of Age, that
every one may. grow wife at bis own
peril. ;
Thofe Counfels to which Time mas
not call d, Time will not ratifie.

In old men Venus is changed ins
to the Graces.

HEALTH. IV.

Pro.

The regard of Health wakes the
Mind humble, and obfequious to the
Body.

A found Body isthe Souls Hoft,
but a fickly her Jaylor. |

Nothing fo promotes the fumm of
Bufinefs, as a profperous flate of Bow
dy 5 but on the contrary, afickly con-

Stitution makes too many Holy-days.

Contra.

- Often to recover health, 2s often to
grom young again.

Indifpofitton of Health 7s a com
uton excufe, hither we fly even wher
we are well, .

Health unites the Soul and the
Body in too ftriG a league.

The Couch hath govern'd mighty
Empires 5 and Litter mighty Armies

WIFE

Lis. VL — Of tbe Advancement of Learning,

WIFE and CHILDRE N.

Pro.

Charity to the Common-wealth ,
begins at a private Family.

Wife and Children are a kind of
Difcipline of Humanity s but un-
married men are cruel and hard-
hearted.

Single life and achildlefs ftate,are
good for nothing but for flight.

He that procreates no Children,

facrificeth to Death.

They that are happy in all other
things, are commonly unfortunate in
their Children : left being men they

fhould agbroacb too near to a cond:-
tion DP9ire,

Contra.

He that hath Wife aud Children,
hath given Hofages to Fortune,

Generation and Iffue are Humane
Ads 5 Creation and its Works are
AG s Divine.

Ifwe is the Eternity of Beafts,
Fame , Merit’, and wholefome Pre-
cepts, the Eternity of Men.

- Oecomomical refpets many tinies
Japplant Political Duties,

To fame Natures the Fortune of
Priamus is acceptable, who furviv d
bis whole Pofterity. |

RICHES. VI.

Pro.
They defpife Riches,that difpair of
them.

An envy conceiv’d againft Riches,
hath extolled Vertue to a Deity.

Whilft Philofopers call. in doubt
whether all things are to be referr’d
to Vertue or Pleafure 5 [urvey the iz-
ftruments of there both.

Vertue, by means of Riches, i con-
verted into a common good.

All other kinds of Good have a
provincial comentand, only Riches a
general.

HONOU
Pro.
Honours are not fuffrages of 15-
rants, but of Divine Providence.

“ Honours wake both Vertnues and
Vices com[picwon:s therefore thofe

Contra.

Of great Riches, there is either
4 cuftody, or a difpenfation , or a

fames but no folid nfe.

Do you not fee what feigned prifes
are fet upon little Stones, and fuch
kind of Rarities, that there may be
onse ufe made of great Riches ?

Many, whilfi they have entertaimd
an opinion that all things might be
bought with. their money; have ir
this conceit, first fold themfelves.

I cannot call Riches better than
the Baggage of Vertue; for they aré
both neceffary to Virtue, and yet conts
berfome, hindring the March.

Riches are 4 good Hand-maid, but
the worft Mistrefs.

RS. VII.

Contra.

Whilft we feek Honours, we loofe

liberty.
Honours commonly give men a
power over thofe things , ie
they

197

198 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis. VL

they excite, thefe they reprefs.

No man can tell what proficience
he hath made in the Race of Vertue,
unle(? Honours afford bis an open
Field.

The siotiom of Vertue as of other
things, is violent to its place, calm
in its place 5 aud the place of Ver-
tue is Honour.

EMPIRE. VIII.

Pro.

It is a great bleffing to enjoy Hap-
pinefs 5 but to have the power to
confer it on others, is far greater.

Kings are rather like ftars than
men s for they have a powerful in-
flux upon all men, and upon times
themfelves.

To refist God's vicegerents,is not
only the guilt of Treafon,but a kind
of Theomachies

the bes? condition is, not to mills
the next not to can.
The ftairs to Honours are Steep,
the flanding flippery, the regre[s a
ownfal.
They that arein great place had
need to borrow other mens opinions,

to think themfelues happy.

Contra.

What a miferable fiate is it, to
have a few things to defire, infinite
things to fear !

Princes are like heavenly bodies -
which have much veneration, but
no réf. &
None of Humane condition is ad-
mitted to the Banquet of the Gods,
but to his reproach.

PRAISE, REPUTATION. IX.

Pro.’

Praifes are the reflexed Beams of
Vertue.

That praife is an Honour which
comes from voices freely confer d.

Many States confer Honours 5 but
Praifes are every where the Attri-
butes of Liberty.

The voice of the people hath fome

divinenc[s im its elfe how fhould fo

many men agree to be of one mind?
Tou need not wonder if the cont-
munalty {peak more truly than the

Nobility 5 for they [peak more fafely.

Pro, ;

Fame is a better Nancio than a
judge.

What hath a good man.to do with
the dull approbation of the vulgar 2

Fame like a River bears up things
light and fmoln s drowns things
weighty and folid. .

The lowe[t vertues draw praife.

: from the common people; the mid-

dle vertues work in theme Aftonifh-
ment or Admiration 5 but of the
higheft Vertues they have mo fence
or perceiving at all.

Praife proceeds more out of a bra-
very tban out of merits and bappens
rather to vain and windy perfons,

than to perfons [ubftantial and folid,

NATURE. X.

Pro.

The Progrofs of Cuflom is Arith-
metical 5 of Nature Geometrical,

Contra.
Mens thoughts are according to
Nature 5 their words according to
4

Lis. VI.

Of tbe Advancement of Learning.

As Laws are to Cuffom in Civil
States, fois Nature to Custom in
every particular perfon.

Precept; but their deeds according
to cuftom.
Nature is à kind of Pedant 5 Cx=

Cuftom againft Nature is a kind ftom a Magiftrate.

of Tyranny, andis quickly and upon
light occafton opprefjed.

FORTUNE. XL

Pro.

| Ouvert and apparent vertues bring
forth praife y fecret and hidden
wertues bring forth fortune.

Vertues of duty bring forth praifes
vertues of ability bring forth for-
tunc.

The way of Fortune is like the
milkem way in the skies which is
@ meeting or knot of certain {mall
obfcure verines without a name.

Fortune is to be bonour'd and rc-
Speed, amd it be but for her daugh-
ters confidence 274 reputation.

Contra.

The folly of one man, is the fore
tune of another.
^ InFortune this Imay chiefly com-
mend, that being the makes no ele-
Gon, fhe gives no protection.

Men of place and quality while
they decline the envy of their own
vertuess have been found among
the worfhippers of Fortune,

LIFE. XII.

Pro.

It is a foolifh and prepofterous af-
feFion, to love the Acceffories of

life, more than life it felf.

4 full courfe is better than a
Short 5 a fair advantage to all things,
yee evento vertue.

Without a good fpacious- compafs
of life, we can neither fully perfect ,

nor learn, nor repent.

Contra.

The Philofophers, whilft they raife
fo great preparations againft Death,
have made it but appear more terri-
ble vos \
Men fear Death becaufe they know
# not 5 ar Children fear the dark.

Tou cam find no palfion in the
mind of man fo weak, which if it
be but a little preft, mafters not the
fear of death.

To be willing to die, mot only a
valiant man, or a miferable man
may, or a wifes but even a faiti
dious ntam , and a coward may dog
as much,

SUPER-

189

——_

Of the Advancement of Learning. Li s. VI.

— —

209

M ———

SUPERSTITION. XIII.

Pro.

They that err out of a well meant
zeal, may not be approved, but yet
may be beloved. Le

Mediocrities are due to Moral

vertues 5 extremities to divine.
A fuperftitious man is a religious
. Formalift.

Efhould fooner believe all the Fas

bulous wonders of any Religon,than
that this univerfal Frame was built
without a Deity.

PRIDE.

Pro.

Pride is even with vices incom-
petible: And as poyfon is expelled
by poyfom , fo many vices are. by
priae.

A foft nature becomes guilty of
the crimes of otberss but a proud
Spirit only of bis own...

Pride if it a[cend from contempt
of others to acontempt of itfelf, at
laft is chang d into Philofophy.

Contra.

As it adds deformity unto an
Ape, tobe fo like a mans fothe fie
militude of fupestition to Religion,
makes it more deform d.

Look how odious Affe ation is in
matters Civils fo hateful is fuper-
fiition, in matters Divine.

It were better to have no opinion
of God at all, than fuch an opinion
as is reproachful unto hin.

It is not the School of Epicurus,
but the Porch of the Stoicks that
hath perturbed ancient States.

_ It cannot come into the mind of
man to be a mere Atheift in Opini-
on 5 but your great Hypocrites are
the true Atheifts , who are ever
handling holy things, but never rea
vere them,

XIV.

Contra.

Pride is the infinuating Toie to
Vertues, and all good Qualities.

All other vices are only contrary
to vertues, pride alone is contagious.

Pride wants the beft condition of
vice, that is concealment. ~

4 proud man while be defpifetb
otbers.prejudicetb bimfelf.

ÍNGRATITUDE. XV.

Pro.

The guilt of ingratitude is mo-
thing elfe Shut a too precife confi-
derationzand inquifition into the
caufe of a benefit conferr'd.

Whilft we endeavour to be grate-
ful to others, we neither perform

Contra.

The crime of Ingratitude is
not to be repreffed by punifh-
ments, but to referred over to the
Furies.

The obligations of benefits are
more ftrid than of Duties , where-

justice

p — a À— ERÍá pH Ó Ó qa áo —ÀÓÓÀ i iE E € E Ü eA
Lis. VL — Of the Advancement of Learuing. 201

juftice to others, nor referve liber-
ty to our felves.

Where the valuation of a Benefit
isuncertain, there the lefs thank
is duc.

fore he that is unthank full is unjuft,
and any thing.

Suchis man’s conditions no man
2s born to fo high afortune, but that
heis a debtor to the retribution both
of Private thanks, and perfonal rea
venge.

ENVY. XVI.

Pro.

It is natural for a veau to bate the
reproach of bis Fortune.

Envy in a flate is a wholfonte 0-

firacifgs.

Contra.

Envy never makes Holyday.

Nothing but death reconciles Ex-
vy to virtue.

Envy doth put vertue to it, as
Juno did Hercules.

INCONTINENCE. XVII.

Pro.
Chaftity may thank Fealoufie that

fhe às become a virtue.

He had need be eadued with much
Gravity, that makes the {ports of
Venus any matter of Earneft.

Why do you place either a {pare di-
et,or a [bem of Honefty,or the Daugh-
ter of Pride,among jt the virtues ¢

Of loves, as of wild fowl,there is
no property 5 but the right is paft o-
ver with the poffelfion.

Contra.

Incontinence is one of Circes her
worft transformations.

Anunchaft liver hath utterly loft
a reverence to himfelf, which is the
bridle of all vice. x

They that with Paris, make beau-
ty their wifh, lofe, ashedid, Wif-
dom and Honour.

Alexander fel mpom xo popular
truth, when be faid, that fleep and
luft were the earnests of Death.

CRUELTY. XVIII.

Pro.

No viriue is fo often guilty as cle-
mency.
Cruelty if it proceed from revenge,
zt is juflices if from Peril it is wif-
dom.

He that fhews mercy to bis enemy,
denyes it to himfelf.

Phlebotomy is not more neceffary
in the Body Natural, than it is in
the body Politick.

Contra.

He that delights in blood, is ci-
ther a wild beaft or a Fury.

Cruelty to a Good man, feems to be
but a Fable, and {ome Tragical frdbi-
en.

V AIN-

Of tbe Advancement of Learning. — Lys. VE

VAIN-GLORY. XIX.

Pro.

He that feeks bis own praife ,
withalfeeks the profit of others.

He that is fo referv'd, as to re-
gard nothing that is forreign y. it
may be fufpected , that he will ac-
count publick affairs, forreign im-
pertinencies. :

Such Difpofitions as have a come
mixture of Levity im them, more

eafily undertake a publick charge.

Contra.

Vain-glorious perfons are always
fatious, lyers, inconstant, overe
doing.
Thrafo 7s Gnatho’s prey.
It is a fhame for a Lover to make
fnit to the hand-maid 5 but Praife is
vertües hand-maid.

JUSTICE, XX.

Pro.

Kingdoms and "States are only
the Appendices of Fuftice: for if
Fuftice otherwife could be executed,
there would be no need of them,

It is the effed of Fustice, that
manistomanaGod , and not a
Wolf. :

Though Fuftice cannot extirpate
Vice 5 yet it repreffeth it from do-
ing burt

Contra.

If this be to be juft, not to do to
another what you would not have
done to your felfs then is mercy
Juftice.

If we muft give every one his
due, then furely pardon to Huma-
nity.

What tell you me of equity wher
to a wife man all things are un-
equal ?

Do but confider what the condi-
tion of tbe guilty mas in the Roman
State 5 and then fay Fuftice is not
for the Republick.

The common Fuftice of States is
asa Philofopher im Courts that is,
2t makes only for a reverential re-

Spee of fuch as bear Rule,

FORTITUDE. XXI. :

Pro.

Nothing but fear ie terrible.
There is nothing folid in plea-
fare, nor affur'd in vertue, where

fear difquiets.

Contra.

Thats a goodly vertue to be
willing to dye, fo you may be fure
to kill.

He

|

‘Lin.VE

He that confronts dangers with
open eyes, that he may receive
the charge 3 marketh how to avoid
the fame.

All other vertues, free us from.

the Dominion of Vice 3 only For-
titude from the Dontinion of For-
tune. |

A

Of tbe Advaucemeut of. Learuing.

That's agoodly vertue fure,which
even drunkenne/s nay induce.
He that is prodigal of his own
life, mill not [pare the life of auo-
_ ther.
Fortitude is a vertue of the Iror

Age,
*

TEMPERANCE. . XXII.

Pro.

To abítain azd to fuftain, are
vertues proceeding commonly from
the fame habit.

Uniformities , concords , and

meafures of fuotiohs, aré tbings ce- |

leftial, and tbe charaGers of Eter-
nity. }

a, Temperance as whrolefome colds ,
concentrate and ftrengthen the
forces of. the Mind.

Too exquifite and _.mwandring
fenfes , had need of Narcoticks 5
and fo likewife. wandring affetti-
iet 130 ES

J

Contra.

I like mot tbefe negative ver-
tues s for they argue Innocence not
Merit.

That mind languifheth which is
not fometimes [pirited by exces.

I like thofe vertues which induce
the vivacity of Action, and not the
dulneff of Paffion.

- When youfet down the equal teza-
pers of the mind, you fet down but
fews nam pauperis eft numerare
pecus. ^ |

^? Thefe Stoicifms ( not to ufe that
fo you may not deftre s, not to defire
that fo you may not fear) are the re-
folutions of pu[illanizmus , and di

frrufiful natures.

CONSTANCY. XXIIE

Pro.

Conftancy is the foundation of
vertue.

He is a miferable man that hath
uo perception of his future (tate,what
3t (hall or may be. id .
— Seeing man’s judgement is fo
weak, as that be cannot be conflant
to things s let him at leaft be true to
himfelf, and to his own defigns.

. Constancy gives reputation even
to vice.

If to the Inconftancy of Fortune
we ddd alfo the inconftancy of
mind, in what maxes of darkneff
do we live.

Contra.

Conftancy like a fullen-felf-will’d
Portereff, drives away many fruitful
informations.

There is good reafon that Con-
ftancy fhould patiently endure
croffes , for commonly fhe caufeth
them.

The fhorteft folly i$ the beft.

Fortune

Poy Of the Advancement of Learning.

Fortune is like Proteus, if you
perfift , fhe returns to ber true

fhape-

inn VEC

MAGNANIMITY. XXIV.

Lj Pro.
When once the mind hath pro-
pounded to it felf honourable ends 5

then not only vertues , but even.

the Divine powers are ready to fe-
cond.

Vertues fpringing from Habit or
Precept, are vulgar 5 but from the
end heroical.

Contra. '
Magnanimity is a vertue Poctical,

KNOWLEDGE, CONTEMPLATION. XXV.

Pro,

That delight only is according
to Nature, whereof there is no fa-

éicty. fhe ener '

The fweeteft profpe# is that ,
which looks into. tbe errors of o-
thers, in the vale below... ;

How pleafimg aud profitable a
thing is it, to have the orbs of the
mind concentrick, with the orbs of
the World.

All depraved affedions are falfe

valuations; but goodnefs and truth °

are ever the fame.

Contra. .
A contemplative life i 4 fpecious
fob. C A
To think well is little better than
to dream well. ea
Tbe divine providence regards
the worlds thou thy conntry,
A right Politick procreates Cons
templations. j

LEARNING, XXVI.

Pro.

Reading is 4 conuerfe with the
wife; Action, for the moft part, a
commerce with fools.

Thofe Sciences are not to be ree
puted altogether unprofitable , that
are of no ufes if they fharpen the

wits,and marfhal our conceptions.

Contra.

To be wife from Precept and,
from Experience, are two contrary
habits 5 fo as be thatis sciam
to the one,is inept for the other...

There is many times a vain ufe of.
Art, left there fhould be no ufe.

This commonly is the humour of
all Scholars, that they are wont to
acknowledge all they know 3 but sect
10 learn what they know not.

PROMP-

Lis Vi. Of the Advancement of Learning. 208

PROMPTITUDE. XXVIL

Pto.

That is not feafonable wifdom,
which is not quick and. nimble.

He that quickly errs, quickly re-
forms his error.
. He that 25 wife upon deliberation,
and not upon prefent.occaflom 5 per-
forms no great matters. 0o

; (Q9 UNT

t \ \
uy SALT diis

Contra.

That wifdom is not far fetcht ;
nor deeply grounded, which is ready
at hand.

Wifdom is as a Veltment,that is
lighteft, which is readie/t.

- Age doth not ripen their wifdom,
whofe counfels deliberation doth
notripen.

What is fuddenly invented, fud-
denly vanifheth 5 [oom ripe foor
rotten.

Silence in matters of Secrecy. XXVIII.

Pro.
From a filent man, nothing is

concealds for all is there fafely laid
# . ^ . 1

He “that eafily talks what he
knows, will alfo talk what he knows
SESE j Saga
- Myfferies are due to fecrecies,

A , Qa

-
(Ys
t i

Contra.

Alteration of Customs placeth
the mind inthe darks and makes
men go invifible, —°

Secrecy is the vertue of a Confeffor.
From a filent man all things are
tonctald, becanfe all is vepa? d with
filence.

A clofe man is next to an um-
known man.

FACILITY. XXIX.

Pro.

Tlike the man that is pliant to
another's inclination , but yet re-
Serves bis judgement from flattery.

He that is flexible comes nearest
to the nature of Gold.

Contra.

Facility is a weak privation of
judgement.

The good offices of facile natures
Seem debts; their denials, injuries.

He owes the thanks to himfelf,
that obtaius any thing of a facile-
naturd man.

All difficulties pref upon a too
cilio wai As for
he ingages himfelfin all.

Facile natures feldom come off
with credit..

POPU-

206 of the Advancement of Learning. Liz. VI. :

POPULARITY. XXX.

Pro.

The fame things commonly pleafe
wife men, but it is alfo a point of
wifdom s to bumour the changeable
dilpofttion of fools.

p ra E people is to be bo-
noured.

Men in place ufually stand in
ame, not of one mam , but the
multitude.

+ Contra.

He whofe nature rightly forts
with fools, may himfelf be fu-
fpecfed.

Hethat hath the Art to pleafethe
people 5 commonly hath the power to
raife the people. Be

No terms of moderation takes
place with the vulgar.

To fam on the people, is the lows —

eft degree of Flattery.

LO GUNELTY er

Pro.

Silence argues a man to be
jealous, either of others, or of hin-
flf

Reftraint of liberty in what kind
foever is an unhappy cafe, but the
worft of all is that of filence.

Silence is the vertue of foolss
where he faid truly to a filent
man, If you be wife you are a
Fool; if you be a Fool you are
wile. :

Silence like night is fit for Trea-
cheries.

Cogitations are like waters ,
moft wholefome in the running
Stream.

Silence is a kind of folitude.

He that as filent prostitutes bim-
felf to cenfure.

Silence neither difchargethit felf
of Evil thoughts , nor contributes

any goods

[5d

| Contra;
Silence adds grace and authority
10 a man’s words. iss
_. Silence like a kindly fleep e
frefheth wifdom, and. fettles the
judgement. — S
Silence is the Fermentation of
our thoughts.
Silence is the ftile of wifdom.
Silence is a candidate for Truth,

_ DIS

m5 26" m ae Sage

ee aS

Eb.

Of the Advancement of Learning:

DISSIMULATION. XXXII.

Pro.

Dilfimulation is a compendions
wifdon.

We are not tied to fay the fame ,
but to intend the (ame.

NaRedue[s even in the Mind is
uncomely,

Dilfimulation is both a Grace
and a Guard.

Diffimulation is the fence of
counjels.

Some through their too apert fair
dealing become a prey.

He that carries all things with
an open frankneff deceives , as he
that fowewhat diffembles : for ma-
ny either do not comprehend hint,
or do not believe him. ,

Open dealing is nothing elfe but
a wcakneff of mind.

Contra.

When we cannot think according
to the verity of things, yet at leaft
let us {peak according as we think,

Whofe foallow capacities compres
hend not the Arts of States in
them, a habit of diffivsulation qoc:
for wifdom.

He that Diffembles.deprives hivz-
Jelf of one of the moft principal in-

ruments for Aion which is belief.

Diffimulation | invites Dilfimu-
lation.

A differbler is not exempt from
bondage.

BOLDNESS XXXIII

Pro.

4 fhamefacd fuitor teaches the
way bom to be denied.

What Action is to an Orator, the
fame is boldnefs to a Politich 5 the
firft, the fecond, the third vertue.

Hove hin that confefjeth bis io-
defly, but I cannot endure him that
accujeth it.

A confidence in carriage foonest

unites affections.
- Ike a referved countenance ;

and an open fpeecb.

Contra.
Boldnefs is tbe Verger to folly.
Impudence is good for nothing

but for Impofture.
Confidence is the fools Ezapre[s;
and the wife man’s buffoon.

Boldne[s is a kind of Duluefs of
Sens togetbar with a perverjenefs of
will.

Ceremonies, Puntoes,Affectation. XXXIV.

Pro.
A comely moderation of Counte-
nance and Gefture , is the true fea-
Soning vertue,

Contra.
What can bea more deformed fpes
Gacle.than to transfer the fenfe in-

to our common cour{e of life ?
if

297

209

If we obferve the vulgar in the
ufe of Words, why not in Habit and
Gefiure 2

He that keeps not a decorum in
fmaller matters , and in his daily
customs, though he be a great man,
yet fet it down for truth s that fuch
a perfonage is wife, but at certain
feafons.

Vertue and wifdoza , without all
points of refpect and complement,
are like forreign languages, they
are not underftood by the common
people.

He that apprehends not the mean-
ing of the common people, neither
by a congruous application , nor
yet by obfervation, is of all men moft
fenfelefs.

Puntoes and ceremonies are the
iranflation of vertue into a mother-
tongue.

JESTS.

Pro.

A conceit is the altar of an 0-
rator.

He that mingles modeft mirth in
all his commerce with others , re-
ferves a freedom of mind.

It is amatter more politick,than.
a man would think, fuoothly to
pafs from jeft tocarneft, and from
earneft to jeft.

A witty conceit is gftentimes a
convoy of a Truth, which otherwife
could not fo handfomely have beex
ferried over.

LOVE.

Pro.

Do you not fee how all men feck
themfelves , but a lover only finds

himfelf. °

Of the Missi of Learniug. Lis. VI.

Fair ingenious behaviour wins
grace and favours but affectation
and art procures hatred.

Better a painted face and crifped
hair 5 than painted and crifped
manners.

He cannot comprehend great mate
ters, who breaks his mind to {mall
obfervations. |

Affe ation is the fhining Putrefae
ion of ingenuity. .

XXXV,

Contra.

What man defpifeth not thofe
ihat hunt after thefe deformities
and'toncinnities 2

To put off the importance of bu-

Jinefs with ajeft, is a bafe flight of
mit

Then judge of a jeff , when you.
have done laughing.

Merrily conceited men , feldons
penetrate farther than the fuperfisies
of things, which is the point where
the jeft lies. 2

To put a jeft, as a matter of mos
ment upon ferious affairs, is a chil-
difh Levity. »

XXXVI.

Contra.

The flage is much beholding ta
love 5 Ihe life of man nothing.

"n

*

Lis. VL

Of the Advancement of Learning,

There is wo better government of
the mind, than from the command
of fome powerful affection.

He that is wife, let him purfue
fome dofire or other; forhe that
doth not affect fome one thing in
chief, unto him all things are di-

_ flafiful and tedious.

- Why fhould not that which is one,
ref? in unity ?

There is nothing hath fo many
names as Loves for it is a thing ei-
ther fo foolifh, that it knows not it
Self, or fo bafe that it muft needs
difenife it felf under a counterfeit
habit.

1 like not fuch natures as are only
intent upon one thing,

Love is @ poor narrow content:
plation. |. à

FRIEND SHIP. XXXVII.

Pro.

Friend[hip accomplifheth the fame
things that Fortitude doth, but
more [meetly.

_ Friendfhip is a pleafant fauce to
any temporal happinefs.

The worst fai is to be defti-
tute of fincere frienajhip.

It Lm LAE dm for falfe-
hearted difpofitions, to be deprived
of friend[bip.

Contra.

Who contras flrid leagues of
Amity, draws upon himfelf nem ens
gagements ——.

It is a note of a weak fpirit to
divide fortune,

FLAT TERT... XXXVIIE

Pro.

Flattery proceeds more out of cu-
fiom than out of Malice,

It was ever a form of civility
due to Great Perfons , by praifing
them to instru them,

REVENGE.

Pro,
Private Revenge is a kind of
mild Fuftice.
He that returns wrong for wrong,
violates the Law, not the Perfon.

Contra;

Flattery is the (lile of Servants,
| Flattery is the cement of vice.

Flatteryis that kind of fowling,
which deceives Birds by refemblance
of voice.
' The deformity of flattery is Co»
mical, but tbe dammage Tragical,

To give wholefome counjel, is 4

task moft difficult.

XXXIX.

Contra,

He that does a wrong. is the bes
ginner of a quarrel, but he that re-
taliates, takes away all means of
ending it.

Revenge by how much the more
natural, by fo much the more to bee

repreffed;
Dd Ths

209 -

LI

The fear of Private revenge is a
profitable reftraint, forlaws are too
often afleep. ^ Q9

\

sin iPro.

Every medicine is an ianovati-
CMEC C USES.
He that will not apply nem renes
dies, muftexped new difeafes.

Time is the great innovator 5
why then may we uot imitatetime. —

Ancient prefidents- are inconfor-
mable, recent, corrupt, and degene-
PREETI’, SN, + SRD ON

""Let fimple and contentions per-
fons, fauace their, ations , accor-
ding toexamples, C °°

As thofe that firs® bring honour
into their Family , are commonly
more worthy than moft that fucceed:
So the Innovation of things for the
moft part excells thofe things which
are done out of Imitation.

A froward retention of Cuftoms.,
is as turbulent a tbing.as Innovati-
0n. wir A

Seeing that things, of their own
courfe alter. to the worfe, if they be
not by counfel altered to the better,
what [halbe the end of Evil. ©
The fervants of cuftom, are the
corn of Tintes 00 :

Y

Pro. N Gc

Fortune felleth many things to the
hafty; which fhe gives to the flow and
deliberate.

| Whilft we make too much hait to
furprize the beginnings and onfets of
things, we clafp [badows.

~Whalit: things are at à doubtful
rand, we wuft weigh thems where
they incline we mayfall awork,

It is good to commit the beginning
of AGions to Argus, mith bis bun-
dvedeyess the ends to Briareus,wit
bis hundred hands. en

diea. ce M I ciu uc
310... Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Lis. VI.

He that is inclinable to retribute
awrong, is bebind-baud perchance
in time, bat not in will.

^os PNNOVATION. XL;

Contra. - :
New Births are deformed things.
No author is accepted, until time
have autboriz/d biz.
All novelty is with injury, for it

, defaceth,the, prefent flate of things.

‘Thofe things which cuftom hath
confirmed, if they be mot profitable,
jet they are conformable and piece
well together.

What Novator follows the exam-
ple of time, which infinuates inno-
vations fo quietly, as is fcarce pore
ceptible to fenfe. :

Whatfoever comes unlooked for,
is tbe left acceptable to hint whom it
belps 5 and tbe more troublefome te
bim mbom it hurts. |

Www DELAY, XL

Contra.

Occafion turns the handle of the -

Bottle firft, to be received; and af-
ter the belly.
^ Occafion, like Sybilla, dininifi
eth the commodity,bat enbancetb the
Price.

Celerity is the helmet of Pluto.

Thofethings which are feafonably
undertaken, are performed with
judgement 5, but what are put off too
long, are compa[i d with trouble and
by ambages.

PRE-

N
1
|

Dee.

PREPARATION,

Pro.

.. He that attempts a great matter
with fmall means 5 fancies to him-
Self the advantage of opportunity,
that he may not defpair.

With flender provifion we buy wit
mot fortune.

To Encounter firft Affaults,

Pro.

. More dangers deceive us by
fraud, than overcome us by force.

It is leff trouble to meet danger
by carly remedies, than to watch
and ward the approaches and pro-

refs thereof.
: ERR is no more light, if it
once feem light.

Of tbe Advancement of Learnin

LO,
o

XLIL

Contra.

The firft oceafion of ation, is the
bes point of preparation,

Let no man think to fetter for-
tune, with the chains of his prepa-
ration.

The alteration of preparation ;
and adion, are politick Arts 3 but
the feperation of them is a vaporous
conceit, ahd unprofperous. .

Great preparation is a prodigal
both of time and bufineff.

XLIII..

Contra,

He teacheth danger to come on;
who over-early addreffeth himfelf a
Sainft danger s. and fixcth it by ape
plication of à remedy.

In tberedreff of. dangers, lighter
dangers fall off of themfelves

It is better to deal with a few
autbentich and approv’d remedies ;
than to venture upon aworld of yn-
experienc d particular receipts.

VIOLENT COUNSELS, XLIV.

d Pro.

Thofe that affed a wild and gen-
- tle kind of Prudence 5 to thew the
augmentation of an evil is a wbole-
fome remedy. ie

That necelfity which refolves upon
defperate courfes 5 commonly goes
through with them.

Contra.
Every violent remedy is preg-
nant of a new evil. c 4
No man gives violent advice j
but out of fury or fear.

D d 2 SUSP}-

Qi1

Of tbe Advancement of Learning.

212

Lis. V1.

SUSPICION. XLV.

Pro.

Diffidence is the nerves of mif-
dom s but fufpicion a remedy for
the jognts.

hat fincerity is justly fufpeded,
which fufpiciom weakens or over-
throws.

Sufpicion defeats an inconftant
integrity 3 but confirms a ftrong
and refolute.

Contra.
Sufpition breaks the bond of

faith.

The diflemper of fufpicion , is a
kind of Civil Madnefs.

The words of Law. XLVI.

Pro.

It is no expofitiom , but a di-
vination , which departs fron the
letter.

When there is made a departure
from the Letter of Lam 5 tbe Fudge,
of an Interpreter, becomes a Law-
givers

Contra.

Ost of all the words in the gene-
rality, fucb a fence muft be extraé-

ed, as may expound the mind of |

every particular paffage.
The morft tyranny , is Law upon
the rack.

For Witneffes againft Arguments. XLVII.

Pro.

He that relies upon Arguments ,
defines according to the pleader.not
according to the caufe.

He that gives credit rather to
Arguments than Mero ird vitb-
all truft more to Wit than fenfe,

It were a fafe way to believe Ar-
guinents ef Reafom , if men were
not guilty of Abfurdities againft
Reafon.

Arguments brought againft Te-

imonies accomplifh thus much 5
that the cafe feems firange, but not
that it [cenas true.

Contras

Uf proofs by witnefs, are to be
preferr’d before Proofs from Reafon.
then there needs no more ado, but
that the Fudge be not deaf.

Arguments are an Antidote a-
cainft the Poyfon of Teftimonies.

3 d MA of deas are moft
fafely believed, which do moft fel»

dom lye.

Now

Lis. VL. — Of the Advancement of Learning, 213

. Now thefe Axtitheia which we have propounded, are not perchance
fo much worth ; but being they were prepared and collected by us

long ago, we Were loath the diligence of our youth fhould perifh: fpe-
cially feeing they are (if one exactly confider them) Seeds, and not
Flowers, But herein they do plainly breath a youthly heat,in that they

are fo plentiful in the Afra! or Demonftrative kind, fo thin and {paring

in the Deliberative and Fudicial.

IV. A third Collection which pertains to preparatory ffore or Provifion, ji

and is Deficient, is that which we think fit to call Formule Minores, Lef- Le MIS
fer Forms or Stiles of Speech. And thefe are (as it were ) the Portals, *?^**
Poftern-doors, outer-Rooms , back-Rooms, Paflages of Speech, and

the like ; which indifferently may ferve for all Subjects, Such are Pre-
faces, Conclufions, Digrelfions, Tranfitions, Promifes, Excufations,and mae

ny of likenature. For as m Building there is great pleafure and ufe in
the well-cafting of the Frontifpieces, Stair-cafes, Doors, Windows, En-

tries, Paflages, and the like: fo in fpeech if the acceflory conveyances
and interpofures be decently and skilfully contrived and placed , they
are of {pecial ornament and effed, to the whole ftructure of the {peech.
Of thefe Formule,we will propofe an example or two,and ftay nolonger
upon them. For although they be Matters of no fmall ufe, yet becaufe
weadd nothing here of our own, but defcribe the naked Forms only,
out of Demosthenes or Cicero, or fome other fele@ Author, they may

feem a more trivial and common obfervation, than that we fhould
wafte much time therein.

Examples of Minor Forms.

A Conclufion of a Speech Deliberative.

€ So we may both redeem the fault which is paffed,and with the fame di-
*: Jigence provide againft future inconveniences.

The Corollary of an accurate Partition.

* That every one may understand that I feck not to balk any thing by
* filence, or to cloud any thing by words.

A Tranfition with a Caveat.

But let us fo pafs by thefe, that reflecting upon them, and keeping thens

within view, we may leave them.

A preoccupation againft an inveterate opinion.

I fhall fo open the matter as you may underftand in the whole manage
of the bufize/s, what the cafe it felf hath brought forth, what error hath
faftned upon it s what envy batb raisd. And let thefe fuffice for exam-
ple, wherewith (annexing two Rhetorical Appendices) which refpe&
the Promptuary Part we conclude. eae

E. AE ee
214 Of the Advancement of Learning, Lr. V.

CüAP. IV.

i. Two General Appendices of the Art of Delivery, Art Critical.
And Pedantical, |

Here remains two Appendices in general , touching the Tradition
of Knowledge 5 the one Criticals the other Pedantical. For asthe
principal part of Tradition of Knowledge confifteth in writing of Books 5
fo the relative part thereof confifts in reading of Books: but reading
is governed and directed, either by the help of Preceptors and Tutors5
or perfected by every man’s particular and proper endeavour and in-
duftry : and to this purpofé conduce thofe two knowledges, whereof
we have fpoken. To the Critical part appertains 5 firft, am immaculate cor=
reif ion and amended edition of approved Authors: Whereby both the
honour of Authors themfelves is vindicated, and a light given to the
ftudious Readers. Wherein neverthelefs, the ra(h diligence of fome
Writers hath done great prejudice to Studies. For it is the manner of
many Criticks, whenthey fall upon a paflage which they do not under-
ftand, ptefently to prefume a fault in the Copy. As inthat place in
Tacitus, whena certain Colony in the open Senate , claimed the pri-
viledge of an 4fjlum, Tacitus reports that the reafons they preferr’d
were not much favour'd by the Emperour and the Lords of the Senate 5
wherefore the Embaffadors miftrufting the iflue of the bufinefs, gave a
round fumm of mony to Titus Vinius , that he would mediate their
caufe, and take upon him the protection of their liberties; by this
means their petition was heard and granted 5 Tum dignitas €& antiquitas
Colonia valuit, faith Tacitus , as if the arguments that feemed light be-
fore , were now made weighty through bribes and corruption. But
one of the Criticks, a man of no obfcure note, hath expunged the word
Tum, and in ftead thereof, putin Taztum, And by this perverfe cu-
ftom of Criticks, it comes to pas (as one wilely noteth ) that the moft
corrected copies are commonly the leaft corre. Nay, (to {peak truth) un-
les the Criticks be well skill’din the knowledges handled in the Books
which they fet forth, their diligence is with peril and prejudice. . Se-
condly, their appertains to the Critick Art, the Expofition, and Explication
of Authors, by Commentaries, Scholies, Notes, Spicilegies, andthe like. In
labours of this kind, that worft difeafe of Criticks hath feis'd on many 5
that they blanch and wave many obícurer paflages 5 and fuch as are
plain and perfpicuous, thofe they dwell. and expatiate upon, even.to a
faftidioustedioufnefs 5 and it is not fo much intended, that the Author
may be illuminated,as that the Critickmay take occafion hereby to glo-
rifie himíelfjin his multiplicious and various learning. It could be efpe-
cially wifhed (although this point belongs to Tradition in chief, and
not to Appendices) that the Writer which handles obícure and noble
Arguments, fhould annex his own explications 5 that neither the Text
it felf may be broken off, by ‘Diereffions and "Explication: and
that the Annotations may not depart from the mind and intention of
the Writer. Some fuch thing we conceive of’ Theo upon Euclid.
Thirdly

Lis.Vl- Of the Advauceient of Learning. 315

Thirdly it belongs to Critick Art (from whence it derives the name) to i#-
terpofe a brief cenfure and judgement of the Anthors which they publifh.and
10 compare and value them with other Authors upon the famefubjed : That
by fuch a cenfure the Learned and Studious, may be both advertis'd of
the.chaice of Books 5. and come better provided to the perufing ofthem.
Thislaft duty is, as it were, the Chair of the Criticks, which many
great and.f{amous men in our age have ennobled 5 greater furely in out
judgement, than for the model of Criticks. .

Il. For, Pedantical knowledge, it were foonfaid, confult the Schools of
the Fefuiges.for there is nothing forthe ufe and practice better than their Pre-
cepts: but we will according to our manner, as it were, gleaning a
few ears, givefome few advertifements. We do by all means approve a
Collegiat education and inftitution of Childhood and Youth 5 notin private
houfes, nor only under Schoolmaíters. There isin Colledges a great-
er emulation of Youth towards their equals; befides, there is the fight
and countenance of Grave men, which feems to command modetty s
and fa(hions and moulds tender minds, even from their firft growth to
the fame Pattern: in fomethere are many other utilities of CoZegiat E-
ducation. | | :

§ For the order and manner of Difcipline, this I would principall;
advifes that Youth beware of compends and abridgements, and too for-
ward maturation of knomledge, which makes sse bold and confident 3 and
rather wants great proceeding, than canfeth it. |
«6 Farther there is an indulgence to be given to the liberty and vent of
mature in particulars; as if there be any which performs füch tasks as the
difcipline of the place requires; and yet withal ftealsfome hours to be-
ftow on other {tudies, to which he hath a natural propenfity 5 füch a
difpoiition by no means fhould be checkt or reftraind. ———

4gain, it will be worth the pains diligently to obferve (which

perchance hitherto hath not been noted) that there are two ways, and
they, as it were,reflexively oppofite, of ira/ning up of wits, and of exer-
cifing and prepairngthem. "The one begins with the more eafie precepts,
aud by degrees leads us tothe more difficult 5 the other at firft commands
and preffeth more difficult pra ices, which when they are conquered, the o-
ther [meetly yield and are won with eafe. For it 1s one Method to pra-
&ife fwimming by bladders which lift up, and another Azthod to pra-
Wife dancing with heavy fhooes, which prefs down the Body 3 and it
is not eafie to exprefs, how mucha wile intermixtion of thefe Afethods,
conduceth to the advancing of the faculties, both of the Mind and of the
Body. ey
e$ E the Application aud Elettion of findies according to the propriety |
of wits, which are infirudked, is a matter of fingular ule and judgement 5
4 true and perfect difcovery whereof, Schoolwastcrs and Tutors ome to the
Parents of Children, from whon they may exped fuch informations, that
fa they may the better aduife upon the particular courfe of life, unto which
they would defign and dedicate their fons.But this alfo isto be exactly obfer-
ved that not only exceeding great progreífion may be made in thofe ftu-
dies,to which a man is {wayed by a natural proclivitysbut alfo that there,
may: be found, in fiudies properly fcle&ed for that purpofe, cures and

| Femedies to promote füch kind of knowledge, to theimpreffions where-

of, a man may, by fome imperfection of nature, be moft unapt and in-
fufficient ;

216 Of the Advancement of Learning Lrs. Vi.

Annal.t,

fufficient. 4s for example, if a man may be Bird-witted, that is.quick-
ly carried away, and hath not the patient faculty ofattention 5 the Afa-
thematicks givea remedy thereunto, wherein, if the wit be caught a-
way but for a moment, the demonftration is new to begin.
§ So of exercifesin courfe of teaching, there is matter of great confe-
uence: but there isla point here that hath been noted of fem, that there
Front be of exercifes, not only a wife inftitution, but alfo a wife intermiffion.
It hath been excellently obferved by Cicero, That in exercifes it often
falls out, that men pradife as well their faults, as their faculties fo that
an z// habit is fometimes gotten, and infinuates it felf together with a
Goods wherefore it is a fafer way to break exercifes, and after to fall
to themagain, thaninceflantly to purfue and prefs them. But of thefe
enough, Certainly thefe things at firft view feem no fuch folemn and
grave matters, yet are they in the iffue found efficaciousand ufeful.For
as in Plants, the wronging or cherifhing of them while they are Young,
is that, that is moft important to their thriving or mifcarrying: or as
theimmenfe greatnefs of the ftate of Rome, is by fome defervedly
attributed to the virtue and wifdom of thofe fix Kings, which were as
Tutors and Fofter-fathers of that {tate in the Infancy thereof: fo furely
the culture and manurance of mindsin young and tender years, hath
füch a forcible operation (though unfeen and not obvious to every mans
obfervation) which neither length of time, oraffiduity and contention
of Labour inriper age afterwards, can any way countervail. Andit
is not amifs to obferve how fmall and mean faculties, if they fall into
Great men. of upon Great matters, dofometimes work Great and ims
portant effects. — Hereof we will fet down a memorable example, which
we.the rather note, becaufe the Jefuites themfelves feem not to defpife
this kind of Difcipline 5 in out opinion upon found judgement, and it
is a matter, which if it be made profeffory, is ignominious, if difcipli-
nary, one of the beft qualities: We mean Aon upon the flage s as that
which firengthens memory, moderates the tone and empbafis of voice, and
Pronunciation s compofes the countenance and gefture to a Decorum, pro-
cures agood afjurance, and likewife inureth Youth to the faces of men. The
example fhall betaken out of Tacitus, ofone Vibulenus, who had been
fometimes an Actor upon theftage, but at that time a common fouldi-
er in the Pannonian Garrifons. This fellow upon the death of Augustus
had rais'd a mutiny, fo that B/efus the Lievtenant, committed fome of
the mutiners to Prifon; but the fouldiers by violent imprefflion brake
open the Prifons, and fet themat liberty 5 and /bulenus about to make
a Tribunitial fpeech before the Souldiers, began in this manner. * You
‘have given lightand life to thefe poor innocent wretches ; but who
* reftores my brother tome, or life unto my brother, that was fent hi-
* ther in meffage from the Legions of Germany, to treat of the corn-
*: mon caufe, and he hath murthered him thislaft night by fome of his.
* Fencers, that hehath about him for his executioners upon fouldiers.
* Anfwer Pen where halt thou thrown his body ? the moft mortal
“enemies, donot deny burial: whenI have performed my Jaft duties
*' unto the corps with kiffes, with tears, command me to be flain be-
“fides him; fo that thefe my fellows for our good meaning, and our
* true heartsto the Legions, may have leave to bury us. With which
fpeech he putthe Army into füch an infinite fury and amaze, that ifit
had

pe

Lis Vl — Of the Advancement of Learning. 1
S Thy

had not incontinently appeared, that there was no füch matter, and

that he never had any brother 5 the Soldiers would hardly have fpared

the Lieutenant’s life; for he played it merely, as if it had been fome

interlude upon the Stage.

