A BINDING BY JOHN OF WESTPHALIA (See No. 489)
CATALOGUE OF BOOKS MOSTLY FROM THE PRESSES OF THE FIRST PRINTERS SHOWING THE PROGRESS OF PRINTING WITH MOVABLE METAL TYPES THROUGH THE SECOND HALF OF THE FIFTEENTH
CENTURY
COLLECTED BY RUSH C HAWKINS CATALOGUED BY ALFRED W. POLLARD AND DEPOSITED IN THE ANNMARY BROWN MEMORIAL AT PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND
OXFORD PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
AT THE COST OF GENERAL RUSH C. HAWKINS I9IO
OXFORD : HORACE HART PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
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ABOUT THE COLLECTING
Probably the most universal of all acquired habits is the habit of owning books, which, in many instances, is closely allied with book- collecting, so that often without knowing it the book-owner becomes a habitual collector, not in the usual acceptation of that term, which so frequently implies a fad or the desire of notoriety, but in the sense of gradually bringing together books relating to subjects in which the collector happens to be interested.
These are the collectors who form libraries for some useful purpose rather than for the sake of mere ownership, or, in other words, to augment their pride in the possession of objects of such commanding market value as to be beyond the financial capacity of any one but the millionaire. Libraries made for some personal or practical purpose sometimes develop into collections of general importance, which ultimately find their way into institutions open to the public. The present collection belongs to neither class ; it is the result of a book-buying habit that began in 1838, when its victim was about seven years old, and has continued with rarely an intermission for seventy-one years.
My formal education, as with all New England children of my time, began with the district school. What I learnt there was of no real importance from my then viewpoint ; i. e., when I compared it with the stories of the Indian, Colonial and Revolutionary wars told to me of an evening by a great-grandmother who was born in 1759. These accounts of midnight forays and slaughters, often told in the dancing light of an open fireplace wood fire with rare dramatic effect, excited heroic emotions which were more active than useful in their effect upon the daily routine study.
Unfortunately, perhaps, they planted ever spreading roots in a fruitful soil. For never was a boy more easily lifted to the upper heroic level than the snow-bound lad who so often those long winter evenings listened to the blood-curdling experiences of the early settlers of his native country. But
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hearing about them, though it was much, was not enough. The heroic fever was on and demanded new fields for further harrowing tales and accounts of exciting achievements.
At the time referred to, the late thirties and early forties of the nineteenth century, there were still living in many of the towns in Vermont, heroes of considerable local fame who had fought in some of the later Indian wars and had served in our army during the Revolution. They usually were fond of picturing the thrilling scenes of battle through which they had passed ; and sometimes, after exhausting home resources, they would stray into foreign fields for famous tales of daring. One of their favourite heroes was Sir William Wallace, who, with his mighty claymore, was in the habit of slaying whole heaps of offending Englishmen ' with one round sweep of the ponderous weapon that only he could wield '.
But these verbal accounts were fragmentary at the best, and not wholly satisfactory to the inquiring mind of a certain boy who was a deeply interested listener ; and with the first considerable amount of money he ever possessed he purchased an illustrated ' Life of Sir William Wallace '. This was the beginning; the perusal of this bloody narrative only sharpened the appetite for more, and then in regular order came the buying of the 'Scottish Chiefs', 'Robinson Crusoe', the 'Mysteries of Udolpho', 'Church's Indian Wars', the 'Life of Paul Jones' and other volumes of equal importance and interest.
The acquisition of the ' Life of Wallace ' was during the early part of my ninth year, and by the time I had passed into my fourteenth, I had become the owner of a considerable collection of books for a boy, and, besides, I had gotten together about fifty of the rather large, florid, and vari-coloured lithographs which were then about the only works of art distributed among the New England people. On these beginnings a sure foundation for a career of book and picture buying was laid ; toil upon the unfinished superstructure has been going on ever since, but with the time of its completion seemingly as far off as ever.
From the spring of 1851 the attending of book auction sales became a favorite habit, and thenceforward my purchases covered a rather wide field for a beginner. American history took the lead, followed by a close second in the works by English dramatists from the time of Shakespere. After and up to 1861 books upon a variety of other subjects were purchased; but Americana, English poetry and dramatic literature continued in the forefront.
ABOUT THE COLLECTING v
In 1855 I acquired my first fifteenth-century book without any further purpose than possibly the gratification of passing curiosity. But this accidental purchase proved to be the forerunner of a pleasurable occupation destined to continue through life. Upon examination this incunable proved to be almost literally a sealed book, for I found it quite beyond my power to fathom its history. When, where, and by whom was it printed ? At once the solving of these questions became the one absorbing occupation of that particular period ; and careful inquiry among my bibliographic friends proved to be useless; they could give me no assistance; their ignorance of the genesis of printing was equal to my own. Long time I felt about in total darkness until at last I discovered the works of Panzer and Hain. From these there came present light and incentive for the future. These authors led me to infer that the little volume came from the press of Stephanus Plannck, the printer at Rome who in 1493 first issued the letters of Columbus announcing his discovery of America.
This discovery led to the consideration of a larger theme than the chronology of early printing. The practice of that art since its discovery and its value as one of the greater if not the greatest of all the factors for the promotion of what is known as our modern civilization, has placed it in the forefront of all civilizing forces. It has proved to be the torch-bearer of the nations, lighting the way of men to paths of higher achievement in every department of human effort. Printing came in time to be the hand- maid of the Reformation ; without its aid Luther and his helpers in the great work they had undertaken would have stumbled where it enabled them to walk erect.
Having become convinced of the value to the world of Gutenberg's discovery and the seemingly inadequate recognition in the way of historic memorials it had received, the thought occurred that a new and greater motive for collecting had been discovered, and that even with limited means something worthy of the object in view might be accomplished, and I endeavoured to formulate a plan of operation.
Before the year 1501 printing presses had been set up in about 238 places, all in Europe but one ; and my plan was to obtain if possible a copy of the first book issued from each of the first presses, and failing in that to obtain specimens from them even though not of the first issue. Between the years 1855 and 1861 I acquired a small number of fifteenth- century impressions, none of much importance; but I had made some progress in establishing connections with European booksellers who were
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willing to assist in promoting this plan. Meanwhile I had sought out and read all the available works by authors who had written about the early history of wood engraving and printing with movable metal types, and the knowledge thus acquired pointed to a better-defined plan of action, which was destined to slumber for about six years and then to be brought into active and unceasing use.
From the beginning not more than twenty items of the whole collection were purchased in the United States. About four-fifths of the books came from German, Italian, French, Belgian, Dutch, Austrian and Spanish book- sellers, and the rest from the London dealers, private owners and auction sales. A majority of the booksellers were personally known to me, and in many instances our relations had ripened into friendships that were calcu- lated to increase their interest in the collector's success. Notable among these was the late Albert Cohn of Berlin and the late Anatole Claudin of Paris. Both were learned, accomplished linguists, and ripe scholars, had great knowledge of books, and above all were pleasant companions and kind friends. From the first of our intercourse it was their habit to report their fitting 'finds' for my collection before offering them to others or putting them in their catalogues, and it was through their assistance that I succeeded in securing many of the most valuable books of the collection. Bernard Quaritch of London, 'The Czar of the old book trade' as the booksellers of the Continent called him, came into the book-collecting part of my life about a dozen years after those of the Continent, and our intercourse only ended with his death. He proved to be very helpful, not so much as to the number of items as to their quality, for at least twenty books from his establishment are among the rarest of the whole collection. His exceptionally long career, his experience in having handled an unprecedented number of rare and valuable works, and the courage he often displayed in the auction room in making many of the record book- prices of the nineteenth century, gave him a name destined to' stand high among the immortals whose reputations are inseparably interwoven with the history of books.
After the year 1865 I spent about two-fifths of my time in European countries, mostly in Germany, France, the Low Countries, Switzerland, Austria and Italy, the winters in the milder climates, the summers among the larger cities and the more attractive and interesting smaller ones.
Aside from the pursuit of health, these wanderings were chiefly devoted to searching among the more dusty shelves of dealers in old books.
ABOUT THE COLLECTING vii
Sometimes there were compensating rewards, but oftener these dusty searchings resulted in nothing found.
Up to about 1875 fifteenth-century pubHcations had not been regarded with much favour even by the most enhghtened booksellers, and they were often thrown into the most out-of-the-way dark corners to moulder or to become bedding material for the more appreciative rats and mice in search of comfortable quarters. Once, in one of the lesser towns of Bavaria, an odd specimen of an old seller of ancient volumes placed in my hands a venerable tin lantern with a tallow dip inside, and then conducting me to an outside semi-cellar pointed out a dust-covered heap of something, told me to explore, and left. Under the accumulations of evidently many years I discovered quite a pile of books, all old and several of the fifteenth century, which would have been of considerable value if the destructive mould and vermin had not been before me.
In 1872, at Rome, I had an opportunity to present a letter of introduction to the then president of the Historical Society of Italy. The letter stated I was in search of incunabula and that I would be grateful for his assistance. He received me with the utmost courtesy and tendered his good offices, gave me liberty to search through his shelves, saying I might find a few I could have, as he had no use for such early books. The quest was rewarded with the discovery of three items : the first book printed at Foligno by a printer who may have worked with Gutenberg, the second from the first press at Padua, and the text part of the Ulm Ptolemy of 1482, which was joined to the missing maps purchased at a New York auction sale about ten or fifteen years later. The owner had forgotten that these books were in his library and offered to present them to me, but finally consented to accept thirty-eight lire for them. They are now worth at least ten times that number of dollars.
Happening to be in the shop of a bookseller in one of the lesser Italian cities in the summer of 1879, talking with one of the employes, I was approached after leaving it by a not over fascinating individual who said he was a professor at the University. He had a friend who might be willing to sell some books of the kind I wanted, and if I wished he would make an engagement for a meeting at ten o'clock of the next forenoon. This offer was accepted, and at the hour agreed upon my newly made friend conducted me to an unprepossessing-looking house fully a third of a mile from the outskirts of the city. The company consisted of two repulsive female specimens of the low-class furies type and two men, one
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of them he who had brought me. They all had vicious eyes and looked as though used to any kind of business and ready for it. A few worthless books had been arranged on a table for inspection and they demanded enormous prices. I gave them a careless look and then made an unpleasant remark about having been deceived. Thereupon came from the four a fierce and angry howl of indignation. I fancied I was in for an encounter, calculated the weight of the odds against me, grasped my trusty cane the tighter and kept myself between the door and the howling gesticulators, who appeared quite ready for a sudden attack. Fortunately the door opened outwards, but not being latched or fastened it flew open as soon as my back touched it and I almost fell backward down the steps into the road. The whole pack continued to yell after me from an open window until I was out of hearing. Upon my return to the hotel I related my adventure to the landlord. He said my being there in the daylight rather than after dark possibly saved my life, as the house was well known to be the resort of the most desperate criminals in that part of Italy, was a notorious receiving station for stolen goods, and that it was believed that robberies and other crimes had been perpetrated there.
A few days after the incident with the professor, at a hotel in Venice I met an American (via Jerusalem) who said he had known me in New York. He had no difficulty in finding out that I was in the market for old books, and offered his services, saying he knew of a family living in one of the palaces on the Grand Canal who, not being well off, were selling their household effects : among them he thought there were valuable old books, and if I would like to inspect, he would make an engagement for me. Two days after the offer I was conducted to the palace of his friends. The pseudo-owner was a dealer (with a thin disguise of noble varnish) in things seemingly old, but chiefly bogus. I examined his books, found them of small value, and the interview ended. In this instance there was no loss of temper or break in good manners, but it was pitiful to witness the distress of a heart wounded wellnigh to the breaking point, mercilessly damaged by a mere North American barbarian.
Several years later, at the Didot sale in Paris, I happened to have a seat next to a then prominent London bookseller. He was an acquaintance of several years, a fellow of fine wit and an entertaining companion, and we got on quite well together — in not bidding against each other. One day when nearing the offering of the first book printed at Venice, he turned to me in a rather quiet and authoritative manner and said : ' I must tell you
ABOUT THE COLLECTING ix
that I have an unlimited bid for the Venice book, and there will be no use in your bidding for it.' I did not bid, and he got the book for half the amount I had intended to pay for it, if necessary. In one of the catalogues of his firm printed little more than a year after the purchase the same book was offered for sale! The 'unlimited order' had been for himself In affairs outside of his business might this individual, possibly, have been somewhat honest ?
While living in Paris I got on the track of one of the 1544 books printed in the city of Mexico, and then in the hands of a certain Don Basilio at Seville, Spain. After considerable correspondence we agreed upon the price, but as to payment and delivery neither one would trust the other and the American Minister at Madrid was appealed to. He referred the matter to his Secretary of Legation, who wrote to a foreign acquaintance residing at Seville. Between them a second correspondence ensued, which ended without any progress being made. A few months after, in London, I accepted an invitation to luncheon and to inspect a private library. The first book s^hown me was the Mexican of 1544, for which my entertainer had paid four times the price asked by the unfaithful Don when he first offered it to me ! Solution : The friend of the Secretary of Legation, being no doubt of a thrifty nature, scented in the transaction some honest pounds to be turned in his direction, sought out the Don, examined the book, wrote to a bookselling friend in London who knev/ of a customer — and then, Addition, Division, and Silence.
One of the most frequent deviations from the straight line of honesty practised among a certain number of dealers in old books, is that of not noting in their catalogues the defects so often found in second-hand volumes. I have known quite a number of such offenders who proved incapable of reformation. But for each of these I could name at least a dozen in the same business who were and are scrupulously correct in describing the shortcomings that might detract from the value of their offerings. I once came very near to paying a large price for a very rare book from the earliest Italian press, but in time, before purchasing the bill of exchange, discovered that the letters of the last sixteen leaves had been reproduced by pen upon old paper having the watermark of the original leaves. The volume was returned to its owner and its receipt acknowledged without explanation or comment.
From about 1865 to 1890 I was in the habit of sending to dealers in old books in several of the Continental European countries orders to be
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executed at auction sales and always with the same never varying results. If ever I succeeded in obtaining the item ordered it was at the top price named in the order, and I do not remember a single instance of having obtained one at a franc, mark, gulden, or lira less. Once, having had positive evidence that a German agent had made an arrangement with a confederate to bid against him for a certain book, for which he had paid the rather high limit price authorized, I wrote to him asking if it was true that he had engaged one of his friends to bid against him for the one particular item, and asking for an explanation. To my surprise there came a quick return answer acknowledging that the price had been bid up as charged, and justifying the dishonesty by asking : ' Did you not
write in your letter that you were willing to pay marks, and did I pay
more ? ' He further explained that the bidding against him by a friend employed for the purpose was only to give others an opportunity to come in and compete, otherwise he would have bid the limit price at first without having engaged a competitor.
At the fact of being swindled I was not in the least surprised. For had I not of my own free will given an opportunity, and what right had I to complain ? But the out-and-out frankness of the brazen justification was enough to stagger one's heart-beats for the moment. I had known this double-beaked vulture for twelve years or more, had often paid him considerable amounts of money for purchases, and still he was willing to improve his opportunity to perpetrate a fraud upon one to whom he was under many obligations in the nature of profitable patronage. I suppose, commercially, this individual would be considered an opportunist, not a rascal.
From this I would by no means have the reader infer that traders in old books are generally dishonest. No doubt many among them are keen at a bargain, yet they are not sharpers who would not hesitate to deceive if they thought it would pay. I have known several who were so conscientious in their business relations that they offered to cancel advantageous sales when they found that the items sold did not confirm catalogue descriptions. And taken as a class, probably, for honest business methods they will compare favorably with any other engaged in commercial occupations. This unpleasant incident, one of many, is not recorded for the purpose of making out a case against booksellers, but to show that there are thorns in the paths even of those fortunate individuals who are permitted to experience the joys of successful collecting. Those
ABOUT THE COLLECTING »
joys were never mine. They are often the possessions of those who crave the superiorities that flow from the fact of having secured an exclusive prize — for instance, 'the only uncut copy known.' The average collector of no matter what gloats over his priceless find because by the mere fact of such possession he has added to his social or other reputation. Often the price is a matter of pride if it is unprecedented and has kept the thing desired out of the hands of a competitor who was unable to reach the step above him in the financial ladder. This class of collectors, although sometimes not of the discriminating kind, are often useful in the way of making loans for public exhibitions and valuable gifts to museums. In the United States many of the private collectors have been the founders and supporters of important public collections that are devoted to the elevation and refinement of public taste.
But this mild censure of indiscriminate buying does not imply that I do not believe in it. On the contrary, I would encourage collecting of any kind as being better than none ; for the chances are that in a majority of instances the public will become the beneficiary of the collector. My own preference is collecting with a well-defined and definite purpose in view rather than for the pleasure of collecting ; and in my unimportant career I have acted upon that belief
The first volumes obtained were all in the heroic strain ; they were purchased for reading, and were devoured over and over again. The purchases begun in the summer of 1851 were editions of the early English poets, especially the dramatic, from the time of Shakespere down to and including the Byron period. These also were read as purchased and retained until 1884. Going on at the same time with the books of poetry collecting, there was a continuous but modest effort to acquire early works of more or less consequence relating to the Americas, which proved to be so much of a success that in 1884 the group of Americana numbered about 1,000 volumes— quite a number among them being rare and of considerable value.
In 1861, feeling sure that the coming conflict between the States was to be serious and would probably last for a considerable time, I took measures to obtain the books I knew would be printed about it, as fast as issued. The instructions were to secure only those relating to the fighting part of the war on land and at sea, leaving out speeches, sermons and addresses of all kinds. This collection was started for a purpose and is not yet complete. It is now deposited in a convenient and comfortable
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room by itself in the library of the University of Vermont, at Burlington, where it extends an invitation to the coming Kinglake who may be willing to devote the working part of his life to the writing of an adequate history of our Nation-Saving Civil War.
The labors of collecting thus briefly described were light in comparison with the many years of toil involved in the bringing together of the small collection of early printed books described in this catalogue. This collection was undertaken with one particular object in view : to perpetuate the memory of the First Printers of the fifteenth century and their work, which I have always regarded as being the most important in its results of any labor ever performed by any one set of workers. The undertaking has been carried on with a deliberate determination to accomplish as far as possible the end in view. From the first it has been continuous and some- times strenuous, involving watching out in many directions, active corre- spondence with European booksellers, attention to foreign sales, the reading of many thousands of catalogues and of bibliographical works, and paying considerable attention to the early history of wood engraving.
The most satisfactory and successful collecting came from personal conduct with dealers in all the European countries save Russia, Spain, and those of the Balkans. As has been said, several among those of Germany and France became personally interested, were very helpful, and as a rule were willing to accept reasonable profits.
Next in usefulness after the dealers come the Librarians of several of the lesser European libraries. Some of them were willing to dis- pose of their duplicates at reasonable prices, while others would only exchange. The owners of private collections sometimes had a few fifteenth- century items they did not value, having no use for them ; these they were willing to exchange, while an offer to purchase would be resented. Upon one occasion, when trying to arrange a change of possession with a very noble French collector, I came dangerously near being invited to an early morning interview at the Bois ; and only managed my escape by making a most profuse declaration of no intent even to hint at any transaction calculated to taint the atmosphere with a suggestion of business.
To my best recollection there were two occasions when I ought to have been sorely tempted, but managed to resist the calls to fall from grace which might have proved to be disastrous. The first temptation was at Rome during the winter and spring of 1872-3, when books were being, literally, tumbled into that city from the closed religious establishments and
ABOUT THE COLLECTING xiii
dumped into piles in out-of-the-way places. To these some not-over-reliable government employes had easy access ; and one particular expert among them having considerable knowledge of book values conceived the idea of going into the business of pilfering and selling. A willing bookseller of my acquaintance, with some reputation for his knowledge and a good deal of experience, became his partner, and, being a stranger, I was one of the first to whom he offered at unheard-of low prices some very rare editions ; and I had almost arranged for the purchase of a number of valuable items, when I happened to remember that the lots from which I was selecting were always shown in a back room and never brought to the front for the inspection of the average customer. This fact gave birth to a suspicion that there was something wrong and negotiations came to an end. After the purloining had been going on for a few months it was detected ; there was a quiet scandal but no arrests, for the reason that the chief offender was a member of one of the most respectable — not noble — families of Rome. Another instance, involving the downfall of a librarian of one of the larger public libraries in one of the Northern Kingdoms, presented an opportunity for easy acquisition with little or no risk of being found out. Upon this occasion the temptation was exceptionally fascinating and the door to successful taking without detection left wide open. The fifteenth- century books, of which there was a large collection, were stored by them- selves without being catalogued, in a room to which I was given the key, told to take my time and generally to do as I pleased. The first day was spent in handling the books for the purpose of selecting those I desired for examination, and when I returned the key, described what I had done, and stated that I intended to return for further examination, the librarian oflfered to have the books selected sent to my hotel, where they could be looked over at my discretion. I thought this a very singular offer to come from an official charged with an important responsibility, probably betrayed my thoughts by my demeanor, and politely declined the offer. My over-kind librarian friend was equally confused at my refusal to accept his offer, for he had known me for several years and of my eager search for early imprints. This unfortunate official was detected after several years of his deviations from the honest performance of duty, and a careful investigation proved he had made away with many rare and very valuable volumes ; it probably never can be known how many. He was not arrested, but permitted to disappear, — did so, and so far as known, from the face of the earth.
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Not the least, however, of the many pleasures flowing from my bookish occupations has been the intercourse with the enlightened library officials with whom it has been my good fortune to associate, with some of them for more than a third of a century. I have known and outlived five genera- tions— Doctors Panizzi, Jones, Rye, BuUen and Garnett — of 'Keepers of Printed Books' (librarians) at the British Museum, and am now holding over into the eleventh year of the sixth. And I have known since 1866 officials connected with the National Library at Paris, and others at Rome, Bologna, Milan, the Royal Libraries at Vienna, Munich, Brussels, the Hague, and others in the libraries of several of the larger cities of Germany, France, Holland and England. The Abbd Ceriani, Director of the Am- brosiana at Milan, I knew the longest— from 1866 to 1908. In the late seventies of the last century I became acquainted with Dr. Carl Richard Lepsius, Director of the Royal Library at Berlin, and a little earlier with Leopold Delisle, Director of the National Library at Paris, Dr. M. F. A. G. Campbell, Director of the Royal Library of the Hague, and Dr. Henri Hymans of the Royal Library at Brussels. Of the many I knew some were intimates. There was more or less correspondence between us and always social intercourse whenever I happened to be where any of them was located. Several of these men were in the larger sense truly great in their particular spheres of human activities, and had earned world-wide reputations. The Abb6 Ceriani was an accompUshed Semitic scholar; Dr. Lepsius a philologist and Egyptologist of great distinction; while Leopold Delisle has long stood at the head of the paleographers, possibly, of all times— indeed, he is considered by many of his countrymen the greatest living Frenchman. But of one thing there is a certainty : that he is the most prolific of all French antiquaries and probably the most deeply learned. But the most genial and companionable of all was the late Henry Bradshaw of King's College Library at Cambridge. I first knew him in 1878, and to the time of his untimely taking off never visited London without ' running down ' to see him. He was so learned and accomplished — and so companionable and truly kind! For geniality and charm of manner he had a standing quite his own. I once asked him whom he considered the greatest librarian living; his prompt answer was: 'Justin Winsor', who at that time was in charge of the library of Harvard University. A year later I put the same question to Winsor, who answered without hesitation : ' Henry Bradshaw ', and neither was far out of the way in his opinion of the other.
ABOUT THE COLLECTING xv
The last time I saw my friend was at a parting after leaving his chambers one summer night for the ii o'clock train to London. We had crossed the quadrangle to reach the gate for a cab ; it was raining idolently, but without hat or umbrella and in an evening suit he insisted upon seeing me 'on board', and as we held each other's hands for what proved to be our final parting he said : ' My dear General, I can never forget that you are an American and take an interest in early printing.'
Collectors may be divided into three classes. The first and most numerous is composed of the very rich, often made millionaires by some sudden turn of the wheel of fortune which has placed in their possession the wherewithal to purchase all the acknowledged attributes and prerequisites for a successful entrance into the realm of Vanity Fair — the kingdom of wealthy women who are greedy for fashion. Men sometimes tire of this kingdom, and when they do some of them become collectors. Not that they have discriminating knowledge or care for what they collect, but they are sure to be praised and quoted by others of their class ; and they usually collect through agents, whose advice and services are often expensive. Half a century ago one of this particular kind made a great reputation by the purchase of one picture. The fact of the purchase was advertised abroad as well as at home, and the purchaser found himself famous. The second class is composed mostly of lesser men, both as to fortune and mental equipment, who read in the encyclopedias and in the handbooks of travel the chapters and paragraphs on their especial fads. These are the noisy collectors, who talk learnedly of what they don't know, and when they succeed in capturing a mouse announce a lion. When they take to paintings it is astonishing to hear of the miracles that happen their way, results of their superior knowledge and discreet enterprise in unearthing long concealed masterpieces. This habit of finding the master- pieces of 'many of the greater of the old painters is not confined to the second class alone. Far too many among the first class are more particular about the names on their labels than concerning the merit of the paintings they represent. The third class is a mixture of many kinds and conditions of men. Sometimes a poor man who has studied deeply and become an enthusiast has been known to deprive himself of every comfort for the purpose of having about him inanimate objects satisfying his taste for the beautiful. Many of the most important and serviceable of the natural- history collections have been made by hard-working professors of limited
xvi ABOUT THE COLLECTING
means, and sometimes by laymen having the requisite knowledge and thoroughly in love with their work. The highest type of a collector is the man endowed for the work of his choice by natural inclination and trained by observation and study, who enters the chosen field with a well defined object in view. These often accomplish lasting results that inure to the benefit of the people. Of such was Mazarin, the Earl of Spencer, James Lenox and John Carter Brown. Mr. Lenox, a merchant and the son of a merchant, brought together during his life one of the most remarkable collections of books, as to variety and value, ever assembled during the life of any single collector. He was not only a buyer of books, but also an intelligent critic of their contents — having read many of the most important and examined all ; and no one could have been better acquainted with their bibliographical value. His last effort of any kind when confined to his bed with his last illness was the examination of a copy of the Durandus of 1459, his last purchase. After the examination he wrote his last letter to his librarian expressing his satisfaction with the purchase. The other American collector ranking next to Mr. Lenox was the late John Carter Brown, who made a surely unique collection of rare works relating to the Americas from the time of their discovery. This collection is now lodged in a secure building, liberally endowed and open for use of the public.
From my viewpoint it is better to collect for the gratification of a fad than not to collect at all. For sometimes faddists become, unconsciously, real enthusiasts and in the end accomplish results of lasting value. Any kind of collecting, providing it be pursued with intelligence for a worthy purpose, is the occupation of all others the best calculated to bring satis- faction to those who may desire to find recreation in engaging in affairs which are free from the conflicts and cares of business. The pursuit often makes for the cultivation of the mind and the tempering of our intercourse with each other with that sweet consideration which commerce in material things does not inculcate.
Possibly in the pursuit of incunabula there may be certain advantages over any other scheme of collecting. A certain atmosphere of romance not connected with the printers of any other period hangs about the first diffusion of the knowledge of the art of printing by the Germans. It was through their efforts that the present was and is enabled to become acquainted with the past — to learn what has gone before worthy of being applied to the uses of the later day ; while the practice of the new art brought all the nations so close to each other that the exchange of thoughts
ABOUT THE COLLECTING xvii
and intelligence became a part of the everyday commerce of the nations. These early printers were often compelled to do pioneers' work. They sometimes had to make their way against the influence of ignorance and superstition, and the opposition of professional scribes, who for centuries had monopolized the right to distribute only such intelligence as might suit the narrow purposes of the reigning church and the interests of the not over enlightened rulers of states.
But the persistent Teutons were not to be defeated. They persevered until they overcame all opposition, and then the world, or rather what there was of it in the last half of the fifteenth century which passed for partly civilized, was compelled to take notice and heed their message. And by the end of that century the new art had obtained such a firm hold, that the various European peoples were almost compelled to regard it as one of their everyday essentials ; and from that time to the present the printed word has continued to grow in usefulness and importance until it is now admitted to be the greatest blessing ever devised for the benefit of the human race.
My communication nears its end, and I fear that I have been far too personal. But let me say this : 'The "valuable time wasted" in the chosen fields I do not regret' Far from it, and if I had my life to live over again, no matter in what department of human effort my lines might be cast, I would again wander in the paths leading to those occupations which make for repose and for a pleasure that cannot be coined out of commercial pursuits, no matter how successful. It is now more than seventy-one years since the purchase of my first book, and I can say in all sincerity that I have been collecting books ever since. Of all the numerous occupations in which I have been engaged, this has been the ever present and dominating one. Through a long life it has created for me another world quite apart from the common ; it has filled it with the joy of an intelligent search for a good object, and has borne pleasurable fruits of a quality not to be found in another field. The most complete satisfaction has come from the pursuit of a clearly defined purpose — a personal one at first and for the benefit of others finally. These motives for collecting have, fortunately, kept me from becoming a book-miser, gloating over the capture of some great rarity about which he might know little or nothing outside the covers, title-page, and condition. When these are what they ought to be, his happiness is complete. Yet the book-miser is not to be condemned, but to be encouraged and approved ; for at his final taking off his treasures may be dispersed and
xviii ABOUT THE COLLECTING
fall into more appreciative hands. Let us pity him for having failed to get the best he could out of his possessions.
It is a source of satisfaction, in carefully looking backwards over my long period of collecting, that I do not recall any quickening of heart-beats after either success or defeat in an auction room. After encountering failure it is always well to believe that the future is left to us, and from it we may pluck success in repayment for present defeat.
R. C. H. 1909-
THE PRINTERS
In his section of the introduction to this catalogue General Hawkins has told the interesting story of how the collection of incunabula now housed in the Annmary Brown Memorial was brought together, and he desires me to supplement his narrative by some general notes on the Printers. Of the value of the results of his labours there can be no doubt. Starting in 1855 with a not very interesting little volume containing the charges of the Papal Chancellery as sanctioned by Innocent VIII, attributed to one of the later Roman presses, he has acquired during the succeeding half-century some 540 books which illustrate the beginnings of printing in the different countries and cities of Europe, and (somewhat less systematically) the work of later craftsmen, such as Erhard Ratdolt, who exercised notable influence in the development of the art.
The size of the collection is its least important feature. It might even lose a few dozen books without any serious sacrifice of interest. The practice of turning out a later or otherwise inferior specimen as soon as a better one has been acquired, although many worthy collectors have given it their sanction, is not free from a touch of brutality. The owner in this case having a regard for his old friends, upwards of a hundred pur- chases of this kind (with a curiously high percentage of books ' not in the British Museum') are included in the total given above and duly entered in this catalogue. These, however, are kept apart and are not at present shown, though it is proposed to fit up a supplementary room in which they may be displayed, and to increase their importance by adding to them a few more notable books which at present slightly overcrowd the main exhibition. This consists of some four hundred and fifty incunabula, all shown open, so that the nature and quality of the printing can be fully seen. Thus displayed they offer to the visitor as he walks round the four walls of a single room a better idea of the spread of printing throughout Europe between the years 1460 and 1500 than, to the best of my knowledge, can be obtained with equal ease in any other museum or exhibition
c 2
")
XX THE PRINTERS
in the world. Specimens of the work of the First Printers in every important city, and in many of the smaller places also, can be seen at a glance, and for the special purpose of the display one or two representative specimens are more effective than a number. Were all the treasures of early printing in some of the great European libraries shown in the same way it would be impossible to see the wood for the trees. Here the object is that both the wood as a whole and each individual tree according to its importance shall be equally visible, and it is obvious that only by the most skilful choice of examples can this end be attained. The large measure of success achieved has been made possible by the perseverance with which the central object has been kept in view during more than fifty years. To do honour to the men to whom the world owed the great gift of Printing has been (certainly not to the exclusion of other things, but in due measure and degree) one of the main objects of the collector's life, and it is this which makes it appropriate that the books should be housed in what has become hallowed ground and dedicated to the memory of the wife amid whose companionship and sympathy most of them were acquired.
Among the books here catalogued will be found many of those which contain early references to the invention of printing. Save by these, the collection is not designed to illustrate the history of the invention, but its diffusion throughout Europe. The period of experiment and first achievement can only, perhaps, be seen fully illustrated in one library in the world, the Bibliothfeque Nationale at Paris, and to bring together even such adequate, though less complete, exhibitions as those on view in the British Museum and in some other great libraries is no longer possible. Only by force of arms can the known copies of the Psalter of 1457 and the 36-line Bible be made to change ownership, and the smaller documents and fragments which supply controversialists with materials for the changes they so assiduously ring as to the respective parts played by Gutenberg, Fust, and Schoeffer are almost equally unobtainable. Typographically the present collection is only brought into relation with the invention by two small tracts (Nos. i and 2 in the catalogue) in the same type as the Catholicon of 1460. That the Catholicon (a large Latin Dictionary) was printed by Gutenberg there is no direct proof, but it is quite unlike the work of Fust and Schoeffer, and we know of no other printer at Mainz to whom it can be attributed. The ascription, moreover, is strongly
THE PRINTERS xxi
supported by the wording of the colophon. ' Under the guardianship of the Most High ', it begins, ' by whose will the tongues of babes become eloquent and who ofttimes reveals to the little that which He hides from the wise, this noble book Catholicon was printed in the year of the Lord's incarnation 1460 in the bountiful city of Mainz of the renowned German nation', which the divine clemency, it goes on to say, had made pre- eminent by the great gift of printing. From the pen of any one else thus to class the inventor with the babes and little ones of the earth would have lacked all propriety. Only he himself could have used such phrases, and thus these two little quartos in the same type as the Catholicon, just at the moment when printing was about to take its great leap forward, show us the figure of Gutenberg standing aside, in silence and obscurity, while Fust and Schoeffer pursued their successful career.
In the course of printing their fine Latin Bible of 1462 Fust and Schoeffer abandoned the use of coloured capitals, presumably as too troublesome, and thus brought to a close, as far as Mainz was concerned, the period of experiment. For the next ten years the practice of the firm remained absolutely unaltered. Unless a printed capital occurs on it, no expert can say, without comparison, if a single leaf of a Latin Bible in their type 118' (Proctor type 5) comes from the edition of 1462 or 1472. So, again, the Aquinas super quarto libro sententiarum of 1469 (No. 3 in this collection) is typographically of the same stage as the Rationale of Duranti, from which chronologically it is separated by the same interval. At this period Schoeffer was still securing his paper with as many as four pins to prevent it from slipping, and his 1474 edition of Cardinal Turrecremata's Exposition of the Psalms (No. 8) is the first of his small folios of which we can be sure that it was printed two pages at a time. In both these particulars Strassburg printers had moved more quickly, but Mainz conservatism had its good side. If we compare the small quartos printed at the very end of the century by Peter von Friedberg with contemporary books of the same kind at Strassburg or Cologne we find that at Mainz the early standard of presswork had been sedulously preserved, whereas in the other cities slovenly printing had already begun.
The last of the Mainz books in this collection (No. 18) owes its inclusion to the interesting colophon by Johann Schoeffer which gives the family
' Le. of an average measurement of 118 mm. to 20 lines.
^
xxii THE PRINTERS
tradition of the origin and diffusion of the new art. It is our only authority for the pretty story of the bestowal of the hand of Christina Fust on Peter Schoeffer as a reward for his ' adinuentiones ', and we gather that Christina was not only an affectionate wife, but a somewhat too loyal daughter, since the exaggerated credit given to Fust is as marked as the total silence as to the part played by Gutenberg. The last words of the colophon narrate how the art, previously kept secret, was ' in diuersas terrarum prouincias diuulgata ', spread abroad to various parts of the earth, by the servants of the firm in 1462, the year of the disastrous sack of Mainz by one of its rival Archbishops. In an account of the invention given by Ulrich Zell, the first printer at Cologne, to the writer of the Chronicle published there by the younger Koelhoff in 1499 (see No. 82) we find a like reticence as to the fact, now well established, that printing was in progress, some time before the sack of Mainz, at two other cities, Strassburg and Bamberg, its appearance in each case being certainly due to the influence of Guten- berg rather than of Fust and Schoeffer. At Bamberg at this time printing took no root, its early existence there being only known from the survival of a few thin illustrated books printed by Albrecht Pfister in the clumsy type with which Gutenberg had made his experiments. At Strassburg it throve mightily. In or before 1460 Johann Mentelin had produced there the first volume of a great Latin Bible ; as early as 1464 his son-in-law Adolf Rusch (the ' R-printer ') was also publishing ; Heinrich Eggestein was at work in or before 1466, and an anonymous printer, known from one of his books as the Printer of Henricus Ariminensis, in 1468. Thus about the time of Gutenberg's death Strassburg had four presses at work, all represented in this collection, while Mainz had only one. As Mentelin was a native of Strassburg it seems probable that he had made the acquaintance of Gutenberg while the latter was residing there, and subsequently learnt the secret from him, at some date which we have no means of ascertaining, though it may well have been soon after the lawsuit of 1455 and the appearance of the 42-line Bible at Mainz. It is noteworthy that the idea of secrecy which Johann Schoeffer ascribes to his father's firm was far more the policy of Gutenberg, and of those who seem to have come under the influence of his tradition. Thus no Strassburg printer put his name in a book until 1471, and we find a like reticence in the case of the first firms at Basel and Nuremberg, both of which may be connected with the inventor.
The ' familiares ' of the Fust and Schoeffer workshop, who left Mainz
THE PRINTERS xxiii
in consequence of the troubles of 1462, were probably Sweynheym and Pannartz, who must have set up their press at Subiaco not later than 1464 ; Ulrich Han, who completed a book at Rome on the last day of 1467 and had then probably been some time at work ; and Ulrich Zell, a clerk of the diocese of Mainz, who, being already a graduate of Erfurt (since 1453), matriculated for business ends (so we must believe) in the University of Cologne in 1464. Where the bulk of the German printers who set up presses in the next few years in various cities of Europe had obtained their training it is difficult to say. It is possible that some of them were never trained at all. More than one printer (though I do not remember any German among them) distinctly claims to have been self-taught, and there is no reason to discredit the statement. As early as 1460 the functions of punches and matrices must have been well known or the reference in the colophon of the Catholicon to the ' mira patronarum matronarumque Con- cordia ' ^ would have been unintelligible, and any man of mechanical ability who had once seen a handful of type and a quire of a printed book would have had little difficulty in repeating the steps of the invention which it had cost the first contrivers so much thought to work out.
If one of the early printers had kept a diary and secured its trans- mission to our own day, we should surely have blessed his memory, though the record might easily have been a sad one. Lucky was the man who received an invitation to set up his press in a new town and was housed and fed and financed and provided with copy to print and had no anxiety save to do his work creditably. Sweynheym and Pannartz may have received such an invitation from Cardinal Turrecremata, Abbot of the Benedictine Monastery at Subiaco, with whom they probably quarrelled after some time, finding new patrons in the brothers Dei Massimi at Rome. We know that Gering, Freiburger, and Kranz were thus invited to Paris. But with- out such help the German missionary of the new art had a hard and busy time before he could put on sale copies of his first book. If he started a press in his own town many of his difficulties would be lessened. Often he travelled many hundreds of miles to a place where he was a stranger and had to speak a strange language. His first inquiries were probably directed to the amount of support which he was likely to receive, and if these proved unsatisfactory he might journey on to another place. Then he had to hire a house, and a strongly built one, as the old presses were
' Cp. also No. 105.
xxiv THE PRINTERS
kept steady by being placed between supports which reached from floor to ceiling, so that thick beams would be needed if the clumsy screw was to work quietly. Owing to this clumsiness of the screw and the fact that at first only a single page was printed at a time, if it were desired to do business on any but the smallest scale, two, four, or even six, presses would be required, since a large book would take many months to finish unless it were divided into sections and printed simultaneously on different presses.
While his presses were being made, or even earlier, the printer would have to decide his two most difficult problems, the book with which he should make his start and the character of the handwriting which he should imitate in his first type. These two problems were very closely linked, and upon his decision as to them would very largely depend the printer's success or failure. Often he was a man of considerable education, well able to decide such points for himself On the other hand he would sometimes seem to have been no more than a superior artisan, attracted to printing rather by its mechanical than its literary side. In the latter case he would be dependent on the best help and advice he could get, and when starting in a foreign country such local advice must always have been needed, even by the best educated men. At Rome both the first two firms obtained the help of scholars, and of scholars moreover who were bishops as well. In other Italian cities the first printers had to secure the services of one of the restless professional litterati, who, while lauding their employers to the skies in Latin epigrams, were, we may be sure, very difficult to deal with.
Roughly speaking, the printer-publisher of the 15th century had seven sets of possible customers to consider: i. churches in need of service-books, ii. monastic libraries, iii. parish priests, iv. schoolmasters, v. students, pro- fessors, and (in the case of the first two) practitioners, of law, medicine, and philosophy, vi. general readers, vii. educated lovers of literature. Of these, the general reader, until nearly the end of the century, was probably the least important, although being only a little less destructive in his habits than the schoolboy it is easy to underestimate the number of books produced to meet his demands. Albrecht Pfister at Bamberg was the first printer to cater for him (save by way of almanacks and broadsides), and as he sought his favour by printing in a clumsy church type his efforts were naturally unsuccessful, GOnther Zainer at Augsburg, Antoine Vdrard at Paris, William Caxton at Westminster, all knew his tastes and throve by supplying them, more especially when they discovered the great secret
THE PRINTERS xxv
that (except it be fiction or a soul-saving book of devotion) he cares less for text than for pictures. In Germany monastic libraries were the printers' best friend. There were some dozens of books, large, unreadable, picked from the literature of the three preceding centuries, without which no monastic library felt itself complete, and the German printers made their profit by turning out numerous editions of these, many copies of which have come down to us in a preservation so excellent as to suggest that they were very little read. Service-books for churches were also much in request from the outset in Germany, and a little later in France. In Italy they seem for some time to have been regarded with suspicion as not ecclesiastically correct, just as no churchman nowadays would use modern illuminants for altar lights, and as an earlier priesthood preferred stone knives to the new-fangled ones made of iron. The parish priest of little learning was another fruitful source of income to early printers. His appetite for helps to hearing confessions, for sources for sermons (those full of ' pulchra exempla ', edifying stories, being specially in request), and for manuals showing what to do in case of accidents before or during mass, was seemingly inexhaustible. School-books for teaching Latin were also in great demand everywhere, and, especially in Italy and Germany, there was a steady sale for books of law and a smaller one for medical works. Lastly, there were editions of the Latin classics (afterwards also of the Greek), which, except here and there by subsidized presses, were hardly produced at all outside Italy, but in Italy were turned out in amazing numbers, sufficient to supply the whole of Europe, as indeed they did.
Such, roughly, was the range of choice offered to a 15th century printer and, as we have said, on the wisdom of his selection from it hung his fortune. It is true that good prices were paid for books and that labour was probably cheap, but the best paper was so dear as almost to equal the cost of the print, and unless sales were quick a firm soon found its capital locked up and its credit exhausted.
When the book to be printed was selected the choice of type would be to some extent narrowed down. At first there were special church types for service-books and Bibles, but these were soon reserved for the large service-books for use in choir, in which the type was necessarily massive and clear, both to avoid mistakes in reading and sometimes also to enable the book to be shared by several singers. Save for a few experiments, roman types in Italy and Gothic in Germany were at first used for books of all kinds, but the tendency was to regard roman as specially appropriate to editions of the Classics, to use upright and rather plain Gothic for other
d
^)
xxvi THE PRINTERS
Latin books, and a more sloping Gothic for books in the vernaculars. For the English market quite distinct types were used for legal books in Anglo- French. Besides these subject-divisions of types the local schools of handwriting had great influence on the forms of letters, more especially in the early days of printing, and this accounts for the great variety in the founts used before 1480. After about that date types of the same general character and often indistinguishable in nearly every detail were in use in places long distances apart, in some cases because the later printers found it easier to imitate an already existing type than to adapt written characters to their needs, in others, in all probability, owing to the sale of punches or matrices.
While great care had to be taken in choosing a good design for a type, a single fount often served an early printer for several years. There were no title-pages in these first days, and the printer's business was only to print the text of his book, leaving headings and headlines, as well as ornamental capitals, to be supplied by hand to suit purchasers' tastes. As the cry for cheapness grew louder printers found it necessary to leave less and less to be done by the scribes, whose bill for rubricating a book must have added very materially to its cost to the buyer. Special types were then cast for use in headings and headlines and on title-pages, and many printers provided themselves with fine sets of woodcut capitals. But at the outset even such a splendid printer as Jenson issued book after book in only a single type.
Besides constructing his presses, making punches and matrices and casting his types, and buying or borrowing a manuscript (or an earlier printed edition) to print from, a master printer had to hire, and in many cases to train, his journeymen, to procure paper, either direct from a manufacturer or from a dealer, and also materials for ink, and to secure the services of a ' corrector ', unless he were prepared to act in that capacity himself. All these preliminaries took time ; in some cases, apparently, as much as two years, and seldom probably less than a twelvemonth. Thus John of Speier, who published his first book in 1469, and the numerous German printers in other cities of Italy whose first books are dated 1470 or 1471 must have left their homes when the presses at work in Germany were still very few. About 1468, as we have seen, Schoeffer was the only printer at Mainz; there were four firms (if Mentelin and his son-in-law, Rusch, are reckoned separately) at Strassburg ; Ulrich Zell, moreover, was at work at Cologne, Nicholas Bechtermuncze at Eltvil, Berthold Ruppel at Basel, and GUnther Zainer at Augsburg. It is possible that at these
THE PRINTERS xxvii
presses all the German invaders of Italy (besides those who went to France) had been trained. As we have seen, however, it is not absolutely necessary to suppose this. What is certain is that in 1470 and the next few years new presses constantly gave proof of their activity. On January ist, 1470, besides the five German and German-Swiss cities already named, only two Italian ones (Rome and Venice, the Subiaco press was closed) possessed presses which had published a book. By the end of 1480 printing had been introduced into 22 towns in Germany, of which all but three (Bamberg, Eltvil, and Merseburg) are represented in this collection, into 49 in Italy (38 here represented), 4 in Switzerland (all represented), 8 in France (5), 13 in the Low Countries ^ (10), 5 in Austria-Hungary (i), 6 in Spain (4), and 4 in England (3), these last entries being in accordance with the rather absurd custom of distinguishing those not very distant places, London and Westminster. Thus we reach a grand total of iii places which had possessed presses, out of which no fewer than 84 are represented in this collection, mostly by the work of their first printers.
In about 67 of the 11 1 places mentioned in our last paragraph as having witnessed the establishment of a press, printing had taken firm root and was still being practised in 1480, while in some 44 others, about two-thirds of these being small places in Italy, the printer had come and gone, and the town either possessed no press for the rest of the century or an entirely new start had to be made. These figures compel us to think a little of the cost at which the new art was so rapidly diffused, and introduce us also to the interesting, but rather bewildering, tribe of wandering printers. To turn first to the unsuccessful printers, a little inquiry shows that their number was extraordinarily large. We must allow something for the fact that many of the men who took up the new art were probably well advanced in life. The printer had not only to live on his resources while making his lengthy preparations, but to meet all sorts of expenses, and finally to pay a heavy bill for paper. To do this required capital, and the possession of capital is more often the attribute of age than of youth. The average duration of life, moreover, was much shorter in the 15th century than it is now, and if a printer began work at over forty, his business career, whether ended by death or retirement, would naturally be short. Granting this, however, it is still remarkable that of upwards of 350 printers
' In the introduction to ' Holland ' in the catalogue something is said as to the so-called Costeriana. These are left out of our reckoning in this introduction, because, whatever view may be taken of them, their printers played no part in the diffusion of the art, nor did printing take any real root in the Netherlands until it was introduced, or reintroduced, by craftsmen trained in the German school.
d 2
^
xxviii THE PRINTERS
who began work before the close of 1480, not more than ten per cent, continued in business for as much as twenty years, and several of these are lost to sight for considerable periods and then reappear, as if they had been driven by want of capital to work for other men, and subsequently started again on their own account. If we take another test of success, quantity of production, we find that only about the same proportion of printers are known to have completed 100 books. On the other hand there is a pathetically large number of men who only printed a single work, saw their savings swallowed up by its failure, and had to resign their hope of becoming master printers and fall back into the ranks of journeymen. For every man who really throve there must have been two or three who made a bare living, and as many more who failed absolutely. Our statistics, we may be sure, cover many tragedies.
Turning now to wandering printers, we need not include among them cases of men like Leonardus Achates or John of Westphalia, who after printing one or two books at a first town, moved on quickly to another where they settled down to a long career, still less such an instance as Erhard Ratdolt, who after ten years' work at Venice, broke up a thriving business to return to his native Augsburg, to print liturgies there for German bishops. In another class of cases there was probably no removal at all, merely the maintenance of a subsidiary business, either while a single book was being seen through the press or for a longer period. The earliest real wanderer whom we meet is Johann Neumeister of Mainz, who made his start at Foligno in 1470, according to Mile Pellechet went subsequently to Toulouse, and according to Proctor, in 1479, to his native Mainz (as to which I have increasing doubts), is found at Albi in 1481, and finally at Lyon in 1487, where he worked for some years before his death. Other wanderers mostly confined themselves to a single country, often to a single district, but whether they travelled much or little, they confuse statistics, and leave us wondering how much of their apparatus they were able to take with them on the road.
The twenty years which followed 1480 have considerable interest in the history of printing, for it was in these two decades that the division between printer and publisher became common and that the type-founder, or at least the type-cutter, ready to put his skill at the disposal of different printers, gives the first evidence of his activity. In the form of books we have the development of the title-page and the rapid growth in popu- larity of book-illustration, which previously had hardly been prominent save
THE PRINTERS xxix
at Augsburg and Ulm. There was also a great cheapening in prices, and, alas that it must be said, a corresponding fall in the standard of quality. Along with all this movement there went, if we might trust statistics, a steady and progressive diffusion of the art. In the twenty-one years 1460 to 1480 it had spread from Mainz to no different places; in the twenty years 1481 to 1500 it was practised for the first time in 127 others. Thus so far from the rate of progression falling off it appears even to have increased. The figures, however, are misleading. The spread of the art did indeed continue. Two notable cities, Leipzig and Antwerp, saw their first books published in 1481, and stepped at once into the front rank as centres of printing. Rouen was six years later still in welcoming its first printer and never attained to quite the first rank. In Spain cities of such importance as Burgos and Toledo did not take up their task till i486; in Austria Vienna was a little earlier than this, beginning in 1482 ; in Denmark and Sweden the first incunabula were not produced until after the date which we have taken as marking a transition. It is impossible, of course, that any one date should apply with equal justice to every country in Europe. In Italy practically all the towns which were able to keep a printer in good employment had received the art by the end of 1474 ; in Germany, France, and the Netherlands, allowing the three already named exceptions (Leipzig, Rouen, and Antwerp), 1480 fits the case very fairly well, while it suits Switzerland and England even better. In Austria-Hungary it needs to be advanced to 1482; in Spain, as we have seen, to i486; in Denmark and Sweden 1500 is hardly sufficiently early. The point to be noted is that, whether we take it as a little before or a little after 1480, there is necessarily in the case of every country some date by which pioneers had already settled down in every city suited to be a centre of printing, and when the further extension of the art thus assumes quite a different character. Thus of forty-two places in Italy where incunabula were printed for the first time after 1474, Perugia, Reggio d' Emilia, Pisa, Siena, Soncino (of some importance for its Hebrew press), and Pescia are the only ones responsible for more than a dozen books apiece, all these being duly represented in the present collection. Of the remaining thirty-six towns no fewer than twenty-five were visited by only a single printer, and in fifteen or sixteen of these only a single book was produced. In Germany there are nine single-press towns, six of which only produced a single book apiece. In Switzerland all the four new places are single-bookers. In France, of thirty-one new places, no fewer than twenty-five possessed only a single press, mostly with a very small
XXX THE PRINTERS
output ; in Holland Leiden and Haarlem welcomed two presses, the four other new places only one. In Spain, out of eighteen new places, ten had only a single printer. In England there is no room for these invidious comparisons, for in the last twenty years of the century printing received no extension at all.
As compared with the previous period we thus have to note in the last twenty years of the century a greater increase in the number of places in which printing was used to produce only a few books, very often only one or two, and took no permanent root, and a correspondingly diminished increase in the number of those where it promptly throve. In many of the new towns, especially in Germany and France, there was no general printing at all. A bishop or cathedral chapter, desiring to have new service-books, sent for a printer to come and print an edition on the spot, in order that the proofs might be more easily corrected, and as soon as the edition was completed the printer went his way. Sometimes a school- master, or a professor, anxious to have his own works printed or to get textbooks for his pupils, seems to have imported a printer for the purpose, or perhaps to have persuaded one who was passing through the town to stay there and produce a book. In Italy the travelling printer is more in evidence. Thus we find Jacobinus Suigus printing one book at Sangermano in 1484, one book at Vercelli in 1485, one book at Chivasso in i486, and these three books constitute the total output of incunabula at the places named. The single books published at places so obscure that they have to be searched for in large gazetteers, have their own position in the history of printing, not merely as curiosities, but as reminding us of the difficulties of proof-correcting at a distance in the days when roads were bad and there were no regular posts. But in arithmetical statistics Sangermano and Venice each count as one, and unless the enormous difference in the importance of these units be realized statistics become more than usually misleading. No apology is intended in these remarks for deficiencies in the present collection, which is exceptionally rich in the products of the presses of obscure places, difficult as they are to procure. It may even be said that had many more of them been placed in the exhibition there would have been some danger of its balance being dis- turbed. As it is, they will be found to be liberally represented, while the relative position of the greater presses has been indicated by the inclusion of a larger number of specimens.
In the days when boastful vows were in fashion a modest man, who had no reason to doubt his prowess, was sometimes content to swear that
THE PRINTERS
XXXI
where fighting had to be done he would never be found more than six feet behind the foremost. Whether the British Museum possesses fewer or more numerous different incunabula (i. e. excluding duplicates) than some other great libraries is at present a matter of conjecture. But that the examples which it possesses cover the widest field and are most truly representative of the course of printing in the 15th century, no one who has used Robert Proctor's Index will be likely to deny. The following table shows how the present collection of incunabula, formed on a smaller scale, but with the same aim of being generally representative, compares with that at the British Museum, as set forth in Proctor's Index. In both collections, it should be said, in the overwhelming majority of cases each town is represented by one or more books from its first press, but now and again (in the present collection in about a dozen instances), where these have proved unattainable, examples from a second or later press take their place. As will be seen from the catalogue, very many presses are represented not merely by an early specimen but by the first printer's first book, or the first in which he has put a date. On the other hand, two first presses, those of Rosenbach at Perpignan and of Govaert van Ghemen at Copenhagen, are represented by books printed after 1500, and therefore not technically incunabula according to the highly artificial definition of that word. With these explanations the table may be left to speak for itself.
Germany
Italy
Switzerland
France
Holland
Belgium
Austria-Hungary
Spain
England
Denmark
Sweden
Portugal
Montenegro
; - Total
|
I460-I480 |
1460- 1500 |
||||
|
Number |
Number |
Number |
Number |
Number |
Numb |
|
of towns |
in |
in |
of towns |
in |
in |
|
possessing |
British |
this |
possessing |
British |
this |
|
presses |
Museum |
collection |
presses |
Museum |
collect! |
|
aa |
ai |
19 |
50, |
42 |
3! |
|
49 |
41 |
38 |
7» |
54 |
48 |
|
4 |
4 |
4 |
8 |
4 |
5 |
|
8 |
6 |
5 |
39 |
15 |
II |
|
8 |
6 |
6 |
14 |
II |
II |
|
5 |
4 |
4 |
7 |
6 |
6 |
|
5 |
3 |
I |
10 |
8 |
5 |
|
6^ |
5 |
4 |
24 |
»5 |
12 |
|
4 |
4 |
3 |
4 |
4 |
3 |
|
— |
- |
— |
2 |
I |
I |
|
— |
- |
- |
3 |
2 |
0 |
|
— |
— |
- |
4 |
3 |
I |
|
— |
— |
— |
I |
I |
0 |
|
Ill |
94 |
84 |
2^8 |
166 |
141 |
|
mmi |
■■■ |
isa |
^mm |
■^ |
jSBa |
^
xxxii THE PRINTERS
The near approach to the maximum of completeness possible to any modem collector which this table reveals could not have been attained had the pursuit of the books of the First Printers been weakened by attention to subsidiary objects. It is not in this catalogue, therefore, that evidence must be sought as to the comparative popularity of different authors and their books. Only in one case, that of the Fasciculus Temporum, on account of the alternative paragraphs in it relating to the invention of printing, has a book been pursued for its own sake, and the twenty-four editions registered in the catalogue show that here also success has been attained. Incidentally the Fasciculus Temporum offers a good, though somewhat elementary, test of the comparative proficiency of the wood- cutters of most of the countries in Europe in which printing was practised in the 15th century. Although, however, illustrated books have not been collected seriously for their own sake there are sufficient examples in the present collection to enable the study of them to be carried a good deal further than this. For Germany, where woodcuts came into general use at Augsburg early in the 'seventies, the material offered is fairly consider- able. For Augsburg itself there is one of the finest early illustrated books, the Speculum humanae saluationis printed at the Monastery of SS. Ulrich and Afra in or before 1473, Zainer's Schwabenspiegel, Baemler's Die vier und zwanzig goldnen Harffen and Auslegung des Amts der heiligen Messe, Schoensperger's Belial and his reprints of Koberger's editions of the Reformation der Stadt NUrnberg, and Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle. For Nuremberg itself there are the original editions of these two works and the earliest Nuremberg illustrated book, Sensenschmidt and Frisner's Justinian of 1475 with its ten charming little column cuts. To represent the rather infrequent book-illustrations of Cologne there are the fine foot- pieces in Quentell's edition of the Fasciculus Temporum (1480) and the younger Koelhoff's Chronicle (1499); from Lflbeck comes the striking edition of the Rudimentorum Nouitiorum (1475) with its curious pictorial tables and capitals; from Ulm, Leonhard Holle's Ptolemy with fine capitals and woodcut maps ; from Mainz, Meydenbach's Hortus Sanitatis (1491) ; from Oppenheim, some of the books with which Kobel, early in the i6th century, tried to emulate Erhard Ratdolt.
In Italy, although instances of illustrated books occur sporadically from 1468 onwards, the great period of book-illustration was the last decade of the 15th century, and few of the First Printers concerned themselves with it. Nevertheless from Rome we have, from the press of Petrus de Turre, the second edition of the Ptolemy with Sweynheym's engraved maps ; from
THE PRINTERS xxxiii
Venice numerous examples of the decorative work of Ratdolt, the Sphaera Mundi of Sacro Bosco with the designs of Hieronymus de Sanctis (1488), and the Supplementum Chronicarum; from Milan the Theorica Musicae of Gaforus (1492) ; from Pogliano the graceful borders of the Petrarch De viris illustribus (1476) ; from Forli two Venetian cuts in the De structura compositionis of Ferrettus (1495), one of them with the charming school scene where two small children are studying hornbooks in the company of a dog while their elders sit gravely to be lectured. Despite similar disadvantages in France, Abbeville offers a fine frontispiece in its first book, Boutillier's La somme rurale (i486), and there are numerous cuts in two late chronicles, Verard's Mer des Histoires and the Histoire de Clotaire of Jehan Bouchet published at Poitiers by Engelbert de Mamef. From Holland, where conditions were more akin to those in Germany, Veldener's Kruidboek of 1484 affords a sight of two cuts from the famous Speculum humanae saluationis, and (both in the same year) at ZwoUe Van Os's edition of S. Bernard's Sermons bears a very fine frontispiece of the saint in the presence of the Blessed Virgin and the Holy Child, while Haarlem yields from the press of Bellaert the Boeck des gulden throens with a few very characteristic cuts. From Spain there is little to chronicle save numerous decorative capitals; from England nothing but some rude woodcuts to the Chronicles of England, the deficiency in each instance only slightly exaggerating the facts.
It would be easy to gather similar notes to these as to other subsidiary points of interest in the books which have found their final resting-place in the Annmary Brown Memorial — to speak of their early bindings, one of which is reproduced as a frontispiece, or to select for special quotation some of the notes by original owners. But the bindings are described and the notes recorded in the pages of the catalogue itself, and would but lose interest by being considered apart from the books to which they belong. It only remains, therefore, to say a few words as to the very elaborate form adopted for the present catalogue, in regard to which, save for a general instruction that First Printers were to be kept to the front, the present writer has been given a free hand. In reviewing Proctor's Index of the Early Books at the British Museum, it was said that that great work, which lifted the whole study of incunabula bodily on to the plane which the insight of Henry Bradshaw had marked out for it, contained in skeleton form a practically complete history of printing
^
xxxiv THE PRINTERS
in the 15th century. As we have already seen, the present collection, within its limits, is only slightly less representative than that at the British Museum itself, and the ambitious design was thus conceived of building up the skeleton narrative which the mere titles of the books, arranged in Proctor's order, would have presented, into a real body of typographical history. The design has been carried out, and I hope I am not unduly confident in believing that a better idea of how the art of printing was spread throughout Europe between the years 1460 and 1500 will be obtainable from the present catalogue than from any other single volume as yet in existence. Moreover, as I was bound to do, I have tried to indicate as exactly as possible just what part each of the printers repre- sented in the collection played in that great missionary work, and at what moment in his career the books by which he is represented were produced. Heavy as the task has proved, it is needless to say that I have built throughout mainly with materials collected by previous workers. The Indexes of Proctor and Herr Burger have been used as a general basis ; for Italy I have had the help of Signor Fumagalli's Lexicon Typo graphicum, for France of the works of Claudin, for the Netherlands of Campbell's Annales, for Spain of Dr. Haebler's Bibliografia Iberica, for England of the writings of Mr. Gordon Duff. The only claim put forward is that the brief historical introductions fairly represent the existing state of knowledge and scientific opinion as to the typographical facts regarding the countries, cities, and individual printers with which they deal. Thanks to the impetus given to the study of incunabula by the works of Proctor and Herr Burger, our knowledge is almost daily being increased. Since the German section was in type I have already learnt to doubt whether Conrad Fyner ever returned from Urach to Esslingen and whether the good Brothers of the Common Life at Rostock printed all the books that Proctor attributed to them. A few years hence much that is here written will no doubt be out of date, but I hope that in the meantime it may prove of some little use.
As regards the descriptions of the individual books the representative character of the collection once more influenced me in the direction of fullness. In a catalogue of a mere chance collection of incunabula, where a book has been adequately described by Hain in his Repertorium Biblio- graphicum, or better still by M. Polain in his admirable continuation of Mile Pellechet's 'Catalogue g^n^ral des incunables des biblioth^ques publiques de France', a reference to these works is as good as a new
THE PRINTERS xxxv
description. But the catalogue of a really representative collection ought to be self-containing, and I wished to make the books speak as far as possible for themselves and tell their own tales.
In addition to my obligations to the authors already mentioned, I have two more personal debts to acknowledge — one to Mr. George England, now Assistant Librarian to the Earl of Crawford, without whose splendidly accurate preliminary work it would have been impossible for me to have got through my task during my six weeks' stay in Providence ; the other to Mr. George Parker Winship, of the John Carter Brown Library, and to the other friends I found in that city, by whose kindness those six weeks of strenuous work remain in my memory as one of my most pleasant holidays.
ALFRED W. POLLARD.
22 February, 191 o.
^
GERMANY
Whatever view may be taken as to the priority of Dutch or German experiments in printing with movable types, there can be no dispute that it was in Germany that the art first attained a perfection which enabled it to compete successfully with the best work of the scribes, and that it was by German printers that it was introduced into all the chief countries of Europe. Seven German towns had possessed presses by the close of 1470, twenty-two by the close of 1480, thirty-eight by 1490, and fifty by the end of the century. Their com- bined output, though exceeded by Italy, equalled that of all the rest of Europe, being now represented probably by about 7,000 different incunabula still extant.
Until shortly before 1500 little use was made of Roman types in Germany, but there was a great variety in the Gothic founts, and many of these, both large and small, were of real beauty. Enterprise was shown in printing such enormous medieval compilations as the various Specula of Vincent de Beauvais, the Pantheologia of Raynerius de Pisis, and the works of Aquinas, and there were long series of Bibles, both Latin and vernacular, and many fine service-books, and legal texts and commentaries. The printing trade seems as a whole to have been prosperous, and many printers had long and prolific careers.
MAINZ
The first book to which its printers put their names and the date of publication was the famous Mainz Psalter printed by Fust and Schoeffer in 1457, and from 1460 until far into the i6th century in one Mainz book after another the claim was made and repeated that it was this city that God had deigned to prefer and make illustrious before all others by the gift of printing, and that it was Mainz that was the inventor and perfecter of the art (impressoriae artis inuentrix elimatrixque). It was not until 1499 that any whisper of a protest against this claim was put forth, and then only in a story, heard from an old printer, of praefigurations in Dutch schoolbooks of such a kind as to leave to Mainz the substantial honours of the invention. While, however, the primacy of Mainz is thus incontestable, it was never after 1470 the chief centre of printing in Germany. For several years Peter Schoeffer was its only printer, and it is even possible that some of the smaller firms of whom we hear after 1475 may have printed their books in his office. Its output of recorded incuna- bula was less than two hundred, or about a seventh of that of Cologne, though some allowance must be made for the greater size and importance of its books.
A
■i. :..=.. ■•'.<.■• GERMANY
V
JOHANN GUTENBERG?
{First printer)
While there is good evidence to support the popular attribution of the invention of printing with movable types to Johann Gutenberg, this evidence is not of a kind to enable us to state with certainty what was the precise part which he played in it, in face of the possibility of early Dutch experiments on the one hand, and of the claims of Fust and Schoeffer on the other. He is credited with having made some invention in connection with printing as early as 1437, but the world is familiar with inventors who are unable, without the help of others, to develop their inventions to the point of profitable production, and it is possible that Gutenberg was one of these. Before obtaining a loan from Fust in 1450 he had probably printed some small pieces in a large type, of which part of an Almanac attributed to 1448 and another fragment survive. While working with Fust's money he either developed great energy and managing power which resulted in the production of the famous 42-line Latin Bible, or his share in this remains uncertain, and much of the credit of producing it must be assigned to Peter Schoeffer. In that case the one large book which it is easiest to credit to Gutenberg is the Catholicon, a Latin dictionary by Joannes Balbus, of which an edition was issued at Mainz in 1460. The colophon of this book, while it gives no name of any person, is one which the inventor of the art might well have written, and the attribution of the credit to the city of Mainz rather than to any individual, may have been the result of a com- promise which Fust, and (save for one outbreak in verse on the part of Magister Franciscus, his corrector of the press) Peter Schoeffer also, seems to have observed. The two small books here assigned, with a query, to Gutenberg, are printed in the same type as the Catholicon of 1460, and were probably issued about the same time. After the sack of Mainz in 1462, as a result of the war between its rival archbishops, Gutenberg seems to have done no more printing, and he died as a pensioner of the new Archbishop in 1468.
MATTHIAS DE CRACOVIA. Tractatus rationis et conscientiae.
[1460-62 ?]
I*. [Mjultoi; tarn clericoij ^ laicoj; querel|la e non modica. occupacio grauis || et questio dubiosa. quomodo quis || se habere debeat in celebrando uel || comunicando . . . 22». Colophon : Tractatus racionis et consciencie de sumpcone paljbuli salutiferi corpis diii nostri ihu xpi. Finit.
Quarto, [a^" b^^] aa leaves. 30 lines, 143 x 83 mm. Type i (Gothic 82, leaded to 95 mm.). Spaces left in the text for the names of the speakers. Hain *58o3. Proctor 147.
Of this book Mr. Gordon Duff, following Auguste Bernard, writes (Early Printed Books, p. 35) : — ' In the copy of the Tractatus racionis belonging to the Bibliotheque Nationale, the following manuscript note occurs: Hos duos
MAINZ 3
sexternos accomidauit mlhi henrycus Keppfer de moguncia, numquam reuenit ut reacciperetur, &c. This Keppfer was one of Gutenberg's workmen, and his name occurs in the notarial instrument of 1455, so that this inscription forms a link between the book and Gutenberg.'
205 X 138 mm. Rubricated, with capital M on i* in blue. [I
THOMAS AQUINAS. Summa de articulis fidei. [1460-62?]
2'. [PjOstulat a me uestra dileccio. ut de ar||ticuHs fidei et ecclesie sacramentis alijlqua vobis conpendiose p memoriali || transcriberem cuj dubitaconibus que || circa hec moueri pnt . . . 13'. Colophon : Explicit summa de articulis fidei et ecjlclesie sacramentis. edita a fratre tho||ma de aquino. ordinis fratrum predil|catorum. Deo. Gracias.
Quarto, [a* b*.] 14 leaves, the first blank. 34 lines. 140 x 83 mm. Type 1 (Gothic 82 mm.). Line-endings very uneven. Hain 1435* Proctor 148.
The title of this book forms the fourth and that of the Tractatus rationis et conscientiae the sixth of the entries in the Advertisement set forth by Peter Schoeffer about 1469, which also includes the Catholicon. As their workman- ship is very inferior to that of the books of Fust and Schoeffer it is practically certain that they were not printed by that firm, but that the stock had been bought up. The fount of type passed into the hands of the brothers Bechter- muncze of Eltvil, one of whom continued to print with it for some years. But the books in Schoeffer's advertisement were stated to have been all printed at Mainz. These two books must therefore have been printed before the transfer of the type, and Gutenberg is the only known person to whom they can be assigned. He may have sold them to Schoeffer when he parted with his type, or Schoeffer may have bought the stock after Gutenberg's death.
199x139 mm. Rubricated, the initials on 2* and 8* in blue and red. The title ' Suma. bti Thome de Articfis fidei ' is written on the blank first page, and on the last ' Seqt' dyalogus p sac pione '. [2
PETER SCHOEFFER
Peter Schoeffer, a native of Gernsheim, was a clerk in minor orders of the diocese of Mainz. His name occurs with that of Fust in the colophon to the Psalter of 1457, and an undated Donatus in Psalter-type, in which it occurs alone, may have been printed by him as a specimen before he joined Fust, and not, as is usually said, after Fust's death in 1466. Schoeffer was credited by his corrector of the press with a knowledge of engpraving which enabled him to penetrate first into the inner mysteries of printing (see note to No. 7) and by his son Johann Schoeffer with ' adinuentiones ' in recognition of which Fust gave him the hand of his daughter in marriage (see No. 18). By their combination of technical skill and business ability he and his father-in-law developed the com- mercial and artistic possibilities of the new art and ensured its success. From 1457 to Fust's death in 1466 the chief productions of the firm were the Psalter and Rationale diuinorum ofificiorum of Duranti with large coloured capitals,
A 2
•«*.
^
4 GERMANY
the Clementine Constitutions (1460) and Decretals of Boniface with annotations skilfully arranged round the text, the fine Bible of 1462, and the two editions of Cicero de Officiis. Until 1477 Schoeffer continued to work on much the same lines, but Italian competition must then have rendered his law-printing less profitable, and for the rest of his career he devoted himself largely to printing Missals. He died in 1502, having printed, alone or in partnership with Fust, upwards of 1 20 recorded books and documents. He was succeeded by his son Johann (see No. i8).
THOMAS AQUINAS. Super quarto libro sententiarum. 13 June, 1469.
I*. [M]Isit verbu suu || et sanauit eos 1| et eripuit eos || de intericSnibj || eoifi ic. a74». Colophon (red) : Preclaru hoc opus quarti script! scl tho«|lme de aquino. Alma in vrbe mogutina. in*l|clite nacois germaice. qua dei clemetia ta || alti ingenij lulne. dono<5 gratuitu. ceteris || terraij nacoib' pferre. illustradcj digna^l|ta e. Artificiosa quada adinuencoe imprii;||mendi seu caracterizandi abscj vlla calami || exaracdne sic effigiatu. et ad eusebia dei in#||dustrie est cosumatu. p petru schoiffher de || gernPhem. Anno diii millesimoqua- drin#l|gentesimosexagesimonono. Tredecima || die lunii. Sit laus deo. [Device.]
Folio, [a-n^" o^**"* p-v^" x* y*~^ z A-E^".] 274 leaves. 2 columns. 60 and 61 lines. 273 (278) X 190 mm. Types 3, 5 (Gothic 91, 118 mm.). Hain *i48i. Proctor 87.
The close resemblance in appearance (save for the absence of the printed capitals) between this book and the Duranti of 1459 shows how little Schoeffer's practice changed during these ten years.
385 X 281 mm. Rubricated ; the capital on i* in red and blue on a mauve ground. Michael Wodhull's copy with his note of purchase for ;^io. 10s., Jan. 15, 1 79 1, and memorandum 'this copy appears to have passed from the Valiere to the Crevenna Library and thence into England '. [3
AUGUSTINUS. Sermo de festo praesentationis beatae virginis Mariae.
[Not after 1470.]
2». Prefac5 in laude biidce j^ginis || marie mris iHu nri redemptoris. 8^. 1. 19 : Explicit sermo ecclesiasticus de festo gaudiose psentacoi' || dulcissime matris ihesu virginis marie semper benedicte. 10*. End : . . . dabit capiti tuo augment [jta gratia^ et corona ptegat te. [Device in red.]
Folio, [a^".] 10 leaves, the first blank. 31 lines. 184 x120 mm. Type 5 (Gothic 118 mm.). Hain 1993. Proctor 139.
Printed in the same type as the Bible of 1462. Probably the work entered in Schoeffer's advertisement as ' historia de psentacoe beate marie i^ginis ', and if so, printed not later than 1470, and possibly some years earlier.
280 x196 mm. Rubricated. [4
AUGUSTINUS. De vera vitae cognitione. [i47o-75-]
I*. Augustine pater, aquilino more iohanis
Ingenij veils petis alta recondita celis Inde venis lucens. lucem cunctiscp reuelans Qua dum ptinuo patulam factis esse libello ... 34». 1. 14. End : Augustinl de vere vite pgnicoe libellus explic. [Device in red.]
MAINZ 5
Quarto, [a-c^b".] 34 leaves. 38 lines. 129x790101. Type 3 (Gothic 91 mm.). Hain *3,og2. Proctor 138.
Not mentioned in Schoeffer's advertisement of 1469 or 1470, and therefore presumably printed after its issue, but in the same type as the Durandus of 1459. As to the authorship and teaching of this book, see note to the ' Quaestiones de reuelatione Antichristi' (Memmingen, A. Kunne, No. 148).
196 X 141 mm. Rubricated. [5
JOHANNES DE TAMBACO. Consolatio theologiae. [1470-75.]
I*. [Q]uonia scd'm apl'm quecucj 1| scripta sut ad nram doctri||na scripta sut. ut p psolac6l|ne scpturaijL spe habeamus || . . . 99''. 1. 24. End : Explicit psolaco theologie ppilata a mgro || iohane de tambaco sacre theologie doctore || eximio.
Quarto, [a-1* m", with a leaf inserted between e8 and fi.] 99 leaves. 27 lines. 125x99 mm. Types 5, 6 (Gothic 118, 92 mm.). Hain *i5235. Proctor 136.
This book is made up of eleven quires of eight leaves each, and a final quire of ten, all printed in Schoeffer's second small text type (92). Leaf 41, printed in larger type, was inserted between quires 5 and 6 to fill up a gap in the text which apparently had escaped notice until it was too late to supply it in any other way. It is possible that two sets of compositors were employed on the book, the second set beginning at quire 6, and that the gap was caused by a miscalculation. A difficulty of this kind was usually surmounted by saving space by means of a lavish use of contractions.
205 X 141 mm. Rubricated. [6
GREGORIUS IX. Decretales. 23 Nov., 1473.
I*. [Text (red)] : Incipit noua ppilatio decre^l|talium gregorij .ix. 304'. COLOPHON (red) : Anno incamationis dnice. M. cccc. Ixxiij. ix. ki decembris || Sanctissimo in xpo pre ac dno/ diio Sixto ppa .iiij. ponti*l|fice maximo.' lUustrissimo / nobilissime domus austrie/ Fri«l|derico .' Ronoru rege gloriosissimo .' reru diiis .' Reueredissi*l|mo 1 xpo pre diio Adolpho archipsule magutino.' in nobili || vrbe Magucia.' q nros apud maiores aurea dicta /qua di||uina etia clemetia dono gratuito p ceteris terraiji nationib' || arte impssoria dignata e illustrae .' hoc piis decretale glosa || cu ordinaria diii bernhardi / no atrametali penna cannaue || sed arte quada ingeniosa imprimendi / cunctipotente aspi||ranti deo Petrus schoiffer de gemPheim suis consignando || scutis feliciter consummauit [Device in red.] 304''. End : Correctuscj liber pficiet docilem.
Folio, [a-c'" d« e*+i f-h" i k« ; 1 m" n* 0"+^ p q" r* s«+» ; t x^" y« z«+i A-C^" D* E« ; F Q10H8+1 jk'ioh2 j 205 leaves, the last blank, a columns. 62 lines of text, 81 of commentary. 368 x 259 mm. Types 5, 6 (Gothic 118, 92 mm.). Hain *7999. Proctor 103.
Among six epigrams on the penultimate leaf of this book are the verses beginning ' Scema tabernaculi ', already printed in the editions of the Institutions of Justinian of 24 May, 1468, and 29 October, 1472, claiming that by his skill in engraving Peter [Schoeffer] had outstripped both the Johns [i. e. Johann Guten- berg and Johann Fust] and entered before them into the sanctuary of printing.
In some copies, as in this, the epigrams are printed on 304**, in others on 305*.
449 X 305 mm. Rubricated in red and Ijlue. This copy offers a striking instance of the habit of the early printers of using a different paper for the outer
^
6 GERMANY
sheets of the quires. Owing to some defect in the making, probably insufficient sizing, the outer sheet of each quire throughout the book is discoloured and has suffered as if from damp, while the inner sheets have all the characteristic excellence of the best 15 th century paper. For the last leaf of quire 10 and the first of quire 11 vellum leaves have been substituted for paper. On i* is the inscription : Conuentus Rohrhaldf F Prm. Ord. S. Paulj primi Eremita. [7
TURRECREMATA, Johannes de. Expositio psalterii.
II September, 1474.
I*. [B]Eatissimo patri et clemetissimo dno pio se^||cundo pontifici maximo lohanes de turre:?||cremata sabinesis eps / see romane eccleste || cardinalis sancti sixti vulgariter nucupa^lltus . . . l73^ Colophon (red): Reuerendissini cardinalis! tituli sancti Sixti domini io^||hannis de Turrecremata ! expositio breuis et vtilis super || toto psalterio Mogutie impssa/ Anno diii. M. cccc. Ixxiiij. || tercio Idus septembris p petru Schoyffer de gern^hem || feliciter est consumata. [Device in red.]
Folio, (a-h" 1^"+^ k-q'" r*^.) 173 leaves. 35 (36) lines. 309 x 118 mm. Types i, 5 (Gothic 234, 118 mm.), and large versal letters. Hain *i^6g8. Proctor 105.
The heavy versal letters, copied from those in Ulrich Han's edition of 1470, were apparently not ready when the first quire of this book was printed, as spaces are left for them to be supplied by hand. In the second quire similar spaces occur on the rectos of the first half and versos of the second half.
316x218 mm. Rubricated, with a fine initial B at the beginning of the text in blue and red surrounded by brown scroll-work. On the inner cover and the first fly-leaf are inscriptions : Codex mosterii sti mathie apli extra muros treneh. ordis sti Benedict!. [8
TURRECREMATA, Johannes de. Expositio psalterii. 4 April, 1478.
2*. [BJEatissimo patri et clemetissimo dno pio || secudo potifici maximo lohanes de tur^^llrecremata sabinesis eps / see romane eCi;||clesie cardialis sancti sixti vulgariter nujlcupatus . , . 197*. COLOPHON (red) : Reuerendissimi cardinalis / tituli sancti Sixti / domini || lohannis de Turrecremata! expositio breuis et vtilis \\ super toto psalterio Mogucie impressa / Anno domini || .M. cccclxxviij. die quarta aflis p Petru Schoyffer || de Gem^heym feliciter est consummata. [Device in red.]
Folio, [a^b-s^tv*.] 198 leaves, the first and last blank. 31 lines. 186x115 mm. Types I, 5 (Gothic 234, 118 mm.), and versal letters. Hain *i57oi. Proctor 115.
A reprint of the edition of 1474, with fewer lines to a page, and so filling 23 additional leaves in addition to the two blanks.
280 X 196mm. Rubricated; the capital on 2*^ in red and green, that on 4*, at the beginning of the text, in red and blue. [9
GREGORIUS IX. Decretales. 10 March, 1479.
i». Text (red): Incipit noua ppilatio decre^ljtalium gregorij .5x. 304*. CoLOPHON (red): Domini nfi ihesu xpi a natiuitate anno .M. cccc.lxxix. men|lsis marcij idus sexto, sede aptica Sixto qrto, orbis monarjlchia australiu ducu ex antiqua familia Friderico .iij.
MAINZ 7
urbis II ^ magutine Diethero de ysenberg cum pAcipatu cura ar*l|chipsulare obtinetib'.' post apud iam dicta nobile urbem || primu, inde a paduanis accurata diligetia factas emeda||c6es. nuc tertio velut igne ardetissimo auru, lectione pre<j||uia maturate examinate ?probate<B feliciter finiut debito 1| cu apparatu decretales gregoriane, omniu reuera hijsipis !| testimonium perhibentib' correctissime / petro schoiffer de || gernpheim cuius armis signatur auctore cuctipotetis age||te gra cui phenis honor et gloria Amen. [Device in red.]
Folio, fa-c" d« e*+i f-h" i k« ; 1 m" n» o»o+i p q" r* s^+i ; t-x^^ y« z«+i A-C^" D^ E« ; F GioHs+iiK^oL^^.] 305 leaves, the last blank, a columns. 63 lines of text and 81 of commentary. Types 5, 6 (Gothic 118, 9a mm.). Hain *8oo6.
A reprint of the issue of 1473, the quiring of which is followed throughout.
475 X 328 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, with an illumination of the Pope at the beginning of the first book. In 15th century blind stamped binding with bosses and the remains of clasps. In 1623 it belonged to the library of the Eremite friars of S. Hugo at Freiburg in Switzerland. [10
JACOB MEYDENBACH
The reputation of Jacob Meydenbach depends entirely on his earliest book, the fine Hortus Sanitatis here catalogued. He only issued seven recorded books in all, the last bearing a date, and the only one besides the Hortus Sanitatis to which he put his name, bein^ the Explanatio in septem psalmos poenitentiales of S. Gregory, also in this collection,
HORTUS SANITATIS. 23 June, 1491.
i». Title (woodcut) : Ortus Sanitatis. 453^ EPILOGUE AND COLOPHON : . . . Quem quidem || librum omni diligetia collectum t elabo||ratum. intelligibili caractere proprijs im||pensis lacobus meydenbach ciuis Mojlguntinus luculetissime impressiL sumac? \\ adhibuit diligentiam. operacj maxima || vt singule herbe ac singuli flores. suos na]|turales colores. ac anialia ipsa, volucres. || pisces denicj % alia in hoc preclarissimo {| ope descripta. suas sicuti eas natura pro||duxit haberet effigies i figuras. Hoc mojjdo lectitanti prodesse ac intuentem oble||ctare impressor ipse lacobus voluit. ||
Impressum est autem hoc ipm in inclita || ciuitate Moguntina. que ab antiquis au||rea Moguntia dicta, ac a magis id est sa||pientibus vt fertur primitus fundata. in || qua nobilissima ciuitate » ars ac scientia || hec subtilissima caracterisandi seu impri||mendi fuit primu inuenta. Impressum || est inquam sub Archipresulatu Reuerenl|dissimi 1 Dig- nissimi principis t diii do || mini Bertoldi archiepiscopi Mogutin 1| ac principis electoris cuius felicissimo au|lspicio graditur recipitur t auctorisatur. || Anno salutis Millesimo Quadrin- genteljsimo Nonagesimo primo. Die vero Io||uis vicesima tercia mensis lunij.
Folio. A B« C-Z a-18-« m» n-y8-« zH aa-ii«-« kk 11« [♦»**«] A« B-E«. 454 leaves, the last blank. 3 columns. 47 lines. 321 X 141 mm. Types i, 3 (Gothic 93, 155 mm.). Hain *8944. Proctor 160.
Meydenbach's first book and from its numerous woodcuts by far the most interesting from his press. The Tractatus de Herbis is based on the German Herbarius by Dr. Wonnecken von Cube, printed by Schoeffer in 1485 ; the other treatises on birds, fishes, and stones, and the Tractatus de urinis, are compiled from other sources and often curiously illustrated.
304 X 204 mm, [11
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8 GERMANY
GREGORIUS I. Explanatio in septem psalmos poenitentiales.
30 March, 1495.
!■. Title: Beatissimi Gregorij pape || tocius ecclie luminis pclarissil|mi in septe psalmos penitenti||ales explanatio admodu vtil'. 83'. COLOPHON: Explanatio beatissinnii Gregorij pape in septem 1| psalmos penitentiales finit foeliciter. Impressa || Maguntie per lacobu Medenbach ciuem ibijldem. Anno a partu virginis salutifero. MiIlesi||mo Quadringetesimo Nonagesimoquinto. die || fo penultima mensis Marcij.
Quarto. a-n*o*. ^2 leaves. 32 lines. 147 x 85 mm. Types i, 3 (Gothic 92, 155 mm.). Hain *794i. Proctor 163.
205 X 141 mm. [12
PETER VON FRIEDBERG
Peter of Friedberg printed about 36 recorded books at Mainz between 1493 and the end of the century. More than half of these were written by Johann Tritheim or Trithemius, Abbot of the neighbouring Benedictine monastery at Sponheim, and several, if not all, of the others were probably recommended to him by the Abbot, a remarkable man and prolific writer (b. 1462, d. 1 5 16).
TRITHEIM, Johann. Tractatus de laudibus Sanctae Annae. 21 July, 1494.
1*. Title (red): De laudibus sanctissime 1| matris anne tractatus per<;||qua vtilis domini ioannis || tritemij abbatis spanhemensis ordinis diui pa{;||tris benedicti. 31*. CoLO- PHON : Impressum in nobili ciuitate Maguntina p Petru || Friedbergensem Anno virginei partus .Mcccc. xciiij. || .xij kalendas Augusti.
Quarto, a-d^ e*. 33 leaves, the last blank. 36 lines. 148 x 83 mm. Types i, 3 (Gothic 81, 149 mm.). Hain *I5632. Proctor 173.
This, though not the earliest of Peter of Friedberg's books, the British Museum copy of his Directorium Missae having been bound, according to a manuscript note, in 1493, is the earliest bearing an exact printed date.
210 x140 mm. Rubricated. [13
TRITHEIM, Johann. De proprietate monachorum. i495-
i\ Title: De proprietate monachorum || tractatus pqua vtilis domini || lohannis tritemij abbatis spanhemensis ordinis sancti || benedicti. i8». COLOPHON: Impressum in nobile Ciuitate moguntina per 1| Petru Freidbergensem Anno virginei partus |1 Millesimo- qdringentesimononagesimoqulto.
Quarto, a-c^ 18 leaves. 36 lines. 147 x84 mm. Types 1,3 (Gothic 81, 149 mm.). Hain *i56i9. Proctor 181.
210 x142 mm. Rubricated. [14
TRITHEIM, Johann. Catalogus illustrium virorum.
[After 14 August, 1495.]
I*. Title (red) : Cathalogus illustrium viro:j 1| germania suis ingenijs et lu«l|cubrationibus omnifariam exornantium : dni iohannis || tritemij abbatis spanhemensis ordinis sancti benedicti : \\ ad lacobu Vimpfelingu sletstatinu theologum. 83*. Explicit liber diii lohannis tritemij abbatis || spanhemensis. de viris illustribus germanie. 83". Epistola
MAINZ 9
magistri lacobi vim||pfelingl sletstatenP ad reuerendu patrem dnm iohanem || tritemium abbate spanhemensem : in additiones cathalo||gi germano^. 87*. End : Explicit.
Quarto. [*«] A-M^ N* O". 88 leaves, 7-83 numbered 1-75. Types i, 3 (Gothic 81, 149 mm.). Hain *i56i5. Proctor 179.
This is a book of considerable bibliographical value, the * viri illustres ' being all men of letters, and many of them Tritheim's contemporaries. He gives in each case the names of their works, and at the end of his treatise ' confesses ' to a long list of his own,
187 X 131 mm. • [15
TRITHEIM, JoHANN. Oratio de duodecim excidiis obseruantiae regularis.
[After 28 August, 1496?] I". Title: Oratio domini loannis tritemij || abbatis spanhemensis de duojldecim excidijs obseruatie reHgularis : habita in caplb || annali in monasterio || Reinhartzbornensi || in hircynia silua. || v. kal'. septem||bris. Anno || dni .M. || .cccc. || .xcvj. || Causas nosse volens defectus relligionis Has tibi que sequitur cartula scripta refert 19''. Finis oraconis dni ioannis tritemij abbatis nuc adest. || habite .v. kl. septebris in caplo anali. anno .M. cccc. xcvj. 30*. Matthei herbeni bethasij traiectenp. Carmen elegiacu . . . 20^ Exemplar bulle Vrbani pape de religiosis symoniacis. ai''. 1. 3. End : . . . Pontifi- catus nostri Anno Sepl|timo.
Quarto, a-c® d*. 22 leaves, the last blank. 35 lines. 144 x 83 mm. Type i (Gothic 81 mm.). Hain *i56^y. Proctor 184.
196 X 130 mm. [16
TRITHEIM, JoHANN. De triplici regione claustralium. 6 August, 1498.
1'. Title (red) : Liber de triplici regione clau<?l|stralium et spirituali exercicio || monachorum : omnibus religiosis non minus vtilis q \\ necessarius. 92*. COLOPHON : C Finis adest exercicij spiritualis claustraliu || per Petru Fridbergensem in nobili vrbe Ma*l|guntina Octauo Idus Augustias. Anno sa*||lutis. M. cccc. xcviij. 93". Incipit spiritualis exercitij || compendium. loannes tritemius. 97^ END: Explicit compendium quotidiani spiritual II lis exercicij : p loannem tritemiu abbatem.
Quarto. A-O D E« F-M* N». 98 leaves, the last blank. 36 (35) lines. 142 x 81 mm. Types I, 3 (Gothic 81, 149 mm.). Hain *i56i8. Proctor 188.
This, though not the last book printed by Peter of Friedberg, is the last
bearing an exact date. Leaves i*, 3* and S^ are found in two different settings.
210 x142 mm. Rubricated. Wanting leaves 93-98. [17
JOHANN SCHOEFFER
On the death of his father, Peter Schoeffer, in 1502, Johann succeeded to the business and carried it on successfully till far into the 16th century.
TRITHEIM, Johann. Compendium primi voluminis Chronicorum de origine regum Francorum. 12 July, 1515.
i». Title : Compediu siue Breuiariu || (maj.) primi voluminis annalium siue historiarum || de origine regum et gentis Fran*||corum ad reuerendissimum || in Christo patrem et || principe dominu Laurentiu Episcopu vuirtzpurgeii |1 orieialiscj Francie || ducem.
B
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JO GERMANY
loannis || Tritemij Ab^ljbatis. || [Woodcut of the imperial arms.] || Cum gratia et Priui- legio. Cesaree. Ma, 55'. Colophon : (maj.) C Compendij sive breuiarij voluminis ch#||(min)ronicorum. siue annalium loannis Tritemij abbatis Sancti lacobi || vuirciburgen- sis quonda uero Spanhemensis de origine regibuscj || francorum finis. Vicesima die mensis nouembris. Anno domini || Millesimoquingentesimoquartodecimo Aetatis su§ quinquagesi|lmo secundo. ^5\
CIMPRESSVM ET COMPLETVM EST PRESENS
chronicarum opus, anno dni MDXV. in uigilia Marga
retse uirginis. In nobili famosacp urbe Moguntina, hu«
ius artis impressori? inuentrice prima. Per lOANNEM
Schoffer, nepote quoda honesti uiri lOANNIS fusth
ciuis Moguntiii, memorate artis primarij auctoris
Qui tande imprimendi arte proprio ingenio ex«
cogitare specularity coepit aiio dnic? natiuitatis
MCCCC.L. indictioe XIII. Regnante illu
strissimo Ro. imperatore FREDERICO
III. Pr^sidente sanctae Moguntinae sedi
Reueredissimo in chro pre domino
THEODERICO pincema de Er«
pach pricipe electore Anno aut
M.CCCC.LII. perfecit dedu«
xit<} ea (diuina fauente gra
tia) in opus inprimedi
(Opera tn ac multis
necessarijs. adin^
uentionibus
PETRI
Schoffer de
Gemshel minl^
stri sui(5 filij adoptifs
ui) Cui etiam filiam suam
CHRISTINAM fusthiii p
digna laboru multarutj adinue*
tionu remuneratioe nuptui dedit. Re«
tinerut aut hij duoia pr^nominati lOANNES
fusth & PETRVS Schoffer hac artem 1 secreto (omi^>
bus ministris ac familiaribus to^, ne ilia quo^modo mani
festaret, iureiurado astrictis) Quo tande de ano dni MCCCC
LXII p eosdem familiares i diuersas terra^r puincias diuulgata
baud parum sumpsit icrementum.
CVM GRATIA ET PRIVILEGIO CAESAREE MAIE«
statis iussu & Ipensis honesti lOANNIS Haselperg ex Aia maiore
Constantien diocesis. *••
[Schoeffer device]
Folio. [**] A8 B* C-H*« I-L*. 56 leaves, the last blank. 46 lines, with marginalia, aoax III (147) mm. Types i, 2, 5, 6, la, Gk. i (Gothic 234, a86, 118, 9a mm., Roman 87 mm.). Proctor 9858.
With a woodcut of the imperial arms on the title-page, and of a bishop and layman kneeling before the Emperor Maximilian on 2», and some pretty capitals of the French style. The two largest types used for the first line of the title and
MAINZ II
for names in headings are those of the Psalter of 1457. The colophon by Johann Schoeffer, son of Peter Schoeffer, and grandson of Johann Fust, clearly contains what had become the Schoeffer family tradition as to the invention of printing, a curious tissue of truth and falsehood.
285 X 193 mm. [18
STRASSBURG
Gutenberg is believed, on the evidence of the law-suit of 1439, to have experimented with printing during his stay as an exile in Strassburg, and it is therefore significant that a year before the sack of Mainz in 1462, to which the spread of printing in other towns is usually attributed, a fine Latin Bible had been completed at Strassburg. The name of the printer of this Bible, Johann Mentelin, occurs in or before 1466 in the preface to the De Doctrina Christiana of S. Augustine catalogued below (No. 19), but no Strassburg printer put his name and date in the colophon of a book until 1471, a tradition of secrecy which may perhaps have been derived from Gutenberg. The early Strassburg books have not the distinction and elegance of those printed by Fust and Schoeffer, some of them may even be called clumsy, but they are of exceptional interest typographically. After about 1483 they rapidly become commonplace, only regaining interest in the closing years of the century through their illustrations. Some of the later printers, e. g. Priiss, Griininger, and Flach, were very prolific, and probably over a thousand Strassburg books are still extant, a number which places the city only second to Cologne numerically, and probably ahead of it in respect to the actual quantity of work done.
JOHANN MENTELIN
(First printer)
Johann Mentel, or Mentelin, a native of Schlettstadt, was settled at Strassburg in 1447, as a notary and writer in gold (scriba aurarius), and in that year purchased his citizenship. He is mentioned by Johannes de Lignamine in his Chronicle under the year 1458, along with Gutenberg and Fust, as printing 300 sheets a day, and the Freiburg copy of his first Great Bible is dated by the rubricator 1460 at the end of the Psalms, and 1461 after the Apocalypse. Quite early in his career Mentelin seems to have had the help of his son-in-law, Adolf Rusch (the ' R-printer '), who also printed books on his own account (see No. 26), though without putting his name in a single one of them. While Mentelin himself until 1473 also remained anonymous he printed several advertisements to push his books, and his career can be followed quite as closely as those of many less reticent printers. Bibles, Latin and German, works of the Fathers, a few classics, some medieval theology, and finally the great Speculum of Vincent de Beauvais were his chief productions, the bulk of most of them being
B 2
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considerable, so that he was a busier man than his small numerical total, of some five and thirty books, betokens. He died in December 1478, and his son-in-law, Adolf Rusch, does not seem to have carried on the business very long.
AUGUSTINUS. De arte praedicandi. £Not after 1466.]
I**. Canon 4)reconmendac6e huius famosi operis siue 1| libelli sequetis. de arte predi- candi sancti augustini. 3*. [H]Oc opus nostru qd inscribit de doctrina xpiana. in || duo queda fuera ^ma distribucoe partit' ... 17".!. 39 : Explicit qrt^ de doc!na xpana bti August! epi. 18*. (Table) : Accedit auditoij mentes. ardeter dicere . . . 2I^ END ; Virginitatis laus magnifica. BH.
Folio, [a^^b^^.l 22 leaves, the last blank. 39 lines. 179x111 mm. Types 3, 4 (Gothic 92, 121 mm.). Hain *I956. Proctor 200.
Either this book or the edition printed by Fust must offer the earliest example of the substitution by a second printer of his own name in a passage relating to the original producer of the book, of which there are too many examples in incunabula. Mr. Proctor and other bibliographers have treated Mentelin as the unscrupulous plagiarist, but this decision appears to be against the weight of evidence. The anonymous editor states that after comparing the copies he was able to find at Heidelberg, Speier, Worms, and ' tande eciam in argetina' — finally also at Strassburg — as he thought that there could be no quicker way of presenting his text to students, ' discreto viro lohanni mentelin incole argetenesi impressorie artis mgro. mols olbs psuasi. qten^ ipe assume digre?. onus « labore ml'tiplicadi hue libellu p via impssiois '.
In the Mainz edition Fust's name is substituted for Mentelin's, and the words ' atque tandem etiam in Argentina ' cease to have any appropriateness. Another reason for the Strassburg edition being the earlier is that, as explained at the end of the preface, the index references require to be completed by hand, whereas Fust made his complete in print, a point which Schoeffer emphasizes in his advertisement. In the British Museum copy the rubricator has added the date 1466 and his initials J.S., believed to stand for Joannes Span, a Dominican of Eichstatt.
270 x190 mm. With the label of the * Biblioteca Ambrosii Firmini Didot'. [19
ASTESANUS DE AST, Summa de casibus conscientiae, [1469-]
I*. [VjEnerando in xpo pri || et dno. dfio iohanni || Gayetano de vrbe di<;||uina 4)uidentia dig#l|nissime sacroscte ro«||mane eccie sancti the#l|odori diacono cardla<^||li fr. astexan^ de ast de || ordine frm mioij, eius || humil' Puus reuerentia suiqj recomendacoj H in dno debita t deuota . . . 435*. [CJVpies g° ff astexan' copijllator h* sume ad hore dei II vtilitati piii seruire tabl'aj || ista sup eande suma scbm || ordlej alphabet! studui ppoJIAe . . . 443^ line 20. End : Yronia. de hac. li. 2. ti. 28.
Folio, [a-i" k^* l-o^" p q* r s" t^ v"+ ^ x-z" t^ A" 81"+ ^ C-G" H^ I« K-R^" S^ T« * , **, ***^«]. 444 leaves, 186 and last blank, 191, 195, 247, and 255 half cut away so that they only have one column on each side, whereas other pages have two. 61 (60) lines. 284x190 mm. Type 5 (Gothic 92'' mm.). Hain *i888. Proctor 207.
Mentelin printed three undated editions of this book, of which this is the first. Three copies of it have manuscript dates 1469 in them, while that in the
STRASSBURG 13
British Museum was bought and rubricated in 1470. It is to this edition there- fore that Mentelin's advertisement beginning ' Volentes emere summa vere amabilem, cunctojji aspectibus merito gratiosam, vulgarit summa Astensis nucupata ', must be supposed to refer.
398 X 286 mm. Rubricated, with illuminated capitals and floral borders at the beginning of each book. On i* is the inscription 'Monasterij Baum- burij '. [20
CONRADUS DE ALEMANNIA. Concordantiae Bibliorum.
[About 1474.]
2\ CVilibet volen^^Hti requi'rere conjlcordacias in hoc H libro vnu est p«l|mitus atteden#|l dum . . . 41 6». Col. a : Explicit cocordacie || fris pradi tt allemaia.
Folio, a (1-9^0 10, 1 1* 12"); 5(13-17" iS^+i) ; c{ig-si^'^ 3%^^) ; d (33-40" 41* 4312). 417 leaves, the first and last blank. 3 columns. 66 lines. 303 x 309 mm. Type 5 (Gothic 92 mm.). Hain *5629. Proctor 222.
The 42 quires of which this book consists were printed in four sections. Of the twelve quires of the first section some in this copy have the sheets signed with the letter a and numbered. Thus leaves 107-1 11, forming the first half of the 1 2th quire, are stamped successively ai, a2, a3, a4, 35. In the second section the quires are stamped b, in the third c, in the fourth d. No doubt the book was printed simultaneously on four different presses, and this device was adopted to keep the sheets of each quire in the right order and mark the work done on each press. The help given to the binder, however, was slight compared to that offered by signatures consecutive throughout the work, and two sets of these have been supplied by hand, one in numerals, the other alphabetical, a fresh alphabet being begun for each section.
The Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris possesses a proof of leaf 162 of this book on the reverse of which is printed the end of an advertisement, no doubt of the Concordantiae itself, beginning ' Cupiens igitur pretactum volumen emere vna cum ceteris subscriptis bene emendatis, veniat ad hospicium infra notatum, et habebit largum venditorem. Item Speculum historiale Vencencij. Item Summam Astaxani. Item Archidyaconum super decretis. Item Ysidorum Ethimo- logiarum'. As the Speculum Historiale was finished 4 December, 1473, this gives 1474 as the date of the present volume. A copy of it in the town library at Strassburg bears a note of its presentation to the neighbouring Charterhouse by 'honorabilis vir lohannes Mentelin, ciuis Argentinensis '.
400 X 275 mm. Rubricated ; with an illuminated capital on i*. Bought at an early date for six florins. With note on fly-leaf ' Liber bte dei geitricf Sctic^ Alexandri mfis pfonoru Monasterij nouiopis ppe hallis ordls canonicoru fgulariQ diui augusti epi. magd: diocesis '. A duplicate from the library at Stuttgart. Old leather binding (rebacked) with tags and paper label : Concordance, maiores super, biblia. Mona. Noui. K. vij. [21
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14 GERMANY
HEINRICH EGGESTEIN
Heinrich Eggestein, a native of Rosheim, was a calligrapher. From 1427 to 1463 he was keeper of the official seal of the ' Curia praepositura ' at Strass- burg. His work as a printer probably began about the latter year, as a copy of his first Latin Bible in the Royal Library at Munich and two copies of his second Bible, at Brunswick and Wolfenbuttel, are proved by manuscript dates to have been in existence as early as 1466. Eggestein printed over fifty books that have come down to us, and in the selection of them seems to have been a good deal influenced by the example of Fust and Schoeffer. The date of his death is not known. A calendar for 1480 is printed in his types, but it is probable that for some years before this he had taken little share in the business.
GR ATI AN US. Decretum. 1471.
I". Text (red) : In nomine sancte et indiuidue || trinltatis. Indpit Concordia dijlscorda- tium canonum ac primu ||. de iure constituconis nature hu||mane. Rubrica. 459^ COLO- PHON (red) : Presens Gratiani decretum vna cu apparatu Bartho. Brixien || in suis distinctionibj causis et cosecrationibo bene visu et cor||rectu. Artificiosa adinueconis imprimendi abscj vlla calami {| exaratione sic effigiatu. et ad laudem omipotetis dei est cosui^llmatu Per venerabilem viru Heinricu Eggesteyn. artiu Iibe*l|raliu magistrum ciuem jnclite ciuitatis Argentin. Anno dni. || M". cccc°. Ixxj".
Folio. [a-i"kP; A-V^"XY*; aa-nn"oo''+^] 459 leaves, a columns. 47 lines of text on 3'' (316 mm.), elsewhere 81 of commentary. 403x276 mm. Types 2, 3 (Gothic c- ^33t 9^-9 mm.). Hain *7883. Proctor 261.
One of two books printed by Eggestein in 147 1 in which he placed his name and the date, and also used red printing for the Incipit and colophon. The other, his second edition of the Clementine Constitutions, was completed on 21 November; this has no date of month or day and may be either earlier or later. No Strassburg book has an earlier printed date.
468 X 330 mm. Rubricated In red and blue, with 35 large capitals in various colours. Michael Wodhull's copy, with his note of purchase In i8ii for £4. Original pigskin binding, ornamented with small stamps, one inscribed ' Maria hilf ', and parchment labels. [22
CICERO, Marcus Tullius. De officiis et Paradoxa. 1472.
1*. (red): Marci Tulij Ciceronis. Arpinatis ?sul|lis<5 romani ac oratoru maximi. Ad || M. Tulium Ciceronem filium suum || Officiorum liber incipit. Prefacio ge||neralis in libros omnes. 91''. COLOPHON (red): Piis marci Tulij clarissimu opus arte || quadam ppulcra. Per venerabile pHie || magistru Ac etia inclite Argentin ciui^Htatis ciue dnm Heinricu Eggesteyn. sul|ma cu diligentia impssum e Anno dni || M.cccc. Ixxij. 92". Manlio torquato. Flaccus. de vite hui^jlmane breuitate. p pparacoj tepis. hec. 92\ End : Vincula pyrithoo.
Folio, [a-k* 1 m^.] 92 leaves. 27 lines. 154 x 86 mm. Types 2, 3 (Gothic c 133, and 99» spaced to 114 mm.). Hain *5240. Proctor 262.
Set up in close but clumsy imitation of the Fust and Schoeffer editions of 1465 and 1466, including the ode of Horace used to fill the last leaf.
196x145 mm. Inscribed on i^' : Carthusiee Gemnicensis. i6th century roll-stamped vellum. [23
STRASSBURG 15
CYRILLUS. Speculum sapientiae. [1475-80.]
I*. Speculu Sapientie beati Cirilli episcopi alias quadripertitus apolo*^l|gieticus vocat' In cuius quide puerbijs omnis et totius sapientie spe<j||culum claret. Feliciter incipit. 42''. End : Explicit tabula seu repertoriu capl'oru apologietici qdripartiti. Cirilli ||| Appolog' est Pmo dubius vl' fictus de brutis alalib' ad instructonem || vite huane format'. Et dicitur ab apos qd e longii et logos qd e Pmo || dubi' vl' fict'. qi Pmo longe a rei veritate Vl' dicitur ab ap qd e sine et || pos qd e pes et logos qd e Pmo qsi pmo. sine pede id e sine fudameto || VI' dicitur ab pos qd e sub et logos qd e sermo. qsi sub vero sermone {| diusus intellectus. Vr dicitur a pos qd est iuxta et logos qd est sermo || inde appologus. quasi iuxta sermonen.
Folio (first quire) and quarto, [a-c^'de^] 4a leaves. 41 lines. 190x123 mm. Type 5 (Gothic 93 mm.). Hain *5904, Proctor 388.
280 X 204 mm. Rubricated. [24
LUDOLPHUS DE SUCHEN. Iter ad terram sanctam. [1475-80.]
i». Registru de itinere ad terra || sancta. a». De terra sancta et itinere jherosolomi- tano et de statu eius et alijs mira||bilibus que in mari conspiciutur videlicet mediterraneo. || Reuerendissimo in cristo patri ac domino dno suo gratioso. {| Baldewino de steinuordia padebornen. ecclesie episcopo. lu||dolphus prochialis ecclesie in Suchen rector debita reueren*||tiam et honorem . . . 34^ 1. 18. END: Finit feliciter libellus de jtinere ad terram sanctam tc.
Folio, [ab^^c".] 34 leaves. 41 lines. 191x123 mm. Type 5 (Gothic 93 mm.). Hain *io307. Proctor 391.
The first printed account of travels to the Holy Land, and guide-book for pilgrims. How far it relates an actual journey is difficult to say, as the author like 'Sir John Mandeville' makes free use of his predecessors. Ludolf was a parish priest, probably at Suthen or Sudhen in the diocese of Paderborn, and wrote his book about 1350.
This edition in long lines is probably earlier than that in double columns in the same type.
293 X 203 mm. Rubricated. [25
THE R-PRINTER— ADOLF RUSCH
A GROUP of books in a Roman type with a peculiar form of the letter R (whence the name 'the R-printer' for their anonymous producer) can now be assigned with practical certainty to Adolf Rusch of Ingweilen, who married Salome, daughter of Johann Mentelin, and seems to have worked simultaneously for his father-in-law and for himself From an inscription in a copy at Basel of his edition of the Rationale of Duranti we know that Rusch was at work at least as early as 1464, and he was thus the first printer to use Roman type. In 1470 Rusch seems to have told a customer at Nordlingen Fair that he himself was the printer of two books in Mentelin's types (the Terence and Valerius Maximus), but it seems safer to take this as evidence of the position which Rusch held in Mentelin's business than to interpret it as meaning that these
^
i6 GERMANY
books were not printed in Mentelin's office. Rusch printed some fifteen books in his Roman type, and then procured a semi-Gothic fount. Probably the change was made after he succeeded to Mentelin's business in 1477, as his most important books in this type were parts of the Speculum of Vincent de Beauvais which seem to have been taken in hand as Mentelin's stock went out of print. Other books he seems to have printed for Anton Koberger of Nuremberg, including a great Biblia Latina cum postillis in types borrowed from Johann Amerbach of Basel. After about 1480 Rusch, as far as we know, gave up printing for paper-dealing.
LE GRAND, Jacques. Sophologium. [About 1475.]
i». (Table): Capitula tractatus ^mi. libri jSmi Incipiut. 3''. [IjLlustrissimi principis regis francorum || deuotissimo confessori domino Michae||li diuina prouidentia seu prouidete gra||tia episcopo Antisyodorensi. humilis sui || patrocinii capellanus : frater iacoba mag||ni ordinis fratrum heremitarum sancti Augustini c6l|tinuu famulatum seu famulandi affectum. Lecta colli||gere ... aiS''. Colophon: Zophihlogium editum a fratre lacobo magni de Pari||sius. ordinis heremitaij sancti Augu. finit feliciter.
Folio. (a-di» e«+i F g-i" kM m* n o" p q« r-v^« x» yi» aa bb«.) 319 leaves, the last blank. 35 lines. 180x105 mm. Type i (Roman 103). Hain *io47i. Proctor 240.
This is the later of the two editions of the Sophologium by the R-printer, produced after he had given up the use of points for keeping the paper in position in the press.
283 X 210 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. [26
THE PRINTER OF HENRICUS ARIMINENSIS
While some printers, like Peter Schoeffer, placed their names in almost every book they produced, others preserved a strict anonymity throughout their career, or throughout sections of it typographically so strongly divided from any others that their anonymous work cannot be connected with that to which they put their names. There are several of these anonymous firms among the early Strassburg printers, and they have to be distinguished arbitrarily, usually by the name of the book from their press which first attracted the attention of bibliographers. The De Quattuor Virtutibus of Henricus Ariminensis from which the present press is named was not published until after 11 November, 1472 (the date of its index), but it is now known that an edition of the Sentences of Peter Lombard in the same type was rubricated as early as 1468. The type continued to be used at Strassburg as late as 1477. In 1478 it is found in the possession of Michael Greyff at Reutlingen, but whether it was Greyff who used it at Strassburg cannot be stated. Mr. Proctor grouped under this anonymous printer books in three other types, but while one of these may have been used by him the two others almost certainly belonged to other firms.
STRASSBURG 17
GRUNER, ViNCENTius. Officii missae expositio. [About 1472?]
i\ Officij misse / sacricj canonis exposicio. t signoijL que inibi || quotidie fiut repsenta- conis declaratio. cu pericu#||loij, contingere potentiu obuiacione. in alma vniuersitate || lipczensi edita. incipit feliciter. i8o». 1. 7. End OF Text : ... qui viuit % regnat in secula II seculoij deus amen. i8i». Incipit tabula Hbri huius. 182". END: [CjApitulu quintu tercij tractat' e de gratiajj actione si||ue de laudib' t de fine misse % e vltimum.
Folio. (a-P m* n^ o-s^" t*.) 182 leaves. 35 lines. 208 x124 mm. Type i (Gothic 118 mm.). Proctor 301.
287 x208 mm. Rubricated in red and blue with the larger capitals in various colours. In an early stamped leather binding showing the remains of an iron loop by which it was chained to a desk. Dr. Kloss's copy. [27
BARTHOLOMAEUS DE CHAIMIS. Confessionale. [After 1474.]
a*. Incipit interrogatorium siue pfessionale p venera||bilem fratrem Bartholomeum de chaimis de medioi^lllano ordinis minorum copositum in loco sancte marie || de angelis apud mediolanum. Et distinguitur in quai>||tuor ptes principales. i38». End : Deo gratias.
Folio, [a" b-f* g^** h-q* r'.J 138 leaves, the first blank. 32 lines. Type i (Gothic 118 mm.). Hain *2478. Proctor 307.
Like other reprints this edition ends with the Latin verses in honour of Christopher Valdarfer from that printer's edition of Milan, 29 September, 1474. This reprint must therefore have been printed after that date, and is connected by the state of the type with the Historia de proeliis et occasu ducis Burgundiae, which cannot be earlier than 1477.
285 X 205 mm. Rubricated ; with the larger capitals in red and blue, by the same hand as the CoUectorium super Magnificat of Conrad Fyner (No. 122), with which it is bound in half pigskin over wooden boards. [28
GEORG HUSNER
Georg Husner signed and dated very few of his books, and from 1479 to 1493 disappears altogether from sight. His earliest known book, printed in conjunction with Johann Beckenhub, was completed 22 November, 1473. During this first period he printed about twenty-four extant books. After 1479 his name is only found in a single book printed in 1498, but he was probably the printer of the anonymous group named after the Casus Decretalium of 1493, and may have been connected with other anonymous books between 1479 and this date. His early founts of type are distinguished by rather fantastic majuscules.
AUREOLI, Petrus. Compendium Bibliae. [i475?]
I*. Incipit ppendiu Iralis sensus totius biblie seu diuine scripture || editu a fre petro aureoli ordinis minoiji. Et ponit ^mo pmeni:||daco sacre scripture in gAali. 147'. COLO- PHON : Copendiu Ifalis sensus toci' diule sc^Fe ta biblie qj aliajj: suis || capl'is ^pulchre distinctu % vt ferf editum a venerando fratre || petro aureoli ordinis mloi^. Explicit feliciter.
18 GERMANY
Folio, [a^" b-n* 0®+^ p* q r* s t*.] 147 leaves. 35 lines. 178x122 mm. Type i (Gothic 102 mm.). Hain *2i4i. Proctor 351.
Petrus Aureoli died as Archbishop of Aix in 1322.
282 X 203 mm. Rubricated, and with the rubricators date ' 1477 ' following the colophon. [29
HEINRICH KNOBLOCHTZER
Knoblochtzer worked at Strassburg from 1476 to 1484, and subsequently from 1489 to 1495 at Heidelberg. His earliest type closely resembles that used by the Printer of Henricus Ariminensis, and he belongs to the earlier school of Strassburg printers. He devoted himself, however, to a more popular class of book than his predecessors, producing several romances and decorating his books with woodcut pictures, border-pieces, and capitals. More than fifty books are assigned to his press at Strassburg.
ANTONINUS. Confessionale. [1481-84.]
i''. Incipiunt rubrice tractatus fratris Anthonini H ordinis predicatoijL necnon archiepi floretini de || istructoe seu directoe cura a.la^. regetiu. Et pmo |1 Da potestate pfessoris in audiendo confessiones 1| et absoluendo. 122*. Explicit sumina cofessionu seu inter- roga|ltoriu pro simplicibus confessoribus. Edi||tum ab archiepo florentino. videlicet fra||tre Anthonino ordinis predicatorum. |{| Incipit sermo beati lohannis Criso^Hstomi de penitentia. Ia5^ End : Explicit sermo beati lohannis crisostomi de penitentia •;•
Quarto. [**] a-o* p^**. 1 26 leaves, the last blank. 32 lines. 152 x92 mm. Types 3, 4 (Gothic 96, 120 mm.). Hain *i 166. Proctor 390.
With numerous 8-Hne capitals (38 mm.), mostly of the Maiblumen or Lily of the Valley set.
198x135 mm. Rubricated, and with the printed capitals picked out
in red. [30
JOHANN PRUSS
JoHANN Pruss was born in Wurttemberg in 1447. He is almost certainly the printer of some anonymous books, editions of the Leben der heiligen Altvater and of the Antichristus, with rude but striking woodcuts, probably published in 148 1 and 1482, but his signed and dated work begins with the Formulare of 1483. He used a few woodcuts in his later works, but did not make a specialty of book-illustration as Griininger did after 1494.
About ninety incunabula are credited to his press, and he went on print- ing until 151 1, when he was succeeded by his son, Johann Prtiss the younger.
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum. 1487.
1*. Title : Fasciculus tempojj. 96''. CoLOPHON : Impressum Argentine p lohannem pryp. Anno dfii .Mcccclxxxvij.
Folio. [*]" A« B-P^ 98 leaves, 7-96 numbered 1-90, last two blank. Tj'pes 2, 3 (Gothic 1 80, 90 mm.). Hain *6936. Proctor 523.
STRASSBURG 19
With a few woodcuts of subjects not in the Cologne editions, e.g. one of the burning of a town (used for Sodom, Troy, and Babylon), also a Merman and Dog-faced man and a Comet. These last suggest that Prtiss may have been influenced by the Rougemont edition of 1481. The Fasciculus Temporum, a summary of universal history, with fuller notes on recent events, was written by Werner Rolewinck, a Carthusian of Cologne, who gave many of his works to Arnold Therhoemen to print, and lived till 1502. The first edition of the Fasciculus was printed in 1474 by Therhoemen, who in 1477 added to some copies of it a supplement on the last page narrating the death of Charles the Bold. Four other Cologne firms issued editions of the book, and it was republished in all the chief centres of printing, sometimes with brief additions by other hands. The four Latin editions issued by J ohann Prtiss here catalogued illustrate the medieval policy of small editions and frequent reprints.
This edition narrates the repulse of the Turks from Rhodes and the accession of Innocent VIII. The passage on the invention of printing follows the expanded account of the Rougemont edition.
288 X 207 mm. [31
STATUTA. Statuta prouincialia vetera et noua Moguntina. [1487.]
I*. Title: Statuta prouincia||lia vetera et noua. 51*. Finiunt statuta prouinl|ciaHa moguntina noua. 51''. De indulgetijs festi corporis christi. Ibid. 1. a8, End: Datu ano dni Millesimo quadringetesimoquiquagesimoprimo.
Folio. a-d*ePg*. 52 leaves, the last blank, leaves 4-51 numbered Folium III- FoHum vltimu. 43 lines and head-line. 195 (3i2)xii4mm, Types 3, 3 (Gothic 180, 90 mm.). Hain *i504i. Proctor 529.
244 x183 mm. Rubricated. [32
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum. 1488.
I'. Title : Fasciculus tempoij omnes anti||quorum cronicas complectens. 96''. COLO- PHON : Impressum Argentine per lohanem j| pryp. Anno domini .Mcccclxxxviij.
Folio. [*]« A* B-O* P*. 96 leaves, 7-96 numbered 1-90. 7": 45 lines and head- line. 204 (214) X 155 mm. Types 3, 4, 7 (Gothic 90, 300, 156 mm.). Hain *6937. Proctor 533.
Save for the substitution of different types in the title and head-lines and a line less in each column of the table, a close reprint of the edition of 1487.
284 X 198 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. [33
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum. [1489?]
i». Title : Fasciculus tepojj omnes antijlquorura cronicas complectes. 96^ End : ... t no sine thurcorum etiam aliUquali strage multoij.
Folio. [*"] A* B-0* P*. 96 leaves, 7-96 numbered 1-90. 7* : 50 lines and head- line. 201 (212) X 140 mm. Types 4, 7, 8 (Gothic 300, 156, 80-81 mm.). Hain *6gi6. Proctor \s^3'
A reprint of the edition of 1488, with an additional paragraph announcing
c 2
^
ao: GERMANY
the death of Mathias Corvinus in 1490. With a full-page woodcut of an author presenting a book to a king on the verso of the title.
254 X 184 mm. Wanting sign I4 and I5. [34
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum. [Not before 1490.]
I*. Title : Fasciculus temporum omnes an|ltiquorum cronicas complectens. 96*. END : . . . et no sine thurcoj; etiam aliquali || strage multorum.
Folio. [*]* A* B-P". 98 leaves, 7-96 numbered 1-90, the last two blank. 7' : 49 lines, and head-line. 196 (207) x 143 mm. Types 8, 13, 15 (Gothic 80-81, 146, c. 208 mm.). Hain *6g-i^ Proctor 571.
A reprint of the undated Latin edition already catalogued ; with a full- page woodcut of a blind beggar on the verso of the title.
253 X 181 mm. From the library of the Wurzburg Jesuits. [86
Another copy.
277 X 195 mm. Title cut out and pasted on a new leaf. This bears the inscription ' In vsum Fratrum Minorum ad. D. Annam Bambergae' in a fairly early hand. Old half-stamped leather over wooden boards. [35 a
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum.
[After 27 October, 1492]
i». Title : Ein Cronica von anfang der welt. by§ |1 vflF die iar Christi .M. cccc. Ixxxxij. Ge^ljnant Fasciculus temporum. Ein burd||lin der zeyt. sagt von alien bepsten. vii \\ keysem Ouch von vil warhafftigen gejlschichten. Vnd wie man das versteen || sol such am ersten plat nach de register. I40^ END: Eyn wunderlich seltjam werck der nartur / eyn steyn trithalb centner schwer || ist gefallen von den lUfften vff sant Florentjen tag nach mittag/ als man zalt || M. ccccxcij. iar zu Ensi^hym jm Suntgow ob wendig dem Elsas /jn kiinig || Maximiliani eygen lande. vnd hat man den steyn verwart vii jn die kirchen || mengclichen zu besehen offenlichen gehenckt. Eyn vngehort wurckung der na||ture.
Folio. [*, **«] A-X« Y*. 143 leaves, the last two blank. 13,^ : 44 hnes. ao8 x 140 mm. Types 7, I a, 13 (Gothic 156, 92-3, 146 mm.). Hain *6940. Proctor 549.
This edition has four new woodcuts (a king tempted to idolatry, the sale of Joseph on the seashore, Hercules, and the stoning of Zacharias) of con- siderable merit.
280 X 195 mm. From the library of the Munich Franciscans. [36
COLOGNE
In numerical output Cologne easily surpasses any other 15th century centre of printing in Germany, nearly 1,300 books from its presses being recorded in Dr. Ernst Voullieme's 'Der Buchdruck Kolns bis zu Ende des funfzehnten Jahrhunderts ', an admirable bibliography of which much use has here been made. An exceptionally large proportion of this output, however,
COLOGNE 21
was in the form of small quartos, sometimes of no more than six or eight leaves, hardly equivalent in their contents to a single sheet of one of the great folios printed at Strassburg or Nuremberg. Ulrich Zell, who introduced printing into the city in or before 1466, was especially prolific of these small quartos, which he printed with great neatness and skill. While over twenty master-printers worked in the city during the 15th century Zell (nearly 200 books), Johann Koelhoff (about 150), and Heinrich Quentell (over 400) accounted between them for considerably more than half its output. The influence of the University was exceptionally strong at Cologne, Zell and other printers finding it advisable to matriculate in order to secure its privi- leges, and a censorship being established in 1478. Nineteen out of twenty of the books printed were in Latin, about half of these being religious or theological, and nearly two-thirds of the rest textbooks for the schools and the University. With the notable exception of the two great German dialect Bibles printed by Quentell about 1480, few of the Cologne books were illustrated.
ULRICH ZELL
{First printer)
Ulrich Zell, a native of Hanau, is first heard of as matriculating at the University of Erfurt in 1453. In many of his imprints he calls himself 'clericus diocesis Moguntinensis ', and it was no doubt while a clerk in minor orders in the diocese of Mainz that he learnt to print, probably from Fust and Schoefifer, whom he imitated in his excellent presswork. Zell came to Cologne in or before 1464, in which year he matriculated in the Artistenfakultat of its University. His first book was, almost certainly, the undated Cicero de Officiis ; his first bearing a date the S. Chrysostom super Psalmo L. After some years of prosperous printing Zell appears to have renounced his orders and taken a wife, marrying Katharina von Spangenberg, the heiress of one of the patrician families of the city. Zell's views on the origin of printing are recorded in the Cologne Chronicle of 1499 printed by the younger Koelhoff (see No. 82). He died in 1501, having printed upwards of two hundred editions, more than a hundred and twenty of which are small thin quartos, while about fifty are folios.
ANTONINUS. Summa confessionum. [About 1470.]
I*. [IjNcJpiut Rubrice super Tractatu de instructione |1 seu directione simpliciu confessorum ... 4'. Prologus sup Tractatu de instructio|lne seu directioe simpliciu cofessoij Editu || a dno Anthonino archiepo floretino. 139'. COLOPHON : Explicit Summa pfessionu. seu Interrogato||rium pro simplicibus Cofessorib' Editu Ab || ArcKepo floretino. videlicj. fre Anthonino || ordinis predicatorum •'.• •;• ^i<^- Incipit Sermo beati loliis Crisostimi || de penitentia. 143''. End : Explicit sermo De penitentia.
Quarto, [a-s*.] 144 leaves, the last blank. 37 lines. 147 x 89 mm. Types i, a
22 GERMANY
(Gothic 96, 115 mm., here measuring 109 and 120 mm.). Hain *ii62. Proctor 819. Voulli^me 123.
Zell's first edition of this work was printed in or before 1469, the date of purchase of a copy of it now in the University of Breslau. The present edition is the second of two close reprints.
213 x144 mm. Rubricated. [37
BERNARDUS. De planctu Mariae. [About 1470.]
i». Tractat^ beati bemhardi de plactu bte marie I|| [QjVis dabit capiti meo aquam et ocul' II meis ymbrem lacrima^j ... 6\ COLOPHON : Exlicit tractatus beati Bernhardi de plantu||ctu Beate Marie.
Quarto, [a*.] 6 leaves. 27 lines. 140X 88 mm. Type i (Gothic 96, here measuring 105 mm.). Hain *29o7. Voulli^me 240 (with only the first misprint).
Probably the first of three editions of this work printed by Zell.
215 X 139 mm. Rubricated. [38
Another issue.
6^ Colophon : Exlicit tractatus beati Bernhardi de plactu \\ Beate Marie. 200 X 1 38 mm. [39
NIDER, JoHANN. Consolatorium timoratae conscientiae. [About 1470.]
I*. Consolatorium timorate conscietie Venel|rabiHs fratris lohanis Nyder. sacre theo||logie ^fessoris eximij De ordle predicatoru || Prologus. 108*. End : Tantum de cosolacone timorate coscientie di||xisse sufficiat. A cuiusmodi copilacone si quiscg || qd' suum est recipere velit : nichil aut modicum || autori manebit.
Quarto. [a-m*no*.] 108 leaves. 30 lines. 149 x87 mm. Type i (Gothic 96, here measuring 99 mm.). Hain 11806. Proctor 843. Voullidme 846.
203 x139 mm. Rubricated. [40
PIUS II. [Aeneas Sylvius.] Bulla retractationum. Accedit eiusdem Epistola ad lohannem de Aich de curialium miseria. [About 1470.]
[i». Pii ppe secudi. Bulla retractationu olm dudu || p eum in minoribus adhuc agetem pro. Conjlcilio Basilien. t coH Eugenium summu potifi||cem scriptorum Incipit feliciter. II*. Pii ppe secudi. Bulla ftractationu olm dudu || p eum in minoribus adhuc agetem pro. Conjlcilio Basilieii. % con Eugeniu summum pontifi||cem scriptorum finit feliciter •;• •;•] 12*. [E]Neas silui^ poeta. S. P. dicit dno loHi || de Aich . . . 36''. 1. ai : . . . Ex prule pridie kal' decembris. Anno domi||ni millesimo quadringentesimo quadragesimo || quarto Indictiofii septima.
Quarto, [a-d* e*.] ^6 leaves. 27 lines. 145 x 90 mm. Type i (Gothic 96 mm.). Hain *26o and *i94. Proctor 847. VouUidme 954.
Until he was over forty Enea Silvio Piccolomini had been a layman holding minor orders and had served the Council of Basel and acted as secretary to their Antipope Felix. After an interval, during which he was one of the Latin secretaries to the Emperor Ferdinand, he made his peace with Pope Eugenius and was rewarded with a Bishopric. Soon after this he publicly disowned his youthful writings, and he repeated this repudiation in this
COLOGNE 23
Bull of Retractation after he was Pope. Both retractations were addressed to the University of Cologne, with whom while supporting the Coyncil he had been in controversy.
206x138 mm. Rubricated. The second tract only, beginning on 12*. Michael WodhuU's copy, with his notes. [41
THOMAS AQUINAS. De articulis fidei. [About 1470.]
i\ Incipit summa edita A sancto Thoma De || Aqno. De Articul' fidei. t Eccie Sacrametis. I5^ End: Explicit suma edita. A sancto thoma. De aqui||no. De Articulis fidei Et ecclesie sacramentis. |{| Venerabilis dns Nycolaus de cusa presbiter || Cardial' apl'ice sedis legat^ p almaniam In ino||uacoe statutojj puincialium eccle ColonienP. eis||dein statutis interseruit articulu qui sequitur. |{| Item lauda' t legi madam^ in sinodo. dyoce||sanis libellu sancti Thome de aquino. de articul' 1| fidei. % sacramentis eccie. Qb<5 pcipiatur curatis jj ut ptem que est de sacramentis habeat. t studejlant diligenter.
Quarto. 16 leaves, the last blank. 27 lines. Type i (Gothic 96 mm.). Hatn *I424. Proctor 1848. Voulli^me 1155.
Some copies on i s*" have the misprint ' ligat' ' for ' legat' '.
2 1 1 X 1 39 mm. Rubricated. [42
THOMAS AQUINAS. De modo confitendi et de puritate conscientiae.
[About 1470.]
I*. (Table) : [CJOnfessio debj ee pura 1 no supflua ... 2". Incipit libellus Mgri Thome de Aquino. De || modo c5fitendi t de puritate. Conscientie. 31''. COLOPHON : Explicit Libellus magfi Thome de Aquino {| De modo cofitendi. et De puritate Con- sciencie.
Quarto, [a-d^] 32 leaves, the last blank. 27 lines. 135 x82 mm. Type i (Gothic 96, here measuring 106 mm.). Hain *I342. Proctor 878. Voulli^me 1137.
214 X 145 mm. Rubricated. According to a note on i* originally bound with Antoninus de instructione et directione simplicium confessorum and the Sermo de poenitentia of S. John Chrysostom. [43
AMBROSIUS. De officiis. [About 1472.]
I*. Incipiut Capitula libri primi. De ofiicijs bea||ti Ambrosij. ii^*". COLOPHON : Explicit liber tercius t vltim^ Beati Ambro||sij. De officijs. Deo gracias.
Quarto, [a-n*op^] 116 leaves, the last blank. 27 lines. 149 x84 mm. Type I (Gothic 96, here measuring 109 mm.). Hain "'905. Proctor 860. Voullidme 104.
216 X 140 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. The second quire is wanting and has been supplied in a 1 5th century hand. [44
AUGUSTINUS. De vita beata. [About 1472.]
I*. Liber sancti Augustini Episcopi De vita beajlta. admodu notabilis Incipit feliciter. iS**. Incipit liber sancti Augustini epi de honesta||te mulierum. 21'*. Incipit libell' sacti Bernhardi Abbatis de || Honestate vite. 24^ 1. 17. END : Explicit Libellus sancti Bernhardi Abba||tis De honestate vite.
Quarto, [a-c*.] 24 leaves. 27 lines. 144x84 mm. Type i (Gothic 96, here measuring 109 mm.). Hain *i96o. Proctor 1863. Voulli^me 200.
200 x128 mm. Rubricated. [45
^
24 GERMANY
EUSEBIUS. Epistola de morte Hieronymi. [About 1472.]
i». Incipit epistola beat! Eusebij. Ad sanjlctum damasu portuen epm % Theodo||siu Romanoru senatore. De morte glo||riosi confessoris Iheronimi. doctoris || eximij. 47''. End : Explicit epistola beati Eusebij. Ad sanctu da||masum portueii episcopum % Theodosiu Rol|mano)j senatorem. De morte gloriosi cofessoHris Iheronimi. doctoris eximij.
Quarto, [a-e' f*"'"^] 47 leaves. 27 lines. 146 x 86 mm. Types i, a (Gothic 96, 115 mm., here measuring no and 125 mm.). Hain *6yi^ (i). Proctor 868, VouUi^me 403.
Bound usually (as here) with the Augustinus Epistola ad Cyrillum.
212 X 139 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. This and the following work have here been very carefully corrected and devoutly annotated by an early reader. The book comes from the library of the Carmelites at Cologne. [46
AUGUSTINUS. Epistola ad Cyrillum. [About 1472.]
I*. Incip. Epistola btl Augustini doctoris || Eximij ad beatu Cyrillu secunb Ihero||solo- mitanu Episcopu de magnificetijs || Eximij doctoris btl Iheronimi psbiteri. 10*. Incipit Epl4 Sancti Cyrilli secundi Iheroso|jlimitani Episcopi. Ad beatu augustinu Epm 1| doctorem eximiu de miraculis beati Iheroni||mi doctoris egregij. 51*. Explicit Epistola beati [Augustini doctoris || Eximij ad beatum Cyrillum secundu Iherol|solomitanumJ Episcopum de magnificetijs || Eximij doctoris beati Iheronimi presbiteri. || Incipit Epistola beati Iheronimi. Ad Susa||nam lapsam. 59*. Incipit Epistola sci Iheronimi ad Elyodojj || 64^ End : Explicit Epistola sacti Iherolmi. Ad Elyodojj.
Quarto, [a-h^] 64 leaves. 27 lines. 146 x86 mm. Types i, 3 (Gothic 96, 115 mm., here measuring no and 125 mm.). Hain *67i9(3). Proctor 862. Voulli^me 187.
This and the Eusebius de morte Hieronymi seem always (as here) to be found bound together, and ought perhaps to be regarded as one book.
212 X 139 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. The words on 51* bracketed above have been corrected in MS. in this copy in accordance with the incipit on i6a. [47
RUFINUS. Expositio symboli. [Attributed to S. Jerome.] [About 1472.]
I". Incipit Exposico Symboli Gloriosi leronimi || Contra louinianu hereticum. ||| [C]Redo in deo patre omnipotente. Vej; || prius ^ incipiam de ipsis sermonu vir||tutibus disputare . . . 29^ COLOPHON : Explicit exposico Symboli Gloriosi Iheroni||mi. Contra louinianu hereticum.
Quarto, [a-c* d^.] 30 leaves, the last blank. 27 lines. 146 x85 mm. Type i (Gothic 96 mm., here measuring 108 mm.). Hain *8578. Proctor 877. Voulli^me 1057.
204 X 1 38 mm. Rubricated, [48
GESTA ROMANORUM. Gesta Romanorum cum applicationibus morali- satis et mysticis. [About 1482.]
a*. Ex gestis romanoru histol|rie notabiles de vicijs virtuti||buscp tractates, cu appli- cacoTJlbus moralizatis % misticis In||cipiut feliciter. 93*. col. a. COLOPHON : Ex gestis i-omano^ cu pluribus |1 applicatis hystorijs : de virtutib^ et 1| vitijs mistice ad intellectum trans«||sumptis Recollectorij finis e feliciter || LAVS. Deo. ||| Item si aliqua capitula fuerint si II ne titulis vel si tituli negligenter ori?||dinati essent cum numero possunt p [j recursum ad
COLOGNE 25
banc tabula corrlgi. 100*. col. 2. End : Expliciunt due tabule siue duo 1| dlrectoria con- tentoi; huius libelli. p {| quaru prima vnicuicp capitulo pot || attribui debitus verus t ordinat' ti#||tulus. p secuda cito inueniunf pul«||chra t plurima exempla q spersim in || singulis capitulis t in eorunde expo||sitonib3 siue moralizationibj ptine!.
Folio, a-1* m n'. xoo leaves, a to 100 numbered ' Foliu Primu.'-xcix. a columns. 49 lines, and head-line, aoa (314) x 141 mm. Types 3 and 3 (Gothic 115 and 83 mm.). VouUi^me 503.
A fine example of the work of Zell's middle period. The humorous stories of the Gesta Romanorum are here ' moralized ', i. e. used as pegs for little sermons according to the ponderous medieval custom.
270 x198 mm. Rubricated. [49
GULIELMUS DE GOUDA. Expositio mysteriorum missae, [i493?]
!•. Title : Expositio mysteriojj misse t verus mo^^Hdus rite celebrandi. 1 8*. COLO- PHON : Tractatulus fratris Guilhelmi de Goujlda. ordinis minorum de obseruantia : de expositione misse t de modo celebrandi 1| finit feliciter. Impressus Colonie apud Lijskirchen. 19*. Sequuntur deuotisslme oroes aii missam a sacerdote || dicede . . . I9^ END: . .. in eternu Ame.
Quarto, a* be*. 20 leaves, the last blank. 38 lines. 155x90 mm. Types 3, 5 (Gothic 115, 83 mm.). Hain7824?. Proctor 1919. VouUieme 539.
Zell's second edition of this work.
205 X 1 38 mm. Rubricated. [50
ARNOLD THERHOERNEN
Arnold Therhoernen was probably a native of Cologne. His earliest book is a Sermon on the Feast of the Presentation written by Werner Rolewinck, a Carthusian of Cologne, who entrusted him with the publication of no fewer than thirteen different works. Altogether Therhoernen printed over ninety books and editions. The latest of these that can now be traced is the Historia 11,000 Virginum dated 1482, an edition of Petrarch's Carmen bucolicum, said to be from his press and bearing the date 1483, not being discoverable. In a few of his earliest books Therhoernen used printed leaf numbers and in one of them a title-page, but he soon abandoned both these improvements. From 1475 onwards he used printed signatures and also kept his line-endings regular. In his earlier books they are very uneven. From 1471 to 1477 the upper-case letters in his first fount underwent a gradual change, in the course of which many barred forms were superseded by open ones, so that the appearance of the type was gradually transformed.
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Sermo in festo praesentationis beatae virginis.
1470.
!•. Title: Sermo ad populum predicabilis. In festo psenHtacionis. Beatissime marie semper 'i'ginis noui-l|ter cum magna diligen. ad communem vsu mul-||toru sacerdotum presertim curato)}, collectus. Et |1 idcirco per Ipressione multiplicatus. sub hoc cur-||rente
D
86 GERMANY
Anno domini M^ccccMxx". Cuiusquidem 1| collecclonis atcj ecia multiplicacionis eius non || puipedenda racio si placet, videri poteret. In hui' {| folij latere sequent!. la^ L 27. End : . . . et post hac fra||gile vita felicitate et'na. q> nB psta^ digne' tc am.
Quarto, [a^'^.] la leaves, a-ia numbered opposite 1. 14 of the rectos, i-ii. 27 lines. 134 X 83 mm. Type i" (Gothic 100 mm.). Voullidme 1048.
Therhoernen printed two editions of this sermon dated 1470, one, of which several copies are known, having the back of the title-page blank, and this, of which only a single copy, in the Staatbibliothek at Cologne, has hitherto been registered, which fulfils the promise of the title-page by printing on the back of it a preface by Rolewinck narrating how he was induced to allow his sermon to be published ' in ciuitate coloniensi per discretum virum Arnoldum terhoernen, qui habitat infra sedecim domus prope conuentum fra- trum predicatorum ' (contractions expanded). Dr. VoulH^me ranks this edition with a preface as the earlier, and is probably right in doing so, as the end of the book, which here necessitates an extra line to the last page, is in the other improved and given a colophon. This is the first book with leaf numeration, and until recently was regarded as the first with a printed title-page, a distinc- tion now assigned to a Papal Bull printed by Fust and Schoeffer about 1463.
207 X 1 39 mm. Rubricated. [61
PETRUS DE BERGAMO. Tabula operum Thomae Aquinatis. Sequitur tabula auctoritatum veteris ac noui Testamenti. 14 March, 1473.
1*. (red) : In cristi nole. Amen. || [TjAbula hec egregie elaborata. || mittit ad singulos libros scti || thome de aqno. doctoris incopabll'. || p in phemio patet . . . 147''. 1. 19: Explicit tabula beati thome || doctoris sancti ex omnibus || partibus et dictis suis secun||dum ordinem alphabeti •:• 1|| Incipit tabula eiusdem super |1 tota bibliam quam partim exUponit in libris suis •:• 159*. COLOPHON (red) : Explicit tabula auctoritatu veteris || ac noui testameti quas exponit doc||tor sanctus beatus thomas in sum||mis suis Impressum est totu opus || t finitu p me Amoldu ter hoeme || Anno domini. 1473. Dominica Re||miniscere •!• De quo sit deus bene-||dictus in secula •:• [Printer's device.]
Folio, [a-q^".] 160 leaves, the last blank, a columns. 40 lines. 200x134 mm. Type I (Gothic 100 mm.). Hain *28i7. Proctor 1932. Voulli^me 9 1 3.
The Second Sunday in Lent was popularly called Reminiscere Sunday from the opening words of the introit at Mass. In 1473 it fell on March 14th. The book itself is an early example of bibliographical work.
285 X 206 mm. Rubricated. On 143^ is a contemporary note pointing out that the printer has placed on this page the matter which belongs to 148^ and vice versa. [62
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum. 1474.
3». (red) : Tabula breuis et vtilis sup || libello ^da ^ dicitur fascicul^ || tepoij. et vbi luenit punctus || ante numejjL e in j^mo latere || vbi vero post. I. scbo latere in||cipit feliciter. ii». (Preface): [G]Enerac6 et generaco laudabit opa tua . . . la'. 1. 40: Fasciculus tpm oes antiquoij cronicas coplectens incipit feliciter. 74*. COLOPHON (red): Impressa est hec cronica que dicitur fasciculus teporu colonie agripple 1| sicut ab autore suo quoda deuoto carthusiensi colonie edita est. ac sejlcundu primu exemplar quod ipse venerabilis autor
COLOGNE 27
fprijs c5scripsit 1| manibus ad fine vsqj deducta p me arnoldu ther huerne. sub annis 1| dm. m. cccc. Ixxiiij. De quo sit deus benedictus in secula Amen. [Device.]
Folio. [*^*'; a-d^"e-g*.] 74 leaves, the first blank, ii": 40 lines. 300x132 mm. Line-endings irregular. Type i (Gothic 100 mm.). Hain *69i8. Proctor 935.
The first edition of the Fasciculus Temporum printed from the author's original manuscript, but possibly preceded by one of the same year by Nikolaus Gotz. Rolewinck adopted Bede's chronology, which dated the creation 7199 years before Christ, and by means of circles for the names of rulers and dates between ruled lines keeps his arrangement admirably clear. The invention of printing is briefly mentioned (between a pilgrimage in 1457 and the case of a Westphalian girl who received the stigmata in 1464), in the words: Artifices mira celeritate subtiliores solito fiunt. Et impressores librorum multiplicantur in terra. This edition ends with the accession of Pope Sixtus IV in 1474. It was reissued in or after 1477 with a new last leaf. The sixty-four leaves of text are admirably indexed in a table of nine leaves, but although Therhoernen had used foliation in earlier books the leaf-numbering needed to make the index of any use was here left to be supplied by hand. The book is illustrated with woodcuts of the Ark, Nineveh, Treves, Rome, Jerusalem (same cut as that used for Treves), Cologne, the Crucifixion, and Christ in the act of blessing, of no importance in themselves, but which influenced later editions.
285 X 202 mm. [53
ARISTOTELES. Secreta Secretorum vel liber de regimine principum. Sequitur Breuiloquium de philosophia sanctorum. [About 1475.]
1*. Incipit liber qui dicif secreta secretoij Vel || liber de regimie regu et principu vel dnojj vel e||pystole aristotelis ad alexandij discipulu suu. 7a^ 1. 20. End : . . . Et hec ad pns de hijs sufficiant. ||| Et sic est finis.
Quarto, [a-i*.] 72 leaves. 27 lines. 133 X 77 mm. Type i (Gothic 100 mm.). Hain 178a. Proctor (Supp.) 958*. Voullieme 162.
The Secreta Secretorum, or book of the Government of Princes, is a medieval compilation which under the shelter of the name of Aristotle enjoyed a great popularity in the 15th century.
196 x131mm. Rubricated. [54
THOMAS AQUINAS. De regimine principum. [About 1475.]
1*. Table : rQ]Ve sit intentio auctorris et i\d nomine reg*l|ni intelligaf . capitulu I. a». (red) : Tractat' scT thome de a^no de regimie pAcipu. 33^ 1. ai. END : p pdis^Hmento habere vt anime hoim recreenf .
Quarto, (a-c* d".) 34 leaves, the last blank. 26 lines. 130 x84 mm. Type i (Gothic 100 mm.). Line-endings irregular. Hain *I487. Proctor t95i- Voullidme 1174?
201 X 138 mm. Rubricated. Dr. Kloss's copy. [55
D 2
^
28 GERMANY
PRINTER OR PRINTERS OF DARES, FLORES SANCTI AUGUSTINI, AND ALBERTUS MAGNUS DE VIRTU- TIBUS
(JOHANN SOLIDI?)
As In the case of Strassburg anonymous specimens of Cologne printing have been brought together under names suggested by various well-known works. Some of these groups include all the books printed in the same type, others only those printed in some particular stage of a type's development by means of successive changes in individual letters. The two earliest of these groups are called after editions of the two rival histories of Troy (both spurious), those of Dictys and Dares. Most of the letters in both these founts are identical with those found in the books by Therhoernen in 1470, and at first they only differ from each other in the forms of P and V. The Printer of Dictys only used a barred P and a small V, the Printer of Dares {to whom about fifteen books are assigned) preferred an open P (only using a barred one In a single book) and used a larger V as well as the small one. It is possible that both of them were originally compositors in Therhoernen's employment. In 1471 or early in 1472 both founts began to be modified. That of Dares, by the substitution of open forms of E, M, N, and O, and a simpler S, glides into the group called, after one of its very latest books, that of the ' Printer of Flores Sancti Augustini '. By further changes in the course of 1473 this group again melts into that of the Printer of Albertus Magnus de Virtutibus, two of the latest books of which are signed M. I, S., i. e. Magister Joannes Solidi, a printer who subsequently took the battered remnants of this same type to Vienne in France.
PAULUS II. De publicatione anni lubilaei. After 19 April, 1470.
I^ Hec est copia litteraru Apostolicaru de || publicacione. Anni lobilei incarnacionis || dominice. M. cccc Ixxv. 6». 1. 7, End : . . . Datum Rome apb || Sanctum petrum. Anno incarnacionis dominice || Millesimoquadrlgentesimoseptuagesimo Terl|ciodecimo. K. maij. Pontificatus nri Anno Sexto.
Quarto. [a«.] 6 leaves. 25 lines. Type i (Gothic 100 mm.). Hain 12480. Proctor •|-99i. VouUidme 899.
This is a member of the ' Dares ' group. As its line-endings are very uneven, it was probably printed in 1470, soon after the issue of the Bull on 19 April, as would naturally be the case.
196 X 136 mm. [56
COLOGNE 29
DIALOGI. Dialogi decern auctorum. I473-
[i*. Oracio dece dialogoi; hoc c6||tetoi;L volumie materia breuissle || declaras. quo)^ etsi singuli per se || breues sint tatus tn inest cuicj \\ igenij fruct'. vbo)^ dulcedo. Pmo||nis dilu- ciditas. t qd vehement || pbat reru varietas. antiqtatis || noticia. beate vite institucia exe||plo!j(5 copia vt maxim' quiscj || baud Imerito censeri debeat i*. col. 2 (End of Preface) : Anno dni .M. cccc. Ixxiij.J 2». i Sidorus lectori || salute ... 119'. Colophon : Dialogus consolatorius no || minus ornate ^ vtiliter doces || quo quiscj modo pacis belli<5 || temped erga rem publica habere || se debeat finem habet optatu. ||| Sequitur tabula . . . End : casu rei publice folio, c. viij.
Folio, [a-m^".] 120 leaves, the last blank. 2 columns. 35 lines. 191 x 130 mm. Type I (Gothic 100 mm., here 109). Hain *6ioy. Proctor iioi. Voullidme 869.
The older authorities claimed this book as printed by Veldener at Louvain. It is, however, one of the latest of the seven books of the Flores Sancti Augoistini group, which could have been better named after the edition of Bartholomaeus De proprietatibus rerum, of which, according to Wynkyn de Worde, Caxton was ' the prynter In Laten tongue at Coleyn, hymself to avaunce '. Caxton's connection with the firm was probably limited to the Bartholomaeus.
279x218 mm. Wanting leaf i. Rubricated. On iiQ** is written in red in a small neat hand ' Fris Jacobi de nussia vsui accOmodatus '. [57
LE GRAND, Jacques. Sophologium. Not after 1473.
I". [SjEquuntur capitula So^^jlphilogii ... 3*. Incipit Sophilogiu cu#l|ius finis est amae sciecias. j6j^. CoLOPHON: Explicit Sophilogiu feliciter.
Folio, [a-q" r*.] 168 leaves, the last blank. 2 columns. 38 lines. 187x136 mm. Type I (Gothic 98 mm.). Hain *i0470. Proctor 1129. Voullidme 615.
One of the earliest of the seven books of the Albertus Magnus group. In this state the type has been recast on a smaller body, the use of the smaller V, which had been dropt, is revived, and the barred O has disappeared. Changes of this nature may have been made either with or without change of ownership. Thus the fact that the two latest books of the group (1474 or 1475) ^^^ signed M. I. S. does not permit us to argue that Johann Solidi owned the type in 1470, or even in 1473.
Jacques Le Grand or Jacobus Magni was an Augustinian, born at Toulouse about 1350, who died about 1422. His Sophologium was a kind of handbook of morality and useful knowledge and passed through many editions.
284 X 200 mm. The first 34 leaves rubricated. Following the colophon is a note of purchase ' Emptu 1473 micha^J^', and another (in red) of ownership : Radernhard' Carpentarij pmissari' in Baden 1474. [58
JOHANN KOELHOFF
KoELHOFF the elder was a native of Liibeck. Nothing is known of him before he produced his first book at Cologne in 1472, but the fact that this and one of his later types are closely modelled on the second and third types used
30 GERMANY
by Wendelin of Speier at Venice has suggested the probability that it was at Venice Koelhoff learnt to print. As Wendelin himself only began using Gothic type in 1472 it is surprising to find a book printed at Cologne in a fount closely imitating Wendelin's in the same year. In this first book, the Expositio Decalogi of Johann Nider, Koelhoff introduced printed signatures and continued to use them in most of his later books. Sometimes when he did not use signatures he printed catchwords, another device for helping binders to arrange sheets in the right order. Koelhoff was a prolific printer, producing upwards of one hundred and fifty books of theology, philosophy, law and education, mostly in folio. He died while at work on the Lectura libri institutionum of Nicasius de Voerda, which was completed by his son, Johann Koelhoff the younger, 6 April, 1493.
THOMAS CANTIPRATENSIS. Liber apum. [1478-80?]
a'. Incipit liber qui dicitur bonum || vniuersale de ^prietatibus apum. 127*. COLO- PHON : Explicit liber apum qui dicit bonu || vniuersale quia de prelatis et subdil|tis tractat. de quo sit deus benedi-||ctus in secula Amen. 127'*. (Table) : Principia singuloiji capitu- loruj II totius libri. natura apum simplici! || expmentiu incipiunt feliciter. Et pri||mo de prelatis. 134". End : Explicit tabula.
Folio. a-q*r^ 134 leaves, the first blank, a columns. 39 lines. 184 (191) x 136 mm. Type 7 (Gothic 95" mm.). Hain *3644. Proctor 1043. Voullidme 11 78.
One of many 15 th century books from the short titles of which readers may expect interesting practical treatises, but which prove to be ' moralizations ' by sermonizers with little or no special knowledge of the subject they take as their text.
274x199 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, the larger capitals with delicate penwork. [59
JOHANNES DE SANCTO GEMINIANO. Liber de exemplis et similitudinibus rerum. [1485 ?3
2». Incipit tabula vniuersalis totius || libri subsequentis qui intitulatur de 1| simili- tudinibus rerum . . . i6». Incipit opus perutile % || vaJidu pdicatorib^ de qcu<5 mate||ria dicturis. venerabilis at? doctis|[simi magri helwici teutonici {)fes-||soris sacre theologie ordis pdica-||to)j:. qb intitulat ab auctore liber || de exeplis et similitudinibus reru. 5Zi\ COLO- PHON : Explicit liber decimus || et vltimus de exemplis et sil'itudiniUbus rerum. Et in h" finitur totum 1| opus b exemplis et similitudinib^ 1| rerum intitulatum In quo simili-||tudines inter creaturaru3 propriejltates et inter virtutes et vitia cete-jlracj de quibus in sermonibus mejltio fidi solet reperte pulcerrime deljclarantur.
Folio. i«a«; a-k" 1-z A* B^" C-Z Aa-Mm« Nn« O P». 52a leaves, leaf 15 blank. 2 columns. 42 lines and head-lines. 193 (ao2)xi3omm. Types 7, 9, [5] (Gothic 95°, 150", [175'] mm.). Hain *7542. Proctor fio^i. Voulli^me 686.
' Exempla ' was the technical name for the stories, many of them amazing, with which medieval preachers enlivened their sermons.
273 X 190 mm. Rubricated. [60
COLOGNE 31
BOETHIUS, A.M.T.S. De consolatione philosophiae. 27 January, 1488.
i». Title: Boecius || De consolatione philosohie || cum commento optimo. {|| lohanes gerson Canl|cellarius parisiensis : || De cousolatione theologie. 10a'. COLOPHON : Libri quincp de consolatione philosophic Boecij cu comento per me || lohem koelhoflf de Lubeck Colonie Ciue diligenter elaborati Anno || salutis Mcccclxxxviij. ipo die btl loHis chrysostomi finiut feliciter. io3». Second TITLE: loHes gerson Cancellarius || Parisiensis.:. || De consolatione theo||logie.:. I25^ Second Colophon : Impressus p me lohane Koelhoff de || Lubeck Colonie ciuem Anno salutis || M.cccclxxxviij.
Folio. [*]* a-c* d^ e-h* i k* P m* n* ; A-C^ ia6 leaves, the last blank, a columns. 54 lines of smallest type and head-line. 314 (aai)x 148 mm. Types 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, ao (Gothic 150'', 175'', 80, 86, 390, 96, 235 mm.). Hain *338o. Proctor ti074- VouUi^me a6a.
278 X 206 mm. Rubricated. [61
BARTHOLOMAEUS VON UNKEL
Bartholomaeus von Unkel, so named from a village on the Rhine, near Bonn, printed about thirty-five incunabula. He completed his first dated book 9 December, 1475, ^^'^ the last bearing his name on 28 June, 1484. This was the Regimen conscientiae of S. Bonaventura, whose Breviloquium and Itinerarius he also printed about the same time, the three tracts passing into the posses- sion of Koelhoff, who issued them with others of his own under the title Libri et tractatus sancti Bonauenture on Christmas-eve, i486. Earlier in i486, on 7 March, there had been completed the Christenspiegel of Dietrich Coelde, printed in the type used by Bartholomaeus, but with a woodcut belonging to Quentell. The typographical authorship of this book is thus uncertain.
GERSON, Johannes. Conclusiones de diuersis materiis moralibus. Eiusdem opusculum tripartitum de praeceptis decalogi, de confessione et de arte moriendi. [About 1480.]
a'. Incipit prologus super conclusiones de || diuersis materijs moralib' vtiles valde po«||site per magistij: iohanem gerson. doctorem || theologie eximiu ac Cacellariu parisiensem. 4a*. Incipit opusculu tripartitu de preceptis || decalogi. De confessione t de arte moriendi || per eximium sacre theologie ^ifessore. Ma||gistru iohannem gerson alme vniuersitatis || pisienp Cancellarium. 7i», 1. aa. END : Explicit opusculu triptitum de preceptis || decalogi. De cofessione et de arte moriedi {| Editu p eximiu sacre theologie pfessore || Magistru lohem gerson alme vniusita||tis parisien Cancellarium.
Quarto, a-i*. 7a leaves, i, 40, 41, and 7a blank. a7 lines. Type i (Gothic 103- 104 mm.). Hain +7650. Voulli^me 463.
210 X 143 mm. Rubricated, with the capitals on 2* and 42* in grisaille, [62 AUGUSTINUS. Confessione. 9 August, 1482.
I^ Sciendu est cp Btus Augustin' in tribs vlti||mis libri' pfessionu nimis obscur^ e . . . a*. Ex libro retractationu sci augustini epi. 1. 26. Liber jimus pfessionu sci Augustini Epi. 3^ Incipit hie feliciter •:• 177''. CoLOPHON : Explicit pfessionu bti augustimi liber xiii. || Anno dni Mcccclxxxij. in {ifesto lauretij.
3» GERMANY
Quarto, a-x^y^". 178 leaves, the last blank, a; lines. 141x83 mm. Type 1° (Gothic 103 mm.). Hain *ao3a. Proctor 1141. Voullieme 185.
This tract has lower-case signatures (a-y), the De Disciplina Christiana and De vita christiana upper-case ones (A and A-D) ; those to the De moribus ecclesiae catholicae are in mixt upper and lower case (Aa-Dd), those to the Tractatus super libros sancti Augustini by Jacobus de Voragine are in double lower-case (aa-dd). It is plausibly suggested in the ' Catalogue of Books printed in the 15th century now in the British Museum' that these variations, which seem intended to keep the signatures distinct, show that the five tracts were issued together.
211x143 mm, Rubricated. [63
AUGUSTINUS. De disciplina christiana. [1482.]
a'. Incipit liber beati Augustini epi de disci|iplina xpiana. io». COLOPHON : Explicit liber beati augustini episcopi de dis||ciplina xpiana.
Quarto. A^". 10 leaves, the first blank, a; lines. 140 x85 mm. Type 1° (Gothic 103 mm.). Hain *i 963. Proctor 1 144. Voullieme 193.
Probably issued with other Augustinian tracts. See note to the preced- ing entry.
207 X 140 mm. From the Kloss collection. Said to be Melanchthon's
copy, with his notes. [64
CONRAD WINTERS VON HOMBORCH
Nothing is known of the personal biography of Winters. His first two dated books were both completed 8 November, 1476, and a rubricator's date 1475 in a Munich copy of the Sermones quadragesimales of Leonardus de Utino proves that he was already producing books the previous year. The last date for the completion of any of his books is 9 August, 1482. He printed in all about sixty works. His first type (Gothic 99 mm.) is very like Zell's first, and his second (Gothic 200 mm.) indistinguishable from Zell's ninth.
LEONARDUS DE UTINO. Quadragesimale de legibus. [Not after 1475.]
I*. Tabula omniu Sermonu cotentojji || hoc in volumine ... 2*. Sermones Quadra- gesimales de legib^ fraljtris Leonardi de Vtino. sacre theologie doctojlris ordinis pdicatojji. 31 1^ End : Explicit registij. operis huius virtutes vitiacj or|ldine alphabetico breuissime annotans In quo || si quid de virtute ^mte repertu non fuerit de vi||tio ei opposito t viceuersa aut vtriuscj sinonimi || loco recte conspitietur tc •:• :•:•:• •'.•
Folio, (a b^o c» d-m" n o* p« q-s^* t-x« y z 1 9 aa^" bb cc» dd-hhi» IP.) 3 1 a leaves, the last blank, a columns. 60 lines. a99 x 197 mm. Type i (Gothic 99 mm.). Hain *i6ii6. Proctor tii79. Voullieme 744.
A copy of this book in the Royal Library at Munich has the rubricator's date 1475, the earliest date connected with any book printed by Winters.
395 X 287 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, with a pretty capital in several colours on 2*. [65
COLOGNE 33
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum. 8 November, 1476.
a*. Tabula breuis t vtilis super || libello quoda 4 dici! Fascicu||lus tpm. t vbi inueni! puct' II ante numeru e in ^mo latere || vbi vero post, in secudo latere || Incipit feliciter. 74^ Colophon : Opusculu vtiej omni statui atcp hominu gradui ad vita exeplanda p || utile : ptinens i^ressum patij: ab initio mudi. vs<5 ad hoc nostru temp' || cu actis notabiliorib' eorunde : qtt deuotus quida Carthusieii ei' autor || pm' Fasciculu tepoj; nucupauit. Impssum p me Coradu de Hoemborch. 1| meotj signeto signatum Explicit feliciter. Sub anno drii Millesimoqua||dringentesimoseptuagesimo sexto, feria sexta ante Martini epi. De quo || sit deus gloriosus benedictus in secula AMEN. [Device.]
Folio, (a* b-f^" g h*.) 76 leaves, the ninth and the last two blank. io» : 58 lines. 289x228 mm. Type I (Gothic 99 mm.). Hain *69i9. Proctor fnfio. VoulHeme 1028.
The third Cologne edition of the Fasciculus Temporum. With woodcuts mostly copied from Therhoernen's, but the Jerusalem cut is here used for Nineveh instead of Treves, and there is an additional cut for the Temple.
397 X 293 mm. Rubricated, with numerous manuscript additions, including an account of the entertainment of Frederick and Maximilian by Charles the Bold in 1473. [66
ISIDORUS HISPALENSIS. Etymologiarum libri XX. [About 1478.]
3". Incipit epistola ysidori iunioris hispalen||sis episcopi ad braulione3 cesaraugustinu || episcopum. 3''. col. i, par. a: Incipit liber primus ethimologiarum ysidol|ri hispalensis episcopi de disciplina et arte || Capitulum primum || ia6». COLOPHON: JExplicit liber ethimologia:^ ysidori hispa||lensis episcopi.
Folio, (a b^" c-k'"* 1-n* o^".) 126 leaves, the first blank, a columna 55 lines. 271 X 181 mm. Type i (Gothic 99 mm.). Hain *927i. Voullidme 706.
With woodcut diagrams.
394 x281mm. Rubricated. [67
THOMAS AQUINAS. Summa de articulis fidei et ecclesiae sacramentis.
[About 1478.]
I'. Incipit summa edita a sancto thoma de ajlquino de articulis fidei t eccle sacra- mentis. 15''. Colophon : Explicit summa edita a sancto thoma de aquijjno de articulis fidei t ecclesie sacramentis.
Quarto, [ab*.] 16 leaves, the last blank. 27 lines. Type i (Gothic 99 mm.). Hain *i423. Voulli^me 1156.
204 X 1 3 1 mm. Rubricated. [68
NIKOLAUS GOTZ
NiKOLAUS GoTZ, a native of Schlettstadt, appeared as a witness in a trial at Mainz as early as 1461. He was there entered as a goldsmith ; as to whether he was already learning to print is mere conjecture. In 1470 he matriculated in the faculty of law at the University of Cologne, doubtless only for commercial reasons. His earliest dated books are the Vita Christi of the Cologne Carthusian Ludolphus completed in April, 1474, and a Fasciculus Temporum, which is noted in the colophon as extending ' A tempore Ade usque ad annos Cristi
E
^
3« GERMANY
1474'. The latest dated book in which Gotz's name occurs is his 1478 edition of the same work, in this collection. Some thirty books are recorded as printed in his types, but some of these, including the Latin Bible completed on 9 May, 1480, were probably not printed by him. The researches of Dr. Zaretzky have brought to light the two important facts that some of Gotz's books were printed for Heinrich Quentell, presumably before Quentell began printing for himself in 1479, and that the type used in the Dialogus inter Hugonem Oliverium et Catonem supra libertate ecclesiastica, dated 14 June, 1477 'supra Rychensteyn' was borrowed from him, though it does not occur in any book bearing his name. This Dialogue, though professedly concerned with the affairs of ' Thena ', the modern Thuin in Hainault, was written in connection with a dispute at Cologne as to the taxing of the clergy, and ' supra Rychensteyn ' was the address of a house at Cologne. A committee of the Town Council was appointed on 21 September, 1478, to inquire into the matter (the delay suggesting that the date 1477 in the Dialogus may have been a 'blind'), and Gotz's disappearance as a printer was probably caused by the discovery of his complicity. The type of the Dialogus is identical with that used in a book which has long remained typographically anonymous, an edition of Augustinus de sancta virginitate, and also in two editions, one undated, the other dated 1482, of a ' Traktat der dotlichen Sucht der Pestelentz '. The earlier of these last has been attributed to 1477 (Voullieme 1194, and Type Facsimile Society 1901 e). This and possibly the Augustinus de sancta virginitate may thus have been printed by Gotz.
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum. [1478.]
I*. Tabula breuis et vtilis super || libello quoda qui dicif Fascicu||lus tpm et vbi inueni! puctus || ante numejj est in ^mo latere vbi vero post, in secundo latere || Incipit feliciter. 10'. [G]Eneratio et generatio laudabit opa tua et potecia tua pnunciabut Scribit psalmo. 144 . . . 73*. Device and Colophon : Fasciculus temporum || A carthusiense c5pilatu II In forma cronicis figujlratum Vsq In Annum || 1478. A me Nicolao gotz || de Seltzstat impssum.
Folio. [*^a-ei''fg^] 74 leaves, 9 and 66 blank. io»: 58 lines. 283 x 205 mm. Type I (Gothic 98 mm.). Hain *6932. Proctor 11 la. Voullieme 1029.
The ten woodcuts in this edition, the last of which is on 26^, are copied from that printed by Conrad Winters in 1476. With Gotz's metal-cut device. 395 X 280 mm. Rubricated. [69
AUGUSTINUS. De virginitate. [1478?]
I*. Incipit liber beati augustini || ept de sacta virginitate. 2l^ 1. ai. END: Explicit liber beati augustini epi||scopi de sancta virginitate.
Large octavo, (a^^ b^".) 22 leaves, the last blank. 30 lines. 135 X 89 mm. Type [2] (Gothic 90 mm.). Hain *ao78. Proctor 1519. Voullieme 199.
Both Hain and Voullieme call this book Quarto, but the chain-lines throughout this copy and also that in the British Museum are perpendicular. For Gotz's connection with this anonymous book see the preliminary note. 210 X 150 mm. (edges untrimmed). Rubricated. [70
COLOGNE 35
PRINTED WITH GOTZ'S TYPE
DIALOGUS. Dialogus super libertate ecclesiastica inter Hugonem Oliuerium et Catonem. 14 June, 1477.
a*. Incipit Dyalog' sup libertate ecclesiastica inter hugonem || decanu et oliuerium burgimagistrum et catonem secretariuj || interlocutores thenen. I5^ Explicit dyalogus super libertate ecclesiastica nouiter ppositus || et supra Rychensteyn impressus. Anno a natiuitate domini || Millesimoquadringentesimoseptuagesimoseptimo mensis Iu|lnij die vero decimaquarta. ||| Omnia consilio prius experire ^ armis ||| Vt nequit Nimis.
Folio, [ab^] 16 leaves, the first and last blank. 38 lines. 171x106 mm, Hain *6i43. Proctor 3666.
For the typographical history of this book see the preliminary note to Gotz.
The subject of the tract is disclosed in the first sentence where Dean Hugo asks Burgermeister Oliverius, ' Tell me, is what I hear true, that the Council of " Thena " has taken away from the clergy their ancient privileges and believes that it can legally do this ? ' Oliverius explains that there is a difference of interpretation, and then the dialogue proceeds. In the end the Secretary whispers to him that their action is indefensible and they must take refuge in delay, whereupon Oliverius promises to lay what he has heard before the Council. When Hugo remarks on this policy of delay and spoliation, Oliverius expresses the hope that he may bring back some good news.
The paper used in this book has a watermark of an a surmounted by a quatre- foil, C. M. Briquet ' Les Filigranes', No. 7958. In his notes M. Briquet records this mark as occurring in paper found at Luxembourg 1472-78, Antwerp 1479, Utrecht in the Fasciculus Temporum printed by Veldener in 1480, Cologne 1477 (Jansen No. 191), and Louvain in books printed by John of Westphalia.
289 X 207 mm. On i^ is written the short title ' Hugo de libtate ecclastica '. Bound with Guldenschaff's Statuta Coloniensia of 18 April, 1478 (No. 72). [71
JOHANN GULDENSCHAFF
JoHANN GuLDENSCHAFF was a citizen of Mainz and calls himself so in his earlier books, thus giving rise to a needless theory that he worked first at his native city and subsequently removed to Cologne. The close connection with Cologne of some of the books in which he recalls his Mainz origin or citizenship negatives this theory. This edition of Joannes de Hildesheim's Liber de gestis et translatione trium regum was printed in 1477, ^^^^ of the Summa de Sacramento eucharistiae of Albertus Magnus has the more precise date 30 April in the same year. His last dated and signed book is the Auctoritates Aristotelis, &c. of 1487, but seven years later (31 October, 1494) his type was used in a Historia xj milium virginum. Including books probably later than 1489 Guldenschaff printed some sixty incunabula.
E 2
36 GERMANY
STATUTA. Statuta ecclesiae Coloniensis. i8 April, 1478.
3». Incipiut Capittula statutoJjL 1| ecclesie Colon a bone memorie || domino Conrado archiepo Co||loniensi edita. 124*. COLOPHON: Hoc opus Statute:; sum||nie necessariu pastoribus eccle||siarum * rectoribus. ac sub ex||comunicac6n. pena ab hijs hri 1| p omnes epos colonien. pcipi||tur t manda!. ex libra princi||pali statuto^ eccle Colon, per || lohem guldeschaifif vigili cu || cura impssuj. Ac anno dm .M.||cccc. Ixxviij. die decima octaua || menp April' cosumatu Ad lau||dem tercia die a mortuis resur||gentis.
Folio, [a-c^ d^ e-p* q^] 124 leaves, the first blank. 2 columns. 36 lines. 198 x 131mm. Type I (Gothic no mm.). Hain 15026, Proctor 1205. Voullidme 1096.
One of three books by Guldenschaff completed in 1478.
289 X 207 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. Bound with the Dialogus super libertate ecclesiastica supra Rychensteyn impressus of 1477 (No. 71). Michael Wodhull's copy, with his note of purchase at King's auction, 1 7 November, 1 791, for "js., and of binding at a cost of \6s. The binding bears Wodhull's arms and has been attributed to Roger Payne. [72
JOHANNES DE HILDESHEIM. Historia de gestis ac trina translatione beatissimorum trium regum. — Albert! Magni super Matthaei euangelium notula de festo die epiphaniae. — Duo Augustini sermones de epiphania domini. i486.
1*. Title : Historia de traslatione beatisl|simoru trium regu. 83*. Colophon : Liber de gestis ac trina btlssio^ triu re<:||gu traslacoe. q getiu pmicie et exeplar sa«||lutis olm fuerut xpiano!; p me loHej gul||denschaff de mogocia ano a natltate xpi. || M. cccc. Ixxxvi. fideli exaracoe impssus: fi*||nit feliciter. 86^ 1. 26: Historic hui' explicit registru. 87". Sup mathei euageliu venerabilis dni || Alberti mgni notula de festo die ephie do||mini. incipit feliciter. iio». 1. 23. End: Sermo btlssimi augustini de epHia do||mini explicit multu notabilis.
Quarto, [a-k* 1^ m-o*.] no leaves. 26 lines. 143 x80 mm. Types i, 2 (Gothic no, 150 mm.). Hain *9398. VouUieme 681.
Guldenschaff 's third edition of this work ; the first and second were printed in 1477 and 1478.
198 x129 mm. Rubricated. The first work only, ending on leaf 86. [73
HEINRICH QUENTELL
Heinrich Quentell must be reckoned the most successful of the Cologne printers. He produced in all some four hundred incunabula, and established his business on such strong foundations that it lasted until the Thirty Years' War. Quentell was of Strassburg origin : it is not known when he came to Cologne. The money and premises for his business appear to have been found by a rich citizen of Cologne, Johann Helmann, whose daughter Quentell married. He seems at first to have employed Gotz to print books for him, perhaps while he was preparing his own plant. In 1479 (the year after the completion of Gotz's last signed book) Quentell started printing with great vigour and speedily produced two immense illustrated German Bibles, in which
COLOGNE 37'
it is curious that he put neither date nor his own name. No books from his press bear the date 1483, and Proctor therefore regarded him as making a fresh start in 1484. But for some five years after this he again never put his name in any of his books. He died either in September or early in October, 1501.
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum, 1480,
3». [GjEneratio et generatio laudabit opa tua ... 2*. 1. 31 : Fascicul' teporu oes antiquoru cronicas pplectes: admissus ab alma vniuersitate Colon, incipit feliciter. 64''. Colophon : Opusculu vticp omni statui. att^ hominu gradui. ad vita exemplan*||dam putile. cotinens succincte ^ressum patj;. ab inico mundi. vscj || ad hoc nosti; tepus. cu actis notabilioribj eorunde Qb deuotus q||dam Carthusien. eius autor .j. Fasciculu tpm nucupauit Impssum II p me Henricu quentel Et admissuj ab alma vniuersitate Colonien. || Explicit feliciter Sub anno dm. 1480. LAVS DEO. 6^\ Tabula breuis et vtilis . . . 72'. End : Zozimus papa 36.
Folio. A* a* b* c-e' f ^" g h* i^ 7a leaves. a»: 58 lines. 298 x316 mm. Type i (Gothic 102 mm.). Hain *6935. Proctor 1245. VouUi^me 1031.
A reprint of Quentell's edition of the previous year, which itself followed that of Conrad Winters of 1476. One of the books for which Quentell secured the 'approbation' of the University of Cologne. At the foot of sig. Cj verso, C3 recto are two long woodcuts, the first showing the Rhine and Cologne, the second (which is of considerable merit) the adoration of Christ by the Three Kings, to whom the city was dedicated.
343 X 264 mm, [74
AESOPUS. Aesopus moralisatus. 23 March, 1489.
1*. Title: Esopus moralizat^ 1| cum bono comento. 42*. COLOPHON : Finit Esopus fabulator preclarissim^ cuj suis moralizationibs || ad nostri instructione pulcherrime appositis. Impressus Anno sa#l|lutis .M. cccc. Ixxxix. decimo Kalendas Aprilis.
Quarto, a^b-f*' g*. 42 leaves. Size of page irregular. Types 3, 4, 6 (Gothic c. 180, 91, 6^ mm.). Hain *304, Proctor 1292. VouUieme 18.
The text has interlinear glosses printed in the 63 type. This is another of the story books turned into moral treatises.
208 X 139 mm. Rubricated. [75
THEOBALDUS. Physiologus. [c.1490?]
I'. Title : Phisiologus Theobaldi || Episcopi de naturis duo||decim animalium. 1 7^ Colophon: Finit phisiologus Theobaldi de naturis duodecim animaliu || Impressus per Henricu Quentell in sancta ciuitate Coloniensi.
Quarto, a-c*. 18 leaves, the last blank. 141 (151) x 85 mm. Types 3, 6, 7 (Gothic 180, 63, 80 mm.). Hain *i547i. Proctor 1399. VouUieme 1129.
One of either four or five editions of this book printed by Quentell. 191x134 mm. [76
GULIELMUS DE GOUDA. Tractatus de expositione missae et de modo celebrandi. [About 1495.]
i». Title: Expositio mysteriorum U misse et verus modus rivl|te celebrandi. i8».
^
38 GERMANY
Colophon: Tractatus fratris Guilhelmi de Gouda. ordinis niino|jrum de obseruantla. de expositone misse et de modo celebra||di finit feliciter. Impressus Colonic p Henricu Quentell sa||cerdotib3 deuote celebrare volentiba vtilis et necessarius.
Quarto, a-c*. i8 leaves. 37 lines. 150 x 87 mm. Types 7 and 10 (Gothic 150 and 80 mm.). Hain *7827. Proctor 1442. Voulli^me 530.
200 X 136 mm. [77
ARISTOTELES. Ethica cum quaestionibus Johannis Versoris. 1491.
I*. TITLE: Questiones magistri loljhannis versoris super libros ethicorum Aristotelis et II text' eiusdem. cum singulari diligentia correcte. 1 23^ col. 2. Colophon : Expliciunt questiones magistri lohannis verso|lris peroptime correcte super decem libros Ethico^j || Arestotilis cu textu eiusde. Impresse p Henricuj || Quentel. Ciuem alme Ciuitatis coloniensis. An||no domini Millesimo ccccxci ic. 125*. End: Finis tabule.
Folio. a*b-v^x*. 126 leaves, the last blank, 2-123 numbered Folio primo-Cxxii. 2 columns. Size of page irregular. Types 3, 5, 6, 7 (Gothic 180, 75, 6^, 80 mm.). Hain *i6o53. Proctor 1305. Voullieme 1221.
[78
UNIDENTIFIED COLOGNE(?) PRESS
The follow^ing book is clearly from the same press as the edition of the Modus Confitendi of Andreas de Escobar ascribed by Proctor (No. 1518) to Cologne, about 1480, and the evidence of the watermarks quoted below supports this attribution. No clue has yet been discovered to the identity of the printer, though Henry Bradshaw (who had this copy in his keeping for a year) and other special students of Cologne and Low Country printing have diligently sought for it.
NIDEI^, Johannes. Manuale confessorum. [About 1480.]
1°. Incipit Manuale confesso^. Venerabilis magistri. 1| lohannis Nider sacre theologie professoris ordls || predicatorum. 54''. 1. 23. Colophon: Explicit Manuale confessoij. Venerabilis magistri || lohannis Nider sacre theologie professoris ordinis predicatorum. ||
Quarto. (a-f*g^.) 54 leaves. 34 lines. 138 x78 mm. Type i (Gothic 82 mm.). Voullieme °854. Copinger 4422. WooUey Photographs [51].
Five watermarks are used in the paper of this book : i. the arms of Champagne, cp. Briquet, 1038-41 ; ii. the Pope in his Chair, cp. Briquet, 7546-50 ; iii. P and quatrefoil ; iv. a shield bearing a fleur-de-lis beneath a label, the whole surmounted by a cross with nails, cp. Briquet, 1 544 ; v. the arms of France and Savoy. The first of these, and to a less degree the second and third also, points to the paper having been made at Troyes, and according to Briquet Troyes paper was especially used in NE. France, the Low Countries, and N. Germany. Marks i. and ii. are found several times at Cologne about 1480 (also as early as 1467, 1468), and thus support Proctor's attribution of the press to that city and date. The body of this 82 type is tall in proportion to its face, so that in appearance it is fully a size smaller than its measurement.
210x135mm. Rubricated. [79
COLOGNE 39
JOHANNES DE BEL
Johannes de Bel is only known to have printed four books, all in the same neat small type, a Diurnale in May, 148 1, another for the use of Liege in September, 1482, ' Magistri et consilii hospitalis Hierosol. instructio' in the following November, and the anonymous and undated book entered below.
HENRICUS DE GORINCHEM. Conclusiones super quattuor libros sententiarum. [About 1482.]
2". (sig. A) : Incipiunt coclusiones plUcherrime sup quatuor libros 1| sniarum compilate.
I5o^ Colophon : Expliciut pchisioes libri snlajlru p sa. the. pfes. eximiu mgrj || hericu
goricke diliget' coUecte.
Quarto. A-T*. 152 leaves, the first and 151, 152 blank. 3 columns. 38 lines.
125 X 96 mm. Type i (Gothic 67 mm.). Voullieme 547.
205 X 137 mm. Rubricated. Dr. Kloss's copy. From the library of the Carmelites of Cologne. [80
LUDWIG VON RENCHEN
Nothing is known of the life of Ludwig von Renchen, save that his name is found in about a dozen books printed at Cologne in the years 1483-92. About twice as many more are attributed to him on the evidence of their types and illustrations. It is doubtful whether the edition of the Fasciculus Temporum catalogued below should be included among his works.
ROLEWINCK, Werner, Fasciculus temporum. [c. 1490?]
2*. [GlEneratio t generatio laudabit opera tua ... 3'. Fasciculus tpm oes anti^ij cronicas pplectens. admissus ab alma vniuersitate Colonieii. Tcipit feliciter. 66^ Colophon : Opusculum vti(5 omni statui. atcj hominum gradui ad vitam exemplanda putile. co||tinens succincte pgressum patru ab initio mundi vs^ ad hoc tps. cu actis notabiliori«||bus eorunde. Qti deuotus quida CarthuP. eius autor .j. Fasciculu tpm nucupauit. 6j\ Tabula breuis 1 vtilis . . . 74". End : Explicit tabula fasciculi de te||pore putilis t necessaria.
Folio. a*b-g^*'hi'; a^ 74 leaves, the first blank. 53 lines. 238 x152 mm. Type i*^, 3 (Gothic 90, 180 mm.). Hain *69i4. Proctor 1284. Voullieme 1033.
Some copies begin [G]Eneratio et generatio laudabit opa tua . . . The cut of Cologne is from Quentell's edition, that of the Crucifixion from GuldenschafTs. The text follows that of Gotz and Winters. The attribution of the book to Ludwig von Renchen is doubtful. On sig. d3 verso is Quentell's cut of the Rhine and Cologne, shortened from 212 to 155 mm., to suit the narrower page.
310 X 212 mm. From the library of the Bamberg Dominicans. [81
40 GERMANY
JOHANN KOELHOFF THE YOUNGER
The younger Koelhoff succeeded to his father's business early in 1493, completing in April of that year the Lectura Institutionum of Nicasius while printing which the elder man had been, according to its colophon, ' ad superos vocatus.' The son printed about a score of incunabula, but his business was brought to an untimely end by troubles which came on him in consequence of his publication of the Cologne Chronicle catalogued below. Books printed in his types after this are said to have been brought out by Roland Spot and Heinrich von Neuss.
CHRONICA. Cronica van Coellen. 23 August, 1499.
I*. Title : Die Cronica vander || hilliger Stat va Coelle. [Woodcut of the Arms of Cologne, surrounded by S. Peter and seven other saints.]
Sancta Colonia diceris hinc. quia sanguine tincta Sanctorum meritis. quo:j stas vndi^ cincta. 366». Colophon : Zo der Eren gotz/synre lieuer moder/vnd der hylliger drij || konynge. jtem tzo nutz ind vnderrichtuge in vill sache der gemeynre Burgerschafif der hi]||liger Stat Coellen. is dit boich van den geschichten der Ertzbuschoue ind der hilliger || Stat van Coellen. myt etzlichen anderen historien van begynne der werlt. ind des int^ [fghainwordigen jairs vurg vergadert mit groisser arbeit ind vlyss vyff vill boicheren 1| van den bewertsten ind sicherste historieschrijueren dae va berorende. Ind hait gedruckt || mit groissem ernst ind vHjss lohan KoelhofiF Burger in Coellen. ind voUendet vp sent || Bartholomeus auent des hilligen Apostels Anno vurg. || Got haue lof tzo aller tzijt. vnd || ewichlich.
Folio. A B« ; A-P K'" L-Z a-d" e* f-z aa-mm" nn*. 366 leaves, 14-69, 74-366 num- bered a-57, 59-350. 50 lines and head-line. 239 (251) x 153 mm. Types a, 4, 5 (Gothic 290, 150'', and 96 mm). Hain *4989. Proctor 1464. Voullieme 324.
The Cologne Chronicle is said to have been written for Koelhoff by a schoolmaster, Johann Stump aus Rheinbach, who shared in the troubles to which it gave rise. The leaves which have no pagination were set up more than once. The book is illustrated with numerous woodcuts, including some fine coats of arms. On the verso of the leaf numbered cccxi, under the year 1450, begins a section entitled, ' Van der boychdrucker kunst. Wanne. Wae. ind durch wen is vonde dye onvyssprechlich (some copies rightly add : nutze) kunst boicher tzo drucken.' In this the compiler states that printing was begun in 1450, and the first book printed was a Bible in a large type like that used for missals. While printing was thus discovered at Mainz as now commonly used, ' so is doch die eyrste vurbyldung vonden in Hollant vyff den Donaten, die dae selffst vur der tzijt gedruckt syn,' there was some praefiguration of it in Holland in the Donatuses there printed. But ' der eyrste vynder der druckerye ', the first inventor of the art, was a Burgher of Mainz, born at Strassburg, whose name was 'Johan Gudenburch'. From Mainz printing was introduced into Cologne, afterwards to Strassburg, and next to Venice. The beginning and pro- gress of the art was told the compiler by the worshipful Master ' Ulrich Tzell ' of Hanau, book-printer at Cologne, who was the first who brought printing there. — This account of the invention is generally accepted as of extreme value, though
COLOGNE 41
it is not free from errors, printing having been in use at Strassburg earlier than at Cologne, and at Rome earlier than at Venice.
310 X 215 mm. Rubricated ; with a good capital in red and blue on a yellow ground at the beginning of the text, an unusual adornment in 1499. [82
JOHANN LANDEN
An ambiguity in a colophon has caused Landen's commencement to be placed sometimes as early as 1490, but 9 March, 1496, is now accepted as his earliest date. Dr. Voulli6me describes fifteen incunabula from this press, among others another edition of the book described below, but not the book itself, which may possibly be later than 1500. Landen continued to work until 1523.
GERARDUS ZUTPHANIENSIS. De spiritualibus ascensionibus.
[About 1500.]
i». Title : Tractatus de spiritu||alibus ascensionibus. 1| [Woodcut.] 2*. Incipit denotus tracl|tatul' dni Gerardi zutphanie de spualibus || ascensionibus. olbus in spuali vita proficere vojllentibus. non minus necessarius qi vtih's. 6o». 1. 29. End : . . . intrare in regnum dei Luce vltimo Oportet 1| christum pati t ita intrare in gloriam suam. 60''. [Woodcut.]
Octavo. A-E*F*GH^ deleaves. 3 a lines. 100x68 mm. Types i, a, 3 (Gothic 140, 65, 95 mm.).
With two woodcuts, that on the title representing the Holy Child stepping from the lap of the Virgin to S. Anne ; that on the last page, the Crucifixion. 140 X loi mm. [83
CORNELIS DE ZIERIKZEE
CoRNELis DE Zierikzee's earliest dated books belong to the year 1499, statements attributing to him an edition of the De lamiis et pythonicis mulieribus of Ulricus Molitoris in 1489 being based on a confusion between the date of the author's dedication and that of the edition. The earliest books printed by Cornelis, which probably preceded the first that bears a date, have several markedly Italian features, so much so that Mr. Proctor entered some of them as printed anonymously at Rome. It is practically certain that they were all printed at Cologne, though it is probable that Cornelis had learnt his craft in Italy, and brought with him to Cologne some punches made there.
NICODEMUS. Euangelium. [1499?]
I*. Title : Historia siue euangelium 1| Nycodemi de gestis a principibus sacerdotu de passioe || et resurrectioe dni. que inuenta est Iris hebraicis a theo#|ldosio magno impatore in iherusalem in pretorio pontij || pylati in codicibus publicis. [Woodcut of the Crucifixion.] i6». 1. 37. End : . . . I collllo^o grauis rar^ t modest', speciosus iter filios homi. I6^ [Woodcut repeated.] ■ ■> ■
F
4a GERMANY
Quarto. A B^ C*. i6 leaves. 37 lines and head-line, 148 (155) x 88 mm. Types i, a, 3 (Gothic 150, 81, 105 mm.). Hain *ii75o. Proctor 1507. Voulli^me 831.
208 X 143 mm. [84
AUGSBURG
The first dated book completed at Augsburg was the Meditationes de vita Christi attributed to S. Bonaventura, finished by Giinther Zainer on 12 March, 1468. Twenty-two printers are known to have worked there during the 15th century ; there are no anonymous presses, unless that of the Monastery of SS. Ulrich and Afra be reckoned as one ; there is a very considerable proportion of secular and vernacular literature, and in the matter of illustrations Augsburg, during the 'seventies and early 'eighties, distinctly held the premier position in Germany, many of its books being copied in other German cities, while some were imitated in almost every country in Europe. Its output of registered incunabula may be estimated at between eight and nine hundred, mostly in small folio.
GUNTHER ZAINER
{First printer)
GtJNTHER Zainer was a native of Reutlingen, and seems to have obtained the citizenship of Augsburg in the course of 1472. After printing in 1468 and 1469 with a rather light and graceful Gothic fount, he sold this soon after 22 January, 1470, to Johann Schussler, and in the following year is found using a much heavier type, and at the same time began illustrating his books with woodcuts. At Augsburg the wood-cutters formed an organized craft, woodcut playing-cards and figures of saints being one of the noted products of the city. The craft objected to book-illustrations as an encroachment on its rights, but under the guidance of Melchior von Stamhaim, Abbot of the monastery of SS. Ulrich and Afra, it was agreed that printers might use woodcuts if they employed only Augsburg wood-cutters. In his first type Zainer had printed two large works, the Catholicon of Balbus and Rationale of Duranti, and he continued to produce books of this class after he had started his series of illustrated small folios, printing the Etymologiae of S. Isidore, the Historia Scholastica of Petrus Comestor, and the Pantheologia of Rainerus de Pisis, a theological encyclopaedia in two great volumes. He printed also a Latin and a German Bible with historiated capitals. Zainer appears to have given up business in 1475 and retired to the Charterhouse at Buxheim, where he died in 1478. But his press went on until 1477, and his second type appears to have been used much later than this for printing a number of fugitive pieces, mostly verses by B. Preyning. Including these, upwards of one hundred and forty books and documents are attributed to his press, but he was probably not personally responsible for much more than a hundred.
AUGSBURG 43
BONAVENTURA. Meditationes de vita Christi. 12 March, 1468.
a*. Prolog' I meditacoes vite dni nri ihu xpi || De sollicita pro nobis intercesslone || . . . 72*. Colophon : Impressum est hoc psens opusculu i augusta p me Gintherum 1| dictu zeyner de reutlingen. iiii° ydus marcii. Anno Ix' octauo.
Folio. [a"b-d*; e-g^"h^] 7 a leaves, the first blank. 35 lines. 206 x123 mm. Type I (Gothic 117 mm.). Hain *3j57. Proctor 1520.
Zainer's first dated book. It has been suggested that some of his undated editions may be earlier than this; but there seems no good ground for the supposition.
305 X 2 1 2 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, with yellow initial-strokes. At the beginning of the text (3*) is a light and graceful illuminated border. In the inner margin a stork bears a scroll with the letters A. W. N., presumably the initials of the book-buyer for whom the border was painted. On the outer margin a squirrel munches nuts. [85
AURBACH, Johannes de. Summa de sacramentis. 1469.
i''. Pro capitulis libri facilius requirendis. a*. Summa magistri. lohannis. De || aurbach. Vicarij. Bambergensis. 49^ COLOPHON: Deo gratias, || Finit libellus diuina ecclesie sacrameta. que numero septem. st alia || qmplurima secum versans persalubria. 1) viris ecclesiasticis maxle || curatis. subditoij alabj ^uidd habetib}. cui tituP I capita fu^idus. II a Ginthero zeiner de Reutlingen. artis huius ingeniose magistro. || in vrbe augustensi impressus feliciter. A partu virginis salutifero || anno currente Millesimo quadringentesimo sexagesimonono.
Folio. [a*+^ b-P.] 49 leaves. 35 lines. 203x123 mm. Type i (Gothic 117 mm.). Hain *2i24. Proctor 152a.
Zainer's second or third dated book, second place being disputed with it by the Catholicon of the same year, which has the more precise date 30 April,
' Johannes de Aurbach vicarius Bambergensis has been identified with a Johann Koppischt von Auerbach, parish priest of S. Nicolas in Grebern, in the diocese of Bamberg, 1452^1462, and the copyist of several Bamberg manuscripts. Before the end of the 15th century he was already confused with the Johann Aurbach or Urbach, author of the Declaratio titulorum legalium, printed at Leipzig in 1489 (No. 160).
308 x216 mm. Rubricated. [86
SPECULUM. Speculum humanae saluationis. [Not after 1473.]
For this book printed with Zainer's type, but in the monastery of SS. Ulrich and Afra, see No. 94.
GREGORIUS I. Homiliae super euangelia. 1473.
I*. Ordo .xl. omeliaru beati gregorij pape ad secundinu |j episcopum Thauronitaru. I4I''' Colophon : Adeptus est finis ambaj; parciu omeliaij || beatissimi gregorij pape vrbis rome in die || scti hermetis sub Anno dni Mcccclxxiij. 142'. (table) : [DJomIca scila aduet' . . . 142''. End: . . . omelia gregorij xij.
Folio. [a-n'"o'*.] 142 leaves, 33 lines. 196x119 mm. Type 2 (Gothic 118 mm.). Hain *7948. Proctor 1538.
F 2
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44 GERMANY
Printed in the heavy Gothic type which Zainer used for most of his books after disposing of his earlier fount to Schussler in 1470.
296 X 202 mm. Rubricated. [87
HIERONYMUS. De essentia diuinitatis. [About 1473.]
i\ Incipit liber beati Hieroniml de essencia diuinitatis. 6\ Incipit summa edita a fratre thoma de aquino || de articulis fidei et ecclesJe sacramentis. j6\ 1, 22. END: . . . Ad quam gloriam nos perducat Pater et || FlHus et Spiritus sanctus. Amen.
Folio, [ab^] 16 leaves. 34 lines. 201x124 mm. Type 2 (Gothic 118 mm.). Hain *8589 (ff. 38-53). Proctor 1564.
Part 2 of the collection of religious treatises which Zainer advertised as a whole, and to which, in the copy at Munich, there is prefixed a general title- page, beginning : ' In hoc volumine continentur subscripta || leronimus de viris illustrib^ cum tabula caplbii^ in principio c^libet libri 1| leronimus de essentia diuinitatis || Thomas de aquino de articulis fidei et ecclesie sacramentis || Augustinus de quantitate anime,' &c. It was in this collection that the De Imitatione Christi first appeared in print. The Munich copy is at present the only one registered as containing the whole collection, and no doubt the different parts were sold separately from the beginning.
307 X 209 mm. Rubricated. [88
SCHWABENSPIEGEL. [1475-76.]
2». IN de name des h6chsten rich:f||ters Hiesu christi ... 11*. C Hie hebt sich an das keyserlich landtrechtbuch ge||setzt vnd geordnet von den R6mischen keysern vnnd II kurfursten Innhaltend alle gemeyn artickel der rech||ten was zethun rechtlich erlaubt Oder vnrechtz zeuer||meiden verbotten / oder vnrecht sey einem yegcHchen || menschen vast nutzlich zewissen der sel auch des leibs || vnd zeytlicher gutter halb von geraeynes frides wege || von dem heyligen reich angesehen vnd ernstlich vor aljjler bestitiget
163*. END: C Gottes gericht bedenck mit sorgen
Vnd richt dem reichen als dem armen.
Folio, l*^"; a-k^" 1" m^" n o* p" q^] 164 leaves, the first and last blank, 11-115 and 120-163 numbered I-CXXXXIX, the four inner leaves of quire 1 being unnumbered. 33 lines. Type 2° (Gothic 1 1 8 mm.). Hain *9869. Proctor 1585.
Without Zainer's name, but mentioned in the second of two advertisements which he printed. With a full -page woodcut on 10^ of the Emperor and Electors, and a woodcut capital on 2\
2 79 X 198 mm. Rubricated, and with the woodcut and capital coloured. Early stamped leather binding, rebacked. [89
JOHANN SCHUSSLER
JoHANN Schussler, a citizen of Augsburg, printed ten very fine books, the first of them completed 23 August, 1470, the last on 6 March, 1473, using for all of them the type with which Gunther Zainer had printed his earliest works, but
AUGSBURG 45
which appears for the last time in his edition of the Rationale of Duranti completed 22 January, 1470. When the Augsburg wood-cutters objected to the use of woodcuts in printed books, while Zainer agreed to employ members of the guild to work for him, Schussler preferred to forgo their use, and his books are thus uniformly without illustrations.
PETRUS DE CRESCENTIIS. Liber ruralium commodorum.
c. 16 February, 147 1.
1*. Petri de crescentijs ciui's. Bononiensis || epistola in libru comodoru ruralium. 209*. Colophon : Petri de crescencijs ciuis bonon. ruraliu pmodorum libri duodecim |1 finiunt feliciter p iohanne Schuyler ciuem augustensem impressi. {| circit' xiiij. kalendas marcias. Anno vero a partu virginis salutifei;||ro Millesimo quadringentesimo et septuagesimo- primo ic.
Folio, [a-s^" t^^ v" X*.] 210 leaves, the last blank. 35 lines. 205 x121mm. Type i (Gothic 118 mm.). Hain *5828. Proctor 1590.
Schussler's second dated book.
300 X 209 mm. Rubricated. [90
JACOBUS DE THERAMO. Belial. 2 July, 1472.
i». Reuerendi patris domini lacobi de Theramo Compendium pbreue || Consolatio peccatorum nuncupatum : Et apud nonnullos Belial || vocitatum. ad papa Vrbanu sextum conscriptum : Incipit feliciter. II5^ COLOPHON: Explicit lib belial nucupat' al's pctoi; psolatio Per loH. SchuR^ || ciue Au^. impssus. Aiio dni M'cccclxxij. lulij vero Nonas vj.
Folio, [a-i^" k* P m n*.] 116 leaves. 35 lines. 303x123 mm. Type i (Gothic 118 mm.). Proctor 1597.
The Belial or Consolatio Peccatorum of Jacobus de Theramo narrates, with all possible legal phraseology, the progress of an action brought by Satan against Christ, and tried first before Solomon, afterwards on appeal before Moses, for infringing his rights by redeeming souls which deserved damnation. In the hands of printers who had not forsworn the use of woodcuts it provided material for numerous illustrations (cf. No. 98).
299 X 207 mm. Rubricated. [91
JOHANN BAEMLER
Baemler was a native of Augsburg, and had worked as a rubricator before he took to printing. Among other books he rubricated one of Eggestein's Bibles, and put not only the date 1466, but also his name, to his work, whence a legend arose that he was the printer of it. He printed some eighty books, completing the first that bears a date on 25 September, 1472, and the last in 1495, In one of his books, the Cronica von alien Kaisern und Konigen, he describes the crush on the bridge over the Tiber on Christmas-eve in the year of Jubilee, 1450, and adds : ' I John Baemler was there, and in the morning I saw many dead men lying in the churchyard. May God have mercy on all ! '
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46 GERMANY
Baemler's books were mostly illustrated and mostly in German. One of the few Latin books from his press, the Dialogi of S. Gregory and other popular tracts, was printed by him for SS. Ulrich and Afra. He subsequently printed a German edition on his own account.
CASSIANUS, Joannes. Die vier vnd zwanzig goldenen Harfen.
i8 December, 1472.
a". Das Register der vierundzweinczig guldin harpfife. 5*. Hie hebt sich an das aller nuczlichest buch/genat die vier || vnd zweinczig guldin harpffen/die mit fleip auf der heillligen geschrifft vnd der altuater buch / durch eine hoch'ljgelerte doctor Bruder Hansen Nyder / prediger ordens || zu Nuremberg also geprediget / vnd durch bete vn Hebe || ersamer burgerin da selbst /in ein tewtsch buch ordelich || ze samen geschriben seind. Vnd disc heylsamen guldin || harpffe haltend inn den nSchsten weg zu de ewige lebe. 162*. Colophon : Hie ennde sich die viervnzweinczig gnldin harpf|lfen/die gezogen seind auf CoUacoib^ patj; / das || ist aup b heylige altuater buch. Vnd die hat ge^^Jltruckt lohannes Bimler In der keyserlichen stat |I Augspurg An freytag vor weyhenn&chten. || Anno tc In dem .Ixxij. iare.
Folio. [** a-i" k" P+i m-q" r<+i.] 162 leaves, the first blank. 39 (28) lines. 203x127 mm. Type I (Gothic 140 mm.). Hain *ii847. Proctor 160 1.
With a full-page woodcut on 4^ of the Elders in adoration, in this copy bound before the register. Maiblumen capitals, one printed in red (137^).
253 X 171 mm. Rubricated; with an illuminated capital and border-piece on 5a. [92
AUSLEGUNG. Auslegung des Amts der heiligen Messe.
10 December, 1484.
a*". [Woodcut] 3*. (red) : SEquitur expositio misse multu vtij|lis pro regentibus curam animaru H clericis simplicibus nee non et layl|cis qui se informare possunt ex eadem salul|tifera expositione / vt patet in processu. {|{ C Hyenach volget gar ein lobliche heylsame au^P^||legung der heyligen messe gar gut vnd fruchtber || geystlichen vn weltlichen menschen zulesen. dciraug || einem yegklichen menschen grosser nucz vnd frucht||berkeit wol entspringen mag. ic6». COLOPHON : C Hye enndet sich das loblich heylsam buch. das man nen||net die auPlegung des amptes der heyligen messe darinn || man findet gar wol erkl&rt was ein yegklichs wort bedeiitet || von anfang der messe bip zu dem ende. Also das dz latein || vorsteet vnd das teiitsch darauff geet ... C Gedruckt zu Aug'||spurg. Vnd voUendet an Freytag vor sant Luceyen tag. 1| Anno domini. M. CCCC. Ixxxiiij. Iare.
Folio, [a-m* n".] 106 leaves, the first blank. 33 lines. 194 X 121 mm. Types i, 3 (Gothic 140, 119 mm.). Hain *2i44. Proctor 1628.
With full-page woodcuts of the Visitation (2^) and Crucifixion (67^) and woodcut capitals.
270x192 mm. The woodcuts and larger capitals coloured. With the early woodcut 'ex libris' of 'Sebastianus Richardus Reginoburgus lurium Doctor '. [93
SS. ULRICH AND AFRA
Melchior von Stamhaim, Abbot of the Benedictine house of SS. Ulrich and Afra at Augsburg, had several presses set up in the monastery in 1472.
AUGSBURG 47
While special types were being made for him he appears to have borrowed, certainly type and possibly workmen, from Zainer and Baemler, printing with the help of the former, in or before 1473, the Speculum humanae saluationis, here catalogued, and with the help of Baemler the Dialogues of Pope Gregory and some other popular religious works. This latter book has 1473 as its printed date. The Abbot died on 30 January, 1474, leaving uncompleted the great Speculum Historiale of Vincent de Beauvais, and also the Sermons of Leonardus de Utino, both in types specially made for him. The type of the Speculum is found in 1475 in the possession of Anton Sorg. What was done with that of the Leonardus de Utino is unknown. The five other books in this type may thus have been produced during Abbot Melchior's life or by the Abbot's successor, Henricus Friess, or possibly at an unidentified press. Unfortunately none of them are dated.
SPECULUM. Speculum humanae saluationis. [Not after 1473.]
I'. Incipit phemium libri sequentis ||| ANdreas natone ytalus. officio pspiter. mini#||sto!jL f paupum ... a"*. C Incipit phemium cuiusdam noue ppilatois. Cui' |1 nomen t titulus e specl'm humane saluatois Expedi||ens del t vtile qb prius in hoc phemio exponit . . . 9°. L 3 (beneath woodcut) : Primum Capl'm. INcfpit speculum humane saluatonis. In quo patet II casus hominis t modus repatonis . . . 262''. par. 2 : Deo gratias. 263*. C Alius liber Saluatonis humane metricus || prions libri materia mefce ac ppendiose tractat^. 270^ C Explicit humanecj salutis sumula plane
A me fratre lohanne tui pater ordinis alme Vir bildicte puto quasi minimo monacho.
Folio. [a-zA-D^".] 270 leaves, the first blank. 33-35 lines. 195 (207) x 124 mm. G. Zainer's type 2 (Gothic 118 ram.). Hain *i4929. Proctor 1542.
From a note dated 1473 in a copy of this book in the possession of Mr. Fairfax Murray it appears that although in Gunther Zainer's type it was printed at the Benedictine monastery of SS. Ulrich and Afra at Augsburg, and that Brother John, the author (i. e. of the metrical Summary at the end), was an inmate of the monastery and took part in the printing of it. (Das gegenwartig puech ist zu Augspurg in sand Ulrichen Closter durch ainen gelerten und saligen Brueder sand Benedicts Ordens gemacht und gedruckt worden . . . 1473.)
Illustrated with 176 woodcuts (16 repeated), illustrating the Fall and the Life of Christ, thoroughly characteristic of Augsburg in their naive simplicity. With a knot-work I and small outline capitals.
271 X 183 mm. Leaves i, 2, 9, and 10 in facsimile. [94
SALOMON, Episcopus Constantiensis. Glossae ex illustrissimis collectae auctoribus. [i473-75 ?]
a». Epistola prelibatica in sequentis || operis commendationem breui^||bus absoluta incipit foeliciter :• Col. 2 : Salemonis ecclesie Constantiensis || epi glosse ex illustrissimis collecte II auctoribus incipiunt foeliciter •:• 239*. End OF PART I : . . . adserat || ignes. 240'. ABacti majlgistrat* dicebanf qui || coacti de||posuerant || imperium . . . aSS*". END : cogitationis ut supra.
Folio. [a^2b_oioh8q_zA-E"F^] 288 leaves, the first blank. 2 columns. 55 lines. 483 X 175 mm. Type i (Roman 105 mm.). Hain *i4i34. Proctor 1636 and 1638.
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48 GERMANY
An edition of this book is included in Koberger's advertisement of 1479-80. It is possible, though not very likely, that he may have bought up the stock of this of SS. Ulrich and Afra. He is not known to have printed one himself. The magnificent capitals in it are, of their kind, the finest in any German book.
408x273 mm. On 2^ is an inscription recording the acquisition of this copy in 1 500 by the Augustinian monastery at Schamhaubt in the diocese of Ratisbon as part of a bequest by Georgius Deethsel, one of the canons of Ratisbon. [95
ANTON SORG
Anton Sorg was a native of Augsburg. He began printing with the fount of type used at the monastery of SS. Ulrich and Afra in the Speculum Historiale of Vincent de Beauvais, dated 1474, and completed some time after the death of its promoter, Melchior von Stamhaim, in January of that year. Sorg produced four books in 1475, three with the dates ' circiter Kal. Febr.', ' circiter 9 Kal. Jun.', and ' die crastina festi omnium sanctorum ' (i. e. 2 November), and the Communiloquium or Summa Collectionum of Joannes Gallensis here catalogued, which has only the date of the year. He printed in all about one hundred and fifty books. His earliest issues were in Latin, and may very likely represent works arranged for by Melchior von Stamhaim. In August, 1476, he completed his first vernacular book (Spiegel menschlicher Behaltnuss) and thenceforth printed mainly, though not exclusively, in German, producing fine German Bibles in 1477 and 1480, and numerous stories and chronicles, many of which were illustrated with woodcuts. He used also many woodcut capitals. It is probable that he died in 1492, as some copies of his Leben der heiligen Altvater of that year bear Schobsser's name instead of his, and the Nach- folgung Christi of the following year, printed in his types, is unsigned.
JOANNES GALLENSIS. Summa coUationum sive Communiloquium.
1475.
a*. [C]Vm collectionis huius que potest dici summa collel|ctionum siue comuniloquiu sint septem partes ... 1 88*. Colophon : Vigore motoris pmi immobilis : nulla magni- tudine habentis || explicit Galensis summa venustissima atcj lepidissima : suma || coUectionu alio nomie siue comuniloquiu vocitata. dogmatu 1| varios microcosmi gradus ac stat' respicientium coplexiua. || Ab Anthonio Sorg opidanu augustensej : ob dei gloriam : || amplioremtj ecclesie fructificatoj artificialiter effigiata. Le||gis gratie anno .M.CCCClxxv. || Laus summo pncipi : eiuscj glbse genitricL ao5^ End : Explicit Registrum.
Folio. [a"+ib-P0g-m8i0n"o-t"-8v8+i; *io**^] 206 leaves, the first and last blank. 38 lines and head-line. 194 (205) x 119 mm. Type i (Gothic 103 mm.). Hain *7442. Proctor 1644.
The first dated book of Sorg's with woodcut capitals. In the other three books dated 1475 spaces are left for capitals to be added by hand.
298 X 205 mm. Some of the capitals are coloured. On 2* is the note : Ex bibliotheca eccHse collegiatae S. Nicolaj Hombergesis. [96
AUGSBURG 49
BONAVENTURA. Speculum Beatae Mariae. 29 February, 1476.
2\ Incipit Speculum beate Marie virginis : {| compilatum ab humili fratre Bonauentura. 49*. Colophon : Deuotissimi ac prestantissimi doctoris fratris Bonaueture / tra||ctatus super gaudiosa ambasiata: per archangelu Gabriele / ad || excellentissimam atcp glorio- sissima virginem Maria annunciata || Speculum marie vocitatus: explicit feliciter. Non quidem cyro||graphatus /sed p fidedignum viru Anthonium Sorg conciuem || Augustensem ^diligenter impressus. Anno salutifere incarnal|tionis xpi .M. CCCC. Ixxvj. pridie Kalendis marcijs.
Folio. [a-e'°.] 50 leaves, the first and last blank. Number of lines irregular, 3*: 40 lines. 204 X 130 mm. Type i (Gothic 103 mm.). Hain *3566. Proctor 1645.
With woodcut capitals.
279 x191mm. Rubricated. [97
JOHANN SCHOENSPERGER
JoHANN ScHOENSPERGER the elder began his long career as a printer with a Regimen sanitatis in German, completed on i September, 1481, and a Historic von den sieben weisen Meistern followed during the same month. He continued busily at work throughout the rest of the century, publishing about one hundred and thirty incunabula, almost all of them in German, and very many of them with woodcuts, among them being the German Bible of 1487. In the 1 6th century Schoensperger's most notable book was Theuerdanck, Melchior Pfintzing's poem devoted to the exploits of the Emperor Maximilian, printed by Schoensperger at Augsburg, but published at Nuremberg, in 151 7. His last book was a New Testament printed in 1523, and he died in the same year, after having been at work for more than forty years.
JACOBUS DE THERAMO. Belial. 11 October, 1487.
i». Title (woodcut): Der Teutsch Belial. 8a» 1. 11. Colophon : C Processus iudi- ciarius belial intitulatus de latino in vulUgarem stilum mirifice tranHatus. opus in q8 egregiu coHmendandumcj finit fautissime. || C Hye endet sich das buch Belial genant von des gerichtz || ordnung. ein hochberumt vnd lobsams werck. Das hatt || gedruckt Hanns sch6nsperger in der keyserliche stat Aug||spurg vnd vollendt am dornstag nechst vor Galli. Nach 1| cristi gepurt M. cccc. vnd .Ixxxvij. jar. [Woodcut]
Folio, a^b-m'n^ 82 leaves. 33 lines. 198 x131mm. Type i (Gothic 120 mm.). Proctor 1766.
With one full-page woodcut of the Fall of the Angels into Hell-mouth, and thirty-six smaller cuts (128x75 mm.), including some repeats, illustrating the text, which describes a suit at law between Satan and Christ (see No. 91). With one lily of the valley capital and many smaller ones.
278 X 197 mm. The woodcuts and larger capital coloured. [98
NUREMBERG. Reformation der Stadt NQrnberg. 1488.
2^ [Woodcut.] 3». In diser nachuolgen||den tafel oder register || werden begriffen die Tittel vnd |i uberschrifft. der gesetze. der neiien || Reformacion der stat Nureberg ||
G
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50 GERMANY
Nach crist geburt Tausent vier'-||hundert vnd in dem neunundsi^^Hbentzigsten iare fUrge- nomen. 2a^ Diss ist die Reformal|cion der Statut vnd gesetze. die || ein erber Rate der Stat Nurem«||berg. vmb gemains nutzes. not#l|durfft. vnnd vrsachen willen ... So ist In dem name || des allmechtigen. durch einen er«||bem Rate zu Nuremberg verlas||sen. angeben vnd beuolhen. die sel|lben Reformacio zedrucke. Nach |1 der geburt cristi Tausent vierhu?||dert vnd in dem .Ixxxviii. iare. Io6^ 1. 25. End: In diser sach also helffe mir || der war gott Adonay vnnd nit || anders.
Folio. A* B* C* ; a^ b-o^ 108 leaves, i, 107, 108 blank. 2 columns. 41 lines. 198 X 138 mm. Types 2, 3 (Gothic 96, 140 mm.). Hain 13717. Proctor 177a.
A reprint of Koberger's edition of 1484, also in this collection ; with -a free copy of the frontispiece attributed to Wolgemuth, and a woodcut capital on 23^
279x191 mm. Rubricated, and with the woodcut and printed capital coloured. [99
SCHEDEL, Hartmann. Liber chronicarum. i February, 1497.
1*. REgistrum huius || operis libri cronica^j || cum figuris et yma^^jlginibus ab inicio mul|di vs(5 nuc temporis. 27*. TITLE: Liber cronicarum || cum figuris et yma^||ginibus ab inicio mu||di vscj nuc temporis. 365*. COLOPHON : Finit hie feliciter liber Cronicarum cum II figuris t imaginib' ab initio mudi vs\\c^ nunc teporis Impressum ac finituj || in vigilia purificatiois Marie in impjliali vrbe Augusta a lohanne Schenjjsperger. Anno ab incarnatiSe domini || M. cccc. xcvii.
Folio. [*-***]« [****]» ; a« b-e* f g» h* i« k^ 1* m« n^ o p« q* r-v« x* y z A-Z AA-MM* NN*00*. s^^ leaves, 26 and ^66 blank. 3 columns. 50-54 lines. 219-234x145 mm. Types 4, 5, 9 (Gothic 150, 300, 87 mm.). Hain 14509. Proctor 1786.
A reprint of Koberger's edition of 1493 with a smaller page and reduced copies of the woodcuts. These are used even more profusely than in the Nuremberg edition, there being in all, including repeats, nearly 2,200 here as against 1,809 ^^ the original. But the number of different blocks is probably fewer rather than greater.
312x206 mm. Rubricated, and with the woodcuts carefully coloured. The Register is bound at the end. [100
CHRISTMANN HEYNY
Some years after the death of Gunther Zainer, Christmann Heyny is found in possession of his 1 1 8 type and some of his woodcut capitals. With these he printed a Manipulus Curatorum and Biichlein von der Ehe in 148 1 (the former misdated ten years earlier), and in 1482 the Guillermus catalogued below, besides perhaps some other books doubtfully attributed to Zainer himself.
GUILLERMUS. Postilla. 1482.
[2". Woodcut.] 3», Vltam bonam t exitum beatum Ego || frater Guillerin' sacre theologie p#||fessor minim^ parisius educat'. Sa«||croJj euangeliojj ac epl'aij de tpe. die'|| bus dnicis t Sanctis, etia sup pne a^ljpostolo:;:. marti^. ?fesso:j. •^ginu et || p defunctis. expositioes in vnu colli'ljgere volumen minus exptis clericis ac incipientibus || pdicatoribD
AUGSBURG 51
pnecessariu fore iudicaui . . . 268'', Colophon : Explicit postilla sup Euangelia dnicalia t b Sanctis || P sensum Iralem collecta. Anno .M.cccc. Ixxxij.
Folio. [ai2 b_z A B'" C"+» D«.] 269 leaves, the first and last blank, 3-268 numbered i-cclxvj. ^^ lines and head-line. 195 (aoi)x 1240101. Type i (Gothic 118 mm.). Hain *826o.
280 X 194 mm. Wanting the woodcut and leaves numbered 225, 226. On I* is the inscription ' Weyhenstene '. [101
JOHANN FROSCHAUER
The entries in Panzer and Hain of an edition by Froschauer of the Elegantiae minores of Agostino Dati dated 1481, and an Obiectiones in dicta Talmud of 1482, were derived from the humorous catalogue of the Lilienfeld Charterhouse, and are as apocryphal as the dozen impossibly early books ascribed to Martin Flach at Strassburg, and other ' ghosts ' now traced to the same source. The earliest precisely dated book from Froschauer's press is a Buchlein von der Liebe Gottes finished ' Sambstag vor Liechtmessen ', Saturday before Candle- mas, I Feb., 1494. He became an active printer of small Latin books, of which he turned out upwards of seventy by the end of the century.
I U RARE. De lurare et Blasphemare. 1499.
I*. TITLE: De iurare t blasphemare 1| De sabbati sanctificatione. De parentum t \\ honoratione t inhonoratione. De hono^l|ris detractione. De magno mendacij vicio || Ac de peccato^ grauitate libellulus egregi^ || fructiferuscj ac salubris. 7''. COLOPHON : C Anno salutifere mellifluecg ac felicissime natiuitatis || dni nostri ihesu xpi. M. CCCC. xcix. Id opusculi magno || cum studio t fideli diligentia ac mira arte per lohanne || Froschauer in famosa impialicj ciuitate Augusta im«||pressum est. Pro qua huius presentis t egregij t electissii=l|mi libelluli laudabili t mirifica impressione vni t trino 1| laus honor sit t gloria ac gratiaru actio ... 8*. End : . . . Conuertat diis yultu || suum ad me. « det mihi pacem. Amen.
Quarto, a b*. 8 leaves. 31 lines. 143 x 90 mm. Types 3, 4 (Gothic 92, 130 mm.). Hain *9475. Proctor 1831.
Dr. Copinger cites as in a private library an edition of this book, of which Hain had also heard, with the date ending with a v instead of an x. In all other respects the passages quoted agree so exactly with this edition that it seems probable that this also is a ' ghost', raised by manipulating or misreading the date. As this copy is lettered on its binding 1494, it may be the one from which the error started.
190 x130 mm. Rubricated. [102
ERHARD RATDOLT
On his return from Venice in i486 at the invitation of the Bishop of Augsburg, Erhard Ratdolt printed a magnificent type-sheet to display his various founts, and during the next twenty years was the chief liturgical printer
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in Germany, printing a series of fine service books of all sorts, in a few of which he used printing in various colours for the illustrations. Besides this liturgical work he continued printing the astronomical and mathematical books in which he was personally interested, and a few miscellaneous works. By the end of the century he had printed some ninety books, and he continued at work until about 1507. He lived for some twenty years after this, his name continuing on the Augsburg tax-book until 1527, by which time he must have been a very old man.
MISSAE. Missae speciales. [About 1490.]
i». Title: Speciales misse. 77*. COLOPHON : Expliciunt misse speciales Im||presse Auguste per Erhardum || ratdolt. IOI^ End : . . . (red initial) Seculorum seculis epulemur sedulis veri||tatis azimis.
Folio. [*'*]ab*c*+M e^f-i*; aa-cc^ loi leaves, 9-101 numbered I-XCIII. 41 lines. 230 X 145 mm. Types 7 (leaded), 11, and 13 (Gothic 240 and small and large face iia mm.). Hain 11 249.
With woodcut capitals printed in red and black.
308x205 mm. On i* is the inscription ' B. Marise in Salem' and the sale-duplicate stamp of the Heidelberg University Library. [103
MISSALE CONSTANTIENSE. [After 8 May, 1504.]
%^. [Woodcut ?] 3'. HVgo de Landenberg dei et apfice sedis gratia || episcopus Constan. vniuersis et singulis ecclcHsiaru Prelatis: Canonicis: Rectoribus: Pleba'||nis: Viceplebanis: Vicarijs ppetuis: Altaristis. || Ceteris^ presbyteris et clericis per ciuitates et || diocep nostras vbilet costitutis. Salutem in || diio. Cum iuxta conciliu Toletanu : omnes cle||rici vnu eunde<5 modu in diuinis officijs tencHre debeat . . . certos missales libros per clericos doctos t ho||nestos : ad hoc per nos deputatos cu omni diligentia reuideri : || et in vna consonantia redigi : f p circumspectu viru Erhardum || ratdolt ciue Augusteii : de consilio et £issensu venerabiliu diiojj || Prepositi Decani et alioi; de capitulo ecclesie nostre pfratrum || nostroij imprimi fecimus . . . Datum Constaii et ibidem in aula nostra Episcopali Anno drii II Millesimoquingentesimo quarto die vero .viij. menf. May. 300*. COLOPHON : Erhardi Ratdolt felicia conspice signa Testata artificem qua valet ipse manum. [Device in red and black.]
Folio. [*"] [**p ; a-q« r« [s t«] V A-K^ a-dK* F«. 300 leaves, i and 16 blank, 17-166, 175-253 numbered I-CL, CLIX-CCXXXVII ; 255-299, I-XLV. 40 lines and numeration, 255 (270) x 164 mm.; in the Canon 23 lines, 256x166 mm. Types: Gothic 223, large and small face 129 mm.
Printed in red and black. With musical notes. The Canon on vellum. Woodcut capitals in red and black. Full-page woodcuts of the Crucifixion and roundel of the Lamb and Flag. A smaller edition (type-page 229 x 145 mm.), with the same prefatory letter, was completed by Ratdolt 24 April, 1504.
332 X 228 mm. Wanting the first two leaves and quire s. On 3* is written ' Ffum in Salem '. Early pigskin binding. [104
NUREMBERG
Printing was introduced into Nuremberg by Johann Sensenschmidt, who had as his partner in 1473, and probably before this, Heinrich Kefer, who has
NUREMBERG 53
been identified with one of Gutenberg's workmen. Two books were printed and dated in 1470, the Comestorium vitiorum of Franciscus de Retza, and the De spiritualibus nuptiis of Gerson, P'rom 1472 onwards the activity of Anton Koberger overshadowed that of all the other Nuremberg printers, his most serious rival, Friedrich Creusner, only producing about a hundred books as against over two hundred and fifty with which Koberger must be credited. The total number of registered incunabula printed at Nuremberg is about six hundred, almost exclusively in Latin, and with a high proportion of very large books. Editions of the great Pantheologia of Rainerius de Pisis in two large folios were printed by Sensenschmidt and Kefer in 1473, and by Koberger in 1474 and 1477 ; for some years large Latin Bibles succeeded each other at intervals of a few months, and there was much printing of the works of the Schoolmen and the great legal commentaries. Illustrated books are rare until the last decade of the century, when some very important ones were published.
JOHANN SENSENSCHMIDT AND HEINRICH KEFER
[First printers)
Sensenschmidt's name is first found in a colophon in the Margarita Poetica of Albertus de Eyb dated 2 December, 1472, completed, we are told, ' per industriosum impressorie artis Magistrum lohannem Sensenschmid ciuem Nurm- bergensem cuius diligentiam imprimendi corrigendique opus ipsum optima manifestat.' Four months later (18 April, 1473), in the huge Pantheologia of Rainerius de Pisis, we find his name linked with that of Heinrich Kefer of Mainz (as to whom see note to No. 2), the colophon here reading ' per industriosos impressorie artis Magistros lohannem Sensenschmid de Egra et Henricum Kefer de Maguntia Nurmberge vrbis clues'. While the partnership may possibly have been confined to this one book, it is more probable that Sensen- schmidt and Kefer set up together in or before 1470, and that Sensenschmidt broke away while the great Pantheologia was in progress and put his name in the Margarita Poetica to mark his independence. All the four books here catalogued belong to the earliest stage of the press, the first three belonging certainly to 1470, and the Flores Bernardi either to that or the following year. After printing, alone or in partnership with Kefer, upwards of twenty books ending with the Pantheologia, Sensenschmidt published nothing for a year and then reappears with a new partner.
RETZA, Franciscus de. Comestorium viciorum. 1470.
I*. [VJOluntas siue super*||bia assimilatur plu||ribus rebus... 285^ COLOPHON : Hie Codex egregius Comestorij viciorum || Sacre theologie professoris eximij Franci^l|sci de Retza ordinis predicatorum finit fejlliciter. Nuremberge Anno k. Ixx". patro!>||naij
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formaiiLg cocordia et flporcoe impssu'. a86». (Table) : Notandum aut q> in hac tabula prim^ nu||merus signat numejf folioru . . . aQo''. End: Explicit tabula in opus precedens.
Folio. [ai»bi2ci'>de8f-o"pi2q-si»t^2v_2io,8A_DWEi2.] 292 leaves, 98, 150, 192, 233. 291, 392 blank, a columns. 49 lines. 279 x200 mm. Type i (Gothic 114 mm.). Hain *i3884. Proctor 1942.
Probably the first book printed at Nuremberg. A strong reason for assigning it to Sensenschmidt and Refer in partnership rather than to the former alone, and also for regarding it as the first production of the press, is the phrase ' patronarum formarum concordia et proportione impressus ' in its colophon, the words being taken from that to the Catholicon of Balbus printed at Mainz in 1460, anonymously, but almost certainly by Gutenberg, Kefer's old master. A note in the copy of this book in the John Rylands Library, formerly in the Charterhouse at Nuremberg, reads : Hunc librum propinauit nobis Henri cus Rumel cum suis impressoribus, eo quod plures libros ex liberaria nostra eis accomodauerimus anno Domini 1472.
From this we learn that, at any rate in 1472, the printers were working for Henricus Rumel, probably a brother of the Nuremberg lawyer Andreas Rumel (see No. 114). A copy of the book had been sold the previous year for 8| gold florins.
396 x275 mm. Rubricated. From the Charterhouse of Buxheim with the coloured ex-libris of Hilprandus Brandenburg and commemorative inscription : Liber Cartusieii. In Buchshaim ^e Memingen pueniens, a ?fre nfo dno hilprando Brandenbg de Bibraco, Donato sacdote ptines Sumam fre francisci de Retza, Comestoriu vicioJj: dctam Ore! p eo, et p quib^ desiderauit. [105
GERSON, Joannes. De trahendis paruulis ad Christum. [i470-]
I*. Incipit. Tractatu'. Magistri. lohanis. Gersoii. De trahend |1 Ad cristum paruulis sub quatuor consideracionibus. io». Colophon : Explicit tractatus Magistri iohannis De gersona de trahenjldis ad xpm paruulis feliciter Nuremberge •'.• \\ .DEO. GRACIAS.
Folio, [a".] 10 leaves. 37 lines. 208x129 mm. Type i (Gothic 1 14 mm.). Hain ♦7710. Proctor 1955.
This book and the Aureola are linked to the Comestorium viciorum by the use of paper with the same watermark and by the position of the pinholes, used in very early books to keep the paper in position, in the inner margins.
241 x 179 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, with the rubricator's date ' 1472 ' placed below the colophon. [106
HIERONYMUS. Aureola. [1470.]