§ Now weare come to a period of our Treatife concerning Ratio-
nal knowledges; wherein if we have fometimes departed from the re-
ceiv d partitions, yet let no man think that we difallow all thofe partz-
tions which we have not ufed: for there isa double neceffity impofed up-
on us, of altering the Diviftons 5 The oue becaufe thefe two, namely to
Jort together thofe things which are next in mature, and to cafl into one pile
thofe things which are nextinufes are in their end and purpofe altogether
differing. For example: A Secretary of a Prince, or of Eltate, {0 di-
gelts his Papers, without doubt, in his Study , as he may fort together
things of like nature , as Treaties apart, Inftructions apart , Forreign
Letters, Domeftick letters, all apart by themfelves 5 on the contrary
in fome particular Cabinet, he forts together thofe that he were like
to ufetogether, though of feveral nature: foin this general Cabinet
of Knowledge, we were to fet down partitions according to the nature
of things themfíelves : whereas, if any particular Science were to be
handled, we (hould have refpected the divifions fitteft for ufe and pra-
tice. The other reafon for changing the Divifion is, becaufe the adjettion
of Deficients to Sciences 5, and the reduction of thew into an intire Body
did by confequence alter the partition of the Sciences themfelues. For fay,
the Arts which are extant (for demonftration fake) be in number 15,
and the Deficients fuperadded make up the number 20 : I fay that the
E of 15 ard not the parts of 20, for the parts of 15 are 3. and s,

ut the parts of 20, are 2, 4, 5 and ro, fo is it plain thefe could not o-
therwife be. And fo much of Logical Sciences.

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THE |
Seventh Book

OF
POF No qr opp egeo A
VicouurS- ALBAN,

| OF THE
- Dignity and Advancement

LEARNING

——

To the KING.

^ Cn A P. I

]. The Partition of Moral Knowlédge, into the Dotfrine of Exemplar,
or Platform s and into the Georgicks or Culture of the Mind. §. The
Divifion of the Platform of Good , into Good Simple, and Good
compar'd, Il. The Divifion of Good Simple, into Individual Goof,
‘and Good of Costmunion.

V9 E are now come (Excellent King) unto Moral Knowledge;
N/A! which refpedteth and handleth the will of Man: Right

© Rea[on governs tbe Will, Good Apparent feducethit s. the In-
Ga centives of the Will are the Affecions, the Organs and vo-
luntary Motions are her Minifters 5, of this faculty Salomon
faith, Above all keepings, keep thy Heart 5 for out of it iffue
the affections of life. In handling of this Science, thofe which have
written thereof, feem to me to have done, as if a man that profefled
the Art of writing, fhould only exhibit fair Copies of Alphabets and
Letters joyned, without giving any precepts for the carriage of the
hand, and framing of the Characters: fo have they propounded unto
us good and fair examples and draughts, or accurate protraitures of
Ee .2 Good

Prov.4é

Ariftot.
Et. lib.2.

Demoft,

Nd 3 Of the Advancement of Learuing. Liz. VU.

Good, Vertue, Duties, Felicity, asthe true objects and fcopes of man’s

Will and Defires : but how to takea juft level at thefe marks ( excellent

indeed, and by them well fet down) that is, by what precepts and

dire@tions, the Afind may be fubdued and framed , to purfue and at-

tain thew; either they país it over altogether, or perform it (lightly

and unprofitably. It is not the difputing that Aforal Vertues are in the

mind of Man by habit, and not by Nature 5 or formally diftinguifhing

between generous fpirits, and the obfcure vulgar 5 that thofe are won by

the weight of Reafons 5 thefe by reward and punifhment y or the witty Pre-

cept, that to rectifie the mind of man, it muft like a flaff be bowed the con-
trary way to itsinclination and the like glances {cattered here and

there. Thefe and the like are far fhort of being a juft excufe of the

deficience of that thing, which now we feck: The reafom of this nege
le, I fuppofe to be, that hidden Rock, whereupon fo many Barks of Know-

ledges have run and been cast away 5 whichis,that writers defpife to be con-

ver[ant in ordinary and common matters 5 which are neither (ubtile enough

for Difputation, nor flourifhing enough for Ornament. Verily it cannot

eafily be expreffed, what calamity this thing we now fpeak of hath
brought upon Sciences 5 that out of an inbred pride and vain-glory, men
have made choice of fuch fubjects of Difcourfe, aud of fuch amanner and

method of handling, as may commend rather their own wit, than confult

tbe Readers profit. Senecafaithexcellently, Nocet illis eloquentia, qui-

bus non rerum facit cupiditatem, fed fui 5 For Writings fhould be fuch

as fhould make men in love with the Lefous , and not with the Tea-

chers, Therefore they take a right courfe, which can openly avouch
the fame of their Counfels, which Demoffhenes once did, and can con-
clude with this claufe, mbich if you put in execution, you [bal not only
commend the Orator for the inflant, but your felves likewife, not long af-

ter, im a more profperous ftate of your affairs. As for my felf (Excellent

King) to fpeak the truth of my felf, Ihave oftem wittingly and willingly
negledted the glory of mine own Name, and Learning (if any fuch thing

be ) both in the works Inow publifb, and in thofe I contrive for hereafter 5
whilit I ftudy to advance the good and profit of mankind. And T, that

have deferv'd, perchance, to be an Architett in Philofophy and Sciences, ane
madeaWork-man and a Labourer , and at length any thing elfe whatfoe
ever s feeing I fuflaim and work out my felf many things that must needs

be done 3 and others out of a natural difdain [hift of and refufe todo. But,

(to return tothe matter) which we were about to fay , Philofophers iz

Moral Science, have chofen to themfelves a vefplendent and lustrous mafs

of matter 5 wherein they may moft glorifre tbemfelues, for [barpnefs of Wit,

or flrength of Eloquence : but fuch precepts as fpecially conduce to prat£ice,

becaufe they cannot be (o fet out, and invested with the ornaments of fpeech 5

they have in a manner pafs'd over in filence. Neither needed men of fo

excellent parts, to have defpaired of a Fortune like that, which the

Poet Virgil, had the confidence to promife to himfclf, and indeed ob-

tain'd 5 whogot as much glory of Eloquence, Wit and Learning, in

the exprefling of the obfervations of husbandry 5 as in defcribing the

Heroical Acts of Zzea;.

Nee

| Lis. VIL Of the Abidisimeni of Learning. 221

Nec fum animi dubius, verbis ea vincere, magnunt

Quam fit, & angulis bis addere rebus bonore.

And furely if the purpofe be good in earneft, not to write at leifure,
that which men may read at leifures but really to intru& and be a fub-
fidiary to Active life; thefe Georgicks of Mam's Mind, ought to be had
inas great e{teem with men, as thofe heroical portraitures of Virtue,
Goodne(s, and Felicity, wherein fo much labour and coft hath been
beftowed,

I. We will therefore divide Aforal Philofophy, into two main and
Principal Kzomledges 5. tbe one concerning the Exemplar or Intage of Good 5
the other concerning, the Regiment and Culture of the Mind, which we
are wont to call the Georgieks of the Mind : that defcribes the Nature
of Good 5 this prefcribes rules, how tofübdue and accommodate the
mind of Man thereunto.

6 The Doürine touching the Platform, which refpects and defcribes
the Nature of Good, confiders Good either Simple or Compared, I (ay ci-
ther the A4izds of Good, or the Degrees of Good. | In. the later of thefe,
thofe infinite Difputations and Speculations touching the fupreme degree
ef Good, which they term Felicity, Beatitude, the higheft good, (the
Do&rines of which were the Heathens Divinity) are by the Chriftian
Faith, taken away and difcharged. For as Ariftotle faith, That Young
wen may be happy, but not otherwife but by bope s fo mutt we all, being
fo taught by Chriftian Faith, acknowledge our (elves to be but chil-
dren andin our Minority; and think of no otlicy felicity, than that
which isin hope of the future world. Freed therefore by happy fate
from this doctrine, which was the Heathens Heaven (wherein without
doubt, they attributed a higher elevation of man’s Natüre, than it was
capable of; for we fee in what a height of {tile Sezeca writes, veré Atag-
aum babere fragilitatem. bominis, fecuritatem Dei) we may certainly
with le(s lofs of Sobriety and Truth, receive for moft part the reft of
their enquiries concerning the doctrine of the Platform. As concera-
ing the Nature of Good Pofitive and Simple, furely they have fet it out
in beautiful colours and drawn it to the life, upon excellent Tables 5
reprefenting with exad diligence to the eye, the Forts, Poifures, Kinds,
Affinities, Parts, Subjects, Provinces, AGions, Adminiftrations of Vir-
tues and Duties. Nor dothey fo leave the purfuits for they have coms
mended and infinuated all thefe into the fpirit of man, with great
quicknefs and vivacity of Arguments, and fweetnefs, and beauty of
Perfwafions; yea and fortified and intrenched the fame (as much as
difCourfe can do) againft corrupt and popular opinions and invafions.
As touching the nature of comparative good, they have alfo well hand-
led that,in fetting down that triplicite Order of Good, in comparing con-
templative life with AGive s in diftinguifhing between virtue with relud a-
tion,and virtue fetled by fecurity and confirmed:inthe confli and encounter
between honefty and profits in the balancing of virtue with virtue, to fce
which preponderates otber 5 and the like. So as this part touching the
Platform 3 1 find excellently laboured, and that the ancients herein have
fhewed themfelves admirable men: yet fo as the piousand painful di-

ligence

Geor.3.

Rhct.lib]
2,

In Epift,

222 Of tbe Advancement of Learning. . Lis. VIL

«s d

ligence of Divines, being pradisd in Duties, Moral virtnes, Cafes of
Confcience, and circum/criptions of fin, have far outgone the Philofo-
phers. Notwith/tanding (to return to the Philofophers) if before they
had addreft themfelvesto the popular and receiv'd notions of Virtue,
Vice, Pain, Pleafure, and thefe(t3 they had ftaid a little longer and
had fearched the Roots of Good and Evil, and the ftrings of thoje Roots s
they had given in my judgementaa great light unto all which might fall
into enquiry afterwards : efpecially if they had confulted as well. with
the Nature of things, as with the Axioms of Morality, they had madé
their DoGrines lefs prolix, and more profound: which being by them
either'altogether omitted, or very confufedly handled, we wil! brief-
ly re-examine and endeavour to openand clear the fprings of Aforal ha-
bits: before we come unto the do&rine of the Culture or Manurance o
the Mind, which we fet down as Defrcient. -
II. ‘There is inbred: and imprinted in every thing an appetite to a dz
ple Nature of Good the One as every thingis a Total or Subflantive im it
felfs the other as it is a part or member of fome greater Total: and this
latter 1s more excellent and potere than the other: becaufe it tendeth
to the confervation: of a more ample form. The firft may be called In-
dividual or felf-Goods the latter the Good of Communion: Iron in a par-
‘ticular Sympathy moves to the Loadftone, but yet ifit exceed a certain
Quantity it forfakes thofe affections, and like a good Citizen and a true
Patriot moves to the Earth, which is the Region and Country of its
connaturals. To proceed a little furthers Dezfe and MMaffie Bodies
move to the Earth; tgthe great Congregation of clofe-compatted Bodies 5
yet rather than to funer a divülfion tn the continuance ‘of nature, and
that there (hould Be; as they'call it, a Vacwam, thefe Bodies will move
upwards; forfaking their duty to the Earth that they may performthe
general duty they oweunto the World : fo itis ever fcen that the Confer-
vation of the more general and publick form, commands and governs the
leffer and more particular Appetites and Inclinations. But this Preroga-
tive of the Good of Communion, 1s efpecially engraven upon Man, if he
degenerate not, according to that memorable {peech of Pompeius Mag
nus, who being in Commiffion for purveyance for a Famine at Rome;
and being diflwaded with great vehemence and inftance by his friends
thathe would not hazard himfelfto Sea in an extremity of weather; he
anfwered only this, Neceffe e5f ut eam, non ut vivam. So as the love
of life which in every Individual Creatureis fo predominant an affeGi-
on, could not out-ballance his love and loyalty tothe ftate. but why
do we dwell upon this Point? There was never extant in any ageof
the world, either Philofophy, or Sect, or Religion, or Law, or Dif-
cipline, which hathfo highly exalted the Good of Communion and de- —
pres'd Good private and particular, as the Holy Chriflian Faith, where-
by it clearly appears, that it was one and the fame God that gave the
Chriftian Law to Men, who gave thofe Laws of Nature to Creatures
of inferior order. Wherefore we read that many of theelect Saints of
ee God have rather wifhed themfelves anathematiz'd and raz'd out of the
NI Book of Life,than that their brethren fhould not attain falvation; pro-
voked through an extafie of Charity and an infinite feeling ofthe Good
of Communion. ‘This being fet down and (trongly planted, doth judge
an

Pre. VIL. Of the Advancement of Learning. 23

———————

and determine many of the profoundeft Controverfies in Avoral Philofo-
ply. Forfirlt, it decideth the Queftion touching tbe preferment of the
Contemplative or Adive life 5 and that againft the opinion of Arisfotle -
for all the reafons which he brings for the Cowtemplative, refpect a pri-
vate Good,and the pleafure and dignity of an Individual only in which
refpe&ts (no que(tion) a Coxtemplative life hath the preheminence. For
the Contemplative fifeisnot much unlike to that: comparifon which
Pythagoras made for the gracing and magnifying of PAilofopby and Con-
templation; who being askt by Hiero what he was, anfwered; “ That
* if Hiero were ever at the Olympian Games, he knew the manner that forze
came to try their fortunes for the prizes; and fome came as Merchants to
* wttertheir commodities; and [ome came to make good cheer, tobe merry,
* andtowmect with their friends 5 and fome came to look on, and that he

€ mas one of then that came to look on. «But men mutt know that in this =

Theatre of Man’s life, itis referved only for God and Angels, to be
Lookers on.Neither furely could it have been that any doubt, touch-
ing this point, fhould ever have been rais’d inthe Church (notwith-
ftanding that faying was frequent in many. mens mouths, Pretio/2 in o-
eulis Domini mors fan@orum ejus :. by which place they ufe to exalt their
Civil Death and the Laws of a Monaftick and Regular courle oflife 5)
but upon this defence, that the Monastical Life is not fimply. Contempla-
tive; butis altogether converfant in Ecclefiaftick Duties, {uch as are in-
ceffant Prayer 5 Sacrifices of Vows performed to God; the writing al-
fo, in fuch great leifüre, Theological Books for the propagation of the
knowledge of the’ Divine Law, as Mofes did when he abode fo many
days in the rctzr'd fecrecy of the Mount. And {o we fee Exoch the feventh
from Adam, who feemsto be the firlt founder of a Contemplative life;
(for he is faid to have walked with God ) yet endowed the Church with
a Book of Prophecie, which isalfo cited by St. 744e. But asfora mere
Contemplative life, and terminated initfel£, which cafteth no Beams of
heat or light upon humane fociety 5 afluredly Divinity knows it not.
It decides alfo the Queftion controverted with fuch heat between the
Schools of Zezo and Socrates, on the one fide, who placed Felicity in
Virtue fimple or attended, which hath a great (hare in the Duties of
life: and on the other fide other Se&tsand Profeífions, as the Schools
of the Cyrezaick: and Epicureans, who placed it in pleafure; and made
Virtue, (as it isufed infome Comedies, where the Miítrefs and the Maid
change habits) to be but as a hand-maid, without which Pleafure can-
not be well waited and attended upon; as alfo that other, as it were;
reformed School of Epic#rus, which afferted Felicity to be nothing elfe
than a Tranquillity and Serenity of Mind free and void of all Pertur-
bationss as if they would have depofed Fupiter from his Throne and
reftored Saturn with the Golden Age, when there was no Summer
nor Winter, nor Spring nor Autumn, but all after one Air and Seafon.
Laítly, the exploded School of Pyrrho and Herillus, which placed Fe-
licity 1n the utter ex{tin¢tion and extirpation of all the fcruples and dif
putes of themind, making no fixt and conftant nature of Good, and E-
vil, but efteeming AGions Good or Evil, as they proceed from the
Mind in a clear and refolute motion; or contrary- wife with averfation

and relaGance. Which opinion notwith{tanding hath revived in the
A Herefy

Iamb.in :

vita,

Laert, vi-
ta

221 Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Lr. VIL.

Herefy ofthe Avabaptifts, who meafurrd all things according to the Motions

F pict, En-
Chir. Arri-
rian. Lib.
1,

Prov. xv.

and Inflind s of the fpirit, and the conftancy, or wavering of Belief. But
it is manifeít that all this we have recited, tends to private repofe and
complacency of Mind, and no way to the Point of Society, and the
Good of Communion. Again, it cenfuresalfo the Philofophy of Epid'e-
tus, who layes down this prefuppofition 5 That Felicity muft be placed ix
thofe things which are im our power, left we be liable to fortune and di-

urbance:, asif it were nota thing much more happy, to be difturbed
and fruftrated of a good fücceís im worthy and generous intentions
and ends, which concern the Publick,Good, than to obtain all that we
can with to‘our felves, in thofe things which refer to our Private For»
tune. As Confalvo. fhewing his Souldiers Naples, bravely protefted, That
be bad rather vun himfelf upon certain ruine with one foot forward, than to
have his life fecur d for long, by one {aot of retreat... Whereunto the wif-
dom of that heavenly leader and commander hath fign’d,_ who affirm’d,
That a good con[cience is @ continual. Feaft;, by which words is plainly
fignified, that a Mind Confcious of good Intentions, bowever fucceeding,
affords more folid and fincere joy, and tonature more agreeable, than all
that provifion wherewith man may be furnifht either for the fruition of his

| defires, or the repofe of bis Mind. It cenfareth likewife that abufe of

Aviys
ATE
Summa
Stoic,
Philof.

Philofophy, which grew generalabout the time of Epidetzs, which
was, that Philofophy was converted into, profeflory kind of life, and,as
it were,tnto an Occupation or Arts as ifthe purpofe of Philofophy,was
not to reprefs and extinguiíh perturbations, but to fly and avoid the
caufes and occafions ofthem 5. and therefore to fhape a particular kind
and courfe of life to that end 5 introducing indeed fuch a kind of health
of mind,as was that of Herodicusin body, whereof 4r;i7ot]e makes men-
tion, which was, that be did nothing all bis life long but intend bis health,
and therefore ab{tain’d from infinite number of things, being amere’d
by the fruition ofhis body: whereasif men refer themfelves to duties
of fociety, that health of Body is principally to be defired, which may
deft endure and overcome all alterations and extremities: fo likewife
that mindis properly found and ftrong, which can break through the
moft and greateft temptations and perturbations. So as Diogenes feems
to havefpoken well, who commends thofe powers of the Mind, which
were able not warily to abftain but valiantly to fusi aim, and which. could
tefrain the violent encounter of the Mind, even in the fteepeft Preci-
pices, and which could give unto the Mind (which is commended in
well-broken horfes ) the fhorteft ftopandturn. Laftly, it cenfuresthe
tendernefs and the want of Morigerous application, noted in fome of
the moft ancient and reverend Philofophers, that did retire too eafily
from Civil bufinefs, that they might difcharge themfelves of all indig-
nities and perturbations, and fo might live, intheiropinion, more un-
ftained, and, asit were, fanctified perfons; whereas the refolution of
amantruly moral, oughtto be fuch, asthe fame Cox/alvo required in

afouldier, which isthat his Honourfhould be woven é Tela Craffiore,

and not fo fine as that every thing fhould catchinit, and tear it.

CHAP;

Lis. Vil — Oftbe Advancement of Learning. 225

Cuap. IL

I, The Partition of particular or private Good, into Good Adive,
andGood Paffive. 1I. The Divifion of Good Paffive, into Cons
fervative Good, and Perfettive Good, Il, The Divifion of the
Good of Coutmunion,into General and Refpettive Duties.

L Herefore let us now refüme and profecute, firft private or
particular Good, we will divide it into Good Ave and
Good Pa[fjve, for this difference of Good (not unlike furely to tho(c
Appellations, which, amongít the Komans, were familiar in their
Houthold Terms of Promus and Condus) is found impref?'d in the
whole courfe of Nature : but chiefly dilclofeth it felf in the two fe-
veral Appetites of Creatures; the one of conferving and fortifying.
themfelves; the other of multiplying and dilating themfelves; and
this latter which is Aive, and as it were, the Proms, feems to be the
more powerful, and the more worthy 5 but the former which is Pa/-
Jive, and, as it were, the Cordus, may be taken as inferiour and le(s
worthy. For in the univerfal frame of Nature, the Heavenly Nature
is chiefly the Agent's the Terreftial Nature the Patient : ío in the
pleafures of living Creatures, the pleafure of Generation is greater
than that of Nutrition:and in the divine Oracles it is pronoanced, Bea- AG@.202
tins effe dare quam accipere. Nay farther,in the common courte of life,”
there is nomans fpirit fo foft and effeminate,but efteems the effecting,
and bringing to fome iffue that which he hath fixt in his defire , more
than any fentuality or pleafure.And certainly this preheminence of 4-
Give Good,is infinitely exalted from the confideration of our humane
condition, that it is mortal,and alfo expofed to the ftroak of Fortune:
for ifthere could be obtained a licenfe of perpetuity and certainty in
humane Pleafüres, their price would be advanced, for their fecurity
and continuance. And in as much as we fee,that the fumm of all comes
tothis, Atagni aftimamus mori tardus 5. Et ue glorieris de crastino,
wefcis partum Diez: it is no wonder, if with all contention of fpirit ,
we purfue thofe things , which are fecur'd and exempt from the in-
juries and affronts of time : and thefe thingscan be nothing elfe bur
only our deeds, as it is aid, opera eorum fequuntur eos. Apoc.x r$:
§ There is likewife another preheminence of Good 4ive of im-
port, implanted in, and fupported by that affection, which cleaves
elofe to man’s nature, as an individuate companion; which is the
love of Novelty and Variety, And this Affédion in the pleafures of
fenfes (which are the very principal part of Pa[fve Good ) is exceed-
ing narrow, and hath no great latitude: Do but think (faith Sencca)
bow often you have aed over the fame things, Meat, Sleep, Mirths we
run round in this circle, to be willing to dye , mot only a valiant, or a
wretched, or a wile man may , butever a fastidious and nice nature
may. But in the Enterprifes, Parpofes and Purfuits of our life,there
is much variety, whereof we are fenfible in our inceptions, Progret
Ff ions

Sen alicubi;

— ————

226

Sen. in Ép.

Prov, Y

Virg.-£n.6,

Of the Advancement of Learning. Lux. Vil.

fions, refts, recoils, to redintegrate our forces, approaches, attainings,
and the like; fo asit was very well faid, wita fine Propofito languida
c vaga eft: which indifferently befals both to the wife and unwife,
as faith Solomon, A light-brain’d man feeks to (atisfie his fancy, and in-
termixcth himfelf in allthings. Nay, we {ee likewife,that many great
Princes, who may have at command whatfoever can delight. the
Senfes, notwithftanding many times, have procured to themfelves
poor defires, and fet their hearts upontoys; (as Nero, iz playing up-
on the Harp 3 Commodus iz playing at Fences Antoninus 2z driving
Chariots, and others taken up with other delights) which to them
were more acceptable than all the affluence of fenfual pleafures + fo
wuch greater refrefhing and contentment it is, to go forward in Adliom,
than to fland at a flay im fruition. This, in the mean time, isto be
fomewhat more diligently noted 5 that this A@ive individual Good,
altogether differs from the good of Society, though oftentimes they
are coincident; for although that particular acfive Good doth many
times breed, and bring forth Ads of Beneficence, which is a Vertue of
‘Communion; yet here'sthe difference, that thofe Ads are by moft
men performed, not with intention to benefit and make happy o-
thers, but merely in a private refpect to themfelves, and their own
powerand amplification. This beft appears when Good A ive lites
upon a fübje& which is contrary to the Good of Communion s for
that Gigantive State of mind which poflefleth the troublers of the
world ( fuch as was L. sya, and infinite others, though in a far
fmaller Model) who feem to endeavour this, to have all men happy
or unhappy, as they were their Friends or Enemies, and that the
world might bear their ftamp,and be formed to their humours( which
is the true Theomachie) this, I fay, afpires to aive particular Good at
leaft in appearance,although it doth moft of all recede from the Good
of Society.

II. But we will divide Paffive Good into Good Confervative and
Good Perfe&ive ; For there is implanted in every thing a triple Ap-
petite in refpect of private or particular Good 5 the firft of preferving
or continuing it felfs the fecond of advancing and perfecting it felf s the
third of wultiplying and extending it felf : but this laft Appetite is re-
ferrd to Adive Good,whereof weípeak even now. There remain
therefore the two other kinds of Good, of which the Perfecfive ex-
celss for it is lefs to conferve a thing in its natural ftate, but greater
to advance the fame thing to a higher nature; for there are found
through all Effences fome nobler natures to the dignity and excel-
lency whereof inferiour natures do afpire, as to their Origi-
nals and Springs. So concerning Men, the Poet doth not impertis
nently defcribe,

Tenens eft Ollis vigor € Celeftis Origo s

Man's aflumption or approach toa Divine or Angelical Nature is
the perfection of his Form; a depraved and prepofterous imitation
of which Perfeive Good is the deftruction of humane life, and a
violent tempeft which bears down and ruines all, that is, while men

inftead

T

€ ———————————

Lis. VII. Of the Advancement of Learning. 227

in(tead of a formal and effential advancement are cartied ina blinde
ambition to an advancement only Local. For as thofe which are
fick and find no Remedy, do tumble up and down,and change place,
asif by a remove Local, they could obtain a remove Internal, and
fhift of their difeaíe : fo it is in Ambition that men being pofiefs’d
and led away with afalíe refemblance of exalting their nature, pur-
chafe nothing elíe but an eminence and celfitude of Place.

6. But Good Confervative is no other than the reception and fruiti-
on of things agreeable to our Natures and this Good though it be moít
fimple and native; yet feems it to be of all other kinds of Good the
foftett and loweft. And this Good alfo admits a difference , which
hath neither been well judg'd of, nor well inquired 5 for the Good
of Fruition, or (as it is commonly call'd ) the dignity and commen-
dation of delightful Good, is placed either in the Sincerity of the Frui-
tion, or in thequickne(s and vigor of it; whereof the one is fuper-
induced by Equality 5 the other by Variety and Viciffitude: the one
having a lefs mixture of Evil 5 the other a more ftrong and lively
impreílion of Good. But of thefe, whether i the greater Good , isa
queftion controverted : But whether a man’s nature may be capable of
both at once, is a question not inquired.

§ As touching that whereofa Queftion is rais'd:a Controverfie be-
gan to be debated between Socrates and a Sophis 5 Socrates affirm d;
That Felicity was placed in a constant Peace aud Tranquility of mind 5 piso iü
but the Soph;f? in this, That 2 man defire much and enjoy much. And Gorg.
fo they fell from Arguments to ill words; the Sophis# faying that

'. Socrates's Felicity was the Felicity of a block or ftone : Socrates on the

other fide, That the Sophilt’s Felicity was the Felicity of one that had
the Itch, who did nothing but itch and feratch. And both thefe opini-

ons do not want theirfupports; for to Socrates’s opinion aflents even

the School of Epicurus,which deems not but that Vertue beareth a
great part in Felicity 5 and if fo, Certain it is, that Vertue hath gore:
nfe in clearing Perturbations, than in compalfing de(res, The Sophift’s
opinion is much favour'd by the aflertion we laft fpake of ; namely
that Good Perfective is greater than Good Prefervative, becaufe the ob-
taining of things defired, feems by degrees to perfe xature, which though
it do not do it indeed, yet the very motion it felfincircle hatha phew of
Progrelftve Motion.

But the fecond Queftion, (whether humane nature may not at once
retaine, both the tranquility of mind; and the aive vigor of fruition)
decided, the true way makes the former idle and fuperfuous. For do
we not often {ee that fome men are fo fram'd and compofed by Na-
ture, as they are extremely affected with pleafures while they are
prefent 5 and yet are not greatly troubled at the leaving or lof of
them, So asthe Philofophical confequence, Now uti, nt non appetas;
non appetere,ut non metuas, ícems to be the refolution of a poor and
diffident fpirit. Surely moft of the Doctrines of Philofophers feem to
be fomewhat more fearful and cautionary, than the nature of things
requireth 5 as when they encreafe the fear of death by curing it: for
when they would have a man's whole life to be but a difcipline or
preparation to dye, how can it be, that that enemy fhould not (eem

Ff 2 wonderful

2258

Juven Satyr.
IO.

' *

Of the Advaicement of Learning. Lie. VIL

wonderful terrible, againft whom there is no end of preparing ? bete
ter faith the Poet though a Heathen, |

Qui fpacium vite extremum, inter munera ponat
Natura.

So have the Philofophers fought to make the Mind in all things uni-
form and Harmonical; by not breaking them to contrary Motions
and Extremes. The reafon whereofI fuppofe to have been, becaufe
they dedicated themfelves to a private courfe of life ; exempt and free
from active imployments and obfervances to others. But let men
rather imitate the wifdom of Jewellers, who, if perchance, there be
in the Gemm a Cloud or an Ice, which may fo be grownd forth, as
it abate not the ftone too much, they help it, otherwife they will
not meddle with it: fo ought men fo to procure Serenity of mind as
they deftroy not Magnanimity. '"Fhus much of Particular Good.

III. Now thereforeafter we have fpoken of 5e/f-goo4 (which alfo
we ufe to call Good Particular, Private, Individual, let us refume
the Good of Communion, which refpecteth Society, this is commonly
termed by the name of Duty, becaufe the term of Duty, is more pro-
per toa mind well fram'd and difpos'd towards others; the term of
Virtue, to a mind well form'd and compos'd in itícl£. But this part
at firft fight may feem to pertain to Science Civil, or Politick , but
not if itbe well obferveds; for it concerns the Regiment and Go-
vernment of every man over himíclf, and not over others.
And as in Archite@ure, it 1s one thing, to to frame the Pofts,
Beams , and other parts of an Edifice, and to prepare them

‘for the ule of building; and another thing, to fit and joynthe fame
parts together : and as in Mechanicals, the direction how to frame,
and make an in{trument or engine, isnot the fame with the manner
of erecting, moving, and fetting it on work: So the doctrine of the
conjugation of men, in a City or Society, differs from that which
makes them conformed, and well affected to the weal of füch a so-
C1ety.

1 This Part of Duties is likewife diftributed into two portions,
whereof the one refpects the common duty of every man, the other the
fpecial and re{pective Duties of every man in his profeffion, vocati-
on ftate, perfon, and place. The firftof thefe, hath been well la-
boured, and diligently explicated by the Ancients and others, as
hath been faid: the other we find to have been fparfedly handled, al-
though not digefted into an entire body ofa $ciezces which mans
ner of difperfed kind of writing, we do not diflike; howbeit in our
judgement, to have written of this Argument by parts, were far bet-
ter. For whoisendewed with fo much perfpicacity and confidence,
as that he can take upon him todifcourfe, and make a judgement
skilfully, and tothe life, of thepeculiar azd refpeive duties of eve-
ry particular order, conditionand Profeflion? And the treatifes which
are not feafon'd withexperience, but are drawn only from a general and
Scholaftical notion of things, are touching fuch matters, for enofl part,7-
dle and fruitleff difcourfes. For although fometimes a looker on

may

Lis. VIL. Of tbe Advancement of Learning.

may fee more than a Gamefter; and there be a common proverb,
more arrogant than found, proceeding froin the cen(üre of the vul-
gar, touching the actions of Princes, That the vale beft difcovereth the
Hills; yet it could be efpecially wilhed, that none would intermed-
dle or engage themfelves in fubjects of this nature, but only füch as
are well experienc'd and and practis‘d in the particular cuftoms of
men. For the labours and vigilancies of {peculative men,in Adive Mat-
ters, do feem to men of experience, little better, than the difcour/es of
Phormio of the wars, feemed to Hannibal, which efteemed them but
dreams and dotage. Only thereis one vice which accompanies them,
which write books of matters pertaining to their own profeflion,and
Art, which is, that they magnifie and extol them in excefs.

§ In which kind of Books, it were a crime Piacular, not to mention,
Honoris caula,Your Atajeftie’s excellent. work touching the duty of a
King: for this writing hath accumulated and congefted within it many
treajures as well open as fecret of Divinity, Morality, avd Policy,with
great afperfion of all other Arts 5 and it is in my opinion one of the moft

found and healthful writings that I have read. It doth not float with
the heat of Invention; nor freez; and fleep with the coldneff of negli-
| gence: itis not now and then taken with a wheeling dizzince(, foto con-
found and lofe it felf in its orders nor is it diftraded and difcontinu-
ed by digre[fions, as thofe difcourfes are; which by a winding expatia-
tion, fetch in and enclofe matter that [peaks nothing to the purpofes mor
is it corrupted, with the cheating Arts of Rhetorical perfumes and paint-
ings, whochufe rather to pleafe the Reader, than to fatisfe the nature
of the Argument. Bnt chiefly that work hath life and fpirit, as Body
and Bulk , as excellently agreeing with truth, and most apt for ufe and
ation: and likewife clearly exempt from that vice noted even now,
(which if it were tolerable in any, certainly, it were fo in Kings, and
in awriting.concerning Regal Majefly ) namely, that it doth not excef-
fívely and invidioufly exalt the Crown and Dignity of Kings. For Your
Majefty hath not defcribed a King of Perfia or Aflyria, radiant, and
fhining in extreme Pomp and Glory s but really, a Mofes or a David,
Pastors of the People. Neither can Lever lofe oui of my remembrance,
4 Speech, which Your Majefty, iz the facred Spirit, wherewith you arc
endowed to goverz Tour people, delivered im a great canfe of Indicature,

Cic.Lib.2, ds
Oratore.

x

K. IAMES,
DORON,
BASIL,

which was, That Kings rul'd by the Laws of their Kingdoms, as God JACOE. &:
did by the Laws of Nature; and ought as rarely to put in ufe that dictum nie:

their prerogative, which tranfcends Laws, as we fee God put in ufe

morab,

his power of working Miracles. And yet notwithftanding in that o- pk LIB.
ther book, writtenby Your Majefty, ofa free Monarchy, You give al] MONAR:

men to understand, that Your Majelty, &zoms and comprehends the
Plenitude of the Power of Kings, and the Ultimities (asthe Schools {peak
of Regal Rights’; as well as the circle and bounds of their Office, and
Royal Duty. > Whereforel have prefumed, toalledge that book writ-
ten by Tour Majesty, asa prime and moft eminent example of Tra-
Gates, concerning /pecial and refpedive Duties. Of which Book,
what I have now ífaid; I fhould in truthhave faid as much, if it had
been written by any King a thoufand years fince. Neither doth that
kind of nice Decency move me, whereby commonly it is prefcribed

noe

Plin.Jun.

*
SATYRA

. SERIA

> *
five de Interi-
oribus rerum,

Prov,XIV,

Prov.18.

a Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Li ». VIL

not to praife in prefence, fo thofe Praifes exceed not meafures or be
attributed unfeafonably or upon no occafion prefented. Surely Cicero,
in that excellent oration Pro 44. Marcello, ftudiesnothing elfe, but to
exhibit a fair Table drawn by fingular Art, of Cefar's virtues, though
that Oration was made to his face; which likewife Plinins | fecundus

^ did to Trajan. Now let us refüme our intended purpofe.

§ There belongs farther to this part, touching the Hefpeve Du-
ties of vocations and particular Profeffions, and other Amomledge, as
it were, Relative and oppofite unto the former, concerning the
Frauds, Cautels, Impoftures, and Vices of every Profeffion : For Cor-
ruptions and Vices; are oppofed to Duties and Virtues. Nor are
thefe Depravations altogether filenced in many Writings and Tra-
ates; but for moft part, thefeare noted only uponthe by, and that
by way of Digreffion: but how ? ratherin a Satyr and Cynically af-
ter Lsciams manner, than ferioufly and gravely, for men have ra-
ther fought by wit to traduce, and to expofe to {corn that which is
ufeful and found, in Arts and Profeflions 5 than to fever that which
is good and wholfome, fromthat which is corrupt and vitious. But
Solomon faith excellently; A {corner feeks wifdom and finds it nots but
knowledge is caffe unto him that underflands : for he that comes to
feek after knowledge, with a mind to fcorn, and cenfüre 5 hall be
fure to find matter for his humour, but no matter for his inftruction.
And certainly a grave and wife Treatife of this argument, whereof
we now fpeak, and that with fincetity and'integrity, feemeth wor-.
thy to be reckoned one of the beft fortifications of virtue and hone-
fty, that can be planted. For as the Fable goes of the Bafilisk, that
if hefeea man firft, the mandyes3 butifa man fee him firft, the Ba-
filisk dyes; foit is with Frauds, Impoftures, and evil Arts; ifa
man diícover themfirft, they lofe their power of doing hurt; but
ifthey prevent, then, and not otherwife they endanger. So that.
we are much beholding to Aacbiavil, and füch writers, who difco-
ver apertly and plainly, what men ufe to do, not what men ought
to do: for it isnot poffible to joyn the mifdom of the Serpent, with
the Innocency of the Dove, except a man know exaGly the nature
of evil it felf; for without this skill, virtuelyes open and unfencd 5
nay a fincere and honeft man can do no good upon thofe that are
wicked, to reclaim them, unlefs he know all the coverts and pro-
fundities of Malice. For men of corrupt minds and deprav'd judge-
ments prefuppofe, that honefty grows out ofthe weaknefs of Nature,
and fimplicity of Manners, and only out ofa belief given to Preach-
ers and School-Mafters 5. as likewife to Books 5 Moral Precepts; and
popular opinions : fo that unlefs you can make them plainly to per-
ceive, that their deprav'd and corrupt Principles, and crooked Rules;
are as deeply founded, and as plainly difcovered by thofe who ex-
hort and admonifh them, as they are to themíelves, they. defpife all
the integrity of Moral Practices or Precepts 5 according to that ad-
mirable Oracle of Solomon,Non recipit flultus verba prudentie,mi[i ca di-
xeris, que verfantur in corde ejus. Bat this part concerning Refpe-
Give Cautels and vices, we place in the number of Deficiegts, and will
callitby the name of Satyra Serza, or ofa Treatile De zzterioribus
Reruts. Se

Lis. VI. Of tbe Advancement of Learuing. 231

Soto this kind of knowledge, touching Re/pecfive Duties, do allo
appertain the Natural Duties between Husband and Wife; Parentsand
Children, Maíter and Servant: fo likewife the laws of Friendthip
and Gratitude 5 as alfo the Civil bonds of Corporations, Compa-
nies, Colledges, Neighbour-hood and the like. But it muft ever
be prefüppofed, that they are here handled, not as parts of Civil fo-
ciety (for that is referr'd tothe Politicks) but as to the framing and
prediípofing of the minds of Particular perfons, to the maintaining
of thoíe Bonds of Society.

§ But the Knowledge concerning the Good of Contntunion or of Socic-
ty, even as that of Good Individual, doth handle Good not fimple ae
lone, but alfo comparatively; whereunto belongs the weighing of
Duties between Perfon and Perfon; Cafe and Cafe; Private and
Publick ; between time Prefent and Future: as wemay feein the
fevere and cruel proceeding of L.Brutws againft his own Sons, which
by the molt was extoll'd to the heavens; yet another faid

Infelix utcunque ferent ca fata Minores. ieee
te 2 ; Florus Hiff,
The fame we may fee in that fupper unto which 77. Brutus, and C. libr.

die Plutar.
Ca[fius were invited, for there, when there was a queftion fhrewdly I

caít forth, Whether it was lawful to kil a Tyrant? on purpofe to feel

the minds of the company, touching a:confpiracy intended againft

Cefar's life 5 the guefts were divided in opinion; fome faid it was

directly lawful, for that fervitude was the extreme of Evils 5 others

were of acontrary mind, for that Tyranny was not fogreat a mifery as

Civil mar; a third fort, as ifthey had iffied out of the School of
Epicurus, avouched 5 That it was ap unworthy thing, that wife men

thould hazard their lives and flates for Fools. But there are many Ca-

fes touching comparative Duties, among{t which, that of all other is

the moft frequent 5 Whether a man-ought to fmerve from the rule of Ju-

frice, for the fafety of his Country, or fomefuch notable Good to en[uc
afterward? Touching which cafe Jafon of Theffaly was wont to fay,

Aliqua funt injufte facienda ut multa jufte freri polfint, but the Reply is Plut.cizt.
ready, Autborem prefentis juftitie babes, fponforem future non babes ; Vrzc.gaend,
Men muft purfue things which are juft in prefent, and leavethefu. "^
ture to the Divine Providence. And thus touching the Exemplar,or

of the defcription of Good.

CHap.

Mag.Moral.
lib. 1.

Pro.L.Mu-
ren.

De Brev.vitz.

Aphor,L2.

Pfal. 123;

Cuap. IIL

[. The Partition of the Do rine of the Culture of the Mind, into the
Knowledge of the CharaGers of the Mind. Il. Of the Affecdions or
Paffions. VI. And of the Remedies or Cures. 1V.An Append of the:
fame Dottrine , touching the Congruity between the Good of the
Mind, andthe Good of the Body:

Ow that we have fpoken in a Philofophical fence of the fruit of
N Life, it remains that we {peak ofthe Culture of the Mind, which:
is dueunto it, without which the former part feems nothing elfe,
than an Image or Statue, beautiful to’ contemplate, but deftitute of
Life and Motion $ to which opinion, Ariftotle himíelf fub{cribes in
thefe plain words, Wherefore it 2$ zeceffary to {peak of virtue, both what
itis, and from what it proceeds: for it would be to little purpofe, to
Kom virtue, and to be ignorant of the manner and means how to com-
pafsit. Concerning virtue therefore inquiry must be made, not only of
what hind it is but by what ways it way be acquired: for we defire both
thefe,the knowledge of the thing it felf,and the fruition thereof, but this
cannot be effected, unleff we know of what xzaterials it is compounded,
and bow to procure tbefame : In füch full words, and with fuch itera-
tion doth he inculcate this Part; which yet notwithítanding himfelf
purfuesnot. This likewile is the very fame which Cicero attributes
to Cato the Younger, ,as a great commendation, which was, that he
had applyed himfelf to Philofophy, Nox difputandi caufa, ut magna
pars, fed ita vivendi... And although, through the negligence of the
times wherein we live, few hold any confultation diligently, to ma-
nure and till the Mind, and frame their couríe of life (according to
fome Rule 5 according to that.of Sexeca, De partibus vitae quifque de-
liberat, de ums nemo foasthis part may fcem fuperfluous,) yet this
moves us not, foas to leave it.untouched, but rather we conclude
with that Aphorifm of Hippocrates, They who are fick of a dangerous di-
feafe, and feel uo pain, are distempered in their underStanding « Such
men need medicine, not only to affwagethe difeafe, but to awake
the fenfe. And if it be faid that the Cure of wens minds, belongs to
facred Divinity, it is moft truly faid 4 but yet why may not Z4era
Philofophy be accepted into the train of Theology, as a wife fervant
and a faithful handmaid, ready at all commandsto do her fervice?
Forasit isinthe Pfalm, That the eyes of tbe Haxdmaid, lookperpetu-
ally towards the Miiire(5 and yet no doubt many things are left to.
the difcretion and care of the Hand-maid 5. fo ought Z4ora/ Philofophy '
togive all due obfervance to Divinity, and to be obfequious to her
Precepts; yet fo, asit may yield of itíclf, within its own limits,ma-
ny found and profitable directions. This Part therefore, when Iferi-
oufly confider, the excellency thereof, I cannot but find exceeding
ftrange, that it isnot yet reduced into a Body of Knowledge. Where-
fore feeing we have reported it as Deficient, we will after our manner
give fome Adumbrations thereof. I, Firfé

Ls. VIL Of the Advancement of Leaining, po

I. Firft therefore, in this as imall things, which are Practical, we
ought to caftup our account, mat zs iz our power, amd what not: SRORGICA As
for the ore may be dealt with by way of Alterations the other by way of five de cutto-
Application only. The Husband-man cannot command eitherthe na- ‘4 Morum.
ture of the Earth, or the ícafons of the. weather; no more can the
Phyfician the natural temper or conítitution ofthe Patient or the va-
riety of Accidents. INow in the Culture of the mind of Mau, and the
cure of the Difeafes thereof; three things fall into, confideration : The
divers Charaders of Di|po[itions tbe Affedions 3 and the. Remedies.
As in curing the Body three things are propounded, the Completion
or Conftitution of the Patient, theDifeafe; andthe-Cures and ofthefe
three, the laft only is in our power, the two, former are not. Yet
even in thofe things which are notin our power, no lefs diligent in-

-quiry is to be made thereof, than in thofe which are fübje& to our
powers fora diftinct and exa@ knowledge of them is to be laid as
a ground-work to the Azomledge d the Remedies s that they may be
more aptly and fuccefsfully applied 5 for neither can a garment be well
fitted to the Body, unleís you firít take the meafure of the Body.

§ Wherefore the fir(t article of this knowledge of the Culture of the

Mind, {hall be conver(ànt about the divers Characters of mens natures
or difpofitions. Neither do we here {peak of thofe common Proclivi-
ties to virtues and vices; or Perturbations and Paffions: but of thofe
which are ntore intrinfick and radical. Surely for this part of know-
ledge, I do much wonder that it fhould be, for molt part, fo negle-
ted or (lightly paft over, by writers Moral and Political 5. confide-
ring it caíts fuch refplendent Beams upon both thoíe kinds of
knowledges. In the Traditions of 4ffrology, the natures and difpo-
fitions of men, are not without fome colour of truth, diftinguifhe
from the Predominancies of Planets; as that fome are by nature made
and proportioned for contemplation; others for matters Civil; others
for War 5 others for Advancement 3. others for Pleafure others for
Arts 5 others for changeable courfe of life. So among the Poets,
Heroical, Satyrical, Tragedians, Comedians, you (hall find every
where, the Images of wits, although commonly with excef§ and be-
yond the bounds of Truth. Nay this fame Argument of the divers
CharaGers of Nature, is one of thofe SubjeGs, wherein the common
difcourfes of men, (which very feldom, yet fometimes falls out) are
more wife than Books. But the beft provifionand collection for fuch
a treatife, ought to be fetcht from the obfervations of the wifelt fort
of Hiftorians ; not only from Elogies and Panegyricks, which com-
monly follow the death of a Perfon ; but much more from the entire
body of a Hiftory, fo often as fuch a perfonage doth, as it were, en-
ter upon the ftage. For thisinter-woven Image, (cems to be a more
lively defcription, than thecenfure of an Elogy 5 fuch as-is that in
T. Livius, of Africanus, and of Cato the Elder 5. in Tacitus of Tiberius,
Claudius and Nero; ix, Herodian, of Septimius Severus; in Philip de
Commines,of Lewis tbe XI. King of France 5 ia Fra. Guicciardine, of
Ferdinand King of Spain; Maximilian the Emperor 3 Leo and Clemens;

Bifbops of Rome. For thofe writers fixing their eyes continually on
the Images of thefe Perfons, whom they made choice of to secipbet,
Gg an

22
oD

B

Mil. Glo.
Ad Tit.c.1 ex
Epimen.

In Jugurth.
Hift.lib.:.

Pindar.

Pfal.62,.

Of the Adodncemeii of Learning. Li sii.

and pourtrait, feldom mention their Acts and Atchievements, but

withal, infert fomething touching their nature and difpofitions; fo
likewife many Relations, touching the Conclaves of Popes, which we
have met withal, reprefent good Characters, and lively Impre(fioxs,
ofthe natural difpofitions of Cardinals 5 asthe letters of Ambafladors,
fet forth the nature and manners of Counfellors to Princes. Where-
fore let thete be a full, and perfect collection made of this argument,
whereof we have fpoken, which certainly is fertil and copious. Ne;-
ther would we, that thofe CharaGers in the Ethicks (as it 1s with Hifto-
tians, Poets, and in common fpeech,) fhould be accepted as perfe&
politick Images; which compounded and commixt conftitute any
refemblances whatfoever; how many and of what fort they may be;
and how they ate connext and fubordinate one with another: that
there may be made, as it were, an artificial and accurate diflection of
natures and difpofitionss and a difcovery of the fecret inclinations
of Individual tempers 5 and that from a knowledge thereof, precepts
of cure may be more pertinently prefcribed.

§ And not only the Charaéers of difpofitions, impreffed by nature,
fhould be received into this Tra&tate; but thofe alfo which are impo-
fedupon the mind, from Sex, Age, Region, Health, Beauty, and
the like: as alfo thofe from extern fortune, as of Princes, Nobles,
obícure Perfons; Rich, Poor, Private perfons, Profperous, Mifera-
ble and the like. For we fee P/autus makes it a wonder to fee an old

- man Beneficent, Bewignitas quidem bujus, oppido ut adolefcentuli eft:

and St. Paul, commanding that the feverity of difcipliné, fhould be
ufed to the Cretazs, (rebuke them fharply ) accufeth the nature of that
Nation from a Poet 5 Cretenfes femper mendaces, male beftie, ventres
pigri. Saluft notes this in the nature of Kings, that itis ufüal with
them to defire contradictories 5 Plerung; Regie voluntates ut vehemen-
tes (unt 5 fic mobiles, fepegs ipfe fibi adverfe, Tacitus obferves that
Honours and Advancements, oftner change mens natures to the worfe,
than to the better,Solus Fefpafianus mutatus in melius. Pindarus makes
an obfervation, that great and Sodoms fortune, for moft part, loofens
and diffinews mens minds 5 /uzt, qui zagnam felicitatem concoquere
non poffunt : fothe Pfalm fheweth, that it is more eafie to keep a
meafure and temperament, in a modeft confiftencys than in the in-
creafe of Fortune, If Riches increafe, fet not your heart upon them,
Thefe obfervatioms and thelike, Ideny not, but are touched a lit-
tle by Arisfotle, as in paflage, in his Rhetorickss as likewife in the
writings of others difperfedly by the way 5 but they were never yet
incorporated into Aforal Philofophy, to which they do principally aps
pertains no lefs certainly, than the handling of the diverfity of grounds
and moulds, doth to Agriculture 5 or the handling of the diverfity of
compleétions and conftitutions of the body, doth to Afedicize. The
fame mutt be obferved here, except we mean to follow the indifcre-
tion of Empiricks, which minifter the fame medicines to all Patients,

of what conftitution foever.

Il. After the knowledge of CharaGers follows the knowledge of Affe-
Gions and Palfiovs, which are as the Difeafes of the Afind, as hath
been faid, For as the Ancient Politicks in Popular States were wont

ta

Lis. VH. Of the Advancement of Learning.

to fay, That the people mere like the Sea, and the Orators like the winds}
becaufe as the Sez would of it felf be calm and quiet, ifthe winds did
not move and trouble it; fo the People of their own nature would be
peaceable and tractable, if the feditious Orators did not fet them in
working and agitation. So it may be truly affirmed, that zzaz mind
in the nature thereof, would be temperate and ftaid, if the affedi-
ons,as winds, did not put itinto tumult and perturbation. And heré
again I find it ftrange, that Zrzi£otle, who writ fo many books of F-
thicks, (hould never in them handle the Affe&iozs, as an eflential
member of Ethicks; and yet in the Rhetoricks, where they are confi-
dered but Collaterally, and ina fecond degree (that is, fo far as they
may be raisd and moved by fpeech ) he finds place for them, (iri
which place notwithftanding, for füch an abridgement, he difcour(-
eth acutely and well:) for his difputations about pleafure and pain, no
way {fatisfieth this inquiry 5 no more than he thatfhould write only
of fight and lightzing, could be faid, to have written of the nature
of particular Colours; for Pleafure and Pain, are to the particular affe-
€10ns, as light is to Colours. Better travels the Stoicks have taken in
this argument, as far as may be conjectured from füch Remains as are
extant; but yet fuch as confifted rather in curiofity of Definitions,
than any full and ample defcriptions. So likewifeI find fome elegant
Books of (ome affe ions, as of Anger, of Tenderneff, of Countenance,
and fome few other. But to fpeak the truth, the beft Doctors of
this knowledge are the Poets, and writers of Hiltories, where we may
find painted and diflected to the life, how affections are to be (tirred
up and kindled; how ftill'd and laid afleep; how again contaia'd and
refrain d, that they break not forth into A& 5 likewife how they dif-
clofe themfelves, though repreffed and íecreted 5 what operations
they produce; what turns they take; how they are enwrapt one
within another 5 how they fight and encounter one with another 5
and other the like Particularities. Amongft the which, this laft is
of fpecial ufe in Moral and Civil matters, How, fay, to fet Affection
againft Affedion s and by the help of one to mafter and reclaim another ?
After the manner of Hunters and Fowlers, who hunt Beaft with Beaft ;
and fly Bird with Bird; which percafe of themfelves without the af-
fiftance of Bruit Creatures, a man could not fo eafily recover. Nay
farther, uponthisfoundation, is erected, that excellent and univer-
fal ufein matters Civil of Premium and Pena, which are the P/Zar«
of Civil States; fecing thofe predominant Affe ions of Fear and Hope
do bridle and fupprefs all other exorbitant Affedions. Again, asin
government of States, it isfometimes neceffary to confront and bri-
dle one Fa&ion with another; foit isin the inward Gavernment of

the Mind. 5 d
III. Now come we to thofe Points which are withix our own com-
wtand,and have force and operation upon the inind,and alfoaffeé,dif-
pofe, and manage the W7// and Appetite; and therefore are of great
forceto alter the manners. In which part the Philofophers ought to
have made a painful and diligent Ivguiry touching the Power and E-
nergy of Cuflom, Exercife, Habit, Education, Converfation , Friend-
Ship, Praife, Reprebenfion, Exhortation , Fame , Laws, Books , Stu-
G g2 dies;

[»)

N23

|

VL

| 336

Moral Nicom.
lib.2,

Moral. Ni-
com.lib,2.

Of the Advancement of Learning. Lrs.VIL.

dies, and other points of like nature. Thefe are they which have the
fway and dominionin Aforality, from thefe Agents the mind fuffereth
and is difpofed; ofthefe, asof Ingredients, receitsare compounded,
which conduce to the confervation and recovery of the Health and-
good Eftate of the Mind, as far as may be performed by Humane R.e-
medies. Of which number we will felect one or two whereupon we
will a little infift as an example to the reft. We will therefore inf.
nuate a few points touching Custom and Habit.

That opinion of Aristotle feemeth to me. to favour of negligence
anda narrow Contemplation, where he aflerts—that thofe Aéfions
which are natural cannot be changed by cuflom s ufing for example—
that if a flone be thrown a thoufand times up, it will not learn to afcend
of its own accord: Moreover, that by often Seeing or hearing, we do not
learn to hear or fee the better : for though this principle be truein fome
things wherein Nature is Peremptory (the reafons whereof we can-
not now ftand to difcufs) yet it is otherwife in things wherein Nature,
according to a Latitude, admits intention and remiffion. He might
fee that a ftrait glove by often drawing on, is made wider 5 and
that a wand by ufe and Continuance is bowed contrary toits natural
bent in the growth, and foon after ftays in the fame pofture 5 that
the voice by exercifing it becomes louder and ftronger 5 that heatand
cold are better endur'd by cuftom 5 and many inftances of like kind,
Which two latter examples have a neerer refemblance and come
neerer to the point, than thofe he therealledgeth. But however
thiscafe be determin'd, by how much the more true it 155. that both
Virtues and Vices confifl in habit 5 he ought, by fo much the more, to
have endeavour'd, to have fo prefcrib'd rules how fuch habits might
be acquired, or remov'd: for there may be many Precepts made of
the wife ordering of the Exercifes of the Mind, no lefs than of the
Exercifes of the Body 5 whereof we will recite a few.

§ Thefirft [ball bes that we beware even at firft of higher or fualler
tasks, than the nature of the bufinef requires, or our leafure or abilities
permit: For if too great a task be impos'd, ina mean diffident na-
ture, you blunt the edge of chearfulnefs and blaft their hopes; in a
nature full of Confidence, you breed an opinion whereby a man pro-
mifeth to himfelf more than he is able to perform, which draws on
floth and fecurity 3 and in both thofe temperatures, it will come to
pafs that the experiment doth not fatisfie the expectation 5. which e-
ver difcourageth and confounds the mind: but if the Task be too
weak and eafie, in the fumm of proceeding there is a lofs and preju-
dice.

§ A fecond fhall bes that to the practifing of any faculty, whereby e
habit may befuperinduced, two Seafons are chiefly to be obferved, the one
when the mind is beft difpofed to a bufinefs 5. the other whenit is worst :
that by the one, we may be well forwards on our ways by the late
ter, we may by a ftrenuous contention work out the knots and ftonds
of the mind; which makes middle times to pafs with more eafe and
pleafure.

§ A third Precept fhall be that which Ariftotle mentions by the may,
which isto bear ever towardsthe contrary extreme of that whereunto we

are

Lis. VIL * Of ihe. Adudticentent of Learning. 237 |

are by mature inclin d, foitbe without vice, Likeas when we tow
againft the {tream; or when we make a crooked wand {traight by
bending it the contrary way,

§ The fourth Precept is grounded upon that Axiom which is moft
truc. That the mind is brought to any thing with more fweet-
me(s and happine/s, if that, whereuntowe pretend; be uot principal
im the intention of the Doer 5 but be overcome, as it were, doing = _
Somewhat elje 5. becaufe the inftiné of Nature is. fuch a freedom as ——
bates necelfity and compulfive commands. Many other rules. there
are which might profitably be prefcribed touching the Direéfi-
om of Cuflom ; for Cuftowe, if it be wifely and skilfully in-
duced , proves (as it is commonly faid) azotber Nature; but be-
ing conducted abfurdly and by chance, zt is only the dpe of
Nature 5 which imitates nothing to the life, but in a foolifh de-
formity only. x)

$ So if mefhould {peak of Books and Studies, and of their power
and influence upon Manners 5 are there not divers Precepts, and
fruitful Directions appertaining théreunto? Hath not one of the
Fathers in great indignation called Poefte, vizuzs Demonum; being
indeed it begets many Temptations, Lufts, and vain Opinions? It is
nota wile opinion of Ariféotle, and worthy to be regarded: That
young men are no fit auditors of Moral Philofophy, becaufe the boyling Moral. N::
heat of their affections, is not yet. fetled, nor attemper'd with Time and 0?" L9:
Experience. And to {peak truth, doth it not hereof come that thofe
excellent Books and Difcourfes of ancient Writers (whereby they
have per(waded unto vertue moft effectually , reprefenting as well
her ftately Majeíty to the eyes of the world, as expofing to Scorn,
popular Opinions in difgrace of Vertue, attired, as it were, in their
Parafite Coats) are of fo little effe& towards honefty of Life, and the
reformation of corrupt Manners; becaufe they ufe not to be read and
revolv’d by men mature in years and judgement; but are left and
confin'd only to Boys and Beginners. But is it wot true alfo, that
goung men are much le(s fit Auditors of Policy than Morality, till they
have been throughly feafon'd with Religioz, and the knowledge of
Manners and Duties; left their judgements be corrupted and made
apt to think, that there are no Z/orz/ differences true and folid of
things 5 but that all is to be valued according to utility and fortune.

As the Poet faith ,

Juvenal. Sati
13.

Profperum & felix fcelus virtus vocatur.

— And again,
Ille crucene pretitine [celeris tulit, bic Diadema:
*

But the Poets feem to {peak this Satyrically, and in indignation ;
be it fo, yet many Books of Policy do fuppofe the fame ferioufly
and pofitively: for fo it pleafed Atechiavel to fay, That if Czfar had

been overtbrown.be would have been more odious than ever was Cataline5
as

$39

Of the Advancement of Learning, . Lie. Vil.

as if there had been no difference but in fortuze only, betweena ve-
ry fury compofed of Luft and Blood, and the moft excellent fpirit
(his ambition referved ) inthe world. By this we fee how necef=
fary it is,for men to drink deeply Pious and Moral Knowledges,before
they tafte Politick 5 for that they who are bred Up in the Courts of
Princes from tender years, and in affairs of State, commonly never
attain an inward and fincere Probity of Manners; how much farther
off from honefty, if to this fire of corrupt education there be admi-
ftred the fewel of corrupt Books? gaiz, even in Moral inftru&ions
themfelves, or at leaft in fome of them, is there not a Caution likes
wife to be given, left they make men too precife, arrogant and in-
compatible ? according to that of Cicero, touching 47. Cato, Thefe Di-
vine and excellent qualities which we feeyare bis own proper endowments,
but fuch as are fometimes deficient in him, are all deriv'd from Teachers,
and not from Nature. There are many other Axioms touching thofe
properties and effects which Studies and Books do inftill into. the

. minds of men: for it istrue that he faith, abeunt ftudia in mores 5

which may likewife be affirm'd of thofe other points touching Com-
pany, Fame, the Laws of our Country, and the reft, which a little be-
fore we recited. But theft 1s a kind of Culture of the Atind which
feems yet more acurate and elaborate than the reft,and is built upon
this ground, That the minds of all Mortals are at [ome certain times in a
more perfe flate 5 at other tines in amore depraved ftate. The pur-
pofe therefore, and direction of this Culture is, that thofe good fea-
{ons may be cherifht, and the evil croft, and expunged out of the
Calender. The fixation of good Times is procured by two means,
by vows, or at leaft zzo$£ conftant Refolution of the Mind, and by 05-
fervances and Exercifes, which are not to be regarded fo much in
themfelves, as becaufe they keep the mind in her devoir and conti-
nual obedience. The obliteration of evil Times may be in like man-

ner perfected two ways; by fome hind of Redemption, or expiation

of that which is paf 5 and by a mew courfe of life, as it were, turning
over a clean leaf. But this part feems wholly to appertain to Religt-
on, and juftly confidering that true and genuine 74era] Philofophy, as
was faid,fupplies the place of a Hand-maid only to Divinity. Where-
fore we will conclude this part of the Culture of the Afind, with that
remedy, which of all other means is the moft compendious and fume
mary: And again, the moft noble and effectual, to the reducing of
the mind tovertue, and the placing of it ina (tate next to perfecti-
on, andthisis, Thatwe make choice of , and propound to our felves ,
right ends of life and aGions, and agreeing to vertues whichyet muft
be fuch as may be in areafonable fort within our compa[s to attain, For
if thefe two things be (üppos d, that the ends of actions be honeft and
good 5 and that the refolution of the mind, for the purfuing and obtain-
ing thent, be fixt, conftant, and true unto fuch ends 5 it will follow that
the mind (hall forthwith transform and mould it elf into all vertues -
atonce. And this indeed is an operation, which refembleth the
work of nature, whereas other courfes, whereof we have fpoken, are
like the work of the bazd.. For as when a Carver cuts and carves

an

/

Lis. VI. | Of tbe Advancement of Learning. 230
o 27

an Image, he fhapes only that part wheteupon lie works, aad not

the re(t 5 as rf he be fafhioning the Face, the reft of the body is a

rude andformlefs ftone ftill, till fuch time as he come toit: but

contrariwife, when Nature makes a Flower or Living Creature, (he

ingenders and brings forth rudiments of all the parts at one time,

So in obtaining vertues by Aabit, while a man practifeth Temperance,

he doth not profit much to Fortitude , and the likes but when we

wholly dedicate and devote our felves to good and honeft ends;

look what vertue foever fuch ends commends and commands our

mind unto, we (hall find our felves already invefted and predifpo-

fited with a kind of hability and propenfion to purfue and exprefs

the fame. Andthis may be that State of Mind, which is excellently

defcribed by t and exprefled with the Character, hot of Der- Aon: NÍ-

tue, but a kind of Divinity, his words are thefe 3 4nd with Im- com. lib.3,

manity, me may not unaptly countre-ballance, that ability which is

above humanity Heroick or Divine Vertue 5 and a little after, for

as Savage. Creatures are incapable of Vice or Vertue 5 fo is the Deity: but

this ftate is a thing higher than vertue's that , fomewhat elfe than vice.

Indeed Plinius Secundus, from the licenfe of Heathen magniloquence,

fet forth the vertue of Trajam, not as an imitation, but as a pat-

tern too Divine,when he faith, That men need to make no other prayers y:

to the Gods, but that they would continue as good and as gracious Lords ©

to them, as Trajan had been. But. thefe are the prophane and ua-

hallowed Airs of Heathens , who apprehend fhadows greater than

the body : but true Religion, and the Holy Chriftian Faith, lays

hold on fubftance it felf, imprinting upon mens Minds Charity, which

is moft properly called , The bond of perfection 5 becaufe it compre- Colof. 3;

hends and faítens all vertues together. Surely'it is elegantly faid c

by Menander of vain Love, which is but a counterfeit imitation of

Divine Loves Amor melior fophistd levo, ad humanam vitam 5 by which

words he in(inuates, that good and decent carriage,is better learnt from

Love, than from 4 Sophift, or an inept Tutor 5 whom he calls Left-

handed, becaufe with all his tedious Rules and Preceps, he cannot

form a man fo dexteroufly, and with that facility to value himfelf ,

and govern hinifelf, as Love cin do. So certainly, if a mans mind be

truly inflamed with the heat of Charity, he fhall be exalted to a

greater degree of Perfection, than by all the Doérine of Morality, D^

| which, indeed, is but a Sophift in comparifon of the other. | Nay far- ew

ther, as Xenophon obferved truly, That all other affections, though ——

theyraifethe Mind, yet they diftort and diforder it bj their extaftes and

exceffes 5 but only love doth at the fameinftant , dilate and compofe tbe

Mind. Soallother humane excellencies, which we admite; though

they advance Nature, yet they are fubjeC to excefr5 only Charity

admits noexcefs. So we feethe Angels; while they afpired to be like

God in Power, prevaricated and fell, 7 will afcend above the altitude E334;

ofthe clouds, I will be like the moft high. So man, while he afpired

to be like Godin Knowledge, digrefled and fell: ye fhall be like Gods

knowing Good and Evil: but by afpiring to a fimilitude of God’s ,. ..

Goodnefs ot Love, neither Man nor Angel ever was endangered, hs nde

Dar

A

suem Of the Advancement of Learning. L rs. VII.

P(31.145.

Virg; v£n.6.

fhall be endangered... Nay, we are invited to this imitation, Ble/s
them that curfe you;and pray for then that defpitefully ufe you, and perfe-
cute youstbat you may be tbe fous of your father whichis in Heaven: for he
makes his Sun 10 rife on the Evil, and on the Good 5 and fends rain up-
on the juft, and upon the unjust. Soin the firft Platform of the Di-
vine Nature, the Heathen Religion placeth Gods Attributes thus,
Optimus Maximus and facred Seripture {peaks thus, AGfericordia e.
jus, fupra. onenia opera ejus. Ya

§ Wherefore we have now concluded this part of Z4era] Know-
ledge concerning the Culture and Regiment of the Mind 5 wherein if
any froma contemplation of the Portions thereof, which we have
ftridly enumerated, doth judge that our labour is only this,to CoZe&
and Digefl, into am Art or, Science, that which hath been pretermitted
"by other writers, as matters of common fenfe and experience , and of
themfelves clear and perfpicuous 3 let him freely enjoy his judgement :
yet in. the mean time Jet him be pleafed to remember what we pre-
moniíht at firft; that.our purpofe was not to purfue the flourifh and
beauty of things 5.but their ufe,and verity. Likewife let him a
while ponder in his. mind that. invention of the Ancient Parable ,
touching the two gates of fleep.; -

Sunt gemina forni Porte, quarum altera fertur
Cornea, qua veris facilis datur exitus umbris.

Altera candenti perfecta nitens Elepbanto

Sed falfa ad‘ Cielnzs mittunt in[omnia Manes.

A gate of Ivory is indeed. very ftately, but true Dreams pals through
the gate of Horn. - ]

IV, By way of fuppliment, that obférvation about Aforal Kzem-
ledge, may be fet down, which is, that there is a kind of relation and
conformity between the Good of the Mind, and tbe Good of the Body,
Forasthe Good of the Body confifts, as hath been faid, of Health,
Beauty, Srength and Pleafure :: So the Good of the Mind ,. if we cons
fider,it according to the Axioms and Precepts of Z4oral Knowledge, we
fhall perceive tend to. this point, to make the mind found, and dif-
charg'd from perturbations beautiful and graced with the ornaments of
true decencyxftrong to all duties of life: Laflly.not fiupid,but retaining am
ative and lively fenfe-of pleafure,and honeft recreation. But thefe four,
asin the body , fo in the mind, feldom meet altogether. | For it is
eafie to obferve, that many have.ftrength of wit and courage 5 who
yet notwithítandigg are infelted with perturbations, and whofe man-
ners are little feafon'd with Elegancy and Beauty of Behaviour, in
their doings :- Some again, have.an Elegancy and Finenefs of Car-
riage, which have neither Soundnefs of Honefty, nor Subftance of
Sufficiency in their doings: fowe have honeft Minds, purified from
the ftain of Guilt, which yet can neither become themfelves, nor.
manage bufinefs : Others which perchance are capable of all thefe
three Qualities 5 but pofleft a withfullen humour of Stoical fadnefs,

and

Lis. VIL. — Of the Advancement of Learning: 241

and ftupidity, they praCtife virtuous A@ions , but enjoy neither
themíelves, nor the the fruit of their good Parts : and if it chance
that of thefe four two or three fometimes meet, yet a concurrence of
all four very feldom falls out. And now we have concluded that
Principal Member of Humane Pbilofopby , which confiders Man,
as he confifis of Body and Souls but yet, as be is fegregate and feparate

from fociety.

Hh THE

r————

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NR evjbilaoo. floidw. pe a
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"so Joa siaintewt vii
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B Hu VIII. | 0f dic M ZvhtemmER: of Learning: 243

THE
Eighth Book

OF
ERANCIS L KFEROLAHM

VicountS' ALBAN;

OF THE

Dignity and Advancement

LEARNING

To the KING.

Crap. -L

I. The Partition of Civil Kuowledge into the Knowledge of Conzer-
fation 5 the Knowledge of Negociation 5 and the Knowledge of
Empire, or of State Goverment.

2s Here is an ancient Relation ( Excellent King ) of a
3932] [27.04] folemn Convention of many Philofophers before the
5 23 Ambaílador of a forreign Prince, and how that eve-
z 2? ry one according to their feveral abilities made. de-
vy (SGA monítration of their Wifdom; that fo the Ambaflador,
VAN might have matter of report touching the admired
wifdom of the Grecians: But amongít thefe, onethere was, as the
ftory goes, that (tood {till and utter'd nothing in the aflembly, info-
much as the Ambaífador turning to him fhould fay :. 4zd what s Plutar. in
jour gift, that I may report it? To whom the Philofopher, Keporé mora
(faith he) wzto your King , that you found one amongst the Grecians
that kvew how to bold bis peace : and indeed, I had forgotten in this
compend of Arts tointerfert the Art of filence5 which notwithftanding
( becaufe it is Deficient) I will teach by mine own Example. For
Hh 2 fceing

Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis. VEE.

Ad Atticum,

Pindar,

Plutar. in M.
Catone;

feeing the order and contexture of matter hath brought meat length
to this point, that Imuft now a little after handle the Art of Empires
and being I write to fo Great a King, which is fo perfe& a Mafter in
this Science, wherein he hath been trained üp even from his infancy 5
nor canI be altogether unmindful,what place I hold under your Ma-
jefty 5 I thought it would beft become me in this point to approve
my felf unto your Majefty, by Sélewce, rather than by Writing. Ci-
cero makes mention not only of an 4rt, but ofa kind of Eloquence
found in Silence : for after he had commemorated in an. Epiffle to
Atticus, many conferences which had interchangeably paft between
him and another,he writeththus Jv this place Ihave borrowed fome-
what from your Eloquence, for I have held my peace. And. Pindar to
whom it is peculiar fuddenly to ftrike, as it were, with a Divine
Scepter, the minds of men by rare fhort fentence, darts forth fome
fuch faying as this, Interdum magis afficiunt non dia quam dida:
wherefore I have refolv'd in this part to be’ 57/ez£, or which 1s next to
Silence, tobe very brief. But before I come to the 4rts of Empire,
fome things by way of Preoccupation are to be fet down concerning
other Portions of Civil Do&frine.

§ Civil Science is converfant about a fubje&t, which of all other is
moft immers'd in matter, and therefore very difficultly reduced unto
Axioms: yet there are many circumftances which help this difficulty 3
for firft, Cato the Cenfor wáswont to fay of his Romans: That they
were like Sheep, a man were better drive a Flock of them, than oue of
them s for in a Flock, if you could get but fome few to go right, you foal
have all the rest follow of their own accord : So in this refpect indeed,
the Duty of. Morality is fomewhat more difficult than that of Policy,
Secondly, Morality propoundsto it felfthat the Mind be imbued and
furnifht with Zzterzal Goodzefí' but Civil Knowledge requires no more
but Goodzeff External only, for this, as refpecting fociety, fufficeth.
Wherefore it often comes to país that the Government is Good, the
Times Bad : for inSacred Story the faying is often repeated, fpeak-
ing.of Good and Godly Kings, 474 yet the People direked not their
hearts to the Lord God of their Fathers 5 wherefore in this refpect alfo, -
the parts of Ethick are more auftere and difficult. Thzrdly, States
have this nature, that like great Engines they are {lowly moved, and
riot without great pains; whence it comes,that they are not fo eafily
put out of framé: For as in Zejpt the feven good years upheld the
feven bad 5 fo in States, the good Government and Laws of the
Precedent times caufe, that the errors of fucceeding times, do not
quickly fupplant and ruine: But the Decrees and Cuftoms of parti-
cular perfons, are more fuddenly fübverted : And this likewife doth
charge Morality, but eafeth Policy. .

I Civil Knowledge hath three parts, according to the three fum-
fnary Actions of Society 5 The Doirixe of Comverfations The Do-
Grine of Negociation 5 and the Dottrine of Empire or Republicks. For
there are three forts of Good, which men feck to procure to them-
felves from civil Society 5, Comfort egainf? Solitude, AlfiStance in Bufi-
nefs, and Protection againft Injuries : and thefe be three wif-
doms, diftin& one from the other, and often times disjoyn'd ;

Wifdons

Lis. VIL — Of tbe Advancement of Learning.

Wifdom in Comver[ation 5 Wifdomin Negotiation, and Wifdom in Guber-
nation.

As for Converfation, certainly it ought not to beffe&ted, but
much lefs defpifad 5 fecing a wife moderation thereof, hath both an
honour, and grace of Manners init felf; and a powerful influence for
the apt manage of Bufinef$ 5 as well Publick, as Private. For as 4-
ion in an Orator is fo much refpected, (though it be but an out-
ward quality ) that it is prefer'd before thofe other Parts which feem
more grave and intrinfick 5 o Converftion and the government there-
of, ina man of a Civil Practick life (however it confifteth in outward
ceremonies) finds, if notthe chiefeít, yet certainly a very eminent
place. Of what fpecial importment the very Countenxance is, and the
compofure thereof, the Poet infinuates where he faith,

Nec vultn deftrne verba tuo.

A man may cancel and utterly betray the force of his words, with
his Cowntenance. Nay the Deeds as well as Words may likewife be de-
ftroyed by the Countexance, if we may believe Cicero, who whemhe
would commend to his Brother 4ffability towards the Provincials faid,
that ;/ did not chiefly confit in this, to give eafie accefs unto his Per-
fon,unlefs likewife he received them courteoufly even with hisCoun.
tenance 5 Nil intereft babere oftium apertum,vultum claufum: It is nothing
mon, to admit men with an open door, and to receive themwitha
Shut and referved countenance. So we {ce Atticus,before the firft inter-
view between Cefar and Cicero the war depending, did diligently
and ferioufly advife Cicero by a letter touching the compofing and or-
dering of his countenance and geffure.. And ifthe government of the
Face and Couztezance alone be of fuch effect, how much more is that
of familiar fpeecb and other carriage appertaining to Cozver/atior. And
indeed the fumm and abridgement of the Grace and Elegancy of Be«
haviour, isfor moít part comprized in this, that we meajure ix a juft
ballance and maintain both onr own Honour and the Reputation of others.
The true Model whereof T. Livivs hath well afcribed (though inten-
ded to another purpofe) in- the Character of a Perfon, Leff (faith
d? Ffbould feeus either arrogant or obnoxious 5 vehercof tbe oue is the bu-
ur of aman that forgets the liberty of another 5 the other of axtan that
forgets the liberty of bimfclf. But onthe other fide if Urbanity and out-
ward Elegancy of Behaviour be intended too much, they pafsinto a de-
formed and counterfeit Affefation. Quid enisi deformius quam fce-
namin vitam transferre. To AG amans life. But though they fall not
by infenfible degrees into that vitious extremes yet too much time
is confumed in thefe {mall matters; and the mind by ftudying them
is too much deprefs'd and broken. And therefore as Tutors and Pre-
ceptors ufe to advife young Students in Univerfities, too much addi.
ced to keepcompany 3 by faying, Avzicos effe fures temporis: fo cer-
tainly this fame continual intention of the mind upon the cozelizof of
Bebaviour, is a great thicfto morefolemn Meditations. Again, fuch
asare fo exactly accomplifht zz Urbanity, and(eem, asit were, íorm'd
by nature for this quality alone, are commonly of fucha difpofition,
as

245

DePetit.Cons
fulatus.

Lib XII.
Epift ad Att;

Livius,

246

Ecclef, rte

Of the Advancement of Learning. Liz.Vl

ny attending on it, which isa toofcrupulous Elecfion of time and ope
portunities : for Solomon faith excellently, quz obfervat ventum non
feminat, C qui confiderat nubes nunquam metet; We mult make op-
portunity oftner than find it. To conclude, this comely grace of
Behaviour is, asit were, the Garment of the Mind, and therefore
muft have the conditions of a Garment : for firlt,it ought to be fuch
as isin fafhion; again, it ought not to be too curious or coftly 5 then
it ought to be fo thaped as to fet forth any good making of the mind,
and to fupply and hide any deformity 5 laftly and aboveall, it ought
not to be too ftrait, or fo to reftrain the fpirit, as to reprels and hin
der the motion thereof in bufinefs. But this part of C7vil knowledge
touching Converfation, hath beenindeed elegantly handled, nor can
it any way be reported as Dejicient.

il

C gp If.

I. The Partition of the DoGrine of Negotiation into the knowledge of

difperfed Occafions. II. And into the Knowledge of the Advance-
ment of life. § Examples of the knowledge of Scatter'd Occafions
from fome of Solomon’s Parables. § Precepts touching the Ad-
vancement of fortune.

He knowledge touching Negotiation, we will divide into a

knowledge concerning Scatter'd Occafions ; and the Knowledge
concerning the Advancement of Life; whereof the one comprehends
all the variety of Bu(izef,, and is, as it were, the Secretary of a Pra-
étick courfe of life; the other only felects and fuggefts fuch obferva
tions as appertain to the advancing of a mans proper fortune, which
may be to every man as intimateand referved Table-Books, and Afe-
z10rials of their Affairs.

§ But before we defcend to the Particular kinds, we will {peak hs

fomething by way of Preface, in general, touching the knowledge of

Negotiation. The knowledge of Negotiation no man hath handled hither-

to according to the dignity of the Subject 5 to the great derogation
of Learning, and the Profeflors of Learning: for from this root fprin-
geth that note of Dulefs which hath defamed the Learned, which i55
That there is no great concurrence between Learning and Pratfick wifdom.
For, 1f a man obferve it well, of the three wifdoms which we have
fet down to pertain to Civil life, that of Converfation is by learned
men for the moft part defpifed as a fervile thing and an enemy to Me-
ditation. Asfor that wifdom conceriüng Government, Learned men

ace

rou.

Lrs. VIII. Of tbe Advancement of Learning. 247

acquit themfelves well, when they are called to the manage of Ci-
vil Affairs in ftates but that is a Promotion which happeneth to
few. Concerning the Wifdom of Bu[ineff whereof we now fpeak)
wherein man’s life is moft converfant 5 there be no Books at all writ-
ten of it except, a handful or two of fome few Civil Advertifements,
that have no proportion tothe magnitude ofthisSubjed. For ifthere
were Books extant of this Argument, as of other, I doubt not, but
Learned men with mean experience would far excel men of long ex-
perience without Learning; and owt-fPoot them ( asthey fay) zz their
own Bow. Neither is there any caufe why wefhould fear left the Mat-
ter of this Kzomledge (hould be fo various, that it could not fall un-
der Precepts, for it ismuch narrower than the Science of Government,
which notwithítanding we fee is exa&ly labour’d, and fubdued. Of
this kind of /7i/dom, it feems there have been fome Profeffors amongtt
the Romans in their beft and wifeft times. For Cicero reports that it Cicero;
was in ule a little before histime for Senators, that had the name and
opinion for wife and experienced men (the Coruzcaziz, Curii, Lelii,
and others) to walk at certain hours in the Forum, where they might
give acceís and audience to the Citizens, and might be coníulted
withall; not only touching point of Law, but of all forts of Bulinefs 5
as of the Marriage of a Danghter 5 ot of the bringing up of.a Sons or
of a Purchafe, of a Bargain, of an Accufation, Defence 5 and.every o-
other occafion incident to man’slife. | By this it plainly appears, that
there is «Wif{dom of giving Counfel and Advice even in Private Bufi.
nefs 5. ari(ing out of an univerfal infight into the Affairs of the World
whichis ufed indeed upon Particular Caufes, but is gathered by ge-
neral obfervation of Cauíes oflike naturé, For {6 we fee inthe Book
which 9. Cicero writeth unto his Brother, De Petitione Conjulatus, Q.Ciceto dé
(being the only Book of Particular Bufinefs, that I know written by Pétitione
the Ancients) although it concerned {pecially an AGion then on €?"
foot, yetit contains in it many Politick Axioms, which prefcribe not
only temporary ufe, but a perpetual direction in the cafe of Popular
Elections. And zz this kind nothing isextant which may any way be
compar'd with thofe Aphorifms which Solomon the King fet forth, of
whom the Scriptures teftifie, That his Heart was as the Sands of the Sea:
For asthe Sands of the Sea do incompafsall the atmoft bounds of the 1. Reg: iv;
worldsío his wifdom comprehended all matters,as well humane as di-
vine. In thefe Aphorifms you fhall clearly difcover,befides thofe pre-
cepts which are more divine,many moft excellent Civil precepts and
advertifements,fpringing out of the profound fecrets of mif/dom, and
flowing over into a large field of variety. Now becaufe we report
as Deficient, the DoGrine touching difperfed occaftons, (which is a firft
portion of the &xom]edge of Bufine{s) we will, after our manner, ftay
a whileuponit, and propound an examplethereof, taken out ofthofe — ,..
Aphorifms, or Parables of Solomon. Neither is there, in our judge-
ment, any caufe of juft reprehenfion, for that we draw from writers
of (acred Scripture, fomething to a Politicall fence; for I am verily
of opinion, that if thofe Commentaries of the fame Solomon were now ex- y. Reg wy:
tant conceraing Nature (wherein he hath writtenofall Vegetables, From
the Mofs upon the wall, to the Cedar of Libanuss and of living creatures)

+6

245

Of the Advancement of Learning. Liz. VIII.

*

AMANUEN-
SIS VITA,
five de occafi-
onibus Spare
fis.

Prov,xv,

Prov.xvir;

it were not unlawful to expound them according to a natural fence 5
the fame liberty we may takein the Politicks.

An Example of a Portion of the Do&rine concern-
ing Difperfed Occafions , from fome
Parables of Solomon.

THE PARABLE.
I, A foft Anfwer appeafeth Wrath.

THE EXPLICATION.

fthe wrath of a Prince or of a great Perfon be kindled againft thee,

and it be now thy turn tofpeak,s olomon gives in precept two points; -

one is, that an anfwer be mades the other, that the fame be foft: The
Firft contains three preceptss Firff that you beware of a fad, and ful-
len filence : for that either charges the fault wholly upon your felf ,
as if you had nothing to fay for your felf; or clofely appeacheth
your Matter of fome injutftice,as if his ears were not open to a juft De-
fence. Secondly that you beware of delaying and putting off a Bufinefs,and
that you crave not a longer day to give in your defence: for this
procraftination, eitherinfinuates the fame prejudice the former did,
(which is that yourLord andMafter is led away with too much paffion
and partiality) and plainly betrays, that you arein divifing fome cun-
ning and counterfeit Apology,feeing you have no prefent anfwer rea-
dy. Wherefore it is ever the beít courfe to fay fomething inftantly
in your own defence, according as the occafion of the prefent bufinefs
fhall adminifter. Thirdly that by all means,an an[mer be zade 5an anfwer
(I fay) not a meer confeflion or a meer fübmiffion, but yet not with-
out fome fprinklings ofan Apology and excufe let fall here and there;
nor is it fafe to bear your felf otherwife,unlefs you have to deal with
very generous and noble difpofitions; whichare very rare. I fol-
lows in the fecond place, thatthe anfwer made be {oft and temperate ;
and not haríh and peremptory.

THE PARABLE.

IL. A wife Servant fhall have command over a re-
proachful Son, and {hall divide the Inheritance

among the brethren.

The

2 m

/

——á

Lis. VIII. Of the 2ddyalicemini of Learning, 249

THE EXPLICATION.

N all troubled and difagreeing Families, there ever arifeth up (ome
fervant, or gentle friend, powerful with both fides; which may
moderate,and compound the differences of the Family; to whom.in
that refpect, the whole Houfe, and the Mafter himfelf are engag'd
and beholding. This Servant, if he aim only, at his own ends, che-
rifhes and aggravates the Divifions of a Family 5 but if he be fincere-
ly faithful, and upright, certainly he deferves much ; (o, as to be
reckoned as one of the brethren; or at leaft, to receive a Fiducia-
ry Adminiftration of the Inheritance.

THE PARABLE.
II. [f 2 wife man contefts with a Fool, wherber bé ss sus,

be in anger, or in jest, there is uo quier.

THE EXPLICATION.

W^* are often admonifht to avoid unequal commerce 5 in this
fence, zot to contend with our Betters: but it isa no le(s
profitable inftruction, which Solomon here fets down, Not to under-
take a wortble[s perfon 5 for fuch a bufinefs is ufüally concluded upon
terms of difadvantage ; for to overcome is no’ victory, but to be
conquer’d a foul difgrace : and itisall one in the heat of this engage-
ment, whether we deal by way of jefting, or by way of. diídain
and fcorn 5 for howfoever we change Copy, we are embafed and
made the lighter thereby 5 nor (hall we handfomely come off with
credit. But the worft inconvenience ofall is, when the Perfon with
whom we contend (as Solomon {peaks) hath fomewhat of the Fool in
him; thatis, if he be witlef and wilful; have fome heart;no brain.

THE PARABLE.

IV. Lend not an Ear to all words that are {poken, lest esstetys
jo perchance thou beareft thy fervant curfe thee...”

THE EXPLEICATION.

T isa matter almoft beyond belief, what difturbance is created
by unprofitable curioftty, about thofe things which concern our
perfonal intereft : that is, when we make a too fcrupulous enquiry
after fuch fecrets 5 which once difclofed and found out, do. but caufe

moleítationof mind, and nothing conduce to the advancing of our
li defigns,

250

*

Of the Advancement of Learning. Ls, VIII.

Plutar. in
Pomp.