I*. Incipit. Aureola, feliciter. Ex suauissimis salutiferiscj floribD 1| Gloriosi confessoris atcj doctoris. Iheronimi ad fabre ptexta. 38". 1. 34. END OF TEXT : cuncta secula seculo:; Amen. 38\ [I]Ncipiunt capitula Regule a bto hieronimo edite pulcerrime. Ibid. End : De Penitencia hominis et misericordia dei. xxx.
Folio, [a b" c^'>+'^ d^] 40 leaves, the last two blank, ^y lines. 305 x213 mm. Type I (Gothic 114 mm.). Hain *8585. Proctor 1956.
242 X 1 79 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. [107
X
NUREMBERG 55
BERNARDUS. Flores beati Bernard!. [1470-71.]
2». Par est in uerbis odoriferis hoc || opus herbis. Nepe gerit flores 1| Bernhardi nobiliores •:• 153'. COLOPHON : Expliciut exceptones coUecte || de diuersis opusculis beati bern<;||hardi egregij abbatis clareualle||sis. Versus. Fragt bfihard' sacer || in dictis qsi nardus : E quib' hie || tract^ lib est in scripta redact^ 155*. (Table) : [I]ncipiut Capitula pmi libri . . . 158''. End : Expliciut capitula libri decimi.
Folio, [ab^c^d^; e-i^k^l"; m-q"r*s*.] 162 leaves, i, 34, 97, 98, 153, 154, 159- 162 blank. 2 columns. 40 lines. 226 x154 mm. Type i (Gothic 114 mm.). Hain *2925. Proctor 1949.
329x228 mm. Rubricated. With inscription on 2*: Ad conventum Fratrum Franciscanorum Kelhamij. . . . [108
ANTON KOBERGER
KoBERGER began his long and very successful career by printing a group of four small folios, of which one, the Disciplinarum Platonis Epitome of Alcinous, is dated 24 November, 1472. He began work in earnest the next year with a fine Latin and German edition of Boethius De Consolatione Philosophiae, and for the next eight or nine years poured forth a stream of huge books, including the Summa of Antoninus, two editions of the Pantheologia of Rainerius de Pisis, numerous Latin Bibles and the Rationale of Duranti. After this the large folios were more often alternated with smaller ones, but his output continued very large, and when he died in 1504 he had printed on his twenty-four presses upwards of two hundred and fifty editions, besides com- missioning books from other printers, such as Adolf Rusch of Strassburg and Amerbach of Basel. In sheer bulk of production no other 15th century printer- publisher approaches him. Most of his books were in Latin, but in 1483 he issued a German Bible with the woodcuts of the undated Cologne edition assigned to Quentell, and later on leapt into the first place as a printer of illustrated books by employing Michael Wolgemuth to illustrate the Schatzbehalter of 1491 and Chronicle of 1493.
NUREMBERG. Reformation der Stadt NOrnberg. 5 June, 1484.
i''. [Woodcut.] 2'. In diser nachuolgenden Tafel || oder Register, werde begrifife die || Titel vnd vberschrift. der gesetze. |1 der Newe Reformacion der Stat || Nureberg Nach crist gepurt Tau||sent vierhundert Vnd in de newn H vnd sibentzigste lare furgenome. a7^ Di§ ist die Reformacion der Sta-||tut vnd gesetze. die ein erber Rate der Stat Nuremberg || vmb gemeins nutzes notdurft. vnd vrsachen willen ... So ist In dem na^^Hmen des Allmechtigen. durch einen erberen Rate zu Nurem||berg verlassen. angeben vnd beuolhen dieselben Reformaci||on zedrucken. die dann s611ichem beuelh nach. durch Antho«|| nien koberger mit fleiP gedruckt. vnd volledet worden ist. An || de heiligen pfingstabend. Nach der gepurt Cristi Tausent {| vierhundert vnd In dem viervndachtzigisten lare. 313''. End : ... In diser sach also helff mir der war gott Adonay || vnd nit anders.
Folio. [♦,***, ***i" ; ab*c*d-z*t^] 214 leaves, the last blank. 34 lines. 204 x no mm. Types 10, 11 (Gothic i30, 170 mm.). Hain *i37i6. Proctor 2039.
With a woodcut frontispiece of S. Sebaldus and S. Laurence and three coats
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of arms, considered by Mr. Campbell Dodgson to be the work of Michael Wolgemuth.
290 X 202 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, and with an illuminated capital on 28* and the woodcut coloured. [109
SCHEDEL, Hartmann. Liber chronicarum. 12 July, 1493.
i». (woodcut): [R]Egistrum \\ huius ope<:||ris libri cro«||nicarum I| cu figuris et ymagl^ljbus ab inicio mundi : 320^ Colophon: [A]Dest nunc studiose lector finis libri Cronicarum per || viam epithomatis i breuiarii compilati opus 4dem || preclarum. t a doctissimo quocj comparandum. Continet || em gesta. quecucj digniora sunt notatu ab initio mudi ad || banc vscj teporis nostri calamitatem. Castigatucj a viris || doctissimis vt magis elaboratum in lucem prodiret. Ad in||tuitu autem t preces prouidoru ciuiu Sebaldi Schreyer || t Sebastiani kamermaister hunc librum dominus Antho||nius koberger Nurem- berge impressit. Adhibitis tame vi||ris mathematicis pingenditj arte peritissimis. Michaele || wolgemut et wilhelmo Pleydenwurff. quaru solerti acu-||ratissimac5 animaduersione turn ciuitatum tum illustrium || virorum figure inserte sunt. Consummatu autem duodeci-||ma mensis lulii. Anno salutis nre. 1493. 321*. De Sarmacia regione Europe. 325^. Ad deum optimu maximu de his que mirabilia gessit pro iustissi||mo l excelso Maximiliano rege romanorum. Ibid. col. 2. End : Laus deo.
Folio. [*, **" ***» ; a« b-d* e-h« i^ k* l-n« o^ p q^ r-y* z aa-cc« dd^ ee« ff* gg-ii" kk^ 11* mm-zz A-K" L'^"^ M".] 326 leaves, 21-319 numbered I-CCXCIX. Leaf 326 and those numbered 259-261 blank. 64 lines. Types 9, 16 (Gothic 160, 110 mm.). Hain *t45o8. Proctor 2084.
Illustrated, according to the reckoning of Mr. Sydney Cockerell (' Some German Woodcuts of the Fifteenth Century'), with 1809 woodcuts printed from 645 different blocks. The chief repetitions are in the use of 22 blocks for 69 cities and countries; three of monasteries for 23 ; two of Papal Synods for 22 ; 24 of Emperors for 102 ; 44 of Kings for 270; 28 of Popes for 226; 21 of Bishops for 86 ; and 66 of various men for 368. The strength of the book artistically rests on the four full-page religious cuts (representing the Creator, Christ and his Apostles, the Expulsion of Antichrist, and the Last Judgement), and the 31 double-page cuts of the German Emperor and his Electors, the Electorates, North Europe, the Ancient World, the Destruction of Jerusalem, and twenty-six different cities, some of which are very carefully represented. Michael Wolgemuth, who with the help of his stepson Wilhelm Pleydenwurff and the workmen in his employ designed and executed the woodcuts, was born at Nuremberg in 1434. He had already illustrated the Schatzbehalter of 1491 for Koberger and had probably also designed the frontispiece to the Newe Reformacion der Stat Nuremberg of 1484.
452 X 300 mm. Rubricated, with painted capitals at the beginning of the table and text. On the title in a large hand, harmonizing with the woodcut letters, is written, 'petinet monasterio frm see crucis in namurco Seruati benedicio. 1496.' [HO
NUREMBERG 57
FRIEDRICH CREUSSNER
Creussner, of whose life nothing is known, is credited with having issued an edition of the vernacular tract of Albertus de Eyb, ' Ob einem Manne sei zu nehmen ein eheliches Weib', in 1472, and three books in the following year. While Koberger was producing a series of great Latin folios Creussner contented himself with small folios and quartos, printing for the most part popular Latin works, with a few in German. His dated books cover the period 1472-97, and during this time he produced rather over a hundred editions.
ATTESTATIO. Radicalis attestatio fidei orthodoxae. 1477.
2». Radicalis attestatio fidei orthodoxe | fundata in rationis natu]|rali lumle | de informi pKoij & poetai; fide ] contra iudeos genjltiles & infideles ceteros Incipit opusculum breue feliciter. 8y^. COLOPHON : Opusculum insigne de philosophorum informi fide, radicatu |] in lumine natural! contra infideles. iudeos & paganos. finit || feliciter. Laus Deo Clemen- tissimo. Ill Impressum per Fridericum Creugner de Nurmberga. Anno || domini. Millesimo. CCCC. LXXVij.
Folio. [a-H"'* g-i' k".] 88 leaves, first and last blank. 35 lines. 268 x194 mm. Type I (Gothic no mm.). Hain *i9o8. Proctor 3138.
267 X 193 mm. Rubricated. Bound with Henricus de Gorinchem de superstitiosis quibusdam casibus (Esslingen, Conrad Fyner, No. 125). On 87^ is the note : Liber iste est puentus bte Marie vginis ordinis frm pdicatoiji In wieiia austrie. [Ill
BURLEY, Walter. De vita et moribus philosophorum. 30 June, 1479.
3'. Incipit tabula Pm ordinem alphabeti in vitas philosophoijL ... 7*. Incipit libell^ d vita et moribj philosopho)^ et poetajj;. 76''. CoLOPHON : Anno domini Millesimoquadrl- gentesimoseptuagesimonono. || vltima vero die lunii. Opusculu (philosophorum vita) insi^llgne ob legentium profectum editum. Friderici Creu^ners ci*||nis indite Nurm- bergensium vrbis industria fabrefactum fidei^Hliter^ impressum finit feliciter. Laus deo clementissimo.
Folio. [a*b-i*k*.] 76 leaves, the first blank. 35 lines. Type i (Gothic 110 mm.). Hain *4 134. Proctor 3145.
Two editions of this work had already been printed at Nuremberg by Koberger. Its author, a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford (b. 1275, d. 1345 ?), is credited with having written 130 different treatises on Aristotle, but these anecdotal lives of some six score poets and philosophers were by far his most popular work, and were translated into both German and Italian. An Italian lawyer, Antonius a Sala, is said to have caused them to be reprinted in 1603 as his own work.
292 X 209 mm. Rubricated, with the exception of a few pages at the end. [112
LOCH MAI ER, Michael. Parochiale curatorum. [About 1497.]
1'. Title: Prestantissimi sacre theologie. necn5 iuris || pontificij doctoris et artium magistri. ac ec||clesie Patauiesis canonici dni Michaelis || lochmaier parrochiale curatorum
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feliciter || incipit. i64». 1. 31. END: ... mercede ppetua oib' fidelK||ter I vinea sua laboratib' largire dignet tpe optuno. Amen.
Quarto. A^ B* ; a b» c* d-t^ 164 leaves. 33 lines. Types 3, 4, 5 (Gothic 108, 87, 136 mm.). Hain *ioi67. Proctor 2189.
The only dated book in the British Museum in which Creussner used his fifth (and last) type is the Latinum idioma of Niavis, printed in 1497. This book is thus among the latest from Creussner's press. On 15* before the beginning of the text (leaves 2-14 contain a table), is a half-title ' Tractatus Inparrochiale Curatoij', bearing a fine woodcut of the Virgin and Child in glory and Lochmaier in his pulpit, exclaiming ' Hec est stella maris '. The author, Michael Lochmaier, from 1471 to 1488 studied and taught at the University of Vienna, belonging to the Rhenish ' Nation '. He was afterwards Chancellor of the Cathedral at Passau.
187 x139 mm. [113
SENSENSCHMIDT AND FRISNER
A YEAR and a week after the completion of the Pantheologia of Rainerlus de Pisis in partnership with Heinrich Kefer, Sensenschmidt produced (15 April, 1474) an edition of the Quodlibets of Thomas Aquinas, in which with his own name as ' impressorie artis magister ' is coupled that of Andreas Frisner of Bunsiedel or Wunsiedel, characterized as ' imprimendorum librorum corrector '. The partnership (which seems to have been financed by the jurisconsult Andreas Rumel, or perhaps by his kinsman Heinrich) lasted until, or after, 18 February, 1478, and produced some twenty books, including two Latin and one German Bible and several lawbooks. Sensenschmidt is next heard of at Bamberg, where he printed an ordinance of the Burgermeister and Rath, of 7 December, 1478, as to a shooting competition. From 1482 to 1491 he worked at Bamberg with Heinrich Petzensteiner as his partner, breaking off temporarily in 1485 to print a missal at Ratisbon. His place in the partnership with Petzensteiner was taken in 1492 by Laurentius Sensenschmidt, presumably his son.
JUSTINIANUS. Codex. 24 June, 1475.
2*. (Table in red and black) : libro H ix Abigeis || titulo || xxxvij ... 4''. par. 2 : Epifitola II Andreas Rumel Nurembergesis. vtriuscp iuris doctor / Magistro loanni Senseschmid Impssori Salutej ... 5'. (text, red) : In *nomine domini nostri || lesu christi. Codicis doi^llmini ''lustiniani "sacratisi^llsimi principis ''ppetui Au«||gusti' 'repetit? pr?- lectionis || Incipit constitutio prima || de ^nouo codice faciedo Ru||brica. 406''. COLOPHON (red): Codicis domini lustiniani pncipis sactissimi repetit? pr^^JJIlectiSis liber nonus explicit feliciter ; ||| Deo gratias. ||| Anno domini Millesimo quadringetesimoseptuagesimo || quinto die vicesimoqrto lunij. Sub imperio diui Frederici || principis inuictissimi anno imperii eius vicesimoquarto || Insculptu e K opus I Nuremberga oppido Germani? c?«||lebratissimo lussu Andre? frisner Bunsidelensis t Ioan<;||nis senseschmid ciuis Nurembergesis. [Device.]
Folio. [** a-z A-Q" R**.] 406 leaves, the first blank. 2 columns. Types 3, 4 (Gothic 120-112, 98-99 mm., with index letters in very small type). Hain *9599. Proctor 2198.
With ten interesting column cuts, the first Nuremberg book-illustrations.
NUREMBERG 59
Of this work the printers issued a broadside advertisement of which the unique copy is in the British Museum.
410 x287 mm. The woodcuts are carefully coloured. 1 6th century brown leather binding with the stamp of the Archiepiscopal library at Magdeburg. On 2* are the printed stamps of the University ' Zvifalii ' and the Academia Halensis (sale duplicate). [114
CONRAD ZENINGER
Panzer quotes an edition of the Vocabularius Latinoteutonicus as issued by Zeninger in 1479. His first authenticated book is a Vocabularius Ex Quo completed on Christmas-eve, 1480. During 1481-82 he printed about ten small books, and as many more have been attributed to him during the next few years, among others two editions of a German cookery book. Mr. Proctor hesitatingly ascribed to him a 'Versehung von Leib Seele Ehre und Gut' of 1489, but this was more probably printed by Peter Wagner. There is no evidence for Zeninger having worked after 1482.
TRACTATUS DE TURCIS. 1481.
2». Incipit tractatus quida de Turcis put ad psens || ecclesia sancta ab eis affligit. coUectus diligeti dis||cussione scripturaru a qbusda fratrib^ ordinis pdi||catorum q etia B trib' pncipalit tractat. Primo de || autenticatone scriptural^ loquetiu de pnti afflictoe || eccleaie, ScBo de culpis et causis hui' afflictionis 1| Terco de eius duratoe t termio qntu videlicj tpis II ecclesia ab eis affligetur. || 23^ COLOPHON : Explicit tractat' collect' aiio diii .M. cccc. Ixxiiij. || a quibusda fratribus ordinis pdicatojj : de presenti || afflictione ecclesie : illata a turcis: declarans p aute||tica3 scpturas quomo ipsa sit presignata. et {pter || que peccata christianorum sit inflicta. et quando sit || finienda. Impressus ano dni .M. cccc. Ixxxi. nure#||berge per conradum zeninger.
Quarto, a-c^. 24 leaves, the first and last blank. 32 lines. 151 x 81 (with marginalia 100) mm. Type 1 (Gothic 94 mm.). Hain *i568i. Proctor 2229.
The publication of this book in 1481 may have been inspired by the successful defence of Rhodes against the Turks in the previous year, one of the temporary set-backs to Turkish encroachments,
194 x137 mm. Rubricated. [116
SPEIER
Speier lies on the Rhine between Mainz and Strassburg, the two earliest centres of printing, and some surprise has been expressed that it should not itself have owned a press until 147 1, more especially as it was by a native of Speier, Johannes de Spira as he calls himself in his Latin colophons, and his brother Vindelinus, that the art had been introduced into Venice in 1469. It is obvious, however, that wherever he learnt the art the prospect of being the
H 2
^
6o GERMANY
first printer at Venice (more especially with the promise of a five-year monopoly) must have been far more attractive to John of Speier than any advantages offered by his native city. Speier never attained any distinction as a centre of printing. Its two earliest presses, those named after the edition of the Postilla scolastica super apocalypsin et cantica canticorum of 1471, and an undated Gesta Christi, have remained anonymous, and apparently were only at work for a few years, the first only printing six, and the second only fourteen books as yet registered. Peter Drach, who reintroduced printing into Speier in 1477, was a much more active printer, he and his son producing about a hundred incunabula, but they never rose to any distinction for artistic work, while the Latin books which poured from the press were little more than a selection from those published at Strassburg and Nuremberg, and showed no individuality. The younger Drach had as rivals Johann and Conrad Hist, who during their partnership printed numerous editions of small popular books, chiefly in Latin, but a few in German and some with woodcuts. The Hists used one of the * typi Reyseriani ', and the Liber in laudem Mariae Virginia, here assigned to them on the evidence of its woodcut, has been ascribed to Michael Reyser at Eichstatt. From 1492 Conrad Hist worked by himself, printing a good many small quartos for Wimpheling, one of the earliest of the German scholars of the Renaissance, who at this time was living at Speier. Altogether some two hundred incunabula are known to have been printed at this city.
PRINTER OF THE GESTA CHRISTI
Of some fourteen books attributed to this anonymous press the Con- templationes of Turrecremata of 1472, of which a copy is described below, is the only one which bears a date. The Henricus Ariminensis De quattuor virtutibus is stated in its colophon to have been 'arte impressoria Spire arti- ficiose effigiatus', and either this or the Turrecremata would thus have furnished a better name for the anonymous press than the edition of the Gesta Christi, a book of only a dozen leaves without either date or place. All the books of this printer are in the same round half-Roman type, and he is noted for having almost from the first used printed signatures, which are supposed to have been introduced by Johann Koelhoff at Cologne in an edition of the Praeceptorium of Johann Nider dated at Cologne, without mention of the month, in the same year in the December of which the Contemplationes of Turrecremata appeared at Speier.
TURRECREMATA, Johannes de. Contemplationes siue Meditationes.
24 December, 1472.
i». Contemplaciones deuotis#l|sime per reuerendissimu dnm |1 dnm loKem de turre cremata 1| cardinale quonb sancti Sixti || edite at^ in parietibus drcu||itus Marie minerue ne dum || littera:;: caracterib^ veij ecia || ymaginum figuris ornatissime || descripte atcj depicte Icipiut || felidter Anno salutis milIesi#^||moquadringentesimoseptua<^||gesimosecundo die vero vigejlsima qfta mesis decembris sejldente Sixto quarto ponti*||fice maximo.
SPEIER 6i
le"". Colophon : Contemplacoes deuotissel p || reiiendissimQ dnm dnm IoKe3 1| de fre cremata cardinale quon|lda sci sixti edite atcj in parie*|itib' circuitus marie minerue || nedu Ifai;: caracterib' vojl eci||am ymaginQ figuris ornatissie || descripte atcj depicte felicil'r || finiut Anno salutis .M. cccc.||lxxii. die fo vigesima qrta me||sis decembris sedente Sixto [j quarta pontifice magno tc.
Folio, ab*. i6 leaves. 2 columns, 34 lines. 204 x135 mm. Type I (Gothic c. ISO mm.)- Hain *I5723. Proctor 2317.
The only dated book from this press. Cardinal Turrecremata's Meditationes was published with woodcuts by Ulrich Han at Rome in 1468 and reprinted several times. The wording of the colophon shows that this anonymous Speier printer followed Han's edition, though without copying his woodcuts.
298 X 191 mm. From the Heber collection. [116
PETER DRACH
The earliest dated books of the elder Drach are of the year 1477, during which he produced a Vocabularius iuris (18 May), the second part of the Summa Theologica of S. Antoninus (20 August), a Fasciculus temporum (24 November), and a Wurzburg Breviary (Breviarium Herbipolense). About 1 48 1 he was succeeded by his son of the same name, who appears to have been a person of some importance at Speier, as he is called in his colophons not merely ' ciuis ' but ' vir consularis ciuitatis Spirensis '. Over a hundred books are ascribed to the Drach press, but the attributions are not always certain, as Mr. Proctor found reasons for transferring a few at first assigned to it to Eltvil, while the similarity of some of the types to those used by Johann Priiss at Strassburg is a source of much confusion. It would seem, however, that the younger Drach's gains from Priiss are much more certain than the elder's losses to Eltvil, and he was certainly the printer of the undated edition of Breydenbach's Reise ins heilige Land assigned by Proctor (158) to Reuwich. The last years of his life were embittered by serious legal troubles.
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum, 24 November, 1477.
a'. Tabula breuis et || vtilis super libello || quoda qui dr fasci||culus tepoi; % vbi || inuenitur punctus || an nueru est in pri|lmo latere, vbi vo || post in secudo late || re Incipit feliciter. ii». Fasciculus tempojj omnes antiquoi^ Cronicas 1| complectens Incipit feliciter. 74**. Colophon : Finita est hec impressura Cronice Carthusien {| que Fasciculus tempoijL dicitur. juxta primQ || suu exemplar, per me Petrum Drach Ciuem 1| Spiren Anno domini .M. cccc.lxxvij. octauo || Kalendas Decembris || [Device.]
Folio. ( 1-5!" 6-8'.) 74 leaves. 42 lines. 198 x139 mm. Types i, 2, 3 (Gothic 140, 94, 68 mm.). Hain *692i. Proctor 2329.
The phrase 'juxta primu suu exemplar' in the colophon suggests that this edition was reprinted from one of Therhoernen's, but the woodcuts (very poor ones) have slightly different subjects. The text ends with three para- graphs recording the deaths of Frederick, Duke of Bavaria, Galeazzo Sforza of Milan, and Charles the Bold (6 January, 1477).
293 X 203 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. The property of the monastery of Furstenfeld in 1647, afterwards of the Duke of Sussex. [117
N
62 GERMANY
HOLKOT, Robert. Super sapientia Salomonis. 26 February, 1483.
2*. (Table) : [A]aron quo electus t vocat' fuit . . . 20». Opus preclarissimum eximij || dni magistri roperti holkot sacre theo||logie moralissimi at3 doctissimi ,pfesso||ris ordinis fratru pdicatoij. sup sapie<;||tia salomonis. qua philo disertissimus || collegit. Contines postillam accurate || ac summa enucliatSe elaborata. Cum || singularib^ questionib^ ad oem mate#l|ria tam scolastica atcj disputabile: ^ || ad pptm pdicabile vtilissimis. Atcp so||lemnes nomodo diuinarum litteraru || verum t philosophorum atcp famoso«||sorum poetarum ad easdem materias 1| pgruenter applicatas: allegatoes. 1| Incipit feliciter. 349^ COLOPHON: Opus preclarissimum eximij 1| domini magistri roperti Hol^||kot sacre theologie moralissimi at(5 dol|ctissimi {)fessoris ordinis fratru predi||catoru sup sapientia Salomonis Per || me Petrum drach ciuem Spiren. im^jlpressuj. Anno incamatonis dominice |1 Millesimoquadrin- gentesimooctoge^llsimotertio. quarta die kaledas Marcij || finit feliciter. |{{ [Device.]
Folio. [*^<' ***] A" B-Z a-c^ d® e-q* r s* t^ 350 leaves, i, 19, and 350 blank, a columns. 48 lines and head-line. 199 (217) x 134 mm. Types i, 7, 8 (Gothic 140, 84, c. 105? mm.). Hain *8757. Proctor 2353.
Robert Holkot or Holcot (d. 1349) was an English Dominican, who has been credited with the authorship of Richard de Bury's Philobiblon, taught at Oxford, and wrote numerous treatises on theology and philosophy.
281 X 202 mm. Rubricated, with the date i486 written at the end of the table. On 2* is written: Conuentus gamn S. P. ftru praedtoru. Old stamped pigskin. [118
JOHANN AND CONRAD HIST
JoHANN and Conrad Hist probably produced between thirty and forty books in partnership, including many formerly known as printed ' typis Reyserianis '. Their edition of the Philobiblon contains the date 13 January, 1483, and was no doubt issued in that year, but not a single book from their press contains a definite date of completion. In 1492 Conrad Hist is found printing by himself, and before the end of the century he had issued upwards of forty more books.
PETRUS DAMASCENI. Liber in laudem Mariae Virginis.'
[About 1485 ?]
2». Incipit Liber di Laudibus ac festis glo^Hriose virginis matris Marie Alias mariona||le dictus. Per doctores eximios editus t \\ conpilatus. 5'. [Woodcut.] 6». Liber in laudem Marie virginis Gloriose || ex autenticis scripturis contra Apocrifa. edi*||t' t cotextus. 104''. Colophon : Explicit Petrus Damasceni de || Laudib' gloriose v-ginis Marie.
Quarto. [** ; a-c* d e* f-h* i k* 1 m^ n'^.] 104 leaves, the first blank. 33 lines. 144 x 81 mm. Hain *59i7.
With a woodcut (on metal, according to Weigel) of the Virgin and Child on ^^ facing the beginning of the text. This is taken from the edition of the Defensorium castitatis B.V.M. of Franciscus de Retza by the same printers.
197 X 131 mm. Rubricated. On 2* is the inscription : Conuentus Wimpi- nensis ordinis fratrum Prsedicatorum. In the colophon the name ' Vincencius Beluacensis d' odie pdicatoJj' has been substituted in red for that of Petrus Damasceni. [119
ESSLINGEN 63
ESSLINGEN
CONRAD FYNER
{p7ily printer)
Conrad Fyner of Gerhausen started printing at Esslingen, a Free City of the Empire, now part of the Duchy of Wurttemberg, in 1472, with a small Gothic type differing only in the E from the type 5 used by Eggestein at Strassburg some two years later. During the next six or seven years he printed there over forty books, almost all in Latin and mostly theological. In 148 1 and the following year he is found at the little town of Urach, also in Wurttemberg, where he printed some ten books. In 1483 he was back at Esslingen. After this year his name occurs in no dated book. Upwards of seventy publications from his press have been registered.
THOMAS AQUINAS. Summa secunda secundae partis. 1472,
*•• (Table) : Questio pma . . . io». (Prologue) : [P]Ost ?mue3 psideraconem || de virtutibus et vicijs et || alijs ad materiam morale || ptinentiba. necesse e consii;|| derate singula in speciali . . . a8a». 1. 48. End : . . . qui est sup omia deus benedictus in || secula. AMEN. Ill M. cccc. Ixxij. ||| Laus deo.
Folio, [*8; a-k"F+im"ni2o8p«q-y"zi''aa"bb".] 291 leaves, i and 9 blank, a columns. 58 lines. 277 x187 mm. Type i (Gothic 96-98 mm.). Hain ♦1460. Proctor 2455.
The Table is sometimes found at the beginning, sometimes at the end. In this copy it is at the beginning.
385 X 285 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, with a large capital in these colours and yellow on 10*. On i» is handsomely written in red, probably by the rubricator, the title of the book and the date 1474. Beneath this is ' Liber lohanls farer', and beneath this again the Buxheim inscription: Liber Cartusien In Buxsheim fl)e Memingen pueniens a pfratre nro diio lohe fare donato sacdote Oret p eo et p quib' desiderauit. Et ptinet Scd'am scde / sume bti Thome 8 aquino. On 2* are two impressions of the Buxheim printed stamp. Original ruled pigskin. [120
EXHORTATIO. Exhortatio de celebratione missae. 1473.
i». Title: Tractatul' ppendiosus p modum dijalogi timidis || ac deuotis viris editus Instruens no plus curam || de pullis » carnibus habere. suilHs qm quo modo || verus de' % homo qui in celis est digne tractetur || Ostendens insup eciam salubres manuductoes ^ba || min' disposit' magis abilitef. tc. lo*. COLOPHON : Explicit exhortaco de celebracoe misse || per modum dijalogi inter pontificem et || sacerdotem. Anno lxx3 tc.
Quarto, [a'".] 10 leaves. 27 lines. 124 x84 mm. Type i (Gothic 96-98 mm.). Hain *6775. Proctor 3457.
One of the first half-dozen books to possess a title-page. Cp. No. 5. 200 x139 mm. Rubricated. [121
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64 GERMANY
GERSON, Johannes. Collectorium super Magnificat. 1473.
i». Incipiut Rubrice CoUectorij Gerson |1 Capitulis signatis : cu rubricis suis. %\ Incipit Registrum eiusde libri. i». [CjOllectoriu sup magnificat particulas habet expositas || non semp code ordine . . . 167*. COLOPHON : Et sic terminat hec ppilacio deuota egregij || T famosi mgfi iohanis gerson sacre pagine || doctor eximij cancellarij parisiensis Anno || diii .M. cccc". Ixxiij.
Folio, r*!* a-i^" k" I-p" q r8.] 168 + 2 leaves, the last blank. 38 lines. Type i (Gothic 96-98 mm.). Hain *77i7. Proctor 2458.
This is one of a few copies having two additional leaves containing the list of rubrics to be added by the rubricator and the Register of the first word in each sheet of every quire. In the British Museum copy these are inserted at the beginning in manijscript in an early hand on two leaves of parchment.
The first book containing printed musical notes. These are printed from punches, the lines of the stave being left to be supplied by hand.
285 X 201 mm. Rubricated ; with the larger capitals in red and blue. Bound with the Confessionale of Bart, de Chaimis (see No. 28), rubricated by the same hand, in the original half-pigskin over wooden boards. [122
SCHWARTZ, Peter. Tractatus contra perfidos Judaeos. 6 June, 1475.
2*. Ad Reuerendissimu in xpo prem ac dominu. sancte ecclesie Ratispo||nenP Episcopu. Prefacio fris petri Nigri. Ordinis pdicatoijL In || tractatu ptra pfidos ludeos de pdicioniba veri messie. 1. xpi ul' vncti || ex textibus hebraicis. latinoij dementis utcucp figuratis pfectu felici<;||ter Incipit. 44^ COLOPHON: Explicit tractatus Ad ludeoij pfidiam exstirpan||dam pfectus p fratrem Petru Nigri Ordinis pdi||catoi?. Vniuersitatu Montispessulani in francia. sala||mantine in hispania. friburgenp ac Ingelstetensis In || Alamania. situataiji. Baccalariu In theologia forma|ltu in lingua hebraica pficientem Qui * ipo corrige||te Inpressus est p discretu ac Industriu viru Conra||dum Fijner de gerhufen. In EWingen Imperial! || villa, ac pplet^ Anno ab Incamacoe diii. Millesimo || cccclxxv die scxta lunij. 45'. In nomine domini Amen. 50^ End : iussi quib^ vti poteris in locis suis.
Folio and quarto. [a"bc'**d'^e^] 50 leaves. I7ixii8|nm. Types i, 2 (Gothic 96-98, 1 16-120 mm.). Hain *i 1885. Proctor 2463.
In Latin and Hebrew, the Hebrew mostly transliterated but with a few words in Hebrew characters, the first so printed. With a large woodcut capital on I* and several small plain ones.
278 X 200 mm. Rubricated. [123
HENRICUS DE GORINCHEM. Quaestiones. [Not after 1475.]
1^ [QjVestiones quas egregius sacre theoljlogie professor Magister Heinricus || de Gorichem cum suis jpoib' t correjllarijs more positionu resposalium in partib^ || doctoris sancti fabricauit t ordinauit numero |i t ordine ptinent tali preponedo cuilibet parti || seorsum suas quas continet questioes % ^mo || parti prime. 175*. 1. 45. END: . . . viuit f regnat vnus II deus per omnia secula seculorum. ||| Amen.
Folio, [a-e^ f^" g-i^ k 1« m-p* q r^ s-x* y« z«.] 176 leaves, the last blank. 2 columns. 60 lines. 278 x179 mm. Type I (Gothic 96-98 mm.). Hain +7806. Proctor 2472.
A copy of this book in the Schottenstift at Vienna was rubricated in 1475, that in the British Museum three years later.
ESSLINGEN 65
390x278 mm. Rubricated. Wanting the first leaf. On 2* is written ' Monasterij Schyrensis ' ; on the fly-leaf in pencil ' Dpi ' in the hand usually found in duplicates from the Royal Library at Munich. [124
HENRICUS DE GORINCHEM. De superstitiosis quibusdam casibus.
[About 1477.]
i». Incipit tractatus de supsticiosis quibusdaj casibus I| compilatus in alma vniuersitate study Colonien per |{ venerabilem magistrum Heinricum de Gorichem sa||cre Theologie 4)fessorem eximium. 6* I. 26 : Explicit tractatus de supersticiosis quibusdaj || casibus. Incipit tractat' b celebratioe festojj. la*. par. 2: Explicit tractatus cui' supra b Celebratoe fe<:||storum. Incipit Omelia beati lohannis Crisoi^llstomi b cruce t latrone. 14'. 1. 25* • • • in secula seculorum Amen.
Folio, [a* b®.] 14 leaves. 31 lines. i86x 123 mm. Type 3 (Gothic lao mm.). Hain *78o9.
267 X 193 mm. Rubricated. Bound with Creussner's 1477 edition of the Radicalis attestatio fidei orthodoxae, No. in. From the library of the Dominicans of Vienna. [125
ULM
Only about two hundred incunabula are known to have been printed at Ulm, which lies on the Danube on the borders of Wurttemberg and Bavaria, but it derives importance from a succession of fine -woodcuts which give it a place, second only to the neighbouring city of Augsburg, in the early history of German book-illustration. Its most important printer was Johann Zainer, who completed his first dated book in January, 1473, and by the end of the century had produced over a hundred incunabula. Four other printers worked at Ulm before 1500: Leonhard Holle, who only produced five books (among them, however, being one very fine one) ; Conrad Dinckmut, who printed over forty and took up book-illustration when Johann Zainer had apparently tired of it ; and Johann Reger and Johann Schaeffler, each of whom printed about a score of books, the former (1486-99) being chiefly remembered for his fine illustrated editions of Caoursin's description of the Order of S. John of Jerusalem and of the Siege of Rhodes, while the latter (1492-99, with a break about 1495 at Freisingen) was mainly a printer of small school books.
JOHANN ZAINER
{First printer)
Like Giinther Zainer of Augsburg, Johann Zainer was a native of Reut- lingen, and the two printers were probably brothers. His first and third types were modelled on Giinther Zainer's first and second, and he is said also to have used the same device. His earliest book with an exact date is the German Regimen Sanitatis by Heinrich Steinhoewel, finished 11 January, 1473; his second the De mysterio missae of Albertus Magnus, of which a copy is
I
66 GERMANY
described below. Among his other books of this year were two editions, one Latin, the other German, of Boccaccio's De claris mulieribus, illustrated with numerous woodcuts, the designs of which are full of spirit and character. At a later date Johann Zainer printed an illustrated Aesop, but the great majority of his books belonged to the usual class of popular Latin theology. He is said to have been alive as late as 1523, but printed very little after 1500.
ALBERTUS MAGNUS. De mysterio missae. 29 May, 1473.
I*. (Table) : [O] Peris materia psentis / cluscg tabula siue regis [jtrum / sub numero foliorum et linea:^ capitula || p ordinem breuissime annumerans ... 5*. Opus de misterio misse, Domini fris || Alberti magni : quondam Episcopi || Ratisponensis Incipit feliciter. || ISaye. Ixvi. dicit dominus . . . i35». Colophon: Opus de misterio misse /Dili Alberti/ mag II autoritate radians I In quo nichil traditur || aut docetur / quod non scripturaij dignis II testimonijs comprobe! ! In opido imperiali || Vim / per lohanne czeyner de Reiitlingen || suma cum diligentia impressum. Anno a H natiuitate domi M° cccc°. Ixxiij. Die. xxix. 1| mensis Maij Felicia finit •)
Folio. [** a-h" i^"*^ k-n".] 135 leaves. 33-35 lines. 196 x111mm. Type i* (Gothic 115-116 mm.). Hain *449. Proctor 2494.
The first page of text has a woodcut floral half border and capital I. Small outline woodcut capitals are used in the early part of the book. An extra half leaf is inserted after leaf 91.
288 X 201 mm. A duplicate from the Royal Library at Munich. [126
CATO, DioNYSius. Disticha cum commento. [About 1475.]
a*. C Registij in pceptoij numero. vna cum titulis eorunde |I % qaotorf. in folijs. vt p3 in ^Kessu infra. Incipit felicif ... 3^ par. a : C Tabula in pceptis vna cum J| titulis eorundem. Finit feliciter. 4*. C Libri pntis materiam inuenire gliscens pueniente p || aliqua pmonis tui composition ep tabulam subscriptam || quam materialem appello. Ideo qt omnes eius tituli toti' || libri materiam cathonis ethicatam oiidunt . . . 25^ END OF Table :
gr lyrorte sup, °* ^rao'^"'^ ''^" mo •^'"''* *^'' ^ Remissorium supra thematu tam euangelio:j
^ eprajjL II dominicalium<5 feriaij introductiones p anni circulum || felicit incipiunt . . . 63». C Prologus Kathonis de omni cecitate homis erranti. || in via mo:j. & hoc in genere Incipit feliciter . . . 381*. Colophon : C Documta moralia cathonis In olm xpianoij: moru & II erroij correctioem ettj extirpacoem disserte exarata. atqui || & auspicato In pmoes tpm videlicet dnicalium feriaijcp || vna cum euagelio:^ ac epl'aij introductioibus seu thema||tibus. p anni circulu. iux material^ predicandaij :^ruen||tiam venustissime moralizata sunt Et sicut cuiuis placet || predicanti. p sui Pmonis ptinuacoe. materia % thema di||ulna inspiracoe annuete adducere pt. vt videri h3 lucidi' || in prima tabula scj material!. Et in scd'a de thematibus || ast introductioibus demonstrante viaj seu modu introe||undi I pntis libri materia Finiunt in dei honore feliciter.
Folio, [a^^b-f^"; A-Z aa-ii^^] 383 leaves, i, 62, and 382 blank, 63-381 numbered I-CCCXIX. 34 lines and head-line. 191 (i97)x iii mm. Types i", 3 (Gothic 115-1 16 mm., small and large face). Hain *47io. Proctor 2505.
With a large woodcut capital on 63* and some small outline ones. The moral distichs of Cato, attributed to the 5th century, seem to date from the 12th and enjoyed an enormous popularity. Caxton issued four editions of them.
295 X 204 mm. Rubricated, and with the woodcut capitals coloured. The property of the Munich Augustinians in 1606. [127
ULM 67
RAMPEGOLLIS, Antonius de. Aurea biblia. 1476.
2*. (Table) : ABstinentia valet ad multa. Capitulo primo . . . I5». C Liber manualis ac introductorius in biblie historias figurascj veteris ac noui testamenti peroptimus Aurea || biblia vocitatus. Incipit feliciter. 15^*. Colophon: C Vigore infiniti entis explicit liber bonus & perutilis || Aurea biblia appellatus. veteris ac noui testa. Vim dili|lgenter p ioHem zeiner de reutlingen artificialitf effigiat' 1| Anno dni M. cccc. Ixxvi. Cui sit honor t gloria in secula II seculoi^ Amen. tc.
Folio, [a* b* c d^" e' f-q" r'.] 160 leaves, the first and last blank. 32-35 lines and head-line. 15*: 34 lines, 195 x no mm. Type 1° (Gothic 115-116 mm.). Hain *i368a. Proctor 251a.
With small outline capitals.
282 X 202 mm. Rubricated, with early manuscript notes. [128
THOMAS A KEMPIS. De imitatione Christi. 1487.
I*. Title: Gerson de ymita||tione cristi Cum || tractatulo de me||ditatione cordis. 190''. COLOPHON: Tractatus aureus et peruti-||li3 de perfecta ymitatione || xpi et vero mundi contemp||tu Cum tractatulo de medi-jltatione cordis finiunt felici||ter Per lohannem zeiner || vlmenP. Anno. Ixxxvij.
Octavo, [a-z^ *^] 190 leaves, the 8th blank, 9-190 numbered I-CLXXXII. 22 lines and head-line. 89 (94)x53 mm. Types 8, 9, 10 (Gothic aoo, 100, 83 mm.). Hain *9093. Proctor 2546.
We here find the complete work called, according to our modern use, by the title of the first chapter. It is here, as often in early editions, ascribed to Jean Gerson, Chancellor of the University of Paris.
140 X 100 mm. Rubricated. On the title-page is written ' Carmeli Aben- spergensis '. [129
LEONHARD HOLLE
Of the five books known to have been printed by Holle, the first, finished 16 July, 1482, is the fine edition of the Cosmographia of Ptolemy described below. This was followed by no fewer than three editions of the Buch der Weisheit (28 May and 24 July, 1483, and 2 June, 1484), and on 6 September, 1484, by the Goldne Bulle.
PTOLEMAEUS. Geographia. 16 July, 1482.
i». BEATISSIMO PATRI PAVLO SE||CVNDO PONTIFICI MAXIMO. I| BONIS NICOLAVS GERMANVS. 2». Col. 2. par. 2: CLADII PTOLOMEI VIRI ALEXjI- ANDRINI COSMOGRAPHIE LI||BER PRIMVS IVCIPIT. 134*. Colophon : CLAVDII PTOLOMEI VIRI A||LEXANDRINI COSMOGRAPHIE || OCTAVVS ET VLTIMVS LIBER || EXPLICIT || OPVS DONNI NICOLAI GERMAjINI SECVNDVM PTOLOMEVM 1| FINIT. || ANNO MCCCCLXXXII. AVGV||STI VERO KALENDAS. XVIL || IMPRSSVM VLME PER INGENI||OSVM VIRVM LEONARDVM || HOL PREFATI OPPIDI CIVIS •:•
Folio, a" b-g* h'* ; [1-32*]. 134 leaves, leaf 70 blank, a columns. 45 lines. 313 x 198 mm. Type i (Roman 141 mm.). Hain *I3539. Proctor 2556.
Holle's first dated book and one of the finest printed in Germany during the 15th century. With the earliest woodcut maps, thirty-two in number, many
I 2
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68 GERMANY
good decorative Hly-of-the-valley capitals, a notable pictorial N representing the editor, Nicolaus Germanus, presenting his book to Pope Paul II, and a smaller C representing Ptolemy. The maps are printed on the inner side of the sheets, and have mostly a description printed on the recto of the first leaf, and enclosed in a decorative border.
425 x278 mm. The maps, borders, and capitals carefully coloured. From the liijrary of the Jesuits of Barcelona. [130
CONRAD DINCKMUT
Of the forty books ascribed to Conrad Dinckmut, ' ciuis Ulmensis,' some thirty are in German, a proportion which sets him high among the vernacular printers of the 15th century. Among these, moreover, several were illustrated, notably his German edition of the Eunuchus of Terence, and the Chronik of Thomas Lirer, of which he issued three editions. His last dated book was the Compendium Reuelationum of Savonarola, dated 23 August, 1496.
LIRER, Thomas. Chronik. [c. 1485.]
2*. C In gottes namen Amen. C In diser Coronick wurdet || durch verdrieRich vermeiden langer geschrifft zu lesen. || vnd lieplich die kurtze zu h6ren begriffen gar vil men<:||gerlei schoner alter geschichten so vor mer dann tausent || iaren geschehen zu den zeitten do die schwibischen land {| vnd andre land haiden gewesen seind. Vnd durch wen || sie zu dem cristenlichen gelauben genottrenget vnd ge«l|bracht seind worden. ic. 49^ 1. 20: . . . Vnd ist das buch zum ersten (| ab geschriben in dem iar als man zalt von der geburt crijlsti eilfhundert vnd in dem dreiundtreissigsten iar an sant Oswalts tag. 50'. [I]N gottes namen Amen. C Disc Coronig ist gemacht || auff das aller kiirtzest . . . 63''. 1. 26 : C Item do man zalt von der geburt Cristi tausent fier^ljhundert vnd zweiundsechtzig iar ward Mentz ein geno||me vo hertzog Ludwig bij rein genat schwartzhertzog || Vnd ward Sackman do gantz gemacht vnd pfaflfen || vnd burger geschetzt vnd erstochen.
Folio, a-h^ 64 leaves, the first and last blank. 32 lines. 173 x106 mm. Type 2 (Gothic 110 mm.). Hain *ioii6. Proctor 2577.
With one capital and nineteen excellent full-page woodcuts, of which one is a repeat. All of these save three occur on the first twenty-eight leaves of the Chronicle of Lirer, a Swabian historian of the 12th century. The second Chronicle, after noticing rapidly the early history of Rome, carries on Lirer's to the sack of Mainz in 1462.
261 X 181 mm. The woodcuts and capital are carefully and delicately coloured, but the spaces for other capitals are left blank. [131
LAUINGEN
{Only press)
An edition of S. Augustine's De consensu evangelistarum, completed 12 April, 1473, is the only book known to have been printed during the 1 5th century at Laugingen, or Lauingen, a town of Bavaria, situated on the Danube, about five miles north-east of Ulm.
LAUINGEN 69
The Roman type used in this book was noted by Mr. Proctor as very like that found in a kindred work containing various Opuscula of S. Augustine, dated 9 November in the previous year, but without any indication of place or printer.
AUGUSTINUS. De consensu euangelistarum. 12 April, 1473.
a». Liber beati. Augustini ypponensis episcopi de Consensu || euangelistarum. partitus in quatuor libros incipit feliciter. 107*. Colophon : Liber. Beati. Augustini. Ypponensis. Episcopi de Consensu || euangelistarum. explicit feliciter. In ciuitate. Laugingen. Im|lpressus. Anno a partu Virginia salutifero. MillesimoquadrinHgentesimoseptuagesimo tercio. Pridie. Idus. Aprilis.
Folio. [a-k^^R] 108 leaves, the first and last blank. 37 lines. 177x111 mm. Type I (Roman 96 mm.). Hain *i98i. Proctor 2599.
The only 15th century book printed at Lauingen. With numerous small outline capitals.
268 X 188 mm. Pasted inside this copy is a cancelled leaf containing the text of the recto and of lines 1-29 of the verso of sig. c 5. The verso of the leaf has three woodcut capitals in the paragraphs beginning respectively Sed plane, Nisi forte, An forte. These are omitted in the text, and by this means and the use of many more contractions eight lines are saved. The following leaf also must have been reprinted, as the sheet is entire. The width of the outer margin in the cancelled leaf is 65 mm. ; of the lower, 60 mm. This copy, since it contains what is undoubtedly printer's waste, must thus have been bound by the printer. Inside the cover at the end is written : Hunc libru dedeft nobis executores Mgri Erasmi Mewrer olim pdicatoris Eccfe S, Elisabet qui obijt ano 1502 vltima die Marcij t fuit feria qfta sub octauis pasche Ora deu pro eo. An inscription on 2* has been made illegible by erasure. The binding is of white leather stamped and ruled. A monogram of the letters AR in black in the middle of each cover is apparently of later date. On lb is the press-mark R, viii. S. ii. N. 21, repeated in red on the back without the letters. [132
MARIENTHAL
BROTHERS OF THE COMMON LIFE
{Only printers)
Six books and two indulgences have been registered as printed ' in domo fratrum clericorum communis vitae Vallis Sanctae Mariae in Rhingkavia', the earliest of them being the Mainz Breviary completed 12 March, 1474, and the latest the Indulgence which belongs to 14B4, The Brothers oif the Common Life to whom the house belonged had been used to train and practise their members as copyists (Thomas a Kempis being one of them), and when the spread of printing made copying unprofitable several of the houses (see Rostock and Brussels) practised the new art.
Ttt GERMANY
GERSON, Johannes. Opus tripartitum. [i475?]
2". [CJRistianitati suus qualiscucj zelator. || prosperu ad virtutes vicijs depulsis 1| incrementum. a8». Colophon: Explicit opusculu triptitum de preceptis de-|[calogi. De pfessione et de arte moriedi per |i eximiu sacre theologie professore. Magistru 1| iohanne de lersona alme vniusitatis parisi-||ensis Cancellarium.
Quarto. [ab"cl] 38 leaves, the first blank. 27 lines. 151x93 mm. Type i (Gothic 113 mnx). Line-endings irregular. Not Hain 7654, nor Proctor 3606.
Printed in the same type as the small folio Postilla super quattuor euangelistas of Nicolaus de Lyra. The irregular line-endings make it probable that this is an early book from the Marienthal press.
191 X 132 mm. [133
LOBECK
Printing was introduced into Lubeck, one of the Hanse towns, lying to the north-east of Hamburg, in 1474, and five printers are known to have worked there during the 1 5th century. Less than one hundred Lubeck incunabula were known to Herr Burger when he compiled his ' Index' in 1902, and though this number is being increased by new discoveries, numerically the output of this town is likely to remain unimportant. It produced, however, some very fine books, notably its first dated work, the Rudimentum Nouitiorum catalogued below, which alone would suffice to give it distinction. The Lubeck types are of unusual interest, and the printers are remarkable, if only for their migratory habits. Thus while Lucas Brandiss, its first printer, had previously printed at Merseburg, one of the later arrivals, Bartholomaeus Ghotan, printed also at Magdeburg and at Stockholm, and another, Stephan Arndes of Hamburg, had previously worked at Perugia and Sleswick. The early Lubeck books were mostly popular in character and included a considerable number in Low-Saxon.
LUCAS BRANDISS
{First printer)
Lucas Brandiss de Schass printed two books at Merseburg in August and October, 1473, and a third without date. In the next year he came to Lubeck and completed his first dated book there, the Rudimentum Nouitiorum, on 5 August, 1475. During the next three years perhaps as many as a dozen books, dated and undated, came from his press. But by 1480 he had left Lubeck and was acting as a compositor for Bartholomaeus Ghotan at Magdeburg. Ill 1483 Ghotan came to Lubeck, and Lucas Brandiss returned there at the same time and printed a little on his own account in that year and again about 1497. It is probable, however, that he was mainly engaged in helping first Bartholomaeus Ghotan and afterwards Matthaeus Brandiss.
LUBECK 71
RUDIMENTUM. Rudimentum nouitiorum. 5 August, 1475.
473». col. a. Colophon: Conclusio libri sequitur || Anno Pm carnem filii. del a natiuitate. || M.cccclxxv". Ipso die sactissimi. regis |] & martiris oswaldi. qui est .v. augusti jj scissimo i xpo pre ac dno. dno sixto pal|pa qrto lUustrissimo pclarissime dom^ || austrie frederico tercio Ronoru impato||re inuictissimo sp augusto ac p nunc co||lonie exnte. Impiali nobili in vrbe lubi|lcana. arte impssoria. speciali gra diuina || alaru ob salute fideliu inuenta. Epitho||ma istud partes in sex. iuxta mudi sex || etates diuisum. pri' alibi n reptu. Qd II placuit rudimetum nouicioru intitulari || dei adiutorio. qui supnas res ac subter||nas. fortiter. suauiter. traqlletp dispesat || Per nigrum lucam bradis de scha^ feli||citer e excusu atj finitu. Veteris nouicp || testamtorum. ac aliaru incidentiu histoiajlru cotentiuu. a protho- plasto n solu v§ || ad xpm. vt in {)hemio e 4)missu. g etia || olm impatoru ac sumoru potificu. vscg II ad anum pmemoratu. olb' cu doctolb' || famoP. poetis & sapietib* cotpaneis e||orude5 gestatlm. cu meorabilioib' ecru || gestis. ceteis pcip in ^tu vnico fuit pos||sibile voluie cocludj vt paupes multos || solu6 libros n valentes. vnu tm. hfent || encheridio loco mftoru sp ad raanum li||broru. Nee tl'is qn^ moueat abbreuia||tio cu xpc fons ols saple multa feceit q II scripta n sut lo. xxi". Pro cuius fine sp j| laus & gl'a trino sit & vno AMEN.
Folio. [*" ; ai« b^ c d"* e P g h^" i^^ k^+i 1" m« n-p" q« r s" t" v-y" z« t* A-G" H-N*-" O^P'QR^S'T^^VioXi^Y^Zi^aa^bb*.] 473 leaves, leaf 1 1 blank, a columns. 47 lines. Type 1*^ (Gothic 120-122 mm.). Hain *4996, Proctor 2610.
' At Liibeck in 1475 Lucas Brandiss printed as his first (dated) book a notable edition of the Rudimentum Nouitiorum, an epitome of history, sacred and profane, during the six ages of the world. The epitome is epitomized at the beginning of the book by ten pages of cuts, -mostly of circles linked together by chains, and bearing the name of some historical character. Into the space left by these circles are introduced pictures of the world's history from the Creation and the Flood down to the life of Christ, which is told in a series of nine cuts on the last page. The first page of the text is surrounded, except at the top, by a border in three pieces, into one section of which are introduced birds, and into another a blank shield supported by two lions. The inner margin of the first page of text bears a fine figure of a man reading a scroll, and the two columns are separated by a spiral of leaves climbing round a stick. The cuts in the text are partly re- peated from the preliminary pages, partly new, though extreme economy is shown in their use, one figure of a philosopher standing for at least twenty different sages. The large initial letters at the beginning of the various books have scenes introduced into them, the little battlepiece in the Q of the Quintus Actus being the most remarkable. Altogether this is a very splendid and noteworthy book, and one which Brandiss never equalled in his later work,' Early Illustrated Books, p. 83 sq. (A. W. P.).
388 X 278 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, and with the woodcuts carefully coloured. On a fly-leaf is a note of ownership dated ' Anno tc. Ixx Nono '. In 1 6th century roll-stamped covers, rebacked. [134
CONRADUS DE HALBERSTADT. Responsorium curiosorum. 1476.
i». (Table): [Q]Vare celum videatur colons asurini vel || Saphirini questio .j. 15*. Incipit responsorium curiosorum compilatum || per fratrem Conradum de Halberstad ordinis I predicatorum. 134^ COLOPHON: Explicit tractatus mese philosophice & responsorij || curiosorum Lubek impressus. Anno dm. Mcccclxxvj.
Folio. [*" a-c" d e*'^ f ^" g* h-P*> m^] 134 leaves. 31 lines. 187 x11a mm. Type i*^ (Gothic lao-iaa mm.). Hain 8347. Proctor 3611.
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72 GERMANY
Conrad von Halberstadt was a Dominican of the 13th and 14th centuries.
284x205 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. Wanting leaves 37, 42, 47, 48, 53, 54, supplied in modern manuscript. On i* is a note of ownership and purchase : Paulo Seuerini ptinet emptus p tribus mercibus. [135
MATTHAEUS BRANDISS
Matthaeus Brandiss is found printing in Lubeck in 1485, completing in that year two dated books, neither with any mention of the month, the first book of the De Imitatione Christi catalogued below, and the Lucidarius of Honorius Augustodunensis. He continued at work till 1498 or later, printing forty or fifty books, of which a large proportion were in Low-Saxon, including several editions of the Imitation of Christ, Reynard the Fox, the Revelations of S. Bridget, Book of the Chess, Dance of Death, and Brant's Ship of Fools.
JACOBUS DE CLUSA. De erroribus Christianorum. 1488.
[i'. TITLE: De erroribus et mo«||ribus christianorum.] 2*. Tractatus magistri lacobi de Erfordia sacre |1 theologie {>fessoris cartusiensis ibidem de erro#l|ribus et moribus christianorum autorisatus a || dno Nicolao papa quinto, 64". FiRST COLOPHON : Explicit planctus enormitatum christianorum: || ad plangendum et merendu condolendumcp om||ni facinori vnde deus contempnit: conscriptus |{ p venerabilem et egregium virum dictu iacobu II sacre theologie doctorem ordinis carthusiensis || in erfordia Anno dm. M. cccc. lij. || Impressus in cesarea ciuitate lubice||si. Anno eiusdem. M. cccc. Ixxxviij. [Small wood- cut shield each side of last two lines.] 64''. Eiusdem tractatulus de difficultate saluandoi;. 73'. Second Colophon : Et in hoc terminatur tractatulus dicti magistri || iacobi carthu- siensis de difficultate saluandoru. || [Woodcut shields.] || Impressus in cesarea ciuitate lubi^llcensi. Anno dm. M. cccc. Ixxxviij. || ante festum natiuitatis christi.
Quarto. a*b-l''m*. 7a leaves. 38 lines. 138 x88 mm. Types 1, 2 (Gothic 152-154, 98 mm.). Proctor 2627.
With woodcut capitals.
176 X 133 mm. Wanting the first leaf. [136
DOCTRINALE. Doctrinale clericorum. 1490-
i». Doctrinale clericorum 1| vnacum sanctorum mar||tirilogio per anni circulu |!| Lectio iugis alit virtutes lucida reddit Intima. declinat t noxia. vana fugat Versus. Qui colit banc, audi q metat inde bona Purior affect*, sensus fit clarion t mes Liberior. mudo. carnetj pressa minus. N5 nisi ^jpter se. vult se sapietia queri. 238*. Colophon : Explicit doctrinale clericoi^ vnacu martyriljlogio scorum. diligeter in Lubeck impressu || Anno a natiuitate dm M. cccc. xc. [Printer's devices.]
Quarto, a-z, A-Q*R*. 238 leaves. 27 lines. 131x88 mm. Types i, 2 (Gothic 152-154, 98 mm.). Hain 6318. Proctor 2631.
With a woodcut of a bishop writing and numerous ornamental woodcut capitals. A printed slip is inserted before pm containing 8 lines beginning: Quod sequit lege ipso die godchardi pfessoris i || pontificis.
200 x141mm. Rubricated. [137
BRESLAU 73
BRESLAU
CASPAR ELYAN
{Only printer)
The first dated book issued at Breslau was the Statutes of its Synod, completed 9 October, 1475, and the printer of this, the sub-cantor of the cathedral, Caspar Elyan, was the only printer who worked in the city during the 1 5th century. He may have printed as many as eight or nine books.
ANTONINUS. De instructione simplicium confessorum. [About 1475.]
1*. [IJNcipiut Rubrice super Tractatum De inl|structione seu directione simplicium con||fessoij. Et primo De ptate pfessoris in || audiedo pfessiones t absoluedo ... 5'. Pro- logus sup Tractatum. De instruc||tione seu directione simplicium pfessoruj {| Editum a dno Anthonio Archiepiscopo. || Florentino. 187''. 1. 10. END: . . . prestante vero domino nos||tro ihesu xpo in secula seculorum. Amen.
Quarto. [a-P m^" n-y* z".] 188 leaves, the last blank. 23 lines. 132x90 mm. Type I (Gothic 1 15 mm.).
A copy of this book appears to be known with 1478 as the date of its purchase or rubrication.
183x130 mm. Rubricated, with the rubricator's subscription at end: Johannes Et sic est finis Krann§. With a note written on the inner cover by Dr. Theodore Oelsner, a Silesian antiquary, identifying the printer, an identifica- tion subsequently confirmed by the present owner in 1882 by comparison with the Breslau Missal and Statu ta Conradi et Rudolphi at the University Library at Prag. [138
' BLAUBEUREN
CONRAD MANCZ
{Ottly printer)
Blaubeuren, a small town in Wurttemberg, produced a printer of some little note in Adam of Rottweil, who worked first at Venice, afterwards at Aquila; it also sent Conrad Stahel to Passau and Brlinn. At Blaubeuren itself only a single printer worked during the 15th century, Conrad Mancz, who used only a single type and issued only a single dated book, the tract of Albertus de Eyb, 'Ob einem Manne sei zu nehmen ein eheliches Weib' of 1475. His total registered output consists of ten books, including a Calendar for 1478 and the Litterae fundationales uniuersitatis Tubingensis issued by Count Bernard of Wurttemberg. Except his first book and his Calendar, all his issues were in Latin, including three volumes of sermons by Jacobus de Clusa.
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SENECA, Lucius Annaeus, De quattuor virtutibus cardinalibus.
a*. Perpulcru atcj ppendiosum scriptum venerabilis ma#||gistri Senece de quatuor virtutibus Cardinalibus Felii^Hciter Incipit. 6^ End : Finis senece.
Folio. 6 leaves, the first blank. 30 lines. 181 x 120 mm. Type i (Gothic 119 mm.). Hain *i46ao. Proctor 2658.
Printed in a very upright and handsome type.
278 X 190 mm. [139
ROSTOCK
FRATRES DOMUS HORTI VIRIDIS AD SANCTUM MICHAELEM
{On/y printers)
The Brothers of the Common Life ' of the House of Green Garden by S. Michael ' were the only printers during the 15th century at Rostock, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, not far from the Baltic. In taking up the new art of printing their house had already been preceded by the Brothers of the same community at Marienthal (q. v.), but the Brothers at Rostock are notable for the liberality of their tastes. While duly paying first-fruits to theolog^y in the Lactantius of 9 April, 1476, catalogued below (their first book bearing a precise date), and by no means neglecting it afterwards, they printed also an edition of Ovid's Metamorphoses and a German version of the romance of the Destruction of Troy by Guido delle Colonne, In a catalogue of sixteen books from their own and other presses, issued probably about 1485, they mention also an Alexander, the Seven Wise Masters of Rome, a Melusina and a Griseldis. Fifteen books have been registered as printed at S. Michael's itself during the 15th century, and the press continued at work until 1520.
LACTANTIVS, Firmianus Coelius. Opera. 9 April, 1476.
a'. Lactancij Firmiani de diuinis institutionibus || aduersus gentes rubrice primi libri incipiunt. 204". COLOPHON (red) : Firmiani Lactancij viri pcellentis ingenij qui vel solus inter xpia-ljne pfessionis scriptores supeminet nitore quoda3 et copia: vel nnljllum eoaj sequitur facundia simul et lenitate sermonu. Diuinajj in-||stitutionu aduersus gentes. De ira quocj dei ad Donatura. Necnon || et de opificio dei vel formatione hominis ad Demetrianu finiunt libri 1| Per fratres presbiteros et cl'icos cogregationis domus viridisorti 1| ad scm Michaelem in opido Rostockcen ptium inferioris Sclauie. || put facultas et industria tulit emendate satis et accurate psummati. || Anno incarnationis dominice. Millesimo qnad- ringetesimo septua-jlgesimosexto. Quinto Idus Aprilis. Deo Gratias.
Folio. [*i* a-h" ii'^+i k-t".] 205 leaves, the first and last blank. 39 lines. 173 X 104 mm. Type i (Gothic 90-91 mm.). Hain *98ia. Proctor 2660.
The first book printed at Rostock. Spaces are left for the Greek quotations to be added by hand, also for a chapter-heading at the beginning of each book.
ROSTOCK 75
But the other chapter-headings are printed, although an elaborate list of them is printed on leaves 2-10 for the use of the rubricator. This is followed by a list of the errors discovered in the works of Lactantius by Antonius Raudensis and then by eight lines of verse in which ' Frater Adam genuensis increpat fratre Anthoniu '.
277 X 199 mm. Rubricated. On 1* is written ' M, Johannes rode dedit'.
[140
SCHUSSENRIED
MONASTERIUM SORTENSE
{Only press)
ScHussENRiED, on the borders of Suabia and Switzerland, in the diocese of Constance, was the site of a notable Praemonstratensian abbey, variously called in Latin Soretana Abbatia and Monasterium Sortense. A press was set up here in or before 1478, and printed one dated and one undated book. That bearing a date is the comedy of Gracchus and Poliscene written by Leonardus Aretinus, a pamphlet of only 14 leaves, with the colophon : Finit felicite leonard' Aretin' in monasterio Sorten. Anno dni M°qdringgtesimo septuagesimo octauo. The undated work is the (much longer) Terence catalogued below.
TERENTIVS. Comoediae. [About 1478.]
a'. Publij Terentij Affri poete comiti commendariuj liber || Incipit foeliciter. 168* End : Publij Terencij Affri Poete Comiti || Comediarum liber Finit.
Folio, [a^" b-v* X*.] 168 leaves, the first blank. 19 lines. 183 x118 mm. Type i (Gothic c. no mm., leaded). Hain *I5370. Proctor 3668.
272 X 206 mm. Rubricated, and with the Andna copiously annotated. On I* is the name Leonardus Mulgasser. Half-stamped leather over wooden boards. [141
WORZBURG
GEORG REYSER
{Only printer)
For the edition of the Summa Hostiensis printed in the larger type of the Breuiarium Ratisponense, probably the work of Georg Reyser (before June, 1480), and possibly at Wurzburg, see below, Nos. 196-198. Reyser printed over twenty books at WUrzburg, nearly all of them either service books or calendars.
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REUTLINGEN
Onlv two printers worked at Reutlingen in the 15th century, Michael Greyff (whose early work can be distinguished from that of the ' Printer of Henricus Ariminensis ' at Strassburg only with the aid of watermarks with the letter R in the paper), and Johann Otmar, three books from whose press are here catalogued. Both were at work in or before 1479, but Mr. Proctor gave the precedence to Michael Greyff, If all the books inferentially attributed to Greyff were printed by him, he produced between sixty and seventy, against some fifty assigned to Otmar. Both were Latin printers, Otmar publishing mainly theology, while Greyff after beginning with theology turned mainly to educational handbooks, and in the last decade of the century produced a few books in German.
JOHANN OTMAR
{First printer ?)
Johann Otmar produced five dated books in 1482, among them being the Formulae Epistolarum of Mennicken, catalogued below, but three books of his are inferentially dated ' not after 1479 ' and ' not after 1480'. Otmar continued printing at Reutlingen until 1495, and is found starting again at Tubingen three years later,
MENNICKEN, Carolus. Formulae epistolarum. 1482.
a*. Continet iste libellus epistolares quasda formuyias iudicio pponentis puerorum captui n5 absimiles || Quas correctoria vocat Easdecp extractas ex maioi;||ru IrajjL missiuaif collectorio. scolarib' louanij in pedajlgogio lilij lectaij exeploij gra. ta^ breuiores t oma- tores. at(5 sentecia extrahetis. '^bo sensu(5 placidiores. 112''. COLOPHON : Explciut queda epl'e quas correctoria vocat Lecte lo||uanij in pedagogic lilij p magistru karolu viruli. Im||presse(5 In Rutlingen per lohanem othmar Arciu || Iberaliu magistru Anno dni M. cccc. Ixxxij.
Quarto, [a-o*.] iia leaves, the first and last blank. 31 lines. 143 x85 mm. Type 3 (Gothic 93 mm.). Hain *io665. Proctor 3702.
The misprints in the colophon have been corrected in some copies.
196 X 133 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. [142
BONAVENTURA. Sermones. Autumn, 1485.
i». Title: Seraphici doctoris sancti bona||uenture Sermones de tempore || et Sanctis cu comuni sanctorum. 274'*. COLOPHON : Non nobis domine. non nobis § no||mini tuo da gloriam q> hos tam precio-||sos tacp fideli populo fructuosos sermo||nes reuerendissimi quondam cardinalis || seraphici ac sancti doctoris Bonauentu||re tam solerter te donante in Reuttlinge || Autumni tempore compleuimus vnde * || gratias referimus debitas domino humi-||lium exaltatori. || Anno domini. M. cccc. Ixxxv. 275". Registrum alphabetico ordine col-||lectum . . . 285''. End : Finit registrum Feliciter.
Folio. a-c8d-g8-8h-p8-«q-z«»A«B-L«-»M-P««Q-S«. 286 leaves, the last blank, a columns. 45 lines and head-line. 212 (223) x 137 mm. Types 4, 5 (Gothic c. 176, 95 mm.). Hain *35i7. Proctor 2707.
REUTLINGEN 77
283 X 202 mm. Rubricated, with a capital in red and blue. With ' Cart. Buxise ' written on the title-page and the printed stamp of the ' Bibl. Buxheim ' on 2*. Early stamped pigskin binding. [143
SUM MA. Summa rudium. 1489.
2\ Summa Rudium autentica || Incipit feliciter. 70''. Colophon : Explicit Summa Rudium autcnti-|lca impressa expensis magistri lohanis || Otmar in Reuttlingen Anno M.cccclllxxxvij. Adiuuamine misericordis || t miseratis domini Escam dantis time||ti-
bus se in quem speramus.
Quarto, a b* c® d-f ' g h^ i* k*. 72 leaves, 9 and 72 blank, a columns. 46 lines and head-line. 186 (198) x 119 mm. Types 6, 7 (Gothic 80 and 160 ? mm.). Hain *i5i7o.
A handbook for priests giving brief explanations of the articles of the faith, administration of the sacraments, notes for confessors, &c. The anonymous compiler states his sources and is careful to disclaim originality (Quia relator hui' opusculi su no inuetor Et de mendica scia mea nihil apposui).
256 x191mm. Rubricated. [144
CICERO, Marcus Tullius. Orationes de laudibus Caesaris. 1494.
i». Title : Eloquentissimi Ciceronis pro Aulo || Licinio Archia poeta. t pro Marco || Marcello de laudibus cesaris lulij || insignes orationes. in quibus mira<^||bilis ac diula pene litteraJjL c5menda||tio continetur. oratoriscj virt' expit. 23^ Colophon : Impressum Reuttlingn ordinatione magi^||stri lohannis Otmar. Anno domini M. cccc. Ixxxxiiij.
Quarto, a-c*. 34 leaves, the last blank. 38 lines of small type, 23 of larger. 141 X 86 mm. Types 8, 9, 10 (Gothic 75, 90, and I2C mm.). Hain 5148.
With three sizes of woodcut capitals, a large open S, a copy of the Strassburg D in which a woman is crowning a musician, and some small letters.
Edited by Jacobus Locher, who prefixes a letter ' Christofero de Knoeringen luueni Nobilissimo '.
200 X 135 mm. [145
MAGDEBURG
Printing was first practised at Magdeburg by Bartholomaeus Ghotan, who, with the aid of Lucas Brandiss of Liibeck, completed a Magdeburg Missal in 1480 and a Psalter the following year, subsequently working at Stockholm and Liibeck. Three other firms in succession produced a few books, and in 1493 Moritz Brandiss from Leipzig started a press from which issued some five-and- twenty incunabula.
ALBERTUS RAVENSTEIN AND JOACHIM
WESTPHAL
This second firm of Magdeburg printers, the partners in which, despite their different names, were brothers, completed three books in November and
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78 GERMANY
December, 1483, one in December, 1484, and three without date. All seven were for the ecclesiastical market.
OFFICIUM MISSAE. 16 December, 1483.
3*. C Incipit officium misse. 36''. C Explicit officiuj misse Impressum in inclita ciui#l|tate Magdeburgensi per magistrum Albertum ra*l|uesten et loachim westual. Anno dni. M. CCCC||lxxxiij. Tertia feria post Lucie.
Quarto, [a-c^d*.] 26 leaves, the first blank. ^^ lines. 154x98 mm. Type i (Gothic 93 mm.). Copinger ii. 4473.
The third dated book from this press. With a solid black woodcut capital T on sig. b 6.
195 X 149 mm. [146
MEMMINGEN
ALBRECHT KUNNE
(Only printer)
At Memmingen in Bavaria, to the south-west of Augsburg, only one printer worked during the 15th century, Albrecht Kunne of Duderstadt in the diocese of Mainz, who had previously produced one book at Trient, the Geschichte des zu Trient ermordeten Christenkindes, which bears the gloating colophon : Und das hat ghedruckt Albertus Duderstat von dem Eiksvelt zu Trient in dem iar ah man die iuden hat verprant do man schrieb tausend vier hundert vnd fiinf vnd sibnz iar an dem mitwuchen vor unser lieben frauwentage der purt Laus deo. His first dated book at Memmingen is the Fasciculus Temporum of 1482 catalogued below. Before this he had certainly printed an indulgence, a copy of which has a manuscript date 1480; possibly also a Casus summarii decretalium with an imprint, Basel Michael Wennsler, 25 August, 1479, but in Kunne's first type. After dating the Fasciculus Temporum in 1482 Kunne printed upwards of a hundred editions at Memmingen before the close of the century, the great majority of them being Latin sacerdotal or educational works, but including two vernacular treatises against the plague by the book- loving physician Ulrich von Ellenbog.
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum. 1482.
a*. [GJEneratio et gnatio laudabit opa tua et potetia tua pnutiabut 1| . . . 64^ Colophon : Opusculum vticj omni statui. sXq hominum gradui ad vitam exem^||plandam putile. ptinens succinte pgressum patru ab initio mundi vscj || ad hoc nostrum temp' cum actis notabilioribus eorundem. Quod dejluotus quida Carthusien. eius autor primus: Fasciculu tempoij nuncu-||pauit Impressum p me Albertu kune de Duderstat Maguntt, dyocep || Et admissum ab alma vniusitate Colonien Explicit feliciter Sub ano || diii Millesimoquadringentesimooctuagesimosecundo. Laus deo. 65*. Tabula breuis » vtilis . . . 73*. Impressus Memmingen.
Folio, a-d*-* e P g^" h i* k*. 73 leaves, the first blank. 3» : 53 lines of small type and one of large. 331 x 149 mm. Types i^ 3 (Gothic 83, 105 mm.), Hain *693i. Proctor 3773.
MEMMINGEN 79
The mention in the colophon of the Approbation by the University of Cologne shows that this edition was reprinted from Quentell's of 1480 (No. 72), and the woodcuts of Cologne and the Adoration by the Magi on d 2 verso, d 3 recto are clumsy copies of the corresponding cuts in that edition.
281x204 mm. Half-stamped pigskin over wooden boards. The hand- writing of the word ' Duplum ' on the inner side of the upper board suggests that this is a duplicate from the Royal Library at Munich. [147
ANTICHRISTUS. Quaestiones de reuelatione Antichristi.
[After Aug. i486.]
I*. [S]Equens questio determinata est in quodlibeto || studij Erffordensis Anno. i486. post BarthoIo||mei Ad petitions multojj tarn religiosoru ^ se«l|culariu contra triplicem errore . . . 44*. END : C Et tantum de ista questione || cum suis problematibus. |1| C Impressum Memmingen.
Quarto, a}" h-e.^-^ P. 44 leaves. 33 lines. 143 x89 mm. Type 5 (Gothic 88-89 mm.). Hain*i 1 55. Proctor 2784.
The three errors against which this treatise is directed were (i) the presumption of calculating the date of the Last Day ; (ii) the theory of a printed tract that Antichrist had already come in the person of Mahomet ; (iii) the teaching of a certain Solitary in the De verae vitae cognitione (cf. No. 5), most falsely attributed to S. Augustine, that Heaven was the vision of God, and Hell privation of that vision, neither the one nor the other being places, and consequently that Christ neither truly ascended into Heaven nor descended into Hell.
190X 131 mm. This is said to be Melanchthon's copy, with his notes. [148
TRACTATUS. Tractatus de ruinae ecclesiae planctu. [About i486.]
I*. TITLE: Tractatus de ruine ecclesie planctu. 8\ Colophon : C Impressus Memmingen.
Quarto, a*. 8 leaves. 34 lines. 150 x 88 mm. Types 2, 4, 5, 6 (Gothic 105, 70, 88-89, 88 mm.). Hain *i303o. Proctor 2810.
In verse, the first half of each line in Latin, the second in German. The beginning of each quatrain is marked by a hand.
195x137 mm. Rubricated. [149
FACETUS. Liber Faceti per Sebastianum Brant in vulgare nouiter translatus. (Latin and German.) [About 1497.]
1*. Title : C Liber Faceti docens mores || hominu : precipue luuenu / 1 || supple- mentu illorum / 4 a Ca||thone erant omissi : p Seba«||stianu Brant: in vulgare no-||uiter translatus. 14*. COLOPHON : C Liber Faceti docens mores Iul|uenu p Sebastianu Brant nouit II in vulgare traslat^ : Finit feliciter. || C Sebastianus Brant || Ad studiose indolis pueros . . . (22 lines of verse.) ||| Id mo pcipuu tt Duderstat Ipressisse Albert' || Gaudet opus / multis nola nota gerens.
Quarto, a'b'. 14 leaves. 33 lines. 145 x 90 mm. including marginal notes. Types 4, 5, 6 (Gothic 70, 88-89, 88 mm.). Hain *6890. Proctor 281 1.
Written in alternate couplets of Latin and German verse, with a marginal summary.
199 >< 133 n^ni- Rubricated. [150
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80 GERMANY
URACH CONRAD FYNER
{pnly printer)
Conrad Fyner, who had worked at Esslingen from 1472 to 1478 or later, and returned there in 1483, printed in 1481-82 some ten books at Urach, also in Wiirttemberg. The first of these with a date is the Plenarium of i February, 1481, catalogued below. This was followed by Der Heiligen Leben in the following November and by a German calendar for 1482. Of seven undated books, six are Latin sacerdotalia, the other a Buch der Weisheit.
PLENARIUM. Plenarium in dem mann findet alle Episteln und Evangelien durch das gantz Jahr. i February, 1481.
[I^ (red) : ri]N dem namen des Herren Amen. I| Hie vahet sich an ein plenari nach |1 ordnung der heiligen cristenlichen || kitchen in dem man geschriben vin||det all epistel vnd ewangeli als die || gesungen vnnd gelesen werdent in || dem ampt der heiligen meP durch || das ganncj lar in massen wie her*||nach geschriben steet . . .] 2*. 1 Nun folget hye nach der anfang an dem ersten sontag in de 1| aduent die epistel icf. Fratres Scietes qa hora est iam nos || de somno surgere tcf ad Ro. xiij. 233*. Colophon : C Gedruckt vnd volendet zu Vrach von || Cunrado feyner an vnser frawen abent || liechtmep Anno tc. Ixxxj. lare.
Folio, [a" b-2 A-E* F*.] 232 leaves, 3-231 numbered on both sides i-Ccxxxvij, seven numbers, viz. 70, 98, 99, iqo, 197, 198, 199, being omitted. 40 lines and numeration. 194 (300) X 124 mm. Type 3 (Gothic 96 mm.). Proctor 3830.
The first book printed at Urach. With one large (153 x 100 mm.) woodcut of Christ's entry into Jerusalem, and numerous smaller cuts, in the Augsburg style, some of them of a charming simplicity, as that on the leaf numbered Cxlvj, of a literal beam, perhaps some 18 inches long, projecting from a man's eye. With a few woodcut foliated capitals frequently repeated (especially I and B) enclosed in square frames and a few unframed, notably a charming N on leaf lettered Cc showing a squirrel sitting on a flower-stalk.
204x173 mm. Wanting leaves i and 3, other apparent imperfections being due to wrong numeration. [151
PASSAU
Two firms carried on printing at Passau in Bavaria, at the meeting of the Danube and Inn, during the 15th century. The first, in which Benedict Mayr worked with three successive partners in the same year, completed its first book on 6 August, 1481, according to Proctor, and its last on 14 November of the following year. The second printer, one of the numerous Johannes Petri of the 15th century, worked from 1485 to 1493 O"^ later, and produced some thirty books, almost exclusively Latin theology.
PASSAU 8i
BENEDICT MAYR
{^First printer)
Proctor's date, 6 August, 1481, for the first publication at Passau, is that of the Pars aestiualis of a Missale Patauiense recorded by Deschamps (p. 148). The two books known to Burger as printed by Mayr with his first partner Conrad Stahel of Blaubeuren are the Eusebius De morte Hieronymi (26 July, 1482) and Jacobus de Clusa de animabus e corporibus exutis (11 September, 1482), catalogTied below. In 1485 Conrad Stahel is found at Brunn. The Nicolaus Stahel who printed Perger's Grammatica with Mayr in an unspecified month of 1482 was presumably a brother. Still in the same year, on 14 November, Mayr completed with Johann Alakraw (who afterwards in 1484 printed at Winterberg) a Tractatus pro infirmis visitandis. This also is in the present collection, which thus possesses three out of the four books of Benedict Mayr and his partners known to Burger.
EUSEBIUS. De morte Hieronymi, &c. 26 July, 1482.
I*. Reuerendissimo pri Damaso || portuensi epo t christianissimo || theodonio Romano senatori. || Eusebius olim sanctissimi hie-||ronimi discipulus. 69^ COLOPHON : Explicit epistola beati Cyril-||li scbi lerosolimitani episcopi || ad eximiu doctorem Augusti-||nu Yponensis episcopu de mi-||raculis griosissimi leronimi. || Per .C. Stahel t Benedi-|lcti socioij Patauie Impressu 1| Olimpiadibus dominicis. m.||cccc. Ixxxij. septimo kalendas: || Augustus.
Quarto. 70 leaves, the last blank. 2 columns. 30 lines and head-line. 140 (149) X 107 mm. Types i, % (Gothic 94, 160 ? mm.). Hain *672i. Proctor 3826.
Instead of being signed in the ordinary way (Ai, A 2, A3) the sheets are lettered consecutively a-z, t, A-F, H-M omitting G. The phrase ' Olympiades ', which properly denotes a period of four years, is here apparently used as equivalent to ' anni '.
203 X 1 5 1 mm. Rubricated. [152
JACOBUS DE CLUSA. De animabus e corporibus exutis.
II September, 1482.
1'. Tractatus poptimus d animabus exutis a corporibus editus || a fratre lacobo doc. ordinis carthusiensis ertfordie. 23^ COLOPHON : Finis presentis opuscuH impressum in inclita ciuitaj|te Patauiensi Sub anno diii. Millesimo quadrin||getesimooctuagesimosecudo vndecia die septebris.
Quarto. 22 leaves. 31 lines. 146 x104 mm. Type i (Gothic 94 mm.). Hain *935o. Proctor 3827.
The sheets in this book are signed A-L, the signature B being accidentally printed on i^ instead of 2*.
201 X 141 mm. Rubricated. [153
TRACTATUS. Tractatus pro infirmis visitandis. 14 November, 1482.
!•. Tractatus breuis et vtilis pro infirmis visi-||tandis % confessionem eorum audiendis. 6''. Colophon : Finis presentis opusculi impressum in inclita ciuitate PaHtauiensi per
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lohannem Alakraw t Benedictu Main Sub H anno domini. M. cccc. Ixxxij. decimaquarta die Nouembris.
Quarto. 6 leaves. 31 lines. 147 x 103 mm. Type i (Gothic 94 mm.). Hain 9183. Proctor 3828.
The three sheets are signed successively ABC.
144 x112 mm. Rubricated. [154
JOHANNES PETRI
This Johannes Petri merely calls himself 'artis impressoriae magister' without giving any information as to his history. His earliest type is indis- tinguishable from that used by Zeninger and Wagner at Nuremberg up to about 1490, and may have been brought thence. Although a Calendar for 1493 offers the latest date connected with Johann's press, he was in business after this, as a Passau Agenda was printed for him at Venice by Johann Hamman (dictus Hertzog) in September, 1498.
PAVINIS, Johannes Franciscus de. Defensorium canonisationis S. Leo- poldi. [About 1490.]
I». Title : DEfensorium Canonisa||tionis Sacti Leopold!. 62". C Finis relationis facte per reuerendu patrej dnm Io||hannem franciscum de pauinis de padua sacre theologie \\ et iuris vtriuscj doctorem Et causarum Sacri pallacii || apl'ici auditorem. Sanctissimi. D. N. Cappellanum aiyterum ex tribus Cappellanis ad Summarium facien^Hdum de {)cessibus huiusmodi Canonizatonis specialiter || deputatum. 6^\ Registrum huius operis . . . End : C Finis.
Quarto, a-h^ 64 leaves. 33 lines. 153 x 100 mm. Types 4, 6 (Gothic 93-93, 186-188 mm.). Hain*i2536. Proctor 3849.
The register gives not only the first word of each sheet, but the full signa- ture as well, which is unusual (Primus. U a i vacat. a 2 Emitte. a 3 fundati. a 4 Eundem). The first signature, a i vacat, is curiously wrong, as the first leaf has the title on the recto, and on the verso a woodcut of S. Leopold armed, bearing a standard in his right hand and a model of a church in his left, with the underline : Sanctus Leopoldus dux Austrie.
215 X 144 mm. [155
TRIER
PRINTER OF THE SPECULUM MANUALE
{Only printer)
The only 15th century book which states itself to have been printed at Trier, on the Moselle, is the Speculum manuale sacerdotum of Hermannus de Schildis catalogued below. This was completed about the Feast of the Assumption, i. e. in the middle of August, 1481. The type used for it is that
TRIER 83
of Nikolaus Gotz of Cologne, which is found in a Bible of 10 May, 1480, printed after Gotz's collapse. In 1482 type of the same fount was used by Johannes Colini and Gerardus de Noua Ciuitate for their edition of the De Imitatione Christi at Metz. It is thus possible that they had printed the Speculum at Trier the previous year. After his Index was published Proctor transferred a book there ascribed to Gotz to Trier, and Mile. Pellechet assigned another book (Pell. 661) to this press.
SCHILDIS, Hermannus de. Speculum manuale sacerdotum.
c. 15 August, 1481.
i». C Incipit speculum clarum nobile et pciosum H ipsoij sacerdotu in quo refulget et repsentantur || ali^ valde vtilia speculada circa tria ^ncipalia. || Baptismi Eukaristie et Penitecie sacrameta •: I6^ COLOPHON : C Explicit speculum sacerdotu In quo ta^ || in quoda lucido speculo simpHces sacerdotes faci || lit pgsce pnt » speculari. q sint. Teneda . . . €. Impressum Treueris. Anno domini Mil-Hlesimoquadringentesimooctuagesimoprimo Cirl|ca festum assumptois marie virgis gloriose.
Quarto, a b*. 16 leaves. 30 lines. 146 x85 mm. Type i (Gothic 97-98 mm.). Hain *i4533. Proctor 2851.
189 X 119 mm. According to the bookseller's note this is a duplicate from the Stadtbibliothek of Trier. [156
LEIPZIG
Printing was introduced into Leipzig by Marcus Brandiss, who completed his first book there 28 September, 1481, and is known to have produced six others. Conrad Kachelofen, the second Leipzig printer, began work in 1485, but was at first far from prolific, while Moritz Brandiss, who printed a dozen books about 1488 and 1489, soon went off to Magdeburg. By this time, how- ever, Kachelofen had become busy, and Martin Landsberg was probably getting to work. In 1492 Gregorius Botticher and Arnold of Cologne issued their first books, and in 1495 three other firms of importance, those of Melchior Lotter, Wolfgang Stockel, and Jacob Thanner, made their start. All these firms printed mainly small Latin texts and handbooks, and their output of these developed so rapidly that by the end of the century Leipzig had produced over five hundred incunabula.
MARCUS BRANDISS
{First printer)
Seven books are assigned by Herr Burger to Marcus Brandiss at Leipzig, separated by intervals which suggest that he must have printed in the meanwhile for other men, either elsewhere or at Leipzig itself. His first book, Annius super apocalipsim, catalogued below, is dated in September, 1481 ; this is
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followed by a group of four belonging to 1484-87 ; and these again by one of 1498, with an undated volume. He belonged to a family of printers of migratory habits, and probably shared them himself
ANNIUS, Joannes. Glossa super Apocalypsim. 28 September, 1481.
i\ Glosa sup Apocalipsim b statu eccne Ab ano salu|ltis pnti fcj M cccc Ixxxi vscj ad fine mudi Et de p||claro t gl'osisslo triupho xpiaoi|L I Turcos t Mau||methos, quoi^ secta t Impiu breuit incipiet defice || ex fudametis lohanis in Apocalipsi. « ex sensu lral|li eiusdej aptJssimo. cu cosonatia ex ludicijs astro^.. 48^ CoLOPHON : Ex genua M. cccc Ixxx. die. xxxi martij in sa-l|bato sco copletum. Impressum lipczk anno sequete || scilc3 M. cccc. Ixxxi in pfesto michahelis |1| Explicit opus. Magistri. lohannis nannis de fu-||turis christianoij triumphis in thurcos et sarace-||nos Ad beatissimu potificem maximu. sixtu quartu. Et reges principes ac senatus christianos.
Quarto, a b (c-f)«. 48 leaves. 33 lines. 138 x 87 mm. Type i (Gothic 83 mm.). Hain *ii37. Proctor 285a.
The first book printed at Leipzig and the second dated edition of this work, the first having been completed at Genoa on 8 December, 1480. Other editions were printed by B. de Unkel at Cologne, Conrad Zeninger at Nuremberg, and John of Westphalia at Louvain. Annius or Nannis (as he is more often called in colophons) was a Dominican of Viterbo. In his book he prophesies the restoration of Constantinople under an Emperor nominated by the Pope, an expedition in which the bones of Mahomet should be burnt and other triumphs. He wrote also a book 'super mutuo ludaico et ciuili et diuino', dated May, 1492, and another on Antiquities printed by Silber at Rome in 1498.
201 X 142 mm. Rubricated. [157
CONRAD KACHELOFEN
Conrad Kachelofen completed a Latin Psalter at Leipzig in August, 1485, a Florus and Tibullus in 1487, a German complete letter-writer in 1488, another edition of this, a ready reckoner, and a few other books in 1489. After 1490 his output greatly increased, and by the end of the century he had produced over one hundred and twenty incunabula, mostly, however, thin school-books and sacerdotalia.
WIREKER, NiGELLUs. Speculum stultorum. c. 1490.
I*. Title : Bmnellus in speculo stultoij. [Woodcut.] 6o^ End : Brunelli in speculo stultorum || Finis adest feiiciter Amen.
Quarto, a-f* g h*. 60 leaves. 33 lines. 143 x 83 mm. Types 2, 3 (Gothic 160, 89-90 mm.). Hain *i62iy. Proctor 2904,
The woodcut on the title represents Brunellus the ass, Galienus the physician who advises him to travel, and a jester standing on one foot between them, holding up a mirror in which the ass's head is reflected. The poem, which was written by a monk of Canterbury in the 12th century, is an amusing satire which enjoyed a long popularity.
193x135 mm- Rubricated. The woodcut on the title-page is slightly coloured. [158
LEIPZIG 85
BALTHASAR. Expositio canonis missae. I497-
i». Title: Expositio canois || sacratissime misse. 20*. CoLOPHON : Canois sacra- tissime misse expositio. vna cu textu. %m dicta || et sentencia sanctoi; doctoru compendiose sub forma vtilis repe||titionis almo in gynnasio Lypktzensi per Balthesare sacre the||ologie Licentiatu necnon Collegij beati Bernhardi ibidem p-l|uisorem. .p dei honore. necno omniu religiosoj; ac simpliciu sacerdotum deuota instructione in vnum collecta. que alias satis || diffuse inuenitur posita. Finit feliciter. Hanc optime lector lege |1 et relege in rem tuam. et profice religiose p tue anie salute atcj || optimo profectu. Que impressa est per Cunradum Kachelouen || Anno diii M. cccc xcvii.
Quarto. A-D*'^ ao leaves. 6»: 42 lines of commentary. 17': 18 lines of text 151 X 92 mm. Types 4, 5, 6 (Gothic 72, 300, and 144 leaded to 205 mm.). Hain *2346.
The printer had no means of representing the sign of the cross in the Canon and had therefore to leave blank spaces for it.
195x133 mm. [159
MORITZ BRANDISS
MoRiTZ Brandiss completed three books within a few days of each other in November, 1488, three others in 1489, and a few without date. He then left Leipzig and is found completing his first book at Magdeburg on the eve of his patronal festival (in vigilia Sancti Mauricii), 21 September, 1491.
AURBACH, Johannes de. Declaratio titulorum legalium.
14 July, 1489.
1'. [C]Vm nihil studiosius in omnibus reperiatur ^ le^^Hgum autoritas que diuinas ac humanas res bene |1 disponit . . . 156*. Colophon : Impressum lipczk per Mauri#||cium Brandis Anno Ixxxix. || decimaquarta. mensis lulij.
Folio. a-s*tv*. 156 leaves. 50 h'nes of small type. 215 x116 mm. Types 2 and 6 (Gothic 15c and 86 mm.). Hain 2127.
The first leaf in this copy is signed a i , but leaf 4 is inserted, either as a cancel or an extra leaf. If the latter, the quire may have begun with a title- page. At some time during this same year Moritz Brandiss completed another legal book by Aurbach, his Processus iuris. According to the 'Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie' the name would be more correctly spelt as Urbach, and its owner is quite distinct from the Johannes de Aurbach author of the Summa de Sacramentis. But the confusion dates from the 1 5th century and has the authority of Trithemius.
298 X 200 mm. Rubricated. [160
MUNICH
Only three printers worked at Munich during the 15th century. The first of these, Johann Schauer, printed there in 1482 an edition of the Mirabilia Romae, the popular guide-book for German pilgrims, also an Ordinance, and,
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86 GERMANY
possibly, at a later date a Calendar, and then went on to Augsburg, where he is found at work in 1491. The second printer, who calls himself ' Benedikt Buch- binder ', produced one book in 1488 ; the third, Johann Schobsser, reversed Schauer's order of procedure, for having worked at Augsburg from 1485 to 1498 he came on thence to Munich, where he enjoyed a long career.
JOHANN SCHOBSSER
After having worked for some fourteen years at Augsburg Johann Schobsser left there in or about 1499, and came to Munich, perhaps at the invita- tion of the Rath, as in his first dated book (1500), an Oration of Angelus Fundius delivered in the name of the city before Pope Julius II, he calls himself ' conciuis Monacensis '. An edition of the Sermons of Paulus Wann is the only other book attributed to his Munich press in the 15 th century, but he printed there for over twenty years.
WANN, Paulus. Quadragesimale. [1500?]
I*. Title : Quadragesimale diui con«l|cijatons Pauli wan doctOi^l|rIs sacre theologie in ecclesia || collegiata patauiesi Nota^JJIbile et magistrale De preser«j|uatione hominis a peccato II per eundem ibidej ad popujllum predicatum. I05» par. 2. COLOPHON: Collecti sunt Sermo^llnes isti per Paulum wann |1 artium i sacre pagine in di^jlgnum pfessorem. Anno doi^llmini Millesimoquadringejltesimosexagesimo octauo. i || finiti Anno Sexagesimo- nojlno. tunc Patauie predica«l|torem t ad populQ p aduen«||tum t tempos sequens pro*l|nunciati. Oret pius lector % \\ auditor hoij p eo ||| Impressum per Io||hannem Schopsser. 1| In Monaci.
Quarto, a*, a-m* n*. 106 leaves, the last blank. 2 columns. 33 lines and head-line. 126 (137) X 91 mm. Types 4, 5, 6, 7 (Gothic 150, 95, 75-76, 192 mm.). Hain *i6i48. Proctor 3100.
192 X 142 mm. In a pretty roll-stamped binding of the i6th century. [161
ERFURT
Tafel T30 in Herr Burger's ' Deutsche und italienische Inkunabeln' shows the last page of a Lectionarium ' impssu in monasterio montissanctipetri erffordesis sub anno diii .M.cccc. Ixxix. In vigilia natiuitatis diii nostri ihesu xpi '. After this a single book was printed at Erfurt by Paul Wider of Hornbach, an Exercitatio librorum de anima by Johannes de Lutria. This was completed 26 August, 1482, and the printer then either disappeared or more probably worked anonymously with other types, the book catalogued below, Aristeas de Ixx. interpretibus, appearing the next year without printer's name, and one other work proceeding from the same press. Two books (Hain 6165 and *i035i) not noted by Proctor were apparently produced in 1489, after which nothing is recorded until 1494, when the second book catalogued below was issued anonymously, as was also the Ars Epistulandi of Andreas Hundorn. They are now attributed to Heidericus and Marcus Ayrer. In 1497-1500 four other printers were at work at Erfurt, but their total output was small.
"\
ERFURT 87
PRINTER OF ARISTEAS
ARISTEAS. De septuaginta interpretibus. 1483.
2». Tractatulus de .Ixxii. interpretibj et de eorudem || maxima sapientia ac nominibus. || Prologus. II ... 3a''. Colophon: Tractatulus et vitam et mores ptolomei egiptioru || regis pclarissimi. Quoue studio ordine loco t tpe. || sacras mosayce legis Iras in grecu Pmonej. Ixxii. II interptes legalissime traduxerint. Eorudecj inter«||pretu et nomina et sapientia maxima, qua inquisiti||one responsionecp altematis perusi sunt, in sese cojjplectens In preclara Erfordensi achademia opere || peruigili Anno. Ixxxiii. impressus finit foeliciter.
Quarto, a-d^. 32 leaves, the first blank. 30 lines. 139 x 9a mm. Type i (Gothic 93 mm.). Hain *i6^^. Proctor 3103.
' Aristeas,' the legendary organizer of the Septuagint version of the Hebrew scriptures, was traditionally assigned to the early part of the 3rd century b. c. It is to this account of the Septuagint, purporting to have him as its author, that we owe the story of the seventy-two different versions each made separately by individual translators, shut up in cells in the Isle of Paros, being all found to be in complete verbal agreement.
207 X 147 mm. [162
PRINTER OF HUNDORN
NEGLIGENTIAE. Negligentiae et defectus in missa contingentes. 1494.
I*. Title : NEgligentie et defectus || in missa contingetes. [Woodcut] 4^ COLO- PHON : Impressum Erffordie Anno dni M. cccc. xciiii.
Quarto, [a*.] 4 leaves. ^^ lines. 145 x96 mm. Types i, 2 (Gothic 180? and 83 mm.). Hain 6079.
The woodcut represents a priest with his eyes fixed on his missal while a fly (?) and mouse attack the sacred elements. In the upper corners of the cut are the letters -M- -R-.
194 x134 mm. [163
METZ
In 1482 Johann Colini, a Carmelite friar, and Gerardus de Nona Ciuitate (Gerard of Neuburg?) printed at Metz the first book of the De Imitatione Christi, catalogued below. After his ' Index ' was printed Mr. Proctor transferred to this press a religious treatise in the form of a legal ordinance, entitled ' Ordnung des Gerichts ', previously attributed to Nikolaus Gotz at Cologne (P. 1 124). No other books have been assigned to these printers. Mr. Proctor also transferred to Metz, this time from Nuremberg, another book which thus becomes the first work of the second Metz printer, Caspar Hochfeder, the Epistula contra ludaeos of Rabbi Samuel (P. 2298), dated 19 March, 1498, but with no place of imprint.
^
88 GERMANY
JOHANN COLINI AND GERARDUS DE
NOVA CIVITATE
{First printers) THOMAS A KEMPIS. De Imitatione Christi liber I. 1482.
I*. (Table) : Capitula sequetis libelli scbm || ordinem. a*. Incipiut ammonicones ad spijlrituale vita vtiles Ca. primu ||| De imitacoe xpi % pteptu olm || vanitatu mundi •!• 33*. Colophon : C Expliciut amonicones ad spi<;||ritualem vitam vtiles. ||| C Impresse in citate Metensi || per fratrem lohanne Colini. Or||dinis fratrum Carmelitarum. || Et gerhardum de noua citate. || Anno domini Milleo. CCCC°.||lxxxij •:• •:• •:• •:•
Quarto. [ab*c*.] 23 leaves. 29 lines. 140x83 mm. Types i, 3 (Gothic 96-97, c. 150 mm.). Hain 9136. Proctor 31 16.
The first Metz book. The title ' De Imitatione Christi et contemptu omnium vanitatum mundi ', which is now applied indiscriminately to the whole four books of the treatise, at the outset, as is here shown, belonged only to the first chapter of Book I. The attempt to call the whole work ' Admonitions towards a spiritual life ' met with scant success.
193 X 132 mm. [164
CASPAR HOCHFEDER
Caspar Hochfeder was a native of Heiligbrunn. From 149 1 to 1498 he worked at Nuremberg, printing there about thirty books, including a Latin Bible, some liturgies and calendars. In 1498, according to Mr. Proctor, he moved to Metz, and in the next two years printed there ten or twelve incunabula. Early in the i6th century he removed to Cracow, but returned to Metz in 1508 and printed there again for some years.
RABBI SAMUEL. Epistola contra iudaeos. 19 March, 1498.
!•. Title : Epistola Rabbi Samuelis Israhelite missa ad || Rabbi Ysaac magistru Synagoge in subiul-||meta. ciuitate regis Marochorum. Qua iude||us ille catecuminus. aridam iudeoru b Messia || spem stimulans. ipsos. necnon eoru posteros. || sua spe super testimonijs legis et prophetaruj || de venture Messia esse frustratos. iam miran-||do tande timendo et expauescedo : apertissime || demonstrat. Annexa est etiam in fine Pontij || pilati. b indubitata hiesu resurrectione. episto||la ad Tiberium imperatorem. 33*. COLOPHON: ^ Impressa est Epistola 1| Rabbi Samuelis: vna cuj te-||stimonijs duodecim patriar-ljcharuj Epistolacp pontij Pi-I|lati huic anexis. arte literaria p||famati Casparis hochfeders || nuren- bergensis. decimanona |1 Martij. Anno saluatoris nfi. || M. cccc. xcviij. || Laus deo.
Quarto, a-c* d*. 33 leaves. 3 columns. 2)S lines. Types 8, 9 (Gothic 107, 86 mm.). Hain *J427o. Proctor 3398.
The first book printed by Caspar Hochfeder at Metz, if we may make any deduction from the advertising epithet he bestows on himself and the adjective ' Nurenbergensis ', which would have been pointless if used at Nuremberg itself.
210 x153 mm. Rubricated. [165
METZ 89
PSALTERIUM. Psalterium cum apparatu vulgari. 1513.
i». (red, after the capital) : PSalterium cum || apparatu vulga-||ri firmit oppresso |1 [Woodcut] Lateynisch Psalter mit dem || teutschen dar bey getruckt. 131''. COLOPHON : Psalterium cum apparatu vulgari pro more barbarico || translatum. Metis impressum per Casparum Hochffe||der. Anno domini. 1513. ||| t Hie endet der Psalter mit dem teutsche. nutzbarkeit der psalm |1 sunderlichen getruckt zu Metz durch Caspar Hochffeder in dej II iar als man zalt Tausent funfThundert vnd dreyzehen.
Quarto. [**] A" B C* D E» F G* H« I K* L« M N* 0« P Q* R» S-V* X« Y* Z*. 13a leaves, the last blank, 5-130 numbered Folium I-CXXVI. 24 and 38 lines. 154 x103 mm. Types 17, 19-23 (Gothic 114, 170?, lao?, 81, 99-100, 80 mm.). Proctor 11599.
The woodcut on the title represents David harping before the Lord. The capital P, white on a black ground, has within its circle the figure of a man with drum and fife.
183 x126 mm. Rubricated. [166
EICHSTATT
MICHAEL REYSER
{Only printer)
At Eichstatt on the Altmiihl in Bavaria, Michael Reyser was the only printer in the 15th century. He used four types identical, save that one of them is cast on a different body, with four of those found in books printed by Georg, or Jeorius, Reyser at Wurzburg. Herr Burger ascribes to him the Mainz Missal authorized 18 March, 1482 ; Proctor made his earliest book the Statuta Synodalia Eystettensia, authorized 15 March, 1484, which contains a letter from him to the Bishop. About a score of books are ascribed to him, the latest date in them being the 12 July, 1494, of the Eichstatt Missal. But in addition to these, and to the books which can be certainly attributed to Georg Reyser at Wurzburg, there are a number of others printed ' typis Reyserianis ', which were long credited to Michael Reyser at Eichstatt, but are now considered to have been more probably printed by Georg either at Strassburg or Wurzburg. For one of the finest of these, the Summa Hostiensis of 1478-79, see No. 196.
BRUNO. Super psalterium. [About 1485?]
!•. Corrigendi emendandicp psalterij |j prologus Beati Brunonis Epi her||bipolen. breuis comendatio et quo || proficue legendu sit istud psalteriu || institutio et cohortatio. 256''. col. 3, 1. 6 (red) : Finit liber psalmo!^ || numero centum quin||quaginta. ||| (black) B (red) : Hie ps 4prie scribi||tur dauid extra nume||ru psalmoij cu pugna||uit cum goliath. || 279''. col. 2. End (red): H(black)ec est fides catholi||ca. qua nisi quiscp fide||liter firmitercp credi«||derit salu' ee no pot^tt.
Folio. [* a* b-z A-O^* P***.] 278 leaves. 2 columns. 24 lines of text. 224 x150 mm. Types I, 2, 4 (Gothic no, 89-91, 186 mm.). Hain*40ii. Proctor 3123.
An exceptionally handsome book, the text of the psalms printed in red and
M
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90 GERMANY
black in a large Gothic type, and the commentary with the smaller of the two types known as ' typi Reyseriani '.
284 X 204 mm. Rubricated, with an illuminated capital and floral border at the beginning of the text. On i* is the inscription : Monasterij Pantheon. Original stamped pigskin binding. [167
HEIDELBERG
At Heidelberg in Baden the Sermones de Sanctis of Hugo de Prato Florido, a copy of which is catalogued below, were completed on 21 January, 1485, by an anonymous printer known as the Printer of Lindelbach from a later book, Lindelbach's Praecepta Latinitatis, completed 15 December, i486. Nine books are attributed to this press, which continued at work until 1489 ; five to that of Fridericus Misch, who worked from 1488 to 1490, and over a score to Heinrich Knoblochtzer, who, after quitting Strassburg some time after 1484, is found at Heidelberg from 1489 to 1495. Here, as in so many other towns, educational textbooks and sacerdotalia were the main products of the press, but several vernacular books were printed by Knoblochtzer.
THE PRINTER OF LINDELBACH
{First prhiter)
Most of the early types used by this anonymous printer are indistinguish- able from those subsequently found in the hands of Conrad Hist at Speier, some of which again are closely connected with those of Johann Priiss at Strassburg. It is remarkable that this printer's first type was used also by Misch and Knoblochtzer. If the attribution to him be correct, the most important work which issued from this press was an edition of the De Proprietatibus Rerum of Bartholomaeus Anglicus. The other books were of the kind already indicated.
HUGO [De Vinac] DE PRATO FLORIDO. Sermones de Sanctis.
21 January, 1485.
i». Title : Sermones. Hugol|nis de prato florido H de Sanctis. 274'. col. 2. COLO- PHON: Sermones perutiles de Sanctis p an||ni circulum fratris Hugonis de prato || florido Ordinis sancti Dominici sejlctatoris faustissime finiunt Impress! || Heydelberge Anno dominici natalis || M. cccc.Ixxxv. xij kalendas februari^Has. 275'. Incipit Registrum || in sermones Hugonis de prato florido 1| de Sanctis. 285''. End : xps per mortem crucis tua fecit ibidem:
Folio. a-c» d-f« g-i» k-p'-^ q r* t« P s-v« u» x y« z« t* ?« A B« C D^ E« F G« H-K« L^ [*, ***]. «86 leaves, the last blank. 2 columns. 45 lines and head-line. 213 (231) X 141 mm. Types I, 2 (Gothic 170, 90-91 mm.). Hain *9009. Proctor 3126.
The first book printed at Heidelberg.
284 X 206 mm. Rubricated, with illuminated capitals and floral borders on
HEIDELBERG 9x
2*. On the title-page are the notes ' Miirij Aspacensis ' (repeated on 2*) and * Stephanus Erlingar me cum alia parte de tpe 1 2 solidis possidet '. Old stamped brown leather binding, one of the stamps lettered ' Maria hilf '. [168
JOHANNES CARTHUSIENSIS. Nosce te. 6 July, 1489.
i». (Woodcut.) Tetrastichon iodoci galli |1 rubiacesis in opusculu || nosce te. !|| (type)
Vertitur hoc libro sanctorum dogmate sacro
Precipuum graijs inter responsa chilonis
Exhibitum: et celo delapsum yvonOi ae avrov
Quod valet expositum : quiuis se noscat vt ipsum. 2*. Ego Philippus rota . . . hoc || ipsum opusculu Nosce te: istructius plegi . . . 3». Oratio ad infrascriptos. || Opus Nosce te interpretatum ad suos diuersis degentes religi*||onibus dilectos filios. 99*. COLOPHON: Accipe nunc tandem studiosissime lector hoc maxime deuotois 1| vtilitatiscj opusculu : diligenti correctoe que summope necessaria || fuerat emendatu : quo poteris vsitatissime greculorum esurientiu || allegationi satisfacere : yvwOi <Tt avrov quod est latine t re||ctissime in titulo libri nri nosce te interpretatu. In eo enim pulc6#l|rimis t vtriusej testamenti theologicis exemplis : illud ipsum gre||coru resoluif puerbiu: quod a sapietissimo Chilone Lacedemoio 1| magna autoritate dictu: ab antiquis f> oraculo habitu : aureis Iris || Delphis c5secratu : t a lunio iuueale e celo dicit esse descensum. || Fac igit psuade tibi non modo vt eu emas qtJ impressori pgratuj || est: sed t tibi velut enchiridion t quottidiana lectione frequentan||dum vsurpes. Optime vale Ex heidelberga sexta lulij Anno. M.jlcccc. Ixxxix.
Quarto. A B« C* D-N*-* O*. 100 leaves, the last blank. 38-39 lines. 146 x96 mm. Types 4, 5 (Gothic 83, 77 mm.), Hain *9389. Proctor 3131.
The heading to the Tetrastich is cut in wood and has the importance of a title, like the Registrum in the Nuremberg Chronicle of 1493.
185 x130 mm. [169
HEINRICH KNOBLOCHTZER
Knoblochtzer started at Heidelberg with new types, but brought with him some of the ornaments which he had used at Strassburg. Among the couple of dozen books attributed to him during the seven years he worked at Heidelberg are a Vergil and Persius, the romance of Melusine and several other works in German, and a Petrarch De remediis utriusque fortunae.
GUARINUS, Baptista. De ordine docendi et studendi.
18 December, 1489.
I'. TITLE: BAptista Guayrinus de mo t || ordine docen||di ac discendi. ii*". COLO- PHON: Finit modus t ordo docendi ac discedi Guarini baptijlstcimpressus heydelberge. per Henricum knoblochtzer 1| impressorie artis magistrum Anno salutis nostre Millel|simo qdringetesimo octogesimo nono. xv. kl'. lanuarias.
Quarto. A B». 13 leaves, the last blank. 36 lines. 144 x86 mm. Types 5, 6 (Gothic 180, 80 mm.). Hain *8i3i. Proctor 3139.
The first dated book printed by Knoblochtzer at Heidelberg. With a decorative floral capital B of the depth of the four lines of the title, and a Q and h of another design in the text.
198 x133 mm. [170
M 2
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98 GERMANY
ANDREAE, Johannes. Lectura super arboribus consanguinitatis et affinitatis. [About 1490.]
i\ Title; Arbor consanguinitatis affini||tatis cognationis spiritualis. et le^Hgalls' vnacum exemplis et enigma||tibus perpulcris. 7^ 1. 4a : ... Explicit lectura super arbori- bus consanguinitatis II et affinitatis. lohannis Andree. 11''. End OF TEXT: concordant b^ne et Hugo et tm de cognatione legali. ia'-i4*. [Woodcut diagrams.]
Folio. [a*b*.] 14 leaves. 41 lines. 195x125 mm. Types 7, 8 (Gothic 150, 94- 95 mm.). Hain *I032. Proctor 3146.
Ten pages are occupied with woodcut diagrams, the letterpress for which (except on 12*) is also cut on wood. With several of Knoblochtzer's smaller Strassburg capitals.
285 X 206 mm. Dr. Kloss's copy. [171
MONSTER
JOHANN LIMBURG
{First printer)
The Statuta Prouincialia of Cologne, catalogued below, used to be con- sidered the first book printed at Munster in Westphalia. This, however, has now been supplanted by another book from the same press, a comedy entitled Codrus by Johann Kerckmeister, a native and chief schoolmaster of the city, the printing of which ' terso et polito luculentissimoque caractere ' was finished on 31 October, 1485. The Statuta Coloniensia followed in i486, and on 29 July of the same year the Carmina and other works of Rudolphus Langius, a Canon of Munster, who had shown his interest in printing by celebrating in verse the achievements of Mentelin and Adolph Rusch. The only other piece of printing attributed to Limburg's press is a Summaria declaratio bullae indulgentiarum ecclesiae Xanctonensi concessarum, a copy of which is at the Bodleian.
COLOGNE AND MUNSTER. Statuta prouincialia et diocesana.
14 October, i486.
I*. Title: Statuta Prouincialia Et Sinodalia|l Dyocesana Monasteriensia. 2*. Statuta prouincialia Coloniensia feliciter Incipiunt: ||| [H]Enricus dei gratia Sancte colonienp Ecclejlsie Archiepiscopus . . . 73*. Reuerendi in christo patris et domini. domini Euer;;||hardi cpiscopi monastirienf Statuta synodalia siue dio||cesana feliciter Incipiunt. 93^ COLOPHON : Stattua {)uincialia coloniensia ac synodalia seu dyo#^l|cesana monasteriesia fidelissime a iohanne lymburgio aquejlsi monasterij vuessalie electissimo caractere impssa. Anno || nostro salutis M. cccc". Ixxxvi". pridie ydus octobris finem || feliciter sumpserunt. jjl Tinxerat h§c formis. sculptores arte lohannes
Limburgus superans" nee polyclete negas. Hoc sib! pellei iuuenis tribuisset apellas Pictor* et ex auro qui dedit ora ducis. Quarto. [a-h'*« i k* 1* m n*.] 94 leaves, 72 and 94 blank, 3-93 numbered, with mistakes and omissions, ii-xcv. 35 lines and head-line. 143 (157) x 87 mm. Type i (Gothic 80 mm.). Hain 15027. Proctor 3156.