Prov.vie

Prov, IK

Mét.7.

defigns. For first there follows vexation and difquietne|s of Mind 3 be-
ing that all humane affairs are full of faithlefnefs and ingratitude; fo
as if there could be procured fome enchanted glaís, wherein we
might behold the hatred, and whatfoever malice is any way raifed
up againft us 5 it were better for us that füch a Glaf, were forth-
with thrown away and broken. For P ibn of this nature, are like
the impotent murmures of Leaves on Trees, and in fhort time ,vanifh.
Secondly, this Curiofity fills the mind with ungrounded jealouffes, which
isa capital enemy to Counfels, and renders them inconftant and in-
volvd. Thirdly, the fame curiofity doth oftentimes fix ewilt, which of
themfelves would fly away, For itis a dangerous matter for to pro-
voke mens confciences, who if they think themfelves undifcover’d
are eafily chang'd to the better 5 but if once they perceive them-
felves difmaskt, they drive out one mifchief with an other. Where-
fore it was defervedly judg’d, a point of great wifdom in Pompeius
Adagnus, that he inftantly burnt all Sertorius papers unperus'd by
himfelf; or permitted to be fo by others.

THE PARABLE.

V. Thy Poverty fhall come as a Traveller , and thy
Want as an armed Man.

THE EXPLICATION.

N this Parable, it is elegantly defcribed how the fhipwrack of
Fortunes falls upon Prodigals, and on fuch as are carelefs of their
Eftates; for Debt and Diminution of Stock comes upon them at
firft by infenfible degrees, with foft-filent paces, like a Traveller,
and is hardly perceived; but foon after zeceffity invades him like aw
armed man, that is, with fo ftrong and potentan arm, as there is no
more refiftance to be made fo it was faid by the Ancients, that of
all things neceffity was the ftrongeft. Wherefore we muft prevent the
Traveller; and be well provided againft the armed Man.

THE PARABLE.

VI. He that inftrutts a. {corner , procures to bim-
felf a reproach; and he that reprebends a wicked
man, procures to bimfelf a ftain.

THE EXPLIC ATION, ae
359 Parable agrees with our Saviours Precept, That ive eaff not

our Pearls before fwine. In this Parable the ACtions of Infirn-
ion, and of Reprebexfion are diftinguilht 5 as alfo the Actions of a

(corner
L

Tt e

p

feorner, and ofa wicked perfor. Laftly that whichis retaliated, is
differenced. - Forin the former part, loft labour is return'd 5. in the
latter, a ftainand difhonour is repaid. For when a man teacheth
and inftructeth a /corzer, firft, the time thus imployed is caft away ;
and then others al{o deride his pains, asa fruitlefs defign, and a 1la-
bour ill placed: Laft of all, the {Corner himfelf defpifeth the
knowledge, whith he hath learned. But the matter is tranfacted
with greater danger in the reprehenfion of the wicked 5 becaufea
wicked.nature, not only gives noear to advice, but turns head a-
gainft his Reprebender, now made odious unto him; whom he either
wounds prefently with contumelies; or traduces afterwards to
others,

THE PARABLE.

Lis. VII. Of the Advancement of Learning. 85 I

VIL A wife Son is the gladnefs of bis Father; bui vv:

à foolifh Son is the [adue[s of bis Mother,

THE EXPLICATION. |

He joys and griefs domeftical of Father and Mother touching their
1 Children, are here diftinguifht: for a wife and well-govern'd
Son, is chiefly a comfort, to the Father, who knows the value of
virtüe, better than the Mother, and therefore more rejoyceth at the
towardlinefs of his Son inclinable to goodneís : yea, and it may be his
education of him, that he hath brought him up fo well ; and implant-
ed in his tender years the Civility of manners, by precepts and ex-
ample, isa joy unto him. Oz the other fide, the Mother is more
gtiev’d,and difcomforted at the calamity ofa Son; both becaufé the af-
fection of a Mother is more foft and tender; as alfo perchance, being
confcious of her too much indulgence, fhe hath tainted anid corrupt-
ed his tender years.

THE PARABLE.

VIIL The memory of the Fuft is bleft; but the name
of the wicked {hall putrifte.

THE EXPLICATIQN.

Ere is diftinguifht the Fame of good men and of evil , fuchas
| m podes falls out after Death: for the Name of good men, af-
ter envy is extinguifht, (which cropt the blofiom of their Fame, while
they were alive) prefently fhoots up and flouri(heth 5 and their Prai-
fes dayly encreale in (trength and vigor: but for wicked men (though
their Fame through the partial favour of Friends, and of men of

i12 their

Piov.x

Cis

Ptoy, X I

s Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Lis. VUL

their own faction laft for a fhort time) a deteftation of their Name
fprings up, and at laft their tranfient glory exhalesin infamy, and ex
pires ina filthy and noifom odour. Ste:

THE PARABLE. »
IX. Hethat troubles bis own boufe fhall inberit the

wind. |
THE EXPLICATION.

Very profitable admonition touching Difcord and Domeftick
A breaches. Many promife to themfelves great matters,by the dif-
fentions of Wives 5 or the Dif-izheriting of Sons 5 or the often changing
of Servants; asif the Tranquillity of mind 5 or the adminiftration of
their affairs were by this means advanced, and fhould become more
profperous unto them. , But commonly their hopes turn to wind 5 for
thofe alterations, for moft part, fücceed ill, and thofe Perturbers of
their own houfe oftentimes meet with many vexations, and ingra-
titudes from thew, whom ( pafling by others) they adopted and

- loved : Nay, by this means they draw upon their Perfons ill Reports,

De Pet. Con-
ful,

Ecclef.vit,

and doubtful rumours. For it is well noted of Cicero, Ommem fa-
mam à Domefticis emanare. Both thefe evils Solomon excellently
exprefles by the inheritance of Winds: For the Fruftrating of Exe
pecfation, and the raifing of Rumours, are rightly compared to Winds,

THE PARABLE.

X. Better isthe end of a Speech, than the beginning
ibereof.

THE EXPLIC ATION.

His Parable taxeth, and reforms a frequent error committed ;

not only by them which chiefly ffudy words 5 but even by

the more wife and grave. The erroris this,that wen are more follicia
tous of the ingrefs and entrance of their fpeech s than of the clofe and
iffue: and more exatily meditate the Exordiums and Prefaces 5 than
the conclufions of Speeches. But they fhould neither neglect thofe,
and yet have thefe about them, as the more material parts, ready
prepar'd and digefted 5 confidering with themfelves, and, fo far as
may be, fore-cafting in their minds, what may be the iffue of fpeech
and conference at laít 5 and bufineffes thereby may be promoted and
matured. Yet this is not all; for you mult not only Study Epi-
logues, and conclufions of Speeches , which may be pertinent to bufinefs 5
but alfo regard muft be taken of fuch Speeches, as may aptly and pleafant-
ly be caft in, at the very inftant of your departure, although they have
no reference at all to the bufinofs im hand. Y knew two Couníellors,
Perfonages

in

FUTT

"II eee ore

“a

Lis. VUE — Of the Advancement of Learning. 253

Perfonagesof high rank, and wife men; and on whom the charge
of State-affairs did then principally depend 5 whofe common, and,
to them, peculiar cuftom it was , that fo often asthey were to nego-
ciate with their Princes about their own affairs 3 never to clofe their
conference with any matter referring to that bufine(s 5 but ever fel
diverfions, either by way of jeft 5 or by fomewhat that was delight-
fül to hear 5; and (o, as the Adages render it, maf over at the conclufion
of all, their Sea-mater difcourfes, with frefh fountain water. Aud this
ufage was one of their chief Arts, .

THE PARABLE

XL As dead Flies caufe the beft oyntment to fend ic.
forthan ill Odour ; fo doth alitile folly bim that 15 in

reputation for wifdom aud honour.

THE EXPLICATION. |
[ ^He cafe of Men remarkable for eminent gifts , is very unhaps
| py and miferable (as the Parable excellently notes,) becaufe
their errors, be they never fo fmall find no remiffion. But asin 2
pure Diamond every leaft grain, or little cloud ftrikes the eye,and af-
fects it with a kind of trouble 5 which upon a more grofs Diamond
would hardly be difcerned: even fo in men of eminent parts, the
leaft infirmities are prefently fpied, talked of, and more deeply cen-
fürd ; which in men of more mean and obícure gifts, and rank ,
would either altogether país without notice, or eafily procure par-
don. Therefore a little Folly in a very wife mans; aud a fzall offence
in a very honeft mans anda flight indecency of manners, in a man of
Courtly and Elegant behaviour 5 much derogates from their fae aud re-
putation. So that it is not the worft courfe for eminent perfons, to
mingle fosse abfurdities (fo it may be done without guilt) zz their A-
Gions ; that they may retain a kind of liberty to themíclves, and con-
found the characters of fmaller defects.

THE PARABLE.

XIL Scornfidl men infnare a City , but wife men di- eiovxzre

vert Wrath.
THE EXPLICATION.

T may feem ftrange, that 52/ozzoz inthe defcription of men made,
if as it were, and by nature fram'd to the ruine and deftrudtion of 2
ftate, hath chofen the character; xot of a proud and infolent man 5
aot of a tyrannical and cruel nature, zt of a rafh and violent mans

201

Prov.xxIX.

Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Li 5. VIL

not of an impious and wicked perfons sot of afeditious and turbu-

lent fpirits ot of an incontinent and: fenfual inclination 5. wot of a
foolifh and and unhabile Perfon 3 bet of 4 Scorner. But this ts a:
judgement worthy the wifdom of that King, who beft knew the
grounds of the confervation, or everfion of a State. Forthere is
not commonly a like Plague to Kingdoms and Common-wealths,
than if Counfellors of Princes, or Senators, and {uch as fit at the helm
of Government, areby nature Scorzers. For fuch perfons, that they
may win the reputation of undanted States-men, do ever: extenuate
the greatnefs of dangers, and infült over thofe that value dangers,
according to the true weight; as timorous and faint. hearted natures,
They fcoff at all mature delays, and meditated debatings of matters
by confultation, and deliberation 5 as a thing too much tafting of
an oratoty-vein 5 and full of tedioufnefs; and nothing conducing
to the fum and iffues of Bufinefs. As for Fame, at which the coun-
fels of Princes fhould efpecially level, théy contemn it, as the fpiri£
of the vulgar, and athing will be quickly blown over. The Power
and Authority of Laws,they refpect no more,than as cobwebs, which
fhould not infnare matters of greater confequence: Couzfe/s and Pre-
cautions, forefeeing events a far off, they reject, as meer dreams and
melancholy apprehenfions: mex feriou/ly wile , and well feen in the
world, and of great refolution and counfel, they defame with gibes

and jefts : iz a word, they do at once prejudice and weaken the whole.

foundation of Civil Goverument 5 which isthe more to be looked

into, becaufe the Action is performed by fecret fraud, and not open

Ll

force 5 and isa practice not fo fufpected, as it demerits.

THE PARABLE.
XIIL A Prince ibat lends a willing ear to lies, bis

fervants are all wicked,

THE EXPLICATION.

Hen a Prince, is of füch a temper, as to lend az eafie and cre~

dulous ear, without due examination , to Detradors and Sy-
copbants, there breaths a peftilential Air from the Kings fide; which
corrupts andinfecs all bis fervants.. Some feel out the fears and jea-
loufies of a Prince 5 and aggravate the fame with feign'd reports. O-=
thers awake the furies of envy, efpecially againft the beft deferving
inthe ftate: Others feck to wafh away their own guilt, and the
{tains of afoul confcience, by defaming others: Others give {fail to
the Honours and wiflies of their friends, by traducing, and debafing
the merit of their competitors: Others compofe Fabulous enter-
fudes again{t their enemies, and concurrents, as if they were upon
the ftage 5 avd infinite fuchlike. And thefe are the Arts of füch fer-
vants to Princes, asare of a vile;and bafe nature. But they that are
ofa more honeft difpofition,and better civiliz’d,when they perceive
their

— BÁN Rus

Lis VIL — Of the Advancement of Learning. — 355

parc: Tuum Et
their innocence to be no fafe fanctuary (in that their Prince knows
not how to diftinguifh between truth and falfhood) they put off
moral honefty, and gather in the Court-winds 5, and are therewith
carried about in a fervilé manner. For às Tacitus faith of Clandias.
There is no fafety with that Prince , into whofe bead all things are con-
veyed, as it were, by infu(ión and direttion from others. And Commi-
nes very well, It is better to be fervant to aPrince,whofe jealoufies have
noend, than to a Prince, whofe Credulity hath no mean.

THE PARABLE.

XIV. 4 Just man ts merciful to rhe life of bis Beaft ; Fv:

but the mercies of the wicked are cruel.
THE EXPLICATION.

"[ 8e is implanted in man by nature ; a noble and excellent af-
fection of Piety and Compa[[iorr, which extends it felf even to
brutecreatures, that are by divine ordination fubject to Ais com-
mand : and this Compaffroz hath {ome Analogy with that of a Prince
towards his com Nay farther, it is moft certain, that the more
noble the mind is, the more compaflionate it,is; for contracted
and degenerate minds think thefe things nothing to pertain to thems
but the Mind, which is a nobler portion of the. world, is affe@ed
in the grofs out of community... Wherefore we fee that there were
under the old Law, many Precepts, not fo merely Ceremonial; as
_ Inftitutions of Mercy 5 luchas. was that of not eating flefh.with the
blood thereof, and the like : even in the fect of the E//caz and Pytha-
goreans, they altogether abítain'd from eating Flyh;. which £o this
day is obferved by an inviolate fuperftition, by many of. the Eaftern
ople under the 24ogo/... Nay the. Turks, (both by Defcent and
Jilcipline a cruel and. bloody Nation) yet beítow alms: upon. brute
Creatures; and cannot endure to fee the vexation and torture of any
live thing. But left, what we have faid , fhould perchance {eem to
maintain all: kinds of Adercy 5 Solovsqn upon found advice. annex-
eth, That the mercies of the wicked-are cruel :, Thefe Mercies; are,
when lewd and wicked perfons are fpar'd from being cut off by the
{word of juftice; this kind of Afercy is more Cruel,than Cruelty it felf:
for Cruelty is extended ia practice on particulars; but this kind of
Mercy, by a grantof impunity, arms and fuborns the whole band
of impious men agaihít the infoecent.

THE

—Ó

a

356

Prov, Xx 1X,

Ecclef.x.

Of tbe Advaucement of Learning. L i1».VIII.
THE PARABLE.

XV. A Fool utters all bis mind; but a wife manre-
ferves fomewbat for hereafter. !

THE EXPLICATION.

He Parable (it feems) efpecially corredss xot the futility of vain

Perfons, which eafilyjutter, as well what may be fpoken, as
what fhould be fecreted: zot the bold roving language of füch as with-
out all difcretion and judgement fly upon all men and matters: Nor
Garrulity, whereby they fill others evento afürfeit: but another vice,
more clofe and retired; namely the Government of fpeecb, of all ad-
ventures the leaít prudent and politick, which is, whex 2 man fo ma-
nages bis fpeech in private conference, as wbat[oever is im his mind,
which he conceives any way pertinent to the purpofe and matter in hand,
out it muft at once,as Tt were,in one breath,and in a fet continued difcourfez
this is that which doth mitch prejudice Bufinefs. — For firft, a difconti-
nued fpeech, broken offby interloéütions, and inftill’d by parts, pe-
netrates deeper, than à fetled continued fpeechs becaufe that in a con-
tinued Difcouríe, the weight of Matters is not precifely and diftin@-
ly taken, norby fone’ convenient refts füffer'd to fix; but Reafon
drives out Reafon before it be fully fetled in the Comprehenfion of
the Hearers. Secondly there is no man of fo: powerful and happy a
Delivery of himfel£, “a8 at the firft onfet and encounter of his fpeech;
he is able fo to ftrike him dumb and fpeechlefs, with whom he dif-
courfeth ; but that the other will make fome interchangeable reply,
and peradventure object fomething, and then it may fall out, that
what fhould have been referv’d for refutation and replication, by this
unadvifed anticipation being dilelofed and''tafted beforehand, loof--
ethits ftrength and‘grace. Thirdly if a maw difcharge notall at once
what might be faid,” but deliver^himfelf by Parcels, now one thing
anon cáfting in another, he fhall gather from the looks and ° anfwers
of him with whom he difcourfes, "how every particular Paflage affe@s
him, and in what fort they“find acceptation 5\fo as what is yet re-
maining to be fpoken; he mdy with greater. Caution cither fele@, or
filencé; ^ pro PES T

i5. bail eid»: THE PARABLE: seq :

XVI. Ifibe difpleafureof a Great Man rife up againft

thee, forfake not thy Place ; for plant demeanure
pacifies great Offences.

THR

BM ekldweesiLuE n

THE EXPLICATION.

"ES Parable gives in Precept, howa man ought to demean him-
felf, having incurr'd the wrath and diípleafüre of his Prince;
The Precept hath two branches. — Firft that he relizquifb not bis places
Secondly, that with caution and diligence be attend tbe Cure, as in cafe
of forse dangerous difeafe. For men are wont after they perceive their
Princes d ifpleafure againft them,to retire themfelves from the executi-
on of their charge and offices partly out of an impatience of difgrace 3
partly left they thould revive the wound by being in the Prefence; — *
partly that Princes may fee their forrow and. humility 5. ay fometimes
to refign up the Places and Dignitiesthey held, into the hands ofthe
Priüce. But Solomon cenfures this way of Care, as prejudicious and
hurtful ; and thatupon a very good ground. — For firft this courfe doth
100 much neife abroad the difgrace it felf 5 (o asenemies and enviersbe-
come niore confident to hurt, and friends more fearful to help him.
Secondly it comes to país that the wrath of the Prince, which perchance,
ifit had not been publifht, would have died of it fel£, is now become
more fixt 5 and having once made way to his ruine, is carried on to
hisutterfubverfion. Lastly, this retiring tafts fomewhat of a malignant
hunzour,and of one fallen out with the times; which cumulates the evil of
Indignation, to the evil of fufpicion : Now the precepts for cüre are
theíe, Firfi, above all things let hint take heed that he feem not infen-
fible, or not fo affected, as in duty he ought tobe, for the Prince’s difplea-
ure,through a Stupidity or Sfubbornneff of mind : thatis,that he compofe
hisenontenance,not toa füllen and contumacious fadne(ssbut to a grave
and modeft penfivenefs; and in all matters of imployment, that he
fhew himíelf le(s pleafant, and chearful than he was wont to be; and
it will promote his cafe to ufe the afli(tance and mediation of (ome
friend, unto the Prince, which may feafonably infinuate, with what
feeling grief he is inwardly afflited. Secondly let. him carefully avoid
all, even the leait occaftons whereby the matter, that gave the firft caufe to
the indignation, might be revivds or the Prince take occafion to be
again difpleafed with him, or to rebuke him for any thing, before o-
thers. Thirdly, let bin with all diligence feek out all occaftons wherein
bis fervice may be acceptable to bis Princes that he may fhew both a
prompt affection to redeem his fore-paít offences and that his Prince
may wunderftand what à good fervant he may chance to be deprived
of, ifhethus cafthimoff. Fourthly, that by a wife art of Policy, he ci-
ther lay the fault it felf upon otberss or infinuate, that it was committee
with no ill intentions or make remonstrance of their Malice, who accu-
fed bim to the King, and aggravated the matter above demerit. Laff
of all, let hinz be every way circum|peE and intent upon the Cure.

THE PARABLE.
XVIL The Firft in bis own caufe is Fuft ; ibm xvii
comes tbe otber Party and enquires into bim.

PfoV.XXIX,

Machia.Dif-
cotfo fopra.
Liv.

Prov.xXtr1:

—

Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Lis. VIII. |

THE EXPLICATIO N.

He firft information in any caufe, if ita little fix it felf in the

mind of the Judge, takes deep root, and wholly feafons and
prepofleflethits fo asit can hardly be taken out, unlefs fume mani-
feft falfhood be found in the matter of Information; or fome cunning
dealing, im exhibiting and laying open thefame. Fora bare and fim-
ple defence,though it be juft and more weighty, hardly compenfates
the prejudice of the firft information 5 or is of force of it felf to reduce
the {cales of Juftice, once fway'd down, toanequal weight. Where-
fore itis the fafeft courfe both for the Judge, that nothing touching
the proofsand merit of the caufe, be intimated before-hand until
both parties be heard together; and the beft for the Defendant, if he
perceive the Judge preoccupated to labour principally in this (fo
far as the quality of the caufe will, admit) to difcover fome cunning
fhift and fraudulent dealing practifed by the adverfe party to the a-
bufe o the Ju d ge. |

THE PARABLE.

XVII. He that delicately brings up bis fervant from
a child, {hall find bim contumacious in the end,

v: THE EXPLICATION,

Rinces and Masters, from the Counfel of Solomon, must keep 4

mean in the difpen[ation of their Grace and Favour towards Servants.
The mean is three-fold; Firft that Servants be prosmoted by degrees
and not by faults. Secondly, that they be now and then accustomed to
repulfes ; Thirdly, (which Machiavel well advifeth) that they have e=
ver in fight before them fomething whitherto they may farther afpire. For
nnlefs thefe courfes be taken in the raifing of fervants, Princes hall
bear away from their fervants, inftead of a thankful acknowledge-
ment and dutiful obfervances, nothing but difre/ped and contumacy >
for from fudden promotion arifeth infolency. from a continued at-
chievement of their'defires, an impatience of Repulfe : ifthe accom-
plifhment of wifhes be wanting 5 alacrity and induftry will likewife
be wanting.

THE PARABLE.
XIX. Seest thou a man of Difpatch in his Bufinefs ;
_ be [hall fland before Kings, be fhall not be ranked a-

mong fi mean men,

THE

E

Lis. VI IL —. Of tbe Advancement of Learuing.

-

THE. EXPLIGA TION.

Mongft the qualities which Princes do chiefly refpe&t and require
As the choice of their (ervants, celerity and alacrity in the Difpatch
of Bufiue[s, is above all the reft, moS¢ acceptable. Men of projound
Wi[dom are fufpected by Kings, as men too fpeculative and penetra-
ting, and fuch asare able by the ftrength of wit, as with an engine,
to turn and wind their Mafters, beyond their comprehenfion and a-
gainít their inclination. Popular natures are fpighted as thofe that
ftand in the light of Kings, and draw the eyes of the people upon
themfelves. Aen ef courage, are commonly taken for turbulent fpi-
rits, and daring, more thanis meet. Hozceii men and of an impar-
tial upright converfation, are e(teemed too (tiff and Stoical; nor fo
pliable as they (hould be to the whole pleafure of thofe on whom they
depend. To conclude, there is not any other good quality, which
prefents not fome (hadow, wherewith the minds of Kings may not be
offended; only quicknefs of Difpatch im the execution of commands hath
nothing in it which may not pleafe. Again, the motionsof the minds
of Kings are fwift and impatient of delay 5 for they think they cando
all things; only this is wanting, that 7t be done out of hand 3 where-
fore above all other qualities, celerity is to them zzofd acceptable.

THE PARABLE.

XX. [fap all the living which walk under thefun,
with the fucceeding young Prince, that fhallrife up
in bis ftead.

THE. EXP LIC AFION.

He parable notes the vanity of men who are wont to prefs and flock a+
bout the defigned fucceffors of Princes : The root of this vanity ts
that Frenzie, implanted by naturein the minds of men, which is,that
they too extremely affec their own projected hopes. For the man
is rarely found that is not more delighted with the contemplation of bis fu-
ture Hopes, than with the fruition of what he poffeffeth. So farther,
Novelty is pleafing to mans nature, and earneftly defired. Now ina fuc-
ceflour toa Prince thefe two concur, Hope avd Novity. The Para-
ble expreffeth the fame which was long ago utter'd firft by Pozzpeius
to Sylla, after by Tiberias touching Afacro5 Plures adorare folew Orien-
tem quam Occidentem. Yet notwith(tanding Princes in ptefent pot-
-feffion, are not much mov'd with this fond humour; nor make any
great matter of it, as neither Sy//z nor Tiberizs did, but rather fmile
at thelevity of men, and donot ftand to fight with Dreams for Hope
(as he (aid) is but the Dream of a man awake,

Kk 2° THE

Ecclef. 1v.

Tacit. An-
nal.4.
Plutar.in
Pomp.

261

—

Ecclef, 1x.

Di(corfo (o-
pra Liv, Lib.
X:

Ptov.15,

Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Lrs. VIL

THE PARABLE.

XXI. There was a little City, and mand but by a

fem; and there was a mighty King that drew
his army to it, and eretted bubparhs againft it, and
. intrench’d it round. Now there was found witb-

iin the walls a poor wife man, and be by bis wif-

dom rais the fzege, but none remembred that (ame
poor man.

THE EXPLICATION.

He Parable defcribeth the depraved and malignant nature of
Men : In extremity and {traits they commonly flie for fanétu-
ary to men of wifdom and power, whom before they difpis'd 5 but fo
foon as the ftorm is gone, they become unthankful creatures to their
confervers. 24acbiavel not without reafon propounds a Queftion,whe-
ther fhould be more ingrateful to well deferving Perfons, the Prince or the
People? But in the meantime, he taxeth them both of Ingratitude.
Notwithítanding, this vile dealing arifeth not from the ingratitude of
the Prince or People alone 5 but oft-times there is added to thefe the
envy of the Nobility, who in fecret repine at the event, though happy
and profperous; becaufe it proceeded not from themfelves ; where-
fore they extenuate the merit of the Act, and deprefs the Author.

THE ‘PARABLE:

XXII. The way of the flotbful is a Hedge of T horns.

THE EXPLIC ATION.

He Parable exprefIeth moft elegantly, that ffotb proves labori-

ous in the end: For a diligent and fedulous preparation ef-

fects this, that the foot doth not {trike it felf againft any impediment,
but that the way is levell'd before it be gone. But he that is floth-
ful and puts off all to the laft point of Execution, it muft needs fol-
low, that continually, and at every ftep he paíles, as it were, through
Briars and Brambles, which ever and anon entangle and detain him.
The fame obfervation may be made upon the governing of a Family,
wherein if there be a care and providence taken, all goes on cheer-
fully, and with a willing alacrity, without noife or tumult: but if
thefe fore-cafts be wanting, when fome greater occafions unexpected-

Lis. Vill. — Of tbe Advancement of Learning. — 262

ly fallout, all matters throng in to be difpatched at once; the fer-
vants brawl 5 the whole houfe rings.

THE PARABLE.

XXIIL He that re[pects Perfons in judgement doth Provaxvin.
not well ; for that man will forfake the truth even

fora piece of Bread.

THE EXPLICATION.

"| He Parable moft wifely noteth that ina Judge, Facility of Deport-
ment is more pernicious than the corruptiom of Bribes: for all per-
fons do not give Bribes 5 but there is hardly any caufe wherein
fomewhat may not be found, that may incline the mind of the
Judge, if Re/pect of Perfows lead him, For one (hall be refpedted as
a Country-man ; another as an ill-tongu’d man 3 another as a Rich
man; another as a Favourite 5 another as commended by a Friend ;
_and to conclude, all is full of iniquity , where Refped of Perfoz;
bears rule 5 and for a very flight matter, as it were, for a piece of
Bread, Judgement is pefverted.

THE PARABLE.

XXIV. A poor man that by extortion oppreffeth the rovexer.
poor, is like a land-floud that caufes famine.

THE EXPLICATION.

"T His Parable was by the Ancients expreft and (hadowed forth, un-

der the Fable of the two Horfe-leeches, the Full and the Hungry :
for Oppreffion coming from the Poor and xecelfitous perfons, is far more
beavy than the Oppreffzon caufed by tbe Full and Rich; becaufe it is fuch
as feeks out all Arts of ExaGion, and all Angles for Money. This kind
of Oppreffion was wont alfo to be refembled to /pszges, which being
dry, fuckin ftrongly 5 not fo, being moift. The Parable compre--
hends in it a fruitful Inftruction, both to Princes, that they commit
not the government of Provinces, or offices of charge to indigent
and indebted perfonss asalío to people that they íuffer not their
Kings to be diftrefied with too much want.

THE

mee
262

Prev.xxv.

Prov. xxii.

Of ie Wb aded of Learning. fore VIII.

THE PARABLE.

XXV. A juft man falling before the wicked, is a
troubled fountain, anda corrupted fpr ing.

THE EXPLICATION.

‘THe Parable gives it in Precept, that States and Republicks tuft —

above all things beware of an unjust and infamous jemtemce , in
any caufe of grave importance, and exemplar in the face of the world;
{pecially where the guilty is not quitted, but the innocent is condemned.
For Injuries ravaging among private Perfons , do indeed trouble,
and pollute the waters of Fuftice, yet as in the Jmaller fireams 5 but
unjuft Judgements, füch as we have fpoken of, from which examples
are derived, infe& and diftain the very Fountains of juflice : for
when the Courts of Fuftice fide with Injuftice, the ftate of things is
turned, as into a publick Robbery, and it manifeftly comes to país,
ut Homo Homini fit Lupus.

THE PARABLE

XXV Make no frzendfbip with any angry nan;nor

walk thou with a furious man.

THE EX PEPE ATLON

Y how much the more devoutly the Laws of Friend(hip amongít
good men, areto be kept and obferved, by fo much the more
it ftands us upon to ufe all Caution, even at firftin a prudent ele-
tion of Friends. Iz like manner the difpofition and humours of
Friends, fo far as concerns onr perfonal intereft, foould by all means
be difpenfed withall: but when they impofe anecelfity upon us, what qua-
lity of perfons we muft put on, and fuftain y it is avery hard cafe, and
an unreafonable condition of Friendhip. Wherefore according to So-
lomon' s Precept, it principally conduceth to Peace, and Safety in the
courfe of this world , that we intermingle not our affairs with
Cholerick matures, and füch as eafily provoke and undertake Quar-
rels and Debates 5 for fuch kind of Friends will daily efpoufe us
to Faétions and Contentions; that we muft of neceffity be forced
to break off all terms of Friend(hip ; or elfe be wanting to our
own perfonal fafety.

THE

L :». Vill. Of tbe Advancement of Learning. 262

————

THE PARABLE.
XXVI. He that conceals a fault feeks friend[bip ; °°"

but be that repeats a matter , feparates united

friends.

THE EXPLIC ATION.

He way to arbitrate differences, and to reconcile affections is of
two forts. The one begins by an Amnefiy , and pa[fiug over that
which is paff. The other, from a Repetition of wrongs, interlacing A-
pelogies and Excufations. For LI remember the fpeech of a very wile
Perfon, and a great States-man, which was to this effe& 5 He that
deals about a Treaty of Peace, without any recapitulation of the terms
of Difference, and falling out, he rather deludes mens minds with the
Sweetnels of an Agreement, than compounds the differences, by equity
and moderation of Right. But Solomon, a wiler man thanhe, is of a
contrary opinon, approves Amzefiy, and prohibites Repetitioz, for in
Repetition, there are thefe inconveniences, for that it is, as it were,
unguis in ulcere, the nail in the ulcer 5 as allo, there is a danger of breed-
ing a new Quarrel, for the Parties at difference will never accord
upon the terms of their falling out. And laftly, for that in the ifue,
it brings the matter to Apologies: but both the one and the other
Party, would feem rather to remit an offence, than to ddmit of an ex-
cufation. e

THE PARABLE.
XXVIII. | I; every good work there fhall be abun- ves

dance; but where words do abound, there com-
monly is want.

THÉ EXPLIC ATION.

FN this Parable Solomon feparates the the fruit. of the Labour of the <>
Tongue, and of the Labour of the Hands s asif Wealthwerethe Rew

venues of the one, wantthe Revenues of the other... For it commonly

comes to país, that they that talk much, boaít many things, and pro-

mife great matters 5 receive no emolument from the things whereof

they difcourfe: nay, rather fuch natures for moít part are no way

induítrious, and diligent at work 5 but only feed and fill themfelves

with words, as with wind. Certainly, as faith the Poet,

Qui filet eft firmus

for

^T 64 . M the Advancement of Lear ning. Ln. VUE.

Prov, xxv 1t.

for he that is confcious to himfelf of proficiency in his indeavours,
applauds himfelf inwardly, and holds his peace; but on the con-
trary, he that is guilty to himfelf of hunting after vain glory , talks
many things, and reports wonders to others.

THE PARABLE.

XXIX. Open Reprebenfzonis better than fecret Af.
fection.

THE EXPLICATION.

He Parable reprehends the foft nature of Friends, which will not

^ufe the priviledge of friendfhip, in admoni(hing their Friends
with freedom and confidence, as well of their errorsas of their dan-
gers. For what [hall 1 do? ( will fach a tender hearted friend fay)
or which way fhall turn my felf 2 Ilove him as dearly as any man can
dos and if any misfortune fhould befall bim, Y could willing impawn
22y own perfon for his redemption 5 but I know bis difpofition, if I deal
freely with him, 1 ball offend him, at least make bim fad, and yet do
zo good 5 and I fhall fooner eftrange him from my friendfhip, than re-
claim him, or withdraw him from thofe courfes, which be hath fixt and
refolued upon in his mind. Such a friend as this, Solomon here repre-
hends, as weak and worthleís 5 and that aman may reap more profit
from a manifeft Enemy, than from fuch an effeminate Friend: for he
may perchance hear that by way of reproach from an Enemy, which
through too much indulgence was but faintly whifper'd by a friend.

*

THE PARABLE.

XXX. A wife manis wary of bis ways ; a cunning
Fool feeks evafrons.

THE EXPLICATION. |

E ‘Here be two forts of wifdom 5 the one true and found, the other-
counterfeit and falfe, which Solomon doubts not to extitle by
the name of Folly. He that applies himfelf to the former, takes
heed to his way and footing, fore-feeing dangers, and findying remedies 5
ufing ihe alfiftance of good men, muniting himfelf against the invajtons
of the wicked 3 wary in his entrance and engagement upon a bujinefs,
zot unprepar d of a retreat,and bow to come off 3 attent upou advantages,
couragious againft encounters 3 with infinite other circumitances, which
refped the government of his ways and a&ions. But that other kind
wifdom is altogether made up of fallacies and cunning devibes, and
wholly relies upon circumventing of others, and casing them according
to the form of their own mould, This wifdom the Parable deferved-
ly rejects, not only as Wicked, but alfo as foolifb. For firft itis not
in the number of thofe things, which are in our own power 3 noris
it

L rs. VIL — Of tbe Advancement of Learning. 265

it direded by any conftant Rule; but new ftratagems muft every
day be contrived, the old failing and growing out of ufe. Second-

ly, he that is once attainted with the fame and opinion of a cunning
crafty Companion, hath deprived /himfelf of a principal In(trument

for the manage of his affairs, and a practical life,that is, Truft3 and

fo he fhall find by experience all things to go Cro/s to his defires, 7o
conclude, thefe Arts and Shifts, howfoever they promife fair; and
much pleafe fuch as practife them; yet are they many times fru-
{trated. Which Tacitus hath well obferved, Conjilia Callida € au- Tacit
dacia, expeatione leta 5 tradatu duras eventitriftia.

THE PARABLE,

XXXI. Be not too precifely Righteous ; uor make ass;
thy fef too excefively wife ; why fhould'ft thou
unfeafonably facrifice thy fafety ?

THE EXPLICATION.

Here are Times (laith Tacitus ) wherein too great veriues are ex^ TacitHile.1;

pofed to certain ruine. And this fate befals men eminent for
Vertue or Juftice, fometimes fuddenly, fometimes fore-feen a far off:
and if thefe excellent parts be feconded by the acceís of mi/dom, that
is, that they are wary and watchful over their own fafety, then they
gain thusmuch, that their ruine comes fuddenly , altogether by fe-
cret and ob{cure counfels;. whereby both envy may be avoided, and
deftrudion affail them unprovided. As for that Nizzwzz, which is
fetdownin the Parable, (in as much as they are not the words of
fome Periauder, but of Solomon, who now and then aotes the evils
in man’s life, but never commands them)it muft be uhderftood, not of *
vertue it fclf, in which there is no Niwium or exceflive extremity, but
ofa vain and invidious Affectation and Oftentation thereof. A point
fomewhat refembling this, Tacitus infinuates in a paflage touching
Lepidus, fetting it down asa Miracle, that he had never been the
Author of any fervile fentence, and yet had ftood fafé in fo cruel
and bloody times. This thought (faith he) many times comes into my Annal iy;
mind, whether thefe things are governed by Fate 3 or it lies alfo in onr
own Power to fleer an even cour(e void of Danger and Indignity, between
fervile Flattery and fullen Contumacy.

: THE PARABLE.. ipiis
XXXII. Give occafzon to a wifeman and his mifdom risas;
wilt be increafed. 6 d

THE EXPLICATION.

“a He Parable diftingnifhes between that wifdom which ié grown, and
and ripened into true Habits and that which fmims only inthe Brair
^ L1 and

566

Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Lis. VIII.

Prov. XXV Ile

PrOv.xxvr;

and conceit, or is boafted im {peech, but hath not taken deep root... For
the one upon occafion prefented, wherein it may be exercis'd, is in-
{tantly quickned, prepared, and dilated, fo as it feems greater than
it felf: but the other which befote occafion was quick and active,now
occafion is given, becomes amaz'd and confufed, that even he who
prefumed the poffeffion thereof, begins to call into doubt whether
the preconceptions of facb wifdom were not meer Dreams, and emp-
ty fpeculations.

THE PARABLE.

XXXIIL He that praifeth bis friend aloud, rifing
early, it {ball be to bim no better than acurfe.

THE EXPLICATION.

Oderate and feafonable Praifes, and utter'd upon occafion, much
M conduce both tomens Fame and Fortunes but immoderate, ftre-
porous, and unfeafonably pour'd out, profit nothing, nay rather from the
fence of this Parable they do much prejudice. Yor firft, they manifeftly
betray themíelvesto proceed either from too extreme Affection, or
from a too ftudied Affeation, to the end that him whom they have
thus praifed, they may by falfeacclamations demerit rather to them-
felvess than by juft attributes adorn his perfon. Secondly, fparing
and modeft Praifes, commonly invite füch às are prefentto add fome-
thing of their own to the commendations 5; Contrary wife profufe and
immodeft Praifes, invite the hearers to détract and take away fome-
thing. Thirdly, ( which is the principal point) too much magnifying a
man {tits up envy towards him 5 feeing all smmoderate Praifes feem to
be a Reproach to others, who merit no lefs, i

THE PARABLE. |

XXXIV. As Faces bine inwaters, fo dii bearts

are manifeftto the wife.

THE EXPLICATION,

a p Parable diftinguifbeth‘between the Hearts of wife men and of o-
ther Mens comparing thofe to waters or glaffes, which receive and
reprefent the forms and Images of things; whereas the other areliketo

Earth, or rude ftone, wherein nothing is veflefed. And the more apt-

ly is the mind of a wife-man compar'd to a G/4ff or Mirror 5 becaufe
in a G/aff his own Image may be fcen together with the Images of o-
thers; which the eyes cannot do of themfelves without a Gla/s. Now
if the mind of a wife man be fo capable, as to obferve and compre-
hend fuch an infinite diverfity of Natures and Cuftoms, it remains

td

Lis VIIL — Of the Advancement of Learning.

to beendeavour'd, that it may become no lef$ various in the Applica-
tion, than it is in the Reprefentation,

Qui fapit, innumeris Moribus aptus ertt.

[^ Hus have we ftaid perchance fomewhat longer upon thefe Para-
bles of Solomon, than is agreeable to the proportion of an ex-
ample, being carried away thus far forthe Dignity both ofthe matter
itfelf} and ofthe Author. Neither was this in ufe only with the He-
brews, but it is generally to be found in the wife men of ancient
times; that if any mans obfervation lite upon any thing that was
good and beneficial to the common practick couríc of life, he would
reduce and contract it into fome /Dor£ feztezce or Parable, or elle fome
Fable. But for Fables (as wehave noted elfewhere ) they were in times
palt Vicegerents, and fupplements of Examples; now that the times a-
bound with Hiflory, the aim is more right and AGtive, when the Mark
is alive. But the form of writing which beft agtees with fo variable
and univerfal an Argument (as is the handling of wegotiations and fcat-
ter d Occafions ) that would be of all other the fitteft which Atzchzavel
made choice of, for the handling of matters of Policy and Government 5
namely by Objervations or Difcourfes, as they terrn them, upon Hiffo-
ry and Examples. For knowledge drawn frefhly, and, as it were in
our view, out of Particulars, knows the way belt to Particulars a-
- gains and it hath much greater life for Practice, when the Di/courjé
Or Difceptation attends upon the Example, than when the Example at-
tends upon the Difceptation : for here not only Order but Subfaxce is
refpected. For when the Example is {et down as the Ground of the
Difputation, it ufeth tobe propounded with the preparation of cir-
cumítances, which may fometimes controul the dz/courfé thereupon
made; fometimes fupply it; fo it may bein place of a pattern for i-
mitation and practice: whereas on the contrary, examples alledged
for the Difputatious íake, are cited füccinctly and (imply, and as bond-
men wait, in a fervil afpe&t, upon the commands of the Difccur/e. But
this difference is not amifs to be obferved, that as Hiftories of Times
afford the bei! matter for Difconrfes upon Politicks, {uch as are thofe of
Machiavels So the Hiflories of lives, are the bet Inftrndions for dij-
courfe of Bufine/s; becaufe they comprize all variety of Occafions and
Negotiztions, as well great as {mall.

§ Nay there is a ground of Difcourfe for Precepts touching Bufinefs,
more accommodate than both thofe forts of History; which is, when
Difcourfes are made upon Letters, but {uch as are wife and ferions, as
thole of Czcero ad Atticum, andothers. For letters ufually reprefent
Bufinefs more particularly, and more to the life 5 than either Chroxi-
cles or Lives. Thus have we fpoken both of the Matterand Form of
thefirít portion of the K#owledge of Negotiation, which handles di/per-
fed Occafions; which we deliver up upon thé accompts of Defrzz-
ents. . C53
II. Thereis alfo another portion of the fae Knowledge, which dif-
ferethas much from that other, whereof we have fpoken as fapere, and
ftbi fapere : for tbe one feems tosmove as it were , fromthe centre to the

I 3 circumference

4 E

267
2065

Ovid.de 4,4;

Lib.2.cap. 13,

Difcorfoin
Liv.

*
FABER
FORTU-
N&, five dé
Ambitu vitz.

268 Of tbe Advancement of Learning, vs, VII.

circumference 5 the other as it mere , from the circumference to
the centre. For there is a wifdom of giving Counfel unto otberss and
there is a wifdom of forecasting for his own fortunes 5 and thefe do fome-
times meet, but more often fever, For many are exceeding wife in
their own ways, which yet are weak for adminiftration of civil af-
fairs, or giving of Counfel, like the Aut, which is a wife creature for
it felf, but very burtful for the Garden. This wifdow the Romans thofe
excellent Patriots, did take much knowledge of; whereupon the
Plautia Trin, COMical Poet faith, Certainly the Mould of a wife mans Fortune is iz

Cic.inPar, | bis own hands; yea it grew into an Adage among them,
Saluft.ad US

Ca(.Lib. f. : .
eae, Faber quifque Fortune propria —— 5

And Livy attributes the fame virtue to Cato Major : In this man there
mere fuch great abilities of wit and eudejiendint that into what climate
foever his nativity had caft him,he feem’d to be able to command a fortune.
This kind of wifdom, if it be profeft and openly declar'd, hath ever
been thought not only impolitick, but an unlucky and ominous thing :
as it was obferved in T?wotbeus the Athenian, whoafter he had done
many excellent fervices to the honour and utility of the ftate, and
was to give an account of his government tothe people, asthe man-
plutar.in Syl. HEY Was, concluded every particular with this claufe, and in this,
la. Fortune bad nopart : but it fell out that he never profper'd in any
thing he took in hand afterwards. This is intruthtoo high and fa.
vouring of extreme arrogance, afpiring to the fame point of Pride
which Ezekiel records of Pharaoh, Dicis fluvius eft meus, €& ego feci
meipjum3 or of that which anothe: Prophet fpeaks, They exult and of-
mabzc,; — fer facrifices to their met, and burn incenfe to their fare. or of that
which the Poet expreffeth of Z4ezentius a Defpifer of the Gods.
Virg.ZEn. 10.

Ezech.25.

Dextra mibi Deus, & telum quod miffile libro,
Nunc adjint.

Finally ulius Cefar, never to my remembrance, betrayed the im.
potency of his hidden thoughts fo much, asin a fpeech of like nature 5
for when the Augur gave him information that the entrails were not proe
fperous, he clofely murmur'd to himfelf Eruzt letiora cum volo, which
faying of his preceded not long before the misfortune of his death,
But this extremity of Confidence, (as we have faid) as it isan unhallow-
ed thing, fo was it ever unbleft. And therefore they that were great
Politicks indeed, and truly wife, thought it their fafeft courfe, ever
to afcribe their fuccefles to their Felicity 5 and not to their skill and
virtue. So $yJ/a firnam'd himfelfFelzx,not Magnus; and Cefar (more
Plutinp advifedly than before) faith to the Pilot, Cefarem vehis, fortunam
Caf. ejus. But yet neverthelefs thefe Pofitions 5 Faber Quifque Fortune

fue. Sapiens dominabitur Aftris. Invia virtuti nulla eft via, and the
likes if they be underftood and applied rather as fpurs to induftry,
than as {tirrops to infolency 5. and rather to beget in men courage and
conftancy of Refolutions, than Arrogancy and Oftentation; are de-
fervedly accounted found and healthful ; and (no queftion) have been

ever

Suet.in Julio.

Lis. VIL — Of the Advancement of Learning. 269

ever imprinted in the greateft Minds, {0 fenfibly, as fometimes they
can fcarce diffemble fuch cogitations. For me fee duguftus Cesar (who
compared with his uncle, was rather diverfe, than inferiour, but
certainly à perfon more ftaid and folemn) when he died, defiredof .__,
his friends that {tood about hisBed, that when he expired they would Suet.ia 4u-
give him aTlaudites as if he were confcient to himfelf, that he had 9 ^
plaid his part well upon theítage. This portioz alfo of knowledgeis
to be fumm'd up amongít Deficients 5, na®but that it hath been ufurped
and frequented in Practice, far more exceflively than isfittting 5 but
becaufe books concerning this Argument arefilent. Wherefore accord-
ing to our cufítom, as we did in the former; we will fet down fome
heads or paflages of it; and we will callit Fabrum Fortune, or as we
have faid, Dodtrinam de Ambitu vite.— —VW herein, at the firít
view, Imay feem to handle a new and ftrange Argument, in teach-
ing men howthey may be raifers amd makers of their own fortunes a
dodrine certainly to which every man will willingly yield himfelf a
Difciple, till he throughly conceives the difficulty thereof. For the
conditions are neither lighter, or fewer, or lefs difficult to the Pur-
chafe of Fortune, than to che purchafe of virtues anditis as hard and
fevere a Thing to be a true Politick, as to be truly A4oral. But the
handling hereof concerns learning greatly, bothin Hozoar and in Sub-
Stance. For it isa principal point which nearly concerns the Hozour
of Learning, that Pragmatick men may know, that Learning is not like
aie fmall Bird, as the Lark, that can mount and fing, and pleafe ber
Jelfs and nothing elfe 5 but that fhe bolds as well of the Hawk, that can
foar aloft, and after that when fhe fees ber time, can ftoop and feize upox
her prey. Again this kind of wifdom much refpetts the Perfection of
Learning 5 becaufeit isthe right rule ofa perfect enquiry, that nothing
be found inthe Globe of Matter, that hath not a.Parallel iz the Chriftal-
Tine Globe, or theIntelk@ : That is, that there be not any thing in
Being and AGion, that fhould not be drawn and collected into contem-
plation and DoGrine. | Neither doth learning otherwife admire or
efteem this ArchiteFure of Fortune,than as a work ofan inferiour kind :
for no mans proper fortune can bea retribution any way worthy the
donation of his Effence and Being granted him from God ; nay it often
comes to país, that men of excellent gifts abandon their Fortunes
willingly, that their minds may be vacant for more fublime refpects :
yet neverthelefs Fortune, as an Organ of virtue and merit, deferves
likewi(e her fpeculation and. Doctrine.

6 Unxto this kzowledge appertain precepts, fome fu/4wary and Prin-
cipal; fome/pars’dand various. Precepts Summary are converfant a»
bout the true knowledge both of others 3 and of himfelf, The firi? Pres

cept, wherein the principal point of the kvowledge of others doth con-
fit, may be determined this; that we procure to our felves, fo far as
may be, that window which Momus once required. _ He, when he faw
in the frame of Mans heart,fo many Angles and Recefles.found fault that i.e ae Rep?
there was not a window, through which aman might look mtothofe obfcure A
anderooked windings. This window we {hall obtainjif with all diligent
circumfpe&tion we purchafe and procure unto our felves good informa-
tion touching particular Perfons, with whom we nogotiate and have

tg

270

- Of the Advancement of Learning. Li y. VIE

Virg.£n. 1V»

Prov.xxs

Juv.Sat.H.

De Pet, Con’.

todeals as alío oftheir natures, their defires, their ends, their cus
ftoms, their Helpsand Advantages, whereby they are chiefly fupport-
edand are powerful 5 and again, of their weaknefles and difadvan-
tages, and where they lie moft open and are obnoxious; of their
Friends, Factions, Patrons and Dependancies 5 and again of their
Oppofites, Enviers, Competitors; as alfo their Modes, Times, and
Critical feafons of eafie Accel

Sola viri molles Aditas, € tempora moris.

Laftly the Principles and Rules whichthey have fet down tothem-
felves; and the like. And this information muft be taken not only
of Perfons, but of Particular AGtions alfo which are on Foot, from time
to time, and asit were hot upon the Anvil ; how they are conducted
and fucceed; by whofe furtherances they are favour'd, by whom op-
pos'd, of what weight and moment they are, and what confequence
they infer; and the like. For the knowledge of prefent AG ions is not
only material in it fel£, but hath this advantage alfo, as without it the
knowledge of Perfons will be very deceitful and erroneous: for Z4ez
change with the 4@iovs, and while they are implicated in AGions,en-
gaged and and environed with bufinefs, they are one; when they re-
turn to their Nature, they are another. Thefe Izformations touch-
ing Particulars, refpecting as well Perfons as AG ios, areas the Minor
Propofitionsin every AGive Syllogi[m : for no verity or excellency of
Obfervations or Axioms (whereof the Major Propofitions Politick are
made) can fuffice to ground a conclufion, if there be error and mifta-
king in the Afimor Propofition. And that fuch knowledge may be com-
pafied, Solomon is our furety, who faith—Counfel iz the Heart of a Man
is like a deep water,but a wife man will dram it out.—And although the
knowledge it felf fall not under Precept, becaufe itis of Individuals,
yet inftru&ions for the deducing of it may with profit be fet down.

& The Azowledge of Men fix ways may be difclofed and drawn out 5
by their Faces and Countenances, by Words, by Deeds, by their Na-
ture, by their Ends, and by the Relations of others. Asfor the Vifage
and Countenaace, let not the ancient Adage move us,

Fronti nulla fides

For though this (aying may not amifs be meant of the outward and ge-
neral compofure ofthe Countenance and Geffure, yet there are certain
fubtil motions and labours of the Eyes, Face, Looks, and Gesture,
whereby, as 2. Cicero elegantly faith, is unlockt andopen’d—Ianna
quadam animi the gate of the mind. Who more clofe than Tiberius
Cesar? ButTacitus;noting the Character and different manner of fpeak-
ing,which Tiberius us'd in commending in the Senate the great fervices

. done by Germanicus and Drufussof the commendations given of Germa-

4nnal.1.

Annal.iv.

nicushe faith thus—-Adagis in fpeciem verbrs adornata,quam ut penitue
fentire crederetur,of the commendations given of Drufis thus;---Paincio-
ribuss fed intentior, & fidà oratione. Again Tacitus noting the fame
"Tiberius at other times fomewhat more clear and legible Saith—uzz

ipfe

Lis. VIL. — Of tbe Advancement of Learning. 271

ipfe compofitus alias & velut+ elutantium vorum 3, folutiss prempti-, Otl. & velut
dq, loquebatur quoties fubveniret. Certainly there can hardly be {Sr #2:
found any Artificer of Diffimulation fo cunning and excellent, ora —
Countenance fo forced, or as he faith — valtus juffus— fo command-
ed, that can fever from an artificious and feigned {peech, thefe Notes 5
but that the fpeech is either more //ight and careleff, or more fet and
- formal, or more tedious and wandring, or more dry and reluant,
than ufual.

6 As for Mens mord: they are (as Phyficians fay of Waters) full
of flattery and uncertainty; yet thefe counterfeit colours are two
ways excellently difcover’d ; namely when words are uttered either
upon the fudden,or elfe in pa[f7oz. So Tiberius being fuddenly moved,
and fomewhat incens'd upon a ftinging fpeech of Agrippina, camea
ftep forth of hisinbred dif[imulation.——— Thefe word, faith Tacitus Zunai.:v;
beard by Tiberius, drew from bis dark covert Breaft fuch words
as he us d feldom to let fall; and taking her up hharply, told her her
own ina Greek verfe. That fhe was therefore hurt. ecaufe fhe did not
reign. Therefore the/Poet doth not improperly call füch Paffions
Toriures— becauíe they urge men to confefs..and betray their
fecrets,

Hor. Epiit.t,

Vino tortus C Ira

Experience indeed fhews that there are few men fo true to them-
felvgs, and fo fetled in their refolves, but that fometimes upon heat,
fometimes upon bravery, fometimes upon intimate good will toa
Friend, fometimes upon weaknefs and trouble of ind, dl can no
longer hold out rh ds the weight of griefs ; fometimes from fome o-
ther Affection or Paffion, they reveal and communicate their inward
Thoughts: but above all,it founds the mind to the bottom,and fearch-
eth itto the quick, when Simulation is put to it by a counter-Diffi-
mulation according to the proverb of Spain, Di Adentira, y facaras
verdad, Tell à lye and find a Truth. © an "
6 Neither are Deeds, though they be the füreft. pledges of mens
minds, altogether to be trufted without a diligent and judicious
confideration of their Zagzitude-and Nature : For the faying is moft
true, That fraud eredi sit [elf a countermure of credit in fmaller matters.
that it nay cheat with better advantage afterwards. The Italian thinks
himfelf upoz the Crofs with tbe Cryer, and upon the point to be
bought and fold, when he is better ufed than he was wont to be,
without manifeft cauíe : for fmall favours, they do bat lull mena
fleep, both as to caztzoz,and as to Induftry, and are rightly called
y Demofthenes Alimenta focerdie. Again, we may plainly fce the pemon;
falfe and inconftant propriety and nature of fome Deeds, even of
fach as are accounted Bexefits, from that particular which dfustianus
practisd upon Aztozius primus, who upon that hollow and unfaithful
reconcilement made between them, advanced many of the Friends
"«0f Antonius, and beftowed upon then Tribunc/bips, and Captainfhips Tacitns gii;
liberally: by this fubtile pretence of demerit, he.did not ftrengthen; v. im
but altogether difarm and defolate 42£0z;u:, and win from him his
Dependances, and made them his own creatures,
5 But

273

Prov.25.

Anfial.X1v,

Of the Advancement of Learning. (1s. VIII.

§ Butthefureft key, to unlock the minds of Men,confists iz fearch-
ing and difclofing either their Natures and difpo(itions , or their ends
and intentions. And certainly the weakeít and fimpleft fort of men
are beft interpreted by their Natures; but the wifeft and more re-
ferved are beft expounded by their Ezds. For it was wifely and
pleafantly. faid (though in my judgement very untruly ) bya Nuz-
tio of the Popes, returning from a certain Nation, where he ferved
as Leidger, whofe opinion being askt, touching theappointment of
one to go inhis place, gave counfel, that in any cafe bis Hol. would
not fend one too wife, becaufe, faid be, no wife man would ever imagine,
what they in that country mere like to do. Certainly it is a frequent
error, and very familiar with wife men, to meafure other men, by
the Module of their own abilities; and therefore often fhoot over
the mark, fuppofing men to project and defign to themfelves deeper
ends, and to practife more fubtil Arts, and compaft reaches, than
indeed ever came into their heads , which the Italian Proverb ele-
gantly noteth, faying,

Di Denári; di Sénno, e di Féde
Cm Manco ché non Créde. .

There is commonly leff Mony, le(s Wifdom, and lef good Faith than
men do accompt. Wherefore if we be to deal with men ofa mean and
fhallow capacity, becaufe they do many things abfurdly, the éon-
jecture muft be taken rather from the proclivity of their Natures, than
the defigns of their ez. Furthermore, Prizces (but upon a faro-
ther reafon) are beft interpreted by their Natures 5 and private per-

fons by their ends. For Princes being at the top of humane Defires,
they have, for the moft part, no particular ends propounded to them-
felves, whereto they afpire, {pecially with vehemency and perfe-
verance 5 by the [ite and distance of which ends,a man might take mea-
fure and fcale of the reft of their Adfions, and Defires; whichis one
of the chief caufes that their Hearts (as the Scripture pronounceth)are
infcrutable. But private perfons are like Travellers which intentive-
ly go on aiming at fome ezd in their journey, where they may ftay
and reft; fo that a man may make a probable conjeCture and pte-
fage upon them, what they would , or would not Do: for if any
thing conduce untotheir ends, it is probable they will put the fame
in execution 5 but if it crofs their defigns, they will not. Nether is
the information touching the diverfity of mens ezds and matures, to
be taken only frzzply, but comparatively allo; as namely what affecti-
on and humor have the predominancy and command of the refi? So we
fee, when 7gel/izus faw himfelf outftript by Petroziws Turpilianus in
adminiftring and függefting pleafures to Neroes humor, —Afetus e=
jus rimatur— faith Tacitus, he wrought upon Neroes Fears , and by
this means brake the neck of his Concurrent. :

§ As for the knowing of mens minds at fecond hand from Reports of
others, it fhall füffice to touch it briefly. | Weakneffes and faults you
Shall beft learn from enemies 5 vertues and abilities, from friends 5 cu-
Jfloms and times, from fervants 5 cogitations and opinions, from inti-

mate

MEL TIL. "aum Se”

Lis. VUL — Of the Advancement of Learning. 27 3

———

mate coufidents, with whore you frequently and familiarly difeoar/e. Po-
. pular fameis light, and the judgement of füperiours uncertain 5 for
before fuch, men are more maskt 5

Q. Cic. dé

Verior Famae Domeflicis emanat .— Pet. Con.

But to all this part of enquiry, the moft compendious way refteth
inthreethings. Firf?, to have general acquaintance and inwardnefs
with thofe which have moft lookt into the world, and are well verft
both in men and matters; but efpecially to endeavour to have pri-
vacy and converfation with fome particular friends, who according
to the diverfity of Bulinefs and Perfons, are able to give us folid in-
formation, and good intelligence of all paflages. Secondly, to keep
a difereet temper and mediocrity, both in liberty of fpeech and Tuci-
turnity; more frequently ufing /iberty, but fecrecy where it imports.

For liberty of Jpeech invites and provokes others to ufe the fame liberty
to us again 5 and fo brings much to a mans knowledges but filence in-
duceth trust and inwardne{s, [o as men love to lay up their fecrets with
us as ina clofet. Thirdly, we mult by degrees acquire the Habit of a
watchful and prefent wit,{oas in every conference and action we may
both promote the main matter in hand, and yet obferve cther circuzi-

ances that may be incident upon the Bye. For as Epitfetus gives it
in Precept , a Philofopher in every particular action, fhould fay
thus to himfelf, I will.do this alfo, and yet go om im my courfe. So a Epict Enchir;
Politick in every particular occurrence fhould make this account and
refolution with himíelfs Ad I will do this likemife, and yet learn
fomething that may be of ufe hereafter. And therefore they who are
of fuch a heavy wit and narrow comprehenfion, as to overdo one
particular, and are wholly taken up with the bufinefs in hand 5 and
do not fo much as think of any matters which intervene (a weak- |
nefs that 240zt2;gze confefles in himfelf) fuch indeed are the be(tin- Eus:
ftruments of Princes and of State 5 but fail in point of their own For-
tune. But inthe mean time, above all things caution mutt be ta-
ken, that we have a good flay , and hold of our felves , by repreffing
4 too attive forwardne/s of difpofition’s left that this knowing much ,
do not draw us on to much meddling 5 for nothing is more unfor-
tunate, than light and rafh intermeddling in many matters. Sothat
this variety of knowledge of Perfons and AGions, which we give in
Precept to be procured, tends in conclufion to this 5 to makea ju-
dicious choice both of thofe 44702: we undertake, and of thofe Per-
fons whofe advice and affiftance we ufe, that fo we may know how
to conduct our affairs with more dexterity and fafety.

§ After the knowledge of others follows the kzowledge of our felvess
for no lefs diligence, rather more, is to be taken in a true and exact
underítanding of our own Perfonss than of the Perfons of others, for
the Oracle, Nofce Te/pjum, is not only a rule of univerfal Prudence,
but hath a fpecial place im Politicks3 for as St. Fames excellently Jacov.r.
putsus in mind, that be that views his Face in a Glaff, yet inftantly
forgets what one be was 5 fo that there is need of a very frequent ine
fpeciion. The fame holds alío in Civil Affairs; but there are indeed

Mm divers

et —— o —Ó—RRÓMÁÀM € €

dr Aser Lutz LNG Mil

divers "Glaffess for the Divine Gia in which we muít look our

felves, is the Word of God 5 but’ the Politich, Gla(f is nothing elfe.
but the State of the World and times wherein we live. | Wherefore

| € a man ought to take an exact examination,and an impartial view (not

Annal.t,

füch as ufeth to be taken by onetoo much in love with himfelf) of his
own abilities, vertues and fupports ; as likewife of his own defects,

. Inabilitiés; and Impediments; fo making hisaccounts, that he ever

eftimate thefe with the moft, #hofe rather with the leaft5 and from
this view and examination, theíe points following come into confi-
deration.

§ The fiv. Confideration fhould be, how a mam's individual confti-
tution and. moral temper forts with the general ftate of the times 5 which
af they be found agreeable, then be may give himfelf more {cope aud liberty,
and ufe his own natures but if there be any antipathy and diffonancy,
then, inthe whole courfe of his life, be fbould carry himfelf more -clofe re=
tired, and referved. So did Tiberius, who being con{cient of bis own
temper, not well forting with his times, was never feen at publick
Plays: and came not into the Senate in twelve of his laft years: wheree
as on the contrary Avgustw lived evét in mens eyes, whichalfo Taci-
tus obferved : Alia Tiberio Morum vias the fame reafon too was to
fecure his perfon from danger. ©» is :

§ The fecond Con[ideration fhould be how a man's nature forts with
the profelfions and cour{es of life; which are in ufe and cftcem, and wheree
of he isto make his choice 5 that fo if he-have not yet determined what
race to rum, or what courje of life to take , he may chufe that which is
moft fit and agreeable to bis natural dilpofition, but if ithe be engaged
already in a condition of life, to which by nature be is not fo fitted, let
bim make a departure at the firft opportunity, and take another Profeffe-
on. ‘This we fee was done by Valentine Borgia, that was defigu'd by
his father to a Sacerdotal profeffton, which, obeying the bent of his
own nature, he quitted foon after, and applied himfelf to a Milita-
ry courfe of lifes though as equally unworthy the dignity of a
Poen as of a Prieít, fecing the peítilent Man hath difhonoured

oth. H

§ The third Confideration fhould be how a man may be valued, and
may deport himfelf as be is compar d with his Equals and Rivals, whone
at is likely he way have Competitors and Concurrents in his Fortune, and
that he take that courfe of life wherein there is the greateft sor |
able mens and himfelf like to be woft eminent. Thus julius C efar did,
who at firft was an Orator or Pleader, and was chief converfant in
Gown-Arts of Peace; but when he faw Cicero, Hortenfius and Catu-
Jus to excel inthe glory of Eloquence, and no man eminent for the
Wars but Pompeivs, he forfook his courfe, and bidding a long fare-
well to a civil and popular Greatneís, transfer'd his defigns to the
Wars, and tothe Martial Greatnefs 5 by which mean he afcended to
the top of Sovereignty.

The fourth Con[jderatiom may be, that in the choice of friends and
inward dependances, a san con[ult his own nature and difpofttion, and
proceed according to the compofition of his omn temper 5 for different
conftitutions require different kinds of friends to comply witballs to fome

"ICH,

men, folenn and filent natures, to others bold and boasting humours are
acceptable; and many of the like fort. Certainly it is worth the ob-
fervation, to fee of what difpofition the friends and followers of Fu-
lius Cefar were, (as Antonius, Hirtius, Panfa, Oppivs,Balbus, DolabeHa,
Polio, the reft) thefe were wont to fwear, itz vivente Cafare moriar 5
bearing an infinite affection to Caefar, but towards all others di(dain-
ful and arrogant, and they were menin publick Bufinefs active and

effe@ual 5 in fame and reputation, not folemn and celebrated.
The fifth Confideration may be that a man take heed how be guide him-
Self by Examples, and that he do not fondly affed the Imitation of o-
thers 5 as if that which is pervious to others, must needs be as patent to
hin, never confidering with himfelf what difference. perhaps there is be-
twixt his and their natures and carriages, whom he hath chofer for bir
pattern and example. This was manife(tly Pozzpeiss's error, who, as
Cicero reports it, was wont often to fay, SyZa potuit, Ego non potero 2
wherein he was much abufed , the nature and proceedings of him-
felf and sya, being the unlikelieft in the world; the one being
fierce, violent, and prefling the fact 5 the other folemn,reverencing
Laws, directing all to Majeíty and Fame; and therefore the leís
effectual and powerful to go thorough with his defigns. There
are more Precepts of this nature, but thefe (hall fuffice for Example

to the reft.

6 Nor is the well underftanding, and difcerning of a man's felf fuf-
ficient, but be muft confult with himfelf upon a way how he may aptly
and wifely open and reveal bim[elf , and in fumme, become flexible and
motulded to the feveral forms and impreffions of occafions. As for the
Revealing of a man’s felf, we fee nothing more ufual, than for the le(s
able man to makethe greater fhew. Wherefore it is a great advan-
tage to good parts, if a man can by a kind of Art and Grace fet forth
himfelf to others, by aptly revealing (foit be done without diftafte
or arrogance) his Vertues, Merits and Fortune 3 and on the contra-
ry by covering artificially his weakneffes, defects, misfortunes and
difgraces; ftaying upon thofe, and as it were, turning them
to the light 5 fliding from thefe, and leffening them by an apt ex-
pofition, and the like. Wherefore Tacitus faith of Mucianus, who
was the wifeft man and the greateft Politick of his time, Omnia
qu£ dixerat fecerátqs Arte quüdam oflentator. This fetting forth of a
man’s felf requires indeed fome Art, left it turn tedious and arrogant 5
but yet fo, as fome kind of Offeztatioz, though it be to the firít de-
gree of vanity, feems rather a vice in the Ethicks, than in the Poli-
ticks. Forasitis ufually (aid of Slander, AudaGer caluminare, femper
aliquidheret. Soit may be faid of Offentation (unlefs it be in a grofs
manner deform'd and ridiculous) AudaGer te vendita, femper aliquid
beret 5 it will ftick certainly with the more ignorant and inferiour
fort of men, though the more wife and folenin {mile at it, and de-
fpife. Therefore the Estimation won with many, [bal countervail the dif-
dain of afew. But if this OsZentation of a man’s felf, whereof we {peak,
be carried with decency and difcretion; for example, ifit make thew
of a native candor and inbred ingenuity 5 orif it be aflum’d at times,
when other Perils approach (asin Military perfons in time of War)
Mm2 oF

—

a

Hif:

276

MN UE NEIEEUUUUMMMM A MM Mi LA AL AL ———

m ‘the Advancement of Lear wing, Lae. VI

Ovide

or at times when others are moft envied, or if words which refpe&ta
mans oia Praife, ícem to fall from him in a carelefs paflage, as intend-
ingfomething elfe; without dwelling too long upon them, or being
too ferious ; orif aman fograce himfelf, as with equal freedom, he
forbears not to tax and jeft at himfelf; orin fumjfhe do this not of his
own accord, but as urg’d and provokt by the infolenciesand contu-
melies of others , it doth greatly add to a mans Reputation. And fure-
ly not afew (more folid than windy natures, and therefore want the
Art of bearing up fayl in the height ofthe winds) fuffer for their mo-
deration, not without fome prejudice, and difadvantage to their repu-
tation and merit. But for thefe Flourifhes and enhancements of vertue,
howfoever fome of weak judgement, and perchance too feverely Mo-
ral, may difallow, no man will deny this, but that we fhould -endea-
vour at leaft, that vertue thorow carelefs negligence be not difvalued,
and imbafed under the juft price. This dimizution of the value, and
abating theprice in eftimating Virtue, is wont to fall out three wayes.
Firft whea-a man offers and obtrudes himfelf and fervice in matters of
imployment not call’d nor fent for; fuch prompt offices as thefe are re-
puted well rewarded, if they be notrefufed. Secondly when a man in
the beginning and firft on-fet of animployment, too much abufeth his
own forces and abilities, when that which (hould'have been performed
by degrees, he lavifheth out all at once 5 which in matters well mana-
ged, wins early grace and commendation, but in the end induceth
fatiety. Thirdly when a manis too fuddenly fenfible, and too incon-
fiderately tranfported with the fruit of his vertue, in commendation,
applaufe, honour, favour confer'd upon him; and is too much affect-
ed and delighted therewith: ofthis point there is a wife Avifo. Be-
ware lest you feem unacquainted with great matters, that are thus pleas'd
with{mall, as if they were great,

§ But tbe covering of Defects is of o lefs importance than a wife and
dexterous oStentation of vertues, Defects are conceal’d andfecreted by a
three-fold industry, and as it were under three coverts, Caution, Co-

lour, and Confidence. Caution isthat, when we do wifely avoid to be |

put upon thofe things for which we are not proper; whereas contra-
riwife bold and unftaid fpirits will eafily engage themfelves without
judgement, in matters wherein they are not feen, and fo publifhand
proclaim all their imperfections. Colour is when we do warily and
wifely prepare and make way, to have a favourable and commodious
conftruction made of our faults and wants; as proceeding from a bet-
ter caufe, or intended for (ome other purpofe than is generally con-
ceiv'd: for of the Covert of Faults the Poet faith well,

Sepe latet vitinm proximitate Boni,

Wherefore if we perceive a Defect in ourfelves, our endeavour muft
be to borrow and put on the Perfox and Colour of the next bordering
Vertue, wherewith it may be fhadowed and fecreted. For inftance,
he that is Dw//, muft pretend Gravity; he that isa Coward, Mildnef,
and fothe reft, Andit will advantage, to frame fome probable caufe,
and to giveit out and fpread it abroad, that induced us to diffemble

our

^

Lrs. VILL Of the Advancement of Learuiug.

our abilities and not do our beft 5. that (o waking a Vertue of. Neceffity,
what was not in our power, may feem not to have been in our »;// to
do. 45» for Confidence, it is indeed. an impudent, but the füreft and
moít effectual remedy 5 namely that a man profefs himíelt to. defpife
and fet at naught, what in truth he cannot attain; according to the
Principle of wife Merchants, with whom it is familiar to raife the price
of their own Commodities, and to beat down the price of others. But
there isanother kind of Confidence far more impudent than this, which
is to face out a mansown Deje s, toboa(t them and obtrude them up-
on Opinion 5. asif he conceiv'd that he was beft in thofe things, where-
in he moftfails 5 and to help that again, that the Deception put up-
on others may come off more roundly, he may fcign,. that he hath
leaít opinion of himfelf in. thofe things, wherein heis belt, Like as
we fee it commonly in Poets; for, 3. Poet reciting his veríes, if you
except againít any veríe; you fhall-prefently-hear him reply , And
for this verfe it coft me more labour than the rest 3. and then he will bring

you fome other verfe, and feem to difable and fufpect that rather,and _, ,

ask your judgement of it,which yet he knows to be the beft in the num-
ber, and notliabletoexception. Rut above all, in this Helping a mans
Self in bis carriage, namely, that a man may fet the fatreft glofs upon
himfelf before others, and right himfelf in all points, .nothiag,: in my
opinion, avails more, thax that aman do set difmautle himjelf and ex-
pofe bis perfor to {corn and injury by histoo much Goodne[s and F acility of
Nature 3 but rather ix all things (bem fome fparkles and edge of a free and
gencrons fpirit, that carrier with it as well a fling, as Houy, . Which
kind of fortified carriage,together with a prompt and prepared. refolu-
tion to vindicate a mansíelf from fcorn, 1s impofed upon fome by ac-
cident and a kind of aninvitable. necefüty, for fomewhat inherent in
their perfon or fortunes as we fee 1t in Deformed Períons and Ba-
ftards, and in Perfons any way difgrac'd 5 fo that fuch natures, if they
have any good parts, commonly .they fucceed with good felici-

ty. Pots -
Me As for the declaring of a Mans felf, that is a far different thing from
Offentation,or the Revealing of a mans felf, whereof we fpake even now 5
for it refers not to Mens abilities or meakneffes, but to the Particular
AGions of life 5 in which point, wothing is more Politick, than to obferve
a wife and difcreet mediocrity in the difclofing or fecreting the inward in-
tentions and meanings of the mind touching particular Adions,. For al-
though depth of fecrecy and concealing of Counfels, and that manner
of managing Bufinefs, when men fet things awork by dark, and asthe
French ftiles it, Sourdes Mences, fourd Arts , clofe Carriages, be
a thing both profperous and admirable; yet many times it comes to
fs, asthe faying is, That Dilfimusation begets. errors, and illaqueates
the Diffembler himfelf. For wefee the ableft men, and greateft Pol:-
ticks that ever were, have made no fcruple of it, openly to profe(s,
freely and without diflimulation, the ends they aim at: fo L. syl/z
made a kind of profeflion, That beavifbt al men happy or unhappy as they
ood his friends or enemies: So Cefar when he wentfirít into Gaul con-
fidently profeft, That be had rather be first in am obfcure village, than fe-
- cond at Rome: the fame Cefar when the war was now begun did not
play

Plutar.in Syl-

a
Plutar.in T.
Caf, j

——

^

278 Of "epo m of Learning. Le. Vill.

Ad Att Lib.x.
B.4.

Cic.ad [Attic.

Hift.2.

Salapud Su-
eton.lib.de
el.Gramm,

Annal. libris,

play the diffembler, if we obferve what Cicero reports of him s the o-
ther (meaning of Cafar) refufetb mot, nay in a fort defires, that, as mat-
ters fland, he may (obe called Tyrant. So we may fee ina letter of Ci-
cero's to Atticus, how far from a Diffembler Auguifus Cefar was, who
in his very entrance into Affairs, while he was a darling to the Senate,
yet in his Harangues and fpeeches to the People was wont to fwear af-
ter this manner, Zi2 parentis bonores confequi liceat, which was no lefs
than the Tyranny3 fave that, to help the matter a little, he would
withal ftretch forth his hand to a ftatue of Iulius Cefars, which was e-
rected in the Koffra : and men laught and applauded, and wondred
and difcourfed thus amongft themíelves, what means this? What a
young man have we here ? and yetthought he meant no hurt, he did
fo candidly and ingenuoufly fpeak what he meant. 4z4 all thefe, we
liavenam'd, were profperous: Whereas on the other fide, Porpeiur,
who tended to thefame ends, but by more umbragious and obfcure
ways (as Tacitus faith of him, Occultor non meliors a cenfure wherein
Salus? concurrs, Ore probo, Animo inverecundo, ) made it his defign,and
endeavoured by infinite engines, that deeply hiding his boundlefs de- -
fires and ambition, he might inthe mean {pace caft the ftate into an
Anarchy and Confüfion, whereby the ftate muff neceffarily caft it elf
into his arms for protection, and fo thefovereign Power be put upon
him, and he never feen init: and when he had brought it, (as he
thought,) to that point, when he was chofen Conful alone, as never
any was; yet he c»uld make nogreat matter ofit5 becaufe thofe,that
without queftion would have cooperated with him, underftood him
not; fo that he was fainin the end, to go the beaten and commoa
track of getting Arms into his hands, by colour of oppofing himfelf a-
gainft Caefar: fo tedious, cafual, and unfortunate are thofe Coun-
{els which are cover'd with deep Diffimulation whereof it feems Tacz-
ius made the fame judgement, when he makes the Arts of Simulation,
a prudence of an inferior form, in regard of true Policy, attributing
the one to Augustus, the other to Tiberius 5 for {peaking of Livia he
faith thus, That fhe forted well with the Arts of her husband, and Diffi-
mulation of her fon. |
§ As touching the bending and moulding of the Mind s it muft indeed
by all poffible means be endeavoured, that the mind be made pliant and
obedient to occafious and opportunities, and that it be not any way tiff and
venitent to them: for nothing hinders the effecting of Bufinef, and the
making of mens fortunes fo much as this > Idem manebat neque idem de-
cebat, thatis, when men arewhere they were, and follow their own bent
when occafions areturn'd. Therefore Livy, when he brings in Cato Mae
jor, as the experteft Architect of his fortune, very well annexes this,
that hehad, verfatile ingenium, and thereof it comes, that theíe grave
folemn wits, which muft be like themfelves, and cannot make depar-
ture, have for moft part more dignity than felicity. But in fome it is
nature to be vifcuous and inwraptand not eafie to turn: in others it
iscuftom, that is almofta nature, and a conceit, which eafily ftealsin-
to mens minds, which is, that men can hardly make themfelves be-
lieve, that they ought to change fuch courfes, as they have found good
and profperous by farther experience. For Afachiavel notes wifely in
Fabins

Lu i VIIL — Of the Advauceineut of Learning. — 276

Fabius Maximus, How hewould bave been temtporiziug fill according to
his old biafe, when tbe nature of the war was altered and requiced hot pur» Difcors fupra
fuit. In fome others the (àme weakne(s proceeds from want of penetra- Bv.
tion in their judgement, when men do not in time difcern the Periods
of things and Actions;but come in too late after the occafion is efca-
ped. Such an overfight as this, Dewofthenes reprehends in the People orat.in rh:
of Athens,laying, they were like countrey-fellows playing in a Fexce-fehool, p^":
that if they have a blow,then they remove ther weapons to that ward and
not before, Again in others this comes to país, .becanfe they are loth
_to lofe the labour, inthat way,they have enter d into, nor do they
know héw to wake a retrait 5 but rather entertain a conceit,that by
perfeverance they fhall bring about .accafions to their own. ply. But
from what root or caufe foever this vi(cofity and reftivenefs of mind
proceeds, it isa thing moft prejudicial both toa mans affairs and for-
tunes; and uothing is more politick, tban to make the wheel of our mind
eoncentrich and voluble with the wheels of Fortuge.. Thus much of thé
two fummary precepts touching the Architeure of Fortune, | Precepts
featter'd are many,but we will only fele&t a few to ferve as examples
to the reft. '
§ The firft Precept issthat this Archited of his own fortune rightly ufe
bis Rule, that is, that be inure his mind tojudge of the Proportion and
valure of things,as they conduce more or Jefsto his own fortune and ends 5
and that he intend the fame fubflamtialy,and not fuperficially. For it is
ftrange, but moft true,that thereare many, whofe Logical part of Mind
— (i£ I may fo term it) is good, |but-the Mathematical part nothing
worth; that is,who can well and foundly judge ofthe confequences,
but very unskilfully of the prizes ofthiogs. Henceit comes to pals,
that fome fall in love and into admiration with the private and fecret
aecefs to Princes 5 others with popular fameand applaufe, (uppofing
they are things of great purchafe;when in many cafes they are but mat-
ters of envy, peril, aad'impediment: others meafure things, accor-
ding to the labour aud difficulty fpent about them, thinking that if
they be ever moving, they muít needs advance and proceed 5 as
Cefar laid in a defpifing manner of Cato Uiscexfs, when he defcribes
how laborious, afliduous and indefatigable he was to no great pur-
pofe, Omnia (faith he) magno fludio agebat. Hence likewile it comes
topaís, that men often abufe themfelves, who ifthey uíe the favour
and furtherauce of fome great and honourable Perfon, they promife
themíclves all profperous fuccefs ; whereas the truth is, that not the
greateft, but the apte(t inftruments, fooneft, and more happily ac-
complifh a work. 4d for the true direction of the Azathematical
Square of the Mind 5 itis. worth the pains efpecially to know, and have
it fet down, what ought fir/t to be refolved upon for the building and :
advancing of a mans fortune; what sext, and fo forward. E.
§ In the firft place Lfet down, the Auendment of the mind; for by
taking away and fmoothing the impediments, 2nd rubs ofthe Mind,
you fhall fooner open a way to fortune, than by the affiftance of
Fortune, take away the impediments of the Mind. In the fecond
place Let down wealth end Means, which perchance moft men would

have placed fit, becaute of the general ufe it bears towards all va-
riety

280

a — —

Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis. VIII.

Orat.in Phil.
Y.

riety of.occafions; but that opinion TI may condemn with like reafon,
as Machiavel in another cafe not much unlike 5 for whereas the old
faying was, that Afonies were the finews of war, he on the contrary
affirmed, that there were no other finews of wars, fave the finews of va-
liant mens arms. Yn like manner it may be truly affirmed, that it is
uot Monies that is the finews of Fortune, but the finews ratherand a.
bilities ofthe Mind, Wit, Courage, Audacity, Refolution, Mode-
ration, Induftry, and the like. In the third place, Ifet down Fame
and Reputation, and the rather becaufe they have certain tides and
times, whichif you do not take in their due feafon, are feldgm reco-
vered ; it being avery hard matter to play an afteregame of Reputation.
In the lait place I fet down Honours, to which certainly there is a more
eafie accefs made by any of the other three, much more by all uni-
ted; than if you begin with Hozours and fo proceed to the reft. But
asit is of fpecial confequence, to obferve the order and priority of
things; fois it of lefs import, to obferve the order and priority of
Time s the prepofterous placing whereof, isone of the commoneft
errors; while men fly unto their ends, when they fhould intend their
beginnings; and whilft we fuddenly feize upon the higheft ‘matters ,
we rafhly pafs over what lies in the midft; but it is a good precept,
Quod nunc instat agamus.

The fecond precept is, that upon a greatnefs and Confidence of Mind,
we do not engage our forces in too árdnous matters, which we cannot fo
wellconquer s nor that werow against the fiream. For as touching
mens Fortune, the counfel is excellent, à

|, —— Fatis accede Deifque.

Let us look about us on every fide, and obferve where things are o-
pen, where fhut and obítruded 5 whereeafie, where difficile, to be
compafled;and that we do not overftrain and mifemploy our ftrength
wherethe way is not paffible, for this will preferve us from foil 5 not
occupy us too much about one matter; we fhall win an opinion of
Moderation ; offend few 5 andla{tly, make a (hew of a’ perpetual
felicity in all we undertakes whilft thofethings which peradventure
would of their own accord have come to pafs, fhall be attributed to
our providence and induftry.

The third Precept may feem to have fome repugnancy with that for-
mer immediately going before; though if it be well underftood, there
ig none at all. The Precept is this; that we do not always exped occaft-
ons, but fometimes provoke them, and lead the way unto them; which

is that which Demosthenes intimates in high terms. For as zt is a re-

ceived principle that a General fhould lead the Army fo wife and under-
ftanding men fhould condu& and command matters, and fuch things
foould be done as they fam fit to be dones and that they fhould not be fore’d
to purfue and build only upon events, For if we diligently confider it,
we (hall obferve to differing kinds of füfficiency in managing affairs
and handling bufinefs; for fome can make ufe of occafions aptly and
dexteroufly, but plot and excogitate nothing; fome are all for
Plots, which they can well urge and purfue, but cannot accommo-

date

3
|
i

om DAT.

Hd
>

Lis. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning.
date arid takein: Either of which abilitiesis mainted,.andimperfect
without the other. ; t HOU is
“A fourth Precept is, not to embrace any matters which do occupy too
great a quantity of times but to have that-verfe ever fountling in ur ears,

~

Sed fugit intered; fugit irreparabile témpus.

And the caufe why thofe who addic? themfelves to profelfions of burden and
the-like, as Lawyers, Orators, painfül Divines, writers of Books; and
the like, are not commonly fo politick im contriving and promoting! their
own fortunes, is no other than this y. that they want time,which?s otber-
wife imployed, to inform» themfelues of Particulars 5 and to wait upon
dccafions , and to devifeand'projed deligns which may conduce to
the making of their fortune. Nay: farther, in the Courts of Pririces
dnd in States; you (hall. have thofe that are exceeding powerful
and expert how to advance their own Fortune, and to invade the
Fortune of others, which undergo no publick charge, but are conti-
nually prattifed in that whereof we {peak , The Advancement of
Life. Y, t HB , T

S Fifth Precept is, to imitate nature which doth nothing in waim
Which certainly we may' do, if we difcreetly mingle and interlace
our bufinefles of all forts. For the mind fhould in every particular a-
Gion be fo diípofed and prepared and our intentions fo {ubdued,and
fubordinated one under another sas if we: cannot have that we feek
in the beft degree, yet we may. have itin.a fecond, orat leaft ina
third: butifwe can get no footing nor any confiftency at all in any.

part ofathing we defire 5 then we may turn the:pains we have taken.

upon fome other end, than that whereto it was defigned : but! if we
cannot makeany thing of it forthe prefent, at leaít we may extra&
fomething out of 1t that may ftand us in ftead for the time td come 5
but if we can derive no folid effect or fubftance from it, neither for
the prefent nor for thefuture; let us yet endeavour to winfome good
opinion and reputation by it; and the like: ever exacting accounts
of our felves, whereby it may appear that we have reapt fomewhat
more or lefs from every particular Action and Counfels never fuffe-
ring our {elves to be caft down and difpirited, like men amaz'd and
confufed; ‘if perchance we fail in the principal {cope of our intenti-
ons. For’ nothing is more prejudicious to a Politick, than to be
wholly and folely taken up with one thing for he that doth fo,lof=
eth infinite occafions which do intervene upon theby 5 and which.
perhaps are more proper and propitious for fomewhat may be ofufe
hereafter; than for thofe things weurge for the prefent : and there-
fore we muft be perfectin that Rule, Hac oportet facere C illanok o-
mittere.

A fixth Precept is, that we engage not our [elves too peremptorily in any
thing though it [ee not at firft fight, liable to accidents but that we ever
have either an open window to fly out at, or d fecret poftern-way £o retire
Ln feventb Precept is, that ancient Rule of Bizs 5 fo it be conftrued
not to any point of rr MN ;» but to caution and moderation:

n Sg

)

i)
m

Ep:&. Fach,’

282 Of ibe Advancement of Learning, L IB. VIII

So love a man as yet thou maift become anm exemyfo bate a vaan as yet thon
maift become his Friendsfor it utterly betrays and fruftrates all utility,
fora man to embark himfelftoo far in unfortunate friendthips, unquiet
and troublefome fpleens;or childifh and humorous /Emulations.
Plzivelis? Thefe fall fuffice for examples touching the knowledge of the Ad-
V.Cardant — vancement of Life: yetI would have it remembred, that thefe adum-
Arn Pol, brations which we have drawn and fet down as Deficients, are far
ó quam Ar- from compleat Tractates of them , but only that they are as little
Cam v pieces and edgings for patterns,whereby a judgement may be made of
the whole web. Again we are not fo weak and fooli(h as to avouch
that Fortunes are not to be obtained without all this ado; for we
know well they come tumbling into.fome mens laps; and a number
obtain good fortunes only with diligence and affiduity (with fome
little caution intermingled) ina plain way, without any great or pains
ful Art. But as Cicero, when he fets down the Idea ofa perfect Ora-
tor, doth not mean that every Pleader fhould be orcan be fuch:
and again asin the defcription of a Prince or a Courtier, by fuch as
have handled thofe fubjetts;_ the Mould is made according to the per-
fection of the Art, and not according to common practice: the fame
we have performed inthe inftruction of a Po/itick man; I mean Poli=
tick for his own Fortune. And likewife take this adverti(ement along
with you, Thatthe Precepts which we have chofen and fet down, are
all of that kind which may be counted and called Boxe Artes. As for
Libtodel Eval Arts, ifaman would yield himfelf a difciple to Alachiavel who
Pren. gives it in precept, That a man needs not much care for vertne it jen
for the appearance only thereof in the eyes of the morld, becaufe the fame
and credit of vertue, is a help, but the ufe of it a cumber 3 whoin ano-
ther place gives this rule: That a Politick man lay this as a foundati-
on of his practick wifdom, that be prefuppofe, that zem are not rightly
and fafely to be wrought upon and bowed to the bent of our wills, otherwife
than by fear; and therefore let him endeavour by all means poffible to have
every man obnoxious, low and in fireights. Soas Machiavel's Politici-
an feems to be what the Italians call 7/ feminatore dél/e fpine 5. or ifas
ny would embrace that Principle which Czeero cites, Cadant amici,
dummodo inimici intercidant 3 as the Triumviri fold the lives of their
friends, forthe deaths of their enemies. Orifa man would be an
imitator of L. Catiliza to become an incendiary and a perturber of
ftates, to the end he may better fi(h in droumy waters, and unwrap his
fortunes; Z(faith he) zf once a fire feize upon my Fortune, will extine
guifb it not with water but with ruizes orif any one would convert to
his ufe that of Lyfander, who was wont to fay, That childrew are to be
plutarin Ly» deceived with Comfits, and men witb Oaths. With other fuch corrupt
fand. and pernicious Pofitions of the fame impreffion, whereof (as inallo-
ther things,) there are more in number, than of the good and found.
if any (f fay) be delighted with fuch contagious and polluted
wifdom,! deny not but with thefe difpenfatious from all the laws of
charity and integrity,wholly enflaved to the preffing of hisown For-
tines, he may be more fpeedy and compendious i# the promoting of
bis Fortune: but it is in life, as itis in ways, the fhorteft way is
commonly the fouleff ; and furely the fairer way is not p
about.