MUNSTER 93
The second book printed at Munster. High up in the top margin of each recto is placed the name of the Archbishop under whom the statute printed on the page was passed.
186 X 141 mm. The lower part of the title-page has been cut off. [172
INGOLSTADT
Four separate 15th century presses are credited to Ingolstadt by Proctor, all of them short-lived. The first of these is named after the first book printed in the town, the Rhetoric of Lescherius ; the second after the Epitoma in Ciceronis rhetoricam of Conrad Celtes, both works being catalogued below. In 1496 and 1497 Marcus Ayrer (with Georg Wirffel) printed a few books at Ingolstadt, apparently in an interval of his work at Erfurt. In 1499 we find the name of Johann Kachelofen (prouidus dominus) in a Rosarium caelestis curiae, and good reason has been shown for identifying him with ' the printer of Celtes '. About twenty incunabula have been ascribed to Ingolstadt altogether, among them being a psalter, apparently of about 1490, not assignable to any of the presses named.
PRINTER OF LESCHERIUS
{First printer)
Proctor connects the single type used by this anonymous printer with the fourth of those used by Erhard Ratdolt at Venice, As this press at Ingolstadt started shortly after Ratdolt's return to Augsburg, the printer may easily have been one of his workmen in Italy. Some six or eight books are ascribed to him.
LESCHERIUS, Paulus. Rhetorica. 1487.
3'. [A]Ccedite ad earn et illnminamini et facies vestre non c6fu||detur tc Tametsi verba ista sint theologica sacra atqj pe||nitus diuina a {>pheta psaltno tricesimo tcio scripta . . . 23*. Colophon : Hec rethorica feliciter finitur diHgetissi||me coposita t correcta e a magistro pauj|lo lescher et ideo rethorica lescherij nun||cupetur In almo gimnasio ingoldtstat |1 Anno .Lxxxvij. [Followed by the ' Registi;: '.]
Quarto, [a-d*.] 24 leaves, the first and last blank. 40 lines. Type i (Gothic 73 mm.). Hain *ioo34. Proctor 3158.
Although the book is made up in sixes the register quotes the beginning of the fourth as well as the third leaf of each quire.
199 X 139 mm. Partly rubricated. [173
94 GERMANY
PRINTER OF CELTES' EPITOMA
The single type used by this printer is identical with one used by Conrad Kachelofen at Leipzig, and in 1499 by Johann Kachelofen at Ingolstadt. Conrad may have sent a workman to print a few books at Ingolstadt about 1492, as he printed a single book at Freiberg in 1495, or Johann Kachelofen may have worked continuously in the town, and some books for 1494-98 have been lost.
CELTES, Conrad. Epitoma in Ciceronis rhetoricam.
[After 28 March, 1492.]
i». Title : Epitoma in vtraqj Ciceronis rhetorica cu arte 1| memoratiua noua t modo epistolandi vtilissimo. 23*. 1. 31. End: Semper ego hec fugiam.
Quarto. a*'+"b'c*. 23 leaves. 39-42 lines. 141-152x91 mm. Type i (Gothic 70-71 mm.). Hain *4842. Proctor 3160.
After the visit to Rome in i486, whence he returned to Germany as one of the earliest apostles of the Renaissance, Conrad visited Nuremberg, Cracow, and other cities, and began starting the ' sodalitates litterariae ' for which he is famous. In 1492 he became professor of rhetoric at Ingolstadt, and this ' Epitoma ' gives the substance of his first course of lectures. An extra leaf, printed on one side only, is inserted before sig. a. iii. On leaf 19 are specimens of the very abstruse ' caracteres memoratiue artis ' which were apparently found helpful in the 15th century. The figures are followed by the note Multi- plicabimus imagines nostras si singulis imaginib' vxores filios t filias aptamus.
215 x155 mm. [174
STENDAL
JOACHIM WESTPHAL
(Pnly printer)
At Stendal, in the district of Magdeburg, Joachim Westphal printed a ' Sassenspegel ' in 1488, and undated editions of the Donatus moralisatus of Gerson and of a Glossa Psalterii, a copy of this last being catalogued below. Joachim had previously (1483, &c.) printed some seven books at Magdeburg itself, in partnership with Albertus Ravenstein, his brother.
PSALTERIUM. Glossa Psalterii. [About 1488.]
]». [Q]Vam sine ficti-||one didici sine || inuidia coico et || honestatem ei' || no abscodo Sajlpiecie. vij In i^bis pdictis . . . 232*. col. i, 1. 20. End : Finit glosa psalterij.
Quarto, a-z, t ? A-M* N* O*. 232 leaves. 2 columns. 34 lines. 149 X 93 mm. Type 2 (Gothic 89 mm.). Hain *7784. Proctor 3168.
209 x152 mm. From the library of the Capuchins of Bamberg. Half pigskin over wooden boards. [175
HAGENAU 95
HAGENAU
HEINRICH GRAN
(First printer)
At Hagenau on the Moder in the district of the Lower Rhine a press was started by Heinrich Gran in 1489, which produced upwards of seventy incu- nabula, and continued hard at work for many years in the next century. It published nothing but Latin books, and among these there was an uncon- scionable preponderance of sermons. From 1497 onwards many of the books are stated to have been printed ' impensis lohannis Rynmann *.
LOCHMAIER, Michael. Sermones de Sanctis. 25 July, 1497.
I'. Title: Celeberrimi sacre theologie || necno iurispontificij doctoris: et artium magistri. ac ecclesie {| Patauien. Canonici dni Michaelis lochmayr sermones {| de Sanctis perutiles : cum vigintitribj sermonibus magistri 1| Pauli wann annexis feliciter incipiunt. 251''. Colophon: Sermones perutiles de Sanctis per cirl|culu anni eximij doctoris: ac ecclesie Pa-||tauien. canonici domini Michaelis lochjlmayr. cum vigintitriba sermonibus magi-||stri Pauli wann annexis. Expensis pro-||uidi viri lohanis Ryman diligeter reuisi || et emendati. Impressicp in imperiali oppi-l|do Hagenaw per Henricu Gran finiunt || feliciter. ipa die set! lacobi maioris. An^l|no salutis post Millesimu quater^ cen#||tesimum nona- gesimuseptimu.
Folio, a b* ; a b* c* d e* f " g-1* m n* o-r* s* t v* x^ y z* A^ B C* D* E-I*. 252 leaves, the last blank. 2 columns. 51 lines. Types 4, 8 (Gothic 160, 80 mm.). Hain *ici73. Proctor 3187.
284 x190 mm, Rubricated. [176
SUMMENHART, Conrad. Tractatulus bipartitus de decimis,
13 November, 1497.
I*. Title: Tractatulus bipartitus de de«||cimis defensiuus opinionis theologoru aduersus colter cano||nistas de quotta decimal^ si debita sit iure diuino vel humano || per Conradu Summehart de Calw Artiu atcj sacre theolo-||gie {)fessore in alma vniuersitate Tuwingensi ordinarie in the||ologia legente editus t ibide lectus: soleniter^ Anno dni M.||cccc. xcvij. per eundem disputatus. 40^ CoLOPHON : Tractatulus bipartitus de decimis: de||fensiuus opinionis theologorum aduer-jlsus comuniter canonistas de quotta deci||marum si debita sit iure diuino vel huma|lno per Conradum Sumehart de Calw || artium at^ sacre theologie ^fessorem in 1| alma vniuersitate Tuwingensi ordinarie || in theologia legentem editus X ibidem le*l|ctus atcp disputat' Impressus quo(^ in || imperiali oppido Hagennaw per Henri||cum Gran Finit feliciter Anno salutt no||stre post millesimum quatercp centesimu3 j) nonagesimumseptimum ipo die Briccij. 41'. (table) : Coclusiones et cor||relaria que ponuntur in hoc tractatulo. Ibidem, coL a, 1. 50 : . . . quasi epi||Iogando aliquos. folio xxxviij.
Folio. a*bc*d*e*f*. 42 leaves, the last blank. 2 columns. 51 lines. 205 x128 mm. Types 4, 8 (Gothic 160, 80 mm.). Hain *i5i77. Proctor 3189.
273 x193 mm. [177
PELBARTUS DE THEMESVAR. Stellarium coronae beatae virginis.
2 May, 1498.
I'. Title: Stellariu Corone benedicte || Marie virginis 1 laudg eius pro || singulis
predicatoibus elegatis||sime coaptatum. 195''. Colophon : Opus putile in laude gfiosissime
")
96 GERMANY
j^ginis II Marie p singuF ei' pdicatoib' elegatissime 1| coaptatu Stellariu Corone eiusde y^ginis II intitulatu. Impensis suptibuscj puidi viri || lohanis rymman: in impiali oppido Ha-||genaw: p industriQ Henricu gran inibi in«||cola diligetissime impssuj ac emedatu finit II feliciter. Anno salutis nostre Millesimo qlltercj centesimononagesimooctauo. altera || die Maij. |||
Opera nunc isto pfecto gFia christo
Laudibj hie insto: coronas mri dei sisto
Honor Fracisco: laus sctis cuctis R ipo
Ocdenotrino ciclo c. qfd. tuc psule sixto. 197*. In nomine domini || lesu t sanctissime virginis Marie matris || eius Incipit tabula de cotentf in hoc ope-||re Pm ordinem alphabeti. 203'. End: Finit tabula.
Folio, a b» c« d e^ f« g h« i« k !» m^ n o« p« q r« s« t v* x" y z« A B" C« D« [*]«. 204 leaves, 196 and last blank, a columns. 51 lines, and head-line. 204 (220) x 132 mm. Types 4, 8 (Gothic 160, 80 mm.). Hain *i2563. Proctor 3194.
272 X 185 mm. Rubricated. On i* is the note 'Ad Bibliotheca Ecclesias Collegiatae Neocell. B.V. ad gratias' and inside the lower cover a printed label ' Bibliothecae Novacellensis. T '. [178
KIRCHHEIM
The first printer at Kirchheim, a small town in Alsace between Zabern and Schlettstadt, was Marcus Reinhard, who had previously printed at Lyons. He appears to have begun printing there in 1489 or 1490, and to have stopped some time before 1495, in which year his type is found in the possession of his brother, Johann Reinhard of Strassburg, better known as Griininger. He was succeeded at Kirchheim by the anonymous printer mentioned below.
PRINTER OF S. BRANDONS LEBEN
This printer produced in 1497 an edition of the Buch der sieben Weisen Meister, and also a Historie von Sankt Brandon in the same types. The former is said in its colophon to have been printed at ' Klein Troyga ', the latter at ' Nuw Troyga', and it was only in 1895 that the identity of this 'Little' or ' New' Troy with Kirchheim was established by Herr Max Spirgatis, Mr. Proctor subsequently (in 1902) showing that a German Horae printed at ' Klein Troyga ' in 149 1 must have been the work of Marcus Reinhard. If a Latin-German Vocabulary mentioned in the Serapeum xvi. p. 41 (quoted by Burger) is in the ' Sankt Brandon ' types, the second printer must have begun work earlier than Mr. Proctor knew. He apparently only printed, besides the works already mentioned, the Inuectiua contra astrologos of Thomas Murner, catalogued below, and another pamphlet by the same author.
MURNER, Thomas. Inuectiua contra astrologos. [After 8 May, 1499.]
i». Title: Inuectiua contra Astrologos || Serenissimo Romanoru regi Maximiliano pijssimo ptra H cofederatos quos vulgo Switeses nucupamus interitu pre||dicetes fris Thome
KIRCHHEIM 97
Murner liberaliu artiu mgri felici exor||ditur sidere. [Woodcut.] 6». END: ... Ex Argentina octa||uo die Maij. Anno diii. M. cccc. Ixxxxix. (|| Summum louem appello:
Quarto, a*. 6 leaves, i': 34 lines of small type, a of large. 158 x97 mm. Types I, 2 (Gothic c. 150, 8a mm.). Hain 11649. Proctor 3211.
The woodcut shows a double-headed eagle, a wizard manipulating a jar, twin boys, a hand from heaven, and a scroll bearing the words ' Prorsus diuina prouidencia regna costituut humana '.
138 X 112 mm. [179
MURNER, Thomas. De phitonico contractu. [Not before 1499.]
!•. TITLE: Tractatus perutilis de phitoHnico contractu fratris Thome murner liberaliu artium || magistri ordinis minorum Ad instantiam Generosi do || mini lohannis W6rnher de M6rsperg compilatus.
Quarto, ab*. la leaves. 37 lines. 150 x90 mm. Types i, a (Gothic c. 150 and 8a mm.). Hain *ii647. Proctor 3212.
On i*» is a letter from Murner to Johann Wornher de Morsperg dated ' ex Friburgo brisgaudij Anno. M. cccc. xcix '. The book takes the form of letters from Wornher with answers by Murner to his questions.
200 x135 mm. Rubricated. [180
FREIBURG IM BREISGAU
At Freiburg im Breisgau in Baden two printers worked during the 15th century, Kilianus Piscator or Kilian Fischer, and Friedrich Riedrer. Both apparently began publishing in 1493, but Fischer seems to have stopped the next year, while Riedrer went on to the end of the century.
KILIAN FISCHER
{First printer)
Fischer's first book is apparently the Bonaventura In quatuor libros Sententiarum catalogued below, which was completed after 2 May, 1493. An index to this, and editions of the De Ciuitate Dei and De Trinitate of S. Augustine, both dated 1494, are the only other books attributed to his press.
BONAVENTURA. Super libros sententiarum. [Not before 2 May, 1493.]
Liber I. 1*. TITLE: Perlustratio Sancti Bonauenture || in Primum librum Sententi- arum. «•. lohanes bekenhub Moguntin' euagelice theologie sumo doctor! dfio Nicolao tinctoris de guntzenhu||sen impialis eccl'e bambergensis pdicatori salute. . . 3*. col. 3, 1. a : Quo bonauentura. petrus lombardus vtri^
Sublati capiunt premia digna sibi. Quo tuba diuini verbi doctor nicolae.
Tinctoris tendas dum tuba diua strepit. Quo libri impressor Friburgi kilianus ipe. Piscator tendat post sua fata precor . . . N
X
)
98 GERMANY
Liber II. i». Title : Perlustratio Sancti Bonauenture || in Secundum librum Sententiarii. [Liber III, i*. Elucidatio Sancti Bonauenture 1| in Tertium librum Sententiarum. Liber IV. i\ Elucidatio Sancti Bonauenture || in Quartum libru Sententiarii. Index Volume. I'. Tabula super libros Senten||tiarum cum Bonauentura. 93*. Sequutur varij articuli erronei omniu peljne facultatum in anglia % parisius studiose t autori-||tatiue pdemnati cu reuocationibus eorunde. 103''. End : . . . vt putamus supabundanter expleuisse. || Deo gratias.]
Folio. Liber I. 184 leaves; II. 240 leaves; III. 204 leaves ; IV. 236 leaves ; Index Volume 104 leaves, the last blank. 2 columns. 225-235 X 150 mm. Types i, 2, 3 (Gothic 190, 82, 71 mm.). Hain *354i. Proctor 3213.
The first book printed at Freiburg im Breisgau.
A reprint of Koberger's edition of [149 1].
307 X 216 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. Vols. I and II only. [181
AUGUSTINUS. De Ciuitate Dei cum commento. 1494.
i». Title: Augustinus de Ciuital|te dei cum commento. 252*. COLOPHON : Finitum est hoc opus in friburga. Anno in#l|carnationis dni. M. cccc. xciiij. 252^ Incipit tabula fris Nicolai triueth ordinis || pdicatorum sacre pagine pfessoris: ta sup te||xtu q commento feliciter. 256". End : Explicita est tabula.
Folio, a* b-x® y* z A-T*. 256 leaves. 2 columns, commentary surrounding the text. 54 lines of text, 62 of commentary, with head-line. 221 (237) X 143 mm. Types i, 2, 3 (Gothic 190, 82, 71 mm.). Hain *2o68. Proctor 3214.
299 X 211 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. In 17 10 the property of the Bamberg Jesuits. Old stamped pigskin, with label on upper cover. [182
AUGUSTINUS. DeTrinitate. 1494-
i». TITLE: Augustinus de Trinitate. 77». COLOPHON: Aurelij Augustini de trini||tate liber explicitus est An||no dni. M. cccc. Ixxxxiiij. 77''. Incipit tabula i libros Augustini pcedetes. 8o». END : Explicita est tabula.
Folio. a*b-n*. 80 leaves. 2 columns. 54 lines and head-line. 225 (242) X 143 mm. Types I, 2, 3 (Gothic 190, 82, 71 mm.). Hain *2040. Proctor 3215.
In some of the quires of six leaves four, in others only three, are signed. 297 X 209 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, bound with the same printer's edition of the De Ciuitate Dei. [183
FRIEDRICH RIEDRER
The first book printed by Friedrich Riedrer was the Spiegel der Rhetorik, described below, completed on S. Lucy's day, 11 December, 1493. Of this, as its author as well as printer, he was able to say that it was ' versamelt, gedruckt vnd volendet' by himself After this he produced five books by Jacob Locher, the friend of Sebastian Brant and translator into Latin of his Narrenschiff, two by Petrus Tartaretus, a Paris tieacher of logic, an Ordinance of Maximilian's of 1498, and (his last dated work) the Modus Epistulandi of Franciscus Niger, a Venetian scholar, in 1499 : in all ten works.
FREIBURG IM BREISGAU 99
RIEDRER, Friedrich. Spiegel der wahren Rhetorik.
II December, 1493.
!•. Title (woodcut) : Spiegel der waren Rhetoric. || vg. M. Tulio. C. vnd andern || getutscht: Mit Im glidem cluger reden || Sandbriefen / vnd formen. menicher con||tract/ seltzam. Regulierts Tutschs vnd || nutzbar exempliert / mit fugen vff || g6ttlich vnd keiserlich schrifft vnd rech|lte gegrundt : nuwlich (vnd vormaln || In gemein nye gesehen) yetz loblich vg |I gangen. i88". COLOPHON : Rhethorichscher Spiegel vnd luchtender Stern / wolerwegens rei:||dens vnd schribens zu friburg in Briggaw. vg hilfif des/der alle gutheit II wurckt / vnd von aller creatur zeloben ist Durch fridrichen Rie*||drer versamelt / gedruckt/vnd volendet. An mittwoch vor sant Lucien || tag nach desselben vnsers liebea herren gottes Ihesu cristi geburt vier || zehenhundert Nuntzig vnd drd iar gezalt [Woodcut.]
Folio, a' b-f s-v u w x-z A B' C^^D*. 188 leaves, 2-180 so numbered. 43 lines and head-line, 202 (3ii)x 131 (157) mm. Types i, 2 (Gothic 95 and 84 mm.). Hain 13914. Proctor 3316.
This German schoolmaster-printer begins this his first book by offering his humble service to the ' Rector vnd vniuersitet der Hohenschfll, Burgermeister, Schultheissen, Rat vnd gericht zu Friburg in Bri§gow'. On either side of the woodcut letterpress of the title is an angel holding a shield, and below it is a third shield carried by a woman (repeated on 188^). On 1^ is a full-page cut of a woman (Rhetoric) addressing a king in the presence of a page and two doctors. Both the decorative border of this cut and the type of the book show the influence of the Mainz Breydenbach of i486. On sig. k 5 verso is a graphic woodcut of Icarus falling into the sea under the eyes of his father.
283 X 195 mm, [184
LONEBURG
JOHANNES LUCE
{Ofily printer)
Two incunabula were printed at Liineburg in Hanover, both by Johannes Luce, the De Imitatione Christi of 22 May, 1493, catalogued below, and a 'Speculum rosariorum Jesu et Mariae', completed on 13 September in the same year,
THOMAS A KEMPIS. De Imitatione Christi. 22 May, 1493.
i», TITLE: Thomas de Kempis. || De imitatione christi. % de contem||ptu omniu vanitatS mundi, H De interna couersatione. || De interna locutioe christi ad ani||mam fidelem || Cum quanta reuerentia Christus || sit suscipiendus, || Itm lohannes Gerson de medi#|itatione cordis. 166*. COLOPHON: 1 Tractatulus venerabilis magistri 1| lohanis Gerson de meditatione cor||dis. Luneborch impressus. p me Ioif||hanne Luce, Anno dni. M.CCCC.||xciij. XXij. die MenP May. Finit jj feliciter.
Octavo. [A'JB-X'. 166 leaves. 22 lines and head-line. 100 (106) x 65 mm. Types I, 2 (Gothic 120, 9a mm.), Hain 9105, Proctor 3323.
N 2
^
100 GERMANY
The first book printed at LOneburg. The first four paragraphs of the title give respectively the titles of the first chapters in the four books of what is now known collectively as the De Imitatione Christi.
133 x87 mm. Rubricated. [185
OFFENBURG
{Only press)
At Offenburg in Baden, on the Kinsing, an anonymous printer produced (on the Vigil of the Epiphany, 1496) a single incunable, the edition of the Lenten sermons, De Peccatis, of Robertus Caracciolus de Licio, Bishop of Aquino, catalogued below,
CARACCIOLUS, Robertus. Quadragesimale de peccatis.
5 January, 1496.
I'. Title : Quadragesimale Roberti 1| de licio De peccatis cu ali«||quib^ sermoibus annexis. 196'. CoLOPHON: C Explicit quadragesimale de peccatf ce||ptum in ciuitate Litii Ibicp completuj {| ad laude % gliam omipotentis dei t j^gi#||nis gKose Marie ac beatissimi patris II Francisci % noui sancti Bonauenture || Amen. Finitu est anno diii millesimo qljdringentesimooctuagesimotertio die. ix || mensis octobris hora vespertina Et im||pressu in Offenburg Anno dni .1496. || ipsa vigilia epyphanie. 197'. C Ad reueredissimu dnm lohanne de Aragonia sancte Romane eccle||sie. tt. sancti Adriani presbiteru cardinalem. 198*. Tabula sermonu % capituloij incipit 203». Finit tabula hui' opusculi.
Quarto, a-fs-z*!*". 203 leaves, 2-196 so numbered. 2 columns. 44 lines. 155 X 104 mm. Types i, a (Gothic 170, 71-72 mm.). Hain *4443. Proctor 3225.
The only book printed at Offenburg in the 1 5th century. 209 X 1 50 mm. Rubricated. On 2* is written : FF. Benedd. Oeno- Rothensiu. Stamped half-pigskin over wooden boards. [186
TUBINGEN
JOHANN OTMAR
{Only printer)
After working at Reutlingen from 1479 to 1495 or later, Johann Otmar made a fresh start at Tubingen in 1498, printing several works by Conradus Summenhart de Calw, professor of theology in the University, and others by Gabriel Biel, another theologian working in the town. At the expense of a bookseller, Friedrich Meyn&rger, he printed also a Tubingen Missal in 1499. Altogether he produced here upwards of twenty incunabula, but his work stops soon after 1 500.
TUBINGEN 101-
SUMMENHART, Conrad. Tractatus bipartitus. [c. 1498.]
i». Title: Tractatus bipartitus in || quo q>, deus homo fieri voluerit: cpo^ messias in lege » pro||phetis pmissus : non solum homo sed etiam deus esse de||buerit et debeat : quin- quaginta duobus et vltra: veteris || testamenti et infidelium hebreorum simulqj gentilium ex II scriptura testimonijs: adiectis sparsim ad idipm ratoib' || pgruentie plurimis: in bipartiri sermonis forma pproba|ltur: per Magistij Conradu Summenhart de Calw sa||cre theologie pfessorem in generali studio Tiiwingensi || editus t Anno dni .M. cccc. xciiij. et xcv. ad cetum eiusde H vniuersitatis in vigilia natiuitatl christi per eundem pro || magna parte declamatus. 77\ col. 2: Finis adest tractat' biper||titi. In quo cp deus homo fieri jj voluerit : q><5 messias etia de' || esse debuerit. quinqginta duo||bus et vltra : ex scriptura ppro||bat testimonijs: adiectis spars-||sim pgruentie roib' plurimis. 77^ Sequitur || Sum- mariuj ... 78^ In huius opusculi nobilitatem Heinrici || Bebelij lustingensis elogium. 79*. End : Telos.
Quarto. A-K*. 80 leaves, the last blank, a columns. 39 lines. 148 x 91 mm. Types 7, la (Gothic 160, 76 mm.). Hain *J5i8i. Proctor 3238.
199 X 132 mm. [187
GULIELMUS ALVERNUS. Sermones. 18 February, 1499.
i». Sermones dominicales || ex epistolis et euangelys || atcj de Sanctis %m eccle|lsie ordine Wilhelmi Can||cellary parisiensis. || epigramma Heinrici Bebelij lustingensis . . . 366». col. I, 1. 16. COLOPHON: . . . Et sic || finem sumit sermologus Guilelmi parisi||ensis. Expensis Friderici meynberger. et || ductu magistri lohanis Otmar in Thu|[bingn feliciter exact', feria tercia post In||uocauit Anno .99. 367*. (head-line) : Registrum. ^iig\ END : Deo laus. et actio gratiai^
Folio. A-N« 0« P" ; AA BB« ; a-g^ h« i-q» r« s t" ; [*• *** ;] aa-11* ; [***"]. 390 leaves. 2 columns. 51 lines and head-line. 204 (215) x 134 mm. Types 7, 13 (Gothic 160, 79-80 mm.). Hain *8323. Proctor 3330.
The twelve sheets here marked with asterisks are signed with numerals, 1-7, followed by an unsigned sheet, and then with the numbers 2-5 in doublets, 22-55. They are placed in different positions in different copies. There are separate title-pages to the first Register (AA i), the ' Sermones dominicales ex euangelys' (a i), and the ' Sermones de Sanctis' (aa i).
285 X 202 mm. Rubricated, with the capitals at the beginning of each part in red and blue. From the library of the Bamberg Carmelites. Old stamped brown leather binding, with bosses. [188
PFORZHEIM
THOMAS ANSHELM
{On/y printer)
Printing was introduced into Pforzheim in the last year of the 15th century by Thomas Anshelm, who had some years before printed one or two books at Strassburg. He published four books in 1500, and continued working indus- triously at Pforzheim until 1511, when he went to Tubingen, proceeding thence in 1 5 16 to Hagenau.
K>2 GERMANY
HRABANUS MAURUS. De laudibus sanctae crucis. March, 1503.
I". MAgnencij Rabani || Mauri De Laudib' sancte Crucis || opus, erudicione versa prosacj II mirificum. 85^ COLOPHON (red) : Phor9heim. in aedibus Thorn? Anshelmi. Martio || mense. M. D. III. Sub Illustri \\ principe Christofero 1| Badeii :•
Folio. Aa^Bb*; a-k*; A B« C*. 86 leaves, the last blank. 40-41 lines. 220 x 143 mm. Types 3, 4 (Roman 109, Gothic 180 mm.). Proctor 11747.
With a woodcut of the author presenting his book to the Pope, and numerous curious figures representing the Kaiser, the Crucifixion, Cherubim, &c., outlined over letters widely spaced so as to form a decorative background in black and red. There are also some woodcut capitals printed in red.
306 X 207 mm. [189
HRABANUS MAURUS. De institutione clericorum.
28 September, 1504.
De Institutione cleri;;||coru. I Egressus nuper varias sum
i». TITLE: Rabani tJjia.un \\ ArchiepiscopI Maguntini opusculum II aureum. || Ad Lectorem Vdalricus Carinthus
iussus in oras , . . 2g\ Colophon : Laus deo Cast^cj matri. ||| Meminisse te velim lector, non omnia assecutos nos. || pro Rabani dignitate in comittendis capitibus. ffter libelli obliteratam vetustatem & archetypi prope in«|leruditam coscriptionem. fecimus tamen pro charitate |1 quantum potuimus. Nam non omnes in tunica louis || tauro. sed quida penulati lacte litant. & eo forte quod || gratius est. Vale. Impressum Phorce per Thoma || Anshelmi de Baden .III. Caleii. Octobris. Anno. || MDIIII.
Quarto, a-e*. 30 leaves, the last blank. 34 lines. 148 x 95 mm. Types 4, 7 (Gothic 180 and 88 mm.).
Another edition was printed by Anshelm just eleven months later, 28 August, 1505.
196 x132 mm. Rubricated. [190
LANDSHUT
Printing was introduced into Landshut in or soon after 1501 by N. Wurm, who printed a Cronik der Pfalzgrafen. An edition of the Ringbiichlein was printed there by a Hans Wurm about 1 507, but the first Landshut printer who kept a press fully employed for any length of time was Johann Weissenburger.
JOHANN WEISSENBURGER
JoHANN Weissenburger, a priest, had started printing at Nuremberg in 1 502 or 1 503, and speedily developed a considerable business, not only in sacerdotal books, but in miscellaneous literature generally, including books on mathematics, cosmography and travel, and the topics of the day. In 1513 he removed to Landshut and continued printing there on the same lines at a considerable rate for several years.
LANDSHUT 103
DUNGERSCHEYN, Hieronymus. De modo discendi et docendi sacra ad populum. 1514.
I". Title : Tractatus de modo 1| discendi et docendi ad populjlum sacra. Seu de modo predicandi. [Woodcut.] 2o^ Colophon: . . . Landshut 1514. || Hec dedit ingenio preclarus et arte loannes Weyssenburger eas qui imprimit ere notas. Quarto. A-E*. 20 leaves, 39 lines. i6oxioamiii. Types 4, 6, 7 (Gothic 280?, 130, 78 mm.). Proctor 11787.
Dedicated to Ernest Archbishop of Magdeburg. The woodcut represents
an author writing under a tree ; before him a bird pecks at an open book ; in the sky is a vision of the Virgin and Child.
210 X 143 mm. [191
OPPENHEIM
JACOB KOBEL
[First prmter)
In 1489 an edition of the Mensa Philosophica printed at Heidelberg by the ' Printer of Lindelbach ' contained a dedicatory letter headed ' lodocus gallus Rubiacensis Artium et philosophie magister : et Sacre Theologie bacca- laureus formatus S. D, P. diuersarum rerum edocto viro lacobo Koebel Heydelbergensi coniunctissimo sibi fratri et amico'. Mr. Proctor also noted that another Heidelberg book (Hain 7401) printed in 1494 has a device very like Kobel's Oppenheim devices, but declined to assign him a press of his own at this period. It is probable, however, that the similar device found in the 1494 book accounts for the assertion that Kobel was printing at Oppenheim in that year. He is now somewhat hesitatingly credited with having got to work by 1 503, but his full activity seems to belong to the years 1510-25, during which he printed a considerable number of books, many of them with decorative borders and capitals, often showing marked Renaissance influence, though the main design was frequently imitated from the Venetian ornaments which Ratdolt brought home to Augsburg. Kobel seems to have been an important man at Oppenheim, as he is called Stadtschreiber and Protonotarius. (See G. R. Redgrave's paper, quoted below.)
STOFFLER, Johannes. Elucidatio fabricae ususque astrolabii. 1512-13.
i». TITLE: ELVCIDATIO FA-||BRICAE VSVSQj 1| ASTROLABII A || Joanne Stoflerino lustingensi viro Germai^llno : atcp totius Spherice doctissimo / 11 nuper Ingeniose cocinna:f||ta atcp in lucem || edita. H . . . Impressum Oppenheym. Anno ic. 1513. 90*. Colophon: Exactu in^jlsigne hoc at<5 pclaru || Opus Astrolabij / A || loane St6fflerino lui^ljstingense Viro in AiSJ|stronomia Peritissi?l|mo Alemano: Editu. || [Kobel's device.] || Impressum |1 Oppeheim || p lacobu 1| Kobel. to. || Anno. || 151 2.
Folio. [*,**';] A-D» E* F-K* L* M N'. 90 leaves; 1-12 so numbered at the foot, and 13-90 numbered I-LXXVIII at top. 46 lines and head-line. 196 (205) x 141 mm. Types I, 5, 6, 7, 8 (Gothic heading type, 4 mm. one line, Roman 86 mm. text, Roman thin 8 mm. majuscules, schwabacher 80 mm,, small Gothic in tables). Proctor 11922.
")
104 GERMANY
The title-page is enclosed in an architectural border. With twelve wood- cuts illustrating problems in perspective, several diagrams, many woodcut capitals of various sizes and merit, and the printer's device.
267 X 207 mm. Roll-stamped brown leather binding. [192
HENRICUS DE VRIMARIA. Passio domini explanata. [c. 1515?]
I*. PASSIO DOMINI II Litteraliter & moraliter ab Henrico 1| de Firmaria explanata. [Woodcut.] Impssuj Oppeheym. i6». Horas de Passione Dni qui || deuote dicit cu versibus in fine positis consequif || tres centos dies indulgentiarum. Ibid. 1. 34. End : dolori consonans consors sim corone.
Quarto. A-D*. 16 leaves. 36 lines. Types i,5,6 (Gothic heading type, Roman 85, Roman 8 mm. majuscules). Proctor 1 1931.
' The title-page is surrounded with a beautiful border consisting of four rules, composed of conventional ornament of scroll-work and foliage on a dotted background, which serves as a framework to a woodcut of the Descent from the Cross, in the style of Urs Graf, or the South German school of the beginning of the sixteenth century. It will be evident, on comparing the scroll-work border with that of the Kalendarium of Regiomontanus, printed by Ratdolt at Venice in 1476, that the designer of the Oppenheim title-page has had this woodcut before him, and that he has taken his inspiration from this model. In fact all that the Oppenheim artist has done is to add the shading and a black background dotted 'with white. . . . The Passio Domini is illustrated with twenty woodcuts of scenes of the Passion, which bear a marked resemblance to the small Passion engraved by Urs Graf, produced in Strassburg in 1507. The book also contains one large, one medium sized, and seven small initial letters. With the single exception of the largest letter, a C, the designs are of the conventionalized type.' G. R. Redgrave, ' Book-Illustrations of the Oppenheim Press.' Transactions of the Bibliographical Society, Vol. Ill, 1896.
154x93 mm. [183
STOFFLER, Johannes. Calendarium Romanum. 24 March, 1518.
i». Title : CALENDARIVM || ROMANVM MA-||gnum, Cesare? maiestati dicatum, D. loanne Stoeffler iustingensi Mathematico 1| authore . . . i38». COLOPHON (red and black): Exactum Insigne hoc at(5 Preclarum Opus Kale<;||darij / A loanne Stofflerino Iustingensi / Viro in Astronomia || peritissimo : Alemano : Editum. Impressum in Oppen- heym per lacobum K6bel. tc. Die 24. Martij Mensis. Anno 151 8.
Folio. *, ♦*« ; [a* b-n« ;] A" B» C* D« E« [F G* H« P]. 138 leaves, 13-86 numbered at the foot 1-74. 5a lines. 220 x 131 mm. Types i, 2, 4. 5. 6, 7 (Gothic heading type, Gothic 65 and 100 mm., Roman 86 and 8 mm. majuscules, and schwabacher 80 mm.). Proctor 11939.
!•. Title, with verses by Quirinus Lanius ; I^ Copia Priuilegii Csesareae maiestatis ; 2, dedication to the Emperor in verse ; 2-5, another dedication in prose followed by verses ; 6-12, Index; 13-86, Propositiones ; 87-88*, lacobus Kobel ad lectorem and Registrum foliorum ; 89-94, Abacus Regionum ; 95-107% Calendarium Romanum; l07*'-II2^ Sche- mata eclypsium lunarium ; 113-136*, Tabulae; I36''-I38, diagrams and colophon.
The title-page is enclosed in an armorial border, used again on the leaf numbered 14; the Dedication in the architectural border used on the title of the ' Elucidatio '. In the Abacus Regionum are ten little woodcuts of cities, used in all twenty-four times : in the Calendar each month has a roundel of its
UNLOCALIZED BOOKS 105
signs and an oblong cut of its appropriate pastime or occupation. The eclipses are represented by diagrams in black and very faint yellow. At the end are four diagrams of Instrumenta. With numerous woodcut capitals.
292 X 191 mm. [194
UNLOCALIZED GERMAN BOOKS
The following books are brought together here at the end of Germany for lack of sufficient evidence to assign them decisively to any town.
§1.
ANDREAS HISPANUS. Modus confitendi. [About 1474.]
I*. Modus confitendi compositus p Rei5||uerendu Episcopu Andre Hispanum || sancte Romane ecclesie peniteciarium. 14'. 1. 14. End : , . . et ad acquisitionem gratie in pre^||senti/et vite eteme i futuo seculo Amen.
Quarto, [a^b^] 14 leaves. 2a lines. 138 x85 mm. Type : Gothic 1 20 mm. Hain ♦998. Proctor 3245.
One of five books (one with a rubricator's (?) date 1474) brought together by Proctor (Nos. 3241-45) as printed in the same ' rude Gothic type' (facsimile in Burger, plate 125) for which he could suggest no origin. It has some likeness to Knoblochtzer's type of this size, but the majuscules are clumsier. The book has no watermark.
180 x122 mm. Rubricated. [195
§ 2.
GEORG OF SPEIER (GEO KG REYSER?)
In the Ratisbon Chronicle it is stated that a bishop who is known to have died in February, 1480, commissioned a certain Georgius de Spira to print a Breviary for him, and that the copies of this work were brought (allatos) to Ratisbon. As the copies were brought to Ratisbon they must have been printed somewhere else, and Georgius de Spira may almost certainly be identified with Georg Reyser who completed his first dated book at Wurzburg 20 April, 1479. Now both the types used in this Ratisbon Breviary appear also in the quarto Strass- burg Breviary, sine loco et anno, completed 12 January, 1478, and the larger type in the folio edition of the same date. This larger type is also used in the book here catalogued, the Summa super titulis decretalium of Henricus Hostiensis, of which the first volume was finished in 1478, the second on 18 February, 1479, this also having no name of place or printer. Mr. Proctor's attribution of this book to the Printer of Henricus Ariminensis rested
^
io6 GERMANY
apparently on the similarity of this type to the ' type 3 ' attributed, none too certainly, to that printer. We have more evidence for ascribing this book to Georg Reyser, though whether it was printed at Strassburg, Wiirzburg, or some other town is uncertain. The Strassburg Breviary would probably be printed at Strassburg, the Ratisbon rather more probably at Wiirzburg, which is considerably nearer. This Summa Hostiensis comes chronologically between the two, and its place of origin is at present undiscoverable.
HENRICUS HOSTIENSIS. Summa in quinque libros Decretalium.
1478 — 18 February, 1479.
2*. Incipit suma sup titulis decretaliu a || dno archiepo ebredinen. compilata. || qui et
vulgatiori vocabulo hostiesis {| dicitur. additis quocp in quibusdam |1 locis ct alijs rubri-
cellis. II . . . Versus quibus ad nomen || autoris pulcre alludi!. et 1| littera ei^ diues pmedatur. |||
Cedite sumarum scriptores cedite longe.
Hostium qui pandit sacrati dogmate iuris
Hostiesis adest. en clarus et littera diues.
Ergo lege felix et ere solare labores. 3*. Incipit summa hostiensis super titulis decre||talium compilata. additis in aliquib' locis II quibusdam alijs Rubricellis. 255^. FIRST COLOPHON : Sup libro decretaliu secudo. finita est ps || summe hostien. secuda. M. CCCC. Ixxviij. a57^ Incipiunt rubrice in libJj tercium. 58^^ Second Colophon :
Monstras obscuras iuris dissoluere curas
Extricat antiquas hec noua suma plicas.
Pro summe summo sit regi gloria summo. ||| Desideratum huius summe hostiensis fi«||nem aduexit mensis februarij dies decimus^||octa- uus. quo post virginee filis vagit^ dukjlcissimos Mille quadringenti septuagintano|luem anni transiere.
Folio, {a}^ b-d" e» f-m'" n o» ; p-z 3 aa bb^" ; cc^» dd-pp^ qq^» ; rr^o ss-yy^ zz" ; 53^" aaa- kkk* 11F~^ mmm-qqq* rrr® sss*.) .585 leaves, i, 356, and last two blank, a columns. 64 lines. 381x187 mm. Type: Gothic 88 mm. Hain *896a. Proctor 336.
414x285 mm. Rubricated. On i* is the inscription: Lib monasterij see Marie i berna ordinis pmonstratensis fpe hoesden. Original stamped leather binding, with label in a brass frame. [196
Another issue, with the Incipit on 3^^ printed in red.
405 X 282 mm. Rubricated in red and blue with illuminated capitals and floral borders at the beginning of each book. On 2» is the inscription : ' Liber Monaste : Aimstteru Canonicoru A ' ; pasted inside the upper cover an exlibris ' Ex Bibliotheca Canonicorum Regulariu S. Augustini Congr : Later : Olomucij ad Omnes Sanctos '. [197
Another copy of Books III-V.
370 X 267 mm. Rubricated. On 258* is the inscription ' Sum Religiosorum Frum in Rottenbuech ', and on 583^ a copy of a legal document addressed to the convent beginning ' Philipj von gottes genadn administrator zu Freising ' and dated on Friday before S. Thomas' day, 1499. In i6th century half-pigskin over wooden boards. [198
UNLOCALIZED BOOKS 107
§3. POSSIBLY COLOGNE: LUDWIG VON
RENCHEN
PETRUS DE ROSENHEIM. Roseum memoriale. [About 1483.]
2'. Incipit Roseum memoriale diuinorum eloquiorum || 48*. COLOPHON: Explicit Roseum memoriale diuinorum eloqui#||orum copilatum per fratrem petruj de Rosenheim {| monachum monasterij mellicensis ordinis sancti be||nedicti. Finito libro sit laus et gloria xpo.
Quarto. [a-F.] 48 leaves, the first blank. 33 (34) lines. 136x99 mm. Type: Gothic 80 mm. Hain *i3988. Proctor 151 7.
Dr. Voullieme enters this book after his No. 936 with a note expressing doubt as to its having been printed at Cologne. Proctor placed it among unidentified books printed at that place because of its possessing majuscules ' almost if not quite identical ' with those in a different type found in an anony- mous Psalter probably for the use of Cologne.
180 x134 mm. Rubricated. [199
$4. POSSIBLY STRASSBURG: JOHANN REINHARD OF GRUNINGEN
JoHANN Reinhard, better known as Griininger, completed his first dated book at Strassburg in 1483 and continued in business until 1531. His reputation rests mainly on his illustrated books which he began publishing in 1494, but before he turned to these he had printed a Bible in Latin and another in German, editions of the Decretals, a Hortus Sanitatis in German, and numerous Latin educational and theological books. Although he only printed about a hundred incunabula he used in them nearly thirty different types, and for a Cistercian Missal, which he was commissioned to print in 1487, appears to have had four new types specially made. While the Constance Breviary in this collection cannot at present be certainly assigned to him for the reasons quoted in the note, there is no one who is more likely to have printed it.
BREVIARIUM CONSTANTIENSE. [1489?]
I^ Woodcut. a». (red) : lanuarius habet dies .xxxi. || . . . S^. (red) : C He bene- dictiones dantur ad || lectiones f m choi; Constaii. eccl'ie. || Primo cu agitur de tpe. t finit' est II primus nocturnus dictucp est (black) Pa||ternoster . . . 15". (red) : Incipit psalteriu Pm cursum Con||stantien. dyocef. Et hie hymn' cai;||ni? ad nocturnu a prima dnica octo||bris vsm ad aduentu domini: % ab || octaua epiphanie vscp ad quadra||gesima . . . 57''. (red): C Finit psalteriu. [89^ col. a, 1. 18. END: eta est alleluia. || Finis.]
Folio. [*p [**p a-d* e" aa-dd*. 90 leaves. 2 columns. 42 lines. 213 x140 mm. Types : Griininger's 8, 14 (Gothic 81 leaded, ic2 mm.). Hain 3826. Proctor 502.
In the British Museum Catalogue of Books printed in the Fifteenth Century this Breviary is entered at the end of the works ascribed to Griininger with the
O 2
")
io8 GERMANY
note : ' As the florid B used in this book is found in no other book in the British Museum containing type 102, the paragraph-marks differ from those used with type no, and type 8i* is found nowhere else, the ascription to Griininger is doubtful'. In Baer's Catalogue 500 (1905), it is ascribed to the press of Heinrich Wirzburg of Rougemont.
The woodcut on i^ represents the B. Virgin and Child standing between a Bishop and a Warrior, probably S. Ulrich (or S. Nicholas) and S. George.
304 X 213 mm. Ending on 57^ at the end of the Psalter, On 2^ is the inscription ' B, Mariae in Salem '. [200
§5. INGOLSTADT OR LEIPZIG?
ANDREAE, Joannes. Lectura super arboribus consanguinitatis affinitatis et cognationis spiritualis. [1498.]
I*. Title : Lectura Arborum vtriustj || iuris Consanguinitatis. affi||nitatis. cognationis spiritualis et legalis. diligentissime et || copiosissime plusqi antea extensa ad vtilitate dm studetium. 30'*. End : ^ Et tantum de cognatione legali. [Diagram.]
Folio. AA-EE". 30 leaves, the last blank, aa* : 55 lines of smallest type, aoi x 107 mm. Types : Gothic 160, 80, and 73 mm. Hain 1046.
With full-page woodcuts of the arbor consanguinitatis (dated 1498) and arbor affinitatis and seven smaller diagrams.
The 73 mm. type used in this book resembles, but does not completely agree with, that of the Printer of Lescherius, Ingolstadt, 1487.
299 x193 mm. [201
ITALY
The intellectual predominance of Italy in the 15th century made it certain that the new art of printing would flourish there more abundantly even than on its native soil. To the immigrant German printers indeed the possibilities of the field seem to have appeared limitless. In this they were mistaken. It is evident that both at Florence and at Naples the richer and more scholarly book-lovers looked askance on the new art. At Rome the first printers within a few years of their start protested that they had not the money to buy necessaries. Even at Venice the representative of the first press had about the same time to work for other men, presumably because his own resources were exhausted. But despite these set-backs, the spread of the art was very rapid, and the activity of the Italian presses very great, the total Italian output during the 15th century falling but little short of that of the whole of the rest of Europe. The start was made not in one of the great cities, but in a Benedictine monastery at the little town of Subiaco, among the hills, some twenty-five miles east-north-east of Rome, Here two Germans, Conrad Sweynheym and Arnold Pannartz. printed four books, of which the third and fourth are dated respectively 30 October, 1465, and 12 June, 1467, and in the autumn of the latter year removed to Rome, where a rival, if he had not already made a start, began to work about the same time. Two years later the first Venetian book was completed by Johann of Speier, and in 1470 Johann Numeister or Neumeister of Mainz produced a book at Fuligno. By this time, preparations for printing must have been in progress in most of the chief cities of Italy, and by 1471 the movement was in full swing, books being published at fTrevi, Ferrara, Milan, Florence, Treviso, Bologna, Naples, and Savigliano. Seven other cities, Padua, Jesi, Parma, Mondovi, fFivizzano, Mantua, and Verona, added to the output of 1472 ; four more, Cremona, Santorso, Brescia, and Pavia, became active in 1473; six, Vicenza, Genoa, fSavona, Como, Modena, and Turin, in 1474; and six others, fReggio in Calabria, Cagli, fPiove di Sacco, fCaselle, Perugia, and Piacenza, in 1475 ; making a total of thirty-one printing-towns in five years, in addition to the four pioneers of 1465-70, or thirty-five altogether, of which all but the six marked t are represented in this collection. After this the pace naturally slackened, as although Pisa did not receive the art till 1482, nor Siena till 1483, most of the large cities and many smaller ones had already joined the movement. Nevertheless, fourteen new recruits were added before the end of 1480, sixteen in the next decade, and seven or eight in the 'nineties, giving a total of over seventy places in Italy at which presses were set up in the 15th century. Although a semi-Gothic type was used in the books printed at Subiaco, the majority of the earliest Italian
^
110 ITALY
books were in different varieties of Roman type, all modelled on the fine book- hands which are found in contemporary Italian manuscripts, as the result of an antiquarian revival which went back to the time of Charlemagne for its models. For these Roman-type books a lighter ink was used than for those in Gothic, and their press-work is not always worthy of their beautiful characters. The arrange- ment of the page, on the other hand, is nearly always perfect.
As regards the class of books printed, at the outset almost every printer produced editions of the Latin classics, including the works of the Fathers of the Church, until the market was hopelessly over-stocked. At Venice several printers then paid special attention to legal books, but in a very little time most classes of literature were represented in print. There was, however, much less inclination than in Germany to publish the bulkier medieval works, and a total absence of vernacular Bibles except at Venice. At first also there seems to have been some doubt as to whether printed service books were suitable for use in church, and liturgical printing did not begin to flourish until the end of the century. Probably as many as 10,000 Italian incunabula are still extant.
SUBIACO SWEYNHEYM AND PANNARTZ
(Only printers)
The Benedictine monastery of Saint Scholastica at Subiaco is said to have had many German inmates. Its abbot, Cardinal Turrecremata, was himself an author, two of his books, an Exposition of the Psalms and his Meditations on the Life of Christ, passing through several editions in the 15th century. No doubt the two German printers who introduced the art of printing into Italy, Conrad Sweynheym and Arnold Pannartz, were influenced by these facts in choosing Subiaco rather than Rome itself as their starting-place. It has been conjectured, indeed, that they came there in response to a definite invitation from the abbot. Nothing is known of their previous history. Their first book, a ' Donatus pro puerulis ', of which no copy is now known, was one which several later printers started with, mainly as an advertisement. Of their three extant Subiaco books one was an undated edition of Cicero's De Oratore, the other two were theological classics, the works of Lactantius (completed 30 October, 1465) and the De Ciuitate Dei of S. Augustine (12 June, 1467), both described below. All three were printed in a semi-Gothic type, which has of late years served as a model to Mr. St. John Hornby for that used in his edition of Dante's Diuina Commedia. None of these three contains the printers' names, but all four are mentioned in the list of the books of Sweynheym and Pannartz submitted to Pope Sixtus IV in 1472 (see No. 210).
SUBIACO III
LACTANTIUS FIRM IAN US, Caelius. De diuinis institutionibus, de ira Dei, de opificio hominis. 29 October, 1465.
I*. Lactantii Firmiani de diuinis institutioibus || aduersus gentes rubrice pmi libri incipiut. ii*. Lactantii firmiani errata q.bus ipe deceptus est. per fratre {| Antoniu Randensem theologum collecta et exarata sunt. 13*. (Text) : [MjAGNO & excelleti igenio uiri . . . 184^. Colophon : Lactantii Firmiani de diuinis institutionibus aduersus gentes libri septem. || necno eiusde3 ad Donatu de ira dei liber unus. unacu libro de opificio hols II ad Demetrianu finiunt. Sub ano dni .M. CCCC. LXV. Pontificatus Pauli 1| pap§ .ii. anno eius secudo. Indictioe .xiii. die uero anpenultia mensis Octo-||bris. In uenerabili monasterio Sublacensi. Deo gratias.
Folio. [*" **^ ; a-ei» P^ g-n^" o" p-r^".] 186 leaves, 10, 185, and 186 blank. 36 lines. 316 X 130 mm. Type i (semi-Gothic lao mm.). Hain *98o6. Proctor 3388.
The first extant dated book printed in Italy, but preceded by a Donatus (no copy extant), of which the printers themselves wrote in their letter to the Pope ' unde initium imprimendi sumpsimus ', and also by the Cicero De Oratore of which a copy described by Fumagalli (now in the Klemm collection in the Gewerbemuseum at Leipzig) has a manuscript note dated ' Pridie Kal. Octobres M, cccc. Ixv.' i.e. 30 September, 1465. The Lactantius was twice reprinted by Sweynheym and Pannartz, and of each edition 275 copies were published. The selling price of the reprints was 3 papal ducats, i. e. about £1 Ss. 6cl. or $7.
A few Greek letters mixed with Roman were used in quotations in the De Officiis of Cicero printed by Fust and Schoeffer at Mainz this same year, but the first fount of Greek type that can be recognized as such was cut for this book. This is first used for two words in Greek characters on the eleventh leaf of the text and a line of Greek on the nineteenth. On leaves 34-39 the numerous Greek quotations are duly printed, as again are those on leaves 135, 139-143, 157. 158- Elsewhere, e.g. on leaves 4, 5, 66-77, ^"d 15$^, we find a succession of blank spaces. It is clear that the Greek fount was not fully available until some sheets had been printed off and that there was not very much of it.
319 X 220 mm. Rubricated in blue and red, with the rubricator's signature at the end : ' Nico^ W.', the W having a horizontal line through it and a cross at the foot. Between the name and the initial are the words ' Deo Gracias '. Larger capitals illuminated with floral border-pieces, smaller capitals in red with mauve tracery, or in blue with red. Leaf 63 of text, the beginning of the ' De vera sapientia ', has probably been supplied from another copy, as the chapter- headings are not written in, the foliation is in a different place and style, and the capitals are in plain red. With the book-plate of Comte D. Boutourlin. The Beckford and Brayton-Ives copy. [202
AUGUSTINUS. De Ciuitate Dei. 12 June, 1467.
I*. Aurelii Augustini de ciuitate dei || primi libri incipiunt Rubric?. 15*. (text) : [I]NTEREA cu Roma gothoij || irruptione agetium sub Rege || Alarico atcg Ipetu magn§ cla-||dis euersa est... 371'. COLOPHON: AVRELIL AVGVSTINI. doctoris || egregii at(5 Episcopi ypponensis de ciui-l|tate dei liber uicesimussecundus explicit 1| contra paga- nos. Sub anno a natiuitate || domini. M. CCCC. LXVIL Pontificat' || PAVLI Pap? secundi anno eius tertio. || Tertio regnante Romano)^ Impatore || FREDERICO. Indictioe .xv. die uero. II duodecima mensis lunii. ||| DEO GRATIAS. GOD
•AL.
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112 ITALY
Folio. [*" *** ; a-k^" l^^^ m-p^" q^o+i r-v^" x^+i y z i}" p^ ijl6+i.] 371 leaves, 13 and 14 blank, a columns. 44 lines. 264 x164 mm. Type i (semi-Gothic 130 mm.). Hain *2046. Proctor 3389.
The last book printed by Sweynheym and Pannartz at Subiaco, and with the place of imprint omitted, doubtless because of the impending removal to Rome. This the printers speedily effected, and before the end of the year they had completed there an edition of Cicero's Epistulae Familiares. The De Ciuitate Dei, like the Lactantius, was twice reprinted by Sweynheym and Pannartz, each edition consisting of 275 copies. According to a note in a copy at the Bibliotheque Nationale ' Hunc librum De ciuitate Dei emit sibi et Georgio nepoti suo Leonardus Dathus, Episcopus Massanus, de propria pecunia, aureis octo et grossis duobus papalibus, ab ipsis Theutonicis Romse commorantibus, qui hulusmodi libros non scribere sed formare solent Anno salutis M. cccc. Ixvij. mensi Nouembris '. Three years later a copy of the second edition cost Hartmann Schedel 5 ducats or jC2 ys. 6d. ($11,20). The signature GOD .AL. at the end is best interpreted as representing the corrector of the press.
373 X 268 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, the larger capitals illuminated, the smaller in red with mauve tracery, or blue with red. Bound by Lortic fils.
[203
ROME
In addition to several anonymous firms, some thirty known printers worked at Rome during the 15th century, and the city's output of incunabula still extant cannot be reckoned as less than 1,200. The great majority of the printers were Germans, the most notable exception being the papal physician Joannes Philippi de Lignamine. The earliest dated Roman book is the 1467 edition of Cicero's Epistulae ad Familiares produced by Sweynheym and Pannartz within a few months of their removal from Subiaco. But it is probable that Ulrich Han, a native of Vienna and citizen of Ingoldstadt, was already at work when they arrived. The press at Rome started with excellent auspices, Sweynheym and Pannartz working in the palace of the Massimi and having the Bishop of Aleria, the Pope's librarian, as their editor, while Han secured the help of the famous scholar Campanus. But the overproduction of editions of the classics brought both firms into difficulties, and after a brilliant start printing at Rome speedily declined, the output of the last twenty years of the century consisting almost entirely of petty official and semi-official publications, largely speeches and addresses made before the Papal court. These were printed in great numbers by the two firms of Stephan Plannck and Eucharius Silber, and account for upwards of half the extant Roman incunabula.
SWEYNHEYM AND PANNARTZ
{First printers)
During their stay at Subiaco, Sweynheym and Pannartz printed very slowly, the Lactantius and De Ciuitate Dei being separated by an interval of more than
ROME 113
nineteen months. When they removed to Rome, presumably soon after com- pleting the De Ciuitate Dei on 12 June, 1467, we must imagine that their new premises ' in domo Petri de Maximis ' were more convenient, and that they had more capital at their disposal. Before the end of the year they had completed an edition of Cicero's Epistulae ad Familiares, occupying 246 leaves of large quarto, and 1468 saw the issue of reprints of their third and fourth Subiaco books, a great edition of S. Jerome's Epistles, in competition with one now attributed to Han, and the Speculum humanae vitae catalogued below. These together occupied 1,200 folio leaves, so that the appearance in 1469 of eleven books, since these only occupied 1,800, represents a smaller increase than the number of volumes suggests. On the other hand 1470, when the number of books declines to nine, was really a year of great advance, the number of leaves printed rising to over 3,000. This total was not quite reached in 1471, when only seven complete works were published and part of another, but the works included a Bible and the ' part ' was the first of the five volumes of the Glossae in Biblia of Nicolaus de Lyra, which strained the resources of the firm to the utmost. It was in Vol. IV of this work that there appeared the pitiful petition to the Pope summarized in the note to No. 210. Nevertheless, throughout 1472, production continued at about the same level, but in 1473 only six books were issued containing less than 1,200 leaves, and after the completion of the Polybius, 31 December, 1473, the partnership was dissolved. Henceforth Sweynheym devoted himself to engraving the maps for the edition of the Cosmographia of Ptolemy which he did not live to complete (see No. 228), while Pannartz, after an interval of eleven months, resumed publication on his own account, with an edition of the Rudimenta Grammatices of Perottus. In 1475 he printed eight books, and two more in January and February, 1476. He must have died soon after 28 March in that year, when he had reached the end of the first volume of yet another edition of S. Jerome's Epistles. This was subsequently completed in 1479 by Georg Lauer.
On removing from Subiaco, Sweynheym and Pannartz discarded their semi- Gothic type for a fine Roman letter which appears in all the forty-eight books of their partnership at Rome, The petition to the Pope, written on their behalf by the Bishop of Aleria, is made more interesting by having appended to it a full list of their publications up to the time of its presentation, and of the numbers printed of each. By a happy chance this information is completed by an earlier list of their books (printed in facsimile in Burger's ' Buchhandleranzeigen des 15. Jahrhunderts '), drawn up by the German author, Hartmann Schedel, with the prices at which they might be purchased. 275 was, as a rule, the number of copies printed in an edition, while the prices ranged from i papal ducat (of a metal weight equivalent to gs. 6d. in gold) for a Lucan and 2 for a Virgil to 5 ducats for the De Ciuitate Dei of S. Augustine, 7 for a Livy, 8 for Pliny's Natural History, and 10 for a Latin Bible. Inasmuch as several of their earliest books went through two and three editions, the printers' receipts must have been large — from the first two editions of the De Ciuitate Dei alone they should have received over ;^ 1,300 — but the cost of paper was very heavy at this time, nearly half the selling price of a book, and a single unsuccessful volume would eat up the profits of several good ones. With the exception of
p
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114 ITALY
the Lenten Sermons of B^obertus Caracciolus their publications were all either classical or patristic.
RODORICUS [Sancius] ZAMORENSIS. Speculum humanae vitae.
1468.
i». (after an 8-Hne space) : [SJAnctissimo ac clemetissimo in christo || patri domino : domino paulo secudo || sacrosancte romane & uniuersalis ec-||clesie sumo pastori & potifici maxlo. II Eiusde. S. obsequentisslus seruulus : et || familiaris Rodoricus Epus zamoren. || hispanus: ac castri sui sacti Angeli de urbe fidelisslus castellanus & referendarius . . . 9*. Incipit capitulu primu primi libri . . . 146'. COLOPHON :
Edidit hoc h"ngue clarissima norma latine
Excelsi ingenii uir rodoricus opus Qui norma angelica est custos bene fidus in arce
Sub pauli ueneti nomine pontificis. Claret in italici zamorensis episcopus ausis.
Eloquii. it superos gloria parta uiri. Hoc Conradus opus suueynheym ordine miro Arnoldus^ simul pannarts una ede colendi Gente theotonica: roma expediere sodales. In domo Petri de Maximo. M. CCCC. LXVIII. 147*. Incipit repertoriu slue tabula per alphabetum || ad faciliter recipiendas materias in present! || libro dicto speculum vite humane. 150*. End: Explicit breuis tabula siue repertorium per || alphabetum in presenti libro speculum uite || humane.
Quarto. [a-P" g* h" i-n" o p' **.] 150 leaves. 33 lines. 188 x113 mm. Type 2 (Roman 114). Hain *I3939. Proctor 3393.
Probably the third book printed by Sweynheym and Pannartz after their removal to Rome. One of the four completed in 1468, of which one is dated 1 3 December and the other three only with the year. 300 copies were printed. In Hartmann Schedel's list it is entered as 'Speculum huane vite. Opus iucundu et morale', and the price, which is rather difficult to read, appears to be 16 groschen or 2 ducats, i. e. igs. or $4.56.
287 X 196 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, the larger capitals illuminated with floral border-pieces, the smaller in red with mauve tracery, or blue with red. With the space above the beginning of the text filled in red : ' Ad Sanctissimum & B. Prem & D. D. Paulum || .ii. P. M. liber incipit dictus Speculum vite humane || quia in eo cuncti mortales in quouis fuerint statu uel officio spirituali aut temporali speculabuntur cuiuslibet || artis et uite prospera & aduersa ac recta uiuendi docu||menta Editus a Rodorico Epo zamorensi postea Cala||gurritano hispano F. S. in castro suo Sancti Angeli Castel|jlano & Referendario. Prologus.' The misprint 'norme' in line 3 of the colophon has been corrected by hand to ' Rome '. Michael WodhuU's copy, with his note of purchase ' of Edwards ' for ;^ 15 15^. on 29 November, 1799. [204
BESSARION, Markos. Aduersus calumniatorem Platonis. [1469]
a\ (Table of rubrics) : Bessarionis Cardinalis Sabini & Patriarche Constatinopolitani |j capitula libri ^mi aduersus caluniatore PlatSis incipiut feliciter. ||| Que causa autorem ad scribendum impulerit Capitulum I. i6». (text, after 3-line space): [I]Ncidit nup in manus nostras liber qdam : Qui Platonis || at«} Aristotelis comparationem pollicebatur . . .
ROME 115
23a'. 1. 25. End : . . . Nos aut admiremur || quidem Aristotelem : admiremur etiam Platonem : & ex utriuscp {| disciplina : quantu possumus fructu haurire conemur : Georgiu : || & qui Georgio similes sunt: || cum eorum moribus relinquentes. |{|
Aspicis illustris lector quicuntj libellos
Si cupis artificum nomina nosse: lege.
Aspera ridebis cognomina teutona: forsan
Mitiget ars musis inscia uerba uirum.
CSradus suueynheym: Arnoldus panartzcj magistri
Rome impresserunt talia multa simul.
Petrus cum fratre Francisco Maximus ambo
Huic operi aptatam contribuere domum. Folio, [a' b' c-r^" s" t v'" x" y'" z i'.] 234 leaves, the last two blank. 38 lines. 319 x 131mm. Type 3 (Roman 115 mm. and Greek in quotations). Hain *3004. Proctor 3300.
Marcus Bessarion, a Greek monk, born about 1395, made a cardinal by Eugenius IV in 1439, was equally zealous in the cause of scholarship and of a crusade against the Turks. He was a patron of Guillauipe Fichet, and in this way an indirect promoter of the first Paris press. The ' Georgius ' alluded to at the end of this treatise was Georgius Trapezontius, a quarrelsome Cretan.
308 X 223 mm. An untouched copy. A duplicate from the Royal Library at Munich. From the libraries of H, N. Evans (with his book-stamp) and W. H. Crawford of Lakelands, Cork. [205
STRABO. Geographia. [1469.]
a,y (preface, after i-line space) : [GJEographia multos scripsisse nouimus Pater Beatissime Paule .II. Venete. Pont. || Maxime ... 4*. (text): [SjVmmatim extra philo- sophia non est : ipsa de situ orbis tractatio q utilis . . . 241*. (List of rubrics) : lo. An. Epi Alerieii. ad Paulum II. Venetum Pont. Max. || in recognitionem Strabonis Epistola. Ibidem, par. 2, Colophon :
Aspicis illustris lector quicunc^ libellos
Si cupis artificum nomina nosse: lege.
Aspera ridebis cognomina teutona: forsan
Mitiget ars musis inscia uerba uirum.
Corardus suueynheym: Arnoldus panartzcp magistri
Rome impresserunt talia multa simul.
Petrus cum fratre Francisco maximus ambo
Huic operi aptatam contribuere domum. Folio. [a-c"d'*e-g"*h* i-z'"*".] 242 leaves, first and last blank. 46 lines. 264 x 169 mm. Type 2 (Roman 115 mm.). Hain 15086. Proctor 3303.
Priced in Schedel's list at 4 ducats.
395 X 281 mm. An untouched copy of one of the finest of the Sweynheym and Pannartz books, with the printed label of Ambroise Firmin Didot. [206
PLINIUS SECUNDUS, Caius. Historia naturalis. 1470.
2*. lohannes Andree Episcopi Alerieii ad pontificem || summum Paulum. II. Venetum. Epistola. Ill [PJRoperatio omnis iure reprehendi solet pater beatissime . . . 376*. COLOPHON : Hereneus Lugdunensis Epus: Item lustinus ex philosopho Martyr. Item cu diuo || Hiero- nymo Eusebius Cesariesis : serio posteritatem adiurarunt : ut eorum descripturi || opera conferrent diligeter exemplaria. & sollerti studio emendarent. Idem ego tum jj in ceteris libris omnibus tum maxime in Plynio ut fiat : uehementer obsecro. obtestor. || atcp adiuro:
P 2
^
ii6 ITALY
ne ad priora meda & tenebras inextricablies tanti sudoris opus relabat. || Instauratum aliquantulu sub Romano Potifice Maximo Paulo .II. Veneto. Atq^ \\ impressum Rome in domo Petri & Francisci de Maximis iuxta campu flora preside- ||tibus Magistris Corado Suueynheym & Amoldo Panaratz. Anno dominici natalis. || M. CCCC. LXX. Pontificatus eius felicissimi ac placidissimi Anno. VI.
Folio. [a»»b»«c-P''g-18m-r"s-v8x-zA-Di'>EF8G-0"PQ8Ri<'.] 378 leaves, i, 377. 378 blank. 46 lines. 263 x168 mm. Type 2 (Roman 115 mm.). Hain *i3o88. Proctor 3306.
Priced in Schedel's list at 8 ducats.
401 X 282 mm. With capitals in gold on a ground of characteristic Italian branch -work, with a border of the same style on 22*, containing a laurel wreathed circlet (unfilled) for an owner's arms. The Heber, Sykes, and Lakelands copy. [207
LEO I. Sermones et epistulae. 1470.
2*. lohannis Andree. Episcopi Aleriensis. Ad summu 1| Pontificem. Paulum .ii. Venetum. Epistola. Ill [S]I tua mihi pater beatissie ... 5*. Beati Leonis pape de assumptioe sua ad H pontificatu gratiajj actiois sermo Primus. 134*. COLOPHON : Aspicis illustris lector quicunc^ libellos Si cupis artificum nomina nosse: lege. Aspera ridebis cognomina Teutona: forsan Mitiget ars musis inscia uerba uirum. Coradus suueynheym: Amoldus pannartzcp magistri Rome impresserunt talia multa simul. Petrus cum fratre Francisco Maximus ambo Huic operi aptatam contribuere domum. .M. CCCC. LXX. Folio. (a-Fm-o*.) 134 leaves, the first blank. 38 lines. 218 x130 mm. Type 2 (Roman 115 mm.). Hain *iooii. Proctor 3308.
323 X 226 mm. With larger capitals illuminated, and with a floral border- piece and smaller capitals in red, blue, and green. [208
CYPRIANUS. Epistolae. 1471.
2*. lo. An. Episcopi Alerieii. ad Paulum .II. Venetum || Pon. Max. in epistolas Diui Cypriani. Epistola. ||| [VjEllem pater Beatissime ... 6*. Incipiunt epistole Cecilii Cypriani ad Comelium \\ Papam. Et prima de confessione. Feliciter. i85». COLOPHON: Aspicis illustris lector . . . ||| .M. CCCC. LXXI.
Folio. [*♦ a}o b« c-P" m" n-r'" s'*.] 1 86 leaves, i, 5, and 1 86 blank. 38 lines. 21 8 x 130 mm. Type 2 (Roman 115 mm.). Hain *5896. Proctor 3315.
313x217 mm. An untouched copy. From the collection of Count Boutourlin with his large book-plate. [209
NICOLAUS DE LYRA. Postillae super Bibliam, Vols. IV and V.
13 March, 1472. Vol. IV. I*. In pnti uolumine continentur || expositiones Nicolai de Lyra || libroru noui testaifiti & pmo ||| Matthei . . . Vol. V. i*. In presenti uolumine continentur expo- sitiones II Nicolai de Lyra librorum noui testamenti. || Pauli ad Romanos Epistole . . .
ROME 117
»•. lo. An. Alerien Episcopi S. D. n. Pape Bibliothecarii. 1| ad Xystum. IIII. summum Pontificem Epistola. |j| [CjOmmunis ac trita olim inter gentiles opinio fuit pater beatis- sime ... 3». Ad Romanos . . . 292V Colophon :
Aspicis illustris lector quicuncp libellos Si cupis artificum nomina nosse: lege. Aspera ridebis cognomina teutona: forsan Mitiget ars musis inscia uerba uirum Coradus Suueynheym Arnoldus Panartz^ magistri Rome impresserunt talia multa simul. ||{ In domo Petri de Maximis M.CCCC.LXXII. die. XIII. Martii. Folio. Vol, IV, 234 leaves. Vol. V, 292 leaves; 46 lines. 261x1680101. Type a (Roman 115 mm.). Hain *io363. Proctor 3323.
The letter of the Bishop of Aleria to Pope Sixtus IV contains a prayer on behalf of Sweynheym and Pannartz, spoken of as ' Impressores nostri ac utilissime huius fictorie artis primi in Italia opifices maximi in urbe operarii ', asking for some pecuniary help. The printers, it is declared, are weighed down under the burden of the paper they have printed and will faint under it unless they are relieved by the Pope's liberality. In proof of this a list is given of the twenty- eight different works which they had printed, with the number of copies of each. The calculation is by volumes, and works of which two or three editions had been printed are only mentioned once, the Lactantius, of which there had been three editions, being put down as accounting for 825 volumes, i. e. three printings of 275 each. The grand total is given as 12,475 volumes (an over-statement by a thousand), an intolerable load, which, now that buyers had fallen off, could no longer be borne ' et ementes non esse nullum est grauius testimonium q q) domus nostra satis magna plena est quinternionu inanis re^. necessariarum '. Their only hope is in the Pope, and in recognition of his help they will hand over as many books as he pleases. The expense of the Commentary of De Lyra had been so great that they had nothing left to live on, and they beg for help 'quia pauperes facti sumus nimis'. The letter is dated 20 March, 1472, i.e. a week after the completion of the text. The dissolution of partnership between Sweynheym and Pannartz seems to show that no satisfactory answer was given to it.
355 X 260 mm. The larger capitals in gold on a background of Italian interlaced branch-work, with borders in the same style, smaller capitals in red or blue. [210
ARNOLD PANNARTZ ALONE
SENECA, Lucius Annaeus. Epistulae. i February, 1475.
2'. Incipit prologus beati leronimi super epistolis |1 Pauli ad Senecam: & Senecae ad paulum. 4'. par. 3 : In isto sequenti Codice continentur epistols moralium rerum quas || composuit uir eloquentissimus Lucius Anneus Seneca: ad Lucilu || discipulum suum peramantissimum transmissae. 4^ Epl'aij: Senecae ad Lucilum rubricae 1| libri Primi inci- piunt . . . io». Lucii Acnei Senecae ad Lucilum: Epistolai^ liber || primus . . . 171''. Colophon : FINIS. || Praesens haec epistolarum Senecae ad Lucilum || impressio In alma urbe Roma in domo nobilis || uiri Petri de maximis non atramento: plumali || calamo:
iiff ITALY
necp stilo aereo : sed artificiosa quadam || adinuentione imprimendi* sen characterizandi : 1| opus sic effigiatum est /ad dei laudem Idustriaec^ || p magistij Arnoldu pannartz AlamanQ est cosullmatu. Anno salutis .M. CCCC. LXXV. 1| Die uero Prima Mensis Februarii: Seden. || Sixto Pon. Max. Anno eius quarto. 17a. (Register) END: nascitur.
Folio. [a^b-e^f-Prn'OnSo-r^stSvi".] 180 leaves, the first blank. 37 lines. 196X no mm. Type 1 (Roman 103 mm.). Hain 1460 1. Proctor 3525.
265 X 188 mm. From the Bibliotheque de Mello. [211
THOMAS AQUINAS. De veritate Catholicae fidei.
20 September, 1475.
I**. loannes Fraciscus uenet' & theolog' 1| ordls pdicatoij, ad reuerendissimu. D. || Marcu Barbu Cardlale sacti Marci. 7*. Incipit liber de ueritate catholice 1| fidei cotra errores getiliu. Editus || a fratre Thoma de Aquino: ordls || pdicatojji . . . aoQ*. COLOPHON: IMPRESSIT CLARVS AC DILIGENTISS. || ARTIFEX ARNOLDVS PAN- NARTZ. II NATIONE GERMANVS || IN DOMO VIRI NOBILIS \\ PETRI DE MAX. CIVIS ROMANI. ANNO || INCARNATI VERBI. MCCCCLXXV. || DIE VERO XX. SEPTEN. SEDEN. SIXTO IIII. || PONT. MAX. ANNO, ij EIVS. || V. 299^ Registrum huius libri. || Ibidem, End : subiungit.
Folio. [*«]a-ii<'k8 1-vi»x''yzi»t8A-Di<>E8F". 300 leaves, last blank. 2 columns. 43 lines. 323 X 141 mm. Type i (Roman 102 mm.). Hain 1387, Proctor t3539.
320 X 225 mm. Rubricated, the larger capitals in blue. [212
ULRICH HAN AND SIMON CHARDELLA
The first dated book which bears the name of Ulrich Han, a native of Ingolstadt and citizen of Vienna, is the Meditationes of Cardinal Turrecremata, finished on the last day of 1467. This bears also the initials I. R., which Proctor showed good reason for believing to be those of a corrector of the press, not a printer. An undated edition of the Epistles of S. Jerome, which is known from a note dated 1470, in the Chantilly copy, to have been printed at Rome (see Proctor, p. 453 note, quoting Leopold Delisle, Journal des Savants for October, 1897), bears the letters I A. RV., almost certainly those of the same man. On account of this identity of the corrector and the similarity of the type Proctor was inclined to assign the Epistulae to the press of Han, and to regard it as his first book, though the typographical probabilities would be satisfied if it were begun first, even if the much smaller Meditationes issued first from the press. In any case, if Sweynheym and Pannartz did not leave Subiaco until after the completion of the De Ciuitate Dei on 12 June, 1467, it is quite probable that Han was at work at Rome before they arrived there. In each of the following three years, 1468-1470, he is only known to have completed a single dated book, but over a dozen undated ones are assigned to this period, and his alliance in the latter half of 1471 with Simon Nicolai Chardella, of Lucca, was probably due to exhausted resources. The partnership lasted another three years, during which upwards of twenty books, dated and undated, were produced. But by Christmas Eve, 1474, Han is found printing alone, and he continued working thus until his death at the end of 1478, or early in 1479, after which his
ROME 119
business passed into the hands of Stephan Plannck. Including his work with Chardella (who also produced a few books, unpartnered, in 1475-79) Han must have printed altogether between eighty and a hundred editions.
CLEMENS V. Constitutiones. 6 July, 1473.
2». (commentary) : [IJOhannes. graciosuj hoc nomen p iter||pretationes / deriuationes / uel ethimol|logias extollere no est meu ... (text, red): Incipiut ?stituti«||ones cle. pape. v. || una cum appara||tu domini. io. an. I2i*. COLOPHON: Presens haij Clementinaij precla^f opus. II cu glosis. Io. An. luris canonici lumls. Alma || in urbe Roma, totius mudi regina & dignis-ljsima Imperatrice que sicut pceteris urbibus || dignitate pest, ita ingeniosis uiris est refer-ljta. no attramento / plumali / calamo / necj stilo || ereo. sed artificiosa quada adin- uentione im-||primendi / seu caracterizandi sic effigiatu. ad || dei laudem industriecp est consumatum. Per Vdalricum Galium Almanum. & Simonem || Nicolai de Luca. Anno diii. M. CCCC.||LXXIII. die uero sexta mensis lulii. Iaa^ Registrum haiji Clementina)):. Ibidem, END : Expositio.
Folio, [a b^° c" d e^" f" g-1" m'.] 12a leaves, the first blank, a columns, with com- mentary surrounding the text. 48 lines of text, 58 of commentary. 399x198 mm. Types 4 and 5 (Roman loa and Gothic 125 mm.). Hain *54i6.
The wording of the colophon, in which the praises of Rome are substituted for those of Mainz, shows that Han was reprinting Schoeffer's edition of 147 1.
408 X 285 mm. Capitals, &c., supplied in ink ; annotated, and with a long list of law books bought in i[5]o3 (' M^tercio '), Avith their prices. Also part of an inscription, possibly in the same hand, ending ' bononigsi i studio ', i. e. in the University of Bologna. [213
LACTANTIUS, Coelius. Opera. 12 February, 1474.
2». lohannis Andre? Episcopi Alerien ad Paulum 1| II. Venetum Pont. Max. epistola. a*. Lactantii Firmiani de diuinis institutoibus || aduersus getes rubric? primi libri incipiut. I5». Ad R. P. D. Dominicum Episcopum Brixien||sem. S. D. N. Pap§ Vicarium Lactantii Firmia<||ni emendatio per Angelum Cneum Sabinum || Poetam laureatum. 15^ par. a: Lactantii Firmiani institutionum diuinarum aduersum || gentes Libri primi pr§fatio. ad Imperatorem Constantinu || Quata sit & semper ueritatis appetitio fuerit. quodcj nee || sine religione sapientia. Nee sine sapientia sit probanda reli||gio. Capitulum primum. i6». [MjAgno & excellenti ingenio uiri . . . ^58^ Colophon : Pr?sens Lactantii Firmiani pr?claru opus : Alma in urbe || Roma totius mundi regina & dignissia imperatrice : qu? || sicut ceteris urbibus dignitate priest: ita ingeniosis uiris || est referta: no attramento plumali calamo necj stilo ?reo: || sed artificiosa quadam adinuentione imprimendi seu ca«l|racterizandi sic effigiatum ad dei laudem industri^cj est || consumatum. per Vdalricu Galium Alamanu & Symone || Nicolai de Luca. Anno domini. MCCCCLXXIIII. Die || uero. XII. mensis Februarii. Pontificatu uero Sixti diula || prouidentia Pap? quarti anno cius tertio. 26c». Registrum huius libri. Ibidem, End : cum.
Folio, [a" b'* c-P m n" o-z*" t* ?".] 360 leaves, i, 16, and 259 blank. 37 lines. 232x133 mm. Type 6 (Roman laa mm.), and Greek for quotations. Hain 981 1. Proctor 3360.
This edition has the chapter-headings duly printed, nevertheless the rubrics for them are laboriously set out in the preliminary leaves. The list of errors discovered by Antonius Randensis in Lactantius are followed by the four Latin couplets in which Antonius is himself rated by ' frater Adam genuensis '.
334 X 230 mm. Unrubricated, but with a few notes. [214
^
ITALY
JOANNES PHILIPPI DE LIGNAMINE
Joannes Philippi de Lignamine was a Sicilian, a native of Messina, and papal physician. He set up a press at Rome early enough to complete an edition of the Vitae Caesarum of Suetonius in July, 1470, and in the next six years produced some two score books of an unusually varied and interesting character. His first period comes to an end with the Eusebius of 15 May, 1476, catalogued below ; but he resumed printing in 148 1, and produced three more works, the last dated 1484,
CHRONICA. Chronica summorum pontificum. 14 July, 1474.
a'. loannes Philippus de Lignamine |1 Messanen, Syxto .IIII. Summo || Pontifici . . . 9». Incipit Crononica summoru || Pontificu Imperatoru<5 : Ac || de septe etatibus mudi ex. s. II Hyeronimo : Eusebio aliiscp uiris eruditis excerpta : & primo H De Septem ?tatibus raundi. laQ**. FiNIS. [130'. Rom? in domo Nobilis uiri lohannis || Phih'ppi de Lignamine Messanen. S. D. j| N. familiari? hie libellus impssus e. || Anno dni MCCCCLXXIIH. Die. XIIII. mesis lulii || Pont. Syxti. IIIL anno eius tertio. |{{ Registrum.]
Quarto. (A* B-E" F" G-N".) 130 leaves, the first blank. 24 lines. 150 x91mm. Type 1° (Roman 125). Hain *io857. Proctor 3396.
De Lignamine's dedication to the Pope contains a vigorous defence of himself against the enemies who seem to have accused him of being a liar and flatterer, and to have reproached him with poverty, low birth, and his Sicilian origin, this last taunt leading to a spirited eulogy of the island. He speaks of himself as having lately lighted upon the present work (Cum igitur nuper inciderim in compediosum quendam Cathalogu pontificu imperatorumcg : qui cuncta memoratu dignissima illius eui gesta percurreret), but does not give any indication as to how much he added to it. Hain attributes it to Martinus Polonus, who died in 1279, the year after his consecration as Archbishop of Gnesen. Under the pontificate of Pius H (elected 19 August, 1458), the following account is given of the beginning of printing (contractions written out) : lacobus cognomento Gutenbergo : patria Argentinus & quidam alter cui nomen Fustus imprimendarum litterarum in membranis cum metallicis formis periti trecentas cartas quisque eorum per diem facere innotescunt apud Maguntiam Germanie ciuitatem. Johannes quoque Mentelinus nuncupatus apud Argentinam eiusdem prouinci? ciuitatem : ac in eodem artificio peritus totidem cartas per diem imprimere agnoscitur.
212 X 154 mm. Wanting leaves i, 8, and 130. [215
LEONICENUS, Omnibonus. De octo partibus orationis.
31 March, 1475.
i». AD ILLVSTREM MAG-JINANIMVMQVE PRIN^HCIPEM DOMINVM
FE'IIDERICVM DE GONZAGA 1| MARCHIONEM OMNP|lBONVS LEONICENVS.
13a'. Colophon : Omniboni Leoniceni Vincentini. || Viri clarissimi De octo. ptibus ora||tionis
Liber Rome in domo No^l|bilis uiri loannis Philippi de Ligna||mine Messanen. S. D. N.
ROME 121
familiaris || Impressns est. Anno dni MCCCC.||LXXV. Die Vltima mensis Marcii. 1| Pont. Syxti IIII. anno quarto, i.'ja''. Registrum huius libri. Ibidem, END: In dis.
Octavo, a-q* r*. 13a leaves, ai lines. 130x76 mm. Type 1° (Roman 125 mm.). Hain iooa6.
Probably the rarest of all the books from this press. Its author was professor of literature at Vicenza, vi^here he died in 1493.
181 X 132 mm. ^.jjlubricated with an illuminated capital and floral border on I* and the initials VM on a blue ground within a circlet of laurels. [216
EUSEBIUS. Historia ecclesiastica. 15 May 1476.
3*. REVERENDISSIMO In christo patri & domino H dno Guillermo de Estoutauilla Episcopo Ostiensi sanctf || Roman? ecclesi? Cardinal! Rothomagensi. lohannes || Philippus de lignamine Messafi. S. D. N. P. familiaris. 3'. Incipit Liber Histori? ecclesiastic? Eusebii c^sariesis qua || beatus Ruffinus pr^sbiter de gr?co in latinum transtulit. ai9*. Colophon : Millesimo. CCCC. LXXVl. Die. X.V. || Mail. P. M. Sixti quarti. Anno eius |1 Quinto completu est hoc opus Rome. 2I9^ Registrum huius Libri. aao'. End : de diuersis.
Folio, [a-m^" n" o" p* q-yi".] 320 leaves, the first blank. 32-33 lines. 205 x 125 mm. Type 1° (Roman 123 mm.). Hain *6'jio. Proctor 3398.
The first quire of this book exists in two forms, an earlier, which conforms with the Registrum, beginning with a dedication to Pope Sixtus IV, and a later, in which the place of this is taken by a new dedication to Cardinal d'Estouteville. In this De Lignamine narrates how on the arrival of the first printers at Rome, he determined to devote his scanty leisure to printing books, and had already printed over 5,000 volumes of divers authors, including the ' De Sanguine Christi ', ' De potentia Dei ', and ' De futuris contingentibus ' by the Pope himself The dedication to the Pope is longer, and fewer copies seem to contain it.
296 X 220 mm. Annotated. [217
GEORG LAUER
Georg Lauer of Wiirzburg set up a press in the monastery of San Eusebio at Rome and completed there, 29 October, 1470, an edition of the Homilies of S. Chrysostom on S. John's Gospel. After printing a dozen books by himself, including Petrarch's Canzone e Sonetti, he is found in June, 1472, producing in partnership with Leonhard Pflugl the Clementine Constitutions. This was followed by other legal books and by a Duranti, in which both partners* names are found in the colophon to the first part and only that of Lauer in parts 2-4. Lauer continued at work by himself, mainly as a law printer, until 1481, but in that or the following year two of his founts are found in the possession of Bartholomaeus Guldinbeck. Lauer printed altogether more than sixty books, among them being the second volume of the edition of S. Jerome's Epistles of which Arnold Pannartz printed the first.
Q
^
122 ITALY
MILIS, Johannes de.^ Repertorium juris. 23 June, 1475.
I*. Tabula huius lib. || Acceptatio folio. .1. 3'. [AJBSENTI |1 Filio acquiri'l|tur acto ex c6||tractu per pa-'l|trem .. . 183^ COLOPHON: Presens repertorium Eximy vtriustj {| juris doctoris domini. N. de milis Im||pressum Rome per venerabilem viru || magistrum Georgium laur de herbi''||poli. Anno Salutf. Mcccclxxv. die fo \\ veneris, xxiii. mensis luny: PontificaHtus Sanctissimi in xpo patris % domi'||ni nostri domini Sixti diuina pro- uide||tia pape quarti Anno eius quarto Finjlit feliciter. i84». (Register): Absenti folio . . . sitatem.
Folio. [ab'"c«di''e«PVh^°»*'<:'l'""'n*o*pq'°f's8t«v*x»'>y".] 184 leaves. » columns. 58 lines. 294 X 176 mm. Type 6 (Roman 103 mm.). Hain *iii55.
By a curious mistake the catchword of the first section ' Absenti ' is omitted from the table, though it appears in the Register.
402 X 292 mm. Rubricated and profusely annotated. [218
VERGERIUS, Petrus Paulus. De ingenuis moribus. [i475?]
i». PETRI PAV. VERGERII AD VBER1|TINVM CARARIENSEM DE INGEIINVIS MORIBVS OPVS INCIPIT. 33«. E MAGNO BASILIO : LEONARDI AllRETINI TRADVCTIO AD COLV-HCIVM. 47*. E. XENOPHONTE. LEONARDI. A-IJRETINI.TRADVCTIO. DE.TIRAN1INIDE: 63» Lao. Colophon: . . . Deo gratias i|| Ingenuos mores formis hie pssit Georgiuscg Et studia ingenuis concelebranda uiris. Basilius magnus xenopho hierocj tyrannus Hie fantur mira quilibet arte loquens: 63''. Registrum istius libelli . . , End : inurie.
Quarto, [a-h*.] 64 leaves, the last blank. 25 lines. 125 x 86 mm. Type 6 (Roman 102 mm.). Hain *i5987. Proctor 3422.
The elder Vergerius (born at Capo d'Istria in 1370, died at Buda-Pesth in 1 444) was one of the earlier humanists.
208 x137 mm. [219
JOHANN SCHURENER
JoHANN ScHURENER DE BopPARDiA completed his first book, the Formularium Instrumentorum catalogued below, 25 November, 1474, in partnership with Johann Hanheymer of Oppenheim, with whom also he was associated in producing the Historia Bohemica of Pius II in the following January. After this Schurener worked by himself, printing altogether perhaps as many as fifty books, or even more, though not all of these can be certainly ascribed to him. An edition of Boccaccio's Ameto of 1478 is the latest dated of any of these.
FORMULARIUM. Formularium instrumentorum. 25 November, 1474.
I*. Tabula huius libri est ut sequitur \\ Absolutio || ._. . I3», Nota Absolutioii uigore commissioii apl'ice ab excomuicacion lajjta ob non solution pecculaij simpl'r uel ad cautelani. 259». Colophon: Opus hoc magno grauissimocp labore congestum. summi Opi-||ficis gratia, pro utilitate et commodo illorum qui non solum Nopariatus artem scire laborant sed etia qui principum maiorucp || uestigia indagari conantur. Laudescj gloriaj et honores inde || cupiunt suscipere. ad finem redactum est. ob institutionem eoij || qui impensas
ROME 123
studiuriKj imposuere Impressorib' et Maglstris || lohanni Nicolai Hanheymer de Oppenheym et lohanni Schu-||rener de Bopardia. Multa adyci possunt pro arbitrio. Immen||sum quippe foret que ad officium hmoi pertinent breui uolu||mine perstringere. Studens igitur offitiosus animum menteque || adhibeat: Rome. XXV. Nouembris Anno salutis. M.CCCC.||LXXIIII. Sedente clementissimo Sixto Papa Quarto Anno \\ eius felici Quarto. ||| Memento mori. ||| [Three small Death's heads.] 260*. Registrum huius Libri |1 Nota absolution , . . Ibidem, JEnd : magis.
Folio. [*"a-zt'°?^] a6o leaves. 39 lines. 197 x 125 mm. Type i* (Roman loi mm.). Hain *738o. Proctor 3484.
The table is not noted in the Register.
273 X 194 mm. On i* is the note : ' Ex Bibl. Monrii Ottobeurii.' In an early blind-stamped binding, one of the stamps bearing the name ' Maria '. [220
PEROTTUS, NicoLAUS. Regulae grammaticales. [i475-]
I*. C Prefatio in Regulas gramati|lcales Nicolai Perotti viri doctis||simi attp eloquentis- simi. 170''. COLOPHON: Regule gramaticales Reuerendissimi || patris et dni dni Nicolai perotti archi|lepiscopi sipotini. Viri doctissimi atcj 1| eloquentissimi absolute sunt feliciter.
Quarto, [a'^'^^* l>-x^] 171? leaves, the last blank. 31 lines, i^ (Roman loi mm.).
^53 ^ 9° ^^- Type i'
An undescribed edition. Printed in the same type as the ' Formularium instrumentorum ', but in a much more w^orn condition, and with the addition of a paragraph-mark. On 171*, after the 'Peroratio', begins a 'Registrum quintemoij huius libri ', and the words given for the first quire are ' Prefatio ', ' nicolai ', ' quid est uox ', ' quid est sillaba ', and ' quot sut spes'. There is no leaf in this copy beginning ' Nicolai ', but between the leaves beginning ' Prefatio ' and ' quid est uox ' are two (forming one sheet) headed ' Rubrice huius libri '. These appear to have been substituted for a leaf beginning ' Nicolai '. The author was born at Sassoferrato in 1430, consecrated Archbishop of Siponto in 1458, and died in 1480.
210X 146 mm. Wanting the outer sheet of the last quire, leaves 164 and 171. On i^ is the note 'Hie liber e Isidori mamij et amicoij', a dangerous inscription in a school-book, but the hand is not very early. [221
PRINTER OF PHILELPHUS
No other book is attributed to this anonymous printer. Proctor considered the type to be ' strongly Milanese ' in character, but could not identify it with that used by any known Milanese printer.
PHILELPHUS, Franciscus. Consolatio. i January, 1475.
I*. FRANCISI PHILELFI AD lACOBVM ANTOpiVM MARCELLVM. PATRICIVM VENE||TVM ET EQuITEM AVRATVM DE OBITV || VALERII FILII CONSOLATIO. 52'. Impressum Romae kalendis lanuarii. M.cccclxxv.
Folio. [a-e*fg'J 52 leaves, the last blank. 34 lines. 183 x111mm. Type i (Roman ic8 mm.). H^ain *i296o. Proctor 3534.
Francesco Filelfo, a well-known humanist, born at Tolentino in 1398, died
Q 2
^
124 ITALY
six years after the publication of this book at Florence, a few days after completing his 83rd year.
266 X 184 mm. A capital C supplied in red on i* over a printed director, also a paragraph-mark. With manuscript catchwords at the end of the quires. The British Museum copy has signatures stamped in by hand. Michael WodhuU's copy, bound with Riessinger's edition of the Epistulae familiares of Panormitanus, with a note (dated 28 April, 1 789) of purchase at the ' Pinelli Auction ' for jCz 8s. [222
STEPHAN PLANNCK
Stephan Plannck, of Passau, began printing about 1479 in Ulrich Han's house at Rome, and by the end of the century had probably produced upwards of three hundred incunabula, of which some two or three are in folio, a rather larger number octavos, and the enormous majority small thin quartos, including a great number of speeches made at the papal court and small documents for the use of the curia.
INNOCENTIUS VIII. Regulae Cancellariae Sanctissimi Innocentii
Papae VIII. [After 13 September, 1484.]
i\ Title: Regule cancellarie H S. Inno. P. viij. 11*. 1. 28. End: Lecte et publicate
fuerunt supscripte regule rome in ca||cellaria apKca die iouis. tredecima mensis Septebris ||
Anno domini. M.cccc.lxxxiiii. ponti. prefati sanctissi#||mi do. nri Innocecii diuina ^uidetia
Papa. viii. Anno || pmo.
Quarto, [ab*.] 1 a leaves, the last blank. 34 lines. 145x85 mm. Types: Gothic
180 and 86 mm. Hain *9ai7.
202 X 135 mm. On 1* is the inscription : ' In Mon. S. Udalr. et Afr. Aug. Vind.,' i. e. the Monastery of SS. Ulrich and Afra at Augsburg. With note by General Hawkins : * This first edition of the Regule Cancellarie of Pope Innocent the Eighth, was purchased at the shop of Philes in Nassau Street in the year 1855, and was my first investment in an early printed book.' The attribution to Plannck is not at all certain. [223
LOLLIUS, Antonius. Oratio in funere Cardinalis Matisconensis.
After 30 September, 1484.
I*. Antonius LoUius geminianesis Reuerendissimis dominis. R. || Vicecancellario. M. Sancti Marci. F. Sancti Eustachij. S. R. E. \\ Cardinalibus. Executoribus bo. me. Car. Matisconeii. S. P. D. . . . par. 3 : Anton. LuUij Geminianensis Oratio habita in funere domini || Ph. ^tni Car. Matisconen. Frqeueti. R. Car. Senatu. 6*. End : Dixi || Inno. viij. pont. Maximo. Mens .i. Die .xxvij. Anno incarna. do. || Mcccclxxxiiij.
Quarto, [a*.] 6 leaves, salines. 141x90 mm. Type a (Gothic 87 mm.). Hain ♦10178. Proctor 3645.
Save that he came from San Gemignano nothing appears to be known of this speech-maker.
208 X 140 mm. [224
ROME 125
RUFUS, Sextus. De historia Romana. 19 January, 1492.
i». C Angelus Tiphemas: amplissimo dno Baptist? de || Vrsinis Camer? apostolic? Clerico S. D. I^ par. 2 : C Sexti Ruffi viri consularis Valentiano Au-|lgusto de Historia Ro. Libellus incipit. 8^ Colophon : C Sexti Ruffi viri consularis Valentiano Augusto || de historia Ro. Libellus finiL Impressus Rom§ per || Stephanu Planck. An. Mccccxcij. die. xix. lanuarij.
Quarto, a*. 8 leaves. 33 lines. 145 x90 mm. Type 3 (Gothic 87 mm.). Hain 14033.
192 x135 mm. [225
EUCHARIUS SILBER
EucHARTUS SiLBER, alias Franck, a clerk of the diocese of Wurzburg, began printing at Rome in 1480, and devoted himself largely to small quartos of the same kind as Plannck's. He printed, however, a considerably greater number of miscellaneous books than were produced by Plannck, including some military works. After producing perhaps as many as two hundred incunabula he con- tinued at work until 1 509, when he was succeeded by Marcellus Silber.
VERARDUS, Carolus. Historia baetica. 7 March, 1493.
a». Caroli Verardi Caesenatis Cubicularii Pontifi-||cii in historiam Baeticam ad R. P. Raphaelem || Riarium. S. Georgii Diaconum Cardinalem : 1| Praefatio :• 33'. par. a : Acta Ludis Romanis Innocentio .VIII. in so-||lio Petri sedente Anno a Natali Saluatoris. M-IICCCCXCII. Vndecimo Kalendas Maii. 33*. Marcellini Verardi Caesenatis Elegia. 39». par. a. COLOPHON : Impressum Romae per Magistrum Eucha||rium Silber : alias Franck : Anno Domini || M.CCCC.XCIII. Die uero. VII. Martii. ||1 Registrum . . . Ibidem, par. 3 : Viua el gran Re Don Fernando || Con la Reyna Don Isabella || Viua Spagna e la Castella || Pien de gloria triumphando || La Cita Mahomectana Potentissima Granata |1 De la falsa fe pagana E dissolta e liberata || Per uirtute & manu armata. Del Femado e Lil|sabella. Viua Spagna &c'.- 40''. End : Viua Spagna e la Castella || Pien de gloria triumphando.
Quarto, [a-e*.] 40 leaves. 26 lines. 143 x 89 mm. Type 4 (Roman 105 mm.). Hain *i594i. Proctor 3867.
On 39^ and 40* is the music in four parts of the song on 39*, 40^. * This is a dramatic representation of the siege which resulted in the destruction of the Moorish power in Spain. It was written by Carolus Verardus, one of the Pope's Chamberlains, and produced on the private stage in the palace of Cardinal Riario immediately after the announcement in Rome of the triumph of Ferdinand and Isabel. Probably the performance ended with the singing of the four-part song of triumph to be found at the end of this volume.' R. C. H.
185 x134 mm. Rubricated. [226
SCRIPTORES. Scriptores rei militaris. 24 October (3 November), 1494,
l». TITLE: VEGETIVS DE RE MILITARI. 36*. FIRST COLOPHON : Finis. ||| Romae impressum per Eucharium Silber Alamanum. Anno a natali || christiano .M.cccc.xciiii. die. xxiiii. Octobris. 37». Sexti lulii Frontini uiri consularis Strategematicon. Liber Primus. 66». Second Colophon: Finis ||| Impressum Rome per Venerabilem uirum Magistrum Eucharium Sil||ber: alias Franck Anno M.cccc.xciiii. die tertio nouembris. 6y'. Modestus de re militari ad Theodosium Augustum. 71*. Aeliani de instruendis aciebus . . . 89'. Onosander ad Q. Veranium de optimo Imperatore dusq officio . . . xo4\ End : Onosandri
^
m6 ITALY
De Optimo Imperatore : eiuscj officio : p Nicolaum. Sagundi|lnum e grseco in latinu Traducti. Finis.
Quarto, a-p* q* r-x* y^ A-D*. 104 leaves. 40 lines and head-line. 163 (i7o)x iia mm. Type 10 (Roman 80 mm.). Hain *i59i5. Proctor 3878.
With diagrams of the phalanx and other military formations, and numerous small woodcut capitals.
218 X 152 mm. [227
PETRUS DE TURRE
Only four books are ascribed to the press of Petrus de Turre (or de la Turre) — the fine edition of Ptolemy's Cosmographia catalogued below, completed in November, 1490, and then, after an interval of seven years, a medical work, of which there is also an undated edition, and in 1499 Mancinellus de moribus.
PTOLEMAEUS, Claudius. Geographia. 4 November, 1490.
a». REGISTRVM ALPHABETICVM 1| SVPER OCTO LIBROS PTOLO-||MEI INCIPIT FELICITER. 158*. col. i. Colophon: HOC OPUS PTHOLOMEI MEMO||RABILE QVIDEM ET INSIGNE EX||ACTISSIMA DILIGENTIA CASTIII GATVM IVCONDO QVODAM CA||RACTERE IMPRESSVM FVIT ET || COM- PLETVM ROME ANNO A NA||TIVITATE DOMINI. M.CCCC.LX-IIXXX. DIE. IV. NOVEMBRIS. ARTE || AC IMPENSIS PETRI DE TVRRE.
Folio. A-C8DE«; ai»b-g«h*; [1-27*]; ab^c*. 174 leaves, i, 98, and 174 blank. 52-53 lines. 293 x189 mm. Type I (Roman 107 mm.). Hain *i354i. Proctor 3966.
The Latin translation of Jacobus Angelus Florentinus, made early in the 1 5th century, with the twenty-seven maps (one of the world, ten of Europe, four of Africa, and twelve of Asia) engraved on copper by Conrad Sweynheym for the edition completed after his death and issued in 1478 by Arnold Buckink, here used a second time.
426 X 285 mm. With the presentation inscription on i^ :
Augustinus Piccolhoieus Alpheno Seuero Suo Sak Aeterni (ut perhibent) forma tibi mittimus orbis Silicet eternae pignus Amicitiae. and the arms of the donor and recipient painted on either side of the map of the world. [228
MARCELLUS SILBER
Marcellus Silber succeeded to the business of Eucharius Silber and used some of the same types. He published his first dated book on 9 October, 15 10, and continued printing for many years. In addition to the Ethiopic fount used for the Psalter of 15 13 catalogued below he possessed also one of Hebrew.
PSALTERIUM. Psalterium Chaldaicum siue potius Aethiopicum.
ID September, 1513.
I*. (Woodcut of David, printed in red), i^ Joannes Potken Prepositus ecclesie sancti Georgij Colonien. || Peregrinaij littera;): studiosis S. p. d. II4^ par. a: Joannes Potken
ROME 127
Praepositus Eccl'ise S. Georgil || Colonien. Lra?> peregrina^i studiosis S. P. D. . . . FIRST Colophon (red) : C Impressum est opusculu hoc ingenio t impensis loanis Potken |1 Prepositj Ecclesie sancti Georgij Colonien. Rome per Marcellum || Silber al's Frack : t finitu Die vltima lunij Anno salutis. M. D. xiij. SECOND COLOPHON (red): Finitu Romae Die .X. Septembris. Anno xpianse Salutis .M. D. XIII. 115*. (red): Alphabetu : seu potius Syllabariu Ira?; Chaldeal^. 116''. END: . . . % alios numeros coponere. ||| Finis.
Quarto. [a-n*op'.] 116 leaves. 31 lines of Ethiopic, 156 x 9a mm. ; 45 of small Gothic, 162x92 mm.; 30 Roman, 162x91 mm. Types: Ethiopic loa mm., Gothic 7a mm., Roman 88 and 109 mm.
The first book printed in Ethiopic characters. After quoting S, Augustine's saying that a man could have more entertainment (plus solatii) out of his dog than with another man whose language he did not know, Potken tells how he heard some Ethiopians at Rome using the names of the Virgin and Saints in their singing, and had learnt from them sufficient of their language to see this Psalter through the press, to please those who desire to know foreign languages. He was under the impression that the language and characters were Chaldaic, but in this he was mistaken. At the end of the books are some notes on the alphabet and numerals.
230 x159 mm. [229
VENICE
Almost immediately after its introduction by Johann of Speier printing rapidly became an important industry at Venice. Before the end of the century about 1 50 firms of printers are known to have worked there, and probably some- what over 4,000 incunabula remain to testify to their activity. Their output was no less remarkable for quality than for quantity. Foreign printers were proud to boast that their books were printed ' charactere veneto ', and from Johann and Wendelin of Speier and Nicolas Jenson, through Erhard Ratdolt and Andrea Torresano down to Aldus, a long succession of fine printers contributed to the city's reputation. When a demand for illustrated books arose they excelled in these also, and while borrowing ideas occasionally from Germany and France, or from other Italian towns, were prolific of new designs and worked successfully in several different styles. They left no class of literature unattempted for which readers could be found in Italy ; were the only printers of the vernacular Bible, and towards the end of the century started a consider- able export trade in service books for foreign churches.
JOHANN AND WENDELIN OF SPEIER
{First printers)
Nothing is known of Johann of Speier before 1467, when he got to work at Venice and received by the short-sightedness of the Senate a privilege which gave him a monopoly of printing there for five years. His own expectations of success seem to have been moderate, since of Cicero's Epistolae Familiares, his
128 ITALY
first book, he printed no more than one hundred copies, with the result that a second edition had at once to be put in hand. His third venture was a much larger book, Pliny's Historia Naturalis, which ran to some 355 large folio pages. He was at work at a fourth book, S. Augustine's De Ciuitate Dei, when he died suddenly, leaving his brother Wendelin or Vindelinus to finish it and carry on the business. At the time of Johann's death several books must already have been planned, as Wendelin brought out at least ten in 1470. Fifteen more dated volumes followed in each of the next two years, but in 1473 the dated books fell to five, and after producing two more books in 1474, Wendelin ceased for a time to print for himself. The three founts of type with which between seventy and eighty books (more than twenty of them undated) had been printed passed into the possession of Johann of Cologne and Johann Manthen, for whom Wendelin had already printed a few books on commission. It is probable that for the next two years he himself worked for the firm which bought his type, but in December, 1476, we find him trying his luck again on his own account, apparently with little success, as his new activity lasted only a year and produced no more than four or five books. Though their Roman text type was less admirable than that of Jenson the brothers were good printers, and it is pleasant to find from a note in the Augustinus De Ciuitate Dei catalogued below that when two Italian travellers passed Speier in August, 147 1, they had the first Venice press in their minds.
AUGUSTINUS. De Ciuitate Dei. 1470.
i». Aurelii Augustini de ciuitate dei || primi libri incipiut Rubricae. COLOPHON :
Qui docuit Venetos exscribi posse loannes
Mense fere trino Centena uolumina plini
Et totidem Magni Ciceronis Spira libellos:
C^perat Aureli : subita sed morte perentus
Non potuit Ceptum Venetis finite uolumen
Vindelinus adest eiusdem frater: & arte
Non minor: hadriacaque morabitur urbe. M.CCCC.LXX. Folio. [*,**'; a-z t'^p^jj^".] 274 leaves, i, 16, and 274 blank. 50 lines. 27 ^x 149 mm. Type i (Roman 109 mm.). Hain *2048. Proctor 4019.
397x275 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, with capitals in gold on a ground of Italian interlaced branch-work and a border in the same style to the beginning of the text. With manuscript annotation, and opposite the colophon the interesting note ' D. lustus & B. Bemb. dum e regione Vrbis Spire eemus internauigantes M.cccc. Lxxj. xviiij. augusti libru signauimus '. Apparently these two Italian travellers either had this copy with them as they sailed past Speier on the Rhine, or found one which Wendelin may have sent there, and signed and dated the book in honour of the printer whose birthplace they were visiting. The Duke of Roxburghe's copy, with his arms on the covers. [230
CYPRIANUS. Epistulae. I47i-
I^ Tabula super epistolas Cipriani. 3*. Incipiunt epistol? Cecilii Cypriani ad Comelium U Papam. Et prima de confessione. feliciter. I83^ Colophon: Loquitur
VENICE 129
lector ad Vindelinum spirensem Artificem || qui Epistolas Beati Cipriani reddit in lucem. ||| M.CCCCLXXI.
Folio, [a-m" n" o-s".] 183 leaves. 38 lines. 209x123 mm. Type i (Roman 109 mm). Hain *5897. Proctor 4032.
313 x219 mm. Unrubricated, but with the larger capitals supplied in colours, probably in the 19th century. With some annotations. The Seilliere copy, with the stamp of the ' Biblioth^que de Mello ' on the covers. [231
STRABO. Geographia a Guarino Veronensi translata. 1472.
2\ gEographiam multos scripsisse nouimus Pater Beatissime Paula II. Venete || Pon. maxime ... 5^ par. 2 : Strabonis Cappadocis seu Gnossii Amasini scriptoria || cele- berrimi de situ orbis liber primus. aI7^ 1. 37, END OF TEXT: ... ad eius portiones || sunt: ac semper fuere. 218*. (Table of rubrics): Strabonis Geographi Europe a Guarino Veronensi translate . . . Ibidem, par. 2 : Anno Domini. M.CCCC. Lxxii ||| R. zouenzonius poeta : Reuerendissimo d. || lacobo zeno Episcopo patauino.
Orbis noscere lector uniuersi
Si tractus cupis: hos emas libellos
Strabonis : tibi nomine dicatos
Zeni pr^sulis optimi sacricj.
Quo nil doctius Eruditius<5
Nunc antenorei uident penates:
Impressos digitis uidelianis. Folio, [a-p"-'"-"" « q-s'" t* v*~' x y^" z i*.] 219 leaves, the first and last blank. 51 lines. 280 x169 mm. Type I (Roman IC9 mm.). Hain *j5o87. Proctor 4042.
383 X 255 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. On 5^ an unilluminated capital, and in the lower margin an early owner's arms (ten organ-pipes) within a circlet. Michael Wodhull's copy, with his note of purchase, 26 May, 1 791, for ;^ 7 "js. [232
JUVENALIS ET PERSIUS. Satyrae. [About 1472.]
2». lunii luuenalis aquinatis liber primus. ||| [S]EMPER EGO AVDITOR || tantum: nunquam ne reponam? 1| . . . 63*. Auli Flacci Persii satyra prima. ||| nEc fonte labra prolui caballino . . . 73'. 1. 2'^, END: I nuentus crisyppe tui finitor acerui.
Folio, [a-g* h* ; i k*.] 74 leaves. 32 lines. 175 x105 mm. Type i (Roman 109 mm.). Hain 9672. Proctor 4058.
As in other very early Italian editions of Latin poetry the majuscule at the beginning of each line is separated from the letter which follows it by the width of an em.
277 X 188 mm. On 2* the first page of text is surrounded on the three outer sides by an illuminated border, with a woodcut foundation, the lower section having as its centre-piece a blank shield with a cupid and rabbit on either side. The capital on this page is in green on a gold ground ; the smaller capitals are supplied in red, over printed guide-letters, or directors. The Sunderland copy. [233
PETRUS LOMBARDUS. Libri sententiarum. 10 March, 1477.
2». (Prologue) : C[V]pientes aliquid || de penuria ac te||nuitate nostra ... 4^ col. 2. par. 2: Incipit Sentetiarum liber primus de || misterio trinitatis. 245*. COLOPHON : Cele- berrimus ac famosissimus sententijlarum liber magistri petri lombardi : sa||cre theologie doctoris eximii : anno do||mini. 1477. per magistrum vendelinum || de spira in vrbe venetia;^ litteris eneis || impressus: die decima mensis martii fi'jlnit feliciter. |j| Laus Deo.
R
^
130 ITALY
Folio, a^o b c* d'" e« f-h" ; g'» h-m* n" ; n o^" p-r« s-y" z' x'". 246 leaves, the first and last blank, a columns. 41-43 lines. 183-193x120 mm. Type 5 (Gothic 87 mm.). Hain 10186. Proctor 4413.
292 X 195 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, with illuminated capitals and border-pieces to each of the five books. Wanting the first leaf of the first of the two quires signed h, and with the sheets of these two quires mixed. On 2* is the note : ' Pertinet at Conu*™. Cap^. ', i. e. the property of a Capuchin monastery, probably at Venice. [234
NICOLAS JENSON
Nicolas Jenson came from Sommevoire in Haute-Marne in France. The story of his having been sent to learn printing at Mainz by one French king and discouraged on his return by another appears to be 18th century fiction. Jenson probably issued his first book in the autumn of 1470, as the equipment of a printing office to the point of production seems usually to have taken about a year, and until Johann of Speier's death his privilege barred the Venetian market to other printers. Jenson issued four dated books in 1470 (i. e. before 1 March, 1471, if his dates follow the Venetian legal year), over fifteen in 1471, about eight in 1472, and probably only three apiece in the next two years. From 1475 to 1480 he averaged eight or nine a year. He died in September, 1480, nevertheless at the end of that year and in 1481 his name occurs in conjunction with that of Johannes de Colonia Sociique as publisher of some lawbooks and a liturgy which seem to have been printed by Johann Herbort In 148 1 an Aesop completed at Modena on 19 May by Thomas of Hermann- stadt and Johannes Franciscus at the expense of Rocociola is said to have been 'compositum per Nicolaum Jenson', a phrase doubtfully explained as referring to the use of his types. The bulk of these passed to Andrtas Torresanus, the father-in-law of Aldus, who commemorated their use in the colophon of his first book, February, 148I, which states ' Exactum est opus inclytis instrumentis famosisque literarum characteribus optimi quondam in hac arte magistri Nicolai Jenson Gallici, quo nihil prestantius, nihil melius'. In 1475 Jenson was made a count by Pope Sixtus IV, and he enjoyed a primacy among Venetian printers which was soon wrongly interpreted as giving him precedence in time as well as in skill over the brothers de Spira. He appears to have made a considerable fortune by his work. His fine Roman fount of type has been constantly imitated, especially of late years, but never surpassed.