Cic.pro L.
Murena.

Lin. VIL —Qfzbe Advancement of Learning. — 383. —

about. . Bvt i£ is fofar from the mind and purpofe of this Di(courfe

that men (hould apply themíelves to thefe corrupt and crooked Arts,

that rather indeed ( if they be in their own power, and are able to

bear and füftain themf{elves; and be not carried away with the whirl-

wind and. tempeít of Ambition) they ought in the purfuit of For-

tune to (et before their eyes, not only that general.Map ofthe world,

That all things are vanity and vexation of fpirit 3 but alfo that more

particular card and direction, That Being,without well-Being,is.a'curfe

and the greater Being, the greater curfe; and that all vertue is moft re-

warded, and all wickednefs moft punifht init felf: according asthe

Poet faith excellently, E
Que vobis, que digna, viri, pro talibus aufs ws

Prenia poffe reor folvi 2. Pulcherrima primunz

Dii Morefq5 dabunt vestri.

And fo on the contrary he fpeaks as truly of the wickedo 445 enw
ulcijcentur mores [ui ———. Nay further, the race of Mortality ,
whilft their working heads every way tofsand diffu(e cheir thoughts
how they may belt fore-caft and confult their advancement in the
world, ought, in the midft of thefe heats, and eager purfüits, to look
up to the Divine Judgement, and the Eternal Providence, which
oftentimes fubverts and bringsto nothing the plots of the wicked,
and their evil counfels, though never fo profound ; sai to
that of facred Scripture, He conceived wicked thoughts, travekd great
with mifchief, and [ball bring forth delufive vanity. Nay, though men
fhould refrain themíclves from iujuries and evil arts; yet this ince/-
fant and Sabbathlef ajpiring to the fieep height of Fortune, pays not the
tribute of our time due unto God, who (as we may fee.) demands aud fets
apart for himfelf à Tentb of our fubftance, and a Seventh of our time.
For it is to {mall purpofe to. have an erected face towards heaven,
and a groveling fpiritupon earth, eating duft as doth the ferpent 5
an oppofition which even Heathens could fee and cenfure.

P(al,vi

' Atqs affigit humo divine particulam Aure; Hon
And if any man fhould herein flatter himfelf, that he refolvesto im-
ploy his ‘Fortune well, though he (hould obtain it ill; as was wont
to befaid of Augustus Caefar and Septimius Severus , That. eitber they
fhould never have been.born, or elje they fhould never have dyed , they
did fo much mifchief in the purfuit and afcent of their greatnefs 5 and
fo much good, when they were eftabli(h'd 5 let him take this with him,
that fuch compenfation of evil by good, may be allowed after the
Fac, but is defervedly condemn'd in the purpofe. Lafédy, it will
not be amiís for-us, in that (wift and hot race towards our fortune,
to cool our felvesa little, with that elegant conceit of the Empe-
rour Cbar]; the Fifth, in his inftructionsto his Son, That Fortune hath &cip;Géiai:
fomewhat of the natureof a woman, that if [be be too much wooed, fhe is AC. 1519.
the farther off: but this laft remedy is for thofe whofe tafte, from
' fome diftemper of the mind, is corrupted : let men rather build up-
en that foundation, which is as a corner-ftone of Divinity and Phi-

N 2 lofophy

T 284

Dion. Lib.
xlvir. ex
Poeta vet,

“Of tbe Advancement of Learning, Lis. VIL

lofophy, wherein they almoft joyn clofe by the fame affertion of what
foould be firft fought 5 for Divinty commatds, Firft feck the Kingdom
of God, and all thefe things fhall be Juperadded unto yous, and Pbilo-
fophy commands fomewhat like this 5 Seek firft the goods of the mind ,
and the reft fhall be fupplied, or no way prejudiced by them abjence,
And although this foundation laid by man,is fometimes placed upon
the fands, as we may fee in Af. Brutus, who in the laft fcene of his
life, brake forth into that fpeech,

Te Colui virtus ut Rem, aft Tu Nomen inane es:

Yet the fame foundation laid by the hand of heaven, is firmly fettled
upon a Rock. And here we conclude the knowledge of Ad-
vancement of Lifes and withall the general knowledge of Nego«
tiations.

Cuap. lll.

The Partitions of the Art of Empire or Goverament are omitted 5
only acceís is made to two Deficients. 1. The knowledge of en~
larging the Bounds of Empire. II. And the knowledge of uni-
veríal Juftices or of the Fountains of Law.

I. Come now to the Zr? of Empire, or the the knowledge of Civil
] Government, under which Houfe-bold Government is compre-
hended, asa Family is under a City. ** In this part, as I faid before, E
** have commanded my felffilence: yet notwithftanding I may not
** fo difable my felf; but that I could difcourfe of this part alfo, per.
** chance not impertinently, nor unprofitably; as one practifed by
** long experience 5 and by your 442jefZy's moft indulgent favours, and
* no merit of mine own, raifed by the degrees of office and honours,
“ to the higheft Dignity in the State 5 and have born that office for
* four years; and which is more, have been accuftomed to your
« Afajefties commands and conferences, for the continued fpace of
* eighteen yearstogether, (which even of the dulleft mould might
*: fafhion and producea State-man) who have fpent much time, a-
* mongít other knowledges, in Hiftories and Laws. 4’ which 1 re-
port to Poflerity , mot out of any arrogant oftentation s but becaufe X
prejume it makes fomething to tbe honour and dignity of Learning 5 that
a man born for Letters more than any thing elfe, and forcibly carried a=
way, I know not by what fate, againft the bent of bis own Genius, to a
Civil a&ive courfe of life, fhould yet be advauc' to fo high and bo-
zourable charges inthe State, and that under fo wife a King. Butifmy
times of leifüre fhall bring forth hereafter any thing touching the
mifdom of Government , and ftate-matters, it will be perchance an
Abortive, oran After-birth. Inthe mean fpace;now that all Sciences
are diftributed and ranged , as it were, into their true Forms, left
fuch

|

Prur—m— SOM

=

Eris. Vill = Oftbe Advancement of Learning. 285

füch an eminent place as this fhould remain empty, I have judg‘d it
fit to note as Deficients two Portions only of Civil. Kxowledge, which
pertain, not to the Secrets of Empire, but are of a more open and :
publick nature 5 and, according to our cuftom, to propound exam-
les thereof. Seeing the Arts of Government , comprehend three
rts of Politick Duties : Firft, that a Kingdom or State be conferyed :
Secondly, that it may become happy and flourifhing : Thirdly, that it
may be amplified, and the bounds thereof propagated and extended.
OF thefe duties the two f/f? are, for the moft, by many, excellently
Well handled; but the third is paft over in filence 5 wherefore we
will fet this down in the number of Deficzezts, and according to our
manner propoíe examples thereof; calling this part of Civil Know-
ledge Confislem Paludatum, ot aknowledge of theenlanging the Bounds

of Empire.

EXAMPLE *
CONSUL
Of a Summary Treatife touching the enlarging of the Tus te d
Bounds of Empire. impeit tt.
us,
He fpeech of 75eriifocles, taken to himfelf, was indeed fome-
what uncivil and haughty 5 but if it had beenapplied to others,
and at large, certainly it may feem to comprehend in it a wife ob-
fervation, and a gravecenfure. Defired ata Feaft to touch a Lute,
he faid, He could.zot Fidle, but yet he could make a fmall Town a great puta ig 7
City: Thefe words drawn to a Politick fence, do excellently ex- Them.
prefs and diftinguifh two differing Abilities, in thofe that deal in bu-
finefs of Eftate. For if ztruefurvey be taken of all. Counfellors and
States:men that ever were, and others promoted to publick charge,
there will befound (though very rarely) thofe which can make a
fmallStategreat, and yet cannot fidle 5 as on the other fide there will
be found a great many, that are very eumming upon the Cittern or Lute,
(that is in Couri-Trifles ) but yet are fo far from being able to make a
jfenall State, great; astheir gift lies another may, to bring a great and
flonrifing EState to vuine and decay. And certainly thofe degenerate
‘Arts and Shifts:;whereby many Counfellors and Governours gain both
favour with their Mafters,and eftimation with the vulgar,deferve no
‘better name than Fzdl;zg 5. being things rather pleafing for the time
"and graceful to the Profeflors themfelves; than tending to the wea
and advancement of the State, whichthey ferve. Thereare alfo(no
doubt) Counfellors and Governours, not to be defpifed, which may
‘be held fufficient men, and equal to their charge 5 able to manage
Affairs, and to hecp them from precipices, and manif eft inconveniencics,
‘which neverthelefs are far from the Ability to raife and amplifie an
Effate. But be the work-men what they may be, let us caft our eyes
upon the work, that is, what is the tree greatnef of Kingdows and
States, and by what means it may be obtarmed 2 An argument fit for
great Princes to have perpetually in their hand, and diligently to

meditate; to the end that neither by overmeafuring their Forces ;
ther
J

286

Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Lip. Vill

they lofe themfelves in vain, and too difficile enterprifes; nor on
the other fide undervaluing them, they difcend to fearful aud pufilla-
nimous Counfels." Tbe Greatnefs of an Estate in Bulk and. Territory,
doth-fall under meafure 5 the Greatneff of Financies and Revenue doth
fall under computation. The number of Citizens and the Pole may
betaken by Mufterss and the multitudeand greatnefS of Cities and
Towns, by Cards and Mapps. But yet there is not any thing a-
mongft Civil Affairs, more fübje& to error, thana true and intren-

fick valüation, concerning the Power and Forces of anEftate. The

Kingdom of Heavénis compar'd not to an Acorn or Nut 5 but to a Grain
of Muftard-feed, which is one of tbe least Grains, but hath in it a proe
perty and fpirit haftily to get up and fpread. So are there Kingdoms and

: States in compafs and territory very great, and yet not foapt to ez-

B.Ecl 7.

Plutar in! 4-
lex,

Plut.in Lu-
cul,

Mach.Dif-
corf.fopra
Livio lib,2,

Plut.in Solo-
ne,

large their Bounds or Command: and fome on the other fide that have
but a finall dimenfion of temm, and yet apt tobe the Foundations
of great Monarchies. : ,

I. Walled Towns, ftored Arcenals and Armories, goodly Races of
Horíe, Chariots of war, Elephants, Ordinance, Artillery, and the
likes all this zs but a fheep im a Lions skin, except the Breed and Difpo-
fition of the people be flout and war-lihe. Nay,number it felfin Armies

“imports not much, where the people is of a faint and weak courage:
for, asVirgil faith, It zever troubles a Wolf, how many thefheep be. The
Army of the Perfians in the Plains of Arbelz, was fuch a vatt fea of
people, asit did fomewhat aftonifh the Commanders in Alexander's Ar-
my 3 who came to him therefore, and wifht him to fet upon them by
Night, but heanfwered, Iwill not Pilfer the viffory and the Defeat

by that couragious aflurance wasthe more eafie. When Tigranes the

Armenian, being encamped upona hill with an Army of 400000 Men,
difcovered the Army of the Zozaz; being not above 14060 marching
towards him, he made himfelf merry with it, and faid 5 yozder men are
too many for an Amba[[age, and too fewfor a Fight: but before the fun
fet he found them enow togive him the chafe with infinite (laughter.
Many arethe examples of the great odds between number and cou-
rage. Firfithena man may rightly makea judgement and fet it down
for a fure and certain truth, That the principal point ofall other which
refpects the Greatzeff of any Kingdom or State, isto have a Race of Mi-

litary men. And that is a more trite than true faying, That Adoney is -

the Sinews of War , where the finews of mens arms in bafe and effemi-
nate people are failing: for Solon faid well to Crefus (when in often-
tation he fhewed him his gold) sir, if azy other come that hath any bet-
ter Iron than you, he will be mafter of allthisGold. Therefore let any
Prizce or State think foberly of their Forces, except their Z4ilitza of
Natives be of Good and Valiant Souldiers: and let Princes on the o-
ther fide that have Subjects of {tout and martial difpofition, know
their own ftrength, unlefs they be otherwife wanting to themfelves,
As for Mercenary Forces (which is the help. in this cafe where native
forces fail) all times are full ofexamples,whereby it manifeftly appears,
that whatfoever State or Prince doth reft upon them, he may fpreadl bis
Feathers for a time beyond the compa[s of his nest 5 but he will mem theus

joon after.

2. The

bg mew oos cite ae

Lie. VIII. tbe Advancement of Learning. | 287

2 The bleffing of Fudah and Ijfacbar wil never meet. That the fame
Tribe or Nation fhould be both the Lions whelp, and the Afs between Bur- Gen. XUX.
dens; neither will it be that a people overlaid with Taxes, fhould ever
become Valiant, and Afartial. Ix is true that Taxes levied by publick
confent of the eftate do deprefs and abate mens courage JefS, as a man
may plainly fee in the Tributes ofthe Low-countries, which they call
Excifes and in fome degree in thofe contributions which they call
Subjidies in England. For you mutt note that we {peak now of the
Heart and not of the Purfe; fo that although the (ame Tribute con-
ferr'd by confent or impofed by command, be all one to the purfe, yes
it works diveríly upon the courage: Therefore fet down this too as a
Principle, That so People overcbarg' d with Tribute, is fit for Empire,

3 Let flates and kingdoms that aim at Greatne/s by all means take
heed how the Nobility; and Graadees, and that thole which we call
Gentle-men, multiply too faft5 for that makes the common (übje&
grow to be a Peafant and Bafe{wain driven out of heart, and ineffe&
nothing elfe but the Noble mans Bond-{laves and Labourers. Even
as you may fee in Coppice-wood, Ifyou leave your fluddles too thick you
fhall never have clean underwood, but fhrubs and bufhes : Soin a coun-
trey, ifthe Nobility be too many, the Commons will bebaíe and heart-
lefs, and you will bring it to that, thatnot the hundredth Pole will
be fit for an Helmet 5 efpecially asto the Izfaztry, whichisthe nerve
of an Army s and fo there will be great Population and little ftrength.
This which I fpeak of,hath beenin no Nation more clearly confirm'd
thanin the examples of Exgland and Frazce, whereof Eng/and,though
far inferiour in Territory and Population, hath been neverthelefs al-
ways an overmatch in Arms; in regard the middle-people of Exgland
make good Souldiers, which the Peafants of Frazce do not. And
herein the deviíe of Henry the Seventh King of England (whereofIhave tior. gez.
fpoken largely in the Hiftory of his life) was profound and admira- Vil.
ble, in making Farms and Houfes of Hufbandry ofa ftandard; that
is,maintain'd with fucha Proportion ofland unto them, as may breed
a fübjec to live in convenient plenty, and to keep the Plough in the
hands of the Owners, orat leaft ufu-fru@uary, and not hirelings and
Mercenaries; and thus a Countrey fhall merit that Character where-
by Virgil exprefles ancient Italy,

Terra potens Armis, atque ubere Glebá. Zn .1.
Neither is that ftate which is almoft peculiar to Ezg/a74, (and for a-
ny thing I know, hardly to be found any where elíe, except it be per-
haps in Poland) to be paffed over 5 I mean the ftate of Free-fervants
and Attendants upon Noble men and Gentle-men 5. of which fort, e-
ven they of inferiour condition, do no ways yield unto the Yeoman-
ry, for Infantry. And therefore out of all queftion the Magnificence
and that Hofpitable fplendor, the Houfhold fervants, and great Re-
tinues of Noble men and Gentle-men, receiv'd into cuftom in Ezg-
land, doth much conduce unto Afartial Greatnefs * whereas on the
other fide, theclofe, referved and contra&ed living of Noble men,

caufeth a Penury offilitary Forces, E.
à Bj

289 d of the Advancement of Learning. Lis. V.HE

4 By all means it is to be procured, that the Trunk of Nebuchadnez-
zar's Tree of Monarchy, be great enough to bear the Branches aud the
Boughs 5 that is, that the number of Nataral.Subjeits to the Crown or
State, beara fufficient proportion for the over-toppiug the (frozger
Subj offs. Therefore all States that are: liberal of Naturalization towards

rangers, arefit for the Greatnefs of Empire. For it isa vain opinion
ro think that a handful of people, can with the greateít courage and
Policy in the world, keepand reprefs under the laws of Empire, too
large and fpacious extent of Dominion 3 this may hold for a time, but
it will fail fuddenly. The Sparzazs were a {paring and nice People in
point of Naturalization, whereby while they kept their compafs, they
{tood firm and affured 5 but when they began to fpread and enlarge .
their Dominion, andthat their boughs,; multiplied by (trangers, were
becoming too great for the ftemm of the.Spartaz:s;they became a wind- -
fal uponthe fudden. Never any «State was in this; point fo open to
receive ftrangers into theirBody,as werethé Romans; therefore their,
Fortune feconded their wifeinftitution, for they grew to the greateft
Exemplaa- Monarchy in the world. Their manner was to grant Naturalization
pud C2 (which they called jus Ciuitatis ) and to grant itin the higheft degrees
ys that is, not only jus Commercii, Fus Connubii, "jus Hereditatis; but
alfo Jus Siffragii and Jus Petitionis five Honorum 5 and this not to fin-
gular perfonsalone, but likewife to whole families, yea to Cities,and
fometimes to whole Nations. Add-to this, their.cuftom of P/aztatz-
on of Colonies; whereby the Roman Plants were temoved into the foit
of other Nations: and putting both conftituttons together, you will
fay, that it was not the Romans that [pread upon the: world s. but it was
the world that fpread upon tbe Romans which was the fecureft way of
Enlarging the Bounds of Empire. 1 have marvelled fometimes at Spain,
how they clafp and govern fo large Dominions, with fo few natural
Spaniards : “but furely the whole compals of Spain, is a very great boe
dyofa Trees being it contains far more ample Territories, than
Rome ot Sparta at their firft rifings. : And befides, though the Span.
ards have not had that ufage to Natéralize liberally 5 yet they have
that which is next to it, that is, To employ, alios indifferently, aU
Nations in their Militia of Ordinary fouldiers 5, yea and fometimes they
confer their higheft commands of war, upon Captains that are no na-
tural Spaniards: nay it feems, not long ago,they have begun to grow
fenfible of this want of Natives, and to feck a Remedy, as appears by
the Pragmatical SanGion publifht this year. ;
& It is moft Certain that fedentary and within door Mechanical Arts 5
and Delicate Manufactures (that require rather the Finger, than the
Arm,) have in their nature a contrariety to a military Difpofition. And
generally all warlike People area little idle 5 and love danger better
than travail: neither muft they be too much Broken of it,if we will
have their fpirits preferv'd in vigor. Therefore it was great advan-
tage in the ancient ftates of Sparta, Athens, Rome, and others, that
they hadtheufe, not of Free-men, but of Slaves, which commonly
did rid thofe Afanufattures : but the ufe of Slaves fince the receiving
of the Christian Lamjis, in greateft part aboli(ht. That which comes
neereft to this cuftom, ,is to leave thofe Arts chiefly to ftrangers,
which

in. I - Lo n

Li s. VI ik: Of the Advancement of Learning. |

which for that purpofe are to be allured, orat leaft the more eafily to
bereceived. The owlgar Nativesfhould confilt of three forts of mens
thatis, of 7;Zers of Ground s. Free-fervants; and Handy-crafts-men of

~ ftrongand Atanly Arts, asSmiths, Mafons, Carpenters,chc. not recks

oning profefled Souldiers,

6 But above all, for the Greatnefs of Empire, it imports mo(ts that
a Nation doprofe/s Arms as their glory, Principal ftudy,and chiefeft Ho-
nour. For the things which we formerly have fpoken of, are but
Habilitations towards Arms; and to what purpofe is Habilitation with-
out endeavour to produce it into 4G ?. Romulus, after his death, (as
they report or feign) fezt. a prefent to the Romans, that above all they

289

Liv. lib,y.¥.€
37.

Should intend Arms, and then they fhould prove the greatest Empire of .

the World. The whole Fabrick of the State of Sparta, was, indu(tri-
oufly (though not fo wifely) compos'd and built to that {cope and end.
The Perfians and Macedonians had the fame ufage,but not fo conftant
and lafting. The Britans, Galls, Germans , Goths, Saxons, Nor-
mans,(for a flafh of time) gave themfelves chiefly to arms. The Turks
not a little inftigated thereto by their Law, retain the fame difcipline
at this day, (though as itis now practifed ) with great declination of
their 24///tj;z. Of Chriftian Europe they that retain and profeís it,
are in effect only the Spaniards. But itis fo liquid and manifeft, that
every man profiteth most, in that be most intendetb, that it needs notto
be ftood upon. It is enough to point at its That xo Nation which doth
not profefs Arms , and prattife Military Arts, making it their principal
Study and occupation, may ever hope to have any notable greatneffof Em-
pire,fall into their mouths : and onthe other fide, it is a molt certain
Oracle of time, That thofe Nations that have continued long in the pro-
felfion and fiudy of Arms ( as tbe Romans and Turks principally have done,
for the propagation of Empire, ) work wonders. Nay thofe'that have flou-
tiflit forthe glory of Arms, but for the fpace only of one ages have
commonly attain’d that Greatzefs of Dominion, in that one'age, which
maintained them long after, when their profeffion and exercife of

Arms hath grown to decay.

7 Incident to this Precept is; for a ftate to have fuch laws and cuftoms
which may readily reach forth unto them just occafions, or at leaft preten=
ces of taking Arms. For there is that apprehenfion of Ju(tice imprint-
ed in the nature of men, that they enter not upon wars (whereof (o
many calamities do enfue) but upon fome,at the leaft (pecious grounds
and Quarrels.. The Turk hath at hand for caufe of war the Propaga-
tion of his law and íe& 5 a quarrel that he may always command.The
Romans though they efteemed the extending of the Limits of their Ent-
pire, to be great honour to their Generals, when it was dones yet

.. for that caufe alone, to Propagate their bounds, they never undertook

awar. Therefore let a nation that pretends to Greatwe/s, and afpires
to Empire, have this condition, that they have a quick and lively
fenfe of any wrongs either upon Borderers, Merchants, or. publick
Minifters 5 and that they fit not too long upon the firft provocation.
Again,Let them be preft,and A&ive to fend Aidsand Succoursto their
Allies and confederatess asit ve was with the Romans: infomuch

o ag

290

Of the Advancement of Learning. xs. VIII.

as if a hoftile invafion were madeupona confederate, which alfo had
leagues Defenfive with other {tates,and thefame implored their ayds
feverally ; the Romans would ever be the formoíts and leave it to
no other to have the Honour ofthe Affiftance. 4s for the wars which
were anciently made for a kind of conformity,or tacite correfponden-
cy of Eftates, I donot fee upon what Law they are grounded. Such
were the wars undertaken by the Romans, for the liberty of Grecia =
fuch were thofe of the Lacedemonians and Athenians, to fet up or pull
down Democracies and Oligarchies ; füch are the wars made fometimes
by States, and Princes, under pretence of proteCting Forreign fub-
jects, and freeing them from Tyranny and oppreílion, and the like,
Let it fuffice for the prefent point that it be concluded, That xo eftate
expect to be Great, that is not inftantly awake, upon any just occafion of
Arming. )

8 No body can be healthful without exercife, neither Natural Body nor
Politick: and certainly to a Kingdom or Estate ajufl and honourable war
és in place of awholfome exercife. A Civil war indeed, is like the heat
ofa Fevers but a Forreign is like tbe heat of Exercife.and ferves to keep
the body in health : for in a floathful and drowfle Peace, both cous
rages will effeminate, and Manners corrupt But howfoever it be for
the Happine/s of any Estate, without all queftion, for Greatnefs, it
maketh, to be ftill for the moft part in Arms: and a weteran Army ©
(though it be a chargeable dena always on foot, is that which
commonly gives the Law, or at leaft the Reputation amongft all zeigh-
bour-ftates: Thisisnotably to be feen in Spain, which had in one
part or other a veterane Army almoft continually, now by the {pace of
fix-fcore years.

9 To be Mafter of tbe Sea, is an Abridgement of a Monarchy, Cicero
writing toAtticus of Porapeius his preparation againft Cefar faiths Cone

filiuza Pompeii, plané Themistocleum e&ts putat enim, qui mari Potitur, ——

eum Rerum potiri. And without doubt Pozpey had tyred out and -
broken Caefar, if upon a vain confidence he bad not left that way.We
fee from many examplesthe great effects of Batiels by 3e2: The Bat-
tel of 4iiuz decided the Empire of the world: the Battelof Lepaz-
to put a ring inthe nofe ofthe Turk: Certainly it hath often fallen
out that Sea-fights have been final to the wars but this is when Prin-
cesor States have fet up their Reft upon thofe Battels, Thus much
is without all doubt, that he that commands the Sea, is at great liber-
ty; and may take as much and as little of the war as he mill: whereas
oz tbe Cantrary, tbofe that be ftrongest by Land, are many times nevers
thele/s im great firaits. Butat thisday and with us of Europe, the van-
tage of firength at Sea (which is indeed one of tbe principal Dowries of
this Kingdom of Great Brittain) is in the fum of Affairs of great
import : both becaufe moft of the Kindoms of Ewrope, are not
merely Inland, but girt with the Sea moft part of their coms —
país, and becaufe the Treafüres and Wealth of both Indies, feems —
in great part but an Acceffary to the command of the Seas,

10 The

Lis. Vlil. — Of the Advancement of Learning.

1o. The wars of latter Ages feem to be made in the dark, in refpetd of
the Glory and Honour which reflefed upon Military men from the wars
in ancient times. We have now perchance, for Martial encourage-
ment,fome degrees and orders of Chivalry, which neverthelefs are
conferred promifcuoully upon Soldiers, and no Soldiers; and (ome
Pedegrees of Families perhaps upon Scutchions 5, and fome pub-
lick Hofpitals for emerited and maim'd Soldiers,and {uch like things.
But in ancient times, the Trophy erected upon the place of the Vi-
tory ; the Funeral Laudatives and ftately Monuments for thofe
that died in the Wars 5 Civick Crowns, and Military Garlands a-
warded. to particular períons ; the ítile of Emperor, which the
greateít Kings of the World after, borrowed from Commanders in
War; the folemn Triumphs of the Generals upon their return, af-

.ter the Wars were profperoufly ended 5 the great Donatives and
Largeíles upon the disbanding of the Armies ; ,thefe, I fay, were
matters fo many and great, and of fuch glorious luftre and blaze in
eyes of the world, as were able to create a Fire in the moft fro-
zen breaíts, and to inflame them to. War. But above all, that ofthe
Triumph among(t the Romans, was not a matter of mere pomp, or
.fome vain fpettacle or pageants; but one of the wiícít and nobleft
inftitutions that ever'was : for it contain'd in it, three things , Hozor.
and Glory ta the Generals 5, Riches to the Treafury out of the Spoils 5 and
Donatives to the Army. But the Honours of Triumph perhaps were
not fit for Monarchies, except it be in the perfon of the King him-
felf, or of the Kings Sons; as it came to país in the times of the Ro-
(stam Emperors, who did impropriate the Hozor of Trixmph to them-
felves,and their Sons; for fuch Warsaas they did -atchieve in Perfon,
and left only by way of indulgence,Garments and TrinmphalEnfigns
to the Generals.

§ But to conclude thefe difcourfes , (There is no man (asfacred
Scripture teftifies) that by-café taking can add a cubit to his flature ,
in this little Model of Man'sbody 5 but in the great Frame of Kings

dons and Comwmon-wealths, itis inthe Power of Princes and Eftates,
_to.add Amplitude and Greatnefs to their Kingdoms. For by intro-
ducing fuch ordinances, conftitutions and B as we have now
propounded, and others of like nature with thefe, they may fow
greatne/s to Pofterity and Future Ages. But thefe counfels are fel-
dom taken into confideration by Princes 5 but the Matter i$ common-
ly left to fortune to take its chance,

§ And thus much for the points that, for the prefeat, haveoffered

,themíelves to our confideration touching the Enlarging of the Limits
“of 4 State or Kingdom. But to what end is this comtemplation, fee-
‘ing of all Imperial Soveraignties in this World; the Roman Monar-
chy (as it is believed) was to be the laft? but that, being true to
“our own Defign, nor any where declining out of the way (in as much
"as the Aviplification of a Kingdom was, amonglt the three Politick
Duties, the third) we could not altogether pa it over untoucht.
There remains now another Deficient of the two we have fet down,
that is, of Univerfal Fuftice, or the Fountains of Law.

OQos «i. All

291

Mat.v2;

292

—

*
IDEA JUSTI-
TIA UNI-
VERSALIS
five de Fon.
tibus Juris,

Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Lis. Vill.

11. All they which have written of Laws, have handled that Ar-
gument either as Philofophers, or as Lawyers, and none as States-
men. 4s for Philofophers, they propound many things goodly for
difcourfe, but remote from ufe. For the Lawyers, they are manci-
pated and wholly devoted every one to the Laws of the State where
they live, or to the Placits of the Emperial or Pontifical Laws, and
cannot ufe impartial and fincere judgement 5 but difcourfe as out of
Gives and Fetters. Certainly this kind of knowledge pertains pro-
perly to States-men 5 who can beft difcern what humane fociety is
capable of; what makes for the weal of the publick 5 what natural
equity is; whatthe law of Nations, thecuítom of Countries, the
divers and different forms of States and Republicks; and therefore
are able to difcern and judge of Laws, from the Principles, both of
natural Equity and Policy. Wherefore the bufinefs in hand is, to
have recourfe unto, and make enquiry of the Fountains of Fuftice,
and of Publick utility, and in every part of Law to reprefent a hind
of Chara&er and Idea T that which is juft 5 by which general mark
and direction he that (hall intend his mind and ftudies that way, may
try and examine the feveral laws of particular Kingdoms and Estates 5
and from thence endeavour an emendation. Wherefore after our ac-
cuftom'd manner we will, in ove Tit/e propound an example thereof,

EXAMPLE

Of a Treatife touching Univerfal Fuftice,or the Fountains
of Law in one Title by way of Apborifm.

THE PROEM.

B
APHORISM I.

N Civil fociety either La: or Power prevails; for there is a Power
] which pretends Law, and fome Lawtaftes rather of A¢ight than
Right. Wherefore there is a threefold Fountain of Injuftice; Mere
Powers Cunning Z//agqueation under colour of Law ; and the Har/h-

neff of Law it felf.
APHORISM Il.

The force and efficacy of Private Right is this. He that dotha
wrong, by the Fad, receives Profit or Pleafure 5 by the Example,
incurs Prejudiceand Peril: others are not Partners with him in his
Profit ot Pleafure 5 but they take themíelves interrefledin the Exam-
ple 5 and therefore eafily combine and accord together , to fecure
themfelves by Laws, left injuries by turns feife.upon every par-
ticular. But if thorough the corrupt humour of the times , and
the generality of guilt, it fall out, that to the greater number and
the more Potent, danger is rather created than avoided , by füch a
Law 3 Faction difanuls that Law,which often comes to país,

APHO-

—^ *-

Lis. VUL Of the Advancement of Learning. =

APHORISM It:

Private Right is under the Prote@tion of Publick Law : for Laws are
for the People 5 Magiftrates for Laws 5 and the,authority, of Magi-
ftrates depends upon the Majefty of Empire, and the form of Poli-
cy ; and upon Laws Fundamental : wherefore if this Part be found
and healthful, Laws will be togood purpofe 5 if otherwife, there
will be little fecurity in them. SEE

APHORISAM IV.

Yet notwithítanding, the end of Publick ‘Law 3 not’ only to be a
Guardian to Private Right, left that (hould any way bo vidlzted 5 or
torepref§ Injuries: but itisextended alfo unto Religion, and Arms
and Difcipline, and Ornaments, and Wealth, and finally to all things
med way conduce unto the profperous Eftate of à Common-
Wealth.

APHORISA 'V.

For the End and Aim at which Laws fhould level , and whereto
they fhould direct their Decrees and Sanctions, is noother than this
That the People may live happily : This willbe brought to pafs, if they
be rightly train'd up in’ Pzety and Réligion,if they be Honest for Moral
converfation 5 fecur'd by Arms againft foreign enemies; wunited by
Laws, againftíeditions, and private wrongs; Obedient to Govern-
ment and Magiftrates; Rich and flourifhingin Forcesand wealth: but

“the Inftruments and finews of all Bleffings are Laws, ;

APHORISM VI. ^ E

And this end the beft Laws attain 5 but many Laws mifs thisinark :
"for there is a great difference, and'a wide diftance in the compara-
tive valure and virtue of Laws 5 for fome Laws are excellent, Jozze of a
“middle tempers othersaltogether corrupt.We will exhibite according
to the meafure of our judgement, fome certain Laws (as it were) of
Laws, whereby information may be taken, what in all Lam; is well
or ill (et down, and Eftablifht.

APHORISAÉ VIL

But before we defcend to the Body of Laws in particular 5 we will
briefly touch the Merit and Dignities of Lams in general. A Law may
"beheld good, that is, Certainin the intimation, Fuft im be Precept ,
"Profitable in the Execution, Agreeing with the Form of Government in
"tbe. prefent State; and begetting vertue in thofe that livecunder
then,

TITLE

RENE EE EEEEL E KI MEME EMG KE IC COSS.
394 — Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Lis. VIE.

TITS: Fok
Of the firft Dignity of Laws, that they be Certain.

APHORISM VIII.

(pun is fo Effential to a Law, as without it a La cannot be

Just 5 Si enim incertam wocem det Tuba, quis fe parabit ad Bellum?
So if the Law givean wzcertair found, who fhall prepare himfelfto o-
bey ? A Law then ought to give warning before it {trike : and it is
a good Rule, That is the beft Law which gives leaft liberty to the Arbia
trage of the Fudge, which is that, the Certainty thereof affecteth. ”

APHORIS M. IX.

Incertainty of Laws is of two forts; one where so Law is prefcrib-
ed; the other, whex a Lam is difficile and dark: we muft therefore “a
firlt fpeak of Cawfes omitted in the Lam 5 that in thefe likewiíe there
may be found fome Rule of Certainty. )

Of Cafes omitted in Law. 1
APHoRISM X. :

« @ He narrow compafs of. man's wifdom, cannot comprehend all
cafes which time hath found out; and therefore Cafes omitted,
and new do often prefent themfelves. In thefe cafes there is applied
a threefold remedy,or fupplement either by a proceeding upon /ike
Cafes, or by the ufe of Examples, though they be aot grown up ins |
toLaw 5 or by jwrifdidions, which award according to the Arbitre-
ment of fome Good Man, and according to found judgement 5 whe-
ther they be Courts Pretorian ,,0r of Equity , or Courts Cenforian er
of Penalty.

D — ee ee

Of Proceeding upon like Prefidents ; and of the
Extenfions of L A Ij S.

APHORIS@M XI

N Cafes omitted, the Rule of Law is to be deduced from Cafes of
like matures; but with Caution and. Judgement: Touching
which thefe Rules following are to be obíerved. Let Reafon wa lhe
ful Cuftom be barren, and not breed Cafes. Wherefore whatíoever
is accepted again(t the Sezce and Reafon of a Law 5 or elfe where
the Reafoz thereof is not apparent, the fame muft not be drawn into
confequence.
APHO-

Lis. VIL — Of the Advancement of Learning. 295

APHORISZA XII.

A fingular Publick Good doth neceffarily introduce Cafes pre-
termitted. Wherefore when a Law doth notably and extraordinarily
refpe&, and procure the profit and advantage of a State, Let thein-
terpretation be ample and extenfive,

APHORIS&M XIII,

itis a hard Cafe to torture Laws, that they may-torture Men. We
would not therefore thatLaws Penal, much lef Capital, fhould be ex-
tended to new Offences s yetif it bean old Grime, and known to the
Laws, but the Profecution thereof falls upon. a new Cafe, not fore-
feen by the Laws 5 we muft by all means depart from the <Placits of
Law, rather than that offences país unpunifht.

eas T

i ee ee e

2»

. APHORISM XIV.

In thofe ftatutes, which the Common Law (fpecially concerning
cafes frequently incident, and are of long continuance) doth abfo-
| ' dutely repeal; We like not the proceeding by fimilitude, unto cafes omié»

ted: for when a State hath for a long time wanted a whole Law, and
that, in Cafes expref? 5 there is no great danger ifthe cafes omitted exe
pect a remedy by a wem featute.

APHORISM XV,

Such conftitutions as were manife(tly, the Laws of Time,and fprung
up from emergent Occafion , then prevailing in the Common-wealth 5
the {tate of times once changed, they are reverenc'd enough, if they
may conferve their authority within the limits of their own pro»
per cafes: and it were prepofterous any way to extend and apply
them to Cafes omitted. : s

“APHORES U XVI...
There can be no Sequel of a Sequel , but the extention ‘mutt be
arrefted within the limits of immediate Cafes : otherwife we fall

by degrees upon #nrefembling Cafes 5 and the fubtilty of wit will be
of more force, than the Authority of Law.

APHORISA XVI.

In Laws and Statutes of a compendious Stile,extention may be made
more freely 5 but in-thofe Laws which are pundualin the examera-
tion of Cafes Particular, more verily : for as exception ftrengthens
the force of a Law, in Cafes not excepted 5 fo enumeration weakens it,
in Cafes not enumerated, 1$. v

APHÓ

ih eS MELC ^T

296 Of tbe Advancement of Loss L:15.VIII
——ÀÀÓ— a Mio d M T. i ee

APHORISM XVIII

An Explanatory Statute dams up the ftreams of a Former Statute? ——
neither is the extenfion received afterwards, inthe oneortheother: — |
for their is no fuper-exctenfion can be made by a Fudge, where once an
extenfion hath begun to be made by a Law.

APHORISM XIX.

The Form of Words, and Acts of Courts, doth not admit an Exe
ten{toz upon like Cafes 5 for that loofeth the nature of Formality , —
‘which departs from Cuftom to Arbitrement : and the introdu&ion :
of zem Cafes imbafeth the Majefty of the old. :

APHORISAM XX.

Exten[ion of Law is aptly applied unto Cafes Poff-zate, which were
not exiftent in nature, when the Law was. enacted : for where the
Cafe could not be expreft, becaufe ‘there were none füch extant; a
Cafe omitted is accepted for a Cafe expreft, if the reafon be the fame.

So fot Extenfion of Laws in Cafes.omi/t, let thefe Rules fuffice. Now

we mult {peak of the ule of Examples.

Of Prefidents, and the ufe thereof.
APHORISM XXL *X c y É

Nas it follows we {peak of Examples, from which Right is ine
ferr’d, where Law is deficient: as for Cuftom, which is a kind
of Law s and for Prefidents which by frequent Practice are grown in-
to Cuftom, as into a Tacite Law; we willfpeak in due place. But
now we {peak of Examples-or Prefidents, which rarely and fparfedly
fall out; and are not-yet grown up to the ftrength of a Law; name-
ly when, and with what cautiona Rule of Lam isto be derived from

them, where Law is Deficient: ^

9d Aw : APHORTS M XXII 7
Prefidents muft be derived from Good and Moderate; and not from

Bloudy, Fatlious, ox Diffolute Times : for Examples fetch from fuch

times, area Baftard iffue, and do rather Corrupt, than InftruQ.

^wWpPHORTSZA XXIII.

— In Fxamples the more Modern: are to be reputed the more Saf E
for that which was but lately done, and no inconvenience enfued
thereon, why may it not be done again? Yet neverthelefs Recent

Examples are of lefs Authority : and if perchance it fo fall out, uk
a Re-

E ————á——ÀÀÀ— — I SÍ
Lis. VIL: — Of the Advancement of Learning. 29

aReformation mult be made, Modern Prefidents tafte more of their
own Times, than of right Rea/on.

APHORISAM XXIV.

But more Ancient Prefidents mutt be received with caution, and
choice: for the Revolution of an Age altereth many things; fo as
what might feem Azcient tor Time, the fame through perturbation,
and inconformity to the prefent Age,may be altogether Nem, Where-
fore the examples of a middle time are belt 5 or of fuch az Age, as
beft forts with the Preféwt Times 3 which now and then the Time fur-
ther off better reprefents, than the Time clofe at hand.

APHORISM XXV.. |

-- Keep your felf within, or rather on this fide the /imits of an Ex-
ample, and by no means furpafs thofe bounds: for where there is no
Rule of Law, all ought to be entertain'd with jealoufie : wherefore
here, as in obfcure Cafes, follow that which is leafl. doubtful.

AP HORIS ,, XXVI.

Beware of Fragments and Compends of Examples 5, and view the
Examples entire, and every particular paflage thereof: for if itbe
inequitable and unreafonable before 2 perfect comprehenfion of the whole
Law,to make a judgement upon a Part,or Paragraph, thereof; much more
fhould this Rule hold in Exavples ,. which unlels they be very fquare
and proper, are of doubtful ufe and application. :

APHORISAM.XXVIL.

In Examples it àmports.yery much thorough what. hands they have
paít, and have been tranfacted 5. for if they have gone current. with
Clerks only and Afinifters, of Fuftice, from the core of fome Courts ;
without any notice taken thereof by fuperzour Counfellors-s, or. with
the Mafter of Errors, the Peoples they,-are to be rejected and little
efteemed of: but ifthey have been {uch precife Prefidents to Couü-
fellors of Eftate; Judges or Principal Courts, as that it muít needs
be, that they have been ftrengthened by the tacite approbation, at
leaft; of Judges; they carry the more Reverence with them.

APHORSIM XXVIII.
Prefidents that have been publifht, however lef praca which
being debated and ventilated by mens difcourfes and difceptations
have yet ftood out unargued, are of greater Authority : but fuch as

have remained buried, as it were, in Clofets and Archives, are of lc6 :
fot,Examples like waters are moft wholfome in the running [tream.

Pp APHO-

—

/

295

Bae (OI ema C oe BY o0
Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis. VIII.

APHORISM XXIX.

Examples that refer to Laws,we would not have them drawn from wri-
ters of History,but from publick 4¢s,and more diligent Traditions: for
it is an infelicity familiar even with the beft Hiftorians, that they país
over Laws and judicial proceedings too flightly : and if perhaps they
have ufed fome diligence therein, yet they vary much from Atben
tick, Conftitutions.

APHORISM XXX. li d

An Example, which a contemporary Age, ora time neereft unto it
hath repeal'd, fhould not eafily be taken up again, though the like
cafe (hould afterwards enfue: nor makes it fo much for an Example,
that men have fometimes ufed its as it makes againít an exazzple.that
upon experience; they have now relinqui(ht 7.

" AP HORISM |. XXXL

Examples are admitted into Counfils 5 but doin like manner pres
{cribe or command ; therefore let thew be fo moderated, that the
Authority of the time paft, may be bowed and plied to the practice
of the time ‘prefent. And thus much concerning information from
Prefidents where Law is Deficient. Now follows that- we fpeak of
Courts Pretorian and Cenforian 5. Courtsof Equity, and of Penalty.

Of Courts Pretorian and Cenforian. —
APHORIS24 XXXIE.

L there be Courts and Jurisdi ions, which may defineaccording
to the Arbitrement of íome Good man, and according to found
judgement: for the Lam (as isobferv'd before) cannot provide for 2//
Cafes 5 but. is fitted to fuch occurrences as commonly fall out 5 and
Time (as was faid by the Ancients) 7s 2 mof# wife Thing, and daily
the Autor and Inventor of uem Cafes. pui o | !

APHORISM XXXULo 7000 0000

New cafes fall out both in A/atters Criminal, which have need of Pes
nalty, and in ZZatters Civil, which have need of Relief: the Courts

which refpect the Former, we callCezforiaz 5; which refpect the lat-
(er, Praetorian.

APHORISM XXIV,
Let the Cenforian Courts of Fustice, have jurisdiction and Power not

only of punifhing new offences; but alfo ofincrealing Penalties afligned
by

lien

a e e

Hen Eodem lai. ^ 25s

by the Laws for old crimes , if the cafes be hainous and enormous, fo
they be not Capital: for a Notorious guilt, asit were, a new Cafe.

APHORISM XXXV.

In like manner, let Pretorian Courts of Equity, have power to qua.
lifre the Rigor of Lam 5 as alfo of fupplying the Defeéts of Law: for ifa
Remedy ought to be extended tohim whom the Law hath pait by 5
much moreto him whom it hath wounded.

APHORISM XXXVI.

Let thefe Cexforian and Prétorian Courts be by all means limited
within Cafes Hainows and extraordinary 5 and notinvade ordinary Ju-
risdictions 5 left peradventure the matter extend to the /upplantation, |
rather than the /upplement of Law.

APHORISM XXXVII.

Let thefe jurisdidions refide only in the Highest Courts of judica-
ture, and not be communicated to Courts inferior : For the Power of
extending, or fupplying, or Moderating Lams, little differs from the

Power of Z£zAizg them.

APHORISM XXXVIII.

But let not thefe Courts be affigned over to ove man, but confi(t of
Many: Nor let the Decrees thereof iffue forth with filence, but let
the Judges alleage Reafons of their fentence, and that openly in the
Audience of the Court; that what is free in the Power, may yet in
the fame and reputation be confined.

APHORISM XXXIX.

Let there be no Rubrics of Blond; neither Define of Capital crimes
in what Court foever, but front a known and certain Law ; for God
himfelf firft denounced Death, afterwards infli&ed it. Nor is any
man to be put to death, but he that knew before-hand, that he finned
against bis own life. .

APHORISM XL.

In Courts of Cenfure, give way to a third Trial, that a neceffity be
notimpofed upon Judges of abfolving or of condemning, but that
they may pronounce a Noz /iguet 5 fo in like manner, let Laws Cenfo-
rian, not only be a Penalty, but an Infamy, that is, which may not ire
fli& a punifhment, but either end in admonition; or elfe chaftife the
delinquent with fome light touch of Ignominy,and asit were, a bluth-
ing fhame. .

Pp = AP HO-

"
-—

300

€— —ÓRIÓ €:

APHORISM XEÉL.

Tn Ceaforian Courts let the firft agereffions, and the middle Aéts of
Great offences, and wicked attempts be punifht; yea although they
were never perfectly accomplifht : and let that_be the chiefeft ufe of

_ thofe Courts; Íecing it appertains to feverity,to punith the firft approach-

es of wicked enterprizess and to Mercy to intercept the perpetration
of them by correcting middle Ads.

APHORISZA XLI.

Special regard muft be'taken, that in Pretorian Courts, fuch Cafes
be not countenanc’d, which the Law hath not fo much pretermitted,

as flighted as Frivolous 5 or, as odious, judg'd unworthy redrefs.

APHORISM XXHII.

Above all it moft imports the Certainty of Laws, that Courts of E-
quity do not fo {well and overflow their banks, as under pretence of
mitigating the Rigor of Laws, they do diffe or relax the ftrengthand
finews thereof, by drawing all to Arbitrement. ;

APHORISM XLIV.

Let not Pretoriaz Courts have Power to Decree againft exprefs f
tute, under any pretence of equity: for if this fhould be permitted, a
Law-interpreter, would become a Law-maker 5 and all matters fhould
depend upon Arbitrement.

APHORISM XLV.

Someare of opinion, that the Jurisdiction of Defining according to
Equity and Confeiences and that other, which proceeds according to
rid Law; fhould be deputed to the fame Courts but others fay to
feveral: by all means let there be a ftparation of Courts; forthere will
be no diftinGion of Cafes, where there is commixtion or Furisdittions 5
but you hall have Arbitrement incroach upon, and at laft, fwallow
up Lam.

“APHORISM XLVI.

_ The Tables of the Pretors amongft the Romans came in ufe upon good
ground: in thefe the Pretor fet down and publifht afore-hand, by
what form of Law he would execute Judicature. After the fame ex-
ample, Judges in Pretoriaz Courts, fhould propound certain Rules to
themfelves (fo far as may be) and openly publifh them : for that is the
bes Law, which gives least liberty to the judges he the best Fudge that
takes leaft liberty tohimjelf. But of thefe Courts we hall {peak more at
farge,. when we come to the Title De Fudiciis s we now fpeak of them

in

Of the Advancement of Learning. Liz. VIIE -

;

Lis. VIII. — Oftbe Advancement of Learning.

in paflage only, fo far as they clearand fupply that which is omitted
by the Law.

Of the Reflective Afpe&, or Reference of Laws

one to another.

APHORISM XLVI.

tes is likewife another kind of fupplement of Cafes omitted ;
when one Law falleth upon another, and withall draws with
it Cafes pretermitted. This comes to país in Laws or Statutes, which
(as the ufüal expreffion is) look back or. reflec one upon another.
Laws of thisnature, are rarely and with great Caution to be al-
leag'd : for we like it not, tofeea two Fac’d Janusig Laws.

APHORISM XLVIII.

He that goes about to elude and circumvent the words and fen-
tence-of Law by Fraad, and captious Fallacies, deferves in like man-
ner to be himfelf inínar'd by a facceeding Law: wherefore in café
of fubtil fhifts and finifter devifes, it is very meet that laws fhould
look back upon and zutually fupport one another, that he who ftudies
evafions, and everfion of Laws Prefent, may yet ftand in awe of fu-
ture Laws.

APHORISM XLIX,

Laws which ftrengthen and eftablith the true intentions of Records
and Inftruments , againft the Defeds of Forms and Solennities, do
rightly comprehend matters paft : for the greateft inconvenience in
a law that refers back, is, that it difturbeth: But theíe confirmatory
Laws, re{pect the peaceand fetling of thofe cafes, which are tranfact-
ed and determin'd 5 yet we muft take heed that cafes already adj uds d,
be not reverft or violated. ,

APHORIS&M L.

We mutt be very careful that, not thofe Laws alone, be thought to
refped things past, which invalid cafes already decided 5 but thofe alfo
which probibite and reffraiz future cafes neceffarily connext with zzat*
ters paft. As for example, ifa Law fhould interdit fome kind of
Trades-men the vent of their commoditiesfor hereafter : the Letter
of this Law is for the future 5 but the fence and meaning takes hold
of the time paf 5 for now it is not warrantable for fuch perfons to get
their living this way.

APHORISM LI.

Every Declaratory Law, although there be no mention of time pafl 3
yet by the force of the Declaration, it is by all means to be ex-
tended

4

p

A——————— —— —— Má— Ó— M M — M M À—

302 of the Advancement of Learning Li » VILL

tended to matters paff : for the Interpretation doth not then begin to
be in force, when it is declared 5 but is made contemporary with the
Law it felf. Wherefore never enatt declaratory Laws , but in cafe
where Laws may in equity refer and /ook back one upon another.
And here we have done with that part which handles the Incertitude of
Laws, where no Lam is found. It remains, we now [peak of that other
part, namely where there is a Law extant, but fuch a one as is Perplext

and Obfcure.

Of the Obfcurity of Laws.
APHORISA LII.

Cy of Laws {prings from four caufes: either from the ex-
ceffive eccumulation of Laws, {pecially where there is a mix-
ture of Obfolete Laws: Or from an ambiguous, or not perfpicuous
and delucid defcription of Laws\: or from the' manner of expounding
Law, either altogether neglected, or not rightly purfued : or laftly,
contradiction and incertainty of judgments. :

Of the Ecceffive Accumulation of Laws.

APHORISAM LIII. nt | .

"[ He Prophet faith, P/uet fuper eos Laqueos 5, now there are no worle
fnares than the fnares of Laws, fpecially Penal 5 if they be zz«-
menfe for number 5 and through the alterations of times mmprofitable s

they do not prefent a torch, but fpread a net to our feet.
. E

AP HORISM LIV.

un

There are two ways in ufe of making 2 zem Statutes’ tbe one e(tablie
fheth and ftrengthens the Former Statute about the fame fübje&ts and
then adds and changes ome things: the other abrogates and cancels
what was Decreed before, and fubftitutes 4e iztegro, a new and uni-
form Law. The latter way we approve : for by the former way De-
crees become complicate and .perplext 5 yet what is undertaken is
indeed purfued , but the Body of Law is in the mean time cor-
rupted. But certainly the more diligence is required in the /atter,
where the Deliberation is of the Lam it felfs thatis, the Decrees
heretofore made, are to be fearched into, and duely weighed: and

examin d, beforethe Law be publifht : but che chief point is, that.

by this means the Harmony of Laws is notably advanced' for the
future. TNNT T ja 211 19

APHORISM LV.
It was a cuftom in the State of Athens, to delegate fix perfons, for

to reyife and examine every year the coztrary Titles of Law, which
; *" they

Liv. VIL. |. Of tbe Advancement of Learning. 303

they.called Anti-nomies 5 and fuch as could not be reconciled, were
propounded to the people , that fome certainty might be defined
touchingthem. After this example, let füchiin every State, ashave
the Power of making Laws, review Ati-nomies every third or fifth
year, or asthey fee caufe. And thefe may be fir(t fearcht into, and
prepar d by Committees affign'd thereto, and after that exhibited to
Affembhes 5 that fo what fhall beapprov'd, may by fuffrapes be efta-
blifht and fetled.

APHORISM LVI.

And let there not be too fcrupulous and anxious pains taken in re-
conciling Contrary Titles of Law, and of Salving (as they term it) ali
points by fubtil and ftudied Di(tin&ions. For this is the Web of
Wits; and however it may carry a fhew of Modefty and Reverence,
yet it is to be reckoned in the number of things Prejudicial ; as be-
ing that which makes the whole body of Law ill-forted, and inco-
herent. [t were far better that the worlt 77/er were cancel’d, and the
reft ftagd in force. : |

APHORISM LVII.

Obfolete Laws, aud {uch as are grown out of ufe, as well as 4z£;-
nories, {aould be propounded by delegates,as a part of their charge
to be repeal'd : for (eeing expreís Statute cannot regularly be void-
ed by Difufe 5 it falls out that through a Difeftimation of ob/olete
Laws, the authority of the reftis fomewhatembafed 3 and. ddecenti-
us Torture enfuess that Laws alive are killed with tbe embracements of
Laws dead: but above all beware of a Gangreen in Laws.

APHORISM LVIH.

So likewiíe for Obfolete Laws and Statutes, and fuch as are not late-
ly publifht; letthe Pretorian Courts have power: inthe mean fpace,
to define contrary to them: for although it hath been faid not im-
pertinently, zo man ougbt to make bimelf wifer than the Lams 5 yet
this may be underftood of Laws, when they are awake, not when
they area(leep. On the other fide, let not the more recent Statutes,
which are found prejudicial tothe Law-publick, be in the Power of
the Judges 5. but in the Power of Kings and Counfellors of Eftate,
and {upreme Authorities for Redrefs, by (ufpending their execution
through Edicts and Ads; until Parliamentary Courts, and fuch High
Affemblies meet again, which have power to. abrogate. them; left
the fafety of the Commen-wealth (hould in the mean while be en-

danger d..

of

"3o4 Of the Advancement of . Learning. Lie. VIIL

Of New Digefts of Laws.

APHORISAM LIX.

Ut if Laws accumulated upon Laws, {well into fuch vaft volumes,

or be obnoxious to fuch confufion , that it is expedient to

revife them anew , and to reduce them into a found and folid

body ; intend it by all means; and let fuch a work be reputed

an Heroical noble work 5 and let the Authors of fuch a work, be

rightly and defervedly ranckt in the number of the Founders and
Reftorers of Laws.

APHORISM LX.

This Purging of Laws, and the contriving of a new Digeft is five
ways accomplifht. Firff, let Obfolete Laws , which Fuftinian terms
old Fables be left out. Secondly, let the moft approved of Auntie
nomies be received 5 the contrary abolifht. Thirdly, let all Co-
incident Laws, or Laws which import the fame, and are nothing
elfe but repetitions of the fame thing, be expung’d; and fome one,
the moft perfect among them, retain'd inftead of all the reft. Fourth-
ly, if therebe any Laws which determine nothing, but only propound
Queftions , and fo leave them undecided, let théfe likewife be
cafher’d. Laffly, let Laws too wordy and too prolix be abridged
into a more narrow compafs.

APHORISM LXI.

And it will import very much for ufe , to compofe and fort apart
ina new Digest of Laws, Law recepted for Common Law, which im
regard of their beginning are time out of minds and on the other
fide Statutes {uperadded from time to time : feeing in the delivery
of a Juridical fentence, the interpretation of Common Law, and Sta-
tute-Laws in many points is not thefame. This Trebowiazss did in
the Digefts ‘and Code.

APHORISM LXIL

But in this Regeweration and sem firuiture of Laws, retain pres
cifely the Words and the Text of the Ancient Laws, and of the Books
of Law; though it muft needs fall out that fuch a collection muft
be made by centoes and fmaller portions: then fort them in order.
Foralthough this might have been performed more aptly,’ and (if
you refpect right reafon): moretruly, by a New Text, than by fuck
a confarcination 5 yetin Laws, not fo much the ffile and defcription ,
as Authority, and the Patron thereof, <Avztiquity, are to be regarded:
otherwile fucb 4 work might feema fcholaftick bufimefs and method ,
father than a body of commanding Laws.

APHGe

ete

Lis. VIII. Of the Advancement of Learning.

APHORISM LXIIL

In this Nem Digeft of Laws, upon good advifement a caveat hath
been put in; thatthe Ancient volumes of Law fhould not be utterly
extingui(ht, and perifh in oblivion; but fhould at leaft remain in Li-
braries; though the common and promifcuous ufe thereof might. be
retain'd. For in Cafes of weighty confequence , it will not beamif$
to confult and look into the mutations and continuations of Lams
paff : and indeed it is ufual to fprinkle modern matters with Anti-
quity. Ard this new corps of Law, mutt be confirmed only by fuch,
who in every fate have the power of making Laws; left perchance

under colour of Digefting Ancient Laws, new Laws, under-hand be
: conveyed in.

APHORISM LXIV.

It could be wifht that this Z»/tawration of Laws, might fallout, and
be undertaken in fuch times, as, for learning and experience ex-
cel thofé more Ancient times, whofe Acts and Deeds they recognize :
which fell out otherwife in the works of Fuftinian. For it is agreat
unhappines, when the works of the Ancient, are maimed, and re=
compiled, by the judgement and choice of a lefs wife and learned
Age: but oft times that is neceflary whichis not the beft.

Thus much be fpoken of the Ob[curity of Laws,arifing from tbe excelfive
and confufed accumulation thereof. Now let us fpeah of the dark and
doubtful Defcription of them.

Of the Perplext and Obfcure Defcriptions
of LAWS.

APHORISM LXV.

1 bfcure Defeription of Laws axifes cither from the Loquacsty or Vers
bofity of them 5 or again from extreazz Brevity; or from the Pre-

arsble of a Law repugnant with the Body of a Law.
APHORISM LXVI.

It follows that we now fpeak of the ob/curity of Law, arifing from
a corrupt and crooked defeription thereof. The Loquacity and Prolix-
2ty, which hath been ufed in fetting down Laws, me diflike > neither
doth fücha writer any way compafs what he defires,and labours for ;
but rather the quité contrary. For while a man endeavours to pur-
fue and exprefS every Particular cafe in apt and proper terms, hoping to
gain more Certitude thereby; contrartwife it falls out,that through
many words,zaultitude of Questions are ingendred 5 fo asa more found
and folid interpretation of Law, according tojthe genuine fenfe and
mind thereof, is much intercepted through the noife of words.
Qq APHO-

306 Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Li p. VAIL

APHORISM LXVII.

And yet notwithítanding a too Concife and affeded Brevity for Ma-
jefties fake, or as more Imperial, is not therefore to be approved,
{pecially in thefe times; le{t Law become perchance, a Lesbian Rule.
Wherefore a middle temper d ftileisto be embraced 5 and a generality
of words well {tated to be fought out 5 which though it do not fo
throughly purfue cafes comprehended, yet it excludes cafes not com-
prehended clearly enough.

APHORISAM LXVIII.

Yet in ordinary and Politick Laws and Edids, wherein for moft
part no man advifeth with his Counfel, but trufteth to his own judg-
ment, allfhould be more amply explicated and pointed out, asit were,
with the finger, even tothe meaneft capacity.

APHORISM LXIX.

So neither fhould we allow of Preambles to Laws, which amongft
the ancients were held impertinencies, and which introduce Di/-
puting and not commanding Laws, if we could well away with
ancient cuftom. But thefe Prefaces commonly (as the times are now)
are necefíarily prefixt, not fo much for explication of Law, as for
perfwafion that fuch a Law may pafs in the folemn meeting of a
State ; andagain, to give fatisfadtion to the communalty. Yet fo
far as poffible may be, /e£ Prologues be avoided, and the Law begin with
u commands

APHORISM LXX.

The Mind and Meaning of a Law, though fometimes it may be
drawn not improperly from Prefaces and Preambles (as they terns
them 5) yet the latitude and extention thereof, muft not be fetcht
from thence. For a Preamble by way of example, fometimes fetch-
eth in, lays hold upon fome of the plaufible and moft fpecious paf-
fagess when yet the Law comprifeth many more: or on the contra-
ry, the Law restrains and limits many Cafes, the reafon of which
limitations to infert in the Preface were fuperfluozs. Wherefore the
dimen[ion and latitude of a Law muft be taken from the Body of a
Law : for a Preamble often falls either fhort, or over.

APHORISM LXXI.

And there is a very vitious manner of Recording of Laws, that is,
when the cafe at which the Lam aimeth,is expres? at large in the pream-
ble,after ward from the force of the word(The /zke) or fome fuch terzz
of relation, the Body of a Law is rever{t into the Preamble 5 fo as the
Preamble is inferted and incorporated into the Law it felf; which is

an

io
PII sets».

Lis. VIIL Of the Advancement of Learning.

an obfcure and not fo fafe acourfe; becaufethe fame diligence u(eth

not to be taken in pondering and examining tlie words of a Preamble,
as there ufeth to be done in the Body of a Law it felf., This part
touching the Incertainty of Laws proceeding from an 7// Defcription
of them we (hall handle more at large hereafter, when we conte to
treat of the Interpretation of Laws. Thus much. of the obfcure
Defcription of Laws. Now let us {peak of the ways of expounding
Laws.

Of the divers waysof expounding Law and
folving Doubts.

APHORISM LXXII.

He ways of expounding Law and folving Doubts, are five, For
$5 this is done either by Court-Rolls and Records 5 or by Authen-
tick Writs 5 or by fubfidiary Books 5 or by Preledions 5 or by Refponfes
and Refolutions of Wife men. All thefe, if they be well inftituted
and fet down, will be fingular helpsat hand againft the obfcurity of
Laws.

Of the reporting of Judgements.
"APHORISM LXXII.

Bove all, let tbe Judgement: delivered in higher, and Principal
Courts of Judicature, and in matters of grave importance, {pe-
cially Dzbious, and which have fome Difficulty and Newzeffin them,
be taken with faith and diligence. For Decrees are the Anchors of
of Law, as Laws are of the Republick, 5

APHORISM LXXIV.

The manner of colleding fuch Fudgements and Reporting them, let
bethis. Regiffer the cafe precifely the Judgements exatfly, annex
the Reafons of the Judgements alleadged by the Judges 5 mingle not
Authorities of d. brought for example with Cafes Principal. As for
Perorations of Pleaders, unlefsthere be fomething in them very re-
markable, país them over with filence. aro ia

APHORISM LXXV.

. The Perfons which íhould Colle& the/e judgements ,;Let them
be of the order and rank of the Jearnedft Advocates, and let, them
receive a liberal Remuneration from the State. Let not the Fudges
themfelves meddle, at all, with thefe Reports; left perchance, de-
voted to:their own opinions, and fupported by their own Authori-
ty, they traz/cend the limits of a Reporter. dos
Qq 2 APHO-

Of tbe Advancement of Learning. Ls. VH

APHORISM LXXVI.

Digeft thefe Fudgments according to the order and contianation
of time , not according to Adethod and Titles : for writings of this
nature are, as it were, the HfZories and Reports of Laws 5 not, do the
Decrees alone, but their tives alfo give light toa wife Judge.

Of Authentick Writers.
APHORIsSM LXXVIL' ' CO

Et the Body of Law be built only upon the Laws themfelves ,
IB which conftitute the common Lam 5 next of Decrees or Statutes 5
in the third place of Judgements enrolled; befides thefe, either let
there be no other Authenticks at all, or fparingly entertain d:

APHORISM. LXXVIII.

Nothing fo much imports Certainty of Laws (of which we now
difcourfe) as that Authentick Writings be confined within moderate
bounds 5 and that the exceffive multitude of Authors and Doctors of
the Laws, whereby the mind and fentence of Laws are diftracted 5
the Judge confounded 3 proceedings are made immortal; and the
Advocate himfelf, defpairing to read overand conquer fo many
Books, betakes himíelf to Abridgements 5, be difcarded. It may be
fome good glofs, and fome few of Claffick Writers, or rather fome
fmall parcel of few Writers, may be received for. Authenticks. Yet
of the res#,. fome ufe may be made in Libraries, where Judges or
Advocates; may asoccafion is offered read their Diícourfes.: but in
caufes to be pleaded, let them not be permitted to be brought and
alleaged in the Court, norgrow up into Autority.

Of Auxiliary Books.
APHORISM LXXIX.

Et not the knowledge and practice of Lam be deftituted, but ra-

thér well provided of Auxiliary Books. They are in general
fix forts, Inftitutes; of the fignification of Words; of the Rules of
Laws Ancient Records ; Abridgements 5 Forms of Pleading.

ae

APHORISM LXXX,

Young Students and Novices are to be enter'd by Zni#itates 5 that
they may the more profoundly and-orderly draw and take in the
knowledge and Difficulties of the Laws. Compofe thefe Inflitutes
after a clear and perfpicuous manner. ^ In thefe elementary Books run
over the wholeprivate Lam 5 not pafling by fome Titles, and dwelling
too long upon otherss but briefly touching fomething im all 5 that

coming

puc =

LisxVIIL Of the Advancement of Learning.

coming to read through the whole body of Laws, nothing may be pre-
fented altogether ftrange 5 but what hath been ta(ted , and pre-
conceiv'd by fome flight notion. Touch not the Publick Law in Iy-
fiitutes, but'let that be deduced from the Fountains of themfeloes.

APHORISM LXXXR

Compile a Commentary upon the Terms of Lam: Be not too cus
ribusand tedious Im the explication thereof 5 and: of rendring their
fenfe; for thefcope here, is not exaétly to feck out the Defixition of
Words, but fuch explications only , as may clear thecpaflage to the
reading of the Books of Law. Digeft not this Freatife by the Letrers
of the Alphabet : leave that to fome Indexs but let fuch words asim-
port the fame thing be forted together; \\that in the comprehenfion of
the fenfe, one may adminifter help upon the other.

APHORISA LXXXI |

dA found and. well-labour'd Treatife of the divers Roles of Law.
conduceth (if any thing doth) to tlie vertarmty of Laws. A work
worthy the Pen of the greateít Wits,and wifeit firifts. Nordowe
approve what is extant iu this kind. And. not only noted and. com-
mon Rules, are to be collected, but alfo others more fübtil and ab-
ftruíe, which may be abftracted out of the Hurony. of Laws , and
Fudged Cafes 5 füch as are fometimes found in the bef Rubrics; and
thefe are the general Di&ates of Reafor, andthe Rallafl; as it were
of Lam.

* APHORAISAM.LKXXXII.

But all Decrees and Placits of Law, muft notbetaken for Rales ,
as is wont to be, abfurdly enough:: for if this fhould be admitted,
then fo wary Laws, fo vtany Rules 5 for a Law is nothing elfe, than a
commanding Rule. But accept thofe for Rules which cleave to the
very For: of Fuftice, from whence for moft part-the fame Ryles are
commonly found through the C;o;] Laws of Different States 5. unlefs
perhaps they vary for the reference tothe Forms: of publick Govern-
ments.

APHORISM LXXXIV.

After the Xa/e is divided in a brief and (übflantial.comprehenfioxi
of words s let there be, for, explication, annext examples, aud moft
clear and luculent Deciftons of Cafes; Diflintions and. exceptions for
limitations 5 Points concurrent im fence , fot Aveplification of the

fame Rule.
APHORISM LXXXV.

itis well given in Precept, that 2 Lam fhould not be drawn from
Rules 5 but the Rule from the Law in force. Neither is a.Proof to be
taken from the words of a Rule, as if it were a Text.of Law: fora
Rule (as the fea-man's needle doth the Poles) ixdicates only, not De-

termines Laws. "dne
AP HÓs

309

340

"UAE =
Of the Advantement of Learning. Lis. Vlil.

APHORISM LXXXVI.

Bcfides the Body of Lam, it will availalío, to furvey the Antiqui-
ties or ancient Records of Laws, whofe Authority, though it be va-
nifht, yet their Reverence remains ftill. And let the Writings and
Judgements concerning Laws, be received for the Antiquities of Laws,
which in time preceded the Body of Lams 5 whether they were
publiíht or not : for thefe muft not be loft. Therefore out of thefe
Records {elect what ever is moft ufeful (for there will be found much
vain and frivolous matter in them)and digeft them into one volume 5
left old fables, (as Trebonianus calls them ) be mixt with the Laws
thentfelues. cx |
APHORISAM LXXXVII.

And it much imports the practick part of Laws, that the whole
Law be Digefled into Places and Titles 5, whereto a man may have
(as occafion fhall be given) a fudden recourfe , as to a. furniíht
Promptuary for prefent practice; Thefe Books of Abridgements, both
reduce into Order» what was difperfed, and abreviate what was dif-
4ufed and Prolix:ià Law. But caution muft be taken that thefe Bre-
viaries, make not men prompt for the pracfick part, and flothful for
the kxowledge it felf : for their proper ufe and office is this, that by
them the Law may-be'tilled over-again, and not throughly learned.
And thefe Sumaries muft by all means be collected with great dili-
gence, faith and judgement, left they commit Felony against the Law.

APHORISM. LXXXVHI.

Make a Collection of the divers Forms of Pleading in every kind:
for this conduceth much to. the practick Part: and certainly thefe
Forms do difcover the Oracles and fecret Myfteries of Laws: for
there are many things which lie hidden in Laws; But in Forms of
Pleadings, they are better and more largely difplayed 5 —s/éke the
fist to the Palm.

Of Refponfes and Refolutions of Doubts.
APHORISM LXXXIX.

Ome courfe-muft be taken for the cutting off, and fatisfying partic.
S lar Doubts which emerge from time to time: for it isa hard cafe
that they which defire to fecure themfelves from error,fhould find no
guide to the way: but that prefent bufineffes fhould be hazarded 5
and there fhould be no means to know the Law before the matter be
diípatcht.

APHORISZA XC.

That the Refolutions ofthe Wife , given to Clients touching poizt
of Law, whether by Advocates or Profeffors, (hould be of füch Autho-
rity, that it may not be lawful for the Judge to depart from their
opinion, we cannot approve: «Let Law be derived from worn judges.

APHO-

Lire. VIII. Of tbe SA drone of “Learning. —

APHORISM XCI.

To Feel and found Judgements by feigned Caufes and Perfons,that
by thismeans, men might find out what the Courfe and proceeding
of Law will be, we approve not: for it difhonoureth the Majefty of
Laws, and is to be accounted a kind of prevarication or double deal-
ing; and it is afoul fight to fee places of Fudicature to borrow any thing

from the fiage.
> APHORISM XCII.

Wherefore let, as well the Decrees, as the anfwers and Courfcls pro-
ceed from the Judgesalone: thofe of fuits depending 5 thefe of dif=
ficult points of Law, in the general. Require not thefe Decifions,
whether in caufes private or publick, from the Judges themfelves,
(for this were to make the Judge an Advocate) but of the Przzce, or
ofthe State. Frowe thee let the order be directed unto the Judges =
and let the xdges thus authorized, hear the reafons on both fides 5
both of the Advocates or of tbe Committees, deputed by the parties to
whom the matter appertaineth; or of them afligned by the Judges
themfelves 5 if neceflity fo require: and weighing the Caufe,let them
deliver the Law upon the cafe anddeclareit. Let thefe verdi; and
‘counfels, be recorded and notified amonglt Cafes adjudged, and be
ofequal authority.

Of Prelections.
APHORIS@M XCIII.

Fa the LeGures of Law,and the exercifes of thofe that addrefs them-
felves to the ftudies of Law, be fo inftituted and ordered, that
all may tend rather to the laying afleep, than the awaking of Quetti-
ons and Controverfies in Law. For (asthe matter is now carried)
a School is fet up, and open amongft all, to the multiplying of 4/-
tercations and Queftions in Law; as if their aim was only to make
oftentation of wit. And this is an old difeafe,for even amongft the
Ancients, it was, as it were, a glory, by Sects and Factions, to
cherifh rather than extinguifh many queftions concerning Law. Pro-
vide againft this inconvenience.

Of the Inftability of Judgements.
APHORISM XCIV.

Odgements become incertain, either through immature and toopre=
cipitate proceeding to fentence s or through Emulation of Courts; or
through ill and unfkilful reeistring of judgements 5 of becaufe there
isa tooealie and expedit way open of Reverfing and Refcinding tBhu.
Wherefore it muft be provided, that 7zdgezezts iflue forth not with-
Out a fiaid deliberation had afore-hand 5 and that Courts bear a Reve-
rent

+

312. ~~ Of the Advancement of Learning. | Ls. VIE

rent refpeé to one another 5 and that Decrees be drawn up faithfully
and wifely 5 and that the way to repeal Fudgements be narrow, rocky
and ftrewed, as it were, with fharp ftones.

APHORISAM XCV.

Ifa judgement have been awarded upon a. Cafe in any Principal
Court; and the /ike café intervene in another Court; proceed not
to fentence before the matter be advifed upon in fome folemn Affembly
of judges : for if Judgements awarded wuft needs. be repeald, yet let
thew be interred with Honour.

APHORIS M XCVI.

For Courts to be at debate and variance about jurisdidions is a hu-
nane frailty 5 and the more becaufe this intemperance, through a

mifpriffion and vain conceit (that it i; the part of a flout rp.

to enlarge the priviledges of tbe Court )is openly countenanced and
fpur'd on, whereasit hath need of the Bridle. But that out of this

heat of ftomach, Courts fhould fo eafily reverfe on both fides Fudge-

ments awarded, which nothing pertain to Furisdidion, is an infüffe-
rable evil, which by all means fhould be repres'd and punifht 5 by
Kings or Counfels of State, or the form of Government. For it isa
Prefident of the worft example, That Courts, that fhould distribute
Peace, fhould themfelves pratfice Duels.

APHORISM XCVII.

Let there not bea too eafie and free paflage made to the Repealing
of Judgements by Appellations, and writs of Error, or Re-examination,
andthe like. Itis maintained by fome, thata Suit may be brought
intoa Higher Court, as entire and untried, the Judgement paft up-
on it, fet afrde and abfolutely {ufpended: others are of opinion that the
Judgement it felf may [laud in force, but the execution thereof may be
fiaid: neither of thefe isto be allowed, unlefs the Courts wherein
the Judgement was awarded, were of a bafe and inferior order: but
rather that both the Judgement ftand, and that the execution there-
of goon; foa Caveat be putin by the Defendant for Damages and
charges if the Judgement {hould be reverff.

E ut this Zitle touching the Certainty of Laws {hall füffice for a pre-
* Diuf'un 4- 3 YGdent tothe reft of a* Digeft, which we with care and diligence

sis Anglicans 5

Sacrwmlufitie endeavour to contrive. And now have we concluded Civil Kzom-
MD teu lpdee C (o faras we thought fit to entreat thereof) and together with it
gane eg 5 : ^ - . . -

fuam — Humane Philofophy, as alío with Humane Philofopbys Philofophyin Ge-

fcd nondum d :
condisumiquod mora], Wherefore being now at length at fome paufe, and looking
Bi ie "" back into that we have paftthroughs this our writing feems to us not
Principum, In- much unlike thofe founds and Preludes, which Atufictans make while
fisurandwm: they are tuning their Inffrusents3 which is harfh and unpleafing to
Tat Nominis B ; B

Avraitai, hear, but yetis a caufe why. the A4wfrck is fweeter afterwards.
confecrandum So

vefervatur.

Z

NL UL RCM I uu ux
Lis. IX. Of the Advancement of Learning. 21

So have we been content to employ our pains in tuning the Jv/?rwzent
of tbe Mufes,and to fet it unto a true Harmony, that afterwards they
may play who have betterhands. Surely, when fet before methe
condition of thefe times, in which Learning feems to have made her
third Circuit to Mens and withal diligently behold, with what va-
rious {upplies and füpports being furnifht, (he hath made her vifitati-
on; asare, the height aud vivacity of many Wits in this our Ages the
excellent monuments of Ancient writers, which as {o many great lights
fhine before us; the Art of Printing, which communicates Books with
a liberal hand to men ofall fortunes; the travel’d bofom of the Ocean
and of the world, opened on all parts, whereby multitudes of expe-
riments unknown to the Ancients have been difclofed; and Natura!

- Hiftory, by the accefs of an infinite Mafs advanced : the leafure where-

with the Kingdoms and States of Europe every where abound, not
imploying men fo generally in Civil Bufineffes, as the States of Grecia
did in refpe&t of their Popularity; or as the {tate of the Rosazs did
in refpect of their Z4ozarchy: the Peace which at this prefent,Britta-
ny, Spain, Italy, asalfoatthis inftant France and many other Coun-
tries enjoy: The Confumption and Exaninition of all that can be imagi-
ned or {aid iz controverftes of Religion, which now fo long have taken
up fo many Wits, and diverted them from the (tudies of other Scien-
ces: the Elevation and Perfection of Your Majeflies Learning; about
whom (as the Birds about the Phenix) whofe vollies of wits flock and
affemble : Lajtly the infeparable property which attends time it felf,
which is, ever wore and more to difclofe truth : when we think,I fay,
on thefe advantages; we cannot but be raifed to this Perfwafion,that
this third period of Learning, will far fürpafs thofe two former of
the Grecian and Roman Learning. Only if men will but well and wifely
know their own ftrength and their own weaknefs both; and take,one
from the other, light of Inventions; and not Fire-brands of contra-
di#ion; and efteem of the Inquifition of Truth,as a noble enterprife,
and not as a delight or ornament 5 and imploy wealth and magnifi-
cence to things of worth and excellency,and not to things vulgar and
of popular eftimation.

As for my Labours, if any man fhall pleafe himfelf or others in the
reprehenfion of them, certainly they (hall caufe me put up that anci-
ent requeft, but of great patience, verbera, fed Audi let men repre-
hend as they pleafe, fo they obferue and weigh what is fpoken. Verily the
Appeal is lawful (though, it may be, for this matter, not fo need-
ful) if it be made fro the first cogitations of men unto thefecond; and
fromthe neerer times, to the times farther off.

Now let us come unto the Learning, which thofe two ancient Peri» —

ods of time were not fo bleft as to know, Imean Sacred and Divine-
ly infpired Theology, the nobleft Saboath and Port of all mens Labours
and Peregrimations.

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ERAS en. CH aeger cs rie 7 : LASHER TEL

"NY dw

THE

Ninth Book

OF

FRANCIS: LE FRRULAM
Vicount SALBAN:

OF THE

Dignity and Advancement
LEARNING.

To the KING. ed

Cina po.

The Partitions of Infpired Divinity are omitted,only accoff is made to
three Deficients. I. The Doctrine of the right ufe of Humane
Reafon in matters Divine. II. The Doctrine of the Degrees

* of Unity in the City of God. III. And the Emanations of SS.

Scriptures,

S ND now (oft excellent King)) we have with a {mall
Bark, fuch as we were able to fet out, fail'd about the
$^ univerfal circumference, as well of the old as the new,
& World ef Sciencesswith how pro{perous winds and courfe,

5 weleave to Pofterity to Judge. Whatremains but that
having accompliíht our Defigns, we íhould pay our
vows? Buttherereíts yet behind Sacred-izfpired-Divinity 5 where-
of if we fhould proceed tointreat, we (hould depart out of the Piz-
nace of Humane Reafon , and go into the fhip of the Church, which
muft alone be governed by a Divine fca-zeedle, to dire& her courfé
aright : for the Stars of Philofophy which hitherto fhined forth unto
us, and were our chief guide, here fail us: it were then meet, we
Ror 2 kept

7T;

en eee II ad i DNE " 1
216 Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis. IX.

kept filence in this facred (übje&. Wherefore we fhall omit the jui
partitions of this knowledge 5 yet notwith(tanding fomewhat we will
caft into this treafury, by way of good wifhes according to the pro-

ortion of our (lender hability. This we do the rather becaufe we
find no coaft or fpace of ground in the whole Body of Divinity lying
vacantand untilled; fo diligent have men been, either in fowing of
Good feed, or fowing of Tares. ;

§ Wherefore we will propound three Appendices of Theology.treating,
not of the matter zzforzied of by Divinity, or to be informed of,
but only of the wanner of information : neither will we annex ex-
amples, or fet down precepts concerning thefe Tradates, as our
manner was todo in the reft 5 that we refer to Divizes 5 for thefe are
(as hath been faid) /éke meer vows only.

I. The Prerogative of God comprehends the whole man; and is
SOPHRON extended as wellto the Reafgz, as to the will of Azan 5 that is, that
Bee SCA man renounce himfelf wholly, and drawnearunto God: wherefore
TIONIS hu- as we are to obey bis law, though we find a reluctation in our wil,
manz in DI- (5 we are to believe bis word, though wea find a reluétation in our
em Reafon : forif we believe only that which isagrecable unto our Rea-

fon, we give aflent to the Matter, not to the Author 5. which is no
more than we would do towards a fufpeded and difcredited witnefs :
G^n.18, but that Faith which was aceounted unto Abraham for Righteou(nefs ,
was of fuch a point, as whereat Sarah laughed , who therein was an
Image of Natural Reafoz. By how much therefore any Divine AMy-
flerie is more difcondant, and incredible ; by fo much the more Ho-
nour is given to Godin Believing, and the victory of our Faith is
made morenoble: Nay, even finners by how much the more they
are furcharg’d in confcience, and yet repofe a truft in the metcies of
God for their falvation,by this do more honour God, for all de/peration
zs a reproach of the Deity. Nay farther,(if we truly confider the point)
it is an At more great and high to believe, than to kvow, as we now
know : for in &xowledge man's mind fuffers from fezfe, which refults from
things materiates but in Belief the fpirit fuffers from fpirit, which is
the worthier Agent: the cafe is otherwife in the fiate of Glory, for
;Conxins then Faith fhall ceafe, and we fhall know, as we are known. Where-
fore we may conclude, that Sacred Theology is grounded on, and
muft be deduced from the Oracles of God; and not from the light of
Nature, or the Diates of Reafon : for it is written, The Heavens de-
Pfalxix. — clare tbe Glory of God, but we never find it written, The Heavens
declare the will of God: of the will of God , 1t 1s faid, Ad legem &
Teslimonia 5 fi nom fecerint feeundum illud, &c. This holdsnot only
in thofe great Myfteries concerning the Deity, the Creation, the Re-
desaption, but appertains alfo to a more perfect interpretation of the
Mat.vs Law Moral, Love your Enemies 5 do good to there that bate you, &c.
that you may be the children of your heavenly Father, who commands
the rain to fall upon the juft and unjust, which words certainly de-
ferve that applaufe, Nec vox hominem fonat : For it is a voice beyond
the light of Nature. So likewife we fee the Heathen Poets efpeci-
ally, when they fall upona paffion, do (till expoftulate with Laws
aud Moralities (which yet are far more free and indulgent than di-

VINE

*

a cn

Lis. IX. Of tbe Advancement of Learning.

vine Laws) as if ina kind of malignity, they were repugnant to the
liberty of nature,

Et quod xatura remittit
Invida jura negant

So faid Dewdamis the Indian, unto Alexanders Meffengers, That he |

bad beard fomewhat of the name of Pythagoras, and fome other of the
wife men of Grecia, andthat he held them for excellent men 5 but they
had one fault, whichwas, that they had in too great Reverence and Ve-
neration, animaginary thing they called Law and Manners. Soit mult
be confeft, that a great part of the Lam Moral is of that perfection,
whereunto the light of nature cannot afpire: yet notwithítanding,
that men are {aid to have,even from the Light azd Lam of Nature.íome
notions and conceits of virtue, vice, justice, injury, good and cvil,
is moft true and certain. Yet we muft underftand that this gh: of
Natnre isufed in two feveral fenfes 5 firs£, as it {prings from fenfe, In-
duction, Reafon, Arguments, according to the Laws of Heaven and
Earth; Secondly, as it 1s imprinted and (hines upon the fpirit of Man
by an inward inítin& according to the Law of Coufcience, which is a
Ípark, and,asit were, the Remains ofa Priftine and Primitive Pu-
“yity: in which latter fenferprincipally, the foul is participant of {ome
light to behold and difcernthe perfection of the Moral Law 5 which
light is not altogether fo clear, but fuch asin fome meafure rather re-
prehendszices, than fully informes us concerning Duties: So then
the Religion as well Moral as Atpstical depends upon Divine Revelati-
On.

6 The #fe, notwithftanding, of Humane Reafon in matters fpiritual,
is without queftion, manifold, very fpacious, and general; and it
is not for nothing that the Apoftle calls Religion, our reafonable fer-
vice of God, Let itbe remembred that the (hadows and Figures of the
old Law, were full of Reafon and fignification, much differing from
the ceremonies of Idolatry and magick, which were furd and mute ;
oftentimes inftructing nothing,no not fo much as infinuating any thing.

The Chriflian Faith efpecially, as im all things, fo in this is eminent, and
deferves highly to be magnified, that it holds a golden Mediocrity touch-
ing ibeufe of Reafon and Difputation, which is the off-/pring of Reafon ;
between the Law of the Heathen and the Law of Mahomet, which have
imbraced the two extremes; for the Religion of the Heathen, had no
conftant beliefor confeflion 5 omthe contrary in the Religion of 242-
homet, all Difputation was interdicted : fo asone hath the very face
of wandring and multifarious error; the other of cunning and caute-
lous impofture 5 whereas the Holy Chriftian Faith doth both admit and
reject Difputation, but according to due bounds.

§ The #fe of huzzane Reafom in matter pertaining to Religion is oftwo
forts; the one in the explication and conception of the Miflerys the o-
ther in Wations and Inferences derived fromthence. As touching the
Explication of Miiieries, we fee that God vouchfafeth to deícend
to the weaknefs of our capacity , fo exprefling and unfolding
his Z4rsferies as they may be beít comprehended by us; 424. inocula-

ting

eM

Piutar.in 4-
lex.M.

V.Doctifi.
Hookerum de
LL.Eccl.Poli-
tix 1.53. 6v 111,
1X.l.r.$ virg
Ix:
Rom.xtr,

DID. QU tbe Advancement of Learning. Lis.IX.