EUSEBIUS. De euangelica praeparatione. 1470-
1*. (after 3-Hne space. Preface of Georgius Trapezuntius) : [EJVSEBIVM Pamphili de euangelica praeparatione 1| latinum ex grseco beatissime pater iussu tuo effeci . . . I*, par. 2 (text) : [C] VVM quid sit christianissimus nescientibus aperire || statuerim . . . 14a', par. 2 : Antonii Cornazani in laudem || Artificis Epigramma. 1|[ Artis hie : & fidei splendet mirabile numen : Quod fama auctores: auget honore deos. [142*.] Hoc lenson ueneta Nicolaus in urbe uolumen
Prompsit: cui foelix gallica terra parens.
VENICE 131
Scire placet tempus? Mauro christophorus vrbi •
Dux erat. £qua animo musa retecta suo est. Quid magis artificem peteret Dux: christus: et auctor? Tres facit aeternos ingeniosa manus. ||| M.CCCC.LXX. Folio, (a-f" g" I k-p'".) 142 leaves. 39 lines. 223-135 mm. Type i (Roman 114 mm.). Hain *6699. Proctor 4066.
This is generally regarded as Jensen's first book.
336 X 233 mm. Capitals and initial strokes supplied in red (the first capital in red and blue), but without rubricated chapter-headings. Old stamped sheep- skin binding. [235
AUGUSTINUS. De Ciuitate Dei. 2 October, 1475.
2'. Aurelij augustini de ciuitate dei pmi || libri incipiunt rubrice. 17*. (head-line) : LIBER ^**^°^alTicur^°" PRIMVS. |!i Aurelij Augustini epi de ciuitate dei || liber primus
feliciter incipit. 304"*. COLOPHON: Aurelij Augustini opus de ciuita||te dei feliciter explicit : confectu3 uene||tijs ab egregio % diligeti magistro Niljcolao ienson : Petro mozenicho prin||cipe : Anno a natiuitate domini mile||simo quadringetesimo septuagesimo 1| quinto : sexto nonas octobres.
Folio. [♦,*** a-z A-F^".] 306 leaves, i, 16, 305, 306 blank. 2 columns. 46 lines and head-line. 193 (207) x 115 mm. Types 2, 4 (Gothic 81 mm., Roman maj.), Hain *205i. Proctor 4096.
All the chapter-headings are duly printed, but the rubrics and first words of each chapter are carefully set out in full at the beginning, for the use of a no longer needed rubricator, occupying 14 leaves.
284 X 194 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, with an illuminated capital and border to the first page of text, the lower piece having in the centre a circlet containing the sacred monogram on a blue ground, while on each side of the circlet is a stag couchant. [236
GRAMMATICI. Grammatici antiqui. c. 1478.
I^ IN HOC VOLUMINE HAEC CONTINENTVR || DIOMEDES || De structuris & differentia sermonis. || De perfectis & imperfectis. || De origie : {prietate : formatoe : & uaria ptiu oronis positioe : || De latinitate & eius partibus & diffinitionibus. || De uariis uocabulorum diffinitionibus. || De Accetibus : Punctis : Colis : Comatibus : & Periodis : & eoru diffinitionibus. 1| De differentiis quincj linguarum. || De uitiis & uirtutibus orationis. || De compositione & clausula & pedibus secudum Rhetores : & ea?i ptibus & diffinitionibus testimonio Tullii : Salustii : || Bruti : Crassi : & Hortensii firmatis. {| De schematibus & figuris. || De Tragoedia : Comoedia : Elegia : Satyra & earum origine lo-||co & inuentoribus. || De poematu generibus et speciebus : & uariis ea^ nomlbus. || De Poetica : Poesi : & Poemate. |1 De arte metrica. || De Metro : Rhythmo : & Versa et eorum differetiis & diffini||tionibus. || De omni genere Metrorum diffinitionibus differentiis et inuetoribus. || PHOCAS II De Nomine & Verbo. || Epitoma Prisciani. || CAPER || De latinitate || AGRAETIVS || De Orthographia : proprietate & differentia sermonis. || DONATVS || De Barbarisrao & octo partibus orationis. || SERVIVS ET SERGIVS || In Donatum. i7o». COLOPHON: FINIS. NICOLAVS IENSON GALLICVS.
Folio. a"b-ra*n'; o-t*u"'x'. 170 leaves. ^5 lines. 192x108 mm. Type i*^ (Roman no mm.). Hain 6214. Proctor 41 18.
280 X 187 mm. With a few manuscript notes, [237
R 2
i3a ITALY
JOHANNES CARTHUSIENSIS. Flos vitae. 19 July, 1480.
2*. Libellus in prjeparatione infirinorutn : & in di|lspositione morientium : qui flos uitae interpreta|ltur. 54*. COLOPHON : Actum quo(} hoc opus Venetiis ex inclyta: fa-jj mosac; officina summi uiri Nicolai lenson Gal||lici. Anno dominice natiuitatis. M.cccclxxx. deci||masquartas Klendas Sextiles. 55\ (Register): a i uacat. End: alae &.
Quarto, a-g*. 56 leaves, first and last blank. 26 leaves. 142 x 88 mm. Type 1*^ (Roman 110 mm.). Proctor 4127.
This is the last of four works by Johannes Carthusiensis (Giovanni di Dio), viz. Nosce te (28 June), Corona senum (3 July), De humilitate interiori (6 July), and this, printed by Jenson only a few weeks before his own death. Each work has a separate set of signatures, but the register at the end of the present volume applies to them all.
190X 135 mm. An untouched copy. [238
FRANZ RENNER
Franz Renner of Heilbrunn printed the Quadragesimale or Lenten Sermons of Leonardus de Utino in 1471, and two editions of a similar book by Robertus Caracciolus and the De Anima of Thomas Aquinas catalogued below in 1472, all in a fine Roman type of unusual excellence. He then worked for four years in producing some sixteen books in partnership with Nicolaus of Frankfort, and for two more years (five books) with Petrus de Bartua, these partnership books being uniformly in Gothic letter. In 1478 he was once more alone and produced another sixteen books before the end of 1483, after which nothing more is heard of him. Save for three cosmographical books in 1478 his publications were all theological, and included several Latin Bibles and service books. He printed nothing in the vernacular.
THOMAS AQUINAS. Quaestiones de anima. 1472.
I*. (Table of questions) : Vtij, anima huana possit esse forma & hoc aliquid . . . a': Questiones dignissime de ala edite ab angelico dinocj doctore Sancto || Thoma de aquino. almi ordinis frati^ predicatoi^ feliciter incipiunt. 62*. COLOPHON : Questioes de ala sancti Thome || de Aquino feliciter expliciunt. |1| M. CCCCLXXII.
Folio, a b^" c* d'" e-g*. 62 leaves. 36 lines. 197 x126 mm. Type i (Roman 109 mm.). Hain *i522. Proctor 4156.
274x188 mm. With capitals and numerous paragraph-marks alternately in red and blue Bound with Aquinas de unitate intellectus (Treviso, 1476. No. 314), the De Ente et Essentia from Ant. Andreae's Quaestiones de tribus principiis (Padua, 1475, No. 333), and Albertus Magnus de intellectu (s. 1. and a, No. 410). [239
MARCHESINUS, Joannes. Mamotrectus. 1476.
2'. col. I : Incipit vocabularius I Mamotre-IJctum scd'm ordinem alphabeti. 25'. Pro- logus autoris in mamotrectu. 226*. col. 2. COLOPHON : Expliciut expositioes t correctoes || vocabuloi^ libri q appellat Mamo-l|trect' ta biblie q alioij plurimoru 1| libroi;. Impresse
VENICE 133
Venetijs p Fran-l|ciscu de Hailbrun t Nicholaum de || Franckfordia socios. |[ MCCCCLXXVI U Laus deo. 227* : Incipit tabula . . . aa;*". End : Explicit tabula.
Quarto. A-C ; a^" b-y i 2* 3^". 328 leaves, the first and last blank, a columns. 39 lines, and head-line. 144 (156) x 100 mm. Types 2, 3 (Gothic 73, c. 160 mm.). Hain 10557. Proctor 4168.
One of the later books of Renner's first partnership. Accidentally misdated ' MCCCCLXXVI I ' in Hain and also in Burger's Index,
207 X 147 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, with charming little pictures in sepia worked into the larger capitals. [240
SACRO BOSCO, Johannes de. Sphaera mundi. 1478.
i». (red) : lohannis de sacrobusto anglici uiri cla-l|rissimi Spera mundi feliciter incipit. 28». lohannis de sacrobusto anglici uiri cla-||rissimi Spera mundi feliciter explicit. 29'. (red): Gerardi cremonensis uiri clarissimi || Theorica planetaru feliciter incipit. 48^ Colophon : Explicit Theorica planetarum Gerardi cre-||monensis astronomi celebra- tissimi. Impressa || Venetijs per Franciscu renner de Hailbrua |1 M.CCCC.LXXVIII. ||| r. Franciscus niger Venetus. lectori felicitate. [Three elegiac couplets.] 1| Bene Vale.
Quarto. ab*cd*; ef^". 48 leaves. 25 lines, with marginalia. 135 x 79 (115) mm. Type 5 (Roman ic8 mm.). Hain *i4io8. Proctor 4175.
One of the three cosmographical books in Roman types with which Renner resumed publication on his own account in 1478. With several well-drawn woodcut diagrams and small capitals.
197 x 140 mm. A heraldic stamp, with the name D. Luigi Sylva, printed in gold, is pasted on the first page. [241
LEONHARD AURL
No place of imprint is mentioned in either of the two books from this press, the Duns Scotus in primum sententiarum of 1472, or the Eusebius catalogued below, but the character of the type induced Mr. Proctor to assign them to Venice, and the attribution is confirmed by Cicogna's ' Elenco di Stampatori in Venezia ' (as published in Brown's ' Venetian Printing Press '), where Leonardus Aurl is entered as at work in 1472-73. Nothing is known of Leonhard Aurl, but he probably died in 1473, as in the following year his type was owned by Hans Aurl, presumably a relative, who printed one book with it.
EUSEBIUS. Praeparatio euangelica. 1473.
a». (after 3-line space) : [EJVSEBIVM Pamphili de euangelica praepatione || latinu ex graeco beatissime pater iussu tuo effeci. || . . • lio*. COLOPHON : Fmis. || Artis hie : & fidei splendet mirabile numen :
Quod fama auctores: auget honore deos. Quid magis artificem peteret Dux : christus : & auctor ? Tres facit aeternos ingeniosa manus. ||| .M.CCCC.LXXIII. Ill Leonhardus Aurl.
Folio, [a^* b-o'" p*.] 150 leaves, the first blank. 37 lines. 215 x126 mm. Type i (Roman 11 3-1 15 mm.). Hain *6yoo. Proctor 4230.
A reprint of Jenson's edition of 1470, with the same curious final couplet. A very fine piece of printing.
134 ITALY
308 X 205 mm. Without the blank leaf of quire a, but with four leaves of" the book's own paper at the beginning and end. Rubricated in red and blue, with several painted capitals, some with border flourishes. In a modern imitation painted binding, with a cardinal's arms (a checquer board), which are repeated on the gauffered edges, and have been inserted also in the flourished border- piece to the capital on 2''. [242
JACQUES LE ROUGE
In the years 1472-75 Jacques le Rouge of Chablis printed several classical editions at Venice ; in 1476-78 chiefly lawbooks. Between these two sections of his work came the two fine historical works catalogued below. From 1478 to 148 1 he worked at Pinerolo. In his will Jenson calls him his 'compare' and leaves him a hundred gold ducats, and twice as much to his wife.
LEONARDUS [Bruni] ARETINUS. Historia del Popolo Fiorentino.
13 February, 1476.
2». PROHEMIO DI DONATO ACCIAIOLI NELLA H HISTORIA FIOREN- TINA TRADOCTA PER 1| Lui In Vulgare Alliexcellentissimi Signori Priori Di Liberta Et II Gonfaloniere Di Giustitia Del Popolo Fiorentino. ai8». COLOPHON: FINE Delduo- decimo & ultimo libro della historia del Popolo Fioren||tino composta da Messer Lionardo aretino in latino : Et tradocta i lin||gua tosca da Donato Acciaioli a di .xxvii. dagosto : Mcccclxxiii. Impresl|so a Vinegia perlo diligente huomo Maestro lacomo de Rossi di nati-||one Gallo: Nellanno del Mcccclxxvi. a di xii. di Febraio: Regnante lo in||clyto Principe Messer Pero Mozenico |j| LAVS IMMORTALI DEO.
Folio, a-k" kk^ l-p^^qi* r-x^". 218 leaves, the first blank. 41 lines. 226 x 131 mm. Type I (Roman no mm.). Hain *i562. Proctor 424a.
320 X 223 mm. Capital in gold on red and green and floral three-quarter border on 2*. Bound with the same printer's edition of the Historia Fiorentina of Poggio. [243
POGGIO BRACCIOLINI, Giovanni Francesco. Historia Fiorentina.
8 March, 1476.
i». PROHEMIO DI lACOPO DI MESSER POGGIO ALLO ILHLVSTRIS- SIMO SIGNOR. FEDERICO DA MONTE FELHTRO CONTE DVRBINO. NELLA. HISTORIA. FIO||RENTINA. DI MESSER. POGGIO SVO PADRE. ET • TRA||DOCTA DALVI. DI LATINO. IN LINGVA FIORENTINA. 3» HISTORIA DI MESSER POGGIO. TRADOC||TA DI LATINO. IN NOSTRA LINGVA. DA || lACOPO SVO FIGLIVOLO. LIBRO PRIMO. ii5«. Colophon: Finito loctauo & ultimo libro della historia fiorentina di Messer Pog|Igio tradocta di lingua latina in lingua toscana da lacopo suo figliuolo || Impresso Auinegia per Ihuomo di optimo ingegnio Maestro lacopo de || rossi di natione gallo neli anni di Cristo M. CCCCLXXVI. a octo di 1| marzo Regniante loinclito Principe Messer Andrea uendramino. ||| Laus Deo.
Folio, a^" b c* d-h" i k^ 1 m" n*. 116 leaves, the last blank. 41 lines. 226 x 131 mm. Type I (Roman no mm.). Hain *13I72. Proctor 4243.
320x223 mm. With a capital in gold on red and green and floral inner- border on I*. Bound with the Historia del Popolo Fiorentino of Leonardus Aretinus, printed by Le Rouge in the same year. [244
VENICE 135
FILIPPO DI PIETRO
FiLiPPO DI PiETRO began printing in 1472 in partnership with Gabriele di Pietro, presumably his brother, and Hke him may have been a native of Treviso in Venetian territory, though he makes no mention of Treviso, while he emphasizes his Venetian origin. After printing four books together in 1472-73, Gabriele and Filippo separated, and each recommenced publication a year later. While by himself from i March, 1474, to 14 August, 1482, Filippo printed about forty books, mainly Latin and Italian classics.
LEONICENUS, Omnibonus, Commentum in Lucanum. 21 July, 1475.
i*. M. Annei Lucani Vita ex Commentario Antiquiss. 3*. Omnibonus Vincentinus in Lucannum. 372*. Colophon : rtKos
Egreditur phcEbi subiturus templa sacerdos
Inuide ne noceas: quid nocuisse iuuat? Graecse dulce decus linguae : famamcp latinae :
Omnibonum posset quis celebrare satis ? Nam nodos omnes soluit Ciceronis: opusque
Quid sibi uult docuit Quintih'ane tuum. Hoc falso scripsisse ferunt iuuenilibus annis
Perlege : digna senis cognitione leges. Non in Lucanum quicquam quod dignius extet
Ex hoc ni rapiant: saecula nostra dabunt. Addidit autorum Coradinus nomina: nilque Sustulit: Omniboni quo minuatur honos. ||| Venetiis. M. CCCC. Lxxv. xii. Kalendas. Augusti. || Existente Venetiarum Duce Petro Mocenico.
Folio. a-ci« C* D6 d-k^ 1-f s ff fti» fli'' t-z & aa bb* cc-gg^" hh ii KK". 372 leaves. 34 lines. 191x113 mm. Type a^ (Roman 112 mm.). Hain *ioo39. Proctor 4256,
287 X 205 mm. Rubricated. [245
JUSTIN US. Epitome. 12 December, 1479.
2». IVSTINI HISTORICI CLARISSIMI IN 1| TROGI POMPEII HISTORIAS EXORJIDIVM. 103*. Colophon : lustini opere finis cum magna diligentia. Impressum per II Philippum condam petri in ueneciis ducante lohanne mo||zenico inclito duce. M.cccclxxviiii. die xii. decembris. ||| Registrum . . . END: post Cassium.
Folio, a" b c* d® e-1' m^ n^". 104 leaves, the first blank. 36 lines. 208 x 1 12 mm. Type 3 (Roman 115 mm.). Hain *965i. Proctor 4274.
270 x198 mm. Rubricated in other respects, but with the spaces for capitals left unfilled. [246
JOHANN OF COLOGNE AND JOHANN
MAN THEN
In 1472 and 1473 Johann of Cologne had taken part or all of the risk of some of the books printed by Wendelin of Speier. In 1474 he appears in partnership with Johann Manthen of Gerresheim and with Wendelin's type (only
^
136 ITALY
slightly altered), and in all probability Wendelin himself as an employ^ of the firm. In their colophons the partners lay curious emphasis on their loyalty to each other (qui una fideliter viuunt) and take unusual pains to make it clear that they only superintended and paid for their books, hiring workmen to do the printing. Up to October, 1480, they had published over eighty books together (Latin classics, theology, and law), Johann of Cologne then appears for a twelve- month as in partnership with Jenson (despite the latter's death), with Johann Herbort de Seligenstadt as their printer.
MARTIALIS, Marcus Valerius. Epigrammata. 1475.
T^ Plinii Secundi Epistola ad Cornelium priscuj. {{| Audio Valerium Martialem decessisse : & || moleste fero ... 2». M. Valerii Martialis Epigramatum opus || In Amphi- theatrum Caesaris. i6g\ COLOPHON: Impressum Venetiis Impensis loannis de Colo-Hnia : sociicj eius loannis manthen de Gherretzej. |1 M. cccc. Ixxv.
Folio, a-r*". 170 leaves, the last blank. 34 lines. 178 x90 mm. Type i (Roman ic6 mm.). Hain 108 1 a. Proctor 4298.
277 X 190 mm. An untouched copy. On i* is written the name 'Simon Organus '. [247
THOMAS AQUINAS. Expositio posteriorum et perihermenias ; fal- laciae. 1477.
2*. sicut dicit pEs in || f> metha". holuj \\ gen^ arte t roib^ || vuiit . . . ^g\ Extat sic
finis exponis sancti Thome su||per libris posterioru aristotelis. 6i». Snia libri pyermenias
Pm sanctissimu || doctore Thoma de aquino sacri ordinis || predicatoru. 92^ Explicit
supplementum in librum 2" || picrmenias secundu gradeum de escu'l|lo ordinis predicatorum.
[93». Incipit pclaru opusculu fallaciai^ sacti || thome. qb ad Istatia ^runda nobilium || fecit.
sine quo euadere sophisticas argujltias bn poterit nemo. Capl'm primu, 99*. col. i.
Colophon : Expliciut fallacie Pm sactu Thoma de || aquino ordinis predicatoru impsse
ve^llnetiis Tpesis lohanis de colonia socijcj jj ei' lohanis manthe de gherretzem anl|no dni
M". cccc°. Ixxvij.]
Folio, a*" b-f gi" ; a b* c® d^" ; e*. 100 leaves, 60 and 100 blank, a columns. 51 lines.
194 x116 mm. Types 9, 10 (Gothic 72-3, c. 160 mm.). Hain *i497 P1496]. Proctor 4314.
288 X 200 mm. Wanting the last quire. Rubricated in red and blue. With an illuminated capital and centre-border on 2*, the foot-piece having in its centre, within a laurel circlet, a long-eared long-tailed animal, defying recogTiition. [248
PLATINA, Baptista. Vitae pontificum. 11 June, 1479.
I^ [Hjleronymus squarzafic' alexadrin^ doctissimo uiro Plating. S. P. d . . . 2\ PROEMIVM PLATYNAE IN VITAS PONTIFI||CVM AD SIXTVM .IIII. PONTI- FICEM MAXIMVM 1| 242*. Colophon : Excelletissimi historici Platin? i uitas sumoi; potificu ad Sixtuj || iiii. potifice maximu pclaru op^ foelicit' explicit : accurate castigatu || ac ipesa lohanis de Colonia agripinesi ei^q socij lohanis mathen || de gheretzem .iij. id' lunij Ipressu3 anno salutis christian^ .M.cccc.l|lxxix. Laus deo.
Folio, a^" b-y' z" &* ; aa-ee* ff'. 242 leaves. 39 (37-41) lines. 205x119 mm. Type 8* (Roman 107 mm.). Hain *I3045. Proctor 4336.
The letter of Squarzaficus to Platina ends : ' Quare age magne uir ei' qd tibi natura largita est fac nos pticipes : q cupide lohane de agripinesi Colonia :
VENICE 137
& socio suQ lohane mathe gheretzem optlmos qde uiros cQsulem' : ut scripta tua accuratissime semp Iprimant. Foelix uale. Venetijs.' It is followed by a Registrum chartarum.
298 X 204 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, with illuminated capital and border over Italian interlaced branch-work on 3*, also an illuminated capital on 2* other capitals in blue over red tracery, or red over pink. In a modern imitation painted binding. The arms of a bishop on 3* are perhaps also a modern addition. [249
ERHARD RATDOLT
Erhard Ratdolt was the son of an Augsburg carpenter, and on his father's death in 1462 began paying taxes jointly with his elder brother Hans and con- tinued to do so until 1474. Mr. G. R. Redgrave, whose monograph on ' Erhard Ratdolt and his work at Venice' {1894) is the standard authority for Ratdolt's early career, thinks he may then have learnt printing at Nuremberg from the astronomer-printer Johannes Regiomontanus (Johann Muller of Konigsberg), until the latter was summoned to Rome in 1475. ■^1' that we know is that it was with two editions, one Latin, one Italian, of Muller's Calendar that Ratdolt started publishing at Venice in 1476, in conjunction with two partners, Bernhard Maler of Augsburg and Peter Loslein of Langenzenn. These are the earliest works which possess a decorative title-page, and the Appians and four other books of 1477, ^'^'^ five out of the six issued by the partners in 1478, are enriched with singularly fine borders to the first page of text Before the end of 1478 first Loslein and then Maler left the firm, the latter apparently taking with him the border blocks, while leaving Ratdolt in possession of the equally fine capital letters. From November, 1478, when he published the first book on his own account, to April or May, 1484, when he issued a magnificent type-sheet, Ratdolt printed some thirty books, and then returned to Augsburg at the invitation of its bishop to print service books. While at Venice his work was predominantly mathematical and astronomical, but he also issued some breviaries and historical books. In design and execution his books are uniformly good.
APPIANUS. Historia Romana and De bellis ciuilibus. 1477.
Part I. 2*. P. Candidi in libros Appiani sophist? Alexandrini ad Nico-l|Iaum quintu summu pontificem Pr^fatio incipit felicissime. 3'. Appiani sophist? Alexandrini Roman? j| histori? prooemium fceliciter incipit. 13a'. CoLOPHON: Appiani Alexandrini sophist? Romanorum liber finit || qui Mithridaticus inscribitur. Traductio. P. Candidi. {{{ Impressum est hoc opus Venetijs per Bernardu picto-||rem & Erhardum ratdolt de Augusta una cum Petro II loslein de Langencen correctore ac socio. Laus Deo. || .M. CCCC. LXXVII. Part II. a'. Ad diuum Alfonsum Aragonum & utriusqp Sicili? || regem in libros ciuiliu belloru ex Appiano Alexan-||drino in latinu traductos Pr?fatio incipit felicissime. aia*. Colophon : Appiani Alexandrini sophist? Romanoru liber finit || qui Celticus inscribitur. Traductio. P. Candidi. ||| Impressum est hoc opus Venetijs per Bernardu picto-||rem & Erhardum ratdolt de Augusta una cum Petro || loslein de Langencen correctore ac socio, Laus Deo. H .M. CCCC. LXXVII.
S
138 ITALY
Quarto. Part I: a-i" k-n' o^". 132 leaves, the first blank. Part II: a-ci^d^e-x". aia leaves, the first blank. 3a lines, with marginalia. 176x110(150) mm. Type i (Roman 109-110 mm.). Hain *i3o7. Proctor 4367, 4368.
With fine woodcut borders, printed in red, and large capitals in the same style.
280 X 205 mm. An exceptionally large copy, the woodcut border to Part I being mostly found cropped, while here it has ample room. [250
DIONYSIUS PERIEGETES. De situ orbis. 1477.
1*. Eloquentissimi uiri domini Antonij || Bechari? ueronensis procemium in |1 Dyonisij traductionem de situ orbis || habitabilis ad clarissimum physicum || magistru Hieronymu de leonardis. 39''. COLOPHON : Impressum est hoc opusculum Venetijs || per Bemardu pictore & Erhardu ratdolt || de Augusta una cu Petro loslein de Lan-||gencen eoij: correctore ac socio. Laus deo. II .M. CCCC.LXXVII. 40». Europe prouincie. 41^ END: Simul omnes orbis magn? || prouinci? octogintaquincj || cum quibus connumerat? || etiam paru? fiunt.
Quarto. a-d*e". 4a leaves, the last blank. 24-25 lines. Type i (Roman 109- 110 mm.). Hain *6a26. Proctor 4370.
With a fine woodcut border to the first page and small woodcut capitals. 230 X 165 mm. [251
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum. 24 November, 1480.
3*. C Tabula breuis t vtilis super libello |1 quoda qui dicit fasciculus temporum : {| t vbt inuenit punctus ante numeij est || in primo latere : vbi fo post in secundo || latere : Incipit feliciter. g\ GEneratio * generatio laudabit opa tua. y6\ COLOPHON: C Explicit chronica que dicit Fasciculus tempoij: edita p quenda carthusiesem. Nunc secudo {| emendata cum quibusdam additionib': vsque ad hec nostra tempora. Venetijs impressa: cura II impensiscj Erhardi ratdolt. de Augusta. Anno dni. M. CCCC. LXXX. xxiiij. menp nouem||bris. Xisto .iiij". pontifice maximo. t loanne mocenico : Duce .Ixvj". hui' alme vrbis Venet?. j|| Laus Deo.
Folio. [*' ; a-h* i*.] y6 leaves, the first blank, 9-76 numbered in Arabic numerals 1-68. 49 lines and numerals. 184 (191) X120 mm. Type 4 (Gothic y^ mm.). Hain ♦6926. Proctor 4379.
While the evidence of the capital G on 9** and the woodcut of Venice on 37^ proves incontestably that Ratdolt based this his first edition of the Fasciculus Temporum on th'kt issued by Georg Walch the previous year (see No. 266) it is equally clear that he set himself to improve on his model. Both the G and the cut of Venice are larger and better than those of Walch, there are altogether nineteen woodcuts, some of them used five and six times, and there is much new matter towards the end of the book, including a new half quire, of which the first page is devoted to events from 1477 to 1480, ending with the siege of Rhodes, and the next six to miscellaneous information, including diagrams to illustrate the genealogy of Christ and of John the Baptist, a plan of the world showing Jerusalem as its centre, a similar plan of heaven, with Jerusalem, ' ciuitas dei ', as its centre, and the habitations of different classes (kings and priests, nobles and prophets, the commonalty and ' artistae ') carefully mapped out, two plans of the inside of the Ark, and a table of the Creation.
299 X 205 mm. [252
VENICE 139
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum. 21 December, 1481.
a». C Tabula breuis 1 vtilis super libello || qui dicitur fasciculus temporum : et || vbi inuenitur punctus ante numerum || est in primo latere folij : || vbi vo post i seHcudo latere : Incipit feliciter. 9*. C Fasciculus temporum omnes antiquorum cronicas coplectens incipit foeliciter. |{| GEneratio 1 generatio laudabit opa tua . . . 64'*. COLOPHON : C Fasciculus temporu oes quasi antiquas |1 choronicas mortaliu vscp ad hec tempora || coplectens felicit explicit Impressuscp im#||pensa t arte mira Erhardi rodolt de augujlsta 1481. 13 caleii. Jan.
Folio. [** ; a-h*.] 7a leaves, the first blank, 9-72 numbered 1-64 in Arabic numerals. 9": 51 [ + 1] lines and numeral. 197 (203) x 139 mm. Type 6 (Gothic 75 mm.). Hain ♦6928. Proctor 4381.
Printed in a very clear type, but with a much smaller face than that used for the edition of the previous year. The miscellaneous additions of that year are here omitted, but the table of the Creation is printed on 2* (numbered) with a woodcut of Christ in glory as the only other content on the page. There are six other new woodcuts, all rude and all used several times. One new event is mentioned, the death (announced in the words ' tandem descendit ad inferos ') of the Sultan Mahomet, 3 May, 1481.
306 X 197 mm. [253
EUCLIDES. EucHdis elementa, 25 May, 1482.
I*". C Erhardus ratdolt Augustensis impressor. Serenissimo || alme vrbis venete Principi loanni Mocenico S. 2'. (red) : Preclarissimus liber elementorum Euclidis perspi-||cacissimi : in artem Geometric incipit quafoelicissime : 137K COLOPHON : C Opus elementoru euclidis megarensis in geometria arte In id quocp Campa-l|ni pspicacissimi Comentationes finiut. Erhardus ratdolt Augustensis impressor || solertissimus. venetijs impressit. Anno salutis .M. cccc. Ixxxij. Octauis. Calefi. || lun. Lector. Vale.
Folio, a^" b-r*. 138 leaves, the last blank. 45 lines and head-line. 204 (2 14) x 118 mm. Types 3, 6, 7, 7" (Gothic 91-92, 76, 91-92 mm., Rom. caps.). Hain *6693. Proctor 4383.
With a fine woodcut inner border, large and small capitals, and numerous diagrams. In his dedication to the Doge, Ratdolt writes that he had been surprised that amid the many books, new and old, daily printed at Venice those devoted to mathematics were so few and contemptible. He found the cause in the difficulty of providing the necessary diagrams, and set himself to overcome it. The diagrams are admirably clear and are printed in the margins close to the text which they illustrate.
300 x210 mm. [254
PUBLICIUS, Jacobus. Artis oratoriae epitoma. 30 November, 1482.
2\ (red) : Oratoriae artis Epitomata : Siue Quae ad consuma-||tu spectant Oratorem : ex antiquo Rheto]^ gymnasio || dicendi: scribenditp breues rationes: Necno t aptus |( optimo cuicp viro titulus: Insup t pcjfacilis memorie || artis mod' lacobi Publicij Florentini lucubratione || in lucem editus : Foelici numine Inchoat. || Oratoriae institutiones : ex veteru instituto : per Iacol|bum Publicium : ad Cyrillum caesarem faustissimum {| delectae. 6y\ Colophon : Qu? ad consumatu spectant oratore : ex antiquo rhetoru gymna-l|sio : dicendi : scribendicp rationes: necnon t aptus optimo cuicj vijlro titulus: memori? quocj modus putilis: lacobi publicij Floren||tini lucubratione in lucem ^ditus foelici numine explicita sunt. II Erhardus ratdolt augustensis. 1482. pridie calen. decembris || impressit Venetijs.
Quarto. A-D* E' a* b* c d*. 68 leaves, the first and last blank. 31 lines. 139 x 95 mm. Types 3, 6, 7 (Gothic 91-93, 76, 91-92 mm.). Hain *i3545. Proctor 4388.
S 2
^
I40 ITALY
With large and small woodcut capitals, thirty-six curious cuts in circles to illustrate the help which letters may give to the memory, a full-page cut containing twenty-five figures of animals, and a sphere and chess-board, all with the same object.
137x96 mm. [255
EUSEBIUS. Chronicon. 13 September, 1483.
%\ Tabula operis huius . . . i4». (red) : EVSEBII CAESARIENSIS EPISCOPI CHRONICON ID || EST TEMPORVM BREVIARIVM INCIPIT FOELICI-HTER : QVEM HIERONYMVS PRAESBITER DIVINO |1 EIVS INGENIO LATINVM FACERE CVRAVIT: ET VS||QVE IN Valente C§sarem Romano Adiecit Eloquio. Que ET II Prosper deinde Mathe' palmeri' Qui ea quf cosecuta sut adiicere || curauere eide post positi subsequunf ... I8^^ par. 2 : C. loannes Lucilius hippodamus || Helbro- nensis lectori Salutetn. [Three couplets, followed by Ratdolt's device in black and red.] || Colophon (red): C Erhardus Ratdolt Augustensis solerti vir ingenio maxima || cura plurimis vndicj comparatis exemplaribus Eusebij li-||bros chronicos ac reliquas in hoc volumine de temporib^ || additiones : no paruo studio impensiscj emendatissime im-||pressit Venetijs Dnce inclyto loan. Mocenico RomanoijL || imperatore Phrederico .iij. anno Imperij sui .44. Anno Sa||lutf 1483. Idibus Septembris. (black :) Gloria Deo.
Quarto. [*^^ ;] a-v* x^". 183 leaves, i, 13, and i8a blank. 34 lines in text. 154 X 108 mm. Types 4 and 8 (Gothic 73, Roman 91 mm.). Hain *6'ji'j. Proctor 4390.
Printed by Ratdolt for J. L. Santritter, with woodcut capitals, and with red printing on almost every page. The words ' Gloria Deo ' at the close of the Colophon come at the two ends of the last line. On sig. v 3 verso, under the year 1457, is a record of the invention of printing (contractions expanded): ' ^Quantum litterarum studiosi Germanis debeant nullo satis dicendi genere posset. Namque a loanne Gutenberg Zuningen equiti Maguntie rheni solerti ingenio librorum Imprimendorum ratio 1440 inuenta : hoc tempore in omnes fere orbis partes propagatur : qua omnis antiquitas paruo ere comparata : posterioribus infinitis voluminibus legitur'. The tabular form in which the greater part of the book is printed, and the careful registration of the red and black, are them- selves excellent examples of Ratdolt's own craftmanship.
214 X 155 mm. [256
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum. 28 May, 1484.
i^. Nicolao Mocenico Magnifici. D. francisci || patricio veneto Erardhus ratdolt. Salute ... 2*. C Tabula comodissima super libro || sequeti qui fasciculus dicit temporu || In q qde vbicucj puct^ ante numeijL || apparet : gesta i priori folioi^ latere : || vbi fo post i posteriori ut reperient || denotat. 73'. Colophon : Erhardus Ratdolt Augustensis im- pressioni parauit. || Anno salutis .M. CCCC. Ixxxiiii. V. calen. lunii. Venetiis. || Inclyto principe lohanne Mocenico. 73*. C Ex cathena solomonis . . . 74*. 1. 23, End : Sic tribus vna viris genuit tres anna marias.
Folio. [** ; a-g* h*°.] 74 leaves, 9-74 numbered 1-66. Preface in 2 columns. 57 lines and numeral. 216 (222) x 148 mm. Types 3, 9 (Gothic 91-92, c. 130 mm.). Hain ♦6934. Proctor 4396.
Ratdolt's dedication to Nicolo Mocenigo, the new feature in this edition, shows that they must have been on terms of considerable intimacy. The
VENICE 141
additions to the text narrate the troubles in Constantinople after the death of the old sultan, and the beginning of the war between Venice and the Marquis of Ferrara and his numerous allies. Of this it is said ' amplioris historie stilo referamus : cu adhuc exitus eius belli pniciosissimi italic prorsus sit incertus '. There are no new woodcuts, and two or three of the old ones are omitted. On the other hand the plan of the world is added to the two illustrations on 2* (numbered) and two of the genealogies are used at the end, and one of Ratdolt's large capitals appears on i^.
277 X 192 mm. On i* is written ' ex codicibus loannis Faustini Fedreghini '.
[257
HYGINUS. Poeticon astronomicon liber. 22 January, 1485.
i''. Scemmus sph^r^cina secundum Hyginii descriptionem. a*. CLARISSIMI VIRI HYGINII POETICON ASTR0'1|N0MIC0N. OPVS VTILISSIMUM FOELICITER INJICIPIT. De mundi & sph?r§ ac utriuscj ptiu declaratione. || Liber prim^ Prohemiu. Hyginius. M. Fabio Plurima salute. 56*. Colophon : Anno salutifere incamationis Millesimo quadringentesimo || octogesimo quinto mensis lanuaril die uigesima secunda. Im-||pressum est pr^sens opusculu per Erhardu Radtolt de Augusta. || Venetiis.
Quarto, a-g". 56 leaves. 32 lines. 145x100 mm. Types 8, 10 (Roman 91, Gothic 68 mm.). Hain *go6^. Proctor 4398.
With numerous woodcuts of the signs of the planets, &c., a diagram of an astronomical globe, and many large and small woodcut capitals.
206 X 153 mm. [258
PUBLICIUS, Jacobus. Artis oratoriae epitoma. 31 January, 1485.
a». ORATORIAE ARTIS EPITOMA : VEL QVAE BRE-||VIBVS AD CON- SVMATVM SPECTANT ORATO-||REM: EX ANTIQVO RHETORVM GYM- NASIO: DIllCENDI SCRIBENDIQVE BREVES RATIONES : NEC 11 NON ET APTVS OPTIMO CVIQVE VIRO TITV-|1LVS : INSVPER ET PERQVAM FACILIS MEMO-IIRIAE ARTIS MODVS lACOBI PVBLICII FL0REN-1|TINI LVCVBRATIONE IN LVCEM EDITVS : F0ELI1|CI NVMINE INCHOAT. || Oratorio institutiones : ex ueteru instituto : p lacobu Publiciu : {| ad Cyrillu c^sare faustis- simu delect?. Prohemiu. 66^ COLOPHON : Erhardus Ratdolt augustesis ingenio miro & arte ppolita im-||pressioni mirifice dedit 1485. pridie calen. februarii. Venetiis.
Quarto. A-G* H'". 66 leaves, the first blank. ^3 lines. 146x101 mm. Types 6, 8, 10 (Gothic 76, Roman 91, Gothic c. 68 mm.). Hain *i3546. Proctor 4399.
A reprint of the edition of 1482. With large and small woodcut capitals, the diagrams of 1482, five additional figures in circles to illustrate the ' Memorie per adiunctionem litterarum alleuiatio ', and two diagrams of circles and trees.
208 X 153 mm. [259
ALCHABITIUS. Liber isagogicus. 1485.
1* (Diagram of the Sphaera Mundi.) a*. LIBELLVS YSAGOGICVS ABDILA Z I. ID EST SER-IIVI GLORIOSI DEI: QVI DICITVR ALCHABITIVS || AD MAGISTERIVM IVDITIORVM ASTRORVM : || INTERPRET ATVS A lOANNE HISPALENSI: SCRI||PTVMQVE IN EVNDEM A lOHANNE SAXONIE || EDITVM VTILI SERIE CONNEXVM INCIPIVNT. 98* Colophon : Finit scriptum
142 ITALY
sup Alchabitiu ordinatu p lohanne de || saxonia in villa parisiesi anno. 1331°. Correctu p artiu II % medicine doctorem dominum Bartholomeum de Al-||ten de nusia. Impressum arte ac diligentia Erhardi rat-||dolt de Augusta Imperante lohanne Mocenico Ve-||netiaru duce. Anno salutifere incamationis 1485. || Venetijs.
Quarto. aa-U' mm^". 98 leaves. Text 32 lines of Roman type, 147 x loi mm. ; commentary 38 lines of Gothic, 143 x 100 mm. Types 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 (Gothic 56, 76, Roman 91, Gothic c. 130, c. 68 mm.). Hain *6iy. Proctor 4400.
With numerous woodcut capitals and a few diagrams.
209 X 155 mm. [260
OPUSCULUM. Opusculum repertorii pronosticon. 1485.
2*. Opusculu repertorii pronosticon in||mutationes aeris tam via astrologica || q[ metheo- rologica vti sapietes expe-||rientia comperientes voluerunt pqi || vtilissime ordinatu incipit sidere felici || t primo prohemiu. 46''. Repertoriu de mutatione aeris Finit. ||| Hyppocratis libellus de medicoru astrologia incipit : || a Petro de abbano in latinu traductus. 50*. Colo- phon : Hyppocratis libellus de medicoru astrologia finit : a Petro de abbano || in latinu traduct^. Impressus est arte ac diligentia mira Erhardi Rat||dolt de Augusta Imperante inclyto lohanne Mocenico duce Vene||toru : Anno salutifere incamationis. 1485. || Venetiis.
Quarto, a-e* f*". 50 leaves, the first blank, 2-50 numbered 1-49. 39 lines. 148 x loi mm. Types 4, 9 (Gothic 56, c. 130 mm.). Hain 13393. Proctor 4401.
With numerous woodcut capitals of various sizes.
201 X 148 mm. [261
SACRO BOSCO, Johannes de. Sphaera Mundi. 1485.
1*. (Woodcut of the Sphaera Mundi.) 2». NOVICHS ADOLFSCENTIBVS : AD ASTRONOMI II cum rempu. capessenda aditu Ipetratib^ t p breui rectocj trami-||te a uulgari uestigio semoto: loannis de sacro busto sph^ricum || opusculu Georgiicj Purbachii i mot' planetaru accuratiss. theo-||ric§ Necno contra Cremonensia in eorunde planetaru theori-||cas delirameta loanis de mote regio disputatioes ta accuratiss. || ^ utiliss. dicatu opus utili serie contextu inchoat. 58^ COLOPHON: Impressum est hoc opusculum mira arte & diligentia Erhardi |] Ratdolt Augustensis. Anno salutifer? incamationis. i4(S5.
Quarto. 1-6* 7^". 58 leaves. 32 lines. 148 x 100 mm. Types 4, 6, 8, 10 (Gothic 56, 76, Roman 91, Gothic c. 68 mm.). Hain *i4iii. Proctor 4402.
With large and small woodcut capitals and numerous astronomical diagrams of eclipses, &c., some printed in red, black, and yellow, the earliest examples of printing in three colours.
197 x147 mm. [262
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum. 8 September, 1485.
i'*. Nicolao Mocenico Magnifici : D. Francisci || Patricio Veneto : Erhardus ratdolt Salute ... a». C Tabula comodissima super libro || sequeti qui fasciculus dicit temporu . . . 9». Fasciculus temporu omnes antiquojj chroni-||cas strictim complectens felici numine incipit. II Prologus. ||| GEneratio t generatio || laudabit opera tua . . . 7^'. COLOPHON: Erhardus Ratdolt Augustensis impressioni parauit : || Anno salutis .M. cccc. Ixxxv. vi. idus. Septembris 1| Venetiis Inclyto principe lohanne Mocenico.
Folio. [** ; a-g* h^".] 74 leaves, 9-74 numbered 1-66. a columns in prologue. 59 lines and numerals. 223 (231) x 146 mm. Types 4, 9 (Gothic ^6, c. 130 mm.). Hain ♦6935. Proctor 4404.
A close reprint of the edition of the previous year, but with the omission
VENICE 143
of the plan of the world from 2* (numbered) and of the paragraph as to the war with Ferrara before the colophon. On the other hand some of the omitted woodcuts are replaced.
298 X 205 mm. [263
ANDREAS DE PALTASICHIS
Andreas, son of Jacobus de Paltasichis of Cattaro, printed five editions of classical authors and a Horae in 1476-78, and then disappears for nearly four years. He resumed publication on 17 May, 1482, with an edition of the Legenda Aurea printed for Octavianus Scotus and continued at work until 1492. The twenty-four books attributed to him during this period include an Italian Bible and Legenda Aurea, Latin classics, a missal, and books of theology and law.
AULUS GELLIUS. Noctes Atticae. 1477.
a». AVLI GELII NOCTIVM ATTICARVM COMMENTARII || LIBER PRIMVS. i8i». Colophon: AVLI GELII NOCTIVM ATTICARVM COMMENTARII |[ FINIS: IMPRESSI VENETIIS PER ANDREAM lACOBI CA||THARENSEM. M. CCCC. LXXVII. ANDREA VENDRA-||MENO DVCE VENETIARVM IN- CLYTO. iS%\ (Table of Chapter-headings) : AVLI GELII NOCTIVM ATTICARVM COMMENTARII || CAPITVLA PRIMI LIBRI. [198*. End: . . . Atqui iucundiora. FINIS.]
Folio. a"b-x*yz*; AB*. 198 leaves. ^6 lines. 198x131 mm. Type a (Roman no mm., with Greek of the same size). Hain *75ao. Proctor 4423.
The table of chapter-headings, which occupies sixteen leaves, is a late example of the wasteful stupidity with which these tables were printed for the use of rubricators, although spaces were no longer left blank for them in the text, printed headings being duly supplied.
278x201 mm. a 10 is bound after b 8. Wanting the last leaf. Rubri- cated in red and blue, with an ornamental capital and circlet with coat of arms on 2*. [264
DOMINICUS SILIPRANDUS
Mr. Proctor doubted whether Dominicus Siliprandus was a printer, the type of the work catalogued below being identical with one used by Filippo di Pietro. Dominicus, however, dedicated to Federico Gonzaga the commentary of Antonio da Tempo on Petrarch's Rime as ' ductu meo aeneis tabulis impres- sum ', and as, according to Herr Burger, the expense of the book was borne by his father Caspar Siliprandus, the words seem to prove that he was a printer. No other book is attributed to him, but a brother, Alvisius, printed at Venice in 1477 and 1478, and at Mantua in 1480.
PLUTARCH US. Problemata. [1477]
I*. Calphumius. Marco Aurelio || Viro Clarissimo Salutem. a». Plutrachi Cheronei Diui Traiani praecepl|toris || Graecoru Clarissimi Historici : ac || Pbilosopi Problemata
^
144 ITALY
Emedatissima. 66^. Calphumius Brixlensis Ad Domi-l|nicum Siliprandu Mantuanum. |!| Quos radi optabas Ira Siliprande libellos . . . Idem ad Lectorem |j| Habbes Plutarchi problemata qemendati||ssima : exceptis tribus uel ad sumu quatuor locis. ubi graecu exeplar mancum erat : || tu cu melius habueris tua diligentia iun-jlgito. Vale.
Quarto, a-c e ee f g' h^". 66 leaves. 23 lines. 136x81 mm. Type i (Roman 1 1 o mm., with Greek of the same size). Hain *I3I37. Proctor 4454.
205 X 1 50 mm. Rubricated. [265
GEORG WALCH
Georg Walch, 'alamannus,' was probably some relation of the Jacob Walch, better known as Jacopo dei Barbari, a noted engraver, mentioned in Durer's diary, who worked at Venice towards the close of the 15th century. Georg Walch himself is only known to have printed three books, the Fasciculus Temporum catalogued below, an undated edition of the Biblia Pauperum of S. Bonaventura, and an edition of the Rationale of Duranti completed 1 8 May, 1482. His chief interest in the history of printing is derived from the fact that his Fasciculus Temporum, including its capital G and the cut of Venice, was rather closely copied by Erhard Ratdolt.
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum. i479-
' 2». C Tabula breuis * vtilis super li||bello quoda q dicitur fasciculus te||po!j : t vbi inuenitur punctus ante || numeijL est in pmo latere : vbi vero || post in secudo latere : incipit felicit'. 9'. GEneratio t generatio laudabit opa tua . . . 72*. Colophon : C Chronica q df fascicul^ tempoij : edita in alma vniuersitate col|lonie agrippine a quoda deuoto cartusiensi : t impssa Venetijs |1 singulari industria atcp impensa Georij Walch alraani. ano dni || 1479. Sixto quarto pontifice maximo : finit feliciter.
Folio. [**; a-h*.] 72 leaves, the first blank, 9-72 numbered in Arabic numerals 1-64 (misprinted). 49 lines and numerals. 183 (189) x 135 mm. Type i (Gothic 75 mm.). Hain *6924. Proctor 4486.
The printer's first book. With woodcuts of the Ark, Babel, Nineveh, Treves, the Temple of Solomon, Rome, Syracuse and ' Cathina ', Byzantium, Ostia (Hostiensis ciuitas cuius episcopus benedicit papam), Athens, Cologne, Christ, and Venice, and a capital G on 9*, The text ends with the defeat and death of Charles the Bold at the battle of Nancy, and his epitaph ' Te piguit pacis teduitque quietis in vita Hie iaces Karole iamque quiesce tibi '.
283 X 204 mm. Rubricated, with the woodcut pictures, and circlets enclosing names of rulers, coloured. [266
LUCA DI DOMENICO
LucA DI DoMENico, a native of Venice, completed his first book, a Vita di Merlino, on i February, 1480, and followed this the next year with four other popular works in Italian, and an undated edition of Boccaccio's Filostrato. The other seven books attributed to his press are all in Latin, the earliest being the Hermes Trismegistus, completed 15 May, 1481, catalogued below, and the latest an edition of the Epistles of S. Cyprian, dated 4 December, 1483.
VENICE 145
HERMES TRISMEGISTUS. De potestate Dei. 15 May, 1481.
[a\ (Preface) : Tu quicuiKj es : || qui haec legis : siue gramaticus : si||ue orator : seu philosohus ... Ill LVCAS DOMINICI F. VENETVS MI||RA IMPRIMENDI ARTE PRAEDI||TVS HOC MERCVRII TRISIJMEGISTI DIVINVM OPVS || IMPRESSIT. || .VENETIIS. II .M.CCCG.LXXXI .XV. MAil.] 5». MERCVRII TRISMEGISTI LIBER DE Po||TESTATE ET SAPIENTIA DEI E GRA||ECO IN LATINVM TRA- DVCTVS A MA||RSILIO FICINO FLORENTINO AD Col|SMVM MEDICEM PATRIAE PATREM. || PIMANDER INCIPIT. 43*. END: FINIS EST OPERIS ELEGANTISSIMI || MERCVRII TRISMEGISTI.
Quarto. [**] a b* c-f* G*. 44 leaves, the last blank, 28 lines. 130 x 89 mm. Type i (Roman 93 mm.). Hain 8458. Proctor 4490.
The arrangement of this edition, more particularly the occurrence of the colophon at the end of the printer's preface, shows that it was set up from Gerard de Lisa's Treviso edition of ten years earlier (18 Dec, 1471), also in this collection (No. 310).
196 X 143 mm. Wanting the first four leaves. [267
JOHANNES AND GREGORIUS DE
GREGORIIS
The brothers De Gregoriis printed over a hundred incunabula in the years 1480-1500, covering almost every branch of literature, and remained at work in the 1 6th century. Several of their books were printed for various publishers, they also issued a few in conjunction with Jacobus Britannicus, and the name of each brother is found singly in the imprints of three or four books. They printed finely illustrated editions of the Fasciculus medicinae of Ketham, and the border to their Herodotus of T494 (found again in S. Jerome's Commentary on the Bible, 1497-98) ranks with the best Venetian decorative work.
ANDREAE, Joannes. Nouellae super v. libros decretalium. Liber IIL De vita et honestate clericorum liber singularis. 14 October, 1489.
a». (head-line): De Vita t honestate clcricoij . . . (text) Incipit Liber [tertius] De Vita t honestate clericoij. ?r. I56^ COLOPHON : Explicit [liber tertius Andree super tertio II decretaliu] Impress[us] Venetijs per loanem de Forliuio || et Gregoriu fratres Anno domini. M. CCCC LXXXIX. || die xiiij. Octobris. ||| Registrum . . .
Folio, a-s'tu*. 156 leaves, the first blank. 2 columns. 71 lines and head-line. 318 (330) X 205 mm. Types 7 and 9 (Gothic 160 and 90 mm.). Hain *io6^.
This appears in Panzer iii. 266. 1167 and in Burger's Index as a separate work, and may possibly have been described by Panzer from the present copy, in which the words here enclosed in brackets have been erased and others sub- stituted to give the volume the appearance of being complete in itself.
413 X 275 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, with an illuminated capital and inner border on 2*, in the lower section of which is a coat of arms. Below the coat is the signature Franciscus Faber Lebus. [268
T
^
146 ITALY
BOETHIUS, A. M. T. S. Opera varia. i8 August, 1492.
[i\ Title : Hec sunt opera Boetii : que H in hoc uolumine cotinentur. ||| In porphirii Isagogen a Victorino translatam editio prima. || In Porphirii Isagogen a Boetio ipso traslata editio scba || In cathogorias Aristotelis editio vna. || In librum Aristotelis. de interpretatione editio prima. || In eundem librum de interpretatione editio secunda : t| De diuisionibus liber vnus. |1 De definitionibus liber vnus. || Ad cathegoricos syllogismos introductio || Commentariorum in Topica Ciceronis libri sex. || De differentiis Topicis libri quattuor. || De syllogismo cathegorico libri duo. || De syllogismo hipothetico libri duo. II De trinitate libri duo. || De hebdomadibus liber vnus. || De vnitate f vno liber vnus. II Contra euthichen: t Nestorium de duabus naturis: » vna per^jjsona christi liber vnus.] 255'. Colophon : C Venetijs Impressum Boetij opus p loanej t Gre||goriu de gregorijs fratres fijlici exitu ad fine vscj pductu || accuratissime^ emedatu Anno humane restaurationis. || 1492. die. 18. Augusti. Augustino Barbadico Serenissij|mo Venetiarum principe Rem pu. tenete ||| C Registrum . . . END : De octogo. 255''. [Device.]
Folio. [*i] A B6 ; a' b^" c d^ e f« g* h^ i* k-q« r* s t« ; u-uuuu« ; v« x y« z« ; aa-kk« 11». 255 leaves, foliated (after the first) i-[ia] ; i-i2a, 135-158 ; 127-220 [for 222]. 2 columns. 69 lines of small type and head-lines. 227 (237) x 142 mm. Types 16, 17, ao (Gothic 64, 76, 170 mm.). Hain *335i. Proctor 4517.
The register excludes the first title-page, of which there are two variants, one of which mentions not only the Arithmetica, Geometria, and Musica, which occupy quires aa-U, beginning with a separate title, ' Arithmetica Geometria et Musica Boetii ', but also the De Consolatione, not here printed, but of which the edition of 26 March, 1491, is often found joined to this book. The other and earlier title, here quoted, stops at the treatise Contra Euthichen et Nestorium.
292 X 200 mm. Without either title-page. [269
LI LI US, Zacharias. Orbis breuiarium. [About 1505.]
i». ZACHARIAE LILII VICETINI ORpiS BREVIARIVM, FIDE COM|i PENDIO ORDINEQ. CA1|PTV. AC MEIMORAJITV FACILLIMVM, FELIX ET gratus legito. ||| Donatus Zerbus ioanni petro || Pheretrio Rhauenn, Gaudere [four couplets]. 94'. End of Text : FINIS. 94^ Index vrbium celebrium quae in hoc codi- cillo habentur. gS*. Opuscoli huiusce Regimen . . . End : alterum vero duemionem agnoscito.
Quarto. A*b-iKlm*n*. 98 leaves. 30 lines. 165x110 mm. Type: Roman no mm. Hain loioo.
The printers are mentioned in a letter of Petrus Chalcedonius to Antonius Sabellicus (wanting in this copy). Although registered by Hain, this book was probably printed after 1500. It has a charming set of capitals, white on a cribl6 ground, with figures of boys and animals.
21 2 X 1 50 mm. Wanting A 4, A 5. [270
JOHANN HERBORT
JoHANN Herbort of Sellgenstadt after printing at Padua from 1475 to 1480 came to Venice and issued his first book there, 28 January, 148 1, as printer to the firm of 'Johannes de Colonia, Nicolaus Jenson sociique', in which Jenson's name was retained in 1481 although he had died the previous year. While printing at least eight books for the firm in 1481 Herbort produced one for
VENICE 147
himself in September of the same year, and during the next four years completed some twenty-five incunabula, mostly legal books. Bibles, and other large folios.
BIBLIA LATINA. Biblia latina cum postillis. 31 July, 1481.
I^ Francisci Moneliensis de Genua in sacrosancta bibh'am epistola. 2'. Prologus primus Venerabili* fratri* Nicolai de lyra || ordinis seraphyci Fracisci : in testamentu vet' de c6me-||datione sacre scripture in generali incipit . . . 418'*. par. 3: Postilla fris Nicolai de lira in libros regu cu addit6ni||bus pauli burgen. t replicis defensiuis Matthie doring fi-||nit feliciter.
Folio, a}" b" c-h" i k' 1-p" q" ; r-v u-z t ? ij." P^ . A fii" C* ; D-N" O". A frag- ment, 418 leaves, of the complete edition in 4 volumes, a columns. 66 lines of commentary and head-line. 346 (359) x 157 mm. Types 4, 5, 6 (Gothic 78, 9a, 160 mm.). Part of Hain *3i64. Proctor 4681.
Printed for the firm of Johann of Cologne, Nicolas Jenson sociique. In his preface Franciscus Moneliensis professes that the task of praising the partners is beyond his powers.
317x212 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, with illuminated capitals on 2*, s*', and 4* and on the latter page (beginning of the text) an illuminated floral border in the foot-piece of which are the arms of a Cardinal, a Catharine wheel proper on a field azure. [271
ANDREAS TORRESANUS
During the years 1481 to 1488 Andreas Torresanus of Asola worked chiefly in partnership with Bartholomaeus de Blavis and others, but from 1483 he printed also on his own account and produced nearly a hundred incunabula, the greater number of them being heavy lawbooks or breviaries. In 1487 he printed among his earliest ventures of another sort the two books here catalogued. Torresanus was a fine printer and showed his versatility by first helping his son-in-law Aldus with his very different business, and after the latter's death in 15 15 taking over the management of it and carrying it on successfully till his grandsons grew up.
GREGORIUS I. Dialogo. 20 February, 1487.
a». C Incomincia il prologo del vulga||rizatore del Dyalogo de miser san-||cto Gregorio papa. g6\ Colophon: Finisse el dyalogo de miser san-l|cto Gregorio papa: Impresjlso i venesia per Andrea || di Toresani de Asola. || nel. 1487. adi || ao. de fejlbraro. 97'. C Comincia la vita di sacto Grego||rio papa. loi''. END : Registro ||| . . . Tutti qsti sono quaderni : excepto |1 N. chi e terno.
Quarto. A-M'N*. 103 leaves, the first and last blank. 3 columns, 35 lines. 163 x 115 mm. Type 9 (Gothic 93 mm.). Hain 7977. Proctor 4713.
207 X 155 mm. [272
ANTON lUS [Coccius] SABELLICUS. Res Venetae. 21 May, 1487.
I*. M. Antonii Sabellici in tris & triginta suos re^ Veneta^ Libros Epitoma. 7*. M. ANTONIVS MARCO BARBADICO SERENISS. VENEJITIARVM PRINCIPI
T 2
148 ITALY
ET SENATVI FOELICITATEM. 8». M, ANTONII COCCII SABELLICI RERVM VENETARVM || AB VRBE CONDITA IN VNIVERSVM OPVS PRAEFATIO. 338*. Colophon: Hoc opus Impressum Venetiis Arte & industria optimi || uiri Andreae de Toresanis de Asula Anno jl M. CCCCLXXXVII Die. XXI. || Madii. Augustino Bar||badico Inclyto principe. 339*. Recognitio ex collatione Archetypi t impressionis. 240''. End : a tergo in prima linea quae domi pro aeque domi.
Folio. [*]6a»b-h«ik81-y« A-H«I-M8N"0*[**2]. 240 leaves. 48 lines, with head- lines and marginalia. 264 (285) x 147 (178) mm. Types 5, 9 (Roman no, Gothic 92 mm.). Hain *i4o53. Proctor 4713.
Sabellicus seldom uses a date, but from his assigning the introduction of printing to the Dogeship of Pasquale Malipiero (30 Oct. 1457 — 5 May, 1462) he must apparently have been one of the earliest dupes of the misprint MCCCCLXI in Jenson's Decor Puellarum. His words (sig, I iii recto) are : Ad hanc & alias illius principatus foelicitates accessit quod Librorum Imprimendorum ratio turn primum est in Italia reperta : Commentum ipsum Germani hominis creditur : Sed quu tota Italia procedente tempore diuini operis officinae constitutae sint sitc^ aperta aemulatione inter opifices diligentia & ingenio certatum : Nicolaus lenson quem Veneta ciuitas sortita est omnes alios in eo genere laudis post se procul reliquit.
352x244mm. On a fly-leaf is written: 'Nicholas Brown bought as a Souvenir at the sale of my valued friend the late Rev. Dr. Choules of Newport, R.I. 1856'. [273
THOMAS DE BLAVIS
Thomas de Blavis of Alexandria had printed two works of Cicero in 1476 and the Sonnets of Burchiello in 1477, after which he disappeared until 1481, the year when Bartholomaeus of the same family entered into a partnership with Andreas Torresanus. In the next ten years he printed some thirty incunabula, at first of a miscellaneous character, but with a large proportion of classics, latterly chiefly law. He may have been in some difficulties in 1487, as no book is known to have come from his press that year, and only two in 1488.
HYGINUS. Poeticon astronomicon liber. 7 June, 1488.
i*. Summa sphericum secundum Hyginij description em. 2*. CLARISSIMI VIRI HYGINII POETICON ASTRONOHMICON. OPVS VTILISSIMVM FOELICITER INCIPIT. II De mundi et spaerse ac utriuscj partium declaratione . . . 56'. COLOPHON : Anno salutifere incamationis Millesimo quadringentesimo || octogesimooctauo mensis lunii die septima Impressum. est prae||sens opusculum p Thomam de blauis de alexandria. || Venetiis.
Quarto, a-g*. ^6 leaves. 34 lines. 143 x 105 mm. Types 5, 6, 7 (Roman 81-82, Gothic 69, 60 mm.). Hain *9o65. Proctor 4765.
A close, but poor, copy of Ratdolt's edition, with battered woodcut capitals and the pictures coarsely cut.
206 X 147 mm. [274
VENICE 149
BERNARDINUS DE BENALIIS
Bernardinus DE Benaliis of Bergamo began work with the first edition of the Supplementum Chronicarum in August, 1483. A single book in 1485 contains a mention of his 'partners' and in 1490 and 149 1 he was associated with Mattheo Capcasa. He was still at work at the end of the century, having by that time published over eighty incunabula, three or four of these, including a Dante, being Italian, while in his Latin books he ranged over a very wide field, from classics and works of the Fathers to grammars and books of palmistry.
JACOBUS PHILIPPUS BERGOMENSIS. Supplementum Chronica- rum. 15 December, i486. ^^ Incipit Tabula generalis Supplementi Chronicaif Pm || ordinem Alphabet!. i^\ C Fratris lacobi philippi Bergomensis ordinis fratrum Eremitarum diui Augustini : in omnimoda hK||storia nouissime congesta: Supplementum Cronicarum appellata. Liber primus feliciter incipit. Colophon : C Ac sic demu deo auxiliate i fauete supplemeti chronicajjL ia tertio terminu pona: qua me seme! t bis: ac || ter |)misi cu oi diligetia t vitate factu)^ : quo in loco t nuc t semper nisus fui sine errore c5scriber successiol|nes regu t pnicipu oiu3 t actus eoijL : ac viro)j i disciplis excelletiu : % religionu origles : necno i potificum oIu3 pcursus : sic ex lib. histo. descripto ptief. Hoc qppe i exordio huius opis me face copromisi. Perfectuj || at e t bnuo castigatu attj auctuj p me opus fuit Idibus octobris : ano a natali christiano. Mcccclxxxvi. || in Ciuitate nostra Bergomi : mihi vero a natiuitate quinquagesimosecundo. |j| C Impssuj aut Venetijs p Bernadinu de benalijs bergomese code ano videlicet, i486, die 15. decebris.
Folio, a* b* ; c-l*m*n-p'; A-V*. 274 leaves, 13-274 irregulariy numbered 31-295. 59 lines and head-line. 235 (246) x 151 mm. Types i, 2 (Roman 80, Gothic 160 mm.).
With numerous capitals, large woodcuts of the Creation, Loss of Paradise, and Death of Abel, copied from the Cologne Bibles printed by Quentell about 1480, and numerous smaller cuts of cities. Under the year 1458 is the entry ' Ars imprimendi libros his temporibus in germania primum inuenta est : quam alii repertam asserunt Gutenbergo argentine. Alii a quodam alio nomine Fusto. Qua certe nulla in mundo dignior, &c.'
300 x210 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. On i* is the book-plate of Charles Viscount Bruce of Ampthill (Son and Heir Apparent of Thomas Earl of Ailesbury) and Baron Bruce of Whorleton 1 7 1 2. With the book-stamp ' Ex Bibliotheca Aquensi '. [275
MATTHEO CAPCASA
Mattheo Capcasa, or Codeca, of Parma has been credited by Hain with editions of S. Catharine of Siena's Dialog© della divina providentia completed on 17 March, 1482, and 17 May, 1483. It is now, however, generally recog- nized that these only represent copies of the edition of 17 May, 1494, in which the Roman numerals of the date had been manipulated. Capcasa's earliest
150 ITALY
genuine book is a Vocabularius utriusque iuris published in partnership with Bernardinus Pinus in 1485. In 1490 and 1491 Capcasa was partly associated with Bernardinus de Benaliis. While working alone during the years 1488- 95 he produced over thirty incunabula, a few of them for Lucantonio Giunta and other publishers. Most of his books were in Italian and several of them are notable for their illustrations.
CANTALYCIUS, Johannes Baptista. Epigrammata.
20 January, 1493.
i». TITLE: EPIGRAMMATA CANTALYCII ETA-||LIQVORVM DISCIPV- LORVM EIVS. 140*. Colophon : Impressum Venetiis per Matheum capcasam ]| par- mensem anno incarnationis domini. M. ccccljlxxxxiii. die. xx. ianuarii.
Quarto, a-r* s*. 140 leaves. 30 lines. 160 x 86 mm. Type 3 (Roman 104 mm.). Hain *435o. Proctor 4993.
On 2* (on which are also a pretty capital and inner border-piece) over the beginning of the text is a charming woodcut of a teacher, behind whose chair is written ' SILENTIVM ', lecturing to older pupils, while two little boys sit on the floor, learning their letters, with a dog between them. This woodcut appears in 1495 in the De Structura compositionis of Nicolaus Ferrettus printed at Forli, also in this collection (No. 405).
205 X 150 mm. [276
BONETUS LOCATELLUS
BoNETUS LocATELLUS, a priest of Bergamo, completed his first book, an edition of S. Augustine's De Ciuitate Dei, in February, 1486 (148I ?), and thereafter figures as a prolific printer of Latin textbooks, of the kind used in colleges and universities. By the end of the century he had produced upwards of a hundred and fifty editions, almost all of them at the expense of Octauianus Scotus, but a few for other publishers.
TIBULLUS, Albius. TibuUus, Catullus, Propertius. 9 December, 1491.
i» TITLE: Tibullus Catullus || & Propertius cu || commento. I57». COLOPHON: Comentarii in Proptiu a Philippo beroaldo || editi Anno salutis .M. cccc. Ixxxvii. ipressi uero II Venetiis a Boneto locatello Bergomesi. Cui nel|cessaria exhibuit Nobilis uir Octa- uianus Sco-l|tus Modoetiensis. Anno eiusde salutis nonagesi-|lmo primo supra millesimu ac quadringentesi-||mu. Quinto Idus decembres. |||
Sit Christe Rex piissime Tibi patritj gloria Cum spiritu paraclito In sempiterna saecula. 157*. Hieronymi Salii fauentini in inuidu carme . . . [Publisher's device.] Ibidem, col. a : Registrum . . . End : FINIS.
Folio, a-c* d e* f-s' t-x*. 158 leaves, the last blank. 61 lines of commentary. 343 x 164 mm. Types 5, 6 (Roman 78, 103, mm.). Hain *4763. Proctor 5029.
With woodcut capitals of various sizes.
303 X 207 mm. [277
VENICE 151
JOHANNES RUBEUS
After printing eight or nine books at Treviso in the years 1480-85 Johannes Rubeus, otherwise Giovanni Rosso, of Vercelli, transferred his press to Venice, and in the next thirteen years printed between forty and fifty incunabula, of which a few, including two Bibles, were in Italian, but the majority Latin classics. In 1499 he was joined by his brother Albertinus, and the partnership produced four more books in that year.
PHILELPHUS, Franciscus, Epistulae. January, 1487.
2\ FRANCISCI PHILELFI EPISTOLARVM LIBER PRIMVS. 126*. COLO- PHON : Finis ||1 Epistolarum Francisci Philelphi libri sexdecim : Impressi Venetiis studio & diligentia nia||gistri loannis rubei expliciunt. anno a natali christiano. M. cccc. Ixxxvit. lanuarii. [Register.]
Folio. a-d*e-t'u*. ia6 leaves, the first blank. 54 lines. 223x136 ram. Type 2 (Roman 82 mm.). Hain 12937. Proctor 5121.
307 X 208 mm. On 2* is an illuminated capital, and an inner border, with a coat of arms in a foot-piece. [278
STRABO. Geographia. 24 April, 1494.
i». Title (repeated on 17'): STRABO DE SITU ORBIS. i66\ COLOPHON: Strabonis Amasini Scriptoris illustris geographiae opus finit: qd loanes Vercellesis {pria Ipesa uiuelltibus posteriscj exactissima diligetia Iprimi curauit. Anno Sal. M.cccclxxxxiiii. die xxiiii. aprilis. ||| [Register.] End : . . . & iii.
Folio. [*,***] a-fs-z &'. 166 leaves, 17-166 numbered i-cl. 61 lines, with head- line and marginalia. 255 (259) x 150 (167) mm. Type 2 (Roman 82 mm.). Hain *i5o90. Proctor 5135.
310 x200 mm. Some capitals filled in colours and gold by a modern hand. [279
HIERONYMUS DE SANCTIS
HiERONYMUS DE SANCTIS (Jeronimo di Sancti) printed two books in 1487, a Fior di virtu and the Meditazioni attributed to Cardinal Bonaventura, this last in conjunction with a partner, Cornelius. The next year he took a German partner, Johannes Lucilius Santritter of Heilbronn, and three books were produced, the last of which is entered below. In 1489 Santritter printed a book by himself, and De Sanctis may have transferred his attention to woodcutting, as illustrations in some later books appear to be by the same cutter as those in the Opus sphaericum of J oh. de Sacro Bosco, and the cutting of these is distinctly attributed to De Sanctis.
SACRO BOSCO, Johannes de. Sphaera mundi. 31 March, 1488.
I*. Woodcut. 2*. SPAERAE MVNDI Copendiu FOELICITER INCHOAT. (Red) : Nouiciis adolescentibus : ad astronomica remp. capessenda aditum im||petratibus :
isa ITALY
pro breui rectotj tramite a uulgari uestigio semoto : lohanis || de sacro busto sphaericu opusculu una cu additionib' nonullis littera A || sparsim ubi intersertae sint signatis Contra(B cremonensia in planeta^r || theoricas delyramenta lohanis de m5te regio dispenta- tioes ta acuratiss. || qi utiliss. Nee no Georgii purbachii i eorude mot' planeta^t acuratiss. || theoricae : dicatum opus : utili serie contextum fausto sidere inchoat. Carmina in impresso^t hui' opusculi laudem ||| Vranie quantu quantu debere fatentur Cuncta canopeo: cognitacp astra uiro Santritter helbronna lucili ex urbe lohannes
Schemata sic debent ipsa reperta tibi Nee minus haec tibi de Sanctis hieronyme debent Quam socio: nancj hie inuenit: ipse secas. ||{ Hoc quo(5 sideralis scientiae singulare opusculum || mirifica ilia arte nuper ingenio germanico || in luce prodita impressione uidclicet || Prididie calen. Aprilis. || Anno Salutis. II .M. cccc. Ixxxviii. || completu est. || Venetiis. [Device.]
Quarto. A" B' BB" C* D'+i E F^ G«. 69 leaves. 35 lines. 141 x 100 mm. Types 5, (6-8) (Roman 79 mm., sm. Gothic in diagrams). Hain *i4ii3. Proctor 5183.
With a woodcut frontispiece of Astronomy seated, with Urania on one side and Ptolemy on the other, numerous diagrams, some of them pictorial, others printed in red, black, and yellow, and large capitals. The Latin verses in honour of the printers state that the diagrams were drawn by Santritter and cut by his partner De Sanctis, and this, as first pointed out by Prince d'Essling in his ' Livres k figures v^nitiens ', offers a clue to the authorship of the illustrations in other books.
212 x150 mm. [280
JOHANN EMERICH
Starting with a Dominican Breviary dated on Christmas Day, 1492, Johann Emerich of Speier speedily became an important printer of missals, breviaries, and other service books, of which he printed upwards of a score in the 15th century, in addition to about as many miscellaneous Latin books.
ANTONINUS. Tractatus varii. 26 April, 1495.
I*. [Woodcut.] a*, (red) : lesus. \\ In hoc volumine continentur || infrascripti tractatus. || Primo deuotissimus trialogus be-||ati Antonini archiepi florentini || ordinis predicatorum super euajlgelio de duobus discipulis eunti||bus in emaus. || Secudo pulcherrimus trialogus || de coteptu mudi fratris baptiste || de finaria epi vintimiliensis ordi||nis eiusdem. || Tertio epistola de tribus essentia-||libus votis religionis : t vtilissi-||mus tractatus de veris et falsis || virtutibus fratris vmberti ge-||neralis magistri eiusde ordinis. [L. A. Giunta's device.] 1 50'. Colophon : C In nomine sancte trinitatis isti tres tractatus || vtilissimi feliciter expliciut. Impressi venetijs per || loanem Emericum de Spira. Anno incarnatiois || M. ccca xcv. sexto klks Maii. [Printer's device.]
Octavo, a-h' i"* ; k-m' ; n-r' s^*. 150 leaves, a columns. 36 lines. 110 x75 mm. Types a, 8, 9 (Gothic 60, loa, 130 mm.). Hain *ia74. Proctor 5498.
With a woodcut of Christ and the disciples on the road to Emmaus, and a column-cut portrait of S. Antoninus at the beginning of each part.
155 X 105 mm. [281
VENICE 153
ALDUS MANUTIUS
Aldus Manutius was born at Bassiano in the duchy of Sermoneta In 1450. He lived for some time at Carpi under the patronage of its count, Alberto Pio, but left there for Venice in 1489, and published his first book, the Galeomyo- niachia, in 1494, following this with the Hero and Leander of Musaeus, which three or four years later he interleaved with a Latin translation. In 1495 ^-^ began his great Aristotle, completed in 1498. In the same year he published the Erotemata of Lascaris and the Introductio grammaticae of Gaza described below. In 1496 appeared his Theocritus; in 1497 a Greek Horae, and about the same time an undated Psalter ; in 1498, after the completion of his Aristotle, an Aristophanes. Meanwhile he had printed several learned Latin books, and the publications of the next two years were predominantly Latin. In 1499, the year of his marriage with the daughter of Andreas Torresanus, he printed for Lionardo Crasso, a lawyer, the most famous of Venetian illustrated books, the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili. In 1500 Aldus founded his Academy for the promotion of Greek studies and publications, and some of his subsequent Greek books were issued under its name. In 1501 he produced the first of his famous series of cheap octavo editions of the classics and works of the great Italian poets, for which Francesco da Bologna cut him a fount of delicate cursive letters, of the sort now generally known as italics. These pocket italic editions, and fresh issues of the masterpieces of Greek literature, occupied the rest of the life of Aldus, who died in 15 15, and lay in state in the church of San Paternian, with specimens of the books he had printed all round him.
GAZA, Theodorus. Introductio Grammatices, &c. 25 December, 1495.
I*. Title : In hoc uolumine haec insunt. || Theodori Introductiuae gramatices libri quatuor. || Eiusdem de Mensibus opusculum sanequapulchtu. || Apollonii gramatici de constructione libri quatuor. 1| Herodianus de numeris. 88». 'ETTnii'©H 'EN 'ENETl'AIS AEEIO'THTI 'AAAOT 1| MANOTKI'OT TOT"" BA2IANE'i22. 89». 0EOAI2'POT DEPr MHNirN. io5». Bl'02 'AnOAAflNI'OT 'AAEHANAPE'i22 || TOT" FPAMMATIKOT". 196». Colophon: Impressum Venetiis in sedibus Aldi Romani octauo Calendas lanuarias || M. CCCCLXXXXV. Concessum est eidem Aldo ab illustrissimo Se||natu Veneto ne cui hunc librum liceat imprimere sub poena ut in gratia.
Folio. aa-U' ; a b* ; AA-LL* MM*. 196 leaves. 31 lines. 225 x135 mm. Types I > 5> 6 (Greek 144, Roman no and 82 mm.). Hain *75co. Proctor 5548.
With the beautiful head-pieces and capitals with which Aldus adorned his early Greek books. In his preface to the reader on i^ he remarks that he knows that the grammar of Theodorus will be found at first ' duriusculam atque insuauem ', but on a careful second reading ' facilem & iocundam '.
308 X 212 mm. An early reader has copiously annotated the first eleven leaves, but wearied at that point, and thenceforward the copy is untouched. [282
U
N
)
154 ITALY
PETRUS LIECHTENSTEIN
Petrus Liechtenstein was the son of Hermann Liechtenstein of Cologne, who worked at Vicenza and Treviso and finally at Venice, and died in 1494, while engaged on the Speculum historiale attributed to Vincent de Beauvais. An edition of the Catholicon was printed for Petrus Liechtenstein by Hertzog, in 1497, and another book by Jacobus Pentius in 1499, and it is doubtful whether the three incunabula attributed to him were produced at a press of his own. In the i6th century he became an important printer.
STOEFFLERINUS, Joannes. Almanach nova pro annis 1504-1531.
2 January, 1504.
I*. Almanach noua || plurimls annis Venturis inseruientia : per || loannem Stoefflerinum lustingesem t lacobum Pflaumen Vlmen^Hsem accuratissime supputata : || t toti fere Europe dex'-||tro sydere Ipartita || * * * * || * * * || * ||| Cum Priuilegio. COLOPHON: Anno dni 1504. Die. 2. lanuarij. Explete sunt. He Ephimerides. Venetijs. ||| Petrus [Device in red and black.] Liechtensteyn.
Quarto. A B^ C^^ D^o A-Z C A-C E". 430 leaves. 4a lines. 156x115 mm. Types : Gothic 340, 100, and 74 mm.
Almanacks for the years 1504-31, each with a separate title-page, and consisting of one quire of 14 leaves, preceded by various tables and a ' Canon de domibus celi fabricadis '. These are preceded by five almanacks, each occupying 14 (unsigned) leaves, for the years 1499-1503 and a 'Tabula correctoria in Ephimerides' for the years 1499-1531, occupying four leaves of thicker paper. Presumably these formed part of a continuation of the Ephemerides of Johannes Regiomontanus completed 15 October, 1498, which started from the year 1473.
190X 148 mm. [283
ZACHARIAS KALLIERGES
Zacharias Kallierges of Rhethymno, in Crete, issued his first book, the 'ETVjxoKoyiKhv (ikya of Suidas described below, 24 July, 1499, under the patronage of Anna, daughter of Lucas Notaras, Duke of Constantinople, and at the expense of Nicolas Blastos or Vlastos, who found the funds also for the three other Greek books which Kallierges completed before the end of the century. After 1509 Kallierges removed to Rome, where he issued a Pindar in 1515.
SUIDAS. Lexicon Graecum. 24 July, 1499.
I*, (red) : M6.pKov ftxtuvoupov Vv Kpri'ps (elegiacs) : t\ (red) MdpKos 6 /j-ovaovpos fis iv waTo^io) <rxoXa<riKots tJ irpaTTfXv. a«. (red): ETTMOAOriKON MEFA KATA AA*ABHT0N, ITANT ii4>EAIM0N. a^3^ COLOPHON: To fieya irvfjiokoyiKdv hrvnweev, -nsfas eUij^sv ^8?; (fiv fle(p ei» hiTlus. avaixaK<ifj.aai fiiv fv \\ evyevovs koX boK[fj.ov avbpds, KVpiov Nt/coAdow ^ka<^ov "fv Kprj'^s. ir^^u/eVei 6^ riji \a/xwpo-||r£{ ttj? re, C <Tw<j)pov(T<i rqs Kvpias Awtjs BvyaT^ds fv Travae^€<^d tov >C evSoford rov KVpiov || Aou/co vorapa Trore fxeydkov bovaos njs KiovaranvovTtokfms, woi«j> bi K. he^wnjlt, Zayapla || KaWUpyyov f Kpriros. t&v \oylu)v
VENICE 155
avipSv X'^P"'* '^ Ao'yojv f^i]viK&p ^(^lefterwr. 'Et^ tw iirb tjjs || Xpiarov yewrja-eais, xi\ioar& TtTpaKoariocrru (vevr^ico^ii ivvdrco. Merayfirviwros, 6yhoKiTaiJ.(vii :- [Device of Blastos (red)] a24» (red) : H Ti2N TETPAAmN HANTfiN TOT ETTMOAOriKOT |1 I0TTHS. ATTH C0I4>IAE > End : apxri Tv v/'i. [Device of Kallierges (red).]
Folio. A'" B-i2 AA-rr* AA8. C5 34 leaves. 2 columns. 50 lines. 300 x180 mm, Type I (Greek lao mm.). Hain *66gi. Proctor 5644.
With fine capitals and head-pieces, printed in red, A very handsome book.
409x275mm. On 224** is the note: Laudentius Ciardus Perusinus
utebatur. [284
GIOVANNI BATTISTA DE SESSA
Giovanni Battista de Sessa, a Milanese, printed four books in the years 1489-91, and resumed publication in June, 1496, with Marco Polo's Delle maraviglie del mondo. In all he printed upwards of thirty books before the end of 1500 and about as many more in the first four or five years of the i6th century, many of them with rather coarse Venetian attempts to work in the manner of the Florentine bordered cuts.
REGIMEN. Regimen Sanitatis. [About 1504.]
i» TITLE: REGIMEN SA^l|nitatis cu expositione magistri Arnal^jldi de villanoua Cathellano 1| Nouiter Impressus. [Woodcut.] a», C Incipit Regime sanitatis salernitanu excellentissimu pro c6ser'||uatione sanitatis totius humani generis perutilissimu : necno a ma'-llgistro Arnaldo de Villa noua Cathellano olum medico?? uiuentiu || gema utiliter: ac secundum olum antiquo^r doctrina ue'||raciter expositum : nouiter correctum ac emenda- tum per egregissi^l|mos ac medicin? artis peritissimos doctores Montispessulani rege||tes. Anno. M. cccc. Ixxx. pr^dicto loco actu moram trahentes. 8a^ END : HOc opus optatur : quod II Flos medicine vocatur.
Quarto, a-t^u". 82 leaves. 29 lines. 174x132 mm. Types : Gothic 140, Roman 119, Roman majuscules la mm.
Sometimes confused with an undated edition by Bernardinus de Vitalibus which was probably set up from this. On the title-page is a woodcut of a physician consulting a book, shaded background, framed in a border of the Florentine style.
206 x150 mm. [285
ALBERTINUS DE LISSONA
Albertinus de Lissona, of Vercelli, printed at least a dozen books in the first five years of the i6th century. If he is rightly identified with Albertinus Rubeus, who printed in 1499 with his brother Joannes (Giovanni Rossi), he changed his style in 1502, in and after which year his full signature is Albertinus de Lissona Vercellensis, whereas in earlier books he is called Albertinus Rubeus or Albertinus Vercellensis.
U 2
^
156 ITALY
JACOBUS PHILIPPUS BERGOMENSIS. Supplementum Chronica- rum. 4 May, 1503.
1'. Title: Nouissime hystoria:; omniu repercussio«|lnes. nouiter a Reuerendissimo patre lacobophilippo Bergomese ordinis Hel|remitarum edite : que Supplementum Cronicaru nuncupantur. || Incipiendo ab exordio mundi vscj in || Annum salutis nostre. Mcccccij. [Armorial woodcut.] 1| Cum gratia « Priuilegio. 45I^ COLOPHON : Finis Supplementi Chronicarum. Laus semper Deo. ||| C Explicit Supplementum Chronicarum Diligenter Et II Accurate Reuisum Atque Correctu. Venetiis Imjlpressuj Per Albertinu' De Lissona Vercelle||sem. Regna. Leonardo Loredano Ve||netiarum Principe. A Natiui-||tate Christi. M.ccccc. Iliii. Die iiii. Maii. || Cu3 Gratia Et |1 Priuilegio. 45'i». REGISTRViVI TOTIVS OPERIS. (head-line): Tabula. 461". END: FINIS TABLAE.
Folio. a-z&s^A-Z AA-GG*HH*; IP". 46a leaves. 2-452 so numbered, the last blank.
With numerous decorative capitals, large woodcuts of the Creation, Loss of Paradise, and Death of Abel, imitated from the Cologne Bibles printed by Quentell about 1480, now recut in the Veneto-Florentine style with decorative border-pieces, a large outline cut of the Building of Babel, numerous cuts of cities, &c. The reference to the invention of printing in this edition reads ' Ars imprimendi libros : his temporibus : in Germania primum enata est : quam alii repertam asseuerant a cuthimbergo argentino : alii a quodam alio nomine Fausto : alii a Nicolao gensone praedicant : pro qua innumerabiles auctores ipsi congregarunt diuitias. Qua certe nulla in mundo dignior ', &c.
320 x214 mm. [286
UNKNOWN PRINTER
THOMAS AQUINAS. Summa secunda secundae partis. 1479.
I*" : Tabula questionu secundi libri se||cunde partis bea^i Thome de aquino. 9*. Incipit secundus liber secundi partis . . . 329''. Colophon : Explicit secud' lib secude ptis btl Thome ti \\ aquino. impssus Venetiis tc. ||| .M. CCCC. Ixxix.
Folio. [*]* a-i*" k 1** m-t^" v^* x y 1-7*" 8 9* 10". 330 leaves, the last blank. 2 columns. 51 lines. 185x129 mm. Types i, a (Gothic 7a, 180? mm.). Hain *i463. Proctor 5678.
288 X 223 mm. On 9* is an illuminated capital P into the circle of which a hand is stretched holding a wreath of laurel. On the same page is written : olim ad vsum . . . Egidij Delphini Amerini totius ord"* generalis. [287
FOLIGNO
NEUMEISTER AND ORSINIS
{Only printeri)
In 1470 Johann Neumeister, a citizen of Mainz, set up a press at Foligno, with the aid of Emilianus de Orsinis, a native of the place. Three books were printed, the De Bello Italico aduersus Gothos described below, an undated
FOLIGNO 157
edition of Cicero's Epistulae familiares, and the editio prlnceps of Dante's Divina Commedia, this last in April, 1472. Mile. Pellechet conjectured that Neumeister thereafter printed half a dozen books at Toulouse ; in 1479 he printed, it is usually supposed at Mainz, an illustrated edition of the Meditationes of Cardinal Turrecremata, in 1481 he is found at Albi, to his press in which place eight books are attributed, and in 1487 at Lyon, where as late as 1495 he printed an Uz^s Missal in conjunction with Michel Topic.
LEONARDUS [Bruni] ARETINUS. De hello italico. 1470.
a»: LEONARDI ARETINI DE BELLO || ITALICO ADVERSVS GOTHOS |i| [E]TSI LONGE lOCVNDIVS || mihi fuisset Itali? felicitate qt clades || referre . . . 73». Colophon : Hunc Hbellum Emilianus de Orsinis Fulginas || & Johannes Numeister theutunicus : eiuscp sotii || feliciter impresserunt Fulginei in domo eiusde || Emiliani anno domini Millesimoquadringetel|simoseptuagesimo feliciter.
Folio and quarto, [a^^ b-f^" g^*.] 74 leaves, the first and last blank. 29 lines. 180 x laomm. Type I (Roman 125 mm.). Hain 1558, Proctor 5721.
The first book printed at Foligno. This copy has the correct colophon, while others give the last two words of the first line as ' Vrsinis Eulginas ', ' Orsinis Eulginas ', or ' Orsinis Fulgines '. This is the first edition of the ' De Bello Italico ' of Procopius of Caesarea (6th century), of which Leonardus Aretinus assumed the authorship.
279 X 195 mm. In this copy quarto paper has been used for the second sheet of quire [a] and the first of quire [d]. [288
FERRARA
Printing was introduced into Ferrara by a Frenchman, Andreas Bellfortis, who completed the first book printed there, an edition of the Epigrams of Martial, 2 July, 1471. Six other firms worked there during the 15th century, but their output was mostly small, and though four of them were at work in 1475, 3^5 a rule Ferrara seems only to have been able to support a single printer. Towards the end of the century Lorenzo Rossi printed there some fine illustrated works.
ANDREAS BELLFORTIS
{First printer)
Andreas Bellfortis, of whom nothing is known save that he was a French- man and was given the citizenship of Ferrara, produced there some thirty incunabula, in classics, law, and medicine, working intermittently from 1471 to about 1493.
HERMES TRISMEGISTUS. De Potestate Dei. 8 January, 1472.
i». ARGVMENTVM MARSILII FICINI || FLORENTINI IN LIBRVM MER- CVjlRII TRISMEGISTI AD COSMVM || MEDICEM PATREM PATRIAE. 40*.
N
158 ITALY
Cqlophon : Explicit liber Mercurii Trismegisti de unitate || & potestate dei. Translatus e grfco In latinu p || Marsilium ficinu Florentinu. Impressus Ferl|rari§ p Magistrum Andream Galium Ciuem 1| Ferrari?. Diui Ducis Herculis Estensis Impii || Anno ^mo. Natiuitate autem dominie?. Anno || M. CCCC. LXXII. Sexto Idus lanuarii.
Quarto, [a-d".] 40 leaves. 38 lines. 159 x95 mm. Type i (Roman 115 mm.). Hain 8457. Proctor 5725.
There are a few printed directors or guide-letters, to help the rubricator to supply the right capitals, in this book, rather an early instance of their use.
221 X 155 mm. The majuscules or upper-case letters in the text flecked with yellow, those in the headings with red, yellow, and blue. The larger capitals illuminated in colours with small border-pieces, other capitals in blue or red. In the lower margin of i* is a coat of arms, two sceptres and three stars or, on a field azure, with scroll-work inscribed ' leronim' magonus ciuis Fe[rra]riensis '. On scroll-work at the top of the page are remains of further lettering ' co m medices ', but the book is too late for Cosmo I and too early for Cosmo II. [289
COLLENUCIUS, Pandulphus. Defensio Pliniana. [i493-]
1*. Title : Pliniana defensio Pandulphi Colle-||nucij Pisaurensis iurisconsulti aduersus j| Nicolai Leoniceni accusationem. 5a». COLOPHON : FINIS. ||j
Vt sese ostendat populos defensus in omnes
Plinius : Et teneat quem solet ante locum : Ferrariae Andreas Belfortis gallicus istud Preastitit impress! codicis officium. Quarto. [**] a-P. 5a leaves. 35 and 36 lines. 144 x105 mm. Type 5 (Gothic 8c-8i mm.). Hain *5483. Proctor 5755.
Written in answer to a little book of 18 leaves, ' Plinij ac plurium alio- rum auctorum qui de simplicibus medicaminibus scripserunt Errores notati ab Excellentissimo artium et medicine doctore d. magistro Nicolao leoniceno vicentino', of which the dedicatory letter was dated from Florence, 3 January, 1491. An edition of this had been completed at Ferrara, 18 December, 1492, by Lorenzo Rossi and Andrea de Castronovo (Hain *ioo2i), and Collenucio's answer, one of the last books printed by Bellfortis at Ferrara, must have been put in hand at once. He defends Pliny passionately against his censor, and in one case gives a little woodcut of a plant to illustrate his argument.
206 x146 mm. [290
MILAN
Despite two attempts by means of falsifications to find an earlier date for the introduction of printing into Milan, it is now recognized that the first book completed there was the Collectanea of Festus from the press of Antonius Zarotus. Of this a copy is here described. More than twenty-five different master- printers worked in the city during the 15th century, but many of these published few books, and more than half the 800 incunabula which it may be roughly reckoned to have produced were contributed by its first printer, Antonius
MILAN 159
Zarotus, and two German craftsmen, Leonhard Pachel and Ulrich Scinzenzeler, who both in partnership and individually showed themselves very prolific. Next after these may be placed Philippus de Lavagna, who, however, had many of his books printed for him by other firms, and Christopher Valdarfer from Venice. Milan was the earliest city in Italy to possess a Greek press, the books being published by Bonus Accursius, but perhaps printed for him by Jo. Ant. de Honate. Towards the end of the century it produced one or two books on music, decorated or illustrated works, and some popular Italian books, but its publications were mainly learned, chiefly Latin classics, with some lawbooks and a few early liturgies.
ANTONIUS ZAROTUS
{First printer)
Antonius Zarotus, of Parma, has been credited with an edition of Terence, completed 13 March, 1470, a 'ghost' created by manipulating the year of that of 1 48 1. As stated above, his first book was the Collectanea de verborum significatione of Festus, finished 3 August, 147 1, a copy of which is catalogued below. In May, 1472, he entered into an association for three years with four moneyed partners, who agreed to supply him with funds for printing books in consideration of receiving two-thirds of the profits. The association only lasted fourteen months, but Zarotus must have found other supporters, as while only printing two books in 1471, four in 1472, and six in 1473, in 1474 his output rose to eleven or twelve. Though his production was halved the next year it rose again to ten in 1476, and he thus seems to have weathered successfully the storm which fell so heavily on the early printers of Rome and Venice. He went on printing until 1497, by which time he had produced about 140 incunabula.
FESTUS, Sextus Pompeius. Collectanea. 3 August, 1471.
I'. [AjVGVSTVS LOCVS SANCTVS ab aui||um gestu . . . 79^ Colophon : FINIS II Laudetur Christus per quinque foramina lesus. ||| FESTI POMPEY LIBER EXPLETVS EST. |{| Mediolani Tertio Nonas Augustas. Millesimo : Quadringentessimo : Septuagessimo Primo Ad : 1| Honorem : & Laudem : lUustrissimi Ac Inuictissimi || Galeae Mariae Mediolani Ducis Quinti. || Ac Ducatus Sui Anno Quinto.
Quarto, [a-k*.] 80 leaves, the last blank. 31 lines. 179x12211101. Type i (Roman 112 mm.). Hain *7038, Proctor 5767.
The first dated book printed at Milan.
284 X 202 mm. The first leaf of the third quire in this copy appears to be a cancel. [291
MOMBRITIUS, BoNiNus. De dominica passione. [c. 1474.]
a' : Bonini Mombritii ad sanctissimm d. dominum |1 Sistum quartum sumum pontificem de dfiica || passione liber primus. 74*. COLOPHON: Opus Impssum Ml'i per Antoniu Zarotum || Parmensem.
Quarto, [a-h^i^*.] 74 leaves. 26 lines. 143x95 mm. Type a (Roman no mm.). Hain 1 1542. Proctor 5789.
^
i6o ITALY
Printed in the second type of Zarotus, which is distinguished from the first by being a trifle shorter, and using 9: instead of 4.
223 x158 mm. [292
AMBROSIUS. Hexameron. [c. 1481.]
1*. Masellus uenia beneuentanus Reuerendo in christo patri || D. Ambrosio corano theologo acutissimo & celeberrimo 1| eremitariaeque religionis sancti Augustini generali uicajlrio benemerito salutem in domino sempiternam 1| . . . 5*. 1. 28 : In hoc diuino uolu- mine haec continentur 1| Auctoris uita secundum paulinu episcopum nolanu. || Hexahemeri libri sex || Liber de paradiso || Sermo de ortu Adae 1| Item sermo de arbore interdicta || Et liber de Cain & Abel. 165^ CoLOPHON : DIVI AMBROSII EPISCOPI MEDIOLA- NENSIS DE II CAIN ET ABEL LIBER 1| FINIT. ||l DEO OMNIPOTENTI INFI- NITAS GRATIAS.
Folio. AA« BB*'" A-C* D« E-K8-8« j^b ^6 n* Q-Q^ R« S T* V". 166 leaves, the last blank. 34 lines. 188 x115 mm. Type 5 (Roman 1 1 1 mm.). Hain 902 (?). Proctor 581 2.
293 X 200 mm. Greek quotations, for which spaces were left by the printer, have been supplied in red ink in an early hand. Below the colophon is an inscription, showing that the book was bought by Franchino Gafori, author of the well-known early treatises on music (see No. 302) : Pbr Franchinus de gafifuris me emit die sexto maij 1487 ptio librarum triu impr. "d iij fi 3/ Said to be Dr. Kloss's copy and some of the marginal notes to be by Melanchthon. From the Hopetoun collection. [293
SIMONETA, Joannes. Res gestae Francisci Sfortiae.
23 September, i486.
i»: AD ILLVSTRISSIMVM AC MODERATISSIMVM PRINCIPEM LVDO-|| VICVM SPHOR. VICECOMITEM BARI DVCEM FRANCISCI PVTEOiJLANI POETAE PARMENSIS ORATIO IN COMMENTARIOS RE|1RVM AB DIVO FRANCISCO SPHORTIA GESTARVM. 2». lOHANNIS SIMONETAE IN COM- MENTARIOS RERVM GESTAJIRVM FRANCISCI SPHORTIAE MEDIOLANEN- SIVM DVCIS PRAEilFACIO. i88^ COLOPHON : Antonius Zarotus Impressit Mediolani Nono kalendas Octobres || M. cccclxxxvi. ||| Franciscus Philelfus lohanni Simonetae Ducali Secretario Salutem Dicit || Plurimam . . . END : Vale Mediolani ex aedibus nostris sexto Idas II lunias. M. cccclxxviiii.
Folio, a-e* f* g h' i* k-m' n' o-r* s' t-z &* A*. 188 leaves. 3* : 54 lines. 209 x 128 mm. Type 6 (Roman 78 mm.). Hain +14755. Proctor 5821.
296 X 207 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, with many marginal notes. Original stamped brown leather Italian binding, with roundlets. Inside the upper board is written : Anno diij M°. cccc^ Ixxxvij" : Die xxv: Octobr. Mediolanj i hospicio Sarracenj : hie Liber a Jotie de lignano Librario et Mercatore Medio- laneii : mihi dono tradit' fuit. Cum ibi pro 111™° principe meo ; Karolo Sab[audise] Duce agerem. To which has been added : Et post Insolutum datus fuit Dmico Machanio Mediolanesi de Cellis pro doctrina filij mei, [294
TACITUS, Cornelius. Opera. [c. 1488.]
I". Franciscus Puteolanus lacobo Antiquario ducali Secretario. Sal. 2». CORNELII TACITI HISTORIAE AVGVSTAE. LI. XI. || ACTIONVM DIVRNALIVM. || j6i\ CORNELII TACITI AEQVITIS ROMANI DIALOGVS || AN SVI SAECVLI
MILAN i6x
MESUE, Johannes. Liber de consolatione medicinarum.
4 August, 1473.
2». [IlNcipit liber de consolatione medillcinajj, simpliciu solutiuaij lohanis || heben Mesue. |j| [I]N nomine Dei misericordis cui' || nutu Pmo recipit gratias t doc||trina pfectione principiuj uer||boif lohanis filij Mesue filij || Hamech filij Hely filij Abdela || regis Damasci. 155''. Colophon : Explicit opus, heben. Mesue Impssuj || p Magistru Philippu3 lauaniaj. et cor||rectu3 ac diligenter exalnatuj p Egrejlgios doctores almi collegij mediolaneP || Anno domini. 1473. ^'^' 4° Augusti H Regnante Illu""'. d. d. Galea3 maria ui|lcecomite etc. Duce Mn q.nto. II Finis.
Folio, (a-g" h' ; a-h".) 156 leaves, the first and last blank. 2 columns. 41 lines. 231 X 153 mm. Type a (Gothic iii mm.). Hain *iiio5. Proctor 15842.
336 X 238 mm. Rubricated on a few pages only. With capitals on leaf 2 in red and blue. Michael Wodhull's copy, with his arms on the covers. [296
X
i6° ITALY
seriton opposite p. i6i]
MILAN— ANTONIUS ZAROTUS
BOSSIUS, DoNATus. Chronica Bossiana. i March, 1492.
I*" (red) : Geneologia Vicecomitum Principum Mediolani descendentium de Inuorio Ducatus Mediolani. a». CHRONICA BOSSIANA. jj DONATI Bossii Causidici : & ciuis Mediolanesis : gesto^r : dictorumcj || memorabilium : & tempo?* : ac coditionu : & mutationum humanarum : || ab orbis initio : uscp ad eius tempera : Liber ad Illustrissimu principem II loannem Galeazium : Mediolanensium Ducem sextum. i64». Laus Deo. 165*. COmnes Episcopi & Archiepiscopi Mediolani. 168*. COLOPHON : Hoc opus impressum fuit in inclyta ciuitate Mediolani p solertissimum || artis impressorie magistrum Antonium Zarotum parmensem. Ad || impensas probi uiri domini Donati Bossii ciuis Mediolanensis : & II causidici accuratissimi : auctorisque huius pulcherrimi operis. Anno || salutis christiane, Mcccc. Lxxxxii. calendis Martiis.
Folio, a-r* s" t^ u* xy*. 1 68 leaves. 44 lines and marginalia. 245 x 139 (169) mm. Type 5 and 7 (Roman 11 1 mm., with Gothic 80 mm. in the Genealogy). Hain *3667. Proctor 5831.
Under the year 1457 (in which was printed the first dated book) is the marginal note ' Inuentio imprimendi ', and the entry : f[ Hoc anno salutifera doctrinarum omnium imprimendorum librorii ars auctore loanne Gutember germano reperta est. Donato Bosso was born at Milan in 1436 and lived there as a notary. His Chronicle is brought down to 1489 and deals largely with the affairs of Milan.
326 X 234 mm. Vellum on boards. [295*
?ue of Books of the First Printers— RvSH C. Hawkins]
Or;crfr?.1''^'°^TV ^"^^^^^ed in red and blue, with many marginal notes.
Ongmal stamped brown leather Italian binding, with roundlets. Inside the
upper board is written : Anno diij Mo. cccco Ixxxvijo : Die xxv: Octobr. Mediolani
hospicio Sarracenj : hic Liber a Johe de lignano Librario et Mercatore Medio-
sT^rJH-"'lV°"° ''^^'' ^"''- ^""^ '^' P^° I""° Principe meo: Karolo Sab[audi^] Duce agerem. To which has been added: Et post Insolutum datus fuit Dmico Machanio Mediolanesi de Cellis pro doctrina filij mei. [294
TACITUS, Cornelius. Opera. [c. 1488.]
TAc\T^Hfj;T^PT"i^^^^T^?wJ'^.'V"^•'5"^ ^"'^^'^ Secretario. Sal. a« CORNELH Jti^CORNWllTtri-r^lT^r^l^h ^^- ^^- H ACTIONVM DIVRNALIVM. || J6i . CORNELII TACITI AEQVITIS ROMANI DIALOGVS || AN SVI SAECVLI
MILAN i6t
ORATORES ANTIQVIORIBVS || ET QVARE CONCEDANT. 173". IVLII AGRI- COLAE VITA PER CORNELIVM TACITu 1| EIVS GENERVM CASTISSIME COMPOSITA. i87». 1. 34. End: . . . Agricola posteritati narratus & traditus superjlstes erit ill FINIS.
Folio. a-d»e-i8Kl-n8o«p-s8t-x8y"z&8AB«. 188 leaves, 160, 172, 188 blank. 37 lines. 206x123 mm. Type 5" (Roman 1 1 1 mm.). Hain 15219. Proctor 5838.
Zarotus in 1482 began using the second form of his type 5, which has a straight instead of a round h, and used it until the end of his career. The use of the question mark, mentioned by Proctor as introduced in 1487, and the absence of a paragraph-mark, together with the general appearance of the page, places this book early in the period 1487-92.
284 X 202 mm. [295
PHILIPPUS DE LAVAGNA
Philippus DE Lavagna was a citizen of Milan, and a colophon in which he seems to claim to have been the first printer in the city may possibly be interpreted in the more limited sense that he was the first of its inhabitants to practise the art. He used to be credited with an edition of the Miracoli de la verzene Maria dated 19 May, ' mcccclxviiij ', bringing his work as a printer back to the time of his exile for a homicide which was not pardoned till December of that year. Presumably the impossible date was produced by a misprint of V for X in some copies of the edition of five years later. The earliest book that can really be assigned to Lavagna's press is Cicero's Epistulae Familiares of 25 March, 1472. His second and third books (the latter in this collection), both issued in 1473, were Latin editions of the Canon of Avicenna and the medical works of Mesne. After these it is doubtful how much he printed for himself, many of his books from 1474 to 1477 being the work of Valdarfer, with whom he entered into a formal contract in 1473. The arrangement, however, cannot have lasted for long, as about the year 1478 books bearing Lavagna's name appear to have been printed with the types of Pachel. After 148 1 Lavagna seems to have produced nothing till 1489, when he is credited with two more works, though whether he printed them personally is undecided.
MESUE, Johannes. Liber de consolatione medicinarum.
4 August, 1473.
2'. [I]Ncipit liber de consolatione medi||cina)jL simpliciu solutiuaij lohanis || heben Mesue. |]| [I]N nomine Dei misericordis cui' {| nutu fmo recipit gratias t doc||trina pfectione principiuj uer|lboif lohanis filij Mesue filij \\ Hamech filij Hely filij Abdela || regis Damasci. 155''. Colophon : Explicit opus, heben. Mesue Impssuj || p Magistru Philippuj lauaniaj. et cor||rectu3 ac diligenter exalnatuj p Egrel|gios doctores almi collegij mediolaneP |1 Anno domini. 1473. ^^^- 4° Augusti H Regnante Illu"°. d. d. Galea} maria uijlcecomite etc. Duce Mil q.nto. II Finis.
Folio, (a-g" h» ; a-h".) 156 leaves, the first and last blank, a columns. 41 lines. 23* ^ ^53 ni'n- Type 2 (Gothic iii mm.). Hain *iiio5. Proctor t584a.
336 X 238 mm. Rubricated on a few pages only. With capitals on leaf 2 in red and blue. Michael WodhuU's copy, with his arms on the covers. [296
X
^
i6a ITALY
CAESAR, Caius Julius. Commentarii. 8 April, 1478.
i». G. IVLII CAESARIS COMMENTARIORVM DE BELLO 1| GALLICO LIBER PRIMVS. 1|| gALLIA EST omnis diuisa in partes tris . . . I3I^ COLOPHON: FINIS. IIJ Anno Christi M. cccc° Lxxviii. sexto idus apriles Philippus Lauagnia Me-|| diolanensis commentaria Caesaris imprimi fecit Mediolani. I33». Index commentariorum. G. lulii Caesaris : & earum rei; : quas ad cogni'||tionem urbiurn & fluminum & locorum uir clarissimus & eruditissimus 11 Raymundus Marlianus inuenit : atmaddidit. I^a^ END : DEO GRATIAS AMEN.
Folio. a-p*qr«; AB*C*. 152 leaves, leaf 13a blank. 42 lines. 235x136 mm. Type5 (Roman icS-iio mm.). Hain *4ai6. Proctor 5861.
328 X 235 mm. [297
BERNARDUS. Pianti deuotissimi della Madonna. [c. 1478.]
i». lESVS MARIA. Ill Pianti deuotissimi de la madona. 38». Gratiarum actio ad uirginem gloriosam. 4^^ CoLOPHON: Hie liber impressus celebri fuit arte Philippi Lauaniae domini virgine matre sacer.
Octavo, [a-e* f*.] 42 leaves, the last blank. 19 lines. 103x70 mm. Type 4 (Roman 108 mm.). Hain 2910.
155 X 112 mm. Michael Wodhull's copy with his note, dated 7 February, 1 790, of its purchase at the Pinelli Auction for 1 55. dd. [298
CHRISTOPHER VALDARFER
After working at Venice in 1470 and 1471 Christopher Valdarfer made a fresh start at Milan in 1474, and by the close of his career in 1488 had published some forty more incunabula, mainly legal works, but including also a few on medicine, some classics, and editions of the Ambrosian Breviary and Missal. At the outset of his career at Milan he also printed several works for Philippus de Lavagna (q. v.).
AMBROSIUS. De Officiis et opuscula. 7 January, 1474.
I*. SANCTI AMBROSII EPISCOPI || MEDIOLANENSIS DE OFFICIIS || LIBER PRIMVS. 98^ Colophon: Impressus mediolani p Chirstofo?> Valdarfer jj Ratisponensem .M. cccclxxiiii. die vii lanuarii.
Quarto. (A-L* M".) 98 leaves. 28 lines. 151 X 98 mm. Type 2 (Roman 108 mm.). Hain *9io. Proctor 5874.
206 X 146 mm. Rubricated. [299
BARTHOLOMAEUS DE CHAIMIS. Confessionale.
29 September, 1474.
I*, (red) : Incipit interogatoriu sine confessionale p uenerajlbilem fratre Bartholomeu de chaimis de mediljolano ordinis minoru compositum in loco sancte || marie de angelis apud mediolanu x distinguitur || in quatuor partes principales. I74». ColophON: Si quern peniteat scelerum culpamcj fateri Aures clauigeri presulis ante uelit ...
MILAN i^
Nee mora Christoforus populum coiisse fidelem
Valdafer attenta protinus aure notat. Esaturemus ait dignandis agmina uotis.
De<5 Rhatispona quin damus artis opem. Ciuibus hinc nostris Mediolano^ potenti. Impressit magnum maximus auctor opus. 1474. 3°. ktas octobres.
Octavo. [a-x*y'.] 174 leaves. 27 lines. 106 x74 mm. Type 3 (Gothic 78 mm.) Hain *248i. Proctor 5875.
The verses in this edition, including those as to the printer, were reproduced in several reprints at different places which have thus been erroneously attributed to the press of Valdarfer. Cp. No. 28.
151 X 106 mm. Rubricated, and with the majuscules touched with yellow. With very full marginalia in red. [300
PACHEL AND SCINZENZELER
Leonhard Pachel, of Ingolstadt, and Ulrich Scinzenzeler, also a German, printed about a hundred books in partnership at Milan in the years 1478 to 1489. In 1483 Pachel and in 1484 Scinzenzeler began printing also each under his own name, and from 1489 onwards all their books were printed in this way, Pachel producing some seventy more incunabula and Scinzenzeler about twice as many. As they continued, however, to use some of the same types, their friendly relations appear to have continued undisturbed. Their publications covered the whole range of the learned literature of the day for which a market could be expected in Italy.
GREGORIUS I. Homiliae. (Italice.) 20 August, 1479.
a». Incomincia el libro de le ome||lie di mesere sancto Grego||rio papa di diuerse lectioni fl del sancto euagelio & in prijjma el prologo. 155*. COLOPHON : Omelia ulgale di .s. Gregorio || utillissimi a tuti i fedelli H Impsso a Mediolano mediate || la gratia di die p li prudeti ho||mini Leonardo pachel e ulderi||cho scinzcenceller de allama||gna per loro industria & con || summa diligentia emendate || nella natiuita del nostro signo||re yesu christo. II Mcccc Lxxviiii. adi. xx. del || mese de augusto.
Quarto, a-s* t* u«. 158 leaves, the first and last blank. 2 columns. 35 lines. 192 x 120 mm. Type i (Roman no mm.). Hain 7953. Proctor 5923.
239 x170 mm. [301
PHILIPPUS DE MANTEGATIIS
Philippus de Mantegatiis of Cassiano completed his first book at Milan in November, 1490, and during the next seven years printed some five and twenty incunabula, a few in Italian but mostly in Latin, though sometimes of the less learned sort.
X 2
^
i64 ITALY
GAFORUS, Franchinus. Theoria musices. 15 December, 1492.
i\ Title: THEORICA MVSICE FRANCHINI GAFVRI [| LAVDENSIS. [Woodcut] 68» Colophon: LAVS DEO. {{| Impressum mediolani per Magistrum Philippum Man-jltegatium dictum Cassanum opera & impensa Magistri || loannis Petri de lomatio anno salutis M. cccc. Lxxxxii. || die xv Decembris.
Folio. [** ;] a* b-i* k*. 68 leaves. 38 lines, with marginalia. 205 x 137 (161) mm. Type I (Roman 106-107 mm.). Hain 7406. Proctor 6055.
The title-cut shows an organist playing, the pipes being all labelled, while at the top the cut is inscribed ' Introductorium musices f. gafori '. On 18* are four cuts of methods of producing musical notes, anvil-music presided over by Tubal, bells and musical glasses, stretched cords, and pipes, all exhibited as presided over by Pythagoras, to whom in the last cut is added Philolaus. This book has also numerous diagrams. The back of the title-page is fully occupied with a list of errata, rather bitterly entitled : Errores Impressoris negligentia commissi in hoc opere : quibus & sententia uariari & mens lectoris dubia reddi potest corrigantur hoc modo. The book is dedicated to Lodovico Maria Sforza.
266 X 201 mm. [302
GOTHARDUS DE PONTE
Two editions of Aesop were printed for Gothardus de Ponte by the brothers Le Signerre in 1498. In November, 1500, he produced or printed by himself the Opus Musicae of Gafori, but it is doubtful whether he owned presses of his own as early as this. In the i6th century he was certainly a printer, and continued at work for many years.
PLATINUS. Epistulae, &c. [1506.]
i». Title : Epistolae Platini || cum tribus oral|tionibus & |1 uno dia^||logo. 4« [Device.] 88^ 1. 18. End of Text: . . . Nunc ad textus expojlsitionem ueniamus. ||| FINIS. 89'. (Preface to Errata): Platinus lectori. S. D. |11 Ars calcographorum esset admirabilis . . . 92*. 1. a6. End : fideicj patriae pstandum pstandae.
Quarto. a-P; A*. 92 leaves. 25 lines. 140x95 mm. Type: Roman 112 mm.
The remarks of the author on the misprints are unusually interesting. The printers' art, he says, would be admirable did not their carelessness and ignorance so often spoil it and fill everything with errors. Men of learning cannot protect themselves against these even by exacting a bond from the printer. He had done this with Gothardus Pontius, but had felt obliged to remit it, out of pity for the man, who ought not, as it seemed to him, to have to pay for the fault of the hireling they call a compositor (misertus hominis, qui mercenarii ministri quern uocant compositorem culpam lucre non debere mihi nisus est). He had revised the book carefully, and adds seven leaves of errata. The letter is dated Milan, 18 August, 1506. Platinus himself seems to have been ignored by biographers.
196 x136 mm. Bound with the Clausulae Epistularum Ciceronis of Joan. Gabriel (Siena, Heinrich of Cologne, 1489) (No. 398). [303
FLORENCE 165
FLORENCE
In November, 147 1, Bernardo Cennini, a goldsmith, and his son Domenico, produced at Florence an edition of Virgil with the commentary of Servius. A twelvemonth later Johann Petri, of Mainz, published Boccaccio's Philocolo, and in February of an unspecified year, probably 1473, Petrarch's Trionfi. But the aristocratic book-lovers of Florence preferred their beautiful manuscripts to printed editions, and as far as is known these remained the only productions of Florentine presses until 1476, when the nuns of the convent of Santo Jacopo di Ripoli issued an Italian Donatus. After this second start printing took firm root, and some fine editions by Miscomini, who transferred his press from Venice, and the famous Homer of 1488, printed at the expense of the brothers Nerli by Bartolommeo di Libri, showed that the art did not altogether lack scholarly patrons at Florence. But throughout the 'eighties there was a steady production of vernacular books, and in the last ten years of the century learned works are lost amid the mass of miracle-plays (Rappresentazioni) and devotional literature, the latter mainly by Savonarola, now eagerly sought after on account of the woodcuts with which the thin quartos were adorned. Along with these there was probably a steady production of illustrated story-books (novellieri), of which, however, as might be expected, only a few have escaped destruction. Owing to its predominantly popular character the output of the Florentine presses is difficult to estimate. But it is probable that as many as eight hundred Florentine incunabula are still extant.
THE RIPOLI PRESS
The convent of Dominican nuns ' apud Sanctum Jacobum de Ripoli ' received its name from having originally been founded at Piano de Ripoli, in the neighbourhood of Florence, and moved thence into the city itself. The nuns are said to have worked as compositors ; their Dominican procurator and confessor, Frate Domenico da Pistoia and Frate Piero da Pisa, acted as treasurers and overseers of the press, and the help of male printers was from time to time obtained. Additional interest is given to this conventual press from the fact that Frate Domenico kept careful accounts and some of these have been published. The Italian Donatus of 1476, with which work was started, proved a highly successful advertisement, as the accounts show many small jobbing orders, the fruits of which have perished. The seventy books known to have been issued from the Ripoli press are miscellaneous in character, but include, of course, a considerable number of religious and devotional works, and others, such as Boccaccio's Decamerone, of a very opposite character. Half a dozen books were printed at the convent as late as 1483, and in the same year a contract was entered into with a certain Lorenzo of Venice. This, however, was cancelled in 1484, and thereafter nothing more is heard of tlie press.
^
i66 ITALY
PETRARCA, Francesco. Libro degli imperatori e pontefici. 1478.
l^ INCOMINCIA. LA. TAV01|LA. DELLA. PRESENTE. OPEIJRA. DI MESSER. FRANCIEIISCO. PETRARCA. 3». PROEMIO DI MESSER FRAN- CESCHO. Ill PETRARCHA NEL LIBRO DEGLI i|| IMPERADORI ET PONTE- FICI. Ill (e)SSENDO GLIHVMANL IN|1GEGNL NATVRALMENjjTE DESEDE- ROSI COllnoscere glegregii fatti de passati . . . 103* COLOPHON : FINISCONO. Le uite de Pontefici & imperadori Roma||ni Da Messere Franciesco Petrarca in sino a suoi tempi com||poste. Dipoi con Diligenzia & breuita seghuitate insino nel || lanno. M. CCCC. LXX.VIII. Ill IMPRESSVM FLORENTIAE. APVD. SANC|||TVM. lACOBVM. DE. RIPOLI. ANNO. DOMipi. M. CCCC. LXX.VIIL
Folio. [***] a b* c-h 1 1-q^ r^. 104 leaves, the last blank. 34 lines. 178 x110 mm. Type 4 (Roman 103 mm.). Hain *i28o9. Proctor 6102.
257 X 185 mm. With a few manuscript notes. [304
NICOLAUS LAURENTII
NicoLAUs Laurentii of Breslau completed his first book, the Commentary of Alphonsus Toletanus on Aristotle's De Anima, in July, 1477, and two months later produced the first Florentine illustrated book, Bettini's Monte Santo di Dio, the three illustrations being not woodcuts, but engravings on copper, two of them of considerable merit. In 1481 the printer was ambitious enough to attempt an illustrated edition of the Divina Commedia with the Commentary of Landino, but this proved beyond his powers, no copies having engravings beyond Canto xix of the Inferno, while many have only two. He published also the Geographia of Berlinghieri and upwards of twenty other books, the latest date in any of them being the 15 June, i486, of S. Gregory's Moralia in Job, of which a copy is here catalogued.
GREGORIUS I. Moralia in Job. Italice. 15 June, i486.
i*". Tauola del primo libro dellibro de mo||rali di sancto Gregorio papa. 2». CO- MINCIA LAPISTOLA DI 1| Sancto Gregorio Papa Sopra il Libro || de morali Aleandro Vescouo di Sibilia. 253'. 1. 40: Fine dellibro xiii de morali di S. Greg. 253'*. In nomine Domini Nostri lesu Christi. || Incominciano ecapitoli del quatuordecil|mo libro de morali di sancto Gregorio || sopra illibro di iob. 370''. Finito e illibro decimonono de morali di || Sancto Gregorio Papa sopra lob. Equali || libri e capitoli furono uulgarezati p mesjlsere Zanobi da Strata . . . 633^ COLOPHON : DEO GRATIAS AMEN ||! Fine del libro trigesimo quinto : et ulti||mo de morali di sancto Gregorio Papa et || doctore della sancta chiesa sopra la uita di || lob propheta. Impresso nella dignissima || cicta di Firenze per Nicholo di Lorenzo || della Magna. Nellanno dalla natiuita del || Signore .M. CCCC. LXXXVI. Adi. II XV. del mese di Giugno. |i| Papa Gregorio primo / Secondo la clo||nica di Vgo monaco del monasterio flora||cense di Francia . . . REGISTRO . . . END: LAVS DEO.
Folio, aio b-z & ? aa-ee^ ffggi" hh-tt» uu^* ; A-Q* ; Aa" Bb-Ii Ll-Rr^ Ss». 634 leaves. 43 and 44 lines. 243x161 mm. Types 6, 7 (Roman iii», iii^mm.). Hain *7935. Proctor 6132.
A change of fount takes place on sig. hh i, the new type showing to great advantage facing the very worn letters on gg 8.
320 X 221 mm. [305
FLORENCE 167
ANTONIO MISCOMINI
Antonio Miscomini of Bologna has been identified with the Antoniiis Bononiensis who printed a single book in partnership at Venice as early as 1472. In the same city in the years 1476-78 he produced on his own account five important books, but apparently found the competition at Venice too severe, as shortly after this he transferred his press to Florence, where he began publishing in 1 48 1. He remained at work till 1495, producing some seventy books, mainly scholarly (though he wisely avoided classical texts) or religious. In April, 1487, and May, 1489, he helped Dominico Richizola to print two books at Modena, and a simultaneous slackening of his work at Florence makes it probable, though Proctor took the contrary view, that he personally superintended their pro- duction. There is another unexplained gap in his work at Florence during 1490. In 1 49 1, and subsequently, he published chiefly small quartos, many of which have woodcut pictures or borders.
VENTURINUS, Franciscus. Rudimenta grammaticae.
6 p.m., 15 May, 1482.
i". REGISTRVM. a» AD ILLVSTREM MAGNANIMVMQVE 0CTA1|VIA- NVM VBALDINVM MERCATELLI PRINHCIPEM FRANCISCI VENTVRINI IN RVDIMENIITA GRAMMATICES PRAEFATIO. 190'. Colophon: Impressum est hoc opus rudimentorum grammatices florentiae |1 per me Antonium bartholomei mischo- mini Anno salutis || M. CCCCLXXXII. idibus mais. bora, decimaoctaua.
Folio. [*^] a-i 1-u X y* z* &* ?'. 190 leaves. 33 lines. 185x120 mm. Type 3 (Roman no mm.). Hain 15938. Proctor 6141.
The mention, as in this colophon, of the hour of a book's completion is very unusual. It is possible that this is the only instance of it in the 15th century, though 'hora vespertina ' is also found.
267 X 197 mm. Rubricated, with a capital and inner border on 3* in graceful red and blue penwork. [306
POLITIANUS, Angelus. Miscellaneorum centuria prima.
19 September, 1489.
i». ANGELI POLITIANI MISCELLANEORVM CENTV||RIAE PRIMAE AD LAVRENTIVM MEDICEM 1| PRAEFATIO. 9l^ Colophon : Impressit ex archetype Antonius Miscominus. Familiares || quidam Politiani recognouere. Politianus Ipse II nee Hortographian se ait, nee omnino || alienam pr^stare culpam. || Florentiae Anno Salutis. M. CCCC. LXXXIX. Decimotertio || kalendas octobris. [Device.] 94*. REGISTRVM . . . End : neget.
Folio, ab* c-o* p*. 92 leaves. 33 lines. 178 x 130 mm. Type 3 (Roman iii mm., with Greek of same size). Hain *i323i. Proctor 6149.
The copy described by Hain has two additional leaves after the Register, containing ' Emendationes '. Both the Greek and the Roman types in this book are exceptionally well cut.
285 x 202 mm. From the library of the Duke of Sussex. [307
^
i68 ITALY
LILIUS, Zacharias. Orbis breuiarium. 5 June, 1493.
i». ZACHARIAS LILIVS VICENTINVS H CANONICVS REGVLARIS MAT||THAEO BOSSO VER0NEN1|SI CONCANONICO PA||TRIQ. SVO OPT. AC VE||NERAN. P. S. IN DOMINO. || 3". ZACHARIAE LILII || VICENTINI || CANONICI II REGVLA||RIS OR||BIS BRE1|VIARIVM || FIDE / COM||PENDIO/ OR||DINEQ. CAP||TV AC MEMO||RATV FACILLIMVM 1| FOELIX ET GRATVS LEGITO. I27^ Colophon: FINIS || IMPRESSIT || Florenti? Antonius Misco- tninus || Anno Salutis. M. CCCCLXXXXIII. 1| Nonis luniis. 128*. Vrbes celebriores quae in hoc libro continentur. i^o^. END : Vercellas in lombardia. [Device.]
Quarto. a*b-q*r'. 130 leaves. 26 lines, with marginalia. 143 x 83 (107) mm. Type 3 (Roman 109 mm.). Hain loioi. Proctor 6163.
The page which serves as a title (s*") is surrounded with Miscomini's border, having two mermen at the top and a shield for a coat of arms and two eagles at the foot. There are also two diagrams in the text with the lines printed in red.
206 X 140 mm. [308
FRANCESCO BUONACCORSI
During the years 1485-96 Francesco Buonaccorsi, a Florentine priest, printed some forty small quartos, mostly religious, including several by Savonarola, whose mother bore the same family name, and to whom therefore he may have been related. Five of these, published in 1488 and 1489, were produced in partnership with Antonio di Francesco of Venice.
VESPUCCI, Giorgio Antonio. Martyrologium. 6 November, i486.
i». (red): Annus habet .xii. menses: ebdomadas. lii. et diem 1| unum : et habet dies .ccclxv. et horas sex. y\ (red) : INCIPIT ORDO MARTYLOGII. 9». (red) : Kal. . . . |1 lanuar. ... (1. 5, black) : A [C]Ircuncisio domini nostri iesu christi se||cundum carnem . . . l6o^ Colophon : FINIS. 1|| HOC OPVS DILIGENTIA DOMINI Geor-||giiantonii uespuccii cathedralis ecclesiae floren-'||tinae prsepositi emendatu correctucp Impressum || est Florenti? per presbyterum Franciscum de bo||naccursiis Anno ab incarnatiSe dni. M. CCCCH LXXXVI. Octauo idus nouembris.
Quarto. [** ;] a-t*. 152 or 160 leaves. 26 lines (text). 145 x 91 mm. Types i and 2 (Roman 113 and 78 mm.).
Giorgio Antonio Vespucci, ' Praepositus ' of the Cathedral at Florence, was the uncle and superintended the education of Amerigo Vespucci, who gave his name to America. The preliminary leaves of this book are printed in a small narrow type which Buonaccorsi is not known to have used in i486, and are apparently on a different paper. He may have given them to some one else to print. They are said to occur also in one other copy, but not in that in the John Carter Brown library. It has been suggested that this is the first Latin book printed in red and black at Florence.
203 X 1 3 1 mm. [309
TREVISO ««9
TREVISO
Less than a hundred incunabula are known to have been printed at Treviso, but its position about twenty miles NNW. of Venice caused several printers to stop there to print a few books on their way to or from the greater city. Gerardus Lisa, who worked at Treviso from 1471 to 1476, and twice sub- sequently, contributed about a third of its output. About twenty other books were printed by Michele Manzolo in 1476-80 and one more in 1482. Four were due in 1477 to Hermann Liechtenstein, who worked mainly at Vicenza and Venice, and four to Bernardinus Celerius, eight to Johannes Celerius, and one to Peregrino Pasquale, all of whom worked also at Venice. Four printers who are not heard of elsewhere contributed only a dozen books between them.
GERARDUS LISA
{First printer)
Gerardus Lisa (Gerard van der Leye of Harlebeke) printed some twenty books at Treviso in the years 147 1 to 1476; then tried his fortune at Venice, where he produced one book in November, 1477, and another in the following February. Apparently failing at Venice, he came back to Treviso, where he printed a single book in 1478, and then pushed to the north-east to Cividale (see No. 389), where he completed one book in October and another in November, 1480. In 1484 and 1485 he is found at the neighbouring city of Udine, and then, returning on his track, settled down again at Treviso, and published nine or ten more books in the years 1492 to 1498. Throughout his career he busied himself chiefly with the minor Latin literature of his own day, varied with a few popular books in Italian. Some of his editions have considerable charm.
HERMES TRISMEGISTUS. De potestate dei. [Translated by Mar- silius Ficinus,] 18 December, 1471.
1*. Tu quicuncp es : qui haec legis : siue grama-l|ticus : siue orator : seu philosophus : aut theo-||logus : scito. Mercurius Trismegistus su: que || singular! mea doctria & theologica: aegiptii | prius & barbari : mox Christiani antiqui the||ologi : ingeti stupore attoniti adtnirati sunt. || Quare si me ernes: & leges: hoc tibi erit com||modi: quod paruo aere coparatus summa te || legentem uoluptate : & utilitate afficia. Cu || mea doctrina cuicuncj aut mediocriter eru-||dito : aut doctissimo placeat. Parce oro: si ue-||rum dicere non pudet: nee piget Lege modo || me: & fatebere non metitum : sed si semel le||ges rursum releges: & caeteris consules : ut || me emant & legant. Bene uale. |j| FRAH RHOL. TARVI- SANVS. II GERAR. DE LISA SCRIPTORI: || MEI COPIAM FECIT. || VT IPSE CAETERIS II MAIOREM COPIAM || FACERET. || .TARVISII. || .M.CCCC.LXXL NOVEMB. II 2«. ARGVMENTVM MARSILII FI||CINI FLORENTINI IN LIBRu || MERCVRII TRISMEGISTI AD || COSMVM MEDICEM PATRIAE PATREM.::l| 56". Colophon: FINITVM. || M.CCCC.LXXL DIE XVIIL || .DECEMB. 1|
Octavo, (a-d'" e f *.) 56 leaves. 24 lines. 126 x79 mm. Type a (Roman 105 mm.). Hain 8456. Proctor 6458.
ijo ITALY
203 X 140 mm. The capital on 2^ in yellow over Italian interlaced branch- work, that on 5* (beginning of the text) in yellow on a blue ground, other capitals in red or blue ; the majuscules faintly touched with yellow. A very pretty book. [310
PIUS 11. [Aeneas Sylvius.] Epistula ad Mahumetem.
12 August, 1475.
i» PII SECVNDI PONTIFICIS MAXI-||MI : AD ILLVSTREM MAHVME-|I TEM TVRCORu IMPERATOREM || :: EPISTOLA :: plus episcopus Seruus Puoru'
dei . . . 56\ Colophon :" FINIS :: || : : LAVS : : DEO : : i|| : : M : : cccc : : lxxv : : 11 ::xii::AVGVSTi::|i ::G::f::|| -tarvisii:: ||
Quarto. a"b-d*e*fg^ 56 leaves, numbered .I.-.LVI. 25 lines. 131x83 mm. T3T)e 3* (Gothic 105-106 mm. with Roman caps.). Hain 177. Proctor 6464.
193 X 136 mm. With leather book-label inside the cover ' Ex musseo PauH Girardot de Prefond '. [311
PEROTTUS, NicoLAUs. Rudimenta grammaticae. 1476.
i\ NICOLAI PEROTTI PONT. SYPo-HTINI AD PYRRVM PEROTTu NEJIPOTe: EX FRATRE SVAVISSIMVM 1| ERVDIMeTA GRAMMATICES : 176*. Colophon: :: FINIS :: ||1 ANNO SAL. M.CCCC:LXXVL || TARVISII. |[ FRANCISCVS RHOLANDELLVS || POETA EMENDAVIT: 1| ET GERARDVS DE FLANDRIA || IMPRESSIT: 1| DILIGENTISSIME VTERcp " 176". Hoc huius libri registrum. 177'. PRINCIPIu : QVO VTI POSSVMVS 1| AD SVMMVM PONTI- FICEM :: II . . . End: I79^ cognosces.
Quarto, abioc-n'o-t^^v* [**]. 1 80 leaves, the last blank ?. 27 lines. 138 x8a mm. Type 4 (Roman 100 mm.). Hain 1265a. Proctor 6465.
The three printed leaves which follow the Register contain forms of address, petition, and ending in the case of letters addressed to the Pope, prelates and parents, the inferior clergy, and laymen of higher, equal, and lower rank.
191 X 147 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, majuscules touched with red, an illuminated capital on i*. The leaves of the first quire mounted. Without the last leaf, probably blank. [312
HAEDUS, Petrus. De amoris generibus. 13 October, 1492.
i\ Title : DE || AMORIS ij GENERIBVS. || 7*. PETRI HAEDI SACERDOTIS PORJITVSNAENSIS : AD ALEXANDRVM || EX FRATRE NEPOTEM : IN || ANTEROTICORVM LI||BRVM PRIMVM PROEMIVM :: |1 103^ COLOPHON : ACCVRATISSIME IMPRESSVM || TARVISII PER GERARDVM DE FLAN- DRIA ANNO SALV||TIS. M.CCCC.XCn. DIE. XIIL OC||TOBRIS. SVB MAGNI- FICO II PRAETORE AVGVSTINO || FOSCARINI. 1| :: FINIS :: ||
Quarto. [**a-h* i*k-m* n*.] 104 leaves, the last blank, 7-103 numbered .I.-.XCVII. 35 lines. 137x90 mm. Type 4 (Roman ico mm.). Hain 8343. Proctor 6507.
Leaves i^'-s'' contain a table ; leaf 6 hendecasyllabics by Quintus Aemilianus Cimbriacus ' in Petri Haedi anterotica ad Cupidinem '. , 202 X 151 mm. [313
TREVISO 171
JOHANNES DE HASSIA
JoHANN of Hesse, the third printer at Treviso, is not known to have printed any book except the one here catalogued, of which the only other copy registered is that described by Mile. Pellechet.
THOMAS AQUINAS. De unitate intellectus contra commentatorem Averroim. 21 August, 1476.
I'. Tractatus perutilis t subtilis valtJ de j| vnitate Itellectus editus a doctore sac||to fratre Thoma b Aquino cotra come|ltatorem Aueroim. 13*. COLOPHON : Gratia altissimi del huic tractatulo tt || de vnitate intellectus edito a doctore || sancto fratre Thoma de aq.no finis Ipo||situs est per me loanne de hassia theojltonicum i taruixina ciuitate. 3i\ augu|lsti. 1476.
Folio, [a* b".] 14 leaves, the last blank. 2 columns. 44 lines. i86xiaomm. Type I (Gothic 84 mm.). Pellechet 1087.
The only work from this press.
273 X 188 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, by the same hand as Franz Renner's 1472 editions of the Quaestiones de anima of Aquinas (No. 239) with which it is bound. [314
BERNARDUS DE COLONIA
In addition to the two dated books here catalogued Bernhard of Cologne produced an undated pamphlet on the quarrel between the Pope and the Florentines. Nothing else is known to have come from his press.
MAIUS, JuNiANUS. De priscorum proprietate verborum. I477-
[1*. luniani Maij parthenopei ad inuictissimum || Ferdinadum regem in librum de priscorum || proprietate verboru prologus fceliciter incipit.] 330". COLQPHON: Egregium opus luniani Maij Parthenopei impssu3 Taruisiae || per Bemardu de Colonia fceliciter explicit. Anno. M. cccc. Ixxvij. ||
Folio, a-c^" d-f« g-r^o f « s" t^ v" x» y^" aa" bb-11", 330 leaves. 2 columns. 51 lines. ao7x 136 mm. Type i (Gothic 81 mm.), Hain *xo54o. Proctor 6483.
340x232 mm. Wanting the first leaf. Capital on 2* in blue with red tracery, smaller capitals in blue with red tracery or red with mauve. [315
SENECA, Lucius Annaeus. Opera. 1478.
2\ Incipit Lucij Annei Senecas cordubensis liber de moribus: || In quo notabiliter % eleganter vitae mores enarrat. 2I3». COLOPHON : Liber epistolarum moralissimi Senecae || finit fceliciter, |I| In hoc volumine continentur infrascripti libri Senecae. Primu Liber vnus de mcK||ribus. Liber vnus de formula honestae vitae : vel de quattuor virtutibus cardinalibus. || Liber vnus ad Gallionem de remedijs fortuitorum. Libri decern declamationum. || Libri duo de claementia ad Neronem. Libri septem de beneficijs ad Eburtium Li'||beralem. Libri tres de Ira ad Nouatum. Liber vnus de mundi gubematione diui''||na prouidentia : t quare multa mala bonis viris accidant. Liber vnus de beata vita ad || Gallionem. Liber vnus de
Y 2
^
172 ITALY
consolatione ad Martiam. Liber vnus de consolatione || ad Albinam matrem suam. Liber vnus de tranquillitate vitae ad Serenum. Li'ljber vnus quomodo in sapientem non cadit iniuria. Liber vnus de breuitate vitae ad || Paulinum : cui continuatur liber vnus de conso- latione fratris ad Polybium sine inscri^Hptione t interuallo ex incuria famuli componentis: qui incipit Nostra compares firma || sunt. Prouerbia Senecae. Vltimo eiusdem Epistolae ad Lucillum centumuiginti-'llquinque. ||| Impressum Taruisij per Bernardum de Colonia || Anno domini. M. cccc. Ixxviij.
Folio, a^" b-h* i^" k 1* m^" n-z t aa bb^. 214 leaves. 5^ lines. 314 x 130 mm. Type i (Gothic 81 mm.). Hain *i459i. Proctor 6484.
The mistake of the ' famuli componentis ' by which the Consolations to Paulinus and Polybius were run together took place in the setting up of quire o, the letter to Polybius beginning on 07 recto in the middle of line 26.
233 X 225 mm. [316
BERNARDINUS CELERIUS
Bernardinus Celerius of Lovere worked in a geographical triangle, printing one book at Venice and another at Padua in 1478, producing four at Treviso in the months of February, May, and July, 1480, and returning to Venice in time to publish another book there in December of the same year. After this typographical tour he continued at work at Venice till i486. While at Treviso in 1480 he printed, besides the Dionysius Halicarnasseus here described, the Rudimenta of Perottus and two editions of an Italian version of the martyrdom of the child Simon, which was laid at the door of the Jews.
DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSEUS. Antiquitates romanae.
I March, 1480.
a». CLEMENTISSIMO: AC SANCTISSIMO PAVLO H SECVNDO D. DOMINO NOSTRO PAPAE. 4». DIONYSII HALICARNASEI ORIGINVM SIVE AN|| TIQVITATVM ROMAN ARVM. LIBER PRIMVS. H 300* Colophon: LAPPVS BIRAGVS FLOR. ||| IMPRESSVM TARVISII PER BERNARDINVM || CELE- RIVM DE LVERE. ANNO CHR. NATL i| .M. CCCC. LXXX. BISSEXTO KL. MARTI AS 11 JOANNE MOCENIGO VENETOHRVM DVCE INCLYTO.
Folio, [a^" b-g* h i* k-z A-0* P*.] 300 leaves, the first blank. 37 lines, with mar- ginalia. ao7 X 135 (146) mm. Type i (Roman 119 mm.). Hain *6239. Proctor 6490.
M. Polain (Pell. 4300) describes four different variations of the last page of this edition, this being the only one which reads LAPPVS instead of LAMP VS. Like his predecessors, he dates the book 25 February, 1480, as if the 'bissexto' of the colophon, which refers to 1480 being a leap year, were intended for 'sexto ', i.e. 6 Kal. Mar,
270 x200 mm. Michael WodhuU's copy, with his note, dated 20 March, 1778, of purchase at Baker's auction rooms (' R. Hoblyn, Esq.'), with another book, for ^s., and payment of an additional shilling for mending. Wodhull seems to have been pleased with his bargain, as he notes ' Editio princeps. Liber rarissimus '. [317
BOLOGNA 173
BOLOGNA
Although forty or more master-printers are known to have worked in the city during the 15th century printing at Bologna did not flourish very greatly. Baldassare Azzoguidi, who produced the first book there in 1471, remained at work for ten or eleven years, and during this time placed more than thirty incunabula to his credit. The next three printers issued only a single book apiece. The fifth, Ugo Rugerius, though as many as seventy incunabula are attributed to him, broke off work between 1476 and 1480, and at a later date left Bologna for a time for Pisa and went ultimately to Reggio. The situation of the town on the high road from Siena and Florence to Ferrara and Venice, and with Modena and Parma to the north-east, made it a halting-place for travelling printers who contributed little to its output. In 1487 Franciscus de Benedictis started on a continuous career of a dozen years, during which he produced fifty or sixty books. About as many may be assigned to Benedictus Hectoris, who for some time was associated with him, but who was mainly a publisher. No other Bolognese firm seems to have produced a dozen books, and the city's total output of incunabula cannot greatly have exceeded three hundred.
BALDASSARE AZZOGUIDI
{First printer)
According to his latest biographer, Signor SorbelH, Baldassare Azzoguidi was born between 1430 and 1440, and was a man of considerable substance, a landed proprietor and holder of church patronage, and tribuno della plebe in 1468. His career as a printer covered little more than ten years, 1 471 -81, during which he may have produced as many as thirty-nine books, though several of these are doubtful. He printed two editions of Ovid and a Diodorus Siculus, Boccaccio's Decamerone, the Rationale of Duranti, and some popular Italian books, besides several editions of the Confessionalia of Antoninus — a rather unusually varied output.
ANTONINUS. Confessionale, (Medicina dell' anima.) 1472.
2*. lesus. Maria. Dominicus. |1| PROEMIO ||| [Ijncomenza uno tractate uulgare o sia cofessioale || coposito per lo Reuerendissio padre beato frate |1 Antonino de lordine de frati predicatori arziuescho||uo de fiorenza. elquale se intitula medecina de lania || et e diuiso in cinque parte principale . . . 8o^ CoLOPHON: BONONIE IMPRESSVM ANNO. .M. CCCC. II LXXII. 8i«. LO TRACTATO DE LE EXCOHMVNICATIONE. 93*. Tauola utile et breue . . . 96*. End : ... a. c. 81.
Quarto, a-d* e' ; f-i* y ; 1 m'. 96 leaves. 34 lines. 169 x 87 mm. Type 2 (Roman 99 mm.). Sorbelli 10.
At the end of quires a-c, f-i, and 1 is a catchword, printed perpendicularly, giving the beginning of the next quire. One of the two editions of the Medicina dell' anima dated 1472 in the same type, Hain 1229, P. 6515, being the other. Of the other Confessionale of Antoninus, the Specchio di Coscienza,
174 ^ ITALY
there are three similar editions, all dated 1472. In the Catalogue of the Morgan Collection (note to No, 448) Mr. Proctor hazarded the suggestion that as Rugerius was also printing at Bologna in 1472, with this same type, and none of these editions has a printer's name, the duplicate editions represent rival issues, one by Azzoguidi and the other by Rugerius. But there is no evidence that Rugerius was at work as early as 1472.
232 X 162 mm. The last page of the Table has paragraph-marks sup- plied in blue or red. Bound with the undated Omnis mortalium cura (No. 319). [318
ANTONINUS. Confessionale. (Omnis mortalium cura.) [c. 1473.]
2*. [0]mnis mortalium cura q. multiplicium studio^ || labor exercet : diuerso quidem calle procedit . . . 87*. Rubrice principale de questa opera del beato Antonino. 88». End : DEO GRATIAS || AMEN.
Quarto, [a^'^ b-P.] 90 leaves, i, 89, and 90 blank. 32 lines. 159 x94 mm. Type 2 (Roman 99 mm.). Sorbelli 19.
At the end of the first three quires are catchwords, printed perpendicularly, giving the opening words of the next quire. Mr. Proctor wrote of this book in the Morgan Catalogue (No. 449) : ' This is in the same type as the editions of 1472, but may be a little later; it can hardly be earlier, as one of those dated 1472 is in Azzoguidi's first type, but it must be earlier than the edition of 1475. It is described by Copinger, ii. 510, from another copy than this '.
232 X 162 mm. Capital on 2* in blue, with paragraph-marks supplied in red on 4-1 1*. With this is bound No. 318. Michael WodhuU's copy, with his arms on the side and note (dated 4 February, 1 790) of purchase at the Pinelli auction for 195'. and binding at a cost of los. [319
JOANNES CHRYSOSTOMUS. Sermones vigintiquinque.
12 May, 1475.
^^ Registrum. a». [RJEputanti mihi Reueredissime. P. qto stujldio: quo ue animi ardoe : perbeati illi & || prisci uiri : cuj doctrina : & optimis uite {| actoib' : tu scribedi solertia : p sua quiscj uirili : i||cubuerlt : ut qoptime. de Christiana hac nostra rel|publica : mereri possent. no pa^jL nostre hui^ sancl|tissime fidei sectatorib^ : utilitatis : attulisse uisus || e Chrisostomus ... 2^ par. 2 : M. CCCC. LXXV. Die || duodecimo Maii : Ex offiljcina Baldaseris azzoguidi || ciuis Bononiensis. 109". 1. 16. End : Explicit Epistola Chrysostomi.
Quarto. [a-l'm*no^] no leaves, the last blank. 27 lines. 132 x79 mm. Type a (Roman 99 mm.). Hain *504$- Proctor 6519. Sorbelli 30.
177x133 i"n^« On a fly-leaf at the end is written * Iste liber est mei Fracisci Ricij '. [320
FRANCISCUS DE BENEDICTIS
Franciscus de Benedictis, who seems to have changed his personal name to that of Plato, issued his first book, a Propertius, in 1487, and during the next eleven years produced some fifty or sixty incunabula mostly of a scholastic nature, which suggests that he had obtained a good connection with the University. Several of his earlier books were printed for Benedictus Hectoris.
BOLOGNA 175
BOCCACCIO, Giovanni. Urbano. [About 1490.]
i\ Title: OPERA IVCVNDISSIMA NOVAMENTE || RETROVATA DEL FACVNDISSIMO || ET ELEGANTISSIMO POETA ME1|SER lOANNE BOC- CHACIO. 34*. 1. 27. End : , . . finirono a lultima uecchiezza gli anni loro || con amore diletto pace e traquillita. FINIS.
Quarto. A-G* H*. 34 leaves. a8 lines. 157 x91mm. Type i (Roman 113 mm.). Ham33i2. Proctor 6611.
The only 15th-century edition of this novel by Boccaccio. The copy described by Hain lacked the title-page. As Plato de Benedictis used this type throughout his career at Bologna the book may have been printed in any year between 1487 and 1495.
203 X 142 mm. With the book-plate of Edward Cheney, for many years a resident in Florence and intimate friend of Robert Browning. Bound by Bedford. [321
BENEDICTUS HECTORIS
Benedictus Hectoris, the son of Hector Faelli, bore the expense of several books printed by Franciscus de Benedictis in the years 1487 to 1493, and even later than this, despite his use of the phrase ' impressum per ', was probably rather a publisher than a printer. From 1498, however, he certainly owned a press and continued using it for some time in the 1 6th century.
BOLOGNA. Statuti dei Mercatanti. 151 1.
i». [Three woodcut shields.] STATVTI DE LA HONORANDA VNIVERSI- TATE DE II li Mercatanti De la Citade De Bologna: Compilati De lanno. MDIX. 113'. Colophon: Impressum Bononie per Benedictum Hectoris Bibliopolam || Bono- niensem Anno Dni. MDXI. XX. Decembris. 1| Registro . . . [Device.] II3^ TABVLA DE LI PRESENTI STATVTI. 114*. End: Fine de la Tabula de li present! Statuti.
Folio, a-t". 114 leaves, a-114 so numbered. 41 lines and head-line. 230 (237) x 138 mm. Type: Roman 112 mm.
328 X 240 mm. On vellum, rubricated in red and blue with an illuminated border on the first page, with arms of a bull rampant, a small star over his head, in the foot-piece, and numerous small illuminated capitals. At the end are two quires (sixes) of vellum, on which have been written ' Addition] nouamente facte all Statuti de la || Vniuersita di Mercatanti banchierj et arti#||fici de la cita de Bologna", the date of the last entry being 27 June, 1522. Original Italian stamped leather binding, with bosses and remains of four clasps. [322
NAPLES
Printing was practised at Naples by Sixtus Riessinger of Strassburg in 1471 or possibly earlier. About a score of printers worked there during the 15th century, several of whom received commissions from Francesco Tuppo, a jurisconsult, who promoted the publication not only of lawbooks but of illustrated editions of Boccaccio's Philocolo and the Life and Fables of Aesop.
176 ITALY
After Riessinger the most important Neapolitan printers were Arnold of Brussels and Matthias Moravus, and later on a number of Hebrew books were printed. The registered incunabula ascribed to Naples may not exceed two hundred, but many of them are of exceptional interest, and it is not improbable that the number may be increased by new discoveries.
SIXTUS RIESSINGER
{First printer)
SiXTUS Riessinger of Strassburg may have printed the jubilee bull of Paul I soon after its issue in April, 1470, but his first books belong to the next year. Among his fifty or sixty incunabula are a large number of legal works, due to his association with Francesco Tuppo, a jurisconsult. He also published, however, the Divina Commedia and Boccaccio's Philocolo. In the colophon to one of his books (see No. 325) he speaks rather bitterly and excitedly of his enemies, but no details are known as to these feuds.
AURELIUS VICTOR, Sextus. De viris illustribus : Sextus Rufus De historia Romana. [About 1470.]
[a*. (P)ROCA : REX : ALBAN0|1RVM . . .] 29». [B]REVEM : FIERI : Clae- mentia 1| tua libellum praecepit . . . 40". COLOPHON : Sexti Ruffi : Viri Cousularis Valentiano |1 Augusto de historia: Ro : Libellus finit: 1| SIXTVS. RVESINGER.
Octavo, [a^^b-d^".] 4a leaves, i, 28, 41, 42 blank. ^2> lines. 13a x 74 mm. Type 1 (semi-Gothic 78 mm.). Hain 2135 ?. Proctor 6673.
Printed in Riessinger's earliest type, which greatly resembles the first used by Ulrich Han, and with irregular line-endings, which suggest very early work.
195 x128 mm. Rubricated. Leaves 29-40 only, containing the De Historia Romana of Sextus Rufus. [323
ANTONIUS [Beccadelli] PANORMITANUS. Epistulae familiares.
[c. 1472.]
2». ANTONIVS PANHORMITAE IN LipRVM FAMILIARIVM PRO- LOGVS II AD FRANCISCVM ARCELIVM S0R01|RIVM SVVM. || 8a^ End: C Antonine decus nostrum letare resurgam.
Folio. ' [** a b* c-f^-* g-k'-^".] 8a leaves, the first blank. 33 lines. i6a x 96 mm. Type a (Roman 95-96 mm.). Proctor 6675.
The leaf containing the Prologue was apparently printed after the rest of the book, and is the only one which has a printed guide letter for the information of the rubricator.
265 X 185 mm. Capitals and a few paragraph-marks supplied in red. Michael WodhuU's copy (bound with No. 222, the Consolatio of Philelphus, Rome, 1475), bought at the PInelli Sale, with a letter from Lord Spencer dated 23 April, 1807, asking WodhuU to show him his copy: 'My Reason for troubling you on this occasion is that I have some time ago obtained a copy
NAPLES 177
of this rare edition, but from an accident having happened to it which made it necessary to take it to Pieces before it reached me, I am at a loss how to put it together again without collating it with another copy '. [324
ANTONIUS DE ALEXANDRO. Reportata super secundo codicis Justiniani. 21 February, 1474.
2». REPORTATA CLARISSIMI || VTRIVSQVE IVRIS IN||TERPRETIS DOMINI ANllTONII DE ALEXANDRO || SVPER .II. C. IN FLOREN||TI STVDIO PARTENOPE||0 SVB AVREO SECVLO ET || AVGVSTA PACE FERDIIINANDI SICILIE IERVSA1|LEM ET VNGARIE REGIS 1| INVICTISSIMI ANNO. II .M. CCCC. LXXIII. 2I7^ Colophon : Sixtus Riessinger ||| C Finis huius utilissime lecture ordi||narie Codic. IVSTINIANI AL||MANI In florenti studio Neapoli- taj|no impresse per exptissimuj ac claruj || Sixtum Riessinger Almanum qui inper sua aduersa floret uiret atcp claret || Nee perfidos maliuolos ac uersutos ex||istimat majora pficiet ad gloriaj eter||ni Dei Et felicitatem Ferdinandi Rel|[2i8*]gis patrie Et licet non miniis appareat 1| omata Attamen claret decisionibus et || singularibus iurium ciuilis et poli ut II lector studendo doctissimus perfici po[|terit mendiscj caret naj summis uigi|iHis et laboribus fideliter correcta est || per C Franciscum Tuppi Partenope||seni tanti clarissimi utriuscg inris In||terpretis Antonii de alexandro leguj || perule inter trecentos studentes niini||mus Qui una cu fido sodali Sixto hac || preclaraj et lucidam lectura d pprlis || sumptibus sumpserut. C Finieruntcj || xxi. Die Mensis Februarii Anni || M.CCCC.LXXIIII. Feliciter. || A M E N. ||| [Register] . . . End: ordinariuj.
Folio, (a" b-n'" o* p q" r* s-u y^" z'.) 218 leaves, the first blank, a columns. 56 lines. 273 X 165 mm. Types a, 3 (Roman 97, Gothic 160 mm.). Hain 811*.
A very fine book with a colophon interesting for its references to the printer's enemies, for its apologies for the lack of printed rubrication, and for the reference to Tuppo having studied under the commentator.
439 X 298 mm. Rubricated, with capitals in red and blue. On 2* is the inscription ' Collegii S. Petri junioris Argentinae '. Half deerskin over boards, with title written on the wood ' Reportata dni Antonij de alexandro d' neapoli sup 2* Co.' [325
MATTHIAS MORAVUS
After printing a single book in Genoa in June, 1474 (see No. 366), Matthias Moravus of Olmiitz came further south, and worked at Naples from 1475 to 1491, producing some thirty-five books, among which were several classical texts, a Latin Bible, some missals and breviaries, and some very small Horae.
MAIUS, JuNiANus. De proprietate verborum. 1475.
I^ IVNIANI MAII PARTHENOPEII. AD INVICTISSIMVM FER||DI- NANDVM REGEM IN LIBRVM DE PRISCORVM PROPRI||ETATE VER- BORVM PROLOGVS FELICITER INCIPIT. 367*. lunianus Maius. Magistro Henrico. Archiepo Ache|]rontino Regiocp confessori plurimum uerendo. 367''. COLOPHON : luniani Maii parthenopei ad || inuictissimu Rege ferdinadu. || Liber de priscoru proprietate uerborum finit. ||| Editum opus sub foelicissimo ferdinando rege inclitae neapolis || Im- pressere Mathias morauus Impressor solertissimus : & uenera||bilis Monachus Blasius theologus uir integerrimus. Opus edijldit lunianus Maius parthenopeus. Cu annua
Z
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178 ITALY
saecularis celebra||retur : orbis fere terrarum hominum insolentla prater italiam || hello turbulentissimus esset. M. cccc, Lxxv.
Folio. a-di« e8 ; f » g-k^" 1 mi* ; n-q" r'^ ; s-z t" ^^^ ; aa-dd" ee* ff« ; gg hh II-MMi<>. 368 leaves, the last blank, a columns. 46 lines. 261 x 165 mm. Type a (Roman 110- 112 mm.). Hain *io539. Proctor 1^695.
349 x252 mm. [326
PONTANUS, Johannes Jovianus. De Fortitudine. 15 September, 1490.
I^ Emptor si quid habet uiti hie libellus || Pontani modo promptus e Minerua || Moraui ... a». lOANNES lOVIANI PONTANI DE 1| FORTITVDINE AD ALFONSVM II DVCEM CALABRIAE LIBER PRIJlMVS. INCIPIT QVI EST DE FORTI||TVDINE BELLICA ET HEROICA. || 78^ Colophon : lOANNIS lOVIANI PONTANI DE II FORTITVDINE OPVS FINIT FELI1|CITER; IMPRESSVM NEAPOLI PER MATHIAM MORAWM / ATQVE || EMENDATVM ACCVRA- TISSI||ME ANNO SALVTIS DOMI||NICAE M. CCCC. LXXXX. |1 XV. SEPTEM- BRIS REG||NANTE FERDINANUDO REGE INHCLYTO. || 79'. lOANNIS lOVIANI PONTANI || AD ALFONSVM CALABRIAE 1| DVCEM DE PRINCIPE LIBER II FELICITER INCIPIT.
Quarto, a-1' m". 100 leaves, 79 and 80 blank. 35 lines. 133 x86 mm. Type i a (Roman 103 mm.). Hain *i3a56. Proctor 6708.
A very handsomely printed book. Four misprints are acknowledged on i'' under the heading ' Huius libri mendae hae sunt ', and the boast is then made * Reliqua accuratissime impressa leges '.
188 x133 mm. From the collections of Count Joseph de Lagonde and J. Gomez de la Cortina ' et amicorum '. [327
AYOLFO DE CANTONO
Ayolfo de Cantono of Milan printed an edition of the Institutiones Grammaticales of Sinulphus in November, 1491, two books in 1492, one of which has a Hebrew border, and in 1496 the Orbis breuiarium of Zacharias Lilius here described.
LILIUS, Zacharias. Orbis breuiarium. 9 November, 1496.
i». ZACHARIE LILII VICENTINI CApONICI REGVLARIS AD PRESTA||NTISSIMVM DEI PRECONEM MA1|THEVM BOSSVM VERO- NENSEM II CANON. REGV. DE SITV ORBIS || PROOEMIVM FOELICITER Incipit. 3^ Zachariae Lilii Vincentini || Canonici regularis Or||bis Breuiarium fide || com- pendio ordi||neq. captu ac || memoratu facillimum || foelix et gratus 1| legijjto. IIa^ COLO- PHON : Zachariae lilii Vicentini Ca||nonici regularis : de Situ orl|bis liber explicit, que exactis||sima ipressit diligentia AyolUphus Cantonus Mediolanejjsis. Neapoli Anno Salutis. II M. cccc. Ixxxxvi. v. idus No||uember. [Device.]
Quarto. [** ;] a-m* n o*. iia leaves. a8 lines, with marginalia. 151 X 94 (104) mm. Type I (Roman 103-104 mm.). Hain *ioioa. Proctor 6744.
This edition is a close imitation of that printed by Miscomini at Florence, 5 June, 1493 (No. 308). The border on 3^ has a head in a cartouche in the foot- piece and figures at each corner, that in the lower corner to the spectators left being a charming little picture of a lecturer. The colophon is moved to follow the list of ' Vrbes celebriores quae in hoc libro continetur '.
204 X 141 mm. [328
SAVIGLIANO 179
SAVIGLIANO
HANS GLIM AND CHRISTOPHORUS
BEYAMUS
{Only printers)
Five incunabula were printed about 1471 at Savigliano, a small town on the Macra, to the south of Turin, According to the more probable view the first of these was the Manipulus Curatorum catalogued below, printed by Hans Glim, a German, in partnership with Cristoforo Beggiamo (Beyamus), of a noble family of Savigliano. The partnership was then dissolved, and Beggiamo printed one book by himself, and Glim three. Proctor's arrangement, which makes Beggiamo start the firm, which Glim then joins and finally controls, is less likely than this, since the native would be likely to need the help of the practised foreign printer to make his start.
GUIDO DE MONTE ROCHERII. Manipulus curatorum. [1471?]
2». [DIIXIT APOSTOLVS. Ad ephe vi. Induite |1 uos armatura dei . . . 15'. MANI- PVLI. CVRATORVM. LIBER VTI||LISSIMVS. FELICITER. INCIPIT. \if. Colophon: DEO. GRACIAS. Ill
Hoc beyamus opus pressit Christoforus altum
Immensis titulis estat origo sua. Cui Glim cosocius clara fuit arte Johannes Germanam gentem : non negat esse suam. Folio. [** *♦• ; a-d" e* f-k" P m^" n*.] 138 leaves, the first and last blank. 34 lines. 195 X III mm. Type i» (Roman, with Gothic d b and t, 114 mm.). Hain 8170.
According to Fumagalli the first book printed at Savigliano ; according to Proctor, the second. The preliminary leaves 2-12 are occupied by an Opusculum de quattuor partibus Missae of Cardinal Hugues de Saint-Cher, the 13th and 14th with a table of chapter-headings, which here has been scored across, probably because the headings being printed in their places the rubricator had no need for it A few spaces for capitals have printed guide letters.
276 X 199 mm. The capital on 15* supplied in red and blue, others in red only. On 137'' is the name ' Christophorus Guliermus Castagnolian' '. [329
PADUA
Printing was introduced into Padua by Bartholomaeus de Valdezoccho, a native of the town, and Martinus de Septem Arboribus (Siebeneichen ?), a Prussian. Their first book was Boccaccio's Fiammetta, completed 21 March, 1472, and they subsequently printed Petrarch's Canzoniere and the ' Guerino il Meschino', but after these early ventures work at Padua was almost entirely scholastic, intended doubtless for the use of the students at the University. Of
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i8o ITALY
the dozen other printers who worked in the town the most prolific was Matthaeus Cerdonis of Windischgratz, who printed about fifty books (1482-87), upwards of a third of the total output of Paduan incunabula.
BART. DE VALDEZOCCHO AND MART. DE SEPTEM ARBORIBUS
{First printers)
In the partnership of Valdezoccho and De Septem Arboribus we have one of the frequent associations between a native of a town and a foreign printer, who doubtless needed pecuniary support In this case, moreover, as in several others, the association was short-lived, the Prussian retiring In April, 1473, when eight or nine books had been printed. After this Valdezoccho worked by himself for about three more years, completing another eight or nine books.
ZOCCHIS, Jacobus de. Repetitio c. Omnis utriusque sexus . . .
28 July, 1472.
i». [0]MNIS VTRIVSQVE FAMO-||SVM ALTVM DEVOTVM ET 1| spirituale est & ideo deuote & spiritualiter || legedum est . . . 127*. COLOPHON : Explicit famosum utile atcp altum. c. Omnis utriuscj sexus de || peni. & remis. disputatum ac repetitu per famosum ac exellete || iuris utriusqp doctorem dominum lacobu de zochis de ferraria || in gignasio patauino ordinariam sedem benemerito occupante ||| BAR. DE Valdezochio Patauus. F. F. || Martinus de septem arboribus. Prutenus. || M. CCCC. LXXII die xxviii. lullii. F.
Folio. (a-d"e-p«.) ia8 leaves, the last blank. 35 lines. 197x120 mm. Type » (Roman iia mm.). Hain *i6288. Proctor 6758.
The date of the day of the month has been misread by Hain (whom Proctor presumably followed) as the 23rd. The author. Jacobus de Zocchis, was a canonist of Ferrara, who died in 1457.
299 X 201 mm. With early manuscript signatures, otherwise untouched.
[330
OMNIBONUS LEONICENUS. De octo partibus orationis.
14 January, 1474.
i» AD ILLVSTREM MAGNANI-HMVMQVE PRINCIPEM DO-HMINVM FEDERICVM DE GON||ZAGA MARCHIONEM OMNI||BONVS 1| LEONICENVS DE VINIICENTIA. S. D. loo^ Colophon : FINIS. || M. CCCC. LXXIIII. DIE. XIIII. II MENSIS lANVARII. 1| PATAVII.
Quarto, a-k^". 100 leaves. 24 lines. 135 x80 mm. Type 2 (Roman 112 mm.). Hain 10024. Proctor 676a.
The signatures in this book are from 35 to 45 mm. below the text. Ognibene of Lonigo was a professor of rhetoric at Vicenza and died there in
1493-
208 X 140 mm. A capital in gold on a green ground with border-piece behind on i* others in blue with red tracery or in red only. The majuscules mostly touched with yellow. [331
PADUA i8i
HIEROCLES. In aureos versus Pythagorae. 17 April, 1474.
i» AD NICOLAVM PONTIFICEM || .V. AVRISPAE IN HIEROCLEM 1| PRAEFATIO. 2". HIEROCLIS PHILOSOPHI STO||ICI ET SANCTISSIMI IN 1| AVREOS VERSVS PY|lTHAGORAE OPV||SCVLVM PRAE11STANTISSI||MVM ET II RELI||GIO||NI || CHRISTIANAE CONSENTA-jjNEVM INCIPIT. 91*. FINIS. Ill LAVS DEO. ||| AMEN ||| DVCE VIRTVTE ET COMI||TE FORTVNA. 9l^ Colophon: HIEROCLIS PHILOSOPHI STO||ICI ET SANCTISSIMI IN || AVREOS VERSVS PY||THAGORAE OPV||SCVLVM PRAE||STANTISSI||MVM ET II RELI||GIO||NI || CHRISTIANAE CONSENTA-||NEVM HIC FOELICITER 1| COMPLETVM EST AC || IMPRESSVM. ANNO || CHRISTI. M. CCCC. LXXIIII. PATAIjVII. XV. KAI|LENDAS |1 MA||IA||S || BARTHOLOMAEVS DE VAL1|DE- ZOCCHO. F. F. II TELOS.
Quarto. a-k*lm*. 92 leaves, the last blank. 34 lines. 135 x75 mm. Type 2 (Roman 112 mm.). Hain *8545. Proctor 6763.
The signatures are placed some 33 mm. below the text. The title on 2^ and colophon on 91^ are arranged so as to form large triangles of ten and eleven lines, and with a small one in each case at the base. Hierocles was a Neo- Platonist at Alexandria in the 5th century.
195 X 145 mm. Leaf 8 has been misbound before leaf 2. [332
LAURENTIUS CANOZIUS
Laurentius Canozius of Lendenaria, who gave up painting and marqueterie work to become the second printer at Padua, printed some fifteen books there, the first six, all of them fine editions of works by Aristotle (November, 1472- June, 1474), 'impensis nobilis Vincentini Johannis Philippi Aureliani et fratrum'. His later books, printed in 1475 to 1477 (in March of which latter year he died), were also mainly Aristotelian, but included some medical and legal works.
ANDREAE, Antonius. Quaestiones de tribus principiis rerum natura- lium, necnon et tractatus S. Thomae Aquinatis de ente et essentia. 1475.
[i'. Questioes famosissimi do||ctoris Antonii Andree de || tribj prlcipiis reru naliuj.l 66\ Colophon : ExpHciut qoes sup trib^ pncipiis reru || naturaliu t formalitates Antoii adree || necno » sci Thoe tractat' de ete t ee» || ab excelletissio sac' theo* pfesso* Thoa || pinchet aglico ex heremitanoru ordie || igeti dilige* emed*. t p magi™ Laure" || de ledearia Padue ipsse. m° cccc" Ixxv.
Folio, [a" b-e* f-i^.] 66 leaves, a columns. 43 lines. 196 x130 mm. Types i and 2 (Gothic 91 and no mm.), Hain 990. Proctor 6769.
273 X 188 mm. A fragment consisting of the last six leaves only, containing the De Ente et essentia of Aquinas. Illuminated capital on 61* smaller capitals in red or blue. Bound with Renner's 1472 edition of the Quaestiones de Anima (No. 239). [333
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i83 ITALY
ALBERTUS DE STENDHAL
From his use of the same type Albrecht of Stendhal in Saxony apparently had some connection with Conrad of Paderborn (Conrad of Westphalia), who before going to Louvain worked at Padua in 1473 and 1474. Albertus himself printed over a dozen books, all scholastic in character, of which the earliest is dated October, 1473, and the latest January, 1476.
PHALARIS. Epistulae. [About 1474.]
I". FRANCISCI ARHETINI IN PHAIILARIDIS TYRANNI AGRIGENTIIINI EPISTOLAS PROEMIVM. 49^ 1. 23. End: FINIS. ||
Qui modo notus erat nuUi : penituscj latebat. Nunc Phalaris doctum protulit ecce caput. Quarto, a-e* f^". 50 leaves, the last blank. 25 lines. 135 X 84 mm. Type 3 (Roman- ics mm.). Haiti *i 3877. Proctor 16790.
207 X 143 mm. With a coat of arms and a capital, in gold on red and green, on i* ; smaller capitals in red or blue. With manuscript notes and at the end of the book a transcript on 18 leaves headed: LAVDIVII equitis hierosolomitani Ad franceschuj Beltrandum in epistolas magni Turci prefatio.
[334
PIERRE MAUFER
Pierre Maufer, of Rouen, printed over a dozen scholastic works, medical, legal, philosophical, &c., at Padua, in the years 1474-79, is found at the end of the last-named year at Verona, where he printed one book, then for six or seven years at Venice, where he formed several partnerships, during 1491-92 at Modena, and finally in August, 1494, at Cremona.
JUSTINIANUS. Digestum nouum. 1479.
2». col. 2 (red) : Domini lustiniani sacratissimi |! pricipis perpetui semper auguljsti iuris enucleati ex omni uete|lri iure coUecti digestoru seu pa||dectarum incipit liber .xxxix. i| De opis noui nutiatione. Ru : 355^. COLOPHON : Opus digesti noui preclarissimu solerti cura emendatu : generosi ac 1| insignis iuris ciuilis doctoris domini Zacharie de zacharotis patauini |j impensa: nee no magistri petri maufer gallici diuina arte impssu felici||ter explicit. M. cccc. Ixxviiij. 356*. Registrum digesti noui . . . End : In pari.
Folio, a b" c d« e^" f » g^" h i'« k !» m^" n-p* q« r s* t u'" x' y z^ i ? jj, A-E« F« G* H" P K-N" O* P Q*. 356 leaves, the first blank. 2 columns. 77 lines of commentary sur- rounding text. 337 x232 mm. Types 4 and 5 (Gothic 113, 87 mm.). Hain *9583. Proctor 6797.
In some copies the colophon reads : 'impssQ padue || fellciter'.
419 x 285 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. A duplicate from the Royal Library at Munich with a label ' Bib. SS. Andreae & Magni Sub (Riiio Kiliano) Prseposito Stadt am Hof, (1500)'. Half pigskin over an old binding of vellum. [335
JESI 183
JESI
FEDERICUS DE COMITIBUS
{First printer)
At Jesi, eighteen miles inland from Ancona, Federicus de Comitibus (Federigo de' Conti) of Verona completed an edition of Dante's Divina Corn- media, 18 July, 1472, and during the next three years printed three Latin books, also an undated one in Italian on the pardons to be obtained in the Holy Land. Signor Fumagalli records also the existence before i486 of a press owned by Antonio Lignacci, alias Manetti, a printer not known to Proctor or Burger.
NICOLAUS DE AUSMO. La quadriga spirituale. 27 October, 1475.
i». [D]ICE LAPOSTOLO QVE||LLO EL QVALE NON SA || Cioe lecose necessarie allasalute |i no e saputo da dio . . . 175*. COLOPHON : EXPLICIT OPVS NVMCVPATVM \\ Spualis Quadriga copositu p uenerabile prej fre3 || Nicolau de auximo ordis mino^r de osseruantia i || prexu per magistrum Phedericum de comitibus |1 de Verona 1 ciuitate Esii Anno ab incarnatoe dfli || nri lesu Christi M. CCCClxxv". sext". kl's. nouebris. ||
Quarto, (a-d^" e^'^ P""' g-r'" s'.) 177 leaves. 27 lines. 150x89 mm. Type i (Roman 109-110 mm.). Hain 2175. Proctor 6837.
Nicolo of Osimo in Ancona was a Franciscan who died in 1454.
21 1 X 143 mm. Old half red leather over boards. [336
PARMA
The first book printed at Parma was the Plutarchus De liberis educandis, completed 23 September, 1472, described below. Its printer, Andreas de Portilia of Turin, worked mainly at Parma until 1482. His chief competitor was Stephanus Corallus, while towards the end of the century Angelus Ugoletus showed some activity. But no Parmese printer in the 1 5th century is known to have printed as many as twenty books, and the town's total output of extant incunabula falls far short of a hundred. The books printed were almost exclusively Latin classics.
ANDREAS DE PORTILIA
{JFirst printer)
Two months after completing the De liberis educandis at Parma in September, 1472, Andreas de Portilia issued a book at Bologna, and either on 10 January, 1480, or more probably 13 January, 1484, he dated a book at Reggio. But from 1472 to 1482 he worked more or less continuously at Parma, and printed there some fifteen books.
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i84 ITALY
PLUTARCH US, De liberis educandis. 23 September, 1472.
i». GVARINI VERONENSIS || IN PLVTARCVM DE LIBERIS EDu||CANDIS PRAEFACIO. io». 1. 6 : . . . Sed de his alias. Plutarcu ipsu |] audiamus. || PLVTARCHI TRACTATVS. 2a». 1. a : FINIS ||| Hieronymi Presbyteri de officiis |! libero?^ erga parentes. a4^ GVARINI || VERONENSIS IN || PLVTARCVM DE LIBEi|RIS EDVCANDIS II TRADVCTIO EST ||| DE OFFI||CIIS ITEM LI||BERORVM ERGA PA||RENTES Ex || HIERONy||MO. 35». LEONARDI ARE||TINI E MAGNO BASILIO jl TRADVCtIO AD Ij Colucium. 39'. Colophon: .FINIS. ||| Eia quibus restat pueri spes unica patrum Discite: na facilis nuc uia monstrat iter. Hoc na Ipressit opus uobis Portilia Parmae Andreas: multus cui datur artis honos. ||| None Calendas Octobres. M. cccc. Ixxii.
Quarto, [a-e^] 40 leaves, the last blank. 26 lines. 143 X 83 mm. Type i (Roman 109 mm.). Hain 13147. Proctor f68^8.
The first book printed at Parma.
213 X 143 mm. A coat of arms (defaced) with floral tracery and capital in gold on red and green ground on i*. Other capitals in blue or red. The Sunderland and Crawford of Lakelands copy. [337
SOLINUS, Julius. Polyhistor. 20 December, 1480.
2\ CAI lulii Solini reru memorabilium || collectaneae. SoHn' Auetino Salute. io2\ Colophon : FINIS. ||1 Impressum parmae per Andream Portiliam || ano Dni .M. cccclxxx. xiii. Kalen. lanuariis.
Quarto. a*b-m*n". 103 leaves, the first blank. 27 lines. 133 x80 mm. Type 4 (Roman 96-97 mm.). Hain 14878. Proctor 6850.
195 X 140 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. [338
PLINIUS SECUNDUS, Caius. Historia naturalis. 8 July, 1481.
2». CAIVS PLYNIVS MARCO SVO SALVTEM. 3". CAII PLYNII SECVNDI NATVRALIS HYSTORIAE LIBER PRIMVS. || 264". Colophon : Caii Plynii Secundi Naturalis hystoriae Liber tricesimus septimus & ultimus Finit. || Parmae impressus opera & impesa Andreae Portiliae Anno Natiuitatis Domini. M. || CCCC. LXXXI. Octauo idus iulii. Regnate Illustrissimo principe loanne Galeazo || Maria Duce Mediolani. |]| Andreas prodesse uoles portilia multis
Gratum opus impressit plynion aere suo. Temporibus priscis hunc bibliotheca tenebat Principis : & magni diuitis : atcj ducum. ^ Nunc emit omnis eum ciuis : quem gloria tangit :
Hue emit argeto pauper: & ore legit. Factis aere notis debet cum diuite pauper : His debet : quisquis discere multa cupit Arte tua gaudere potes portillia multum : Quae facit ut uiuant omnia scripta : Vale. a65». CORRECTIONES. 267'. C. PLYNII SECVNDI REGISTRVM. End: corcctioncs*
Folio. a« b8 c-e» P g h* i K P m-y' z^ &* ; A-F^ G« ; aa-dd« ee». 268 leaves, the first and last blank, 59 lines. 291x163 mm. Type 4 (Roman 97 mm.). Hain *i3094. Proctor 6851.
398 X 265 mm. The pages are ruled in red. George Ormerod's copy, with his bookplate. [339
PARMA 185
VOLSCUS, Antonius. Antonii Volsci expositiones in Heroidas Ovidii.
8 September, 1481.
i». CLARISSIMI VIRI ANTONII VOLSCI EXPOSI-IJTIONES IN HEROIDAS OVIDII II . . . 7a*. Colophon: FINIS || Impressum parmae opa & impensis Andreae Portilise anno || salutis .M. CCCCLXXXI. VI. Idus. Septebris.
Folio, a b' c* d* e f g-i* k*. 7a leaves. 39 lines. 192 x108 mm. Type 4 (Roman 109 mm.).
Antonio Volsci was a scholar of the 15th century born at Piperno.
252 X 179. With the book-stamp of Com. B. S. Hercules Silua. [340
STEPHANUS CORALLUS
Stephanus Corallus, of Lyon, worked at Parma from March, 1473, to 1479, publishing some nine or ten classical editions and three or four lawbooks. His first book was an edition of the Achilleis of Statius, in the colophon of which is a boast that it had been printed quicker than asparagus is cooked, in order to forestall a malicious competitor. This rival, however, if he be rightly idendfied with Andreas de Bellfords (Andrd Beaufort), had got out his book at Ferrara some months earlier.
OVIDIUS NASO, PuBLius. Opera. Tomus I. i July, 1477.
I^ Fabule Primi Libri. 6\ P. OVIDII NASONIS META-||MORHPOSEOS LIBER PRIMVS. I87^ Colophon : Impressum Parmae ductu & Ipensis mei stephani || coralli lugdunensis .M.cccc. Ixxvii. die primo j] lullii.
Folio, [a*] A-R« S^" T* V^" X Y«. 188 leaves, the last blank. 40 lines. 323 x 98 mm. Type 3 (Roman II i-i I a mm.). Hain *iai40. Proctor 6844.
The edition was completed in three volumes. It is notable for the unusual height of the page in proportion to the width.
333 X 203 mm. [341
DEIPHOBUS DE OLIVERIIS
Six weeks before publishing the Lucan described below, Oliveriis had com- pleted (8 April, 1483) an edition of the Elegantiolae of Augustinus Dathus. The two books seem to have exhausted his resources, and he is not known to have printed any others. It is to be feared that readers had not opened their purse-strings as the verse colophon to the Lucan bade them.
LUCANUS, Marcus Annaeus. Pharsalia. 22 May, 1483.
i». Title: M. ANNEI LVCANI |] PHARSALIAE. io8». Colophon : FINIS ||| Parmae feliciter impressum per Deiphcebum de 01i||ueriis Anno .M.cccclxxxiii. xi. chalendas iunlas |||
Pharsalicas acies cognatacp praslia quisqnis Nosce cupit: chartas perlegat ille meas. Non struimus casdes : patriae(} in uiscera natis Insidias: lachrymis lumina nostra madent A a
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i86 ITALY
Sed quibus auspiciis orbem seruire Neroni
Qua bene current! fata tulere rota. Aurea nunc tandem me impressit parma: uacauit
Docta manus: sumptus nee periere graues. Non igitur loculis parcas lecture precamur:
Impleat aere suas bibliopola manus. At mihi ut alba trahant faerales pensa puellse Posce diu : impress! qui fera bella. Vale. Io8^ M. ANNEI LVCANI VITA EX CLA|1RISSIMIS AVTORIBVS. iio». REGISTRVM . . . End : Audax thessalici.
Folio. a-iKl-n^o^ iioleaves. 38 lines and head-line. 207 (zaa) x 90 mm. Type i (Roman 109 mm.). Hain 10236. Proctor 686a.
288 X 1 96 mm. Wanting leaves 20 and 2 1 , the inner sheet of quire c. [342
MONDOVI
B. CORDERIUS AND ANT. MATTHIAE
{First printers)
MoNDOVi, which lies rather more to the south-east of Turin than Savigliano, owed its early reception of printing to an outbreak of the plague at Genoa, where one of its citizens, Balthasar Corderius, had recently become the partner of Antonius Matthiae of Antwerp. When the epidemic stopped work at Genoa, Corderius brought his foreign partner to Mondovi, and there, 24 October, 1472, they completed an edition of the Confessionale of Antoninus. A Juvenal followed in February of the next year, after which the partners separated. Two editions of Aesop and the Doctrinale of Alexander Gallus were subsequently printed at Mondovi by Dominicus de Vivaldis and his sons.
ANTONINUS. Confessionale. 24 October, 1472.
I*. [IjNcipiunt rubrice super tractatu de instructione seu || directione simplicium confesso?> ... 4'. Incipit tractatus uenerabilis pris fris Anthonini archi^jlepiscopi florentini ordinis predicatorum de institutiSe || confessorum. 130''. COLOPHON : Explicit suma cofessionu seu Iterrogatoriu pro (| siplicibus cofessoribus editu ab Archiepiscopo || floretino uidelicet fratre Antonino ordls predi'-||cato5». Finita i mote fgali : ano diii .M. CCCC. || LXXIL die. xxiiii. mensis octobris. |j|
Que genuit quonda germana Antuuerpia potes
Mathiae Antonius uirtute insignis & arte
Baldasar & socius corderius omnia supra
Vtile opus cunctis finxerunt Antonianam
Arte noua formae : quae correctissima certe
Ordine cuncta suo nos crimina nostra fateri
Instruit : & lepram inter lepram noscere quanc^
Hoc opus hoc nostra sic continet ecce salute. Quarto. (a-m"n^) 128 leaves. 27 lines. 147 x104 mm. Type i (Roman 109 mm.). Hain 11 73. Proctor 6875.
Another edition of this book in the same "type has been cited.
MONDOVI 187
174X 135 mm. Capitals in red with mauve tracery or in blue with red. Majuscules touched with yellow. One of the very few seriously cropped books in the collection. [343
MANTUA
Printing was introduced into Mantua by a citizen of the town, Pietro Adamo de Micheli, a lawyer of good family, who is said to have hired German printers and to have intended to print books of law. The books which can certainly be assigned to him are an edition of the Decamerone and the Tractatus Maleficiorum of Angelus de Gabilionibus, both dated 1472. De Micheli probably gave up his press after producing these books, as several German printers, who may have been his workmen, began printing in the same year, and two of these, ' Magister Georgius et Magister Paulus teutonici,' printed a Divina Commedia in the same type as his Decamerone and may have produced a few other books sometimes assigned to him. When working by himself the Paulus of this firm, if he may be identified with Paulus de Butzbach, printed upwards of a score of books between 1473 and 1481, and thus had the longest and most prolific career of any early printer at Modena. About 1475 a few Hebrew books were produced. But after Butzbach ceased working in 1481 only one or two books were printed at Modena until the appearance of Vincentius Bertochus in 1498.
PAULUS DE BUTZBACH
Paulus Johannis of Butzbach in the diocese of Mainz may naturally be identified with the ' Magister Paulus ' who with his brother Teuton ' Magister Georgius ' and the aid of Columbinus of Verona produced the Mantua Dante of 1472, and perhaps some other books usually attributed to Pietro de Micheli. When he began working by himself he used different types and, avoiding classics, published chiefly legal and theological books, all in Latin. The latest date in any of his publications is 29 April, 1481. Upwards of twenty books have been assigned to his press.
PETRUS DE ABANO. Expositio problematon Aristotelis. 1475.
a'. Tabula maxime proficua terminorum || existentiu in problematibus Aristotelis |! . . . 5''. Preclaris doctoribus uiris litteratis necnon scolaribus acutissimis Stephanus || Illarius Artium et Medicine Doctor Mantuanus salutem plurimam dicit et si || quid est melius afficit. 6». (text) : [I]Vxta sententiaj Aristotilis . . . 398''. COLOPHON : Explicit expositio succinta problematum || Aristo. qua Petrus edidit Paduanus ea nullo prius iterptante || incepta qdem Parisius t laudabiliter padue finata || ano legis xpianoijL 1310. Cu laude dei altissimi cui' || nomen sit p secula benedictu Amea ||| Et Impressa Mantue sub diuo Marchione Ludouico || Mantue secudo. p me Paulu lohanis de puzpach. || Almanu Magon- tinensis dyocesis sub anno lubilei || M". CCCC. LXXV°. Cuius utilitas erit omni cre||ature in uuierso orbe que apponet huic operi stu-||dium suma cum diligentia.
Folio. **a-di<'e-h«-i''i-ni«o-r«si»t8v-zAB8-i''C8D«E-H8IK". 300 leaves, the first and the last two blank, a columns. 63 lines of commentary. 245 x 17a mm. Types 3 and 3 (Gothic 78, 105 mm.). Hain *i6. Proctor f 6893.
A a 2
^
188 ITALY
With printed catchwords in the earlier quires. In his preface Stephanus Illarius narrates how in his student days, being unable to understand Aristotle's Problemata, he took much trouble to procure this commentary and had to pay for it twenty gold pieces (viginti aureos, equivalent in weight of gold to about £ig los.). He had now therefore helped to bring it out at a price (unhappily not stated) which a poor man could afford to pay. The author, Petrus de Abano, was an Italian scholar of the 14th century.
306 X 279 mm. Michael Wodhull's copy with his note (dated 15 April, 1789) of purchase at the Pinelli Auction for ;^i 55. An earlier owner, Hercules de Saxonia, began to read the book in December, 1652, and finished it in February, 1656. On leaf iio^ he illustrates the remarks of Avicenna about animals being tamed by noting that he had himself once seen a hare taking food from the hand, [344
NICOLAUS DE LYRA. Postilla super euangelia. 24 July, 1477.
3*. Postilla super Matheuj fratris Nicolai || de lira ordinis fratrum minoij Incipit. 243''. Colophon : Finis. |1| Explicit Postilla Nicolai de L.\rd || super quatuor euangelijs cum Additio-||nibus domini Pauli Burgensis episcopi H t cum Replicationibus fratris Mathei || doringk ordinis minorum. |j| Impressum Mantue per me Paulum 1| lohannis de puzpach Maguntinesis dyo||cesis Sub annis dni M.CCCC.lxxvij. || die .xxiiij. mensis lulij.
Folio. 344 leaves, the first smd last blank. 50 lines. 193 x 125 mm. Types 2 and 3 (Gothic 77, 104-105 mm.). Hain *io386. Proctor 6893.
276 X 190 mm. Save for two illegible library-stamps on 2» an untouched copy. [345
JOHANN SCHALL
Only four books have been assigned to the press of Johann Schall, another of the German printers at Mantua, the Scrutinium Scripturarum of 1475 described below, a Latin Psalter and a Sallust, both undated, and the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius, the printing of which was not finished till July, 1479.
PAULUS DE SANCTA MARIA. Scrutinium Scripturarum. 1475.
I*. Incipit Dialogus qui uocatur Scrutiniuj || scriptural^ copositus per reuerendu patre. Dominu Paulu || de seta Maria. Magistru in theologia. Episcopu Burgense || Archicancel- lariuj serenissimi Principis domini lohannis 1| regis Castelle et Legionis. Quern composuit post additio-||nes per eum compositas ad postillaj Nicolai de Lira. Anno 1| domini .M. CCCC. xxxiiij. Anno uero etatis sue Lxxxj. || 149^ Prima Pars Scrutinij huius scripturarum || slue Capistri ludeojj finit. Sequitur || Secunda et ultima. 151*. [IlNcipit Secunda pars ractatus de Scru|ltinio scripturarum. Et est Didascolica || . . . 249*. COLOPHON : Eterne laudes sint regi. luce superna
Qui dedit hoc cunctis. quod reseratur opus. Hoc iudeorum pandens enigmata. t artes Mentis aberrantum diluit omne malum. Tempore quo gaudet Lodouico principe Mantos Facta uigent cuius splendida per Latium.
MANTUA 189
Hoc opus impressit rerum scrutinia Schallus lohannes doctor artis Apollinee. ||| .Anno domini Millesimo || quadringentesimosep-l|tuagesimoquinto. ||
Folio. [a]^»b-n*-i''o-r«; A-K^^-^U". 350 leaves, 150 and 250 blank, 39 lines. 191 X 112 mm. Types i and 2 (Gothic 98, c. 130 mm.). Hain 10765. Proctor 6898.
The signatures in this book show an interesting progression. The first quire is unsigned ; quires b-g have signatures 50 mm. below the text ; in the remaining quires the signatures are placed immediately under the last line. Paulus de Sancta Maria (Solomon Levi) was a Spanish convert from Judaism who died as Bishop of Burgos in 1435-
297 X 205 mm. [346
VERONA
In 1472 a single fine illustrated book, Valturius de arte militari, was produced in his native place by a printer who calls himself ' loannes ex uerona oriundus, Nicolai cyrugie medici filius '. No other book was printed at Verona during the next six years, although in 1476 Petrarch's De uiris illustribus issued from a press at Pogliano, only four miles distant (see No. 379). In 1478 Giovanni and Alberto Alvise began work and printed five books in this and the following year, after which Pierre Maufer from Padua produced two others in December, 1480, and in or after January, 1481. In 1481-83 Boninus de Boninis printed two books by Flavius Blondus and Latin and Italian editions of the Valturius. After this printing languished at Verona, and only three or four books were produced there before the end of the century.
PIERRE MAUFER
Pierre Maufer, who had printed at Padua (q. v.) from 1474 to 1479, completed the Josephus described below at Verona on Christmas Day, 1480. According to Mr. Proctor, after 2 January, 1481, there appeared without Maufer's name or a place, but in the same type, a prognostication of Manfredus. Maufer then went on to Venice, where he completed the second part of a Commentary by Bartolus de Saxoferrato in the following September. The first part, which gives the date of its completion as 10 Kal. Dec. MCCCCLXXX, almost certainly also belongs to 1481. There is thus no need to suppose that he was working simultaneously at Venice and Verona.
JOSEPHUS, Flavius. De bello Judaico, &c. 25 December, 1480.
2\ lOSEPHI MACHACIAE FILII HEBRAEI GENERe || SACERDOTIS EX HIEROSOLYMIS DE BELLO || IVDAICO LIBER .L 2ii\ Colophon : Impressum I inclyta ciuitate Veronae || per Magistrum Petru3 Maufer Gal-||licum. Anno salutis. M. cccc. Ixxx. 1| octauo kalendas lanuarii : Pontifice || maximo Sixto quarto : & illustrissi-l|mo Veneto?* duce loane Mocenigo. [aia». Ludouicus Cendrata Veronesis
^
igo ITALY .
clarissimo eq.ti aurato dno Anjltonio donate patritio Veneto urbis Veronse prsetori salutem.] 214*. (Register) END: LAVS 1| DEO || FINIS.
Folio, a" b^ c^ d-k kk 1-x* y^ ; A-C* D*+^. 214 leaves, the first blank. 36 lines. 199 X 131 mm. Type 6 (Roman 106-107 mm.). Hain *9452. Proctor 6918.
The only book signed by Maufer at Verona. Printed at the cost of Innocens Ziletus, who had already published a book at Pogliano (see No. 379). The two leaves containing the letter of Ludouicus Cendrata, dated from Verona on 30 November, 1480, and three sets of verses, are not included in the register, and were clearly printed when the book was already finished. In some copies they are found inserted after the first blank leaf. In the second copy in this collection they come between the colophon and the register.
284 X 191 mm. Without the two leaves containing the letter of Ludouicus Cendrata. The capital Q on 6* is in gold on a ground of Italian interlaced branch-work, stretching out into an inner border-piece. At the foot of the page, within a green circlet, is a coat of arms, azure a griffin rampant beneath a crown or, on a field of argent. [347
Another copy.
300 X 201 mm. With the additional leaves. Numerous manuscript notes. Original Italian rope-pattern stamped binding, with four (restored) leather clasps. [347 a
CREMONA
Cremona owes its position among the first twenty cities of Italy to receive the art of printing to a single book, the Lectura super primam partem Digesti noui of Angelus de Perugia, printed in 1472 by Dionysius Parauisinus, who subse- quently worked at Como and Milan, After this one book we know of nothing printed at Cremona until Bernardinus de Misintis came there in the spring of 1492. When de Misintis had returned to Brescia Pierre Maufer paid Cremona a flying visit and printed a single book in 1494. Carolus Darlerius, who began work in 1495, was rather more prolific, but the extant incunabula which can be attributed to Cremona can hardly exceed twenty.
BERNARDINUS DE MISINTIS AND CAESAR PARMENSIS
Bernardinus de Misintis of Pavia and Caesar of Parma completed three books at Brescia in March, April, and May, 1492, and then two others at Cremona in the following June and July. A third book from this press appeared at Cremona in November, 1492, and a fourth in August, 1493, and then in 1494 De Misintis resumed work at Brescia without his partner.
CREMONA 191
PETRARCA, Francesco. De remediis utriusque fortunae.
17 November, 1492.
a». C Tabula Rubricarum praecedentis libri &c. 5". C Ad magnificum splendidis- simumcj uirum Marchisinum stangham : Ducalem Se||cretarium Nicolai lucari Cremonensis Epistola. 6\ C Francisci Petrarcae poetae oratoriscp. Clarissimi de Remediis utriuscp fortu-l|nae: ad Azonem. Liber primus. Incipit. I65^ COLOPHON : C Accipe tandem candidissime lector Diuinum Francisci Petrarcae : opus || Nicolai lugari Idustria sollerti Nitidissimu : Bernardini. de misintis Papiesis || ac Caesaris Parmensis sociorum diligenti opera. Impressum Cremonae. Anno || Incarnationis diiice. 1492. die 17. mensis Nouembris. |1 [Device.]
Folio. [*]* a b^ c-z A B" C. 166 leaves, the first and last blank. 44 lines. 22a X 1 26 mm. Type 1 (Roman 10 1 mm.). Hain *ia793. Proctor 6937.
The third book printed by these partners at Cremona.
[348
CAROLUS DARLERIUS
Carolus Darlerius, a native of Cremona, printed there the two books described below in April, 1495, and October, 1496 ; a third appeared within three days of the second, a fourth in the following April, and a fifth after an interval of nearly three years.
BARBARUS, Hermolaus. Castigationes Plinianae. 3 April, 1495.
I*. Castigationes Hermolai in Plinium castigatissimae : || quum Vix post Romanas : caeteris tamen 1| adhuc impressis : uel ab opicis || quidem non posthal|bendae . . . 160*. COLO- PHON: FINIS II Habetis humanarum artium cultores cadidissimi : Plinianas maiestatis ueluti purissimum si-||mulacrum ab Hermolao Barbaro Veneto patricio Patriarcha Aqui- leiesi nostricp sae-||culi uiro Celeberrimo Lucubratum opus : Habetis item aeditione in Plinium || secunda. Ite emendationem in Melam Pomponiu Item obscuras cum || expo- sitioibus suis uoces in Pliniano Codice Cremonae p chal-||cographu Carolum a Darleriis ciue Cremonesem Ca-||racteribus aeneis Impressa. Impante faustissimo || ac Sapietissimo Ludouico Sfor. Viceco, || Mediolani Duce. anno faelicissimi |l pricipatus eius prio: A Natali || uero redeptoris nri Xpi || M CCCCIxxxxv. || iii. nonas mes. 1| Apriles. ||| a. b. c. . . . II . . . sunt duerni.
Folio. a-k^l-r*s*; aa-ee^ff*. 160 leaves, leaf 116 half cut away. 58 lines, head- line, and marginalia. 231 (239) X 148 (165) mm. Types i and 2 (Roman 81, 112 mm., Greek in quotations 81 mm.). Hain *2423. Proctor 6929.
The first book from this press. Hermolaus Barbarus was a Venetian who was crowned as a poet in 1468, when only fourteen years of age, and died as Patriarch of Aquileia in 1493.
303 X 2 1 3 mm. [349
APPLANUS, CoNSTANTius. Soliloquia. 4 October, 1496.
i». SOLILOQVIA II ABBATIIJS || {• 13". SOLILOQVIORVM LIBER CON- STAN||TII APFLANI MEDIOLANENSIS CANO||NICI REGVLARIS : IN QVO COLLOCVJITORES SVNT CONSTANTIVS: Et ANI||MVS. DE HVMANI ARBI- TRII LIBER-IITATE ET POTESTATE. 192'. Colophon: Opus insigne: ac prope Angelicum Reuerendi || P. D. Constantii Applani Mediolanensis || Canonici Regularis sacrae paginae a-||cutissimi interpretis impressuj || exactissima opa : studiotj || exqsitissimo Cha-||roli de Darle-jlriis Cre||mo||nensis impressoris \[ Egregii i irKlita urbe Cre||mona
^
192 ITALY
Anno Domini Millesi||mo quadringentesimo nonagesimo || sexto quarto nonas octobres foeliciter explicit: ||| Imperante uero faustissimo ac Sapi|lentissinio Ludouico Sfor. An||glo Mediolani Duce. || anno faelicissimi || principatus || eius se||cun||do. H iS8\ End-Title : DE HVMANI ARBITRII LI||BERTATE ET POTE-||STATE SOLLILOHQVIORVM LIBE||R.
Quarto, a^^ b-z & p ij A-C* D-K^ L'^. 192 leaves, of which 13-192 numbered, with errors, i-i 76. 28 lines, with marginalia. 151 x 100 (116) mm. Types i and 2 (Roman 81, 107 mm.). Hain *I3I3. Proctor 6930.
The second book from this press. The preliminary leaves 2-12 are Occupied with a dedication to Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, commendatory verses, a table, &c. The printer's device is given on 191^. End-titles, such as this book possesses, are uncommon, but occur occasionally in books of this decade. Both the colophon and end-title end with the twirl represented by an upright stroke in the quotation of the title.
206 X 152 mm. On 2^ is the inscription *Con» s^i loanis comj', to which a later hand has added ' Ord^s Pred™"i '. Modern half leather over old wooden boards. [350
UNKNOWN PRINTER
DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSEUS. Praecepta de oratione nuptiali, &c.
[About 1495.]
I'. Theodorus gazes thesalonicensis luchino de medicis s. d. p. . . . (par. 3) : C Precepta de oratione nuptiali. 5*. par. 2: CLAVDIANI POETE ELOQVENTISIMI DE |1 PHOENICE CARMEN FELICITER INCIPIT. 6^ Colophon : CLADIANI ELO- QVENTISSIMI AC IMPRI|1MIS CLARISSIMI POETE CARMEN FELI#1|CITER EXPLICIT. Ill C Impressum chremone tc
Quarto, a*. 6 leaves. 34 lines. 126 x91mm. Type i (Gothic 74 mm.). Hain ♦6241. Proctor 6934.
The dedicatory letter by Theodorus Gaza is dated from Mantua, 15 July, 1444, In addition to the precepts for a nuptial speech, there are suggestions for one on a birth and another as an Epithalamium, this kind differing only from the Nuptial oration in the time of its delivery. The book has some pretty woodcut capitals. It may possibly have been printed by Carolus Darlerius, though he used a fount very like this in signed books, and so would have no need of another of the same kind.
192 X 134 mm. Bound with Sextus Rufus de historia Romana, Rome, S. Plannck, 1492 (No. 225). [351
SANTORSO
GIOVANNI DEL RENO
{Only printer 7)
Situated only twelve miles from Vicenza, the little town of Santorso arrested certainly one and possibly two printers on their way to work at the
SANTORSO 193
larger city. Signer Fumagalli thinks that it was here that Leonardus Achates of Basel printed the Virgil of which some copies are dated 1472 others 1473, and also other works which Proctor attributed to the presses of Achates at Padua and Vicenza. In the case of Giovanni del Reno (Hans vom Rhin) there is no doubt that he worked at Santorso, since this is clearly stated in the colo- phon of the Phalaris of 1475 described below. As to the Duns Scotus, however, Proctor and Signor Fumagalli again take different views, the former assigning it to Santorso, while the latter thinks it was printed elsewhere. In another book of 1473, the Tractatus de balneis finished on 24 March, there is also no mention of the place of printing. Some five books were printed at Santorso by Del Reno in 1475, t>ut before the close of the year he had produced a Decamerone at Vicenza.
DUNS SCOTUS, Johannes. Super libro tertio sententiarum. 1473.
i». [C]Irca Icarnatojlne queo p de || possibilitate . . . io8». COLOPHON : Expliciut tituli. q. sup. 3° libro Scoti. || Que magister lohes de Reno impssit || M". CCCC°. LXXIII.
Folio, [a-k" P.] 108 leaves, a columns. 48 lines. 233 x 147 mm. Type i (Roman 97 mm.). Hain *64a7. Proctor 6934^ (without the date).
323 X 234 mm. An untouched copy. [352
PHALARIS. Epistulae. 1475-
i». .IHESYS. II FRANCISCI ARHETINI IN PHALA-||RIDIS TYRANNI AGRIGENTINI EFISJITVLAS PROEMIVM. 51^ Colophon: In Sancto Vrsio uince. district. || lohannes de reno Impressit. |l| .Anno Domini. || .M. CCCC. LXXV. ||| .FINIS.
Quarto, [a-f^g*.] 51 leaves, the last blank. 26 lines. 126 x78 mm. Type i (Roman 94-96 mm.). Hain 12894. Proctor 6937.
192 x 137 mm. [353
BRESCIA
The first dated book completed at Brescia was the Virgil of 21 April, 1473, produced at an anonymous press for Pietro Villa. On 29 June in the same year Thomas Ferrandus published the Statutes of the City, his printer being a Frenchman, named Eustace, who the next year is found working with Heinrich of Cologne. Gabriele di Pietro and Bartholomaeus of Vercelli produced a book apiece in 1481 and 1482. In 1483 two much more prolific firms began work, those of Boninus de Boninis and Angelus and Jacobus Britannicus. In the 'nineties, besides the Britannici, Baptista Farfengus was at work for several years, a few Hebrew books were printed by Gerson ben Moses, and Bernardinus de Misintis, who had worked at Brescia for a few months in 1492 and then gone to Cremona, after his return in 1494 displayed great activity. In his ' Printing at Brescia in the Fifteenth Century' Mr. R. A. Peddie enumerated as many as 284 reputed Brescian incunabula, but his list was avowedly compiled on the plan of including even books the existence of which has been 'assumed on very insufficient grounds ', and the real total of extant books certainly falls short of the number named.
B b
194 ITALY
PRINTER FOR PIETRO VILLA
{First printer)
The colophon to the Virgil of April, 1473, tells us that it was printed 'presbytero petro uilla iubente'. The name of Pietro Villa is also found in a Juvenal and Persius completed 20 July in the same year. Nothing is known as to the printer whom he employed, though Signor Fumagalli mentions a theory that it was Gerardus de Lisa.
BLONDUS, Flavius. Roma triumphans. [i473?]
i». AD SANCTISSIMVM PATREM ET DOMINVM || PIVM SECVNDVM PONT. MAX. BLONDI FLA||VII FORLIVIENSIS IN TRIVMPHANTIS R01|MAE LIBROS. 1". BLONDI FLAVII FORLIVIENSIS IN ROMAE || TRIVMPHANTIS LIBROS PROEMIVM. i8o». L 20. END: . . . ueniat in hostium potestatem •:'~-:- FINIS-: -^
Folio, ab^" c-Pm® no^ p^q-y^z*. 180 leaves. 41 lines. 219 x130 mm. Type i (Roman 106 mm.). Hain 3244. Proctor 694a.
The type used in this Blondus being nearly if not quite identical with that of the Germans George and Paul who printed the Mantua Dante of 1472, the book has frequently been assigned to their press. Mr. Proctor, however, preferred to assign it to the first printer at Brescia, by whom also the type was used.
Flavio Biondo of Forli was an historian and archaeologist who died in 1463.
309 X 206 mm. Capitals supplied alternately in blue and red. [354
THOMAS FERRANDUS
Signor Fumagalli quotes from Cittadella's La Stampa in Ferrara (Torino, 1873) a deed of partnership for the fourteen months, November, 1471, to December, 1472, between Thomas Ferrandus and Eustathius Gallus, a printer who had come to Brescia from Ferrara, and printed in 1474 with Heinrich of Cologne, and in 1475 by himself. This, however, does not show, as it would at a later date, that Ferrandus was a publisher rather than a printer; only that he needed at first a trained printer to help him out. Mr. Peddie attributes eighteen books to his press, the only dates in them being i September in an unspecified year (see below), 29 June, 1473, October, 1493, and September, 1494. An undated Batrachomyomachia attributed to Ferrandus may possibly be the earliest Greek book printed.
PHALARIS. Epistulae. i September, .
I*. FRANCISCI Arretini ad Illustrem ulru Ma'||Iatestam nouellum Pricipem in Phalaridis epi||stolas e grasco in latinum traductas. prefatio || foeliciter incipit. 55^ COLO- PHON: FINIS. II BRIXIAE THOMA FERRANDO AV||CTORE. KALENDIS SEPTEMBRIS.
Quarto, [a-g^.] 56 leaves, the last blank. 24 lines. 139 x88 mm. Type i (Roman 115 mm.). Hain 12890. Proctor 6944.
The absence of any statement of the year in the colophon to this book leaves it uncertain whether it was issued in September, 1472, nine months before
BRESCIA 195
the Statuta of June, 1473, or in September, 1473, a few weeks later. But the existence of the contract with Eustathius Gallus makes the former alternative the more probable.
200 X 145 mm. Michael WodhuU's copy with his note (dated 26 February, 1 790) of purchase for 25'. at the ' Pinelli Appendix ' sale and binding at a cost of 35. At the Wodhull sale in 1886 it sold for ^12. [355
BONINUS DE BONINIS
BoNiNUS DE BoNiNis of Ragusa, after printing four books at Verona in the fourteen months, 20 December, 1481, to 17 February, 1483, came to Brescia, and in the next eighteen years printed there some forty incunabula, at first mainly classics, afterwards legal and miscellaneous. In 1500 he printed a missal at Lyons.
MACROBIUS. Expositio in Somnium Scipionis. 6 June, 1483.
2\ SOMNIVM SCIPIONIS EX CICERONIS H LIBRO DE REPVBLICA EXCERPTVM. 5» MACROBII AVRELII THEODOSII VIRI C0N|1SVLARIS ET ILLVSTSIS IN SOMNIVM SCI-||PIONIS FXPOSITIONIS QVAM ELE- GANTISySIME LIBER PRIMVS. 19a*. Colophon : MACROBII Aurelii Theodosii uiri cosularis & illustris saturl|nalio^ libri impressi Brixiae per Boninum de Boninis de Ragu-||sia. M. CCCC. LXXXIII. die. vi. lunii. 192''. Registrum huius operis . . . END : nusq> apud.
Folio, a^o b c^ d« e-g« h i« k^ l-n« o^ q-u^ x^ y &« p ?> A-C^. 19a leaves, the first blank. 37 lines, head-lines, and marginalia. 204 (215) x 118 (147) mm. Type 3 (Roman 106- 108 mm.), and Greek in quotations, though with some blanks. Hain *i04a7. Proctor 6953.
With several woodcut diagrams, including a very decorative map on sig. f 8 verso.
290 X 199 mm. With an illuminated capital on 2% other capitals, large and small, in blue with red tracery and red with mauve. [356
PLUTARCHUS. De virtutibus mulierum. 23 March, 1485.
a». PLVTARCI PHILOSOPHI DE VIRTVTI1|BVS MVLIERVM TRADVCTIO PERALA||MANVM RANVTINVM CIVEM FLORE-JINTINVM. 34^ Colophon: Impressum Brixiae per Boninum de Boninis de || Ragusia. M. CCCC. LXXXV. die. xxiii. Martii.
Quarto, a-c* d". 34 leaves, the first blank. 25 lines. 138 x 93 mm. Type 3 (Roman no mm,). Hain *I3I44. Proctor 6959.
199X 144 mm. [357
JACOBUS AND ANGELUS BRITANNICUS
Jacobus and Angelus Britannicus worked, sometimes singly, sometimes together, from 1483 to the end of the century. Nearly eighty incunabula have been assigned to them.
B b 2
^
196 ITALY
PLUTARCHUS. De liberis educandis. 7 December, 1485.
I*. Guarini ueronensis in plutarchum praefatio, i**. 1. 1 8 : plutarchus De liberis Educandis. iS**. Colophon: Finis. ||| Impressum Brisciae per lacobum Britannicum U Brixianum anno domini .M. cccc. Ixxxv. || die septimo Decembris.
Quarto, a^b^". 18 leaves. 27 lines. 139 x91mm. Type 3 (Roman 101 mm.). Hain *I3I48. Proctor 6980.
With a small woodcut capital on i*. Some copies appear to have two more leaves, one of which bears the device of Angelas Britannicus.
127 x132 mm. [358
PAVIA
The first book printed at Pavia was the Lectura super libros quatuor Institutionum of Angelas de Gambilionibus, printed in pursuance with a contract with Manfredo de Guarguaglia, a reader in medecine, by Joannes de Sidriano of Milan, 'huius artis primum artificem qui urbe ticinensi huiusmodi notas impresserit et istud pro primo opere expleuit die xxx. mensis octobris 1473.' No other book was printed by Sidrianus, and the first dated work of his successor, Antonius Carcanus, is that of 24 May, 1476, catalogued below. Carcanus and many of the other nineteen printers who subsequently worked at Pavia during the 15th century were connected with the faculty of law in its University, and the great majority of the works they printed were legal textbooks.
ANTONIUS CARCANUS
Like his predecessor, Sidrianus, this printer came from Milan, and an attempt has been made to prove that he began work in the same year. It is more probable, however, that he published nothing before the commentary of J. A. de Sancto Georgio super quarto libro Decretalium described below. Carcanus continued printing until 1497 and is credited altogether with about fifty incunabula.
SANCTO GEORGIO, Johannes Antonius de. Super quarto libro Decretalium. 24 May, 1476.
I*". (Table of headings) : Abbas, a*. (Table of subjects) : aBBas et abbatissa an mollnachalem professionem recipere possint ... 44* AD ILLVSTREM PRINCIPEM || ET REVERENDISSIMVM IN || CHRISTO PATREM ET D0MI|1NVM ASCA- NIVM MARIAM || SFORTIAM VICECOMITEM SEyDIS APO. PROTHONO- TARIVM II DIGNISSIMVM lOHANNIS AN||TONII DE SANCTOGEORGIO || PREPOSITI ECCLESIE SANCTI || AMBROSII IN COMMENTVM || QVARTI LIBRI DECRETALI " ~ ' ------
Dominate Illustrissimo
VM PREFATIO. 336^ Colophon : Anno Dni. Mcccclxxvi.
ac Felicissimo Galeaz Maria dei gratia Mediolani || duce Quinto.
et die. xxiiij. mesis madii et cetera. ||| Antonius de Carcano Mediolanensis imprest || Papie.
Folio, a-c'o d''^ ; a-P" g* h^" I« k-p" q^ ; aa-dd" ee^ ff-hh II kk-oo^" pp«. 338 leaves,
42, 43, 337, 338 blank, a columns. 60 lines. 253x171 mm. Type: Gothic 85 mm.
(not known to Proctor), and Roman majuscules. Hain *7586.
PAVIA 197
The first dated book printed by Carcanus. Below the dedication on 44^ is a space for a capital with a majuscule N as a director, and the other five letters of the word NOSTRA printed perpendicularly to be read with the capital. The signatures are placed mostly just under the space between the columns.
405 X 274 mm. Save for a few early notes an untouched copy. [359
GABRIEL DE GRASSIS
Gabriel de Grassis was a native of Pavia. In 1483 he had printed at Venice in partnership with his fellow citizen Joannes Antonius de Birreta, and in 1485-86 on his own account. The book described below is the only one known to have been issued from his press at Pavia.
ABANO, Petrus de. Conciliator differentiarum medicorum.
6 November, 1490.
a*. Conciliator differentiaru philosophorum t preciUpue medicoi^ clarissimi viri Petri de Abano Pa-||tauini feliciter incipit. 28o^ col. a, par. a, COLOPHON : Exegimus deo fautore opus Cociliatoris magi-||stri Petri de abano medicoi;: physicojjcp sua tem-||pestate principis: Impressum papie per Gabrielej || de grassis anno dni. 1490. die sexta. nouembris. ||| Curiosus esse desideras ne aliq.d huic opi defice-l|ret . . . a84*. Franciscus argilagnes de Valentia artiuj « medicine doctor lectoribus sa. p. d. . . . ||[ REGISTRVM. a85». TRACT ATVS De Venenis a Magistro 1| Petro de Abbano Editus. a93^ End : [P]Etri apponesis libro Cociliatoris diuini et || eiusde de venenis finis deo duce Ipositus est. Ill LAVS DEO.
Folio. a-h» i^" k^ l-z' t ?« ij A^ B C« D^ E-H» I K^ L M« W^. 294 leaves, the first and last blank, a columns. 6^ lines and head-line. 304 (311) x 138 mm. Type i (Gothic 64 mm.). Hain *3. Proctor 7096.
Pietro of Abano, near Padua (1250-1316), went to Greece in order to learn to read Hippocrates and Galen, and practised medicine with great success. The first edition of his Conciliator was printed at Mantua in 1472.
267 X 195 mm. Rubricated, capitals in various colours. [360
VICENZA
The first book printed at Vicenza was the Dita Mundi of Fazio degli Uberti, completed in the spring of 1474 by Leonardus Achates, of Basel, who had previously worked at Padua. In the following year presses were set up by Hermann Liechtenstein of Cologne and by Giovanni del Reno, the latter of whom had previously printed at Santorso. Altogether nearly a dozen firms of printers worked at Vicenza before 1 500, and over a hundred incunabula were produced there.
^
198 ITALY
LEONARDUS ACHATES
(First printer)
After producing some five books at Padua in 1472-73, and possibly one at Santo rso (1474), Leonardus Achates became the first printer at Vicenza, and between the spring of 1474 and 1497 printed there some two score incunabula of a rather varied character.
UBERTI, Fazio Degli. Dita Mundi. Spring, 1474.
i» INCOMINZA EL LIBRO PRIMO 1| DITA MVNDI CVMPONVTO 1| PER FAZIO DI GLVBERTI DA 1| FIRENZA. ET PRIMA DE LA BV||ONA DISPO- SITIONE CHE EGLI 1| EBE ADRETRARSI DA GLI VI|1TII ET SEGVIRE LE VIRTVTE II CAPITVLO PRIMO. 106". Colophon:
F acio mi chiamo de gliuberti intend! naqui soprarno che Firenze honora fa buon letor che me legiendo atendi T ocho lantiche Istorie che macora
quando gli penso ben che morto io sia e le moderne in buona parte anchora M ia fama rinoua per sua cortesia
maestro leonardo con mirabel stampa ilqual gia naque ne lalta Basilia V incentia adunque in piu uirtute auampa cha nula altra cita magior equale soto laqual si triumpha e non pur scampa C ompiuto fui un mese in uer natale mille setanta quatro. e quatrociento regnante Marcho con le sue grandale. |||
N on haueua phebo ancor el giorno spento. Folio. a-m^n*o*. 106 leaves. 39 lines. 190 x160 mm, Type i (Roman 97 mm.). Hain 15906. Proctor 71 19.
The signatures are printed 55 mm. below the text, and even in this large copy have only just escaped the binder's shears, to which, indeed, they were probably meant to be sacrificed. Fazio or Bonifacio degli Uberti was a Floren- tine poet who died at Verona about 1367.
275x205 mm. Michael Wodhull's copy, with his note (dated 16 July, 1792) of purchase at Cardinal Lomenie's Auction for £2 \^s. dd. [361
HERMANN LIECHTENSTEIN
With the exception of a visit to Treviso, where he printed four books in 1477, Hermann Liechtenstein of Cologne worked at Vicenza from 1475 to 1480. In 1482 he began printing at Venice, producing his first book in partnership with Joannes Hammann of Speier, the rest by himself. He died in 1494 while printing the Speculum Historiale attributed to Vincent de Beauvais, and was succeeded by his son Peter. Thirteen books are assigned to his press at Vicenza.
VICENZA 199
OROSIUS, Paulus. Historiae. [About 1475.]
I^ SCIAS VELIM HVMANISSIME \\ LECTOR: AENEAM WLPEM || VICENTINVM PRIOREM SAN||CTAE CRVCIS ADIVTORE || LAVRENTIO BRIXIENSI HISIITORIAS PAVLI OROSlI : QVAE || CONTINENTVR HOC CODICE: II QVAM ACCVRATISSIME PO'||TVIT: CASTIGASSE: ... 2\ PAVLI OROSII VIRI DOCTISSIMI HISTORIAjjRVM INITIVM AD AVRE- LIVM AVGVSTINVM. || 100*. COLOPHON: Bartholomeus paiellus, eques Vicentinus in .P. Orosium. |||
Vt ipse titulus margine in primo docet:
Orosio nomen mihi est. Librariorum quicquid erroris fuit :
Exemit Aeneas mihi. Meq imprimendum tradidit non alteri
Hermanne: ^ soli tibi. Hermanne nomen huius artis, & decus:
Tuae q laus Coloniae. Quodsi situm orbis : sique nostra ad tempora
Ab orbis ipsa origine Quisq tumultus, bellaq, & caedes uelit Cladesq nosse: me legat. Folio, [a-g^ h* i-m^ n^] 100 leaves. 39 lines, 202x105 mm. Type i (Roman loi mm.). Hain *iao99. Proctor 7144.
231x180 mm. Rubricated. [362
DEL RENO AND BERTOCHUS
After printing some seven books at Santorso, Giovanni del Reno came to Vicenza in 1475 and produced there some ten others. One of the last of these, the Catullus, &c., of 1481, described below, was printed in partnership with Dionysius Bertochus. Oif this printer, who afterwards worked by himself, Mr. Proctor wrote : ' Dionysius Bertochus, a native of Bologna, was throughout his long and chequered career emphatically a Philhellene, as he established two distinct Greek presses, the first at Vicenza in 1483, which he removed to Venice in 1484, the second at Reggio d' Emilia in 1497, which was moved to Modena in 1499, and back again to Reggio in 1500 or 1501. He was continually on the move ; we find him at Bologna from 1474 to 1476 ; during the years 1477 to 1480 he disappears for a time ; he reappears at Vicenza in 1481, moves to Treviso in 1482, is back in Vicenza in 1483, and settles in Venice in 1484.' At Vicenza in 1483 his work consisted of reprints of two books first issued some four or five years before by Bonus Accursius, the Latin- Greek vocabulary and lexicon of Crastonus.
CATULLUS, Gaius Valerius. Catullus Tibullus et Propertius. Statius, siluae. 1481.
1^ iOannes Calphumius Hermolao iuris utriusque doctoris peritissimo ... 2». VAL.
CAT. VERO. POETAE CL. || AD CORNELIVM GALVM. 29*. ALBII TIBVLLI.
eq Ro. Poetas. CI. Liber primus |1 quod spretis diuitiis & militia Deliam amet || & amori
200 ITALY
seruiat. 51* PROPERTII POETAE ELEGIOGRAPHI \\ CLARISSIMI. LIBER PRIMVS. Sg''. PAPINII STATU NEAPOLITANI SYLVARVM LIBER PRIMVS AD STELLAM. I37^ Colophon: P. PAPINII STATU SYLVARVM LIBER VLTI||MVS EXPLICIT. M. CCCC.LXXXL ||| Actum Vincentiae per
magfistrum louannnem renensem || & Dionysium Berthocum.
Folio. ab*c-e*fg*i-Pm'no^; pq^r-fux^ 138 leaves, the last blank. 45 lines. 214x96 mm. Type a (Roman 95 mm.). Hain *476o. Proctor 7 151.
In his preface the editor says that on running over the edition of these poets printed at Venice (? Hain *4758 or 4759) he found it so full of faults that there was more wrong than right about it, and no sense could be extracted : he there- fore immediately summoned some printers and exhorted them to reprint the book with the necessary corrections. He determined, however, to have nothing to do with the printers because of their habit of introducing errors when their copy is correct. So if faults are found they must be laid to the door of the printers — all of which shows that the editorial duty of proof reading was as yet imperfectly understood.
308 X 2 1 2 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. [363
DIONYSIUS BERTOCHUS ALONE CRASTONUS, Joannes. Lexicon Graeco-Latinum. 10 November, 1483.
a*. Bonus Accursius. Pisanus uiro Litteratissimo ac grauissimo louani Fra||cisco turriano ducali quaestori salutem plurimam dicit. 3*. AESIKO'N KATA' STOIXEmN. Colophon : TE'AOS STN0Ei2 TOT AESIKOT. ||| Impressum Vincentiae per Dionysium Bertochum de Bo||nonia. Die .X. mesis Nouembris .M. CCCC. LXXXIII.
Folio, a^" b-z & 9 9 A-F^ G^ 364 leaves, the first blank. 44 lines. ao8xia5mm. Types I and a (Roman 93, Greek 93 mm.). Hain 5813. Proctor 7177.
A reprint of the Milan edition of c. 1478, without the preface of Crastonus. In his dedicatory letter. Bonus Accursius, the original printer, begins with the characteristic pronouncement : ' Nemo potest mea sententia satis eruditus existimari apud nostros homines ubi cognitionem graecse litteraturse ignorauerit.' Constantine Lascaris, he says, had done something to make the acquisition of this knowledge easier, but he was hampered by insufficient knowledge of Latin. Now Frater Joannes Crastonus, a Carmelite of Piacenza, ' uir profecto mea sententia cum grace atque latine peritissimus tum moribus excultis grauissimis atque sanctissimis, in cuius ore nullum mendacium est, nulla uanitas,' had set himself to supply what was wanted, giving his book a careful alphabetical arrangement so as to make it easy to use.
310 X 210 mm. Capitals supplied in red, blue, or green. Original German stamped white leather, with clasp and label. [364
GIOVANNI LIONARDO LONGO
Giovanni Lionardo Longo, a priest of Vicenza, printed four books there in 1476-77, then produced two books at Bergamo (1477-78), and in 1481-82 half a dozen more at Trent.
VICENZA 201
CAMPHARO, GiACOMO. Dialogo dell' immortality dell' anima.
31 March, 1477.
i''. Matheus plegapheta art. & iur. doctor uicentinus. Venerabili & oma||to dno presbitero Leonardo logo ueneto. S. P. i eo qui e uera salus. || Hora me uenuta ale mane una opeta de la essetia de lala ... 2». DIALOGO : DE: LA: INl|mortalita de lanima: Extrato de theologia & de philosophia: uul||garizato dal excellente philoso'-ypho maistro lacomo caphora da || zenoua del ordene de li predica-Htori. 25^ COLOPHON: Fo finito qsto Dialogo de la in|lmortalita de lania in caxa del Vel|nerabele homo miP pre Zuanluljnardo logo. Pioua d sacto Paulo || de ulcenza. || M. CCCC. LXXVIL a di ultlo |l del mexe de marzo. H .: AMEN :. H .M. .P. .Z. .L. .C. .L.
Folio, a^ b-d*. 36 leaves, the last blank, a columns. 36 lines. 201 X 130 mm. Type I (Roman iii mm.). Hain 4299. Proctor 7152.
The initials probably stand for Messer Pre Zuan Lunardo Curato Longo. 285 x200 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. [365
GENOA
MATTHIAS MORAVUS
{First printer 7)
Only two incunabula, now extant, are known to have been printed at Genoa, the Supplementum of Nicolaus de Ausmo to the Summa Pisanella, which Matthias Moravus completed 22 June, 1474, while stopping at Genoa on his way from Olmiitz to Naples, and the De futuris Christianorum triumphis of Joannes Annius, printed ' in domo beatae Mariae Cruciferorum ' by a Carmelite, Baptista Caualus. Whether any books, now lost, had been produced at Genoa before the arrival of Moravus is doubtful. Antonius Andreae Matthiae had arrived there in 147 1 and taken a partner, who subsequently made way for Baldassare Cordovi, but the plague may have driven them to Mondovi (q.v.) before they had anything completed. In 1473 Matthiae returned to Genoa, but the next year sold his workshop, possibly again without having printed a book. Remonstrances on the part of the guild of copyists, of which we hear in 1472, may account for this collapse of printing at Genoa.
NICOLAUS DE AUSMO. Supplementum. 22 June, 1474.
i». In nole diii ihesu Xpi ame. Incipit || liber qui dicitur supplementum. 367''. coL i. Colophon :
luris hnt late hec decerpta uolula sacrt
Pisei artificis nomina parta sui Quecj ill' desut alt nou' addidit auctor Semine quo caruit accumulauit agijL. Sj mathias op' pressit morauus utrun^ Labe repurgatum. crede uolumen emis. Bonorum omniuj largitof uolete deo || Expletum feliciter lanue. x° kalendas || luHj. Millesimoquadrigete". lij° quarto {| .per Mathiam morauum de olomuntj |1 et Michaelem de monacho sotium eius. Ibid. col. 2 : Constitutiones seu exuagantes || Martini pape quinti statute coljtra symoniam . . . END : . . . spal'x reseruam^
C C
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202 ITALY
Folio. [ai2b8c-m"ni2o-zA-K'OL-08-io.] 368 leaves, the last blank, a columns. 46 lines. 185 x126 mm. Type I (Gothic 80 mm.). Hain 2152. Proctor 7185.
The first extant book printed at Genoa.
264 X i8q mm. Rubricated with capitals in red with mauve tracery. [366
COMO
Two firms of printers worked at Como during the 1 5th century, producing between them three books. The first of these, completed 9 August, 1474, was the Tractatus Appellationum of J. A. de Sancto Georgio, printed by two nobles of the town, Ambrosius de Oreo and Dionysius Paravisinus, who had introduced printing into Cremona and subsequently worked at Milan. The second printer, Baldassare de Fossato, produced one book in 1477 and another in 1479.
BALDASSARE DE FOSSATO
The first book by this printer was the Opus Statutorum of Albericus de Rosate, completed 15 February, 1477; the second, the work described below. Both are printed in a beautiful small Roman type, which Mr. Proctor identified with one used at Milan in 1475 by Joannes Bonus.
THEOPHILUS. Vita di Giouanni da Capistrano. 16 April, 1479.
2*. Nel nome del nostro segnore iesu christo incoljmenza la uita del glorioso beato Gioanne || da Capistrano. 126\ COLOPHON: O uoi periti & anche uoi no docti che legereti || ouer ascoltareti la nobile & deuota opera gia 1| de latino molto elegante com- ponuda: & doppo || in lingua uulgare reducta per consolatione deli || deuoti christian!: Veramente & senza dubio || alchuno remanereti tuti lieti & content! neli || animi uostri perla intelligentia & cognitione || dela mirabile uita : excellentissimi facti : & stu'||pendissimi miraculi del glorioso padre beato || Gioanne da Capistrano: como nela presente o-'Upra se contiene : non mancho quanto altra uul-'||gare opra se potesse per consolatione legere & {| audire : laquale e stata impressa nela incHta ci-'Htade de Como : nel anno dil signore. M. ccccL^llxxviiii. adi Venere xvi. de Aprile. FINIS. {{| LAVS DEO. 127*. Questo e lo registro de tuta lopra. 127''. End : FINIS.