Joan. 111.

y Cor.vit.

ting, as it were, bis Revelations, upon the Conceptions and Notions of
our Reafon and fo applying his infpirations to open our underftanding,
as the form of the key 1s fitted to the ward of the lock. Tn which ree
fpe& notwithftanding, we ought not to be wanting to our felves 5
for feeing God himfelf makes ufe of the faculty and function of Rez-
fon in his Zl'uminations 5 we ought alío every way to imploy and im-
provethe fame, whereby we may become more capable to receive
and draw in fuch holy A4yfleries : with this caution, that the mind
for its Module be dilated to the amplitude of the Myíteries and
not the Myfteries be ftreightned and girt into the narrow compals of
the Mind.

§ As for Illations,we ought to know that there is allowed usa wfe

of Reafon and Argument, in regard of Afj/feries, Secondary and Re- .

{pective 5 not Primitive and Abfolute: for after the Articles and
Principles of Religion are placed in. their feats, fo as they ftand al-
together exempt from the examination of Reafoz , it is then indeed
permitted unto us to make derivations and inferences from them, ac-
cording to the Analogy of them. Iz things Natural this holds not 5
for boththe Principlesare liable to examination, by Indu@ioz I mean,
though not by SyHogifm 5 and the fame Principles have no repugnancy
with Reafoz, but that the firít and middle Propofitions may be de-
rived from the fame Fountain. But it is otherwife in the Do&rzze of
Religion, where the firft propofitions are their own fupporters and
fübfiftent by themfelves ; and again, they are not regulate by that
Reafon, which inferreth confequent propofitions. Nor holdeth this
in Religion alone, but alfo in other Sciences, both of greater and
fmaller nature 3 namely where the Primarie Propofttions are Placita
not Pofita s becaufe in thefe alfo the we of Reafon cannot be abfolute.
For inftance we fee in Games , as Chefs, or the like , that the firfé
Draughts and Laws of the Play are merely pofitive C ad placitum,which
must abfolutcly be accepted, and not difputed but that thereupon you
may win tbe Gane, and with the beft advantage manage your Play, is
a thing artificial and rational. So it is likewife in Humane Laws ,
wherein there be many A/aximcs (as they ftile them) that is, mere
Placita juris, grounded more upon Authority than Reafon 5 neither
come they into difceptation: but what is zzoff jufi, not abfolutely
but relatively, (that is from the Analogie of thefe Maximes) that
indeed is Rational, and affordsa large field of Difputation. Such
therefore is that fecozdary Reafon, which hath place in facred Theology,
that is, which is grounded upon the Placits of God.

§ And asthere is a double ufe of humane Reafon in matters Divine s
fo in the fame ufe there isa double excefs 5 the one where there is made
a more curious enquiry into the manner of tbe Myflery.than is befeemings
the other whe equal Authority is attributed to Derivations , which is
to Principles. For bothhe, may feem tobe Nicodemus Difciple, who
pertinaciouíly enquires, Hom can a man be born when heis old? and
he in no wife can be accounted Pauls Difciple, which may not fome-
times interlace his inftructions with Ego zon Dominus, or that, Accord-
ing to my Judgment 5 for to many IWations that {tile is well applied:
wherefore to my underftanding it would be a wholefome and very

pro-

7
‘
|
"3

eee Se

Lis.IX. Of the Advancement of Learning. 319

profitable courfe, if there were a fober and diligent Tractate com.
piled, which as a kind of Divine Dialeick might give direions,
concerning the true limits and ufe of Reafon in. matters Divines which
would be a kind of Opiate AMedicime, not only to quiet and lay afleep the
vanity of Aery [peculations , wherewith the Schools fometime labour
but likewife mot a little calet, and mitigate the furies and rage of Con-
trover(ies, which raife fidings and factions in the Church. A Treatife
of this nature we fet down as Deficient, and term it Sopbroz or the
the right ufe of Humane Reafon in matters Divine. : 3
If. It imports exceedingly the Peace of the Church , that the — ^
League of Chriflians, prefcribed by our Saviour in thofe two claufes REN *US,
which feem to crofgone the other, were well and clearly expound- dibus Unis
ed 5 whereofthe one defines thus, He that is not with ws is againft in Civitate
us: the other thus : He that is not againSt us is with us. From thofe p. Td
two feveral aflertionsit plainly appears, that there are fome Articles Lue-x:.
wherein whofoever diffenteth, is to be held as not comprehended in the
league : and there are other Articles, wherein a man may diffent , and
yet the league be kept entire. For the bounds of Chriftian community
are fet down 5 Oze Faith, one Baptifz 5 and not,one Rite, one Opinion. pyhctav;
We fce likewi(e the Coat of our Saviour ma; entire without feanz3 but Jos. x.
the garment of the Church mas of divers Colours. The Chaff mutt c£l.xiv,
be fever’d from the corn inthe ear 5 but the Tares may not prefent-
ly bepull'd up from the Corn in the Field. When Afofes faw an
Egyptian fighting with an Ifraelite, he did not fay, why ftrive you?
but drew his fword and flew the Egyptian; but when heíaw two
Ifraelites fight,though it could not poflible be that both parties had a
juít caufe ; yet hé'thus befpeaks them both,You are brethren,why ftrive exod.t1)
you 2 Wherefore if thefe things be well obferved, it will be found
a matter of great moment and ufe to define what, and of what la-
titude thofepoints are, which difcorporate men from the body of
the Church, and caftthem out and quite cafhier them from the com.
munion and fellowíhip of the faithful. And if any think that this
hath been done now long ago, let him feriou(ly confider with what
fincerity, and moderation the fame hath been perform'd. In the
mean {pace it is very likely, that he that makes mention of Peace ,
fhall bear away that anfwer Febu gave to the Meffenger, Is it Peace
jebu 2 What haft thon to do witb Peace? turn and follow me. Peace 1223.15:
is not the matter that many feek after, but parties and fiding: Not-
with{tanding we thought good to fet down amongft Deficients, as a
wholfome and profitable work, a Treatife touching the Degrees of O-
nity in the City of God.
IIL. Seeing the Parts of Sacred Scripture touching the Information *
of Theology,are {uch and fo greatslet us {pecially confider the Interpre- UTRES
tion thereof; nor do we here fpeak of the Authority of interpreting i. Y
them, which is eftablifht by the confent of the Church, butof the Emanationes
manner of Interpreting. This isof two forts, Methodicals and Solute, Scripmrarum.
or at large : for this divine water, which infinitely excels that
of Jacobs wel, s drawn forth and deliver'd much after the fame
manner as Natwral waters ufeto be out of Wells 5 for thefe at the firft
draught are either receiv'd into Ciflerzs, and fo may be Fe og
; an

320

M —À— MÀ
a ee

Of the Advancement of Learning. Lis. 1X.

Mat.XX1V.

and deriv'd by many Pipes for publick and private ufe 5 or is pour.
ed forth immeditately in Buckets and Veflels, to be us'd out of hand,
asoccafion requires.

§ Now this former Z4etbodical manner hath at length brought
forth unto us Scholastical Theology, whereby Divinity hath been col-
lected into an At, asinto a Ciftern 5 and the (treams of Axioms and
Pofitions, diftributed from thence into all parts. VON

§ But in folute Manner of Interpreting, two extreams intervene;
the one prefuppofeth fuch a perfection im Scriptures, as that all Philofo-
phy ought to be fetcht and deriu'd. from thofe facred Fountains 5 as if all
other Philofophy were an unballowed and Heathenifh thing. This di-
{temperature hath prevail'd efpecially in the School of Paracelfus,
and fome others 5 the fource and {pring whereof flowed from the
Rabbinsand Cabalifts. But thefe men have not attain'd their pur*
pofe; nor do they give honour (as they pretend) to Scriptures, but
rather embafe and diftain them. For to feek a zateriate Heaven and
Earth in the Word of God, whereof it is faid Heaven and Earth fhall
pafs, but my word fhall not pafé, 1s indeed to purfue Temporary things
amongft eternal : for as to feek Divinity im Philofophy, is as if you
would feek the living amongft the Dead 5 {o on the other fide , to feek
Philofophy im. Divinity , is all one as to feek the dead amongst the
living.

§ The other zzagzer of Interpreting, which we fet down.as an ex-
ceís, feems at firlt fight fober and chafte 5 yet notwithftanding it

both difhonoureth Scriptures , X m prejudice and detri- -

ment to the Church ; and it is, to ípcaMPM a word, when Divinely-in-
fpir'd Scriptures are expounded. aft e fafie n@uner that humane
writings are. For 1t muft beremembred, that théke are two points
known to God the Author of Scripture, Which man’s ture cannot
comprehend 5 that is, The fecrets of the Heart. and tM faccelfion of
Times. Wherefore feeing the Precepts and Dictates of Seribtures
were writtenand diretfed to the Heart and Thoughts of men, 'arte-com=
prehend the viciflitudes of all Ages, with an eternal and certain
fore-fight of all Herefies, CowtradiGions 5: differing and mutable e-
ftates of the Church, as well in general, as of the Ele& in fpe-
cial 5 they are to be interpreted according to the Latitude and the
proper fence of the place, and refpectively toward that /btefent.
occafion whereupon the words wereutter'd 5 or in precififeongrui-
ty from the Context of the precedent and fubfequent words 5 .er in
contemplation of the principal {cope of the places but fo as we con-
ceive them to comprehend, not only totally or colle@ively, but di-
ftributively, even in claufes, and in every word, infinitefprings and

ftreams of DoGrine to water every part of the Church, and the.{pi .

rits of the Faithful. For it hath been excellently obferved, that the
Anfwers of our Saviour, to many of the gueftions which were pro»
pounded to him, feem not to the purpofe, but, as it were , imper-
tinent to the (tate of the queftion demanded. The Reafons hereof
are two: the one, that being he knew the thoughts of thofe that pro-
pounded the Queftions, not from their words, as we men ufe to do,
but immediately, and of himfelf, he made anfwer to their thoughts,

not

:
|
4
7

Of the Advancement of Learning.

not to their words. The other Reafon is, that he fpake not only to:

them that were then prefent, but to us alfo who now live ; and to
men of every Age and Place to whom the Gofpel (hould be preacht:
which fenfe in many places of Scripture muít take place.

§ Thefe chus briefly toucht and fore-tafted; come we now to that,
Treatife which we report as Deficiente There are found indeed a-
mong(t Theological writings too many Books of Controverfies, an in-
finite Mafs of that Divinity which we call Pofitive "as. Commoz-
places's Particular Treatife 5 Cafes of Confeience 5 Sermons Homilies ;
and many Prolix Commentaries upon the Books of Scripture: but the
Form of writing Deficient is this, namely /uccind and found Colledti-
on, and that with judgement, of Annotations and Obfervations upon
particular Texts of Scripture 5 not dilating into common-placess or
chafing after Controverftes 5 or reducing them into metbod of Art: but
which be altogetger fcattered and Natural, a thing indeed now and
then expreft in more learned Sermons, which for moft part vanith;
but which as yet, is not collected into Books that (hould be tranf-
mitted toPofterity. Certaizly as Wines which at firft prefling run
gently, yield amore pleafant tafte, than thofe where the Wine-prefs
ishard wrought 5 becaufe thofe fomewhat relifh of the (tone and
skin of the Grape; fo thofe obfervations are moft wholfome and
fweet, which flow from Scriptures gently expreft; and naturally ex-
pounded , and are wrefted or drawn afide to common places or
Controverfies 5 fuch a Treaüíe we will name, The Emanations of
Scripture.

« § Thus have we made, as it were, a fzral/ Globe of the Intelle@u-

* al world, as faithfully as we could, together with a defignation
and defcription of thofe parts which I find not conftantly occu-
** pate, or not Well converted by the Induftry and Labours of men.
“In which work if I have any where receded from the opini-
* on of the Ancients, I defirethat Pofterity would fo judge of my
“ intentions, as that this was done with a mind of further Progreffzov,
** and Proficience in meliws 5 and not out of a humour of Inzovation,
€ or Tranfmigration zz alind: for I could not be true and conftant
* to my felf, or the Argument whichI have in hand, if I had not re-
* (olvedly determin'd, To add to the Inventions of others, fo far asI
“was able. And I am as Tung: and as fincerely with, that later
* ages may go beyond me hereafter, as [ have endeavoured to go
* beyond others now. And how faithfully I have dealt in this bu-
*: (inefs may appear even by this, that I have propounded my opini-
* ons every where naked and unarmrd, not feeking to prejudicate
* the liberty of others by the pugnacity of confutations. Forin a-
** ny thing which [have well fet down, Iam in good hope that it
** will come fo to paG, that if in the firft reading a fcruple or objecti-
© on be mov d, in the fecond reading an anfwer will be ready made ;
** and in thofe things wherein I have chanc'd toerr, I am füreI have
** not prejudiced the right by litigious arguments, which common-
“ly are of this nature , that they procure Authority to error, and deros
** gate from Good inventions for from Dubitation Error acquires Ho-
. St e "OH;

2E

322

Of the Advancent of Learning.

eT a a aT eS LR Pe De ESMEN eee
€ our, Truth fuffer repulfe. And now Icallto mind an An(wer Thesi-

* flocles made, who,when an Ambaflador ina fet fpeech had. boafted
« great matters.of a {mall Village, takes him up thus, Friend, your
€ words would require a City. Surely I fuppofe it may be juítly ob-
* jected to me, that my words require an Age, a whole Age perchance
“to prove them,and many Ages to perfe&them. Notwithftanding
* feeing the greateft matters are owing unto their Principles, it is
“enough to me that I have Somez unto Pofterity, and the immortal
* God, whofe divine Majefty I humbly implore through his Son and
* our. Saviour, that he would vouchfafe gracioufly to accept thele
** and füch Jie facrifices of Humane underftauding feafoned with Reli-
«€ gion as with falt, and incenfed to his Glory.

a

A
NEW WORLD

SCIENCE

d
IN
S k
4
€

OR THE

Dy Edge

LIB. IL

* Rrores Nature :.. Or the
Hiftory of Preter-Gene-
tions, Cap.2. Sed.3.

_* Vincula Nature , Ekxperi-
mental ot Mechanical Hiítory,
"Cap.2. $e. 4.

_* Hifloria Indudiva, Natural
Hiftory for the building up of
Philofophy, Cap. 3. Sed.t.

* Oculus Polyphemi, Or the Hi-
ory of Learning from age to
age, Cap.4. Self.t.

_* Hiiforia ad Prophetias , The
Hiftory of Prophefie, Cap. 11.
Sed.2. - ;

* Sapientia Veterum , Philofo-
phy according to ancient para-
bles, Cap.13. Se#.3

LIE. Uf
T E Philofophiá Prima, Or the

ESSE NOU us

Common and General Axioms of
Sciences, Cap.1, SeF.3.

* Aftronomia Viva, Living Ae
{tronomy, Cap.4. SeH.3.§ 1.

* AStrologia Sana, Sound A-
ftrologie, Cap.4. $ed.3. § 2.

..* Problewes Natural, a conti-
nuation thereof; Cap.4. Se&.5.

..* Placites of ancient Philofo-
phers, Cap.4. Se@.5. § 1.

* Forme Rerum: A patt of
Metaphyfick , of the Forms of
things, Cap.4. $ed. 6.

* Magia Naturalis + Or the
fetting of. Ferzzes on work, Cap;
5. Se#.1.§ 1.

* Imveniarium Opum Humanae
rum, An Inventary of the Eftate

of Man, Cap.5.Sec#.2. —

* Catalogus Polychreflovum , a

| Catalogue of. Things of multifa-

rious Ufe and Application, Cap. s:

SeB.2, $ 1.
Sf3 LIE.

A Catalogue of pais

LIB. IV.

* Tyiumpbi Hominis, ot of thé
summities and higheft pitch of

| * Of the Difference between

Perception and Sence, Cap. 3;
Sed.5. $ 3:

* Radix Térfpetfive, The ori-

Humane Nature, Cap.t- Se0.2. | ginal of the Per{pedives, or ofthe

§ 2.

* Phyfiognomia Corporis in Mo-|.

tn, a Phyfical difcovery of the

Body upon Motion; Caj.t. Set#.3:

S1;

* Narrationes Medicinales T
Medicinal Reports , 0% Hiftorical
obfervations in Phyfick, Cap. 2-
Sed.3. § I+

* - Avatomia Comparata, Com-
parative Anatomy, ‘Cap.2- Sect.3.
§ 2.

* Morbi Infanabiles , Of the
curing of Difeafes counted in-
curable, Cap.2. Sedf,2. § 5-

* pe Euthanafia exteriore, Of
a fair and eafig outward paffage
out of life, Cap.2. Seif.3. $ 6.

* of Autbentick and approved
Medicines, Cap.2- Se#.3. § 7-

* Artificial Imitatton of Natu-
ral Baths, Cap.2. Sec#.3. § 8.

* Filum Medicinale, An or-
derly courfe and fequel in Phy-
fick, €ap-2- Se#.3- § 9.

* prolongation of the {pace or
courfe of life, Cap.2. Sedf.4.

* Of the fubftance of the
Senfible, or meerly producted
Soul, Cap.3. Seder,

* Of the impulfion of the Spz-
rit in voluntary Motion, Cap. 3.
Scd.1,

Form of light, Cap.3. Se.3. § 4.

Mm
2

IZIB.: V. | f

* Venatio Panis, Or Literate
experience, Cap.2, $ed. 1. § 1,2.

* Organum Novudz, Ot true Di-
rections for the Interpretation of
Nature, Cap.2-Sedf.3. § vult.

* Topice Particuldres, Or Places
of Invention, appropriate to Par-
ticular Subjects and Sciences, Cap,
3. Sedf.2. § 1. ü

* Elenchus Idolorum , Sophifm-
Images, impofed upon the under-
ftanding from the nature of Man,
General, Particular, or Commu-
nicative, Cap.4.Sed.3.

* Analogy of Demonftrations
according to the maturt of the
Subject, Cap.4. Sed.4.

LIB. VL

* Notes or Impreffions of Things,

| from Congruity, or from ad Pla~

citum, Cap.Y. SeG.1- $ 2.

* A Philofophical Grammar; Or
the Analogy between Words and
Things, Cap.1. Sec#.2. $ 1-

* Traditio Lampadis , Or the
Metbod deliver'd unto the Sons of
Wifdom, Cap.2. Sed. t. $ 1.

| * Of the Wifdom of Mrivate

Speech

AC atalogue of Deficients.

Spcechs Or re(pedive Deliveries | Sparfed Occafions , Cap.2. SeG.r.
of a man's fel£, Cap.3. Sed. 1. $ 1. re

E: The Colours of Good and E- * Faber Fortune, the Contriver

par’d, Cap.3. Sedf.2. § 1, for advancement, Cap.2. Sed t,

* Conful Paludatus; Or the

| the Art of enlarging the bounds

of a Kingdom or State, Cp. 3.
Sed I.

* Formule Minmores,leffer forms | — Idea "ufi ;t; ; Ny.
: uftitie Onioer(alzs Or
ar {tiles of Speech, Cap. 3. Sed.4. die E aca Heft ^t Eo Capi 5

Sed .2.

* Antitheta Rerum, the Con-
tre-pofition of things; Cap. 3.
SeF,3.

LIB. VII.

EES ie

* Satyra Seria, or of fubtil

Reaches, Cautels, and Impoftures
in. Profeffions, Cap.2, Sed.3, § 3.

* Sophron35 Or of the right ufe
of Humane Reafon in matters Di-
vine, Cap.1- Se@.1.

* Georgica Amimi, the culture | — X Iren£us, Or of the degrees of

of the mind, Cap.3. 3ed.1. Unity in the City of God, Cap.
; Sed .1.
LIB. VIII * Utres Celefles s Or the Ema-

nations of SS; Scriptures, Cap. 1;
* Amanuenfis Vite , or of|se3.

1 bé

d n RIS dg Pn | ,
un wes Ad ji ii im Mee m :
E um rs pats o < pud ;

UAR Trap ui iis d
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A EON UHE "I lg inagis din 10. ESAE 4 en lio der SE
nha JA M ud aes at "bati Nn s ^ Wiehe hs

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VE : x ‘ oy ! a "m x) M ¢ 2k ju. SIE f
jae nat any iO: t MN vobis

UAR ales gui qal, 3o Moles yb CM d
mu. gas (8 30, AA

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j ait

INDEX

SACRED. &SGRIP TUR ES

Illuftrated or Alleged.
GEN. DEW T.
Cap. Verf, Pag. | Cap. Verf. Pag.
nolo Poe ee ee
I 1,&c. 26 | 12 E2085 117
i 2 137 :
» 3 27
i 9,&c 102 I. REG.
I 9 132 196 34 pa
a 27 87
: : pos II. REG.
2
3 5 239 |* 29 2
E 19 135 1 - 247
3 19 167 |^ 33 28
3 22 71^ 33 247
4 2 2RÉ...———— ae
at 37
; 241 225 IV. REG.
18 IO 316|9 18 319
45 3 pt ORE es aE ee
£.| 98
T : ESTH.
EXOD. é I 64
2 13 a —_— ——.
7 I 100
7 12 48 | , "A :
8 | ! 2
24 I 343 12 2 z
I3 9 5
LEVIT. E 7 2
13 I2, I5 28 | 26 13 29

APO Mu DER P LT ET ee

T be Index of d Scriptures.

Cap . — Vert Pag. | Cap. Verf. Pag:
58 I, &c A
38 an
VIR r—
PSAL.
7 4
9 3
19 TC. .
€9 «^ I
19 I
45 13
62 * 10
go 4
116 15
125 2
145 — 9
PROV.
4 45
4 23
6 i 6
6 E
9 7i
9 9:
Io I.
10 7
1o. 7.
XI 29
x2 10
14 É.
14 43
1S. I
15 15
35 19
17 2
17 9
18 2
18 17
20 5
20 F4
20 27
22 13
22 24
22 29
23. 23

P"C—— ———áÓÁ

I be Index of Scriptures.

Cap. Verf. Pag. ; Cap. Verf. Pag.
EZECH. ROM.
29 3 26819 Fixed 222
/ 12 I 317
DAN.
ia 4 65 I COR
32 Py 66
JOEL. 7 12 318
3 28 120 8 i 2
8 h "n
I
HABAC. 3 a 316
I 16 192 ENG
I 16 268 Il COR.
2 2 66 | 2 IE 88
MATTH | wet
E 44 240| - Een
5 44 316) 2 12 66
6 27 291|4 5 319
6 33 SUR Ii ecco du SOR (ote vM
7 6 250 NL
9 ir £86]. COLOS.
1I 19 41| 2 8 3
13 52 152|2 18 .88
22 29 30|3 14 239
24. 35 320
2 20 I
j ; I TIM
LUK. 6 5 18
2 46 29
9 50 319 TIT.
IO 4t 194 '
uH 22 319 I I2, 13 234
JOAN. JAC.
H E 318 | 1 17 48
5 43 901 24 273°
19 23 319
2 2 29 |? 24 39
7 22 27 3. 103
20 35 225 | 14 "3 i.

:

MT E usns

NNNM:
, ^ xt
, cue eet

RUP edat dd

HUMANE

A,

Sop. Fab. p. 1934531475
188, 194, ib

Agel. N. A. 161,190,

Agrippa, p.98.

Alcoran. Azorara.5. p.317.

Alhazen. p.85.

Ariftoteles, p. 20, 22, 24, 52, 53,
71,84, 85, 160, 101, 104, 105,
109; 114, II5, 113, 119, 127,|
140, I52, 157, 159, 160, 162,
166, 190, 220, 221, 232, 236,
1b.237,239.

————————————

B.

Bacon. p.34.78,159,160,287.
Boétius, p.85.

C.

Campanella. p.136.

J. Capitol. p.57.

Cardan. p.137.282.

Celfus Med. p.124,142.

Cicero. p. 13,24.35.45.49.49.66,

AUTHORS

Cenfured, Praifed, Cited,

229, 2305 232, 237, 244, 245,
247, ib. 252, 268, 270; 273,
278, ib. 282,288,290.

Claud. p.7c.

De Commines, p. 255+

Gollius, p.135.

D.

|i Demolt.p.130,153,189,190,220,
271,279,280.

P. Diaconus, p.29.

Dion. p.30,32,180,384.

Dion. Areop. p.26.

Donius, p.133.

E.

Epict. p.38,189,224,273,281.
Epiphan. p.160.

Euclid. p.84,158.

Eurip. p.4 1.80.

= ns

E

70.78, 2104: 115:142, 144, 152,|Florus, p.231.

153,160, 168, 182, 186, §92,' Flud. p.119.
T t2

7 be Index of Hamane Authors,

. |
G. N.

Gilbert.p.73,155 Nonn. p.80.
H. O.
Herodian. p.30,123. . |Orpheus, p.8o.
Herodat. p.76,167. Ovid. p. 25, 37,41,70,76, 78, 80,
Hefiod. p.190. 121,140,142,182,267,276.

Hipp. p.95,150,232.
Hitt. Ger. p.115.

Hift. Hen. 715. p.285. ; P.
Homer. p.6,69,72,88,114,119. ;
Hooker. p.317. -[ Pancirol. p.14 2,148.
Horat. p. 20, 142, 179, 196, 191, | Paracel. p.84,89,119,135, 160s
271,283. Paufan. p.77.
Perf. p.143.
|Philoft. p.2 1,115.
i. Pind. P-179 23452440

., |Platin- p.8.
Jac. R. p.47,53,61, 116, 229, ib- Plato. p.2,7,15,28, 31,38, $3,715

Jambl. p.223. 102, 104, 114, 115, 118, 142,
P: gud?ps. 153, 158, 159, 168, 181, 182,
Jul. p.29. 193,227,269.
Juven. p.228,237,270. ~ |Plaut. p.234,268,

Plin, fen-32,52,143.

Plin, jun. p.6 1,230,239.

L. Plur, p:tO; 13,15, 33> 34» 35» 36;
39,63, 77, 184, 193, 231, 243,

Laért. p.12,15,20, 53,70,71,75,| 244, 250, 259, 268. ib. 277- ib.
88,223,245.

282, 285,286, ib. i
Livius, p.12,22,68,165,231, 289. nac
Lucan: p.90.

Lucian. p.15. í
Lucret. p.40. *s

Lullius, p. 18c. Quint. p.19,115,

M. Re

Mach. difcorfe fopra Liv. lib. 1.) Ramus, p.179.
Cap. 10 Renovard-p.77,80,
Machiav, p.11,85, 258, 260, 267,
279,280,282,286.
Mart, Ep. p.74,169. S.
Meteran. p.115.
Mori vit. p.116. Saluft. p.12,13,134,224, 268,278,
Mount. p-273- Sands. p.75,77,78.

Selden.

Cenfured, Praifed, Cited.

Selden. p.290.
Senec. p.9,14,22,39,72, 114,140,
158, 195, 220,221, 225, 226, bn
232.
Socrat. p.53. A Vid. p.32.
Spart. p. 16. Virg. p.7,19.38,39:45:46, 49, 61,
Strab. p.77. 64,74,85,97,91,103, 105, 1 10;
Sueton. p.32,35,36.63, 101, I15,| 119,120,136,142, ib. 185,189,
125,167,193, 268,269,278. 221, 226, 240, 268, 270, 283,
286,287.

p

Tacit. p.2,12,2Q,41,90,1O1, 115, Z
216,255,2595:265, ib. 270, ib.
271, ib. 272, 274,275,279,ib.| Zenophon. p.36,115,239.
Telef. p.133. '

Dedori’

s LECTORI ACADEMICO S.

Erte Philofophia Naturalis ozmium Scientiarum:

aobiliffima eft, Certiffima ac aurpliffnma 5 utpote

fuo ambitu. Complectens: volumen illud. magnum -

Qo» admirandam Operum Dei ac Creaturarum ;
eorumg, varietatem, Conflantiam ac ornatum. — Catalogus
veroifte, qui Capita v fumma Rerum Continet, omniune
qui inquam prodiere, perfectiffimus oft , maxime ordinatus
ac definitus : ad imaginem Mundi compofitus ac Rerum,
non intelle&us c2» fpeculationum, quarum: non eS ordo, nu-
greru p, neq; finis. Catalogus revera ad menfuram univerfa
| Cv experimentorum ita accommodatus, ut naturamin natus
ra querat, eauiqs 2n. omnes ejus formas mutatam conftringat,
omne(g, ejus flatus. comprebendat ; libertatem , errores,
vincula ; in fpeciebus fuis, in monftris, in mechanicis. De-
niqyIndex eft incomparabilis,ac {ummo judicio elaboratus. Ad
fylvam & fupelleGtiilem Hiftoriarum Naturalinw Colligen-
dam, uullus uberior; ad, fic colle&iam , in locos Com. &
proprias claffes digerendam, nullus Concinnior ; ad, fic di-
geftam, memoriter retinendam, nullus efficacior unquam e@x-
titit 5 vel bumano ingenio ac induStria excogitari poteft. In-
terpres fic cogitavit? quod Juventuti Acadcmice ac. veri-
tatis amantibus zotwm fieri, ipforum interefje putavit. E-
runt fortafjis Pedarii Senatores, qui, modernis iietbodis ad-
fuetz, aliam fententiam ferent y atque ferant aliam 5 Sed ju-
füficata cft fapientia à Gliis fuis.

AXSVT. A

—— ee

a

i

- LI
" gh
NV I
d n 4
S.
E]
SE
HE
8:
ANS

CATALOGUS
" Hiftoriarum Particularum.

Secundum Capita.

LI

2 Hiítoria configurationis Coeli & partium ejus,
versis Terram & partes ejus 5 five Cofmographica.

UPS 3 Hiftoria Cometarum. :

2»Sw 4 Hiftoria Meteororum ignitorum.

s Hiftoria Fulgurum, Fluminum, Tonitruum, & Corufcationum.

6 Hiftoria Ventorum, & Flatuum repentinorum, & Undulationum
Aeris.

7 Hiftoria Iridum. :

9 Hiftoria Nubium, prout fuperné confpiciuntur

9. Hiftoria Expanfionis Coerulez, Crepufculi, plurium Solium, pluri-
um Lunarum, Halonum, Colorum variorum Solis & Lunz 5 atq;
omnis varietatis Coeleftium ad afpectum, quz fit ratione Medii.

to Hiítoria Pluviarum Ordinariarum, Procelofarum, & Prodigio-
farum 5 etiam CataraCtarum (quas vocant) Coeli, & fimilium. .

iz Hiftoria Grandinis, Nivis, Gelu, Pruing, Nebulz, Roris, & fi-
milium. .

i2 Hi/toria omnium aliorum Cadentium five Defcendentium ex

_ alto, & fuperné generatorum.

15 Hiftoria Sonituum in alto (fi modo fint aliqui) preter Tonitrua.

14 Hiftoria Aeris, in Toto, five in Configuratione Mundi.

ts Hiftoria Tempeftatum, five Temperamentorum Anni, tam fe-
cundüm variationes Regionum, quàm fíecundüm accidentia
Temporum, & periodos Annorum 5 Diluviorum, Fervorum,Sic-
citatum, & fimilium.

16 Hiftoria Terre & Maris 5 Figure & Ambittis ipforum, & Conft:

urationis 1pforum inter fe, at ; Exporrectionis ipforum in latum
P ? 4 i P
aut

—

C atalogus Hifloriarum Particularium.

A ee
aut anguftum 5 Infularum Terre in Mari, Sinuum Maris, & La-
cuum falforum in Terra, I(thmorum, Promontoriorum.

17 Hiftoria Motuum (fi qui fint) globi Terre & Maris; & ex qui-
bus Experimentis illi colligi poffint.

18 Hiftoria Motuum majorum & Perturbationum in Terra & Mari,
nempe Terre Motuum & Tremorum & Hiatuum, Infularum de
novo enafcentium, Infularum flu&tuantium, Abruptionum Terra-
rum per ingreffum Maris, Invafionum & Hluvionum, & contra
Defertionum Maris ; Eruptionum ignium e terra, Eruptionum
fubitanearum Aquarum e Terra, & fimilium.

19 Hiftoria Geographica Naturalis, Montium , Vallium , Sylvarum,
Planitierum , Arenarum, Paludum, Lacuum, Fluviorum, Tor-
rentium, Fontium, & omnis diverfitatis fcaturiginis ipforum ,
& fimilium : miffis Gentibus, Provinciis, Urbibus,& hujufmo-
di Civilibus. E ;

20 Hiftoria Fluxuum & Kefluxuum Maris, Euriporum, Undulatio-
num & Motuum Maris aliorum. |

21 Hiftoria ceterorum Accidentium Maris; Salfuginis ejus, Colo-
rum diverforum, Profunditatis: & Rupium, Montium, Valli-
um fübmarinarum, & fimilium.

Sequuntur Hiflorie Maffarum majorum.

LI

22 E TIftoria Flamme, & Ignitorum. '

23* ^ Hiftoria Aeris, in fübftantiá, non in Configuratione. *

24. Hiftoria Aquz, in fübftantiá, non in Configuratione.

25 Hiftoria Terre & diverfitatis ejus in Subftantià , non in Con-
figuratione.

Sequuntur Hiftorie Specierum.

26 p Ttoria Metallorum perfectorum, Auri, Argenti,& Minerarum,

Venarum, Marcafitarum eorundem : Operaria quoque in Mi-
neris tpforüm.

47 Hiftoria Argenti Vivi. .

28 Hiftoria Foffilium 5 veluti Vitrioli, & Sulphuris, ec.

29 Hiftoria Gemmarum; veluti Adamantis, Rubini, cc. .

30 Hiftoria Lapidum ; ut Marmoris, Lapidis Lydii, Silicis, gc,

31 Hiftoria Magnetis.

32 Hiftoria Corporum Mifcellaneorum, qua necfünt Foffilia pror«
fis, nec Vegetabilia5 ut Salium, Succini , Ambra-grifex,
c .

33 Hiftoria Chymica circa Metalla & Mineralia.

34. Hiftoria Plantarum, Arborum, Fruticum, Herbarum : & Parti--

um eorum, Radicum, Caulium, Ligni, Foliorum, Florum, Fru-
&uum, Seminum, Lachrymarum, €?«.
35 Hiftoria Chymica circa Vegitabilia.
36 Hiftoria Piícium, & Partium ac Generationis ipforum.
37 Hiftoria Volatilium, & Partium ac Generationis ipforum.
38 Hiftoria

PN 0 ————-

" m — ^"
— -_- ——_— —— -_-

—————————————
Secundim Capita.

38 Hiftoria Quadrupedum , & Partium ac Generationis ipío-
rum.

39 Hiftoria Serpentum, Vermium, Mufcarum, & ceterorum Infecto-
rum; & partium ac generationis ipforum.

40 Hiftoria Chymica circa ea qux fumuntur ab Animalibus:

Sequuniur Hifforie Hominis.

41 Hera Figure , & Membrorum externorum Hominis , Sta.

ture, Compagis , Vultüs, Lineamentorum 5 eorumq; va-

rietatis fecundim Gentes & Climata , aut alias minores Dif-
ferentias. ;

42 Hiftoria Phyfiognomica fuper ipa.

43 Hiftoria Anatomica, five Membrorum internorum; Hominis; &
varietatis ipforum, quateniis invenitur in ipsa naturali Compage
& Structurd, nontantüm quoad Morbos & Accidentia praterna-
turalia. "

44 Hiftoria partium fimilarium Hominis 5 ut Carnis, Offium , Mem-
branarum.c?c. j |

45 Hiftoria Humorum in Homines Sanguinis , Bilis, Spermatis,
ec.

46 Hiftoria Excrementorum 5 Sputi, Urinarum, Sudorum , Se-
dimentorum , Capillorum, Pilorum, Reduviarum, Unguium,
& fimilium.

47 Hiítaria Facultatum; Attractionis, Digeftionis, Retentionis, Ex-
pulfionis, Sanguificationis, Affimilationis alimentorum in mem-
bra, Verfionis Sanguinis & Floris ejus in Spiritum, @c.

48 Hiítoria Motuum Naturalium & Involuntariorum 5 ut Motüs
Cordis, Motüs Pulfuum, Sternutationis, Motüs Pulmonum, Mo-
tus Erectionis Virgz, c.

49 Hiftoria Motuum mixtorum ex Naturalibus & voluntariis 5 velu-
ti Refpirationis, Tuffis, Urinationis, Sedis, cc.

50 Hiftoria Motuum Voluntariorum ; ut Inftrumentorum ad voces
articulatas; ut Motuum Oculorum, Lingue, Faucium,Manuum,
Digitorum 5 Deglutionis, Cc.

51 Hi(toria Somni & Infomniorum.

52 Hiftoria diverforum Habituum Corporis ; Pinguis , Macilenti 5
Complexionum (quas vocant,) cc.

53 Hiftoria Generationis Hominum.

2 Li Li Li LI . . L4 LJ LJ
54. Hiftoria Conceptionis, Vivificationis, Geftationis in utero, Par-

tis, cc.

55 Hiftoria Alimentationis Hominis, atq; omnis Edulii & Potabilis,
atq; omnis Dite & Varietatis ipforum, Íecnndüm Gentes aut
minores differentias.

56 Hiftoria Augmentationis & Incrementi Coporis in Toto & Parti-

+ bus ipfius. |

57 Hiítoria Decurstis Atatis 5. Infantiz, Pueritiz, Juventutis, Sene-
cutis, Longzvitatis, Brevitatis Vite, & fimilium, fecundum. Gen-
tes & minores differentias.

Vv 59 Hiftoria

58
59

94

95
96

Catalogus Hifloriarum Particularinm

Hiftoria Vite & Mortis.

Hiftoria Medicinalis, Morborum, & VL & Pe §
eorundem.

Hiftoria Medicinalis, Cure, & Remediorum, & Liberationum 2 à
Morbis.

Hiftoria Medicinalis eorum quz confervant Corpus & Sanita-
tem.

Hiftoria Medicinalis eorum que pertinent ad Formam & Decus
Corporis, &?c.

Hiftoria Medicinalis eorum que corpusalterant, & pertinent ad
Regimen Alterativum.

Hiftoria Pharmaco-polaris.

Hiftoria Chirurgica.

Hi(toria Chymica circa Medicinas. Mis.
Hiftoria Visüs & vifibilium, five Optica.

Hiftoria Picture, Sculptoria, Plaftica, cc,

Hiftoria Auditüs & Sonorum.

Hiftoria Mufica.

Hiftoria Olfactüs, & Odorum.

Hiftoria Guftüs & Saporum.

Hiftoria Tactüs & ejus Obje&orum.

Hiftoria Veneris, ut fpeciei Tactüs.

Hiftoria Dolorum corporeorum, ut fpeciei Tactis:
Hiítorta Voluptatis & Doloris in genere.

Hiftoria Affectuum ; ut Ire, Amoris, Verecundiz, 2v.

Hiftoria. Facultatum Intelle&ualium ; Cogitativa , Phantaftz ,
Difcursüs. Memoriz, cc.

Hiftoria Divinationum Naturalium.

Hiftorta Dignotionum, five Diacrifium occultarum Naturalium ,

Hiftoria Coquinaria 5 & Artium fubfervientium, veluti Macel-
laria, Aviaria, 2c.

Hiftoria Piftoria, & Panificiorum 5 & Artium fubfervientium, ut
Molendinaria, Y

Hiftoria Vinaria.

Hiftoria Cellaria, & diverforum generum Potts.

Hiftoria Bellariorum & Confecturarum,

Hiftoria Mellis.

Hiftoria Sacchari.

Hiftoria Lacticiniorum.

Hiftoria Balneatoria, & llaguentaria,

Hiftoria Mifcellanea circa curam corporis; Tonforum, Odora-
riorum, €?c,

Hiftoria Auri-fabrilis, & Artium fubfervientium.

Hiftoria Lanificiorum, & Artium fubfervientium.

Hiftoria Opificiorum ? Serico & Bombyce, & Artium fubfervi-
entium.

Hiftoria Opificiorum ex Lino, Cannabio, Goffipio, Setis, & aliis
Filaceis; & Artium fubfervientium.

Hiftoria Plumificiorum.

Hi(toria Textoria, & Artium fubfervientium.

97 Hiftoria

SERM. M ae

2 Catalogus Hifloriarum Particularium.

-97 Hiftoria Tindtoria.
98 Hiftoria Coriaria, Alutaria; & Artium fübfervientium;
99 Hiftoria Culcitraria & Plumaria. . . '
roo Hliítoria Ferri-Fabrilis.

101 Hiftoria Latomiz five Lapicidarum-

102 Hiftoria Lateraria, & Tegularia.

103 Hiftoria Figularis.

104 Hiftoria Cementaria, & Cruftaria.

105 Hiftoria Ligni-fabrilis.

106 Hiftoria Plumbaria. |

107 Hiftoria Vitri & omnium Vitreorum, & Vitriaria,

108 Hiltoria Architecture in genere.

109 Hiítoria Plauftraria Rhedaria, Le&icaria, dc.

iio Hiítoria Typographica, Libraria, Scriptoria, Sigillatoria 5 Atra-
menti, Calami, Papyri, Membrane, cc.

ait Hiftora Cera.

112 Hiftoria Viminaria.

113 Hiítoria Storearta, Opificiorum ex Stramine, Scirpis, & fi-
milibus.

114. Hiítoria Lotricaria, Scoparia, Cc.

115 Hiftoria Agriculture, Pafcuariz, Cultüs Sylvarum, cc,

116 Hiftoria Hortulana.

117 Hiftoria Piícatoria.

118 Hiítoria Venationis & Aucupii.

119 Hi(toria Ret. Bellice, & Artium fubfervientium; Armamenta-
ria, Arcuaria , Sagittaria Sclopetaria, Tormentaria, Baliftaria,
Machinaria, ¢c.

120 Hiftoria Rei Nautice , & Practicarum , & Artium fubfervi-
tium, :

121 Hiítoria Athletica , & omnis generis Exercitationum Ho-
minis.

122 Hiftoria Rei Equeftris.

123 Hiftoria Ludotum omnis generis.

124 Hiftoria Preftigiatorum & Circulatorum;

125 Hiftoria Mifcellanea diverfarum Materiarum Artificialium 5. ut
Efmaltz, Porcellanz, complurium Cementorum, Cc,

126 Hiftoria Salium.

127 Hi(toria Mifcellanea diverfarum Machinarum , & Mo-
tnum,

128 Hiftoria Mifcellanea Experimentorum Vulgarium , que non
coaluerunt in Artem.

,
Etiam Mathewaticarum purarum Historie conjcribende funt, licet fint
potius Ohfervationes quam Experimenta. :

129 Hiftoria naturarum & poteftatum Numerorum.
-130 Hiftoria naturarum & poteftatum Figurarum.

Vy 2 Noz

Secundum Capita.

On abs re fuerit admonere, quod, cim meceffe fit multa ex Experi-
mentis fub duobus Titulis vel pluribus cadere, (veluti Hiftoria

Plantarum c? Hiftoria Artis Hortulane zzwlta habcbunt feré communia)

comuzordior fit inquifitio per Artes,Difpofitio werü per Corpora. Paruns
enim nobis cura eft de Artibus ipfis Mechanicis, fed tanium de iis que
afferunt ad inflruendam Philofopbiam. Verum bec & re matà melius

regenture.

E PANIS". M

$5&$4855$6555 S44 54355546 $€

d T ypograpbus Lecfori.

Na autaltera Pagina vacante in damnum Bibilopo-

Iz, ad implendam areolam inanem, Nobiliff. Au-

thoris Literas, fuo Collegio miffas ac proprià manu muni-

tas, fubjungere vifum eft. Quod vivit Chartula hzc peri-

tura, id noftrum munus eft ; Tuum,Ledor, fi vigeat. Suc-

cinta pagina elt,fed folida : & excellentium virorum.etiam
Reliquiz confervande. Vale. . “

yUyUP VSL IVY esc SYST OSS PSY

BiBodo De VERO. MOLL oO
Vice-Coms S$ ALBANI. |

Percelebri Collegio Sande & Individue "Trinitatis. -
YN:

CANTABRIGIA. S.
Es omnes earumq; progreffus initiis fuis de-
bentur : Itaq; cum. initia Scientiarum é
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farum vobis rependenda exiftimavi, Spero itidem fo-
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Valete.

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