Quarto. I-XVP. 128 leaves, the last blank. 24 lines. 125 x80 mm. Type i (Roman 105 mm.). Hain 7776. Proctor 7188,
The quires are not signed, but the numerals are given in the register. 185 X 134 mm. Capitals and paragraph-marks supplied in red, majuscules touched with yellow. [367
MODENA
The first printer at Modena was Johann Burster, or Vurster, of Kempten, who had worked in 1472-73 at Mantua. Signor Fumagalli refuses to assign the 1474 Liber pandectarum medicinae of Silvaticus to his press at Modena, but as the type occurs again in the Modena Virgil of 23 January, 1475, and had not been used at Mantua, the attribution seems quite sound. Dominicus Rocociola was the only printer who showed any activity at this town.
MODENA ao3
JOHANN BURSTER
{First printer)
JoHANN Burster, or Vurster, of Campidona, printed at Mantua in 1472-73, in partnership with Thomas Septemcastrensis, and also two undated books there by himself. At Modena, as noted above, he printed (probably) the Liber pandectarum medicinae in 1474, a Virgil and two other books in 1475, and yet two others in 1476.
MESUE, Joannes. Libro delle consolazioni delle medicini semplici.
25 June, 1475.
a». INCOMINCIA. IL. LIBRO 1| DELLA. C0NS0LATI0-1|NE. DELLE. MEDICINE SEMPLICI. SOLENNI. IL || QVALE. FECIE. GIOVANpi. FIGLI- OLO. DI. MESVE. a23». Colophon : Hie finitur liber lohantiis mesue || ipressu p raagistru lohanne Vur||ster de capidona. A. m. cccc. Ixxv. 1| Die uicesima quinta mesis lunii.
Folio, [a b^" c-h* i k^° 1^ m-z^'' 1*.] 224 leaves. 2 columns. 34 lines. 189x130 ram. Type 3 (Roman iii mm.). Hain 11114. Proctor 7191.
Signatures are placed 35 mm. below the line and far to the right, so that they have been cropped even in this fairly large copy.
263 X 195 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, with an illuminated capital and border-piece on 2*. On 223^ is written a ' Receta per guarire il mal franzese'.
[368
DOMINICUS ROCOCIOLA
DoMiNicus RocociOLA (who spelt his name in at least eight different ways, including Richizola and Ragazulus) is first heard of in May, 1481, in connection with the Modena Aesop, which bears the puzzling words 'compositus per me Nicolaum Jenson '. Up to 1487 he had printed four books on his own account. In April of that year he was in partnership with Miscomini, then usually engaged at Florence, over an edition of the Modena Statutes, and in May, 1489, the two men produced together the first of the books described below. After this Rocociola resumed working by himself and printed some thirty more incunabula,
{With Antonio Miscomini)
BELLENCINUS, Bartholomaeus. De charitatiuo subsidio.
9 May, 1489.
I*. (Printer's preface) : Quoniam nullum apud mortales siue optabilius ... 2*. Tractatus de Charitatiuo sub||sidio: et Decima beneficiorum . . . 46". COLOPHON : Impressum est hoc opus de || Subsidio charitatiuo et || Decima papali beneficio||rum Mutine per magi||strum Antoniu Mischo||minum * Dominicu RiDchizola socios Anno dni || .M. cccc. Ixxxix. die. ix. || mensis Mail. 1|| Registrum. 47\ Tabula psentis operis . . . 54^ End : Laus deo. || Finis Tabule.
Folio, a^ b-f " g h* ; A*. 54 leaves. 45 lines. ao4ix 136 mm. Type i (Gothic 89 mm.). I^ain *276i. Proctor 7194.
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204 ITALY
Miscomini's preface narrates that the manuscript of this book was found among the papers of BartholomaeusBellencinus by his 'Germanus', Aurelius Bellencinus, and entrusted to him to print. The register quotes the first word of the second half of each quire, giving the impression that each quire has one more sheet than is the case. On the other hand, it virtuously states ' Charte tabule non continentur in hoc registro ', removing a possible misconception of another kind.
275 X 182 mm. Michael WodhuU's copy, with his note (dated 26 February, 1 790) of purchase at the ' Pinelli Appendix ' sale for 2S. 6d. [369
{Rocociola alone) BIGUS, LuDOuicus. Opuscula Christiana. 7 April, 1496.
2*. Opusculorum tituli. 5*. C Lodouici Bigi pictorii Ferrariensis chri||stianorum opuscolorum liber primus || loanni Francisco Pico Mirandulae col|miti Concordiae dedicatus. 74''. Colophon : Finis Tertii libri Opusculoru Christianorum : || Impressuscj Mutinae per .M. Dominicu Ro||cociolam : Anno. M. CCCC. LXXXXVI. |1 Die. VII. Aprllis. 75^ Errata quae operariorum indiligentia fecit: hie correcta annotantur. 75''. END: Puncta mendosa tu considerabis.
Quarto, a-i* k*. 76 leaves, first and last blank. %6 lines. 150 x 88 mm. Type a (Roman 114 mm.). Hain *3i99.
Rocociola printed another edition of this work in August, 1498. The heading to the Errata is uncivil to his workmen, and may have been supplied by the irate author, but the final note, 'you will look after the faulty stops,' is pleasing.
189 X 137 mm. [370
TURIN
The first printer at Turin, Jean Fabri, of Langres, was invited to the town by Pantaleone de Confienza, chief physician to Duke Ludovico of Savoy, to print a Breviary, which appeared in 1474. Fabri then went to Caselle, but returned in 1477, ^'^'^ worked again at Turin in 1482, after another absence at Saluzzo. Presses were subsequently set up by Jacobinus Suigus and Franciscus de Silva.
JEAN FABRI
{First printer)
Jean Fabri (or Lef^vre ?) was born in the diocese of Langres. In producing the Breviary of 1474 ^he had another Frenchman, ' Johanninus de Petro,' as his fellow worker ; after that he seems to have worked alone, printing a dozen or more books at Turin, and seven or eight others at Caselle and Saluzzo.
TURIN 205
ORLANDINUS. Summa instnimentorum in iure ciuili siue Rolandina Rodolphi Passagerii. 6 May, 1478,
i». ECCE rolandinam cunctis contractibus aptam Instrumentorum que reserat seriem. 153''. Colophon: EXPLeta est hec summa que est correctissi||ma uere. Per. Spectabilem magistrum Ioan||nem Fabri Lingonensem Librorum feliciter || impressorem. Thaurini Die sexta mai. M.||cccc. Ixxviil Amen.
Folio, a^" b-p* q^" r s* t«. 154 leaves, the last blank. 3a lines. 183 x116 mm. Type 1 (Roman 115 mm.). Hain 12083.
A collection of model forms for legal documents. In his preface Passagerius remarks that the old compilations were the work of steady men, ignorant, perhaps from the purity of their consciences, of the subtleties of modern wisdoms (per quosdam prudentes uiros ignaros fortassis ex conscientie puritate sagacitatum subtilium modernorum).
262 X 190 mm. Rubricated with a beast with a dog's head and paws and bird's body jumping at a capital I, both in green on a red ground, on i*. At the end of the volume is a manuscript index and additions. [371
TURRECREMATA, Joannes de. Expositio psalterii. 29 March, 1482.
I*. [BjEatissimo patri et clementissimo diio pio secudo |1 pontifici maximo lohannes de turrecremata ... 4*. Psalmus primus in quo de||scribitur {jcessus I btltudlej . . . 'i65». Colophon : Explicit laudabilis expositio su||per psalteriu Impressa per egre||gium magistrum lohannem fa||bri lingonensem de anno domi||ni. Millesimo. CCCClxxxii die || xxix marcii.
Folio, a-s' t* u X*. 166 leaves, the last blank. 2 columns. 32 lines. 181 x 126 mm. TjT)es I, 2, 3 (Roman 115, Gothic 73 and 160 mm.). Hain 15705. Proctor 7219.
289x210 mm. Capitals and paragraph-marks supplied in red, majuscules touched with yellow. [372
JACOBINUS SUIGUS AND NICOLAUS
DE BENEDICTIS
Jacobinus Suigus, of San Germano, in the diocese of Vercelli, had produced a single book at his native place (1484), another at Vercelli (1485), a third at Chivasso (i486), and a fourth at Venice (March, 1487). At Turin he printed two more books by himself, and then went into a fairly prolific partnership with a Spaniard, Nicolaus de Benedictis, and in or about 1496 removed to Lyon, possibly printing a book on his way at Valence (see No. 459).
ZABARELLA, Franciscus. Super Clementinis. 23 August, 1492.
i\ Title (red): Zabarela super clementinis. 212*. COLOPHON : Explicit lectura Reuerendissimi in christo patris t \\ domini diii Francisci de Zabarellis Cardinalis dignis- si||mi super Clemetinis. Impressa Thaurini per Nicolaum || de benedictis i lacobinum Suigu de Sanctogermano || exactissima diligetia ac cura. Anno diii .M. cccclxxxxij. || die xxiij. augusti. ||{ Registrum cartarum . . . END : testatioes t.
Folio. a-ztp'ij:A'. 212 leaves. 2 columns. 66 lines and head-line. 302 (313) x 190 mm. Types 3, 4, 5 (Gothic 180, 112, 93 mm.). Hain *i 6254. Proctor 7220.
^
2o6 ITALY
The printer's device is placed between the two pairs of columns of the register.
385 X 275 mm. In the spotless condition in which Italian lawbooks are not infrequently found. On the title-page is the book-stamp of Com. B. S. Hercules Silva. [373
CAGLI
ROBERTUS OF FANO AND BERNARDINUS OF BERGAMO
{Pnly printers)
At Cagli, in the province of Pesaro, Robertus of Fano and Bernardinus of Bergamo printed the De morte Astyanactis of Maphaeus Vegius in June, 1475, the speech of Campanus, catalogued below, in March, 1476, Servius de ultimis syllabis in the following year, and without date or name a Consiglio contro lo morbo pestilentiale of Francisco de Siena.
CAMPANUS, Joannes Antonius. Oratio pro Baptista Sfortia.
I March, 1476.
I". Title : lOANNIS ANTONII CAMPANI / || FVNEBRIS ORATIO PRO
BAPjITISTA SPHORTIA / VRpiNI COMITISSA/AC H PRINCIPE ILLV-1|STRIS-
SIMA. a4^ Colophon: Callii. Anno Salutis ,M, CCCCLXXVI. |1 In Ktn Mar.
25*. Lauretii Abstemii Maceratesis Carmen. |||
Ingenium ne forte putes no esse latinis
Qui tatum gallos / teutonas atque probas Hoc media Italia nati impssere Robertus Cum Bernardino/ quod breue cernis opus. Octavo. [ab'c'+^.] 25 leaves. 24 lines. 150 x 83 mm. Type i (Roman 124 mm.). Hain 4292. Proctor 7329.
On lb is a letter headed ' lOANNES A N TON I VS /Campanus |I Antistes Prutinorum / Saluiato Sal '. In this he relates how the funeral of Baptista, wife of Federigo Sforza, who had died on July 6, had been held on August 17, and had attracted ' all Italy ', he himself having been sent by the Pope to deliver an oration. To give his correspondent an idea of the greatness of the assembly he adds a list of those present, with the numbers of their retinue. This fills four leaves, the text beginning on a^.
211x138 mm. [374
PERUGIA
According to Signor Fumagalli (following Ad. Rossi's L'arte tipografica in Perugia durante il secolo xv, &c., Perugia, 1868) documents in the archives at Perugia prove that three books by the jurists, Baldus de Ubaldis, Bartolus de
PERUGIA 207
Saxoferrato, and Philippus de Franchis (Ham *2295, *2569,' and 7317), with identical prefaces narrating how Brachius Balionius invited printers to Perugia to print them, were produced, not (as Hain thought) about 1477 by Johann Vydenast, but by two otherwise unknown men, Petrus de Colonia and Johannes de Bamberg, between May, 147 1, and October, 1472. The same printers are further said to have printed four other legal books in 1472 and 1473 for another set of partners, and yet other books between 1473 and 1476, all without dates or any mention of their names. Neither Proctor nor Dr. Haebler seems to have had his attention called to these statements, which, if accepted, carry the first use of printing at Perugia four years further back. The earliest printed date in any book with Perugia in its imprint is 1475, and this (see No. 375) was printed by Johann Vydenast, whose name occurs in Corneo's Lectura in Sextum Cpdicis, completed 14 June, 1477. Other printers at Perugia were Heinrich Klein, of Ulm, who seems to have arrived earlier than Vydenast, but whose first dated book was finished in April, 1476 ; Stephan Arndes, of Hamburg, who printed four or five books at Perugia in 148 1 before working at Sleswick and Liibeck ; and Damianus, of Gorgonzola, who only came to Perugia from Venice in the last year of the century.
JOHANN VYDENAST
Johann Vydenast was a beadle at the law school at Perugia, and printed four or five lawbooks in 1475-77. Herr Burger attributes six to him, but three of these are the books which it is contended should rather be assigned to Petrus de Colonia and Johannes de Bamberg. On the other hand (see No. 376), of at least one of these Vydenast seems to have issued a reprint.
SALICETO, Bartholomaeus de. Lectura super nono codicis. 1475.
i». (Preface) : [C]VM peritoru secreta||rium forem ingressa || interrogata extiti P*|[m6e triplici . . . Ibid. par. 2 : Rubrica. ||| De hiis qui accusare non pnt. Et per cose-|(ques librii nonum Codicis salicetus feliciter || declarat. 158^ 1. 4a. End and Colophon : Et cu hac salubri distTctioe q || aromatu e aureola sit finis nri operis. Anno || M.CCCC.LXXIII. De mese Octobris ppleti || & si in code aliqd correctione dignu inueni||as imbecillitati meo^ attribuas sensuu3 |{| Lectura diii Bartholomei d' Saliceto sup no||no Codicis Anno dni M. CCCC. LXXV. |l Perusie impssa feliciter explicit. 159*. REGISTRVM . . . End : ut doctores.
Folio, a-c^" d" e^ f-m^" n o' p q'° r* s'. 160 leaves, the last blank. 3 columns. 51 lines. 375 X 175 mm. Type i (Roman 108 mm.). Hain *i4i39.
One of two books bearing the date 1475, the earliest found in any book." printed at Perugia. The author, a professor of civil law at Bologna and elsewhere, died in 141 1.
365 X 260 mm. Rubricated in blue and red. A capital has been cut out from the first leaf. [375
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2o8 ITALY
FRANCHIS, Philippus de. Lectura super titulo de appellationibus.
[I475-77-] 3*. Reportoriuj seu Tabula super utilissimo & || practicabili titulo de AppellationibD & nul II litatibus sententiarum solenniter lecto per || clarissimuj iuris utriustj doctorej dominuj || Philippu de Franchis de Perusio. a5». (text): [CJONTINVATVR || hec Rubrica . . . 214*. COLOPHON: Explicit lectura super titulo de appella-||tionibus solenniter edita & expleta per fa-l|mosissimu utriuscg iuris doctorem domi||num Philippum de franchis de Perusio.
Folio, a"* b c* ; d-i^" k P m-x^° y z^ 214 leaves, the first blank. 50 lines. 270 x 173 mm. Type i (Roman 108 mm.).
This cannot be the edition described by Hain under his number 7317, as it^ has signatures. It must therefore be a reprint. The author, Filippo Franchi, was a native of Perugia, and a canonist of some note. He died in 1471.
429 X 289 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. On 2* is written Collegii S. Petri junioris Argentine. Lord Hopetoun's copy. [376
PIACENZA
The two books described below are the only ones known to Herr Burger as printed at Piacenza in the 15th century. Signor Fumagalli adds two others printed by de Ferratis in 1476.
JOHANNES PETRUS DE FERRATIS
{First printer)
Of this printer, who is distinguished as the only Italian who began work with an edition of the Bible, nothing seems to be known beyond his own statement that he came from Cremona. After his Bible of 1475, he printed two medical works in 1476, the Summa Conseruationis and theCyrurgia of Gulielmus de Saliceto, and then left Piacenza.
BIBLIA LATIN A. 1475-
i». [FjRater ambrosius tua mihi. munuscula || perferes : btuHt siml' % suauissimas Iras ... 3*. col. i, par. 3 : [I]N pricipio creauit tts celu % terras . . . 284^ First Colophon : Vet^ testametO a religiosis mris ac pruden||tissimis correctu at^ p me iohane petru tt 11 ferratis cremonese placetie impssus. Anno 1| dni. M, cccc. Lxx. quinto felicif explicit. 285*. Incipit epistola sancti hieronimi presbite||ri ad damasu papa sup libro quatuor euagelllio:^. 359°. Second Colophon : Explicit liber actuum apostoloJjL. cum relillquis noui libris testamenti. placentie suma |1 cum diligetia impressus. ||| Finis. 361*. (Vocabulary): [A]a3 apprehendens uel apprehensio . . . 394". Biblie uocabuloiji interpretationes expliciut.
Quarto, [a^" h^ i-o" p* q r"" s t« v-y^" z^ A^ B-G" H^ ; aa'" bb^^ cc-gg^" hh* ii-ll^ mm^".] 394 leaves, leaf 360 blank. 2 columns. 60 lines. 139 X 90 mm. Type i (minute Gothic 46 mm.). Hain 3055. Proctor 7236.
PIACENZA 209
The first book printed at Piacenza and the first small quarto edition of the Vulgate Latin Bible, printed in an extraordinarily small type. The printer may have had in his view one of the minutely written manuscripts of the 13th century.
193 X 141 mm. The last leaf is mounted ; otherwise the book is perfect and in fine condition, in which it is seldom found. [377
JACOBUS DE TYELA
Nothing is known of Jacobus de Tyela, save that he was a German, and in 1483 printed the Manipulus Florum described below.
THOMAS [Palmer] DE HIBERNIA. Manipulus florum.
5 September, 1483.
a*. Incipit manipulus floru copilatus a || magistro Thoma de hibernia ordls pre||dica- torum. 180*. col. a : Explicit manipulus florum copilal|tus a magistro Thoma de hibernia ||| Impssu3 Placentie per me Iacollbu3 de tyela almanu. Anno domini || M.CCCC. Ixxxiij. Quinta die 1| mensis Septembris .:..;. ||{ Finis. Deo gratias. I8o^ A Tabula. i8i^ Registrum . . . End : nis spualibns.
Folio, a" b-m^ n-q*'* r-y*'* z' x^. 182 leaves, the first and last blank. 2 columns. 47 lines. Type i (Gothic 83 mm.). Hain *8542. Proctor 7237.
The author, an Irish Dominican who lived in the first half of the 15th century, b^egins his book by comparing himself to Ruth, who entered the field of Boaz and gleaned after the reapers ; in the same way ' pauperculus non habens copiam scriptorum . . . agrum intraui booz . . . et ibidem originalium spicas id est diuersas sanctorum auctoritates de diuersis non sine labore coUegi '. To each ' authority ' he adds the name of its source, * nomen autem collectoris volui subticere, ne collectio vilescet cognito coUectore.'
266 X 182 mm. The Syston Park copy. [378
POGLIANO
FELIX FELICIANO AND INNOCENS
ZILETUS
(Qnly printers)
PoGLUNO, or Pojano, is a village four miles from Verona, and the edition of the translation by Donato degli Albanzali of Petrarch's De viris illustribus was the only book printed there in the 1 5th century. The Antiquarius Felix of its verse colophon with the aid of the name on 2* has been identified with Felix Feliciano, a scholar and authority on inscriptions.
D d
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210 ITALY
PETRARCA, Francesco. De viris illustribus. Hal. i October, 1476.
I*. REPERTORIO : del presente libro oue serano signati icapituli di : XXXVI : || capitani li facti de quali sono diffusamente descripti per lo inclito poeta mi-||ser Francisco petrarca ... i". REGISTRO : DE : TVTTO : IL : LIBRO : . . .
ILlustres opere hoc uiros perite
Francisci ingenium uetat Petrachae
Non scripto calamo anseris ue penna
Antiquarius istud acre Felix
Impressit: fuit Innocens Ziletus
Adiutor sociuscj. rure Polliano
Verona ad lapidem iacente quartum. .:. M:C:C:C:C:LXXVI::: || Kl : . Octobris : . 2*. BRIEVE: Racoglimento nel quale Feliciano mostra & scopre la fama de alcu||ni homini clari posti in questo uolume. :: 5» INCOMINCIA IL LIBRO DEGLI HOMINI FAMOSI C0MPILLA|1T0 PER LO INCLYTO POETA MISER FRANCISCO PETRAR||CA AD INSTANCIA DI MISER FRANCISCO DA * CARRARA II SIGNORE DI PADVA COMINCIANDO A ROMVLO PRIMO RE ||
DI .-....:.:.:.:.:. roma. 336^. end: :.:.:.:. soli deo: honor : et: GLORIA:.:::.
Folio. [aiob^Jc-hk'lmSop/ssS-VsXY^iSq-x&sZz^o. 236 leaves. 40 lines. 228x1430101. Type I (Roman 114 mm.). Hain 12808. Proctor 7238.
With two fine borders, frequently repeated, intended to enclose hand-painted portraits of the persons celebrated.
320 X 227 mm. [379
LUCCA
After the failure of negotiations for starting presses at Lucca by Clemens Paduanus, the self-taught priest who worked at Venice, and by the sculptor Matheo of Cividale, two books were at last printed there by the latter's brother, Bartholomaeus. A native printer, Michael Bagnonus, produced a third in 1482, and Heinrich of Cologne with Hendrik of Harlem printed three or four more in 1490 and 1491, after being summoned to Lucca to print its statutes.
BARTHOLOMAEUS OF CIVIDALE
{First printer)
The first work of this printer was an edition of the first book of Petrarch's Triumphi, completed 17 May, 1477; the second the Speech described below.
BARTHOLOMAEUS, Joannes. Oratio funebris in laudem Andreae Vendramini duels. 1478.
I*. Oratio funebris edita a doctissimo viro lo-'ljanne Bartholomaeo Brixiao: ciue luces!
in II laude excelletissimi Ducis Veneti Andreae || uendramini: ab homine Veneto pro-
nuntiada. 5*. 1. 35. COLOPHON : . . . Finis. ||| Haec oratio impressa est Lucae per Ciui-
talem 1| lucensem ciuem. ||| .A. N. D. M.CCCC. Lxx.viii.
Quarto, [a^] 6 leaves, the last blank. 31 lines. 139x76 mm. Type i (Gothic 83 mm.).
LUCCA 211
The second book printed by Bartholomaeus of Cividale, unknown until its appearance at Count Manzoni's sale in October, 1829. Andrea Vendramini died 6 May, 1478.
195 X 131 mm. [380
MESSINA
Heinrich Alding, the first printer at Messina, was long believed to have printed there as early as 1473, and Messina, therefore, figures in Proctor's Index between Santorso and Brescia. The last figure, however, of the date in the Vita e transito del beatissimo Hieronimo, Alding's first book, has been proved to be an 8 not a 3, and after Mr. R. S. Faber's paper on Early Printing in Sicily, read before the Bibliographical Society, Mr. Proctor altered his Index accordingly. After Aiding ceased printing in 1480 there was no printer at Messina for at least a dozen years, but some good work was done at the end of the century by Wilhelm Schomberger.
HEINRICH ALDING
{First printer)
In the Regales Constitutiones Siciliae of Petrus Apulus, printed by Andrea de Brugis in 1497 at Messina, Heinrich Aiding was said to have turned aside from Catana to Messina as many as twenty-six years previously, i.e. in 1471. There is no reason, however, to believe that he printed anything in Sicily until after his stay at Naples in 1476-77, during which he produced three books. At Messina he began work with a Vita e transito del beatissimo Hieronimo, com- pleted 15 April, 1478, and brought out four other books in the next two years.
PHALARIS. Epistulae. [1480?]
a'. C Francisci Aretini eloquentissimi viri 1| in Phalaridis tyrani agrigentini epl'as || E greco in latinu traductas: ad illustrisl|simu principem nouellum Malatestam 1| prohemium Incipit. 4a». Colophon:
C Qui modo notus erat nulH penituscj latebat : Nunc phalaris doctum protulit ecce caput. ||| C Nobili In vrbe Maessana. Per Henricu aiding. 42^ Registrum quaternoij & folioij. End : grata erant. ||| FINIS.
Quarto. ab'c*d*ef*. 4a leaves, the first blank. 39 lines. 140 x8a mm. Type i (Roman 94-95 mm.). Hain 13887. Proctor 6938.
195 X 145 mm. [381
WILHELM SCHOMBERGER
Wilhelm Schomberger of Frankfort printed some seven books at Messina in the twenty-three months, December, 1497 — October, 1499, the most important of them being the Consuetudines et Statuta Messanae of Petrus Apulus.
D d 2
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212 ITALY
DARES ET DICTYS. Historia troiana. 20 May, 1498.
i». lESVS /MARIA. II DICTYS /CRETENSIS/DIIE/ HISTORIA /BELLI/ T||R0IANI/ET/DAR1|ES/PHRYGIVS 1| DE/EADEM/ || HISTORI||A/TRO||I- AN1|A. 79^ Colophon : Finit historia antiquissima Dictys Cretensis atq} Dajlretis Phrygij de bello Troianorum /ac Graecorum: in no||bili vrbe Messanae cu eximia diligentia impressa per Guil||lielmum Schonberger de Franckfordia Alamanum ter||tiodecimo calendas lunij .M. cccc. xcviii. ||| Registrum cartarum . . . k vero sexternus. [Device.]
Quarto, a-f * g h^ i* k^*. 80 leaves. a8 lines. 153 x 105 mm. Type 1 (Roman 109 mm.). Hain *6i57. Proctor 6939.
With woodcut capitals of several sizes and some merit. The curious comma form, resembling the sign I sometimes found as a contraction for is, is used also to divide off words printed in majuscules.
A second edition of this book was completed i February, 1499.
188 X 134 mm. The Syston Park copy, [382
COLLE
The little town of Colle, in the province of Siena, had possessed a thriving paper industry for over a hundred years before printing was introduced within its walls. Its first printer, Jan van Medenblik, printed the Dioscorides described below, finishing it in July, 1478, after which as far as is known he printed nothing more. A second printer, a Frenchman of Bdthune, named Bonus, or Lebon, completed an edition of the Halieutica of Oppianus, 12 September, 1478, another book earlier or later in the same year without mention of the month, and a third, the Opus Medicinae of Michael Savonarola, in August, 1479,
JAN VAN MEDENBLIK
{First printer)
In the colophon quoted below this printer calls himself ' iohanem allemanum de medemblick ', and there is thus some doubt as to whether Medenblik in Holland was his birthplace or whether he was literally a German. ' Aleman- nus ', as an epithet in the 15th century, certainly sometimes included Dutchmen.
DIOSCORIDES, De materia medica. July, 1478.
I*. (Notes) : Notadum cp libri diascorides dicti duplex fperif or||dinatio cum eodem tamen phemio omnino. Vna qde || in quique libros ptita : ut testaf etia Galienus farma- co||rum sexto vbi no pa^j hue diascoridem recomendat : In || qua plura ptinent capl'a % breuiora ita ut uolumen sit. || [col. 2] minus totu . . . (text) [MjVlti uo||luerunt || auctores antiqui . . . ioi» COLOPHON : Explic dyascorides que petrus || paduanesis legendo corexit % expo||nendo q vtiliora sut I luce? deduxit. || Impressus colle p magistru3 ioKem 1| alle- manum de medemblick. anno 1| xpi millesimo. cccc". Ixxviii". mense || iulij.
COLLE 213
Folio, a^^bc^d^e^fg^h^; A B^ C-E^ F^". 104 leaves. 2, columns. 47 lines and marginalia. 2iax iii (173) mm. Types i and a (Gothic 90-91, 180 mm.). Hain *6a58. Proctor 7341.
The first book printed at Colle.
Both the first and last quires have ten leaves, although the register only assigTis them eight.
309 X 233 mm. [383
TOSCOLANO
GABRIELE DI PIETRO
{Only printer)
Like Colle the small town of Toscolano, near Brescia, manufactured paper before printing was introduced into it. Its only printer in the 15th century was Gabriele di Pietro, who, after printing some twenty or thirty books in Venice in the years 1474-78, completed two Latin grammatical books at Toscolano in January and February, 1479, and two legal ones in February and March, 1480.
PASSAGERIUS, Rolandinus. Summa artis notariatus.
I February, 1480.
2*. Summa uocor: genuit praestans orjllandus: ubicp || Instrumeto?* qui fuit arte nouus. 11 Si cupis errores : sequitur quos usus || iniquus : || Peller : uolum suscipe : docte : meu : || Est castigatu : {xiest : si recta poptas : || Benachi prosit qd tibi nc Gabriel j|| Orlandini rudulphini bononiensis || uiri praestantissimi in Summu artis notarise praefatio. loi*. Colophon : Sumae domini Orlandini passage||rii de Bononia pclari iuris interpre||tis i Arte Notariae opus utilimum j] optime Imprssum : accuratissimecj || Correctum : ad Creadorum Tabel||lionum eruditionem: ac Veteranol|rum faciliore instrumento?^ omni||um expeditions : p Magistrum Ga||briele. q. P. Taruisinum : Tuscula||ni assurgentis Lacus Benaci : uti Se||cundo Georgicorum continetur : || Fluctibus & freitu assurges Benace || Mario (Et .X. sneidos) || Post pre Benaco uelatus arundine 1| glauca || Mitis Ifesta ducebat I equora pinu || Regnante Serenissimo Principe : || Domino lohane Mozenico inclito || Duce Veneto Et Riperiam Salodii || Regente: Magnifico Domino An||drea Corario Patritio aeqssimo prae||fecto Klendis Feb||ruarii : MCCCCLXXX. Fceliciter explicit deo duce. |{| REGISTRVM SVMME OR||LANDINE . . . END: teti contioni.
Folio. a^^bc^d^^e-h^-^iKl m^n". loa leaves, the first and last blank, a columns. 45 lines and head-line, aoo (ai7)x 134 mm. Type 3 (Roman 89 mm.). Hain 13084. Proctor t7243^
The author, a professor of the notary's art at Bologna, died in 1 300. 300x198 mm. On the fly-leaves are written recipes for making ink. Inserted in the volume also is a manuscript scale of notarial fees. [384
^
214 ITALY
PINEROLO
JACQUES LE ROUGE
{Only printer)
At PInerolo, in the province of Turin, as at Colle and Toscolano, paper- making had long been established, and here also printing was introduced by a printer from Venice, Jacques Le Rouge (Jacobus Rubeus) in this case. At Venice Le Rouge had printed some five and twenty books between 1472 and July, 1478 (see p. 134), and now between 25 October, 1478, and 2 April, 1 48 1, he produced seven more at Pinerolo, of which a Juvenal was the first and the Carmina of Prosper of Aquitaine the last.
OVIDIUS NASO, PuBLius. Metamorphoses. i February, 1480.
W INNOVA FERT ANIMVS MV||TATAS DICERE FORMAS. 171 ^ Colo- phon : Anno salutis. M. CCCC. Octuagesimo Intra || kaledas februarias Publii Nasonis Outdii Me||thamorphoseos. Liber Impressus est. PineroHi. \ Diligeter emedatus arte. lacobi de Rubeis 1| Natione galicl
Folio, a* b^" c-u^ x'". 17a leaves, the last blank. 36 lines. 198 x95 mm. Type i (Roman no mm.). Hain 13161. Proctor 7247.
The I at the beginning of i*, although a majuscule, is a g^ide-letter or director for the use of the rubricator. The book begins with the unfortunate misprint IN for I AM.
250x167 mm. The I on i» is painted in red, its guide-letter showing through. An imperfect copy, wanting a 8, c i, c8, 63, e8, r6-8, u i, u 8, and the blank leaf at the end. [385
REGGIO D' EMILIA
Both the earliest presses at Reggio were entirely controlled by natives of the town. Its first printers were the brothers Bartolommeo and Lorenzo Bruschi, who in 1480 produced an edition of the Rudimenta Grammaticae of Perottus. While they were engaged on their second book, Boccaccio's Genealogiae Deorum, Lorenzo died, and Bartolommeo finished it alone, 6 October, 1481. Meanwhile a second printer had started work, Alberto Mazzali, who produced an edition of Tibvxllus, Catullus, and Propertius, in which he was associated with Prospero Odoardi, 14 (or 13) September, 1481, a Virgil in 1482, and after a long interval two more books in 1487. In 1484 Andrea Portilia arrived at Reggio from Parma and printed a single book. In 1494 Francesco Mazzali began work, printing one book in that year and a few more some years later. The other printers during the century were all travellers, Bazalerius de Bazaleriis (1495) and Ugo Rugerius (1500) coming from Bologna and Dionysius Bertochus from Venice. The total output was quite small.
REGGIO D' EMILIA 215
LAURENTIUS AND BARTHOLOMAEUS
BRUSCHUS
{First printers)
The Perottus printed in 1480 by these brothers (who were also called Bottonus) was apparently produced at their own expense. According to Signor Fumagalli in the following year they took other citizens of Reggio into partner- ship in order to find money for editions of the Genealogiae Deorum of Boccaccio and of Columella's Scriptores rei rusticae. As its colophon tells us, Bartholomaeus had to finish the Boccaccio alone, producing this in October, 1481, and the Columella in the following June, after which nothing more is heard of him.
BOCCACCIO, Giovanni. Genealogiae deorum. 6 October, 1481,
1". [GjENEALOGIAE Deol|rum getiliu ad Vgonem || inclytu hierusale & Cy||pri Regem secudum Io||annem boccacium d certaldo liber jl primus Icipit foeliciter. Prohemiu. 260*. Genealogiae deoru gentiliu^ Pm loannej boccaciuj de certaldo: ad |1 illustrem principem Vgonej Hierusalej & Cypri regem liber qntusde||cimus & ultimas explicit. || DEO GRATIAS. 261'', (Preface to tables) : qVia istud opus genealO''||giae deo^t gentiliu € ado II {)lixum : ut Rubricae ad || unum ut supra patet in principio locum reductse etiam per II se uolumen uideantur efRcere. Ideo || . . . 297''. Colophon : Dum tua boccaci propriis Laurentius auget
Suptibus: & reddit nomina clara magis >
Hoc opus sere notans: tuc stirps bottona uirete
Et que flet Regium : mors inopina rapit. Post lachrymas tande frater uirtutis amore Tam pulch^f exegit Bartholomeus opus. ||| IMpressum Regii Anno Salutis .M. CCCC. |1 LXXXI. pridie Nonas Octobris. agS". REGISTRVM. 299*. loannis Bocchacii de Certaldo: de montibus: siluis: fontibus: lacub^ II fluminib' : stagnis : seu paludib^ : d noib^ maris : liber icipit foeliciter. 356*. 1. 39. End: propinqui sunt.
Folio. [*] a-i K P" m" n-r" s« t-x^" y z &« pio aa (for ^f ; aa* bb cc^o dd^^-i ge2+i gt, ct, A-C" D*. 356 leaves, leaf 234 blank. 41 lines. 196 x 121 mm. Type 2 (Roman 96 mm.). Hain *33i9. Proctor 7250.
The colophon, which records the death of Laurentius Bruschus, and the completion of the work by his brother Bartholomaeus, finds an earlier parallel in the Augustinus De Ciuitate Dei, begun by Johannes and finished by Vindelinus de Spira (see No. 230).
The register gives only ten leaves to quire dd, omitting the first, which is the extra one. It quotes the first of the two quires signed aa by what would have been the more correct signature, 1^. The register in the British Museum copy is inserted before leaf 296. In the first paragraph on i* Hain's copy had the misprint ' boccacinm ', which here and in the British Museum copy has been corrected.
283 X 190 mm. On the back of the blank is a rough pen drawing of a ship.
[386
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2i6 ITALY
FRANCISCUS DE MAZALIBUS
Franciscus DE Mazalibus was presumably a kinsman of the Albertus who had printed at Reggio in 1484 and 1487. His own work is divided by a similar gap, the Appianus de bellis ciuilibus described below being dated 22 October, 1494, while of his other five dated books one was finished in November, 1498, and four in 1499. The Xenophon, also in this collection, the only undated book from his press, belongs to his earlier period.
APPIANUS. De bellis ciuilibus. 22 October, 1494.
i». Title: APIANVS ALEXANDRINVS || DE BELLIS CIVILIBVS. i". TABVLA. a». PRAEFACIO. i|| Ad diuum Alfonsum Aragonum & utriuscj Siciliae regem in libros || ciuilium bellorum ex Appiano Alexandrino in latinum traductos Praellfacio Incipit felicissime. 135". CoLOPHON : Impressum Regii per Franciscum de Mazalibus Anno Domini || .M. CCCC. LXXXXIIIL Die .XXIL Mensis Octobris. I35^ REGISTRVM . . . End : Glintidiones.
Folio, a-i K 1-r*. 136 leaves, the last blank, 42 lines with head-lines and marginalia. 331 (240) X 130 (i6c) mm. Type i (Roman no mm.). Hain *i309. Proctor 7254.
285 X 195. Bound with Pasquale's Scandiano edition of the Historia Romana in the same type (No. 404) by which it is completed. [387
XENOPHON. Opera varia. [About 1494.]
i». Xenophontis opera in hoc uolumine impressa. |]| Xenophon de Venatione : per Omnibonum Vincentinum in latinum traductus. |!| Xenophontis liber de re publica & de legibus Lacedsemoniorum. Fraciscus Philelfus || e grseco traduxit. |i| Xenophontis oratio de regis Agesilai Laced^monioru laudibus : p Philelfu traducta. ||| Xenophontis Apologia pro Socrate per Leonardum Aretinu in latinum conuersa. ||| xenophontis opusculum de Tyranide per Leonardum Aretinum traductum. ||| xenophontis libellus de Aequiuocis. ||| Paedia Cyri Persarum regis. 97*. par. 2. TRANSLATOR'S COLOPHON: Huic autem Cyri Paediae : Idem Franciscus Philelfus eques auratus Laureatusc^ poeta || extremam imposuit manum. Mediolani ad .xf. Calen. Octobres. Anno a natali Chril|stiano Millesimo quatri- gentesimo sexagessimo septimo. 97''. Calliphilus Bernardinus Robiatinus in Xenophontis libros de Cyri paedia : per cla||rissimum oratorem Poetamque Franciscum Philelfum auratum : de graeco in 1| latinum conuersus . . . End : Imperitare simul : imperiumque pati.
Folio. A-D* E* ; a-l" m*. 98 leaves, the last blank. 43 lines and head-line. 239 (244.) X 144 mm. Type I (Roman no mm.). Hain 16225. Proctor 7255.
Printed in the same type as the Appianus, and perhaps slightly the earlier of the two books, as the type is very fresh.
295 X 203 mm. [388
CIVIDALE 217
CIVIDALE
GERARDUS LISA
{Only printer)
After having tried his fortunes at Venice Gerardus Lisa printed a single book at Treviso, where he had first begun work (see p. 169), and then travelled north-east to Cividale, now on the Austrian frontier. Here he brought out two books in October and November, 1480, the De honesta voluptate of Baptista Platina and an Italian edition of the Chronicles of Isidorus. He then turned a few miles back to Udine, where he printed in 1484, and finally resumed work at Treviso.
PLATINA, Baptista. De honesta voluptate et valetudine.
24 October, 1480.
1*. Platyne De Honesta Voluptate: % Valitudle. ad |1 Amplissimu ac Doctissimum. D. B. Rouerellam. H S. Clemetis Presbiteru Cardinalem. 89^ >I< Finis ^ \\\ Viri doctissimi Platyne opusculum de obso-'||niis: ac de honesta voluptate t valitudi#||ne : impressuj in Ciuitate Austrie : || impensis t expensis Gerard! || de Flandria. Venetiaruj || Duce Inclito Io||hanne Moceico. || ^ Nono Kalendas Nouembris. 4" || .M°. cccc. Ixxx". ||| »i« Laus Omnt- potenti Deo. ^i ||| 4* 90'. (Table): Platyne de honesta || voluptate: x valitudine 1| libri primi capitula. 93^ Cartarum presentis operis registrum . . . End : de auibus.
Quarto, (i-ii^ ia«.) 94 leaves, the last blank. 31 lines. 136 x74 mm. Type 5 (Gothic 79 mm,). Hain *i305a. Proctor 7366.
The first book printed at Cividale.
' Barth. Sicci (who called himself Baptista Platina), the author of this and several other notable works, was bom at Piadena in 142 1, ended his active career as librarian of the Vatican library, and died, presumably at Rome, in 148 1. He was the first librarian of whom history gives any particular account.' R. C. H.
201 X 150 mm, The majuscules in the first four quires touched with yellow.
[389
CASALE DI SAN VASO
The earliest dated book printed at Casale di San Vaso (also known as Casale S. Evasii and Casale di Monteferrato) is the commentary of Hubertinus Clericus on Ovid's Heroides, 6 September, 1481. The cost of this was borne by the author and by one of the canons of the church of S. Evaxius, which perhaps makes it probable that it was the first book printed at the press. Mr. Proctor, however, placed in front of it the Conuiuia of Philelphus described below, and also Latin and Italian editions of a life of S. Roche by Fran. Diedo. The second dated book, a Confessionale by Johannes Antonius de Burgo, was finished 22 March, 1482. Four other undated books are quoted by Mr, Proctor and Herr Burger, and Signor Fumagalli adds to the output of the town an undated Ovid De arte
E e
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2i8 ITALY
amandi, the work of a priest, Augustinus of Vercelli, and Caspar Cantonus, who had printed an Aesop at Milan in 1480.
GULIELMUS DE CANEPA
{First printer)
In the edition of the Heroides two printers are named in different para- graphs of the colophon, Antonius de Corsiono and Gulielmus de Canepa noua de Campilionibus. Mr. Proctor thought it probable that the latter was not the printer, but found the capital, Signor Fumagalli and Herr Burger treat Canepa as the printer and Corsiono as a compositor or pressman, and this is the more likely view since it is his name which occurs in the second dated book from the press.
PHILELPHUS, Franciscus. Conuiuia. [Not before July, 1477.]
I*. Errores notati in toto uoluie ... 4". lo. Franciscus Marlianus Francisco Philelfo sal. d. PI . . . 5». Leonardus iustinianus Francisco philelfo sue salute. 5''. par. % : Francisci Philelfi ad Thomam Thebaldum Mediola||nense Conuiuium primum. |]| Collocutores. Rem- baldus. Landrianus. Aenicus. Thellbaldus. Metellus. Pilicio. Ferusinus. Alphonsus. 96». End: finis.
Quarto. A*a-l*m*. 96 leaves, a 8 lines with marginalia. 136 x 85 (114) mm. Type i (Roman 97 mm,). Hain 12956. Proctor 7268.
Philelphus was still alive, though an old man, when this edition of his Conuiuia was published. He died in 1481, aged 83.
The letter of Marlianus is dated ' Ex Ticino Kalendis Sextilibus .M. cccc. Lxxvii '.
180 X 136 mm. In this copy quire A is bound at the end. [390
PISA
Owing doubtless to the disturbed political conditions at Pisa, although six different firms tried their fortune, printing took no root there in the 15th century, only just over a dozen incunabula being produced. The first printer in the town did not put his name to his single book, an edition of the Consilia of Fran, de Accoltis, completed 23 March, 1482-83. The second firm, that of Ser Lorenzo and Ser Agnolo of Florence, also produced but one book, the Ficinus Delia Christiana religione of 2 June, 1484, described below. Bemar- dinus Fornius, another Florentine, also printed but one book ; Gregorius de Gentis, a Pisan, three; Ugo Rugerius from Bologna as many as six (all in 1494); Hieronymus of Ancharano only one (1499)- After this last date, according to Signor Fumagalli, the city did not again possess a printer until 1609.
For the 1473 edition of the Summa of Bartholomaeus Pisanus, supposed by Desportes to have been printed at Pisa, see No. 409.
PISA 219
LORENZO AND AGNOLO OF FLORENCE
Nothing appears to be known of these partners save that they printed the book described below.
FICINUS, Marsilius. Delia Christiana religione. 2 June, 1484.
I"*. (Table) : [P]ROemio prlmo che lumana generatione sanza reU||gione sarebbe piu misera chelle bestie ... 3* PROEMIO PRIMO DI MARSILIO FICINO || Florentino della Christiana Religione achi secondo lareHligione Christiana uuole uiuere. Nel quale prohemio || si contiene n che lageneratione humana sanza religione sa||rebbe piu misera che lebestie. ii4». Colophon : FINIS || FINITQ ellibro della Christiana religione || colle nuoue additioni e \ agiunta conpilate e || agiunte pel sopradeto famosissimo philosopo || platonicho MARSILIO ficino fiorentino |J Inpresso inpisa p SERlorenzo ^ e ^ SERagnolJlo fiorentini del mese digiugno: adi. II. || M. CCCC. LXXXIIII.
Quarto. [*'*] a-i l-o* p' q''. 114 leaves. 31 lines. 172x106 mm. Type i (Roman III mm.). Hain 7074. Proctor 7276.
The first book printed at Pisa with its printer s name.
268 X 202 mm. [391
GREGORIUS DE GENTIS
As stated in his colophons Gregorius de Gentis was a citizen of Pisa. His first book, Sandeus super titulo de rescriptis, is dated by Hain 20 November, 1483, a misprint of his own or of the original printer for 1484, since Innocent VH I was already pope, and a dedicatory letter early in the book is dated 6 Kal. Aprilis in this year. The Dicta et facta regis Alphonsi of Antonius Panormita followed on I February, 1485, and on 5 May in the same year the book entered below, which appears to have been hitherto left undescribed.
LODOVICUS [Pretini] DE PUPPIO. Interpretatiunculae carminum Guarini Veronensis, 5 May, 1485.
I*. Lodouici presbyteri de Puppio proemium. a'. Lodouici presbyteri de Puppio in differetias Gua||rini veronensis interpretatio. 58*. COLOPHON ; Lodouici presb3^eri de Puppio : nominati pretini opuscuyium finit de interptatiunculis carminu3 Guarini veronejlsis clari rhetoris finis, diuino auxilio. ||| Impressuj Pisis p Gregoriuj de gete ciue pisanu. Anno II salutis .M. cccc. Ixxxv. Tertio nonas Maij.
Quarto, a-f* g". 58 leaves. 30 lines. 133 x 86 mm. Types i, 2 (Gothic 88 and ica mm.).
Spaces left for Greek words. The verses by Guarinus which are here annotated are of the kind :
Durities camis callus : callis est via stricta. Est montis collis : caulem die esse virentem. 202 X 130 mm. Given to General Hawkins by R. C. Christie, whose book- .plate it bears. [392
£62
^
!2o ITALY
AQUILA
Printing was introduced into Aquila in the Abruzzi by Adam Rottweil from Venice, who printed some eight books in 1482-85. Apparently some of his type remained in the place after he ceased work, as a reprint of the Naples Aesop of Francesco Tuppo, completed 31 May, 1493, by a citizen of the town, Eusanius Stella, with the aid of Johannes Picardus de Hamel and Louis de Masson, is in Adam's type 4, the second of the founts he used at Aquila.
ADAM OF ROTTWEIL
{First printer)
After printing a few books at Venice in 1477-80, Adam of Rottweil trans- ferred his press to Aquila and probably began work with a fine Italian edition of Plutarch's Lives, finished 16 September, 1482. This was followed the next month by the Chronicles of Isidorus, and about the same time were issued four books by Jacobus de Bangio. Adam's other books were the Opus Grammaticale of Sulpitius (19 March, 1483) and the Fasciculus Temporum described below (2 December, 1486).
PLUTARCH US. Le vite di Plutarcho. 16 September, 1482.
i». Tabula dela prima parte delle uite de Plutarcho. a». VITE DE PLVTARCHO TRADVCTE DE LATINO IN WLGA||RE IN AQVILA AL MAGNIFICO LODOVICHO TORTO PER 1| BAPTISTA ALEXANDRO lACONELLO DE RIETE:. 333". Colophon: Finisce la prima parte delle uite de Plutarcho: traducte per II Baptista Alexandro laconello de Riete: & stampate || in Aquila adi. xvi. de septembro .M. cccc. Ixxxii. || per maestro Adam de Rotuuil Alamano || stampatore excellente: c6 dispesa del || magnificho signore Lodouicho || Torto: & delli spectabili ho|lmini Ser Dominicho de 1| Montorio: & de Ser || Lodouicho de Ca«||millis de Asculo || ciptadino de |1 Aquila. |1| LAVS DEO AMEN: 334'. Ragistro delli quintevri . . . End: andare ad.
Folio. a-zA-H"I-L'. 334 leaves. 47 lines. 205x133 mm. Type 4 (Roman 86 mm.). Hain 13133. Proctor 7277.
Printed in one of the most beautiful of the smaller Italian types. On !*> and 333*' are verses by the editor.
275 X 195 mm. Capitals supplied in red and blue. [393
JACOPO DE BANGIO. Trattato delle excommunicazioni. [1482-83?]
i». Incomenza la tabula dello sequente nobilissimo tractate de tutte censure t || pene che pone la sancta matre ecclesia. cioe excoicationi. suspensioni. interdi||cto. t irregularitati. In terza rima vulgare con tutte dechiarationi anco vul||gari in quelle necessarie. t colle uere cotationi % testi. tutte copilate t ordinal|te dallo venerabile religioso frate lacobo de bangio dellaquila dellordine || de frati minori ... 3'. Inconmencza To prologo sopra lo tractato delle exconmunicationi ppali % |1 uescouali. Conptlate f ordinate in tercza rima vulgare.
AQUILA 221
dallo venabile t Re||Hgioso fratre lacobo de Bagio dellaquila e dellordine b ffi minot Allaud' II » gfia dello etno dio f p salute % doctria delle vulgari % diote psone feliciter. 70''. End of Text : Oue dogni bonta lanima fie satia a m e n || Lo registro . . . End : Soano irregular!.
Quarto. [**] a* b* cd' e* T g-i* k*. 70 leaves. 45 lines of small type. 147 x 95 mm. Types 3 and 5 (Gothic 65, 130 mm.). Proctor 7279.
212 X 140 mm. Capital and paragraph-mark on 3* supplied in blue. [394 ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum. 2 December, i486.
[a». Tabula comodissima super li-|lbro sequeti q fascicul* df tepoi; || . . .] 9'. Fasci- culus temporum || Omnes antiquorum chronicas strictim c6ple-||ctens felici nomine incipit || Prologus. II 73*. Colophon : Adam alemanus Impressioni parauit. Anno salutis .M. cccc Ixxxvj. die secunda mensis || decembris. 73''. C Ex cathena solomonis . . . 74'. End.
Folio, [a*] b-h^ i". 74 leaves, the first blank. 2 columns. 9'': 59 lines. 195 x 141 mm. Type 3 (Gotnic 6^ mm.). Copinger ii. 2438.
Set up, and with woodcuts roughly copied, from Erhard Ratdolt's Venice edition of 8 September, 1485. The words ' Fasciculus temporum ' on 9* appear to be woodcut.
258 X 1 75 mm. Wanting leaves 1-8 and 74. [395
SIENA
Save for two books produced by Sigismundus Rodt in or about 1489, printing at Siena during the 15th century was in the hands of two easily unsettled printers, Hendrik of Haarlem and Heinrich of Cologne. The former dated his first book there, 8 January, 1483, which has been variously interpreted as meaning 1483 or 1484 ; the latter reached the point of publication 21 July, 1484. Heinrich's main activity at Siena was from i486 to October, 1489; Hendrik's from January, 1489, to 1495. During 1491 they were in partnership. Between fifty and sixty incunabula have been registered as printed at the city. Most of these were legal textbooks.
HENDRIK OF HAARLEM
{Firs^ printer)
Hendrik of Haarlem began printing in 1482 at Bologna (q.v.), which lies half-way between Siena and Venice. If the date, 8 January, 1483, in the De praescriptionibus of Baldus de Ubaldis, which he printed at Siena, means January, 1483, on leaving Bologna he travelled south-west to Siena, printed this one book there, and then retraced his steps and went on to Venice, where he printed the Doctrinale of Alexander Gallus in April, 1483. If, on the other hand, he dated his Siena book according to the custom of the city, which began the year at Lady Day, then 8 January, 1483, is 1484 of our reckoning, and he travelled from Bologna north-east to Venice, and then retraced his steps and came to Siena.
222 ITALY
From 1484 to 1488 he was again at BologBa. From January, 1488-89, to 1495, he worked at Siena, and during this second stay produced more than thirty books. Before 1491 he probably printed all or most of his books in partnership with Johann Walbeck; in 1491 he worked with Heinrich of Cologne; after 1491 by himself. During the partnership of 1491 three books were produced by the firm in the neighbouring city of Lucca, Heinrich of Cologne probably being in charge of the business there while Hendrik stayed at Siena.
PETRUCIUS, Fredericus. Dispulationes et consilia.
15 January, 1488-89.
a'. [D]OMTNI nostri ihesu H christi nomine eiusg majltris sanctissime Marie 'vUginis gloriose suffragijs |1 luocatis. Incipiut questi||ones disputate. Consilia reddita ad consulta- tiones || responsa interduj allegan||do sed vt plurimu consule||do ac collationes habite cu iuris vtrius(5 doctoribus || p do. Fredericu de petrucijs de Senis decretojj dojlctore I divert studijs t maxle perusino . . . i4o». COLOPHON : Hie finiunt Consilia cum eorura tabula Excelletissil|mi decretorum doctoris domiui Frederici petrucij Se||nensis diligentissime reuisa per eximium legum docto-l|rem dominu Bemardinura pasturinuj de pontremulo || Impressionicp dedite Senis per Henricu Harlem t || lohannem valbeeck Socios. Anno salutis .Mcccclxjlxxviij. Die decimoquinto lanuarij. J|| Registrum ... [Device.] 141*. Hec est tabula . . . 146*. End :■ Explicit Tabula super disputationibus questionib' |1 % Consilijs domini Frederici de Petrucijs de Senis 1| decretorum excellentissimi doctoris. Laus deo.
Folio. a-r^t*s8. 146 leaves, the first blank. 60 lines. 273x179 mm. Type i (Gothic 90 mm.). Hain *i2844. Proctor 7283.
Petrucius was a Sienese jurist of the first half of the 14th century. 400 X 274 mm. Michael Wodhull's copy, with his note (dated 1 3 April, 1 79 1) of its purchase for $s. td. at the Pinelli auction and binding at a cost oi \\s. [396
BINDINUS, Thomasius. Oratiunculae. . [About 1489.]
I*". In laudem opens i auctoris Phi. Cyneus. [Ten lines of verse.] a*. Summo eloquentiae luueni Petro laurentij de || Medicis Bindinus Thommasius Senesis. lu. doc. 1| Salutej t comedationem. 14*. COLOPHON : Impressum Senis per lohannem % Henricum jj Almanicos ||1 Impressor ad lectorem {||
Surreptum auctori cupida lege mente libellum :
Dulciloquum redolet qui Ciceronis opus. Sic tibi iuris opus nolenti pmere claudi Flauius arripuit : plurima dona feres Utile lectori nos tantum poscimus vnum. Hunc emat: acre potest multa parare breul: Quarto, a^b*. 14 leaves. 27 lines. 124 x79 mm. Type i (Gothic 91 mm.). Hain 3202. Proctor 7283,
195 x137 mm. [397
HEINRICH OF COLOGNE
Heinrich of Cologne printed from November, 1474, to the spring of 1477 at Brescia; from 1477 to i486 at Bologna. While his head-quarters were at Bologna he printed in 1482 and 1483 three books at the neighbouring city of
SIENA 223
Modena, and three or four in 1484-86 at Siena. From May, i486, to October, 1489, he worked continuously at Siena, producing there some twenty books. In 1490 and 1491 he was at Lucca, in the latter year in partnership with Hendrik of Haarlem, with whom also he printed a single book at Nozzano and another at Siena in the same year. In 1493 he printed a book at Urbino.
GABRIEL, Joannes. Clausulae epistularum Ciceronis. 7 October, I4[8]9.
I**. loannes Gabriel Antonio Bico Equiti Aurato salute || plurimaj dicit. 3*. Clausulae famillariu epistolaru Cicerois excerptae t gejlneratij digestae p loanem Gabrielem Ciuem senese3. 38''. COLOPHON : Finis clausulaij Ciceronis adest quas lo. galriel. senensis |1 orator illustris qui iaj dudum summa cu frequetia au|lditoru t laude Senae huanitatis Iras publice {)fessus e || Scite elegantercj in genera digessk : laetare ergo lector || suauissime cuj tibi hoc breuissimuj copendium afferat 1| qb frustra vniuersum Ciceronis volumen euoluendo || perquirebas. vale, felix t gratias habe mgro Henrico U Colonies! q. eas qua emedatissimas sua impensa t soler||tJ diligetia Senae ipressit no, octo, M. cccc, Ixxxxviiii. ||| Haec paucula lector amatissimeq aberrata erat librario||ru culpa subdimus . . . Finis, laus dec t gloria trinis. [3g^ Berardinus vrsellus vrbinas Insigni 1| Equiti D. loanni, Bicho. Senesi. S, 4a*» END : . . .Senae. iij. nonas oc||tobris. M. cccc. Ixxxviiij. || Deo optimo. maximo. laus.}
Quarto, a-d* e" [**]. 4a leaves. 30 lines and head-line. 140 (145) x 86 mm. Type 6 (Gothic 91 mm.). Proctor 7281.
198 X 135 mm. Without the last four leaves. [398
SONCINO
JOSHUA SOLOMON
{On/y press)
At the castle of Soncino, in the province of Cremona, a rich family of Jews, who came to be known by the name of their estate, printed numerous Hebrew books during the years 1483 to 1490. Under the inspiration of his father, Israel Nathan, the press was directed by Joshua Solomon, with the aid of two nephews. The working printer was Abraham ben R. Chajjim de' Tintori. The texts of two treatises from the Talmud were finished 19 December, 1483, but the preliminary matter belongs to the following February, and the first book to be completed was the Mibchar Happeninim or Choice of Pearls, attributed to Salomon ibn Gabirol, dated 14 January, 1484, a copy of which is here described. Over twenty books were printed (one of them partly at Casalmaggiore), and then, on the death of his father, Joshua Solomon removed to Naples, where he printed four more books. One of his nephews, Gherescom (otherwise Gerson or Jerome) Soncino, printed subsequently at Brescia, Fano, and elsewhere.
SALOMON IBN GABIROL? Mibchar Happeninim. Selecta Margari- tarum Apophthegmata. 17 Schebat (14 January), 1484.,
2». D'3»3QrT "inao ibd nr. Colophon ends with the signature of the corrector : }3 noi'B'
"IT 'DBiv ''iD3n Y"^ n'nno.
Quarto. Hebrew signatures. [1-7*8*.] 60 leaves, the first blank. 30 lines. 137 x
9a mm. Type : large and small face, 90 mm. Hain 9369 and 11136. Proctor 7393.
^
224 ITALY
The book, originally written in Arabic, is anonymous, and the attribution to Salomon ibn Gabirol, a Spanish Jew of the nth century, not certain. It was translated into Hebrew by Jehuda ibn Tibbon, and is here accompanied by an anonymous commentary attributed to Samson.
197 x143 mm. [399
NOVI
NICOLAUS GIRARDENGUS
{Only printer)
Nicolas Girardengo, of Novi, who had worked at Venice (1479 — May, 1482) and at Pavia (December, 1482 — June, 1483), printed a single book at his native place in 1484, the Summa casuum conscientiae of Baptista de Salis, described below. He was also the printer of a Roman Breviary dated 22 July, 1490, but without any statement as to where it was produced.
BAPTISTA [Trovamala] DE SALIS. Summa casuum conscientiae dicta Rosalia seu Baptistiana. 1484.
a*. (Preface) : eNim uero : cu grades mas igeia |1 pua no ferat ... %\ (red) : Incipit summa casuum utilissima: p Ve||neradu3 pfem frem Baptista de salis or||dis mioij b obPuatia. Proulcie lanue: j] nouif ppilata: q Baptistiniana niicupat. 407^ COLOPHON: Impressum est hoc opus Nouis : per 1| Magistruj Nicolaum Girardenguj || incolam eiusdem terre. Anno, vj || .M. cccc. Lxxxiiij, 408'. (Register) : a || uacat . . . End : 8 rano.
Quarto, a-e^ f*g-z t? ij A-X, AA-CC* DD^^. 408 leaves, the first blank, a columns. 46 lines. 141 X 96 mm. Type 8 (Gothic 61 mm.). Hain 14176. Proctor 731 1\
The first book printed at Novi.
200x141 mm. Rubricated. On 2* is the inscription: Fris Constantij Ratatij ord. min. Com. S. Fran^. [400
PESCIA
FRANCISCUS AND LAURENTIUS
DE CENNIS
{First press)
At Pescia, a little town not far from Lucca, the patronage of the noble family of the Orlandi caused some twenty-five incunabula to be printed in the years 1485 to 1492, The first printer, Francesco Cenni, a Florentine priest, after producing one book, S. Bernard of Siena's Delia Confessione (28 February, 1485), associated his brother Lorenzo with him in the seven books of the succeeding
PESCIA 225
year. After this the bulk of the Pescia incunabula are anonymous, save for their references to members of the family of Orlandi. Two, completed in 1488, were printed by Sigismund Rodt. The typographical authorship of the rest is unknown. Most of these Pescia books are legal.
SOCCINUS, Marianus. Tractatus in materia obligationum.
10 April, i486.
1*. Preclarus & insignis Tractatus praticabilis & quotidianus i materia Oblationuj editus ab excellelltissimo .V. I. monarca Domino Mariano Sozzino de Senis genitore magni iuris consulti Dni Bartho||lomei Sozzini: utilis & necessarius tarn doctoribus & scholaribus utriustj iuris censure: causidicis & || tabellionibus ^ ecclesiasticis personis & aliis quibuscuncp. 26'. COLOPHON : Impressum Piscie impensis nobilis iuue||nis Bastiani filii Ser lacobi Gerardi || de Orlandis de Piscia. Opera presbyl|teri Laurentii & Franchi fratrum & fi||liorum lacobi Cennis florentinorum || opificu: sub annis natiuitatis domini || nri lesu Christi .M. CCCC LXXX||VI, & die decima mensis Aprilis ad || laudem & gloriaj domini lesu christi || redeptoris nostri eiuscj beate Marie 1| & gloriose uirgis: & sanctoru3 lacojlbi & Sebastiani totiuscp celestis curie || paradisi. |{| Registrum . . . c quatemus.
Folio. a*b'"c^ 26 leaves, a columns. 5a lines. 391 x 178 mm. Type a (Roman loi mm.). Hain 14853. Proctor t73i6.
Mariano Soccini was a Sienese canonist, who died in 1467.
415 X 285 mm. An untouched copy, save for a few slight stains of damp. Michael Wodhull's copy, with his note (dated 9 December, 1801) of purchase (with ' more ') for ys. and binding at the same cost. [401
PRINTER UNKNOWN
RODULPHIS, Laurentius de. De usuris. 18 February, 1490.
i*. Tractatus iste solennis de vsuris fuit alias iamdiu || impressus : in qua impressione defuit vltima pars : || que est a nobis in hoc impressa i fine : vbi sunt glose || eiusdem domini Laurentij de Ridolfis. 44*. Finis solennissimi tractatus de vsuris t materie || montis clarissimi .V. I. interpretis .d. Laurentij de || Ridolfis ciuis floretini editi ab eo dum ordinarie le-||gebat in studio floretino anno .M. CCCC iij. vna cu dcis || pluriu doctoijL theologoi;: \ alioi^ ab eo relatis in dca || materia motis cum glosis seu riisionibus eiusde) dili {| Lauretij (5 ridolfis ad ilia Piscie impssi impesis no||bilium iuuenu Bastiani t Raphaelis filioij: ser Iaco||bi de orlandis Anno natiuitatis diii .M.cccclxxxx || die .xviij. februarij Ad laudem indiuidue trinitatis || gloriosecj matris virginis Marie.
Folio, a-d'-* e^ f * g". 44 leaves, a columns. 70 lines. 399x179 mm. Hain *I3959.
Lorenzo Ridolfi was a Florentine jurist of the first half of the 15th century. 400 X 280 mm. [402
F f
^
226 ITALY
CHIVASSO
JACOBINUS SUIGUS
{Only printer)
After printing one book at his native place, San Germano, in 1484, and another the next year at Vercelli, Jacobinus Suigus obtained a commission in i486 to print at Chivasso, near Turin, the Summa de casibus conscientiae of a Brother Angelus of that place, a Franciscan vicar-general. After executing this he went to Venice and Turin and thence to Lyon.
ANGELUS DE CLAVASIO. Summa de casibus conscientiae.
13 May, i486.
I*. Rubrice iuris ciuilis % caonici ... la*. Epl'a F. Hieronymi tornieli lectoris. Ad 9^. p. F. Angelu de clauassio pntis operis Aucto||rem in qua orat eius Reueretiam : vt ipm opus imprimi faciat . . . 13*. In nomine domini nostri iesu christi. Amen. || Incipit prologus 1 summa angelica de casibus conscientie per fratrej Angelum de clauasio or-||dinis minorum vicarium generalem cismontanoru fratrum obseruantie compilata cui premit||titur primo prologus deinde subnectitur tabula contentoijL in ipa declaratiua . . . 386*. CoLOPHON : Impressuj hoc opus Clauassij Anno Christia||ne salutis .M. cccc. octuagesimo sexto ter||tio idus may. Feliciter Impantibus In-||nocentio octauo pontifice maximo: t Ka'Hrolo Illustris- simo. duce quito sabaudie pejldemontane^ regionis. 386\ Registrum huius operis . . . End: post.
Quarto. [*"] »ii* a-y' z^^ A-Z^ 388 leaves, 11, 387, 388 blank. 2 columns. 55 lines. 200 X 146 mm. Types i and 2 (Gothic 59, c. 130 mm.). Hain 5382. Proctor 7323.
Angelo of Chivasso died in 1495.
200 X 1 50 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. [403
SCANDIANO
PEREGRINO PASQUALE
{Only press)
Four incunabula were printed at Scandiano, all by Peregrino Pasquale of Bologna, who had worked at Treviso in 1482 and at Venice from 1483 to 1494. His first Scandiano book was the Historia Romana of Appianus (10 January, 1495), supplementing the edition of the De Bellis Ciuilibus printed at the neighbouring city of Reggio in the same type and on the same paper by Francesco Mazzali. Two other books appeared in 1499 and one in 1500, all by Giovanni Boiardo, the last of them, the Timone, being printed by Pasquale in partnership with Gasparo Crivello, a native of the place.
SCANDIANO 227
APPIANUS. Historia Romana. 10 January, 1495,
i». P. Candidi in libros Appiai sophistae Alexandrini ad Ni'colaum quintum || summum pontificem Prsefatio incipit fcelicissime. i\ Appiai sophists Alexadrini Romanae historise 4XEmiu foeliciter incipit. yg\ CoLOPHON : Diligetis : ac ingeniosi Calchographi Peregrini Pasqua||li exactissima : turn opera: turn cura hsec candidi ex Ap||piao historico & Sophista traductio Scadiani Camillo || Boiardo Comite Impressa est Anno a natali Christi. || M. CCCCLCXV. IIII Iduu lanuarii. ||| [Register and Device.]
Folio. A-M* N*. 80 leaves, the last blank. 43 lines, with head-line and marginalia. 331 (340) X 130 (160) mm. Type 23 (Roman no mm.). Hain 1310. Proctor 7325.
285 X 195 mm. Bound with the Reggio edition of the De Bellis Ciuilibus, by F. de Mazalibus, in the same types, which it completes. [404
FORLI
The first book printed at Forli, in the Romagna, was an edition of the De elegantia linguae latinae in epistulis et orationibus componendis by Nicolaus Ferrettus of Ravenna, completed 16 April, 1495, by Paolo Guarino de Guarini of Forli and Gio. Giac. de Benedetti of Bologna. Less than six weeks later appeared another work by the same author, his De structura compositionis, completed 25 May, 1495, by Hieronymus Medesanus of Parma. Medesanus is not known to have printed any other book ; the other firm produced one more, a Prognosticon, by Ant. Manilio, 12 August, 1495.
HIERONYMUS MEDESANUS
FERRETTUS, Nicolaus. De structura compositionis. 25 May, 1495.
i». C NICOLAVS FERETTVS. |i [Woodcut.] || PARVE Liber dnam timide subiturus in Eirce ... 3». C NICOLAI FERETTI Rauenatis d structura seu ordle & iu||ctura copositionis ornatae ad coponendas epistolas liber primus. a8^ Colophon: C DE ELEGANTIA LINGVAE LATINAE SERVAN«||DA IN EPISTOLIS : ET ORA- TIONIBVS COMPONEN||dis: praecepta sumpta ex auctoribus probatissimis. etiam de com||positione olum praepositionum latina^ & earum significatione. [Woodcut.] C Hoc opus est impressum Forliuii per me Hieronyl|mum Medesanum Parmensem : nouiter^ p ipsum II Auctorem correptum aditum & emendatum || Anno domini. M. CCCCLXXXXV. || die uero. xxv. Mai Regnante Illustris||simo Pricipi nostro domino Octal|uiano de Riario: ac Inclito do||mino lacobo Pheo guberna||tori dignissimo.
Quarto, a-d* e*. 38 leaves. 40 lines and marginalia. 164 x 104 (121) mm. Type i (Roman 79-80 mm.). Hain *6974. Proctor 7328.
The charming woodcut on i*, representing a teacher lecturing to older pupils while two children and a dog sit on the floor, comes from Matteo Capcasa's edition of the Epigrammata Cantalycii (Venice, 1493) ; the cut of Theseus and the centaur on the last page from the title-page of the Venice Plutarch of 1491, printed by Giovanni Ragazzo for L. A. Giunta. The small woodcut capitals and the type also are probably Venetian. The author, a native of Ravenna, taught grammar at Venice, and died in 1523.
203 X 148 mm. [406
F f 2
228 ITALY
FANO GERSON BEN MOSES OF SONCINO
{First printer)
After helping his uncle, Joshua Solomon, at Soncino, Gerson ben Moses printed several Hebrew books at Brescia (1491-94) and an edition of the Selicoth (15 September, 1496) at Barco. Another edition of the same work is sometimes asserted to have been printed by him at Fano, in the province of Pesaro, near the Adriatic, before the close of the 15th century, but this appears to be an error. He began producing Latin books there in 1502, calling himself in them Hieronymus Soncinus. The next year he resumed Hebrew printing, and also issued his italic Petrarch, in which he abused Aldus (unjustly), as if he had taken to himself the credit for the type. He continued printing at Fano until 1507, when he migrated to Pesaro, but Fano received two more visits from him. Gregorius de Gregoriis also printed there in 1514, producing the first book printed in Arabic.
ELEAZAR BEN lUDA. Sefer harokeach. Liber Pigmentarii. 1505.
II uui ann id» "Win npnn nsD
II Ijvt nivT wan p iryiiM
niso f['hi<n y hv pvnn an ov njio
'Ss I'iPD trs T^vf mw nnno \yr\'bi
Colophon :
HDT n3B> HDS aiv3 UNB Tya 11 ^t min» n'j p nrvi'N ivan ann na^n ib'n npnn ihm
Folio. Hebrew signatures. [** 1-18*.] no leaves, a columns. 48 lines. 148 x 327mm. Types: lao?, 100?, 94.
The title ' The Book of the Perfumer ' is allegorical, the workljeing a ritual treatise, with a fine ethical introduction.
283 X 193 mm. [406
UNLOCALIZED BOOKS
LEONARDOS [Bruni] ARETINUS. Epistulae familiares. 1472.
2\ LEONARDI ARRETINI EPISTOLARVM 1| FAMILIARIVM LIBER PRIMVS FELICI-llTER INCIPIT. 8o». par. 2 : LEONARDI ARRETINI EPISTO- LARVM II FAMILIARIVM LIBER OCTAWS : ET H VLTIMVS FINIT. MCCCC. LXXII. Ill Reuerendissimo in christo patri : & domino lacobo Zeno H episcopo patauino Antonius Moretus brixiensis: & Hieronyus 1| Alexandrinus, S. P. || [I]N emendadis : imprimundis<5 Leonardi Arretini epistoHs 1| Patauine pontifex libenter tibi paruimus . . . Nos uero qnti || fecerimus : hinc cognoscitur. Nam qcquid nobis erat pecuniaru : 1| laeti impendimus. Bene uale. Et nos : ut soles : ama.
Folio. [a"b-i8k«.] 80 leaves, the first blank. 37 lines. 203x123 mm. Type- Roman 109 mm. Hain *i$6^. Proctor 7349.
UNLOCALIZED BOOKS 229
On the ground of the close resemblance of its type to that used by Bartholomaeus Girardinus, Mr. Proctor classed this book among his Venetian ' adespota ', ranking it with a Terence and (more doubtfully) a grammatical book. Antonius Moretus appears at Venice twenty-eight years later as the publisher of the Practica of Guainerius printed by Herzog (27 May, 1500, P. 5204). Hieronymus Alexandrinus is no doubt Hier. Squarzaficus. The two between them, from the terms of their letter to the Bishop of Padua, clearly edited and financed the printing of the book, and the wording even seems to imply that they printed it.
287x209 mm. Rubricated in blue and red. Larger capitals supplied in gold, some of them on a ground of Italian interlaced branch-work, others in different styles. [407
PAULUS VENETUS. Tractatus logici. 14 July, 1472.
3». [P]Redicametum e coordinatio pluriu termi-||noi; Pm sub & supra Et diuidif I .x. pdica||meta ... 5*. 1. 27 : ... & hec de silo-l|[5'']gismis dicta sufficiant. || [SjVppositio e acceptio termini . . . 30''. 1. 8 : Expliciut bo' ?® t ntiles rcolecte p eximiu arcium || t sacre theologie doctorem mag" paulu de ueneciis || ordinis fratrum heremitajj SEQuiTVR || DEPROBATIONIBVS TERMINORVM. 49^ I 10 : EXPLICIT QuARTVS TRA- TATVS Qui II TRACTATVS EST TERMINORVM . . . || [OlBligatio est oro . . . 61". EXPLICIT QuiTVS TRACTATVS Qui 1| TRACTANS EST OBLIGATIONVM. || [IlNsolubile e ppo . . . 71". 1. 20: EXPLICIVNT INSOLVBILIA CONPIL-||ATA PER MAGISTRVM PAVLVM FR-IJATER DE VENETIIS. 1| rE]T sumulaij notitia ad memoria fducaf . . . 85*. EXPLICIVNT OBIECTIONES SVMVL-|| ARVM EDITE PER FRATREm PAVLVm || DEVENECIIS tc. || [P]Ost sumulaij obiectioibj declarata notitia || sex ultlo ut initio est pmissuj pnaij r6nib3 || fortificare materia . . . 104''. COLO- PHON : Finis deo gratias Anno domini || .M. cccc. Ixxii. .xiiii. die iulii.
Quarto. a-k^"i*. 106 leaves, i, 105, and 106 blank?. 27 lines. 136 x 88 mm. Type : Roman loi mm.
Apparently an undescribed edition. The type somewhat resembles that used by Azzoguidi at Bologna.
205 X 145 mm. Rubricated, with manuscript catchwords at the end of each quire. Wanting leaves 41 and 50. Early Italian brown leather binding, with two rope-work diamonds in a rectangle with conventionalized floral border, the back re-covered with green calf. [408
BARTHOLOMAEUS PISANUS. Summa de casibus conscientiae.
21 October, 1473.
[!•. qVoniam ut ait grego||rius sup Ezechielem || nullum onipoteti deo . . .] iSS"". End of Text: Finis. 189*. (Table): [A]Bbas. Abbatissa. I9I^ AUTHOR'S COLO- PHON : Consumatum fuit hoc opus I ciuitate pisa||na. anno diii. millesimo tricetesimo trigesimojloctauo de mese decembris. t edituj per fra||trem Bartholomeu de sancto cocordio pisajlnum. Et nocupat suma de casibs pscietie. ||| (PRINTER'S COLOPHON :) Explicit autem. Millesimo quatricentesimo || septuagesimotertio .xij. Kallendas nouebres.
Quarto, a-h^" i* k-q" r'* s t" x*. 192 leaves, 86 (mostly cut away) and 192 blank. 2 columns. 48 lines. 198 x 134 mm. Type : Gothic 82 mm. Hain *2526. Proctor 7389.
By a mistake in imposition leaves 8^'^ and 86 (the latter mostly cut away) were left blank. Instead of the ' Hie nullus est defectus ' or ' Nihil deest ' found
^
230 ITALY
sometimes in German books under these circumstances the printer placed at the end of col. 2 of 85* the notice ' Quamuis hoc sit tamen nihil deest — although this is so yet nothing is wanting ', leaving his readers to interpret the ' hoc '. Hain and Proctor both call this book Folio, but it is a large quarto, with a watermark of a rosette.
The juxtaposition of the author's and printer's colophons has caused this book to be attributed to an unknown press at Pisa, but it is sufficient to compare the end of Gtinther Zainer's edition, H. 2528, where it is first stated that the book was finished in 1475, then that it was completed at Pisa by Brother Bartholomew on 7 December, 1338, and then that the said Brother died in 1347. The colophon to this edition thus gives no evidence as to the place of imprint. Proctor enters it under 'Italy — Unknown Places' with the note: 'Extra- ordinarily rude and grotesque gothic. It has a Spanish look (of Coria), but is no doubt italian '.
271 X 195 mm. The first leaf partly torn away. On 191^ is the note : Iste liber est michi concessus p vsu meo quem ego ff gregorius, alias pbr Martinus de Manobiis de seculo transportaui die xxviij apl'is 1487. A much later note on 1 88*^ reads ' Mon^^J S*> Ambfij maioris Mfi ', showing that it comes from the greater monastery of S. Ambrose at Milan. [409
ALBERTUS MAGNUS. De intellectu et intelligibili.
I". Albert! Magni de itellectu & ItelligK|lbili liber pulcherrimus ac plen' miral|bili doctrina Incipit. cui' tractat' pri|lmus e de natura Ttellectus. C. primu || de quo e Itetio & g.s dicendoij ordo. 18*. col. 2. 1. 37. End : a nobis req.rat altissimu. n. e. hui' neHgociu et ^me phle egens inq.siti6e. || FINIT FOELICITER.
Folio, a-c^ 18 leaves, a columns. 39 lines. 192x124 mm. Type: Roman 98 mm.
Apparently an undescribed edition. With guide-letters. The watermark is found on only a few leaves and is very obscure in its form.
273 X 188 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, apparently by the same hand as Renner's 1472 Aquinas quaestiones de anima (No. 239), with which it is bound.
[410
SWITZERLAND
Printing was practised in the 15th century in eight, or perhaps nine; cities within the modern boundaries of Switzerland, in four or five of these under German influences, in four under French. Of the German towns by far the most important was Basel, where the art was in use in or before 1468, where some very fine books were produced, and where the total output cannot have been less than six or seven hundred editions. Three other German towns between them only increased this number by twelve or fourteen, MUnster contributing six or eight, Burgdorf five, and Sursee one. To these must perhaps be added Zurich, to which several books printed about 1475 with Augsburg capitals are now attri- buted. Of the French towns Geneva, where printing began in 1478, some ten years later than at Basel, produced some fifty or sixty extant books, Rouge- mont, Promenthoux, and Lausanne only one apiece.
BASEL
Printing was introduced into Basel by Berthold Ruppel, of Hanau (believed to have been one of Gutenberg's workmen), not later than 1468, the year in which Joseph de Vegers, a priest of the church of S. Hilary at Mainz, purchased a copy of the Moralia in Job, now in the Biblioth^que Nationale at Paris. In or before 1474 two other printers were at work, Bernhard Richel and Michael Wenssler, the latter a very fine craftsman, who produced a long series of splendid lawbooks and liturgies, his expenditure over which by 1490 reduced him to bankruptcy and obliged him to begin a fresh career in France. A few years later Johann of Amerbach and Nicolas Kesler proved themselves good and prolific printers. In the last years of the century the most interesting press is that of Johann Bergmann of Olpe, who had Sebastian Brant as his literary and artistic adviser. Contemporary with Bergmann was Johann Froben, who, though at first of no great account, in the x6th century, with the help of Erasmus and the brothers Holbein, became one of the most important printers in Europe.
BERTHOLD RUPPEL
{jFirst printer)
Berthold Ruppel (also called Rodt) is only known to have printed sixteen books, but all of these are in folio and many of them large works. Among them were two editions of the Vulgate Bible, the De Proprietatibus Rerum of
^
232 SWITZERLAND
Bartholomaeus, and the Pantheologia of Rainerius de PIsis. Not one of the sixteen bears a printed date.
GREGORIUS I. Moralia in Job. [Not after 1468.]
I^ [BJeatus gregorius papa libru be||ati iob petente sancto Leadro || spalense episcopo exponit . . . 395". 1. 26. End of Text : ... si cum per me verba accipit. pro me {| lacrimas reddit. 395''. Inctpit registru breue et vtile olm pucto||rum tactoru in moralibus beati. Gregorij || pape sescbm ordlej alphabeti ifei^ anotatu. 40l^ Explicit registru moraliu gregorij pape.
Folio. (1-9" 10" ii-ig^^ao^^ai-aS^" 29-31^ 32-4i^"4a^'^+^) 421 leaves. 3 columns. 48 lines. 299 x203 mm. Type I (Gothic 117 mm.). Hain *7926. Proctor 7444.
This is the book of which the copy in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris bears a note of having been purchased in 1468. No date as early as this has been connected with any other book printed in Switzerland.
403 X 299 mm. Rubricated. On i* is written : Ad Biblioth. aulicam Eystettensem. Early white leather binding. [411
CONRADUS DE MURE. Repertorium vocabulorum. [1470-72?]
1*. Reptorium vocabulorum equisitorum oratorie poeP et historia||rum cum fideli narracoe earum rerum que ambiguitatem ex hu^l|iusmodi vocabulis accipiut per quod fere omnes oculte et diffijlcultates et subtilitates in studijs humanitatis facile luxta ali^Hpha- beti ordinem inuenietur. Editum a doctissimo Irarum amaiJ||tore Magistro conrado turicenf ecclesie cantore Et ppletus anjlno domini m°cclxxiij. In vigilia assumpconis beate marie virgi||nis Indictione prima Incipit feliciter •; •> •:• |||
Vnde liber venerit presens si forte requiras
Quid ve noui referat perlege quod sequitur
Bertoldus nitide hue impresserat in basilea
Vtcg adeat doctos protinus ille iubet
Ille quid abstrusum si diua poemata seruant
Exponit, lector ingeniose scies
Quid lacium teucri dignum quid grecia gessit
Preterea magnus que videt occeanus
Si libet interdum raris gaudere libellis
Disperiam si non hie liber vnus erit. I47». End: . . . historic videntur aflfirmare -:- A M E N JH Deo Gracias.
Folio, [a-d^e^f-n^op".] 148 leaves, the last blank. 36 lines. 204 x132 mm. Type a (Gothic iia mm.), Hain *ii64a. Proctor 7448.
Conradus de Mure, as the colophon notes, was a canon and precentor at Zurich, and finished writing this book in 1 273. The date, by an easy misreading, has been taken for two centuries later, so that in Mr. Gordon Duff's 'Early Printed Books' we find it said of Ruppel, 'it is not until 1473, in the Repertorium Vocabulorum of Conrad de Mure, that we find either his name or a date.'
280 X 196 mm. [412
NIDER, Johannes. Expositio decalogi. [1470-72?]
i». [AlBorsus cause q sint . . . 39'. Incipit prologus 1 exposic6«l|ne decalogi scbm frem Ioha|[ne Nider. sacre theologie {)|lfessorem 6dinis pdicatoru* 339'. COLOPHON :
BASEL 233
AMEN. Ill Explicit preceptorium di#l|uine legis. Fratris Iohan*l|nis Nyder sacre theologie || professoris eximij ordinis || predicatorum. Conuetuapis Nurebergensis .:.
Folio, (i 3^3* ; 4-161" 1^12 18-33»'>.) 330 leaves, the last blank, a columns. 37 lines and head-line. 205 (ai6) x 141 mm. Type a (Gothic iia mm,). Hain *ii78a. Proctor 7448*.
290 x210 mm. Rubricated. L*^^
BERNHARD RICHEL
Bernhard Richel printed upwards of thirty editions (Including three or four of the Vulgate), the earliest of them which bears a date being the Sachsen- spiegel of 1474. A Bible and an edition of the Institutions of Justinian of the year i486 have been ascribed to him, but the latest book certainly from his press is the Fasciculus Temporum of 20 February, 1482, catalogued below.
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum. 20 February, 1482.
I*. Tabula breuis et vtilis sup li-'l|bro quodam qui dicitur fascicu|llus temporu et vbi inuenitur || punctus ante numeruj est in pri||mo latere folij. vbi vero post in || secundo latere, incipit feliciter. 7'. [G]eneratio t generatio laudabit ope|lra tua . . . 90*. COLO- PHON: Chronica q dici? fasciculus tpm edita in alma vniuersitate colonic agrippine sup rhenum. || a quoda deuoto cartusiensi finit feliciter. Sepius qdem ia impssa. sed negligetia correctoij: || in diuersis locis a veto originali minus iuste emedata Nuc j^o no sine ma|; labore adpstinuj || statu reducta cu 4busda additoibus. per humilej viru Bemhardu Richel ciuem Basilieii. 1| Sub anno dni Mcccclxxxij. x. kl'. mep marcij. Et anno pcedeti fuerut aquaij inuda'JItoes maxmie. ventustp horribiles multa edificia subuertetes.
Folio. [**a-d'e''fg*h*i-l*m*.] 96 leaves, 7-96 numbered i-xc. 7'': 44 lines. 205 X 155 mm. Type 6 (Gothic 93 mm.). Hain *693a. Proctor 7538.
Save for the omission of a few cuts and the absence of a title on I* this is a copy of the Rougemont edition of 1 481, which it follows even in its mention of the blizzard of the ' preceding year'.
296 X 194 mm. Rubricated and the woodcuts coloured. [414
JOHANN OF AMERBACH
JoHANN OF Amerbach's first book was a Vocabularius Breuiloquus dated 1478, and in the next twenty-two years he printed about a hundred incunabula, all of them in Latin, and for the most part theology. He seems to have lent type for one important book to Adolf Rusch of Strassburg, and used several founts which are indistinguishable from those of Anton Koberger of Nuremberg, for whom he very probably worked. He died in 15 14.
JOANNES DE TAMBACO. Consolatio theologiae. 1492.
^ i». Title: Consolatoriu theologicQ. 111'', Colophon: Explicit cosolatoriu theo- logicu pclarissi^llmi viri: mgn lohanis de Tambaco: Basi^||lee per magistrum lohanem de Amerbach || Anno domini iS. xcij.
■^
234 SWITZERLAND
Octavo. [*] a-n^ 113 leaves. 9-1 11 numbered ' Fo. i.-ciii.', 112 blank. 27 lines and head-line. 103 (109) x 61 mm. Types 5, 9, 15 (Gothic 95, 76, 93). Hain 15237. Proctor 7595.
138 x91mm. Rubricated. [415
VEGIUS, Matthaeus. Philalethes. [1492-96?]
I'. Title: Philalethes. I^ Maffei Vegii Laudensis 1| ad Eustathium Prefatio. 11*. Tabula declaratiua quorundam terminoru ac instrul|mentorum quibus alethia .1. || Veritas se afflictam et {pul-l|sam indicat : vt in precedent! dialogo notatur. 16*. col, i. End: Sunt t alii termini ptermissi || quos lector mediocriter pit' || per se cognoscet si modo dili-||gens fuerit.
Quarto, a b*. 16 leaves, a columns. 36 lines in text and 46 in table. 148 x95 mm. Types I, II, 19 (Gothic 184, 82, 63 mm.), Hain *i5927. Proctor 7644.
With a woodcut of Philalethes and Veritas on 2^ ; and two woodcut capitals. Born at Lodi, Matthaeus Vegius became a canon of S. Peter's at Rome, and died there in 1458.
195 X 136 mm. Rubricated. [416
PETRARCA, Francesco. Opera latina. 1496.
I*. Title: Librorum Francisci Petrarchae Basileae |I Impressorum Annotatio, ||| Bucolicum Carmen per duodecim Aeglogas distinctu . . . Beneuenuti de Rombaldis Libellus qui Augustalis dicif. 367*. COLOPHON : Explicit Liber Augustalis : Beneuenuti
de Rambaldis cum pluribus alijs opusculis Magistrum loannem de Amerbach: Anno
i Francisci Petrarchae: Impressis Basileae per salutiferi uirginalis partus : Nonagesimosexto
supra millesimu quatercj centesimum. 368*. Principaliu sententiaru ex libris Francisci || Petrarchae collectaru summaria Annotatio. 388'', End : Epl'a de re. fa, xx. F. 1| Finis,
Folio. A8 B« a ; A^ B-D« E» ; a-f «•« gi» h-p8-«-«-6 q* ; a^ b c« ; F* ; a^^+i b^ c« d e« f g« ; A» B« C» ; aa» bb^" ; A-K«-« L* Mi» ; a« b*". 389 leaves, the last blank. 48 and 55 lines, with head-lines. 209 (316) x loi mm.; 206 (214) x 130 mm. Types 8, 23, 24, 25 (Roman no, 120, 75, 86 mm.). Hain 12749. Proctor 7608.
The first collected edition of Petrarch's Latin works. Edited by Sebastian Brant.
273 x 191 mm. [417
MICHAEL FURTER
Michael Furter printed over seventy incunabula, the earliest of them being the Latinum Idioma of Niavis, dated 18 May, 1489. His early books are exclusively in Latin, among them being numerous school books, an edition of the famous Letter of Columbus, and illustrated editions of the Revelations of Methodius. He continued printing until 15 17.
PASSIO CHRISTL Passio domini nostri lesu Christi secundum seriem quattuor euangelistarum. 1513-
I*. Title : Passio domini nostri || lesu christi Pm serie ^ttuor euangelistaru : p
quenda || Fratre ordinis Minoij de obseruatia : accuratissii^Hma opera deuotissimacp expo-
BASEL 235
sitloe illustrata : 1| magnorutj virojj sentetijs copte adomata. [Woodcut.] 26*'. Colophon : C Explicit concordantia quattuor euagelistarum / in passione dni || nostri lesu Christi / inter priscas / baud facile secedet secunda : a quoda || fratre obseruantino / ordinis Mino^ concinne digesta. Operacj || Michaelis furter pdie Nonis Februarij Basilee impressa. 1| Regnate dno nro lesu Christo : Anno. M. D. XIII. || cui laus / honor % gloria/ per infinita secula II seculorum AMEN.
Quarto. AA^ BB-DD* EE'. 26 leaves, 3-26 so numbered. 2 columns. 50 lines, with marginalia. 162 x 113 (140) mm. Types: Gothic 200, 100, 83, 65 mm.
With woodcut capitals, a title-cut representing the writers of various books of the Bible, a woodcut of the Crucifixion on i*>, and twenty small cuts of the Passion. Furter had issued several earlier editions of this work.
210 x150 mm. [418
JOHANN FROBEN
JoHANN Froben, of Hammclburg, issued his first book in June, 1491. This was a Latin Bible, and two other Latin Bibles and a few other large books, mostly legal, form the whole of his output during the 15th century. The next few years brought no great change to his business, but in 15 13 he became intimate with Erasmus, and with the help of that great scholar speedily became one of the most important printers in Europe. By the time of his death in 1527 he had printed over three hundred books, including nearly all the works of Erasmus and several books in Greek. During this period, also, border-pieces and capitals were designed for him by skilful artists, so that his books are notable decoratively as well as for their texts.
ERASMUS, Desiderius. Opuscula quaedam moralia per Erasmum
Roterodamum recognita. October, 1520.
i». Title: Ioan. frobenivs, stvdio-||sae iwe'ntvti s. |[| Accipite nuc opuscula quseda || moralia adulescentes studiosi, || partim locupletiora castigatio^Hracj partim noua, quoru II no- II bis catalogum sequens || exhibebit pagella || Valete. ||| Basileae per loannem Frobenium men-l|se Octobri. AN. M. D. XX. r*. IN HOC VOLVMINE HAEC CON- TINENTVR. Ill Disticha MORALIA, TITVLO Catonis, cum scholijs ||| auctis Erasmi Rotero- dami. || Apohthegmata Graeciae sapietum interprete || Erasmo || . • • || Xysti Pythagorici sententiae, Rufino interprete. 86^ DEVICE AND CoLOPHON: BASILEAE PER lOANNEM FR0BE-1|NIVM MENSE VIlI BRI \\ AN. M. D. XX.
Quarto. A-V* X^ 86 leaves, 2''-86» paged 1-171. 2'': 26 lines and head-line. 142 (147) X 98 mm. Types : Roman no, Italic 84 mm.
With decorative woodcut borders to i* and 2* the latter by Hans Holb[ein], capitals and head-pieces.
206 X 152 mm. ' [419
G g 2
236 SWITZERLAND
MONSTER
HELIAS DE LOUFFEN
[Only printer)
The same date, the Vigil of S. Martin, 1470, is given as that of the completion of the edition of the Mammotrectus of Marchesinus by Helias Heliae de Louffen (or Lauffen) at Munster, and of the Mainz edition by Peter Schoeffer. Despite the suspicions of copying which this excites, both dates are generally accepted as correct, and the Munster Mammotrectus, if so, is the first book with a printed date printed in Switzerland. Its colophon, quoted below, further tells us that its printer was a canon of the Church (of S. Michael) at Beromiinster, or Munster, in Aargau. In December, 1472, he finished an edition of the Speculum vitae humanae of Rodericus Zamorensis, which was reprinted in the following July. A Psalter, a treatise De Officio Missae, and a book about comets are the only other works attributed to his press. He died in 1475.
MARCHESINUS. Mammotrectus. 10 November, 1470 [?].
i». [IjNpaciens Proprie Inpicie || ac ruditati Copacies paupu 1| clericoj; qui ad pre- dicacionis || officiu pmouen! decreui bi<;||bHa trascurrendo plegere nec||no et alia q 1 eccl' recitant si || vita comes fuerit Ispicere diliHgeter % parcium difficiliu sigHnificancias et accetus
et genera || insinuare . . . a63». End of Text : . . , Ausus sus sui || i. 265».
Tabula sup bibliam. 3oo», COLOPHON : Explicit Mamotrectus siue pri||micereus arte inprimendi seu ca||ractarizandi per me Helyam he||lye alias de llouffen Canonicum || Ecclesie ville Beronensis in pa||go Ergowie site abstj calami: 1| exaracione Vigilia sancti Marjltini Episcopi Sub Anno ab in||carnacione domini, Millesimo. jj Quadringentesimo Septuage||simo. Deo laus et gloria per in||finita secula seculorum. Ame tP.
Folio. (i-3'24i!8-i5-iii2i28; 13-211222IO; 23 24^* 25^^-1 26^".) 300 leaves, leaf 265 blank, a columns. 32 lines. 228 x 155 mm. Type i (Gothic 130 mm.). Hain *io555. Proctor 7798.
Each page of text bears the number of the half-quire to which it belongs, 1-23 for the first section, 1-20 for the second. In each half-quire the columns are lettered consecutively, a-z, t, in the case of a full half-quire of six leaves or twenty-four columns. The references in the table are to these half-quire and column numbers.
Despite the assertion of Auguste Bernard that the two editions of the Mammotrectus are certainly different and could not have been copied one from the other, the occurrence in the Munster colophon of Schoeffer's phrase ' Arte imprimendi seu caracterizandi ', and the fact that some such word as * consum- matus ' seems needed to complete it, raise doubts as to whether Helias Heliae had not Schoeffer's book before him. On the other hand, the words occur in many other Schoeffer colophons besides that to the Mammotrectus. The author was a Franciscan at Reggio d' Emilia in 1460.
304 X 2 10 mm. From the Hopetoun collection. Early pigskin binding. [420
MONSTER 237
RODERICUS [Sancius] Zamorensis. Speculum vitae humanae.
7 December, 1472.
I*. Ad sanctissimum & .B. dominum dominum Paulum secundu 1| pontificem maximum, liber incipit dictus speculum vite hu^Hmane. Quia in eo cuncti mortales in quouis fuerint statu vel II officio spirituali aut temporali speculabuntur eius artis & vite || prospera & aduersa : ac recte viuendi documenta : editus a || rodorico zamorensi & postea calagaritano hispano eiusdem || sanctitatis in castro suo sancti angeli castellano. X07*. COLOPHON : Finit liber dictus. Speculum vite humane, quia in eo &. 1| cesarea potestas. & regalis dignitas bubulcorum eciam ge<;||nus sibi speculatur saluberrima simul spiritualiscp vite viros II secum aduehens. papam scilicet cardinales. arciepiscopos. || clericos. & ceteros ecclesie ministros. rectam & his specu^Hlandi prescribendo normam a. Helya helye alias de Louffen 1| Canonico. Ecclesie ville. Beronensis in pago, Ergowie site || abscj calami exaratione. Vigilia. Concepcionis marie. Sub. || Anno ab incarnacione domini. Millesimo Quadringentesimo || septuagesimo. Secundo. ||| Incipit repertorium siue tabula per alpha- betum . .. 109*. End: Explicit breuis tabula siue reptorium per. alphabe||tum in pnti libro Speculum vite huane nuncupato.
Folio. [a-P**.] no leaves, the last blank. 41 lines. 204x125 mm. Type 2 (Roman 99 mm.). Hain 13941.
The first of the two editions of this work from the MUnster press. 288 X 204 mm. Wanting leaves 84 and 87, supplied by an early hand. Leaves 1-4* rubricated. [421
BURGDORF
PRINTER OF JACOBUS DE CLUSA
(Only printer)
Two dated and three undated books are assigned to an unidentified printer at Burgdorf, in Switzerland, in the canton of Berne. The dated, both of the year 1475, ^^e the Jacobus de Clusa De animabus e corporibus exutis, of which a copy is described below, and a Legenda Sancti Wolfgangi ; the undated, S. Bernard's De humana miseria, Thomas Aquinas De periculis circa sacra- mentum eucharistiae, and the De memoria augenda of Matthaeus Perusinus. Until recently these were all localized at Burgdorf in Hanover. The type found in them all is of the same general character as that used by the ' Printer of Henricus Ariminensis ' at Strassburg, but has a slightly smaller body.
BERNARDUS. Sermo de humana miseria. [c. 1475?]
i». Incipit sermo beati bernhardi de hu#||mana miseria. 6\ 1. 19. End: Pater futuri seculi. Et princeps pacis || Amen.
Quarto. [a°.] 6 leaves. 22 lines. 127 x85 mm. Type i (Gothic 116 mm.). Hain *i866. Proctor 7802.
This book has a semicolon not found in the type as used in the Jacobus de
238 SWITZERLAND
Clusa, but apparently not the comma. Mr. Proctor seems to have regarded it as earlier than either of the dated books.
190 x129 mm. Rubricated. . [422
JACOBUS DE CLUSA. De animabus e corporibus exutis. 1475.
I*. Tractatus de apparitionibus animarum post exitum || eaij a corporib* et de earundem receptaculis. edit^ || in erdfordia ab excellentissimo viro lacobo de Clusa j| ordinis cartusiesis sacre pagine professore doctisslmo. a6\ COLOPHON : Explicit tractatus eximii doctoris lacobi de clusa || ordinis cartusiensis de apparitionib' et receptaculis || animaJj exutaru. impressus in opido Burgdorf Anno || dni millesimoquadringentesimo septuagesimoquinto ||| Ordo foliojj . . . End : igitur descendendo.
Folio. [a^^bc^.J 26 leaves. 33 lines. 196 x119 mm. Type i (Gothic 116 mm.). Hain *9349. Proctor 7803.
Jacobus de Clusa was born at Insterburgin Prussia, in or a little before 1385.
At first a Cistercian, he became a Carthusian at Erfurt in 1441, and died in 1465.
266 X 191 mm. Rubricated. [423
GENEVA
Printing was introduced into Geneva by Adam Steinschaber, or Steinshauer, of Schweinfurt, who completed Le Livre des Saints anges 24 March, 1478, and followed it with two romances (Melusine and Fierabras) and the Doctrinal de Sapience of Roye in the same year, a calendar printed with Heinrich Wirzburg in 1479, and two Latin books in 1480, besides three undated French works. His successor, Simon du Jardin, issued a second edition of Fierabras and, perhaps, one other work. A second and more prolific printer, Louis Cruse, printed a Geneva Breviary in 1479 and the De arte praedicandi of S. Thomas Aquinas in 1 48 1, besides some undated works ; he then departed to Promenthoux, where he printed Roye's Doctrinale, returning to Geneva in 1483 and printing there a dozen or more works, the latest date in them being April, 1495. The only other printer whose name is known who certainly worked at Geneva is Jean Bellot, who, after printing Missals at Lausanne and Grenoble, settled here in 1497 and produced seven incunables. But there are several early Geneva books of which the printer remains unidentified.
UNKNOWN PRINTER
BAGUYON, JoHANN. Tractatus potestatum. Not before February, 1487.
i\ Title : Tractatus potestatum domino||rum et libertatum subditorum : i^ Titulus. ||| [SJEquitur tractatus. de i super libertatib' || franchesijs peminecijs ac exeptionibus || a subiectioe dnioij teporaliu eminetl frui^llctifere et solaciose ciuitati gebenfi p me iol|hanem baguyon legu bachalariu . . . isto mese februa||rij .M.cccc. octuagesimo septimo editus. 48*. par. 3. Colophon: Vadat hoc iam opusculum ad aures .r. p. dni an«||[48'']dree de
GENEVA 239
malnada vtrluscp Juris doctoris sed apHce 4)l|thonotarij ecclsie cathedralis beati petri appll gebe. II patroni C2inonici t cantoris ac vicarij t officialis epi||scopatus gebeii. equissimi domini mei honorandissi:>||mi % vti^ pstantissimi cui' vices suppliciter ex ortor || vt tanta humanitate inis calamu vrbamj et q> si leci:||turam no mereri videatur. iaj abhortinetur op'. Si II vo quid vtile. % incompoite dlminute aut nouercate || cernatur sua profunda, sapla et iurium copiosa afflue||cia iubeat corrigi emendarecg dignetur et medullit' || ampliari hanelet quod pro honore recipiaj maximo || et munere largifluo. quo memoria forte digno. largie||te altissimo. sic comperto. quibus deditum est presen||tetur dec cui omnipotenti in omnibus et per omnia || laus honor semper sit et gloria. Amen.
Quarto, a-f*. 48 leaves. 29 lines. 135 x85 mm. Types i and 2 (Gothic no, 93 mm.). Hain 2246. Proctor 7819.
205 x137 mm. [424
ROUGEMONT
HEINRICH WIRZBURG
(Only printer)
The only incunable printed at Rougemont was the Fasciculus Temporum, of which a copy is described below. Its printer, Heinrich Wirzburg, had printed a calendar in partnership with Adam Steinschaber at Geneva in 1479.
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum. 1481.
1*. Title: Fasciculus temporum. 96*. Colophon: Chronica que dicit fasciculus tpm edita in alma vniuersitate colonic agrippine sup renu. a || quodaj deuoto cartusiensi finit feliciter. Sepi' quidej iaj impressa. sed negligetia correctojj || in diuersis locis a vero originali min' iuste emedata. Nunc vero non sine magno labore ad 1| ^stinu statu reducta. cu quibusdaj additionib'. per humilej vijji frem heinricu wirczburg de || vach monachu. in prioratu rubeimotis. ordinis cluniaceii sub lodouico gruerie comite mag||nifico Anno dni •Mcccclxxxi. Et anno pcedenti fuerut aquaij inudatioes maxie. ventuscj hor||ribiles. multa edifitia subuertentes.
Folio. [*^ a-d* e" f ^ g' h-1' m*.] 96 leaves. 7*: 43 lines. 207 x157 mm. Types 1,3 (Gothic 1 80, 96 mm.). Hain 6930. Proctor 7823.
With several woodcuts of subjects not illustrated in the earlier editions, including a larger treatment of the figure of Christ, who is here shown with his disciples, and with figures of the four Evangelists at the corners of the block. There are also small woodcuts of the founders of some of the religious orders ; also cuts of a merman, a dog-faced man, and a comet The invention of printing is celebrated in the same place as in Therhoernen's edition, but in a passage of much greater enthusiasm, probably written by the religious printer himself. It begins (contractions expanded) ' Librorum impressionis scientia subtilissima omnibus seculis inaudita circa hec tempora reperitur in vrbe Maguntina. Hec est ars artium, scientia scientiarum, per cuius celeritatis exercitationem thesaurus desiderabilis sapientie et scientie quem omnes homines per instinctum nature desiderant quasi de profundis latibularum tenebris prosiliens mundum hunc in maligno positum ditat pariter et illuminat. Virtus etenim infinita librorum quae
240 SWITZERLAND
quondam athenis vel parisius ceterisque study's siue bibliothecis sacris paucissimis quibusdam studiosis manifesta fuit per hanc in omni tribu populo, natione et lingua ubique diuulgfatur ', &c. The last event recorded is the death of Charles the Bold, with the epitaph ' Te piguit pacis, teduitque quietis in vita. Hie iaces Karole iamque quiesce tibi '.
288 X 210 mm. Rubricated. On i* is the (partially obliterated) inscription 'Reinhardus ruch. Anno 1483'; on 7* another inscription (partly cut away) shows that Ruch gave the book to the Carthusians of ' Bonilapidis ', with the prayer that a specified member of the order might have the use of it. Ultimately the book passed to the Charterhouse at Buxheim. An early owner, probably Ruch, has noted the reign of Pope Innocent VIII and the accession of Alexander VI in 1492. [425
FRANCE
Printing was introduced into France in 1470, the first press being set up in the Sorbonne at Paris, under the auspices of Guillaume Fichet, at that time its librarian, and Johann Heynlin, its prior, the printers being three Germans, Gering, Kranz, and Freiburger. During the next ten years progress was slow both in the capital and the provinces. At Paris only six other firms are known to have begun work before the end of 1480, and only two of these were at all prolific. In the provinces Lyon received the art in 1473, and five firms were at work there during the decade. At Toulouse the first book was completed in June, 1476, at Angers in February, 1476-77, at Chablis and Vienne in 1478, at Poitiers in 1479, and at Caen in 1480. After this year printing developed more rapidly, so that by the end of the century upwards of fifty firms had been at work at Paris, and presses had been set up in nearly forty different places, though in several of these only to print a single book. Until the great work of Mile Pellechet and M. Louis Polain, their ' Catalogue des Incunables des bibliotheques publiques de France ', is completed, any estimate of the number of French incunabula is peculiarly hazardous, as the wealth of the country and the zeal of French collectors have prevented their dispersal, so that the proportion registered by Hain and Proctor is much smaller than in the case of Germany and Italy. At a rough guess the total still extant may be placed at somewhat over 3,000, of which probably from 1,800 to 2,000 were printed at Paris, from 700 to 800 at Lyon, and something under 500 at other places. While the classical tendencies of the Sorbonne press were quite exceptional, an overwhelming majority of the early Paris books were in Latin, the great Paris publisher Virard, who began work in 1485, being the first to produce vernacular books in any number. At Lyon they were from the first far more fully represented, and this was the case also in other provincial towns. Except for the books printed at the Sorbonne Roman type was very little used until about 1490, Latin and French books, however, being printed, as a rule, in distinct varieties of Gothic letter. The more popular character of the books they published caused book-illustration to thrive at Lyon and other provincial towns earlier than in the capital, but the wood- and metal-cuts which ornament many Paris books towards the end of the century, especially those in the numerous editions of the Hours of the Blessed Virgin, far surpass even the best provincial work,
H h
^
242 FRANCE
PARIS
The press at the Sorbonne, which published its first book in July or August, 1470, continued at work for something under three years, the three German printers starting afresh on their own account at the sign of the Sun in the Rue Saint-Jacques early enough m 1473 to publish their first book there on 21 May. In their new quarters they were soon exposed to an unscrupulous competition, at first from two of their old journeymen, Pieter Keysere, of Ghent, and Johann StoU (March, 1474), and subsequently from a French firm at the sign of the Green Bellows, consisting of Louis Symonel, Richard Blandin, and Jean Simon. In 1481 Jean Dupre, perhaps the finest French printer of the century, began a long career chiefly devoted to producing some twenty magnificent missals and a few interesting Horae. Two prolific printers, mainly of small books, Antoine Caillaut and Gui Marchand, began work in 1483, and a third, Pierre Levet, in 1485. This last year also witnessed the first activity of Antoine Vdrard, who, though only or mainly a publisher, devoted himself to the production at Paris of vernacular books of much the same class as Caxton printed at Westminster, and by the time of his death in (or about) 1512 had issued some 250 editions. Finely illustrated Horae were first put on the market by Jean Duprd about 1488, and from 149 1 onwards were mainly printed by Philippe Pigouchet, to whom, however, at the end of the century, Thielmann Kerver proved himself a worthy rival. Other charmingly illustrated books were printed in the 'nineties by Pigouchet, Lepetit Laurens, and Jean Trepperel. Altogether about fifty different firms worked in Paris during the 15th century, the output from 1483 onward being very large.
GERING, KRANZ, AND FREIBURGER
{First printers)
The credit of introducing printing into France belongs, not to the first printers themselves, but to Johann Heynlin (alias Stein, de Lapide, de la Pierre), the prior of the Sorbonne, and to Guillaume Fichet, one of its leading professors, and in 1470 its librarian. Fichet, with the aid of his patron, Cardinal Jehan Rolin, Bishop of Autun, financed the press and, at first, dictated the choice of books ; Heynlin acted for some time as its corrector and supervisor. He himself had graduated at the University of Basel, and it was from Basel that he summoned Michael Freiburger (a native of Colmar), who had not only learnt printing there but had also taken a master's degree. With him came Ulrich Gering, of Constanz in Baden, and Martin Kranz. The press was set up in the Sorbonne itself, a beautifully round Roman type, suitable for classical books, was cut, and the first book from the press, the Epistulae of Gasparinus Barzizius, used as models of Latinity, appeared about July or August, 1470. This was
PARIS 243
followed by the same author's Orthographia, in a copy of which, specially prepared for Robert Gaguin, Fichet printed a letter by himself in which he celebrates Gutenberg (Bonemontanus) as the inventor of printing. A Sallust, Florus, Valerius Maximus, several works by Cicero, and other books likely to be of use to students of the Sorbonne, followed in the next eighteen months ; then both Heynlin and Fichet were called away, and the remaining books from the Sorbonne were partly classical, partly of a more popular kind, evidently chosen by the printers themselves. After printing in all twenty-two different works the press was removed from the Sorbonne to the sign of the Sun in the neighbouring Rue Saint-Jacques. Here the three printers worked together until January, 1478, during which time they produced some thirty books. Then, until 1494, Gering was in business mainly by himself, although in 1480 the name of Georg Maynyal is found linked with his own in several books, and other printers may have worked with or for him. In 1494 he entered into a new partnership with Berchtold Rembolt, of Strassburg, and this lasted on into the i6th century. Altogether Gering must have produced upwards of 150 incunabula, over fifty during his first partnership, and nearly a hundred subsequently. From first to last he printed almost exclusively in Latin, seeking his customers mainly among the students of the University.
PHALARIS. Phalaridis Bruti et Gratis Epistulae. [1472.]
i». Francisci Aretini ! phalaridis agrigentini || in epistolas / ad illustrem principem malatesta |1 nouellum de malatestis ! prohemiu incipit ; 8a*. Erhardi Vuindsberg Epigrama ad ger'llmanos libraries ?gregios /michaelem / mar||tinum atcp udalricum ; ||| Plura licet sumtnae dederis alemannia laudi !
At reor hoc maius te genuisse nihil. Q prope diuina summa ex industria fingis
Scribendi banc artem / multiplicans studia. Fcelices igit Michael / Martinecj semper
Viuite / & Vlrice 1 hoc q.s opus imprimit. Erhardum uestro & no dedignemini amore! Cui fido semper pectore clausi eritis ; Quarto. a-e^« f « g^" h i^ 8a leaves. 23 lines. 132x87 mm. Type i (Roman 115 mm.). Hain 13885. Proctor 783a.
Placed by Philippe 6th, but by M. Claudin 15th on the list of the productions of the first Paris press, partly on the ground of the heavier impression of the type as compared with the earliest books, partly because of the appearance of Erhard Windsberg as corrector of the press in place of Johann Heynlin, whose connection with it seems to have ceased in March, 1472. According to M. Claudin the Cantonal Library of Lucerne possesses a copy of this book with a presentation inscription from Fichet to Windsberg. The latter afterwards returned to Germany and became a doctor of medicine.
187 X 132 mm. Rubricated, and with a capital in gold on i*. On 82'' is an early presentation inscription beginning ' Par mons' maistre lehan hurault aduocat en parlemt a pans. Donne fut ce pnt liure a maistre gassoye gourdin chanole de . . .' [426
H h 2
")
244 FRANCE
MONTE ROCHERII, Guido de. Manipulus curatorum, 21 May, 1473.
i». Tabula libri qui manipulus cu'Hratojj appellaf! incipit feliciter, 4'. Liber qui Manipulus curatoij || appellafy in quo pnecessaria offi||cia eorum quibus animai^i cura 1| commissa e/ breuiter ptractant I H feliciter incipit / 87^ COLOPHON : Doctissimi viri domini guidonis 1| de monte rocherij liber/ manipul||us curatorum vulgariter dictus || finit feliciter. Qui completus e || parisius per industriosos impresso|lrie artis librarios atcp magistros || Michaele de columbaria / VdakHricu gering / et Martinu chrantz || Anno dominice natiuitatis Mil^||lesimo quadringentesimoseptua-'llgesimo tertio / Mensis maij die vero vicesimoprimo.
Folio. a-d^° e^ ; f-h" i". 88 leaves, the last blank, a columns. 40 lines. 181 x 133 mm. Type 3 (Gothic 90 mm.). Hain 817a.
The first book printed at the siga of the Golden Sun, with the printers' new Gothic fount of type.
278x200 mm. Rubricated. Michael Wodhull's copy, old French red morocco, perhaps by Derome, with Wodhull's note, dated 28 November, 1791, of purchase for £,2 6s. 6d. [427
PLATEA, Franciscus de. De restitutionibus. De usuris : de excom- municationibus, 4 January, 1476-77.
[Part I.] I*. Tractatus Restitutionu eximij doctoris fratris francisci de || platea ordlnis fratrum minoru Bononien. Incipit feliciter. 64''. COLOPHON: Tractatus Restitutionum Francisci de platea || finit feliciter. Impressus parisius In sole aureo. 6^^. Questiones huius tractatus videlicet restitutionu. scbm || ordinem rubricaru Incipiunt feliciter. 7o^ End : Finiunt rubrice tractatus restitutionu ! feliciter. [Part II.] i^ Questioes huiuS tractatus vij de vsuris. secundu ordine || rubricaru Incipiut feliciter. 5^ Finiut rubrice huius tractatus de vsuris feliciter. 6". Tractatus de vsuris eximii doctoris fratris Francisci de II platea ordinis fratru minoru bononien. Incipit feliciter. 44''. COLOPHON : Tractatus de Vsuris Fracisci de platea finit feliciter. || Impressus parisius In sole aureo. 45*. QuestiSes huius tractatus videlicet excoicationu scbm || ordine rubricarum Incipiut feliciter. 53''. Finiut rubrice huius tractatus de excoicationibus feliciter. 54". Tractatus de excoica- tioibus eximij doctoris fris Fracisci de || platea ordinis fratru minoru Bononien. Incipit feliciter. 98*. COLOPHON : Tractatus excomunicationu fratris Fracisci de platea |1 finit feliciter. Impressus parisius In sole aureo p Mar-||tinu. Vdalricum. et Michaele. Anno. M. CCCC. Ixxvi. II quarta die mensis lanuarij.
Quarto. Part I : [a-e^" f » e^ *«.] 70 leaves. Part II : a-d" e* ; f-k^» 1*. 98 leaves. 168 leaves. 40 lines. 180 x105 mm. Type a (Gothic 90 mm.). Hain *i 3039. Proctor 7847 and 7 847 A.
A legal treatise of extraordinary interest for the light which it throws on medieval sentiment on questions covering almost the whole field of daily life and morality.
264 X 177 mm. Michael Wodhull's copy with his note, dated 23 May, 1789, of its purchase for a guinea at ' Leighs's Auction by commission '. i8th century French red morocco, perhaps by Derome. On i* WodhuU painted, or caused to be painted, his own arms. [428
Another copy.
256 X 175 mm. In this copy the ' De Restitutionibus' is bound after the other tracts. Rubricated in red and blue. With the arms of a Cardinal, showing the Lion of S. Mark, painted twice on sig. a 2. [428 a
PARIS 245
GERING ALONE
EYBE, Albertus de, Margarita poetica. 29 November, 1478.
a*. Margarita poetica de arte dictandi ac practicandi epistolas : || Opus clarissimum feliciter incipit. 141'. CoLOPHON: Finit opus eximium Alberti de Eyb. impressumcj parisius || p Magistrum Vlricum Guering. Anno .M. cccc. Ixxviii. || die vero penultima mensis Nouembris.
Quarto, a-r* s®. 142 leaves, the first and last blank. 9*: 37 lines. 183 x 113 mnn. Type 5 (Roman 100 mm.). Hain 68a i. Proctor 7858.
The copy described by Hain (not starred) had the misprint • Finis ' for ' Finit ' in the colophon.
246 X 167 mm. Capitals added in plain gold, [429
NIDER, JoHANN. Consolatorium timoratae conscientiae.
16 December, 1478.
a*. Consolatorium timorate conscientie / venerabilis || fratris lohannis. Nyder / sacre theologie professo-jlris eximii de ordine predicatorum Prologus. lao*. CoLOPHON : Exaratum quippe est hoc opusculu Parisius per || Magistru Vlricu Cognomento Gering. Anno II millesimo. cccc. Ixxviii. xvi. Decembris. l2o^ Tabula . . . 133*. End: Finit tabula cosolatorii timorate co-||scientie Magistri lohannis Nyder.
Quarto, a-q* r*. 134 leaves, the first and last blank. a8 lines. 140 x 87 mm. Type 5 (Roman loo mm.). Hain 11809. Proctor 7859.
211 X 140 mm. Rubricated, the majuscules touched with yellow. On 4* is the inscription : Istud volu° est conuetus bte marie celestinoij de metis. [430
NIDER, JoHANN. Manuale confessorum. 19 August, 1479.
a'. Eximii sacre theologie pfessoris fratris lohls || nyder ordis pdicato^r / manuale cofesso?? / ad || instructions spualiu pasto?^: feliciter incipit. i6a*. CoLOPHON : Religiosi doctissimicj viri fratris lohanis Nyder || sacra?: littera?^ professoris dignissimi / ordinis pdi-l|cato? : tractatus de Lepra morali / vna cu c6fessio-||nali eiusde : cuilibet pfessori pnecessarius /ola vitio-||ru genera breuissime examinas : feliciter finit; Im-l|pssus(5 parisius p vdalricu gering. Anno dni .M. cccc. Ixxix. xiiii. vero kalendas septebris.
Quarto, a-h* I* ; k-u* x*. i6a leaves, the first blank. a8 lines. 140 x90 mm. Type 5 (Roman 100 mm.). Hain 11845. Proctor 7861.
205 X 140 mm. Rubricated, with capital on 2* in red and blue and with majuscules touched with yellow. [431
NIDER, JoHANN. Praeceptorium diuinae legis siue Expositio decalogi.
9 June, 1482.
a*. Eximii sacre theologie professoris fratris lohannis Ny-||der ordinis predicatoru / in expositione preceptoru deca||logi : prologus incipit. 303''. par. a. COLOPHON : Eximii sacre theologie {jfessoris magfi iohanis ny||der / ordinis fratru pdicatoru / Preceptoriu diuine || legis finit feliciter. Exaratu^ p magistrum vldalri||cu Gering in vrbe Parisiana. Anno domini .M. || cccclxxxii. die ix. lunii. ||| Sequif registru seu tabula capitulorum . , , 33l^ End : Finis tabule.
Quarto, a-z A-I kk L-R* S'*. 33a leaves, the first and last blank. 37 lines and head-line. 147 (15a) x 88 mm. Type 4 (Roman 80 mm.).
2x0 X 142 mm. [432
^
246 FRANCE
GERING AND REMBOLT
GREGORIUS I. Dialogi. 6 March, 1494-95.
i». Dialogus beati Grego||rij Pape : eiuscj diaconi Petri in quattuor jj libros diuisus : de vita t miraculis patru 1| italicoij : t de etemitate animarum. [Rembolt's device.] ga*". Colophon :_ DEO GRATIAS. || Finit Dialogus beati Gregorii Pape. Impressus || Opa Vdalrici gering. t Berchtoldi renbolt sociojj. || Parisiis c5morantiu In vico sorbonico Ad itersignu |1 solis aurei. Anno. ic. xciiii. Die vero. vi. Marcii. 93*. Incipit tabula capituloij. . . . 95*. End : Finis tabula. Laus deo.
Quarto, a-m*. 96 leaves, the last blank. 38 lines, with head-line and marginalia. 155 (160) X 88 (107) mm. Types 5, 6, 9, 10 (Roman ico, Gothic c 190, 80, 110 mm.). Hain *yg64. Proctor 8303.
197x136 mm. Rubricated, with the majuscules touched with colour. Capital on 2* in red and brown. [433
GREGORIUS I. Liber pastoralis. 18 July, 1498.
i». Liber cure pastoralis diui Gre«l|gorii pape: In sole aureo vici Sorboni||ci Parrhisiis venalis habetur. [Rembolt's device.] 6a^ Colophon: Pastorale diui Gregorii summa diligetia Emendatu in Sojlle aureo vici Sorbonici Parrhisiis Impressum per Vdalricu || gering / & Magistru Berchtoldu renbolt socioru. Finem haljbuit die .xviii. lulii. Anno domini millesimo quadringentel|simo nonagesimo octauo. 6^*. Incipit tabula capituloru . . . 63^ End: LAVS DEO.
Quarto, a-hl 64 leaves, the last blank. 37 lines, with head-line and marginalia. 149 (157) X 88 (105) mm. Types 4, 10, 13 (Roman 80, Gothic 110, 144 mm.). Hain *7989. Proctor 1^307.
196 X 136 mm. Rubricated, and with the majuscules touched with yellow.
[434
GREGORIUS I. Expositio super Cantica canticorum.
16 January 1498-99.
i». Title : Expositio beati Gregorii pape || super Cantica canticorum. In sole aureo vici Sorbonici Parisius nui>||per impressa. [Rembolt's device.] 30''. COLOPHON : Expo- sitio beati Gregorii pape super Cantica cantico^ feli-||citer explicit. Impressa parisius in sole aureo vici sorbonici per || vdalricu gering & magistru bertholdu renbolt socioru. Anno dojlmini Millesimo qdringentesirao nonagesimo octauo. Die vero || decimasexta. Mensis lanuarii.
Quarto, a-c* d^ 30 leaves. 38 lines and head-line. 15a (157) x 93 mm. Types 4, 10, 12 (Roman 80, Gothic 110, 144 mm.). Hain 7939. Proctor 18309.
198x134 mm. Rubricated, with large capitals in red and brown and majuscules touched with yellow. [435
MANCINUS, DoMiNicus. De passione Christi. [i499?]
i». Dominici Mancini de passione domi|lni nostri lesu Christi liber incipit. 16*. I 28. End : Et rege cum tristis exitus eius erit. ||| FINIS.
Quarto, ab^ 16 leaves. 36 lines with marginalia. 141 X 7a (95) mm. Type 4 (Roman 80 mm.). Copinger 3811 or 3814?.
197 x134 mm. Rubricated, with majuscules touched with yellow. [436
PARIS 247
LUDOLPHUS CARTHUSIENSIS. Expositio Psalterii.
31 January, 1506-07.
j\ Title : (red) Ludolfi Carthusiensis qui || et autor fuit vite Christ! : in Psalteriu expo<j||sitio . . . [(black) Rembolt's device.] || (red) Parisius in Sole Aureo Vici 1| Sorbonici venudantur. 26 j^. COLOPHON : Parisiu8 per Vdalricum Gering t |1 Magistrum Bertholdum Rem||bolt Socios. Anno milIe*||simo ^ngentesimo sexto || die vero penultima || lanuarij.
Quarto, aa-dd* ; a-z A-F* G*. 268 leaves, 33-264 numbered Fo. i-ccxxxij., the last blank. 2 columns. 34' : 54 lines with head-line and marginalia. 197 (205) x 129 (153) mm. Type : Gothic 140, 100, 90, 73 mm.
The title-page is ornamented with Rembolt's cribl6 device and with border- ledges, also in cribl6 work.
250 X 168 mm. On i^ is the inscription : FF. Min. Bamberg ad S. Annam.
[437
LOUIS MARTINEAU
The book, described below, appears to be the first printed by Louis Martineau (a native of Touraine), although an Augustinus De conflictu virtutum et vitiorum of 16 September, 1479, more probably printed by G. Le Fevre, has also been ascribed to him. In 1482-85 he printed about a dozen books on his own account. He also worked in 1483, in various unspecified years, and as late as 1497 in various partnerships with Caillaut.
GREGORIUSARIMINENSIS. Super prime sententiarum. 9 August, 1482.
I^ Qui fuerat iussus Gregorius ante tacere || Liberius toto nunc datur ore loqui . . . 2». [CJIrca prologum pri. || libri sententiarum Quero || primo . . . 319'. col. i. par. 2. Colophon : Explicit lectura primi sentetiarum fratris || Gregorii de Arimino : sacri ordls h^mitai; 1| set! aug. Theologie {jfessoris pcelletissimi || Qui legit parisius. Anno dni. 1344. p cla||rissim vniuersitatis parisiensis .M. Gugli||erm Militis maxia diligetia emedata : et || parisi' impssa ano dni. 1482. 9 augusti. Ibid. col. 2 : Isti sunt questionum et articuljlorum tituli. 4 in hoc primo sen||tentiarQ auctetici doc. ptinent. 332*. col. i. par. 4 : Explicit tabula sup primu sentential? inge]Iniosissimi magistri gr^orii de Arimino dojlctoris auctentici ordinis hatrf. hdmitarum || sanctissimi augustini p eximiu sacre Theo^||logie pfessore Alme vniuersitatis parisien||sis Magistru Guglielmu Militis studio-||sissime ordinatam. || Registrum . . . End : ar. z. ad hac.
Folio. A" B-X y z t^ p^" a-n* o p" q* r*. 332 leaves. 2 columns. 47 lines. 195 x 134 mm. Types 1 and 2 (Gothic 83, c. 105 mm.). Hain *i645. Proctor 7921.
The verses on i'> were written * Per eloquentissimu Oratore3 ac Poeta laureatu |1 Comitemc^ palatinum Dominicum Mancinum '.
292 X 210 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. [438
ANTOINE CAILLAUT
Starting in 1482 Caillaut (like Martineau, from Touraine) probably printed over a hundred incunabula, nearly all of which are in small quarto and four- fifths of them undated. Most of them were sacerdotalia. He died in 1505.
^
248 FRANCE
THOMAS AQUINAS. Confessionale. [About 1490.]
I*. Title : Coffessioale seu libellus peroptim' || beati Thome de aquino de modo co||fitendi et de puritate cojlsciecie cuilib3 || confessori et confiteri volenti peruti^^ljlis et necessaria. 27^ Colophon : C Tractatus peroptim' de confessione seu puritate || cordis et mundida metis Nouiter Ipressus Parisii | per Anthonium caillaut.
Octavo, a-c* d*. 28 leaves, the last blank. 30 lines and head-line. 97 (102) x 66 mm. Types 7 and 9 (Gothic 64, 95 mm.). Hain *i35o. Proctor t7955-
I28x84mni. [439
ANTOINE VERARD
{Pudlts/ter)
Between the first appearance of his name in an imprint and his death about 15 1 2 Antoine Vdrard published some two hundred and fifty editions, most, possibly all, of which were printed for him by other men, though these cannot always be identified. His books were almost always in French, often profusely illustrated, though many of the woodcuts were taken from job lots, and in their range of subjects closely resembled those which Caxton found profitable in England.
MER DES HISTOIRES. La mer des histoires. [1503?]
i». Title: La mer des |1 histoires. 261^ C Cy finist le premier volume de la || mer de' hystoires Imprime a Paris || pour Anthoine verard demourant || a lymaige saint lehan leuageliste : dejluant la Rue neufue nostre dame, ou 1| au palaij /au premier pillier deuant || la chapelle ou Ion chante la messe de || messeigiirs les Presidens. 363*. (Table) : EN ce liure sot six aages . . . 270*. End of Volume I : C La v* est de sedechias au/ f /cc / xxxix. Volume II. i». Title: Le second 1| volume 1| de la mer || des histoil|res. 309". Second Colophon: C Imprime nouuellemet a paris pour || Anthoine verard marchant libraire de<:|lmourant a paris deuant la rue neufue || nostre dame a lymaige salct || lehan le^lluangeliste. Ou au palays au premier pillier deuant la chapelle on len chante || la messe De Messeigneurs Les presi.;l|dens. [Device.] 311*. Cy apres sensuyt le martyrolo#l|ge des Sainctj . Chapitre Cent quatorsiesme du prologue. 339*. C Cy comece la table de la v" aage . . . 346', End : Feuillet xliii'.
Folio. Vol. I. [**] a-z t aa-gg* hh^" ; a*. 270 leaves, 5-261 numbered I-CCLVII, 26a blank. Vol, II. A-X, AA-RR* SS*^ ; a eM 6" ; ff*. 346 leaves, 1-309 so numbered. 2 columns. 48 lines and head-line. 275 (284) x 175 mm. Types: Gothic 120 and 114 mm. Macfarlane 172.
The first edition of this illustrated chronicle, the French version of the Rudimentum nouiciorum published at Liibeck, had been printed by Pierre Le Rouge at Paris in 1488.
345 X 262 mm. [440
PARIS 249
WOLFGANG HOPYL
{Publisher)
Wolfgang Hopvl's name is found in the Tractatus consequentiarum of Martinus de Martinis in 1489, and in over a score of other incunabula. Mr. Proctor, however, regarded him as only a publisher during the 15th century, and attributed the printing of these books to Johann Higman. In the i6th century Hopyl himself printed some fine service books and other books, some of them for the English market. He died in 1521.
MAGISTRIS, Martinus de. Questionum moralium pars secunda: de temperantia, 10 October, 1490.
[Martini cognomento Magistri uel de Magistris Quaestionum moralium P. II. de temperantia, aliisque virtutibus et de vitiis oppositis.] I86^ COLOPHON : Impressu in celeberrima vrbe parisiensi ivi-'l|co sancti lacobi apud sanctum Bnedictum ad || Itersigniu Sancti Georgii aut gallice a tresteau p Vuolfgangum hopyl almanu. Anno domini M.CCCCXC. die decima mensis octobris. ||| DEO GRATIAS.
Folio. A' b-z t p A-E* F*. 186 leaves, partly numbered, a columns. 51 lines and head-line, aoi (209) x 143 mm. Type i (Roman 80 mm.). Hain 10458 (3).
On I* is Hopyl's device of two sheep holding over the stump of a tree a
w w
shield on which is a tree between the letters ^ and a stork. Motto : munere
w w
viuit amor celat sua furta Venus. The first part of the Quaestiones morales dealing with Fortitude had been finished i December, 1489.
261 X 186 mm. [441
JEAN PETIT
{Publisher)
Jean Petit was a publisher on a large scale at Paris for some five-and-thirty years (1495-1530). He published books of all kinds, and is said sometimes to have had twelve or more printers working for him at once.
CICERO, Marcus Tullius. Quaestiones Tusculanae. 9 January, 1500.
i». Title : C Commentarii quejlstionum Tusculanarum editi a Philippo Beroaldo. || [Device : lehan Petit.] Venundatur in vico diui lacobi || Sub Leone Argenteo. 263*. Colophon : Commentarios hosce Questionum Tusculanarum a Philippo || Beroaldo Dili- genter compositos. Impressum Parhisii in Bellouisu || Pro lohannes Petit Commorante in vico diui lacobi Ad intersigniu || Leonis Argentei. Anno domini .M. ccccc. ix. Mensis lanuarii. 265'. C M. T. Ciceronis Quaestionum || Tusculanarum Haud spernendus || quarucu(5 dictionu sentetiaru^ || adnotandarum. Index. 297''. End : reXos avv 6(a) km \\ ran novcrais.
Quarto, a-z A-X^** ; AA-DD*-* EE* FF*. 298 leaves, 1-263 so numbered, 264 cut away, 298 blank. 41 lines of commentary, with head-lines and marginalia. 161 (168) x 88 (ill) mm. Types: Gothic 180?, Roman 94, 79 mm.
11
")
250 FRANCE
According to the colophon the date ought to be 9 January, 1500, but it is possible that it may be intended for January, 1509. On the back of the title- page is a woodcut of a student turning away his head from the reading-desk in front of him, and taking a minute's rest. With small woodcut capitals.
207 X 142 mm. From the library of Dr. Georg Kloss. With notes attributed to Melanchthon. [442
AIMOINUS. De Gestis Francorum. 13 August, 1514.
I*. Title: Annonij monachi Be||nedictin5 diserti & veridici, quorudamcj aliorum vellnerabilium eiusdem professiois patrum, de Regum || proceruiiKj Francorum origine gestiscp clarissimis || vscj ad Philippum Augustum Libri quincj nunc pri||mum impressi : Cu Gratia & Priuilegio regio in ter^||go huius exprimendo. [Device of the Prelu Ascesianu.] || V?nudantur in ^dibus 1| loannis Parui, & Ascensianis. 148*. COLOPHON : Finis historial^ Franco?; regu vsq ad natiuitate Philippi Augusti q. in cathalogo || regu quadragesimus primus receset: collecta^r /{> bona qde parte /ab Annonio mona||cho (vt opinor) diui Germani in suburbio Parrhisien. pro minori aut. a diuersis eiusjlde coenobii monachis: vnde plus fidei q eloquent!? venditare possunt. Impressae aut || sunt opera Ascensiana ad Idus Augusti. MDXIIII.
Folio. A^ a-r^ s". 148 leaves, 7-148 numbered I-CXLII. 46 lines, with head-line and marginalia, aio (222) x 128 (148) mm. Types : Gothic 180?, Roman 92 mm.
With numerous cribI6 capitals and the device of a printing press and archi- tectural border often found in the books printed by lodocus Badius Ascensius, who learnt his craft from Johann Trechsel at Lyon, and about 1498 came to. Paris, and in 1 503 started there a learned press which became very prolific in the 1 6th century. He died in 1535.
270X 193 mm. [443
DENIS ROCE
(JPublisker)
Although Denis Roce only began publishing in the 'nineties, upwards of forty books are assigned to him in Herr Burger's Index, besides others from the presses of thirteen different printers. Probably some of these were issued in the 1 6th century, when he did a large business, though mostly in small books. He died in 15 18.
BERTHOLDUS. Horologium deuotionis circa vitam Christi. [c. 1500!^
I*. Title : horologium de||uotiois circa vitam christi. [Device.] 51*. 1. 20. End : . . . nee in presenti nee in futuro. Amen. ||| Finis. [Woodcut]
Octavo. A-F*G*. 52 leaves, the last blank. 32 lines. 94x60 mm. Types: Gothic 180, 90?, 59 mm.
With a woodcut of S. John and his eagle on 1^, a crucifixion, and several small cuts copied from Horae.
140 X 95 mm. Rubricated. [444
LYON =31
LYON
Printing was introduced into Lyon by the enterprise of Barthdiemi Buyer, who at first engaged Guillaume Le Roy of Liege to print in his house, and subsequently gave commissions to other firms, continuing to publish until shortly before his death in 1483. The earliest known Lyon book is a thin volume, in a clumsy Gothic type, containing the De miseria humanae conditionis of Pope Innocent III and other Latin tracts, completed 17 September, 1473. No dated books of 1474 or the following year have come down to us, but on 18 April, 1476, Buyer published a L^gende dor^e, the first of many vernacular books from early Lyonnese presses. Two German partners, Nicolaus Philippi and Marcus Reinhard, issued their first book in 1477, a second pair, Martin Huss (who had already printed at Toulouse) and Johann Siber, the next year, and a third, Gaspard Ortuin and Peter Schenck, perhaps as early as 1478. Martin Huss and Siber printed only medieval Latin books (medium law and theology) ; the other firms, and also Mathieu Huss, who started in 1482 after his kinsman's death, produced numerous French popular works, many of them illustrated with woodcuts of very varying quality. Latin classics began to be published in the 'nineties, chiefly by Jean Dupr6 (not to be confused with his namesake at Paris), Johann Trechsel, Jean de Vingle, and Jacobinus Suigus (from Turin). By the end of the century about forty master-printers had put their names in books, and the city records show that many more were at work, among whom must be distributed most of the numerous Lyonnese books as yet unassigned to any press. The total output cannot have been less than between seven and eight hundred and may easily have been more. During the i6th century Lyon almost equalled Paris as a centre of printing, theological persecution being less rampant there than in the neighbourhood of the Sorbonne.
GUILLAUME LE ROY
(First printer)
Leaving Li^ge after its sack by Charles the Bold in 1468, Guillaume Le Roy is said to have visited Cologne, Basel, and Beromiinster before arriving at Lyon. From 1473 to ^479 he printed in Buyer's house, and after leaving this continued to work for him for two or three more years. His latest dated book is of the year 1488. He probably printed about a hundred incunabula, and has been praised not only as the first printer at Lyon, but also as the first popularizer of old French literature. His types were clumsy, and some of the woodcuts he used in his books discreditably bad, but he also did some much better work, and was probably the earliest printer in France to use ornamental capitals.
I i 2
^
252 FRANCE
RODERICUS [Sancius] ZAMORENSIS. Miroir de la vie humaine.
8 July, 1477.
i». Cy commence le liure inti||tule le miroir de vie humai||ne fait par rodorique hispaig||nol euesque de zamoresis Ou||quel toute creature humaine || mortelle en quelque estat que || elle soit establie ou en office 1| spirituel ou temporel pour||ra veoir de chascun art et ma||niere de viure les prosperitej || et aduersitej et les ense{gne||mens de droitement viure Le||quel liure a este translate de || latin en francois par frere || iulie docteur en theologie du || couuent des freres sainct au||gustin a lion sur le rosne En |1 Ian mil cccc Ixxvii. 142». Colophon: Cyfinist ce preset liure inti||tule le miroir de la vie humai||ne impsse a lyon sur le rosne |1 p bartholomieu buyer citoien || du dit lyon le huytiesme lour jj du moys de iuillet la mil qua||tre cens septante et sept |{{ DIEV SOIT LOE.
Folio. a-i*l*;n-v*. 143 leaves, 78 blank, a columns, ag lines. i»: 171x131mm. Type I (Gothic 119 mm.). Hain 13951. Proctor 8499.
With small woodcut capitals. The normal width of a column is about 60 mm., but on leaves 12 and 13 it is reduced to 49, and on leaf 14 to 42. This appears to be Le Roy's fourth dated book. He printed a Latin edition six months later.
275 X 198 mm. Rubricated, and with a large capital on i* supplied in red and blue. Bound by Duru in 1852. Bought at the Seilliere sale. [445
NICOLAUS PHILIPPI AND MARCUS
REINHARD
NicoLAUs, son of Philippus Miiller of Benssheim, near Darmstadt, and Marcus Reinhard, a kinsman of Johann Reinhard of Griiningen, issued their first dated book at Lyon in 1477. This was the Practica noua iuris of Joannes Petrus de Ferrariis, printed in a much finer Gothic type than Le Roy had used, rather resembling the first type of Sensenschmidt and Frisner at Nuremberg. Some thirty incunabula, several of them illustrated and in French, are ascribed to the partners. But in 1485 Philippi was working alone, and Marcus Reinhard has been traced soon after this at Strassburg and Kirchheim, q.v. (page 96). Philippi died in 1488.
LE GRAND, Jacques. Sophologium. [1484?]
a*. Sequitur tabula capitulo^ soi5||phologij ... 4'. Doctissimi atcj excellentissimi pa«||tris : sacrajj: litterarum doctoris de||uotissimi: fratris lacobi magni: religionis fratru heremitaru : san^||cti. Augustini sophologium incipit. Cuius pncipalis intentio est indul|cere legetis animu ad saple amore. |{{ SERENISSIMI atcj christi«j|anissimi principis francoj|i regis con;5||fessori .d. Michaeli: diuina prouidenjjte gracia episcopo antisiodorensi : sui || pconij humilis capellan^ frater iacojlbus magni / ordinis fratrum heremi<j||tarum sancti augustini ppetuum fa^ljmulandi affectum . . . II9^ lacobi magni sopholojlgiu finit feliciter. lao*. Epigramma ad huius opis conspectorem. [Ten lines of verse.] COLO- PHON : Impressum lugduii per Nicolau Philippi de || bengheym et Marcu Reinhart de Argentina.
Folio, [a" b-g8 h i^" k-n* o".] lao leaves, a columns. 46 lines. 168x127 mm. Types 5 and 6 (Gothic 73 and lao mm.). Hain 10476.
284 X 210 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. On 2* is written : De libris Fris Laur*y Lampagni de Mediolano. [446
LYON 253
MATHIEU HUSS
Mathieu Huss succeeded his kinsman Martin Huss, of Bottwar in Wiirttem- berg, in 1482, and worked at Lyon until 1501, probably producing from eighty to a hundred incunabula, of the sort popular with the richer * general readers ' of the day, many of them being illustrated and in French.
ROLEWINCK, Erhard. Fasciculus temporum. [About 1495?]
i». Fasciculus temporum omnes antiquo||rum hysterias complectens. 97*. 1. ^7 : C Isto eodem tepore fuit Frater iohanes burgois ordinis sancti fracisci honeste vi||te qui sua couersatione multos instruxit. reformadocp q.'"P^"''ma monasteria. sepultus || lugdun. I moasterio nouo qb fundatu est suis pcib^ nucupatu nostre dame de angis.
Folio. a*A-K*LM*. 98 leaves. 7": 48 lines and head-line. 180 (i9o)x lao mm. Types 10, 12 ? (Gothic 14c, 75 mm.).
This edition has the longer passage on the invention of printing, and additions narrating the election of Maximilian in i486, the death of Mathias Corvinus in 1490, the peace made at Rome between Pope Alexander and Charles VIII, and the return of Charles to France. The woodcut of Christ with the symbols of the Evangelists has a black background with foliage ornament, rather in the Low Country style. The cuts of the Ark and of the building of Babel are both unusually detailed and quaint.
226 X 157 mm. From the Libreria Colonna. [447
GASPARD ORTUIN
Gaspard Ortuin (or Urtebin) only put his name into two books which have survived, a Melusine printed in conjunction with Peter Schenck, and the Roman du roi Pontus et de la belle Sidoine. Neither of these is dated, and it is uncertain as to whether Ortuin beg^n printing in 1485, when his name appears in the tax-books, or some years before this. An illustrated edition of the Roman de la Rose and other important French books are now attributed to him. The edition of the Formulae Epistularum described below was one of his latest books.
MENNICKEN, Carolus, Formulae Epistolarum. 1495.
!■. Title : 1 Epistole Caroli. 6a^ COLOPHON : C ExpHciut epistole omatissime mai^llximo artificio ad vtilitatem iuuenuj || studiosoru coposite. Impressecp lugifl|duni Anno dni Millesimo quadri<;||gentesimo nonagesimo quinto. 6^': C Incipit tabula . . . 67* Incipit tractatus de remedio amoris. 70'. End OF TEXT: Explicit tractatus Pij pape || secundi de amore ||1 Liber alloquit studiosum lectorem . . . Nil melius docto nouim' esse viro.
Quarto, a-h* [1]*. 70 leaves, a columns. 41 lines. 143 x 100 mm. Types a and 3 (Gothic 70 and 90 mm.). Hain 10683. Proctor 8536.
198 X 135 mm. Bound with the Clausulae Epistolarum Ciceronis of Joannes Gabriel (Siena, Heinrich of Cologne, 1489), No. 398. [448
^
254 FRANCE
TOULOUSE
The first dated book printed at Toulouse was the De fide instrumentorum of Barbatia, completed 20 June, 1476, by Martin Huss of Bottwar. Huss issued a few other books at Toulouse without dates and then went on to Lyon. The next printer, Johann Parix, worked by himself in 1479-81 and in partnership with Etienne Cleblat in 1489. The third and last, Heinrich Mayer, produced over twenty incunabula during the years 1484 to 1496. Many of the early Toulouse books are strongly Spanish in their appearance, and some of them are in the Spanish language. Hence a theory, now generally abandoned, that they were really printed at Tolosa.
JOHANN PARIX
Johann Parix of Heidelberg printed three dated books in 1479, two in 1480, and one in 1481, and at least five undated books in the same types. In 1489 he is found again at Toulouse, using different types and with a French partner, Etienne Cleblat. Two dated and one undated book are assigned to this period. Nothing is known as to his work during the interval.
TORRE, Alfonso de la. Vision delectable de la filosofia. 1489.
2*. Comien^a el tratado llamado vision deleytable. dela phi||losofia et delas otras scie^ias : compuesto por Alfonso dela || torre bachiller : enderefado al noble don luan de veamote 1| prior de sant luan en navarra. [Woodcut] . . . ioa». Colophon : Aqui se acaba el libro dela vision delectable conla labia : || que trata dela philosofia t delas otras sfien^ias breue me*l|te/t que delecta9ion es fallada en ellas. Impremido enla || muy noble « leal ^ibdad de Tholosa. por los muy discretos || raaestros luan parix / i Estevan cleblat. Enel aiio del senor || de mill t .cccclxxxix.
Folio. a-m*n^ loa leaves. 36 lines and head-line. 198 (2io)x ia8 mm. Types 4, 5 (Gothic no, 98 mm.). Hain 15556. Proctor 8724.
With two fine decorative capitals, a border to the first page of text, and some rude pictures.
246 X I y^ mm. [449
ANGERS
JEAN DE LA TOUR
{^First printer)
The first printers at Angers were Jean de la Tour and Jean Morel, who printed their first book in February, 1476-77. After 1477 no book printed at Angers is known until this of 1495, printed by Jean de la Tour alone, who had now become printer to the University of Angers. In all probability several intermediate books have perished.
ANGERS 255
MONTE ROCHERII, Guido de. Manipulus curatorum una cum Speculo sacerdotum. 3 August, 1495.
j\ Title: Manipulus curatoru vna || cum speculo sacerdotum. [Device of Jean Alexandre and Charles de Bougne.] i6y\ Colophon: C Liber qui Manipulus curatoij appellatur || a peritissimo ac illustrissimo viro dno Guidone 1| de mote rocherij vna cum eius tabula c5pilla<^||tus : arte impressoria et industria lohannis de || la tour Alme vniuersi- tatis andegauen impres||soris sculpt': impesis tn lohanis alexadri t kajlroli de bougne. comoran. in vico scti petri vuli;||garit' nocupati la chaussee sainct pierre. Finit || feliciter Anno dni mille" quadringetesimo no||nagesimoquIto. Die fo tercia mesia Augusti. 173*. Augustinus de dignitate II sacerdotum. 176'. End: FINIS.
Octavo. a-x^A*. 17a leaves, a-i 64 so numbered (clxiiij misprinted cliij). 31 lines and head-line. 100 (107) x 60 mm. Types a, 3 (Gothic lao?, 65 mm.). Proctor 8725.
In addition to the publisher's device on the title-page, that of the printer, representing a tower, with legend ' Hardie volante ', is placed on 1 72^.
136 x86 mm. [450
POITIERS
Under the auspices of a canon of S. Hilaire-le-Grand, whom M. Claudin (' Origines et d6buts de Timprimerie h Poitiers,' 1897) identified with Bertrand de Brossa, Jean Bouyer printed the two books of 1479 and 1481 here described, and continued at work until 1515. He may have had an anonymous rival about 1490, but we know the name of no other printer as working at Poitiers in the 15th century. In 1506-08 Jean de Marnef, who had previously been only a stationer, worked as a printer, and to his successor, Enguilbert de Marnef, is due the edition of the Chronique de Clotaire, described below. This, though really printed about 15 18, has passed as an incunable by virtue of the incomplete date in its colophon.
JEAN BOUYER
{First printer)
Bouyer worked for the most part alone until 1491, when he took as a partner Guillaume Bouchet M. Claudin attributes to him upwards of forty incunabula, and fifty-nine books altogether.
LANDULPHUS DE COLUMNA. Breuiarium historiale.
14 August, 1479,
i». Incipit breuiarium historiale vt ho^||mines bonis preteritis discant viuere || et malis exemplis sciant praua vitare. 3^a^ Colophon : Deo gras. || Explicit tabula || huius libri pictauis II Ipressi {jpe sanctum || hilariu. in domo cu||iusde viri illustrissi#||mi canonic! eiustJ ec||desie beatissimi hila||rii. vigilia assuptio^||nis beate marie An||no dni M.cccclxxix || In
^
256 FRANCE
quo equide Hbro || multa ^plurima c6||tinentur vtilia. que || studedo percipi po^^Hterint. ^obrem suml|mope vehemeticj a|lnimo Idagamini ea||que hoc in libro ptijlnentur. || AMEN. Quarto. A-V^ ; a-sH^" x*. 322 leaves. 31 lines. 123 x74 mm. Types i, a (Gothic 106, 78 mm.). Proctor 8738.
The first book printed at Poitiers. The original author of this abridgement of history lived at the beginning of the 14th century, but by the help of anonymous continuations it was brought down to 1428. Bernard de Brossa was absent on the king's business when the book was completed, so his modesty could not save him from being called ' illustrissimus '. When the second book was issued he was in residence and the epithet disappears.
191x126 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. On i^- is the signature ' Stephanus Baluzius Tutelensis *. [451
TURRECREMATA, Joannes de. Expositio super psalmos.
17 February, 1480-81.
i». bEatissimo patri et clementisslmo domino pio se^^lJcundo pontifici maximo. lohannes de turrecre^f l|mata sabinesis episcopus : sancte romane ecclesie || cardinalis sancti sixti vulgariter nuncupatus: || post humilem recommendationem ad pedum || oscula beatorum, Perscrutanti michi studiose psalmojj libru3 . . . i67». COLOPHON: Reuerendis- simi cardinalis tituli sancti Sixti domini iohajlnis de Turrecremata expositio breuis et vtilis super toto psalperio In burgo sanctissimi hilarii maioris pictauis impressa. || Anno diii .M. cccc. Ixxx. xiii. kl'. marcii feliciter est consumata.
Folio. A^^B-V^X*. 168 leaves, the last blank. 35 lines. 181x117 mm. Type i (Gothic 106 mm.). Hain 15702. Proctor 18739'
The second book printed at Poitiers.
287x207mm. Rubricated in red and blue. On 167* is written: Pro Carthusiensibj Nancta)^. Michael WodhuU's copy, with his note, dated 14 November, 1791, of purchase at ' Hayes's sale' for ;^i "]$. [452
ENGUILBERT DE MARNEF
BOUCHET, Jehan. L'histoire et chronique de Clotaire premier de ce nom. [After 27 January, 1517-18.]
i». Title : C Lhistoire et cronicque de Clotaire || Premier de ce nom .vii. roy des Fracoys, et monarque des gaujlles. Et de sa tresillustre espouse: madame saincte Rade- gonde II extraicte au vray de plusieurs croniqs antiqs X modernes. [Armorial woodcuts.] || Considerate lilia agri quomo crescut : nee Salomon in {| omni gloria sua vestiebat sicut vnu ex istis. luc. xij. c. et || Math, sexto. || C Cum priuilegio regis. ic8». COLOPHON : Ceste vie a este imprimee a poictiers par sire Enguil|lbert de marnef. libraire iure de lad' vniuersite. demou|lrant a lenseigne du PelHcan deuant le palis dud' poi*l|ctiers. Le iour du moys de 1| Lan mil cinq cens. 1| Et sont a vendre au pellican 1| aud' poictiers
et aussi a paris.
Quarto. AA^ aa* ; A-M*. 108 leaves, 13-107 numbered I-XCV. 32 lines and head- line. 154 (159) x 96 mm. Types: Gothic 140?, 96 mm.
The privilege, which occupies i^ and 2* is dated as ' Donne a amboise le xxvii. iour de lanuier. Lan de grace mil cinqs cens et Dixsept et de nostre
POITIERS 357
regne le quatriesme '. With woodcuts of S. Radegonde and Clotaire, of Childeric before ' Turinge ', of the Destruction of Troy, of S. Radegonde standing by a table when Clotaire and Theodoric are casting dice before Turinge, of the marriage of Clotaire and S, Radegonde, of S. Radegonde receiving her dress as a nun, and of Christ appearing to her. With numerous woodcut capitals.
I Sox 122 mm. [453
ABBEVILLE
PIERRE GfiRARD
{First printer)
Three books were printed at Abbeville during the 15th century, the first, the edition of Boutillier's Somme rurale described below, and the third, Les Triomphes des Neuf Preux, by Pierre Gdrard alone, the intermediate one, a finely illustrated edition of the Citi de Dieu, with the aid of Jean Dupr6 of Paris. The first volume of this is dated 24 November, i486, the second 1 2 April, 1486-87, while the Triomphes des Neuf Preux was finished on the following 30 May. The Somme rurale bears only the date of its year, i486, but as the Cit6 de Dieu must have fully occupied the autumn and winter months, it may safely be assigned to the preceding summer.
BOUTILLIER, Jehan. La Somme rurale. i486.
I'. [A]V nom du roy ie^ljsus Amen. Come || moy petit clerc indi||gne dexercite / aui^llditeur du roy nostre || sire c5mis a ce par || mon tresgrat t tresjlredoubte seigneur monseigneur le baillif 1| damiens / desirant de augmeter mon pe^^Htit % tresrude entende- ment / affin de plus deuemet excercer ledit office / ay eprins dejlsirant recueillir / escrire / % copier vng pe«||tit liure nome some rural / iapieca collii^Hgie par feu de bonne memoire iehan le bou||tillier . . . 168*. Cy fine le premier liure. 169*. cy commence la table du premi||er liure . . . 178". FiRST COLOPHON: Cy finent les Rubriches et distincti*l|ons des Chappiters de la premiere par*||tie de ce present volume intitule Som^^Ume rural / Compose par maistre Iehan 1| bouteiller / Licencie es drois Canon et || Ciuil . Et imprime par moy Pierre ge^Hrard / en la ville de Abbeuille . Laudetur || Omnipotens. 179'. Des drois royaulx . . . 249*. SECOND COLOPHON : Cy fine la somme rural compilee p Iehan boutillier conseillier du roy a pai^Hris. Et imprimee enla ville dabbeuille p || pierres gerard Ian mil . cccc. Ixxx X vi. 251. Cy commence la table de ce se^Hcond liure . . . a54». Cy fine la table du second liure.
Folio, a-rtf s t* aa'" ; A-F^ G" H^ I' A A*. 254 leaves, 1-168 so numbered, 179-249 numbered i-lxxi, 250 blank. 2 columns. 47 lines. 255 x 157 mm. Type i (Gothic 109 mm.). Hain 3689.
The first book printed at Abbeville. With a woodcut of a French king
enthroned, with councillors on either side, on 1 78^, facing the beginning of the section Des droits royaux.
349 X 240 mm. Rubricated. [454
Kk
N
258 FRANCE
BESANCON
PETER METLINGER
{Only printer)
Peter Metlinger of Augsburg printed a Regimen Sanitatis at Besanfon in 1487, and the two books described below during the following year. Proctor compares the three types used in these books to the first, third, and fifth types of Johann von Amorbach of Basel, so that it may have been at Basel that Metlinger learnt his craft, though the same three types were also used by Adolf Rusch, at Strassburg, for his great Biblia Latina cum postillis (Proctor 299). In 1490 Metlinger printed at D61e and in 1491 at Dijon.
BISUNTINENSIS DIOCESIS. Statuta Synodalia cum Speculo sacer- dotum aliisque tractatibus. i March, 1487-88.
[i*. Title : STatuta sinodalia cum 1| Speculo sacerdotum. \ Speculum ale peccatricis || Canones penitetiales. 1| Tractatus de horis ca||nonicis dicendis. |1 Tractatus de arte bene moriendi. || Speculum ecclesie.] 69^ COLOPHON: Finit speculum ecclesie vna cum alijs tra||ctatibus Impressum Bisuntij. Anno || domini Milesimo quadringentesimo oc||tuagesimo septimo. prima die martij.
Folio, a-e* ; a-c* d^. 70 leaves, the last blank, the first also in this copy, a columns. 42 lines and head-line. 195 (308) x 138 mm. Types i and 3 (Gothic 190, 9a mm.).
Metlinger seems to have used these small tracts in different combinations, several of them being identical with those enumerated on the title-page of the Speculum humanae vitae, in the next entry.
265 X 190 mm. This copy has no general title-page. Rubricated, with majuscules touched with yellow. After the colophon is the signature in red : F Comtet. [455
RODERICUS [Sancius] ZAMORENSIS. Speculum humanae vitae.
1488.
!•. Speculu huane vite. 1| Speculuj conuerl|sionis peccatorum 1| Speculu sacerdotuj cum hystoria vdonis. |i Speculum ecclesie. sine Exposito misse. || Speculum anime peccatricis. || Tractatus de horis dicendis. || Tractatus de casibus penitentialibus. || Tractatus artis bene moriendi. I8o^ COLOPHON: Finit felicit liber excellentissimus. Speculu? || huane vite nucupatus impssus Bisuncij Anno 1| dni Milesimo .CCCC. Lxxxviii. [27o^ SECOND Colophon : Finit liber felicit. Speculu puersionis pct5!j || impss* Gisuntii. Anno dni .M. CCCC. lxxxviii.]
Quarto. a-P m^^ n-y^ ; A B^ C« ; a-d^ ; aa*; A B^ C D«. 270 leaves, loi blank. 29 lines. 152 X 93 mm. Types i and 2 (Gothic 190, 105 mm.). Hain 13947. Proctor 8791.
With large and small woodcut capitals.
210 X 144 mm. The Speculum humanae vitae only, leaves 1-180. On i* is a note of its purchase in 1639 by the priest of S. Peter's Church, Besan9on. [456
GRENOBLE 259
GRENOBLE
FOR PICHAT AND BERTOLET, BOOKSELLERS
Two printers worked at Grenoble during the 15th century, each of them being only known to have produced a single book. The first, Stephanus Foreti, completed an edition of Guido La Pape's Decisiones Parliamenti^ Delphinatus, 29 April, 1490; the second, Jean Bellot of Rouen, who had previously printed a local missal at Lausanne (1493), on 20 May, 1497, completed one for the use of Grenoble, after which he went to Geneva and printed yet another missal for that diocese. Wherever he may have been in the interval he was printing at Geneva again in 151 2. The following book, printed for two local booksellers, has been ascribed to his press at Grenoble, but without any evidence. It was probably printed at Lyon.
DAUPHIN^. Libertates delphinalibus subditis concessae.
[Not before 1508.]
i». Title: Libertates per illustrissimos princi||(red)pes delphinos viennenses delphi- nalibus subdii^lltis concesse statutacp % decreta ab eisdem princi||pibus necnon magnificis delphinatus presidibus quos || gubernatores dicunt t excelsum delphinalem senatu edi||ta: quibus et forenses t extraiudiciales cause facile dirimi || queant formis dudum emenda- tissime mandate: (black) vna cum || interinatione litteraruj dismebrationis comitatus Asten||sis a senatu Mediolani. t adiunctionis dicti comitatus || insigni curie parlameti delphinatus. Impensa Francisci || Pichati et Bartholomei Bertoleti grationopolitanoruj || ciuium. II [Woodcut of the Arms of Dauphind] T[ (red) Venales habentur huius modi libelli grationopoli in || platea mali consilij apud Franciscum pichatuj: et in vico || parlamenti apud Bartholomeum Bertoletum. l33^ END: Tf Ce sont les chapitres articles et re<:|lquestes bailies par les gens des troys {| estatj de ce royaulme en lassemblee di<f|lceulx estatj tenus a tours en la presentence du roy es moys de ianuier feurier et {| mars . mil quatre cens quatre vjngt3 t || troys . t les respoces faites apres chas<;||cun desditj articles comme desus est || escript . x signe. || I. robertet.
Quarto. [*]* A* a-P ; aa bb' cc* d e*. 134 leaves, 9-95 numbered Fo. I-LXXXVII, and 97-133 numbered I-XXXVII, 96 and 134 blank. 2 columns. 45 lines and head-line. 181 (i94)xiai mm. Types: Gothic 140, 104, 83 mm.
With numerous small woodcut capitals. The latest date of any ordinance is 4 March, 1508, in an ordinance of the King of France as Duke of Milan and Asti.
243 X 164 mm. Bound with the Guido La Pape Super statuto delphinali si quis per litteras edited by Jo. Albonus (No. 459). The texts of the two books are not, as has frequently been stated, in the same type. [457
K
")
26o FRANCE
DIJON
PETER METLINGER
{Only printer)
After printing at Besangon (q. v.) and Dole, Metlinger arrived at Dijon in time to complete there, 4 July, 1491, the Privileges of the Cistercian Order, described below. This was his last dated book. Undated editions of the De Consolatione Philosophiae and of a Vie de S. Bernard are also ascribed to his Dijon press. At D61e he had used the same types as at Besangon, but he now procured two new founts.
JOANNES DE CIREYO. Priuilegia ordinis Cisterciensis. 4 July, 1491.
2*. [Within a woodcut] : Quam tibi Cisterci placeat sanctissimus ordo ... 3*. Brcuis prefatio sup sequenti col-||lecta quorunda priuilegiorum or-l|dinis Cistercien. 198*. COLO- PHON: Opera % ipesa Reueredissimi in christo pfis % dni: diii Io-l|hanis abbatis Cistercii sacre theologie eximij ^fessoris : ad om||niuin sui sacratissimi ordinis filioru consolationem t pfectum, jl hoc opus pluriu summoru pontificum priuilegioru, quib^ dic-l|tus sacer ordo Cistercien amplissime cotra omnes iniurias t in||sultus : priuilegiatus est % munitus : emeda- tissime t integerri-||nie impressura Diuione p magistru Petru Metlinger Alema|lnu. Anno dni M. cccc. nonagesimo primo .iiij. Nonas luh'as. (|| Finit Feliciter. ||| F. Conradus Leontori^ Mulbron beniuolo lectori Sal,. . . 198^ 1. 16, END: Et viuat memori semp in ore tuo.
Quarto, a-z A B^ 300 leaves, the first and last two blank. 35 lines. 148 x 99 mm. Types I, 4, 5 (Gothic 190, 123, 85 mm.). Hain *i3367. Proctor 8795.
On 2^ is a woodcut of the monks and nuns of the Cistercian order sheltered by the mantle of the B. Virgin, with four lines of verse ; on 2^, a woodcut of a pope blessing the members of the order, among whom are shown four saints. Within this cut are six lines of verse. With numerous woodcut capitals, imitating penwork.
220 X 160 mm. With manuscript notes. [458
VALENCE OR LYON
SUIGUS AND DE BENEDICTIS
(7/" at Valence, the only printers)
Jacobinus Suigus, who had printed in successive years (1484-87) single books at Sangermano, Vercelli, Chivasso, and Venice, in the autumn of 1487 came to Turin, and there worked for several years, mostly in partnership with Nicolaus de Benedictis. As late as October, 1496, perhaps later, the Turin business was still working, but a new start was then, if it had not been already,
VALENCE OR LYON 261
made at Lyon, where the firm continued in existence for several years. In this same year, 1496, we find printed in the types of Suigus and de Benedictis, for a bookseller at Valence, the work described below, and it is possible that this was printed at Valence itself before they reached Lyon. It has sometimes erroneously been ascribed to the press of Jean Bellot, the second printer at Grenoble.
LA PAPE, GuiDO. Super statute delphinali si quis per litteras. 1496,
I*. lo. Albonus Baccalarius Valentinus. ingenuo * egregio viro dno Anl|tonio chaponasij iuriu doctori celeberrimo : ac dignissimo serenissimi dni || nostri regis delphinij ^jcuratori: t dno suo pcipuo: Salute plurima dicit. 2\ (red) Perutilia ac summe in pral|ctica necessaria excellentissi#||mi iuris vtriuscj cosulti dni guidonis pape grationopo {| litani. . Cometaria super statu||to si quis per litteras. Ad lau||dem excelsi ac omnipotentis dei feliciter incipiunt . . . 6^\ End : Cometaria t apparat^ egregij % \\ excellentissirai iuris vtriuscj co-'llsultissimi dni Guidonis pape. su||per statuto dalphi. si quis per litjlteras. Anno dni. M. ccccxcvj. || Et die mensis || Expliciunt ad laudej t gloriam omnipotentis dei qui per infini''||ta secula gloriosus viuit t regnat.
Quarto, a-h*. 64 leaves, the last blank. 3 columns. 42 lines. 172 x103 mm. Types 5*, 8, 9, 10 (Gothic 160, 98, 82, 74 mm.). Hain 12377. Proctor 8660.
In his prefatory letter Albonus writes that two copies of the commentary having come into his hand he at once collated them ' tandemque rogatum feci M. Heliam Oliuellum huiusce nostre vniuersitatis bibliopolam constitutum vt opusculum hoc sua impensa curaret imprimendum '.
243 X 164 mm. Bound with the Libertates delphinalibus subditis concessae (No. 457). [459
AVIGNON
PRINTER OF LUCIAN
{First printer)
A Gothic type, measuring 77 mm. to twenty lines, used at Avignon, is connected by Dr. Haebler with the name of Jean Duprd (of Lyon) in 1497, with Pierre Rohault in 1499, and with Dominicus Anselmus in 1500, and he conjectures that we are here concerned with only a single printer working for different booksellers. Proctor, who only mentions Dominicus Anselmus and Pierre Rohault, thought that the latter might be the printer of all the Avignon incunabula.
LUCIAN. Palinurus, Scipio, &c. 15 October, 1497.
i». Title: Luciani Palinurus ||| Luciani Scipio romanus [H Luciani heroica in amorem |{| Luciani Asinus aureus. {|| Bruti romani epistole. ||{ Diogenes cynici epistole. 37^ Colophon : Finis. {|{ Hec opuscula castigatissime emendata Impressa sunt 1| Auinione impensa Nicolai Tepe ciuis Auinionen«||sis. M. cccc. xcvij. Idibus octobris.
Quarto. AB*;ab*c«. 38 leaves, the last blank. 29 lines. 160 x102 mm. Types I and 2 (Gothic 77 and 70 mm.). Hain 10268.
a6a FRANCE
The first book printed at Avignon. Except in the three lines of colophon the type is heavily leaded. On i^ is a dedicatory letter from Gellius Bernardinus Marmita, of Parma, to Clemente de Ruvere, vice-legate of Avignon, in which, after reciting the names of the books, he remarks ' curaui p virili mea hec oia siml' in hac vrbe floretissima Auenione impssoribus exarata legeres '. Lucian's Asinus aureus, though mentioned both in the title-page and in this letter, ' non est hie,' to use the words of an early annotator of this copy. Neither is it in any other of the copies as yet described.
200 X 145 mm. [460
PERPIGNAN
JOHANN ROSENBACH
(Only printer)
JoHANN RoSENBACH of Heidelberg printed some fifteen books in the years 1492-98 (17 March) at Barcelona, a hymnal and missal at Tarragona (September, 1498, June, 1499), and a breviary at Perpignan (at that time a Spanish town) 31 October, 1500. In ' The Early Printers of Spain and Portugal ' Dr. Haebler speaks of Rosenbach as staying at Perpignan till 1 502 ; the volume described below carries his work there into 1503. After this he is lost sight of for a time, but subsequently printed again, mainly at Barcelona, till about 1530.
PETRUS DE ARGILATA. Chirurgia. 15 January, 1503.
T». Title [within a woodcut] : Petrus de || Argelata. 2». EN no tt nostre senyor || deu ebla gloriosa ver||ge maria comense les 1| rubriques del primer || libra. 9*. A(red)Ci comenssa la cirur;;||gia del reuered e me||ritissim doctor en ar^Hts e en medicina Lo || reuerend mestre Pere de ari^Hgilata dela ciutat de Bolonia. || Lo qual es stat treduit de lati II en lengua vulgar Cathalana |1 per lo venerabile en Narcisso la || batxeler en arts e en medici||na cirurgia Ciutada de Bar<;l|chelona corrigit emendat per \ los reuerendissims e meretis^llsims doctors en arts e en mediljcina Mestre Francesch seruent || e mestre Alfonso detorelleo: e i| mestre Johan gelabert cirur^jlgia totsdela villa b Perpinya. 313^ Colophon : E assi A labor e gloria de nostre senyor deu e bla glo||riosa verge maria es complida la psent hobra || be cirurgia . la qual ha compost lo Egregie || e Reuerendissimo doctor en arts e || en medicina mestre Pere b arjlgelata b Bolonya . Corrijlgit e complit per los Reuerents meHstres Mejlstre Fracesch Syruent E Mestre Alfonso || de Torreleo en arts y en medicia doctors || E stampat ab gran diligecia en la Noble || villa b Perpinya Per Mestre || lohan Rosembach Alla||many. a. xv. del mes || b Gener. Any. M. d. iij. [Device.]
Folio. AA^ ; a-z A-G* H« I K« L« M* N" O^ P Q« R». 314 leaves, 9-313 numbered (with three numbers omitted) I-CCCVIII. 8 and 314 blank. 3 columns. 50 lines and head-line. 224 (234) x 154 mm.
The title is enclosed in a rectangle upheld by two angels, as in the Peccador Remut printed by Rosenbach at Barcelona about 1495. With numerous woodcut capitals.
275 X 201 mm. [461
HOLLAND
The first printers who placed their names in a book printed in Holland were Ketelaer and Leempt, who completed two books at Utrecht in 1473. Previous to this, in all likelihood, a number of editions of the grammatical works of Donatus and Alexander Gallus had been produced in Dutch types, and these and some larger works have been assigned to a single anonymous press, which, on account of the statement made by Ulrich Zell to the author of the Cologne Chronicle (see No. 82) and the legend first narrated by Hadrianus Junius in 1568, has been rashly connected with the name of Lourens Coster. From 1473 onwards the history of printing in Holland is normal and straightforward, native and German printers being found working simultaneously in the usual way. Presses were set up in thirteen places after 1473, — in Deventer, Delft, and Gouda in 1477, in S. Martijnsdijk in Zeeland in 1478, in Nijmegen and Zwolle in 1479, in Hasselt in Overijssel in 1480, in Leiden, Kuilenburg, and Haarlem in 1483, in 's Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-duc) in 1484, in Schoonhoven in 1495, and in Schiedam in 1498. Seven of these towns were only visited by a single printer. At Utrecht, Delft, Gouda, and Zwolle there was a moderate output. The only really prolific printers were Richard Paffraet and Jacobus de Breda at Deventer, who must have produced between them over five hundred incunabula, though most of these were small educational books. The total Dutch output at present registered may be roughly estimated at between eleven and twelve hundred, its characteristics being akin to those of Germany, but with a much greater proportion of schoolbooks, and strikingly few large folios.
PRINTER OF THE SPECULUM
{First Dutch press ?)
By the survival of fragments and a few complete books, evidence has been found of the production of some eighty different editions which stand outside the chapter in the history of Dutch printing that begins at Utrecht in 1473. In printing these books eight founts of type were used, and these have been described as forming a single family, although types 1-3, 4-6, and 7, 8, may easily have belonged to three different printers. All the books being anonymous, they have been brought together under the heading of the ' Printer of the Speculum Humanae Saluationis ', of which at least four editions in these founts survive, one of those in Latin having twenty leaves printed xylographically. Some of the double-cuts in the blockbook are found, sawn into halves, in a book
^
264 HOLLAND
printed by Veldener at Utrecht in 1481, and on this ground Henry Bradshaw felt himself 'compelled to leave the Speculum at Utrecht*. As, however, Veldener was a wandering printer, the place where he first used the woodcuts counts for very little, and it seems better to treat all the books of the family as unlocalized. One copy of one of those in types 4 and 5 was purchased by an Abbot Conrad, who held office from 147 1 to 1474; another of the same book (the ' Yliada ') was rubricated in 1472. Books in types 1-3 are probably earlier than this, but how much earlier it is impossible to say. The attempt to connect them with the Donatuses mentioned by Zell as printed in Holland before printing came into use in Germany, rests on mere assumption.
PONTANUS, LuDovicus. Singularia. Undated.
3". Prefatio in singlaribus domini Ludouici de roma. 3'. Incipiut singlaria in causis crimialib^ excelletisHsimi vtriuscp iuris moarche dni ludouici de roma 1| polta vt sunt atcj ordinata scdm ordine tituloru 1| quiti libri decretaliu per dnra lauretiu de pallaczo||lijs iuris utriusi^ padue doctore famosissimum. 40*. Eneas siluius poeta senenis pro laude clarissimi |I viri domini ludouici de roma iuris vtriustj consulti. || Epitaphium. || 4o^ In quosdam thologos . . . 41". 1. 7 : Incipit tractat^ de presuptioib^ 1| scdm dnm ludouicu de roma. 4,5^ Pij seciidi potificis maximi. de mlfib^ prauis . . . 60*. I. 33, END : . , . mira||cris vtutib' saguie (5 suo pfirmaftL Explicit.
Folio. 60 leaves, the first blank. 26 lines of type 4, 182 x 123 mm.; 34 of type 5, 207 X 107 mm. Types 4 and 5 (Gothic 143, 121 mm.). Campbell *ii86. Proctor 8829.
The use of the smaller type begins on 45^.
Ludouicus Pontanus, of Spoleto, was a 15th-century jurist at Siena, Florence, and Rome. His residence at Siena accounts for the preface by Pius 11.
295 X 206 mm. Rubricated. [462
UTRECHT
In addition to the so-called 'Costeriana' sometimes, though doubtfully, attributed to Utrecht, about fifty incunabula are known to have been printed in that city. A good half of these were due to Ketelaer and Leempt, whose three dated books belong to the years 1473-74. Wilhelm Hees printed five others about 1475 ; Jan Veldener, about twice as many ; three anonymous firms, eight or ten books between them. By 1483 Veldener had moved on to Kuilenburg, and after this there is no evidence of any books having been printed at Utrecht for the rest of the century, the date 1489, given by Herr Burger as that of the edition of De gulden Throen, described below, being a misprint for 1480.
KETELAER AND LEEMPT
{First printers)
NicoLAUS Ketelaer and Gerardus Leempt, of Nijmegen, printed some twenty-five incunabula, all of them in Latin, and all in the same fount of type. Their editions of the Historia scholastica of Petrus Comestor and of S. Gregory's
UTRECHT 265
De conflictu vitiorum et virtutum are dated 1473 ; their only other dated book is the Eusebius described below. In 1484 Leempt is found at work at 's Hertogenbosch (see p. 275).
EUSEBIUS. Historia ecclesiastica. 1474.
a'. Eusebij cesariensis episcopi ecclesiastica hysteria per rufinum || viru eloquetissimu de greco in latinu traducta. Incipit feliciter. 205''. COLOPHON : Eusebij cesariensis episcopi ecclesiastica hysteria per rufinu || viru eloquetissimu de greco in latinu traducta. explicit felicit'. II M" cccc° Ixxiiij".
Folio, [a-g" h-k' l-o^" p q^ r-v^" x y^.] 206 leaves, the first and last blank. 31 lines. 188x118 mm. Type I (Gothic 122 mm.). Hain 6709, Campbell *7ii. Proctor 8841.
278 X 188 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, the larger capitals in the same colours with ornamental patterns left white. [463
BERNARDUS. De consideratione. [About 1475.]
2". Incipit liber prim' btl bernardi de cosideratione ad eugeniu papa ||jsVbit animu dictare aliquid . . . 39». COLOPHON : Explicit liber quint' beati bernardi || De considera- tione ad eugenium papam.
Folio, [a-e'.] 40 leaves, the first and last blank. 31 lines. 188 x132 mm. Type i (Gothic 122 mm.). Campbell *263. Proctor 18843.
275 x 205 mm. Rubricated, capitals in red and blue. Bought at the Beijers sale, October, 1900. [464
PRINTER OF THE GESTA ROMANORUM
This anonymous press produced, besides the edition of the Gesta Romanorum by which it is quoted, a Liber Alexandri de proeliis and the Modus legend! abbreuiaturas described below. None of these books is dated, but they were all probably published about 1475.
MODUS. Modus legend! abbreuiaturas in utroque iure. [About 1475.]
a'. Incipit liber dans modu legendi abbreuiaturas in vtrotp iure. ||| [Q]Via preposterus e ordo prius humana petere H subsidia . . . 49''. Explicit libellus docens mo||dum studendi et legendi conl|tenta ac abbreuiata vtrius<5 || iuris tam canonici ^ ciuilis || in so continens titulos siue |1 rubricas eiusdem iuris.
Folio, a^" b-f*. 50 leaves, the first and last blank. Partly in 2 columns. 34 lines. 197x128 mm. Type i (Gothic 116 mm.). Campbell 1263 a.
289 x212 mm. Rubricated. [465
JAN VELDENER
Driven out of Louvain by the competition of Johann of Paderborn, Jan Veldener printed at Utrecht from November, 1478, to July, 1481, or a little later, and then moved on to Kuilenburg, where he began publishing in 1483. While at Louvain he had printed only in Latin. The ten editions ascribed to his press at Utrecht are mainly in Dutch.
L 1
^
266 HOLLAND
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Dat boek dat men hiet Fasciculus Temporum.
14 February, 1480.
i*. (Within device) : Innicium sancti ewagelij secundum || johannen. Gloria tibi domine . : . (text) : Inden beghinne was dat woert ... 2*. GEneracio et generacio lau^jjdabit opera tua ... 9*. Int beghinsel heeft god ghescapen hemel || en eerde . . . 338*. COLOPHON : Hier Eyndet dat boeck datmen hiet fasciculus temporum in houdende die Cro||nijcken van ouden tijden Als van dat die werlt eerst ghescapen is Ende van dat H Adam ende Eua eerst ghemaect worden totter gheboert xpristi toe Ende voert va 1| alien Paeusen ende Keyseren die nader gheboert xpristi gheweest hebben tot noch 1| toe Ende daer nae Corttelick beslutende mit die Cronijcken der coninghen van j] vranckrijck. van Enghelant Ende van die hertoghen van brabant. Ende van 1| die Biscoppen van Vtrecht Eri van die Greuen van vlaenderea van hollant. va || zeelant. van henegouwen. van Ghelre. van Cleue. tot huden op den dach toe || By my volmaect ian veldenar woennende tutrecht opten dam Int iaer ons he^Hren M CCCC Ixxx op sinte valentijns dach op die vastelauont ic. || [Device.]
Foho. [*8; a-zt«; A-C*; D» E« ; F» G*; H-S^.] 338 leaves, 9-338 numbered I-CCCxxx. a*": 38 lines. 218x131 mm. Types 4 and 5 (Gothic 89, 115 mm.). Hain6946. Campbell *I479. Proctor 8858.
This edition, which, as set forth in the colophon, is altogether on a larger scale than any other, contains woodcuts of several subjects not usually illustrated, e. g. Moses holding the tables of the law, two variants of the building of a town, two others of the battery of a town, a large cut of Jerusalem, another of S. Peter receiving a soul into Paradise, and numerous very decorative little coats of arms. Some of these cuts Veldener had used before in his Louvain Latin edition, others appear here for the first time. With woodcut borders to 2* and 9* Veldener's fine capital G on 2^, and his device on i^ and 338* in the former case with the words ' Innicium sancti ewagelij secundum johannen. Gloria tibi domine ', inserted in the blank spaces.
283 X 205 mm. Rubricated. [466
G. 1. or G. t.
The initials of this printer are only known as they occur on one or niore of his three devices, where the second letter is difficult to read. Bradshaw gives the names of four books printed by him, the first on 7 May, 1479, the last on 30 March, 1480. All of them are printed in the same type.
OTTO VAN PASSAU. Dat boek des gulden throens. 30 March, 1480.
i». [D]It is die tafel vanden najluolghende boeck des gull|den throens of der xxiiij ouden || en hoeme elke vijnden mach en || va hoerre leeringhen die si lere || om te come totten ewighe leue 1| 201''. COLOPHON : Item dese voerscreuen broeder || otten van passau was een ghejlleert man en was wel eer lees-||meyster tot basel. ||| Bider gracie gods so is dit II boec gheprint eii gheeynt in die || stat va vtrecht Int iaer ons || heren .M. CCCC. en Ixxx op 1| den vitten donredach de xxxste || dach in die meert. ||| Deo gratias. ||| [Device.]
Folio. [**a-zi*?«.] aoa leaves, 5-aoi numbered I-.Cxcvij., the last blank. 31 lines. J95xi$7mm. Type i (Gothic 120mm.). Hain 12131. Campbell *I342. Proctor 8861.
UTRECHT 267
With small cuts of the Lady Soul and one or another of the 24 elders conversing in various attitudes. A story that the cuts were executed by a daughter of Veldener who married in 1429 is rightly characterized by Campbell as ' tres suspect ' ! Campbell makes this book begin with a blank leaf, but if it exists in any copy, it must be merely part of a wrapper, with another blank leaf answering to it after leaf 4.
250x180 mm. Wanting leaf numbered 193, and with the last leaf apparently supplied from another copy. Rubricated in red and blue, the larger capitals with penwork traceries ; the woodcuts coloured. [467
DELFT
A SINGLE press under three successive managers was at work at Delft during the 15th century. The first printers, Jacob Jacobssoen van der Meer, a member of one of the patrician families of the town, and Mauricius Yemantszoen, of Middelburg, produced the Dutch Bible described below early in January, 1477, and thereafter together, or by the work of Van der Meer alone, over fifty different incunabula. September, 1487, is the latest date in any of their books, and in May, 1488, Christian Snellaert issued his first fully dated book, printed partly with his predecessors' types. To Snellaert are attributed some seventy books, the latest date in them being April, 1497. The next year Heinrich Eckert, of Homburg, began publishing, using Snellaert's types and device, and continuing to do so in the score of books he printed at Delft before transferring his business to Antwerp in 1 500. For a few years under Snellaert the press produced a good many Latin books ; the rest of its output was almost entirely Dutch,
VAN DER MEER AND YEMANTSZOEN
{First printers)
During their partnership these two printers produced eight books, all in Dutch, the first dated 10 January, 1477, the last 29 November, 1479. On 12 February, 1480, Van der Meer began publication by himself with a Dutch Psalter, and thereafter only a single instead of a double shield appears as the firm's device.
BIBLE. Bible in duytsche. [The Old Testament only, without the
Psalms.] ID January, 1477.
Vol. I. 2'. col. I : Hier beghit dat prologus vader bible || des ouersetters te duytsche vte latine. 30a'. col. 2. COLOPHON : Delf in hollaut || [Woodcut arms of Delft] Deese ieghenwoerdighe bible mit ho||ren boecken. ende elc boeck mit alle || sijne capitelen bi ene notabelen mees-||ter wel ouergheset wt den latine in duijtsche ende wel naerstelic gecor- ri||geert ende wel ghespelt : was gemaect |{ te delf in hoUant mitter hulpen gods || ende bij ons iacob iacobs soen en mau||ricius yemants zoen van middelborch || ter eeren gods, ende
L 1 2
^
268 HOLLAND
tot stichticheit || ende lerijnghe der kersten ghelouighe || mensche. Ende wort voleynd. int iaer 1| der incarnacien ons here duysent vier || hondert zeue en tseuentich. den thienjlden dach der maent ianuario ||| [Printers' device in red]. 644a. Hier eyndt die propheet malachias. ||| Deese ieghenwoerdighe bible, etc. [as before].
Folio. Vol.1: [a-zAB"'C8D8;EF8G-K".] 320 leaves, i, 264, and 320 blank. Vol.11: [a-z A-E^" F^ G^ H-K^".] 324 leaves. Total 644 leaves. 2 columns. 38 lines. 199 X 139 mm. Type I (Gothic 105 mm.). Hain 3160. Campbell *290. Proctor 886a.
281 X 207 mm. Some leaves which have been turned down have a width of five mm. more. Rubricated, Vol. I in red only, Vol. II in red and blue. With some manuscript side-notes. ' [468
GOUDA
Gerard Leeu completed the first book at Gouda, 24 May, 1477, and until shortly before his removal to Antwerp in the summer of 1484, no other printer set up in the town. The remaining years of the century produced nine new printers at Gouda, most of them anonymous and none of importance. Their thirty or forty books added to Leeu's seventy bring the total of Gouda incunabula to well over a hundred.
GERARD LEEU
{First printer)
Gerard Leeu's first book was an Epistelen ende Evangelien finished at Gouda 24 May, 1477, his last an edition of the Chronicles of England, while printing which at Antwerp in 1493 he was killed by one of his workmen in the course of a quarrel. Between the two dates he had printed over two hundred incunabula, many of them fine books, some with interesting woodcuts. Some seventy of these were produced during his stay at Gouda, which, with an apparent break between September, 1482, and a book completed in December of the next year, lasted from 1477 till his removal to Antwerp, where he published his first book in September, 1484.
SPIEGHEL. Spieghel des Kersten gheloefs. i September, [i4]78.
2*. Hier beghinnet die tafel ende dat register des || waerdighen ende seer costeliken boeckes dat || vanden doctoren ghenoemt is dat spieghel des kersten gheloefs. 4''. par. a : Hier beghinnet een costelic boec ende is ghe-||noemt dat spieghel des kersten gheloues dat || ter eren goods ende tot oerbaer aire kersten || menschen wt die heylighe scrift vergadert is II mit groten vlite ende mit seer groter naerste || als men hier nae mach vinden ende lesen |!| Dat prologus. 80*. par. 2. COLOPHON: Dit boexkijn is volmaect ter goude in hol-||lant. bi my gheraert leeu Anno Ixxviij. den || eersten dach van September Laus dec II [Device]. GL.
Quarto, a-k*. 80 leaves, the first blank, 5-79 numbered at foot i-lxxv. 25 lines. 141 X 83 mm. Type 2 (Gothic 108 mm.). Hain 14968. Campbell *i585.
183 x120 mm. [469
GOUDA 269
JACOBUS DE VORAGINE, Passionael Somerstuc. i April, 1480.
[i^ Hier beghint een nuttelijck boec 1| datme hiet dat passionael . . . Dit is dye tafel vanden somer stuc 1| vanden passionael ... a*". Explicit tabula || Dye hystorie vander verrisenissen || ens here ihu xpi opten paeschdach . . .] 3*. [C]Ristus verrees || opten derden || dach . . . 283^ COLOPHON : Voleynt ter goude in hollant An^ljno M. CCCC. ende Ixxx. opten paeschauont den eersten dach van aprille. by my gheraert leeu. [Device.]
Folio. [*2J a* b-d^" e^ f-i^" k 1« m-r tfstvuxyz t"-^ 9 A^ B* C^ D*. 283 leaves, 3-280 numbered at foot 1-280, omitting the numbers 66 and 85, the last blank. 2 columns. 35 lines. 189 x140 mm. Type 2 (Gothic 108 mm.). Campbell *i 756 (2). Proctor 8919.
With a woodcut border to 3*.
278 X 207 mm. Wanting the first two leaves. Rubricated, with capital on 3* in red and blue, over a tracery of red and green. [470
DEVENTER
The only printers at Deventer were Richardus Pafraet, of Cologne, and Jacobus de Breda. The latter first worked in 1 486-8 7 in succession to Pafraet, using the same type, then desisted for a time, possibly by arrangement, when Pafraet started again with a book completed 9 August, 1488, and a year later himself re- sumed publication, and remained working in rivalry with Pafraet for the rest of the century. To the town's output of over five hundred incunabula Pafraet contributed considerably over three hundred and de Breda two hundred, or somewhat less.
RICHARDUS PAFRAET
(First printer)
Pafraet commenced publication in 1477 with the Reductorium of Petrus Bertorius, described below, a folio of some thickness, and many of his early books are of the same sort. When he stopped production in 1485, presumably from lack of funds, Jacobus de Breda, who took over his two founts of type, used them for printing a number of small quartos for students. Apparently the experiment succeeded, for Pafraet also devoted himself exclusively to this class of book when he resumed printing, and continued producing it in quantities for many years.
BERTORIUS, Petrus. Reductorium morale figurarum bibliorum. 1477.
a». Incipit prologus de vtilitate pl[sentis operis reductorij moalis rel|uerendi doini petri berthorij auctojlris dictionary et pro declaratioe || tabule sBsequentis. 467''. (red) Colophon: Explicit Apocalipsis. liber tricesi||musquintus et vltimus reducto||rij moralis figurarum biblie. sup || vtrumcj testamentum. a venerajlbili domino Petro bertory ^ore || sancti eligy parisiensis ordinis saljcti benedicti: de pictauie partib^ || oriundo. auinione factus. daue||trie diligenti correctione emenda||tus puctuatus et tabulatus at? || impressus Anno icamatonis dni || Millesimo quadrlgentesimo sepljtuagesimo septimo per Richardu
^
270 HOLLAND
paffroet de Colonia. ciuem daueHtriesej. pro ornatu munitione et 1| edificatione vniuersalis eccie. et || sponsi eiusdem honore. dni nfi |j ihesu xpi qui est benedictus in se||cula. AMEN.
Folio. A B" C-E8 ; a-z aa-hh^" ii" ; A-H" P K L*. 468 leaves, i, 45, 376, and 468 blank, a columns. 42 lines. 190 x128 mm. Type i (Gothic 90 mm.). Hain 2796. Campbell *286.
The first book printed at Deventer. Its author, Petrus Bertorius (Pierre
Bersuire), died in 1362 as Prior of the Benedictine monastery of S. 6loi, at Paris.
296 x215 mm. Rubricated, the larger capitals in red and white. [471
SERMONES SOCCI. Sermones Socci de Sanctis. [1480?]
2*. (Table) : [AjBdicatio vera omniu || que mudi sut psistit Ij in tribus . . . 17*. Incipit tabula sermonuj . . . i8», [I]Ncipiunt pulcherrimi atq^ vtilisHsimi sermones Socci de Sanctis p II circulum anni compositi a quoda || egregijssimo sacre Theologie pljfessore ordls Cistersiensiu puetus || in Marierayd ^pe Hildesem , . . 292*. col. 2. Colophon : Expliciunt sermoes socci de san||ctis cuj suma diligetia correct! et || impressi Dauetrie. tc.
Folio. A B* ; a-r^" s-z aa-ff ' gg^". 292 leaves, the first blank. 2 columns. 42 lines. 190 x125 mm. Type I (Gothic 90 mm.). Campbell *I539. Proctor 8958.
The Sermones de Tempore have a colophon dated 1480. 264 x192 mm. Partly rubricated. From the Royal Library at the Hague. [472
EXHORTATION ES. Exhortationes nouitiorum. 1491.
l\ Title : Exhortatioes nouicioiji. 1| Colloquiu iesu cu puero [j Dyalogus iesu t senis. || [Woodcut.] 30*. Colophon: C Finit Exhortatorium nouiciorum. || Impressum Dauentrie In platea epi||scopi. Anno dni. M.cccc. xci.
Quarto, a-e^ 30 leaves. 39 lines of small type, 28 of larger. 149 x92 mm. Types 3,5, 6 (Gothic 107, 77, 170 mm.). Hain 6777. Campbell *7i9. Proctor 8998.
A title-cut, used by Pafraet as a device, represents Saint Lebuinus standing on a chequered pavement in an archway in front of a curtain. The Deventer coat of arms, showing an eagle, is placed in the right-hand corner at the foot.
19OX 123 mm. Rubricated, From the Royal Library at the Hague. [473
NIJMEGEN
PRINTER OF ENG. CULTIFICIS
(Only press)
At Nijmegen in 1479 an anonymous printer completed two works by Engelbertus Cultificis, one, his De simonia vitanda, with the exact date, 23 August, the other, the Epistula declaratoria, described below, with only the note of the year. A calendar in French and an edition of the De natura animae of Albertus Magnus are ascribed to the same press.
NIJMEGEN 271
ENGELBERTUS CULTIFICIS. Epistula declaratoria. 1479-
a». Epistola declaratoria iuriu et priuileglolj fratru 1| ordinu mendicanciu cotra quosda articulos erro||neos c5dempnatos quoruda mgroi;: et curatoru || eccIaijL. parrochialiu. 78*. par. 3. Colophon : C Explicit epl'a declaratoria ac defensoria iuriu || et puilegiojj ffm ordinu medicaciu cotra quosda |1 articulos erroneos codepnatos. quoruda mgroij, || et curatojj. ecclesiaijL prochialiu Edita et copilata || in couetu Nouimagesi ord' pdicatoijL p Reueredu || Mgfm Engelbertu cultificis ord. eiusde ac sacre || theologie pfessore eximiu / Anno dni. M° cccc° Ixxix" || Atcj eode ano in pdco opido diligenter et fidelit || impressa Ad honore dei omnipotetis cui^ nomen || est benedictu p secula Amen.
Quarta a-i* k*. 78 leaves, the first blank. 26 lines. 149x920101. Type i (Gothic 116 mm.), Hain 5849. Campbell *5 12. Proctor t9ii9.
Engelbert Cultificis (Messemaker) was a native of Nijmegen. He died as Prior of Zwolle in 1492.
202 X 132 mm. Rubricated to the end of quire d. Bound by Lortic. [474
ZWOLLE
PIETER VAN OS
{Only printer)
At Zwolle, in 1479, Pieter van Os, of Breda, printed the edition of S. Bona- ventura's Sermons described below, and finished a Vocabularius ex quo on 23 December in the same year. In 1480 he produced four dated books, and then, though he was certainly working after 25 August, 1481, nothing more with a date until 26 May, 1484, when he is found using different types. After this he continued printing until past the turn of the century. About one hundred and twenty incunabula have been ascribed to him.
BONAVENTURA. Sermones. 1479-
I*. Registrum sermonu et de tpe et de 1| scTs cu comuni sanctoru ad populu dni || Bonaueture Cardinalis. deuoti et se-||raphici sacre theologie f)fessoris eximij || Feliciter incipit : . . . 342''. col. 2. COLOPHON : Ventura bona docetis seraphici doc||toris Bona- uenture sacrosancte Rone || ecclesie Cardinalis dignissimi de tem-||pore simul et Sanctis perfructuosum || opus zwollis impressum : Feliciter || explicit.:. Anno domini Millesimo |1 quadringentesimo septuagesimonono. ||
Folio. [♦I"] (a-z 1 9 aa-qq* rr*'.) 344 leaves, i, 11, 343, 344 blank, a columns. 39 lines. 201 X 138 mm. Type 2 (Gothic 103 mm.). Hain 3512. Campbell *i^(). Proctor 9122.
285 X 205 mm. Rubricated, with green and white tracery, forming a border- piece to the capital V on 10*. On i* is written: Bibliothecse montis Rigidi.
[475
BERNARDUS. Sermonen. Winterstuck. 24 December, 1484.
i». Title : Dit is dat boec van || sinte bernaerd' sermone || [Woodcut] i69». col. 2, par. 2: Hier eyndet dat winterstuck van || sinte bemaerdus sermonone. die vte || latine ghetranslateert eii ouer geset || zijn in onser duytscher spraken ter || eren godes en zijnder
272 HOLLAND
lieuer moeder. || en tot heyl alder menschen salicheit || God si ghelouet |{{ [Small device.] 169''. Colophon : Dit boeck dat is gheeyndt to zwolle inden stichte van || vtricht ter eren godes en zijnder lieuer moeder marien. || en oock mede tot heyl ende salicheyt aire ghoeder kers||tenen menschen. bij mij peter van os. Inden iare ons he||ren. M. cccc. ende Ixxxiiij. op des heylighen kerstes auot || Lof gode van alien, [Large device.]
Folio. [**]a-t^ vx*. 170 leaves, 7-167 numbered i-Clxi, the last blank, a columns. 35 lines. 187 x138 mm. Type 5 (Gothic 106 mm.). Hain 2853 (i). Campbell *a75 (i).
On the title-page, and again on 5^, is a very fine woodcut (185 x 151 mm.) of the Holy Child standing on a cushion placed on a ledge or table in front of the B. Virgin, holding out a flower to S. Bernard.
277 X 200 mm. Rubricated, a capital on j^ in blue with red tracery. Old stamped leather binding, [476
THOMAS CANTIPRATENSIS. Der bien boeck. 21 November, 1488.
i». TITLE: Dit is der bien boeck , , , i87» Colophon: AMEN || Dit teghen- woerdighe boec dat || daer is ghenoemt der byen boeck is || voleyndet en volmaket totter ere go|jdes eii tot stichtinghe en beteringhe || aire goeder mensche die dit lesen ofte || horen lesen bi mij Peter van os prenjjter tot swolle. Int iaer ons here. M || cccc. Ixxxviij. des andere daghes nae H sinte ponciaens dach. [Device.]
Folio. A* ; a-c8 d« e f* g« h i* k« l-n^ o p« q r^ t« s-v^ x« y z^ i8. 188 leaves, 5-187 num- bered i-clxxxiij, the last blank. 2 columns, 36 lines, 190 x136 mm. Type 5 (Gothic 106 mm.). Hain 4186. Campbell *i 658. Proctor 9131.
On the title-page beneath the short title is a woodcut of two beehives and bees flying about the flowers that grow between them ; this is explained alle- gorically in eight lines of verse, and beneath these is a double cut showing Christ holding the good souls and devils dragging away the bad. The author, who for some years was an Augustinian at Cantimpr^ (whence his surname), died as a Dominican at Louvain about 1272,
257 X 191 mm. Wanting sigs. c 3-6. Rubricated in red and blue, the larger capitals having ornamental patterns in white. [477
VITAS PATRUM, Dat Vader Boeck. i April, 1490.
I*. Title : Dit boeck is ghenomet. dat vader boeck. dat in den || latijne is ghehicten Vitas patru. inhoudende dye 1| historien &n legenden der heyligher vaderen die hajlre leue in stregher penitencie ouerghebracht hebbe || Ouergheset in goeder verstadelre duytscer sprake. [Woodcut.] 165^. COLOPHON : Hier eyndet dat derde deel va desen || boecke van den woderlijke wercken en |1 goede exempele en goede lerlghen der heiHgher vadere so als die heylige leraer Ie||ronim^ vut de griecke in de latine ghe-jltoghe heeft Ouergheset in goeder ^sta||delre duytscer spraken om salicheit aire || goeder kersten mescen. Ghedruct bi mi II Peter va os In de iare 6s here M.cccc. || en xc. den eerste dach va den April. ||| [Small device.]
Folio, A* ; a* b-z^ A* B-D®. 166 leaves, 6-165 numbered I-Clx, the last blank. 36 lines. 191 X 146 mm. Type 5 (Gothic 106 mm,), Campbell *938, Proctor 9135,
The title-cut is composed of two pieces, representing respectively the Descent of the Holy Spirit and Jacob's dream of the ladder to heaven, from an edition of the blockcut Biblia Pauperum. On 5^, facing the beginning of the text, is a large woodcut (178 x 136 mm.) of the Annunciation.
245 x187 mm. Rubricated. The woodcut of the Annunciation coloured in red and yellow. [478
KUILENBURG 273
KUILENBURG
JAN VELDENER
{Pnly priyiter)
On 6 March, 1483, Jan Veldener completed at Kuilenburg a Boec van den Houte, and on 27 September in the same year a Dutch quarto edition of the Speculum humanae saluationis (two issues ?), printed with one of his Utrecht types and with the sawn-up Speculum blocks of which he had already used two at Utrecht In 1484 he published the Kruidboek, described below, and an edition of Roelans De aegritudinibus puerorum is also ascribed to his Kuilenburg press. In the same year he returned to Louvain, where he had made his start, and printed a few more books there.
AGGREGATOR. Kruidboek in dietsche. 1484-
I*, (underline to woodcut) : Egredietur y^ga de radice yesse. 2*. Dye prologhe de ouersetters vyt den latyn in dyetsche. 3*. par. 3 : Dye voerspraeck dees meesters dees boeckx daer || dit dit van worde te worde vuyt gheseyt es volght || hier nae || [M]Ant veellyen mids der armoeden de apotejlken ... 5^ (Table of chapters) : [D]ye eerste partikel dees boeckx spreeckt van j] de crachten der crude in manier va ghene . . . 9». Absinthiu . . . ao8\ 1. 18. END AND COLOPHON: ... die vader die soen en dye \ heilighe gheest Amen. Ghemaeckt int iaer ens 1| heere .M. CCCC. en. Ixxxiiij. 208''. (underline to woodcut) : mulier decepit viru vt secu comederet.
Quarto. [** ; a-v* x* ; A-E« F*.] ao8 leaves. 25 lines. 141x91 mm. Types 5 and 6 (Gothic 113 and 120? mm.). Hain 8449. Campbell *9 18. Proctor 9158.
A translation of the German Herbarius which passed under the name of 'Aggregator', with copies of its numerous pictures of herbs. The woodcut at the beginning (repeated at the end of the first part, 164^) and that at the end are two half-blocks from the Speculum series, as used by Veldener at Kuilenburg in his edition of the previous year. On 2* is a fine woodcut capital G.
203 x133 mm. Rubricated and with the woodcuts coloured. [479
LEIDEN
Between thirty and forty incunabula were printed at Leiden, not less than six of them by Heynricus Heynrici in 1483-84, and the rest by Hugo Janszoen, of Woerden, who worked from 1494 onwards. Heynrici printed both in Latin and Dutch, Janszoen apparently in Dutch only.
HEYNRICUS HEYNRICI
{First printer)
Heynrici's first fully dated book was a Cronike van Holland finished 9 July, 1483 ; his editions of the De duobus amantibus of Aeneas Sylvius and Epistelen
M m
^
274 HOLLAND
ende evangelien are dated with the year only. The Sermons of Michael of Hungary, described below, followed in March, 1484, and the De humanitate Christi of Thomas Aquinas in June. An undated edition of the Manuale of S. Augustine is also ascribed to him.
MICHAEL DE HUNGARIA. Sermones tredecim. 10 March, 1484.
a*. Sermones tredecim vniuersales magistri || Michaelis de vngaria incipiut feh'citer. 124'. par. 3: Sequuntur sermones deuoti de passione dni. 144*. COLOPHON : Et sic est finis sit laus et gloria trinis || Impssu Leydis Anno M CCCC Lxxxiiij. die || x. Marcij Per me Heynricu heynrici.
Quarto, a-s*. 144 leaves, the first blank. 28 lines. 135 x 81 mm. Type i (Gothic 96 mm.). Campbell *ia46.
210 x140 mm. Rubricated. [480
HAARLEM
Whatever printing, if any, was done by Lourens Coster must be credited to Haarlem, and it is to Haarlem that Dr. Hessels ascribes the eighty or more fragments and books connected typographically with the folio editions of the Speculum (see p. 263), which Bradshaw felt himself 'compelled to leave' at Utrecht. The first Haarlem printer with satisfactory credentials was Jacop Bellaert, who completed his first book in December, 1483, and continued publishing there until August, i486. In the previous March another Haarlem printer, Johannes Andreae or Andrleszoen, had completed his first book, a Formula nouitlorum, which he followed in quick succession with three other books in May, June, and August, and two undated ones. After i486, apparently, Haarlem was left without a printer.
JACOP BELLAERT
{Fir si printer ?)
In the four years that he was at work at Haarlem Jacop Bellaert is credited with having produced at least fifteen books, all in Dutch, and several of them handsomely illustrated. For his woodcuts he seems to have had some kind of arrangement with Gerard Leeu, for those of his earliest book, the Lijden ons Heeren of lo December, 1483, came from Leeu's stock, and after his disappear- ance in i486 most of his blocks are found in Leeu's possession.
LAURENTIUS. Summe le roy of des conincs summe. 31 May, 1484.
2». Hier beghint een bouc datme hiet sume le roy || Of des conincs summe. Ende leert hoe datmen 1| die sonden biechten ende beteren sal |l . . . 1 99^ 1. 9. Colophon : Hier voleyndt
HAARLEM 273
het boec datme hiet summe || le roy of des conincs summe /. En is gheprint || tot Haerlem in Hollant Int iaer ons heeren. M. || cccc en Ixxxiiij. Opten lesten dach va meye.
Quarto, a-rtfstvuxy^ 300 leaves, the first blank. a8 lines. 139 X 84 mm. Type I (Gothic 98 mm.). Hain 995a. Campbell *i630. Proctor ^9170.
The printer's device is on 200*.
Frere Laurent was a French Dominican of the 1 3th century. 205 X 125 mm. Rubricated, with tracery of green to the capitals on 2» and 3*. From the library of W. H. Crawford of Lakelands, Cork. [481
OTTO VAN PASSAU. Boeck des gulden throens. 25 October, 1484.
a*. [D]It is die tafel vande na || volgeden boec des gul-||den throes of der xxiiij. || ouden en hoemen elke || vinden mach en va hoer||re leringhen die si leren om te comen || totten ewighen leuen. I4i». Colophon : Bider gracien gods so is dit boec ge-||prent ende voleynt in die stat va her-||lem Int iaer ons heren M CCCC. || en Lxxxiiij. Op sinte crijspijn en crispi|laens dach .Deo gracias. || I42^ [Device.]
Folio. [**] a-q' r^**. 14a leaves, 5-140 numbered i-cxxxvij, the first and last blank. 39 lines. 194x135 mm. Type i (Gothic 99 mm.). Hain iai3a. Campbell *I343. Proctor 91 71.
With woodcuts of the soul, attired as a woman, in talk with one or another of the 24 elders in different attitudes, and Bellaert's fine device.
245 X 185 mm. Rubricated. With this is bound the Vitas Patrum printed by Pieter van Os i April, 1490. [482
'S HERTOGEN BOSCH
GERARD LEEMPT
(On/y printer)
At 's Hertogenbosch, or Bois-le-Duc, Gerard Leempt (Ketelaer's partner in the first press at Utrecht) printed a Dutch edition of the Vision of Tundalus in 1484, and half a dozen other books, besides some Indulgences, in the next four years.
LIBER. Liber de vita religiosorum. [1488?]
i». Incipit liber de vita religiosoi; || REligiosoij datf hic || doctrina viroiji. || Que bn discetes || t in ilia pficietes || Esse docet tales || ta iustos spuales || . . . l3^ 1. 35. COLO- PHON : C Explicit libellus de doctrina religiosoij. 1| Impressus in buscoducis ||
Quarto, a* b*. 14 leaves, the last blank. a5 lines. 144x80 mm. Types a and 3 (Gothic 8a, 1 30? mm.). Campbell * 1746, Proctor 19177.
With a large woodcut R (55 x 60 mm.) on i*. One of the latest of Leempt's books, as the headings are printed in the last of the three types he used at Bois-le-Duc.
208 X 129 mm. Majuscules and paragraph-marks touched with red. [483
M m 2
276 HOLLAND
SCHOONHOVEN
FRATRES SANCTI MICHAELIS
(Only press)
The Canons of the Augustinian monastery of S. Michael, outside the walls of Schoonhoven, completed a Breuiarium Trajectense 28 February, 1495, and followed this with twenty or more devotional books and an Arithmetic before the end of the century. They went on printing for some time after this, but apparently without renewing their stock of cuts.
JESUS CHRIST. Dat Leven ons Heren Jesu Christi. 1497.
I'. Dit ist ^>log' va ons liefs here leuen. I^ par. a : C Hier begint dat heilige leue ons II liefs here iKu xpi Inden eersten een || c5teplacie vad" heiliger drieuoudichj. 183*, Colophon : C Gedruct bute scoenhoue Inde he || Int iaer ons here .M. CCCC. se-||uen en tnegentich. opte kers anont. [184'': woodcut]
Octavo, a-z*. 184 leaves. 30 lines. 98x65 mm. Type i (Gothic 98 mm.). Hain 10054. Campbell *iiio.
1 34 X 84 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, the larger capitals in these colours with ornamental relief in white. [484
SACRAMENT. Van dat sacrament, die passie ons heren op die maniere van seuen ghetiden, &c. 1505.
I*. C Hier in desen boec salme vijnden 1| suuerlike scone en deuote materien 1| dienede tot profile en vermanlge tJ || inniger deuoter mesche. welke noyt || voer dese tijt geprenten sij geweest. 1| C Inde eerste. wair in dat ee mesche || mach bekene. of hi dat heilige sacra||met waerdelic ontfange sal. || Ee oft goet is dat dicke te ontfagen || of hoe he ee hebbe sal als hijt ontfact || C Ten anbde. ee deuote oefenlge op || die passie ons here, seer putelic ghe^-Hdeilt op die maniere va vij. getiden 1| C Te derde mael. die deuote vij. geti|lden van ons liefs heren lidea 119''?. COLOPHON: C Ghedruct en voleyndet is dit tejlgenwoerdige boec Int iaer 6s here || M. cccc. en v. op sinte elysabeths || dach bute Scoenhoue Inde hem. 120''?. C Gheprent inden hem. [Device.]
Octavo, a* b-g* h* i-q*. lao leaves, ao lines. 98x66 mm. Type: Gothic 98 mm.
Whole-page woodcuts of the B. Virgin and Child, arrest of Christ at Gethsemane, Christ before the High Priest, Flagellation, Christ bearing the Cross to Calvary, Crucifixion, Descent from the Cross, Entombment, Mass of S. Gregory, Christ in the Wine-press, Christ with Emblems of the Passion, Christ being nailed to the Cross, and the device of the Canons, S. Michael in battle.
139 X 109 mm. Wanting six leaves of quire c, all n, and part of p and q. Rubricated. On i* is an inscription : dit boek heeft mariken ariaens in haer beaiizin. With this are bound ' Een geestelicke leidsterre ', from the same press, and 'Vanden xv. bloetstortingen ons heren' printed by W. Vorsterman about 1530. From the collection of Baron van den Bogearde de Heeswijk. [485
SCHOONHOVEN 277
LEIDSTERRE. Een geestelicke leidsterre. [About 1505.]
i» C Ihesus. Ill C Hier begint een seerdeuoet boex||ke dienede alle staten b mesche. ^ga||dert wt die fonteyne tJ heiliger scrifl|ten va ee deuoet religioes. tractirede || hoemen de costelicke tijt salichlic sal || ouer brenge. putelic ghedeilt op die || seue dage vantJ weea elcke dach heb||bede sijn sonttlinge oefenlge. alsme || beteykene sal int eynde van desen || boec. welke boec men te rechte mach 1| hieten Een geestelicke leydtslerre. Wat wie verzeylt is in die zee der || sonde, en he an dese leydtsterre spie||gelt. hi sal son» twiuel come tot die 1| hauen der ewiger salicheiL ||| C Maria. I33^ END: C Hier in desen boec salme vijnden || Inde eerste wat vruchte hi ontfanct || die deuotelic misse hoert C Te anttre || male scone oefenige vantt weeck el;^||ke dach sijn sonblinge oefenlge vab || passien 6s here. C Ten derden male || noch andere deuote oefenTge op die vier vtersten ... C Ten derde die seue psalme geappliceert tot maria. mit hare toebejlhorede letanien. C Te lesten seer sco||ne gebede va det heilige sacrament. || En oec va alien lieuen heiligen.
Octavo. [*«] A-E« F* G-K^ L* M-O^ P* Q R*. 132 leaves. 30 lines. 98 x 66 mm. Type : Gothic 98 mm.
With full-page woodcuts of Christ with the Emblems of the Passion, before the High Priest (twice), being nailed to the Cross, dragged to Calvary, crucified, taken down from the Cross, entombed, in Judgement, arrested in Gethsemane, all as in the previous book, suggesting that these were the only blocks remaining of a full set illustrating the Passion. There are also four smaller blocks, of Death (very rude cut), hell-mouth, Christ at Simon's house (used twice), and Christ and the B. Virgin enthroned, these last two neatly cut blocks.
139 X 109 mm. Rubricated. Bound with the previous book. [486
BELGIUM
Printing was introduced into seven towns within the limits of modern Belgium in the 15th century: into Alost in 1473; the next year into Louvain, where much excellent work was done by Johann of Paderborn ; into Bruges, by Caxton and Colard Mansion, probably in 1475 ; into Brussels, by the Brothers of the Common Life, in March of the same year. After a long interval printing began at Audenarde in 1480, and at Antwerp a year later still, the rear being brought up by Ghent in April, 1483. Gerard Leeu's work gave distinction to Antwerp as that of Johann of Paderborn did to Louvain, and these two cities between them account for over two-thirds of the registered output of ' Belgian ' incunabula, the total of which is probably somewhat under a thousand. Belgium in the 15th century had, of course, no separate existence, nor were the boundaries of Holland those of the modern kingdom. It may be noted, however, that in the ' Belgian ' books there is a much greater preponderance of Latin than in the Dutch, though a few printers were trilingual, printing in Flemish, French, and Latin.
ALOST
At Alost Johann of Paderborn stopped for about a year before setting up his press at Louvain, working with Thierry Martens, a native of the place, whom he probably instructed in the craft, stories that Martens had himself worked at Venice being due to a misunderstanding. Four books are attributed to this partnership, two dated 1473, one undated, and a fourth finished 26 May, 1474. When left to himself Martens printed two more books in 1474 and then nothing more, so far as is known, until early in 1487. His second spell of printing at Alost produced upwards of twenty books, after which no more incunabula appeared there.
THIERRY MARTENS
{Partner of first printer)
All the books printed by Martens were in Latin, and most of them more or less theological. After printing at Alost in 1473-74, and again in 1487-92, he worked at Antwerp from 1493 to 1497, and at Louvain from 1498 to 1502.
ALOST 279
After another visit to Alost he returned to Louvain, and remained there till the end of his career in 1529, fifty-six years after he had begun printing with Johann of Paderborn.
JOANNES CHRYSOSTOMUS. De prouidentia dei.
22 March, 1487-88.
I'. TITLE: Incipit liber primus beati Ioa]Inis crisostomi ad stagiriu mona||chum de fmidetia dei vtilis ad||modu. vt nullis ia vite hui' casijlbus aduersis deici quis poterit || Hie liber nouiter traslatutus e || de greco in latinu. Et totus ruti||lat tuUiano eloquio. 40''. Beati loannis Crisostomi serjlmo de dignitate huane originis. 41^ COLOPHON : Explicit sermo beati loannis crisostomi de diguitate humane || originis. Editum a fratre ambrosio abbate generalis ordinis || camaldulen. qui transtulit e greco in latinum vitam sancti IoI|annis crisostomi q dicauit Sigismundo Iperatori, Impressum || per me Theo- doricum martini. In oppido Alosten. Comitatus || flandrie. die xxij. marcij. Anni .M. CCCC. LXXXVII.
Quarto, a-g*. 42 leaves, the last blank. 41 lines. 147 x 90 mm. Types a and 3 (Gothic 7a, 144 mm.). Hain 5053, Campbell *42^. Proctor 9195.
203 X 138 mm. [487
LOUVAIN
Jan Veldener, whose subsequent work at Utrecht and Kuilenburg has already been noticed, matriculated at the University of Louvain 30 July, 1473, and was almost certainly the city's first printer, though this honour has some- times been claimed for Johann of Paderborn. Veldener s first book was the Belial of Jacobus de Theramo issued soon after 7 August, 1474 (the date of a commendatory letter), and altogether a dozen books are attributed to his first stay at Louvain. Johann of Paderbom's first book was the Liber ruralium com- modorum of Petrus de Crescentiis, completed 9 December, 1474, and during the next eighteen years he produced nearly two hundred editions. Aegidius van der Heerstraten, who printed about a score of books (1485-88), was the most prolific of the later Louvain printers. The city's total output of incunabula now extant probably did not exceed three hundred, of which two-thirds were contributed by Johann of Paderborn. Owing doubtless to the importance of its University the early books printed at Louvain are almost exclusively in Latin, and of a more or less scholastic nature.
JAN VELDENER
{First printer)
A COLOPHON to Veldener 's edition of Maneken's Formulae epistularum tells us that it was begun on the first and finished on the last day of April, 1476, that he was living ' in monte Calci ', where he had leisure for any commissions that might be given him, and that he was so contented with his lot that he had po intention of going away. Nevertheless, partly perhaps because Johann of
28o BELGIUM
Paderborn reprinted this book including most of the colophon, he departed the next year, and woiked, as we have seen, at Utrecht and Kuilenburg. In 1 484 he tried his fortune again at Louvain, but only printed about four books, after which he disappears.
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus temporum. 29 December, 1476.
!■. Tabula breuis t vtilis sup li||bello quoda q dicit fasciculus H tepoi;. et vbi inuenit punct' II ante numeij est in ]^mo late 1| re. vbi vero post in scbo latere || incipit. 9*. [G]Ene- ratio et generatio laudabit opa tua . . . 10*. 1. 40: Fascilus tpm oms antiquoij cronicas pplectens incipit feliciter. 72'. COLOPHON : Impressa e hec psens cronica que fasciculus tpm dicit in floretissima vniiisitate louaniesi. || ac sicut {prijs cuiusda deuoti carthusiesis viri historiaru studiosissimi manib^. a mudi ini||cio vscp ad sixti hui^ noie pape qrti tpa ptexta erat. p me iohanne veldener suma diligetia || maiori^ impesa nonullis additis ymaginib^ ad fine vscj deducta. et {po signeto signata. || Sub ano a natiuitate dni .M. cccc. Ixxvi. qrto kaledas ianuarias scbm stilus romane cu|lrie de quo sit deus benedictus amen. [Device.]
Folio. [** a-d^" e-^'.] 73 leaves, q*: 40 lines. 194 x130 mm. Types 3 and 4 (Gothic 97, 89 mm.). Campbell *I478. Proctor 9204.
This edition has the shorter (two-line) note on the invention of printing. The last event it records is the accession of Pope Sixtus IV in 1474. It is surprising that Veldener should have called attention to new ' ymagines ', as the cuts are all of the kind of the previous editions, and the conventional picture of Nineveh is used again for Rome, and the conventional picture of Treves does duty also for Syracuse.
298 x215 mm. Rubricated. In a blind stamped binding (the leather much scorched), the stamps on which agree with those in Holtrop's plate of one of those from Veldener 's own bindery. [488
JOHANN OF PADERBORN
JoHANN OF Paderborn, better known to English-speaking bookmen as John of Westphalia, was conjectured by Holtrop to have obtained his first type, used both at Alost and Louvain, from Italy. After showing that his brother Conrad of Paderborn was probably printing at Padua in 1473-74, Mr. Proctor con- jectured that John might have been there also, but as John is said to have written a manuscript at and for the Augustinian house at Marpach in 1473 (Duffs Early Printed Books, p. 103 note), it is more probable that he com- missioned Conrad to procure him one or more sets of punches in Italy. Like Veldener he matriculated at the University of Louvain, but ten months later (7 June, 1474). His work at Louvain was as good as it was plentiful, and he showed his pride in it by occasionally using a small portrait of himself as a device. A similar head (not strikingly like) is found on the binding of the copy of his first book in this collection, a collotype from which forms the frontis- piece of the present catalogue. He printed Latin books of every kind that could be wanted by students at the University of Louvain and a few of a lighter sort Although he printed nearly two hundred books he is only recorded as
LOUVAIN 281
using six different types, about a fourth of the number used by Grlininger, Peter Drach the younger, or the brothers de Gregoriis, all of whom had a much smaller 15th century output.
CRESCENTIIS, Petrus de. Liber ruralium commodorum.
9 December, 1474.
2». In nomine sancte et indiuidue tri||nitatis Amen. || [VjEnerabili in cristo || patri t domino spiHrituali viro sume || religionis ac sapiljentie: fratri Ayme|lrico de placentia : H sanctissimi ordinis fratru pdicato||rum generali magistro dignissimo. |1 Suus Petrus de crescentiis ciuis || Bon : seipm ad ola sp madata obse||quiosa paratu . . . Ibid. col. 2, par. 3 : Incipit liber ruraliu comodoru. a || Petro de crescentiis ciue Bonoii : 1| ad honore dei omnipotentis : et serel|nissimi regis Karoli copilatus. 197''. COLOPHON : Et sic est finis libri ruraliu como||dorum. Laus sit altissimo qui vi||uit per seculo^ji secula sine fine bene||dictus Amen. .:. ,:. ||| (red) Presens opus ruraliu comodo||rum Petri de crescentiis. quodam 1| industrioso caracterisandi stilo : nol|uissime omnipotentis dei suffragio || adinueto. extitit hac littera vera mo||dernata. abscisa. t formata: impres||sum. p. loannem de westfalia Pajlderbornen dyocesis. In alma ac flo||retissima vniuersitate Louaniesi re||sidente. Anno incamationis domil|nice. M°. cccc°. Ixxiiii". mensis De||cembris die nona. || .:. .:. .:.
Folio, (a-i^" k** ; aa-ii" k'.) 198 leaves, the first and last blank, a columns. 42 lines. 186 X 131 mm. Type i (Gothic 89 mm.). Hain *58a9. Campbell *5oi. Proctor 9208.
John of Westphalia's first book at Louvain.
Petrus de Crescentiis (1230-13 16) vi^as podesta of his native town, Bologna. He dedicated this book to Charles II, king of Naples. In his preface he tells how after studying theology, medicine, and natural science in his youth he sweated (insudaui) at the noble science of laws, and for thirty years went on circuit through divers provinces. During this time he read many books, and saw various operations of the tillers of the soil. At last, tired of his circuit work, he turned his attention to cultivation, and set himself to write this treatise, which treats of the choice of a site for a country house, of field crops, vines, trees, gardens, meadows, and woodlands, pleasaunces, the animals of the farm, means of taking wild animals, the rules for country work, and the occupa- tions for the different months.
282 X 209 mm. Rubricated, with ornamental designs left in white in the larger capitals. An exceptionally fine copy, with both the blank leaves which Campbell ignores, in the original brown leather binding, with a stamp of John of Westphalia's head, similar to that used by him as a device, used eight times on each cover, also a small stamp, apparently a rebus, of a bird, the letters ve, a bent bow and stars (see frontispiece). On i* is the signature ' Francisci Combe. Oxon.', on a fly-leaf the stamp of the ' Biblioteca Heberiana' and note of purchase at Sotheby's in 1820 for Ss. 6d. [489
BOETHIUS, A.M.T.S. De disciplina scolarium. 1485.
2». [OJSculetur me osculo oris sui . . . 3'. (text) : [V]Estra nouit intetio b disHciplina scolarium com^||pendiosum postulare trayctatu . . . 67*. COLOPHON : Finitur Boecius De disciplina scolarium. Fideliter necno diligenter al||ma in vniuersitate Louaniensi impressus In domo magistri lohannis de {| westfalia. Anno incarnatiois dominice. Millesimoquadrin- getesimooctuallgesimoquinto.
N n
282 BELGIUM
Folio, a-g^ h^^. 68 leaves, the first and last blank. 41 lines of commentary. 1 83 x 125 mm. Types i» and 2 (Gothic 90, 118 mm.). Hain 3413. Campbell *S2^.
273 x207 mm. Rubricated. [490
JOHANNES [GoBii], Junior. Scala coeli. 1485.
[1*. Liber veneradi patris Io-|lhannis iunioris ordinis pre]|dicatorum qui flores ex diuersorum doctoruj libris eliget |1 vt per eos interdu pastposito studio terreno at<5 curioso II ascendamus ad contemplatoem eternoru qre hunc librum H scalu celi noiari voluit.] 129''. Colophon: Anno domini Millesimoqua|ldringentesimo octuagesimo quin-||to liber iste uocat^ Scala celi Lojluanii impressus per lohanej de || westfalia feliciter explicit.
Folio, a-p^q^". 130 leaves, the last blank. 2 columns. 41 lines. 182 x137 mm. Types 1° and 3 (Gothic 90, 180 mm.). Hain 9408. Campbell *io44. Proctor 9236.
The Dominican author lived in the first half of the 14th century.
285 X 207 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, with one capital in gold and colours and another in blue over red tracery on 3^ Wanting the first leaf. [491
PETRUS DE ALIACO. De imagine mundi. [About 1485.]
[i*. Ymago mundi Incipit. Prima figura . . .] 7^ Petrus de Alyaco vir inter omnes eui sui facile doctissim'. . . 40*. 1. 1 8 : Explicit Ymago mundi a dno Petro de Aylliaco Epo Cameraceii /|| de scriptura t ex pluribus Actorib^ recollecta. Anno dni .M. cccc. decio || Augusti duodecimo ||| Epilogus mappe mundi Incipit. 45*. Tractatus domini Petri de Alliaco de legib' i sectis cotra supersticiojlsos Astronomos. 59*. Exhortatio ad cosiliu generale. Super kaledarii correctioe. Ca ^mu. 64''. par, 2: Incipit tractat' de vo ciclo lunari A dno Petro Cameracen Episcopo. 6g\ par. 2 : Compendia cosmographie feliciter incipit. 91'. Domini Petri de Aliaco Cardinalis Cameracen Vigintiloquiu de c6||cordia astronomice veritatis cu theologia Incipit Vigiti ^ba ptines. 122". par. 3: Incipit eluci- darium astronomice cocordie cum theologica t hystoriljca veritate. 158''. Explicit tractatus de Concordia discordantiu astronomoruj recollec||tus a dno Petro cardinali Cameracen. |{| Venerabilis vir magister loannes Gerson collegit in lugduno. Anno |1 domini Millesimo quadringentesimo decimonono quedam tractatu que || intitulat trigilogium astrologie theo- logisate . . . 166*. par. 2: Explicit opusculum astrologie theologisate edituj A venerabili mgfo II loanne Gerson cancellario parisiensi: 171*. par. 2. End: loannis gerson Cancel- larii parisien Opusculuj contra supersticiosos || dierum obseruatores. Finit feliciter.
Folio. [*«] a-kM* aa-ii* kk". 172 leaves, the last blank. 41 lines. 184 x122 mm. Typesi^2, 5 (Gothic 90, 118, 80 mm.). Hain*836. Campbell 143. Proctor 9258.
This was a favourite book of Christopher Columbus, his copy at the Biblioteca Colombina at Seville being full of his manuscript notes, some of which were drawn on by Las Casas. Illustrated with diagrams. Petrus de Aliaco (Pierre d'Ailly, 1350-1420) was Chancellor of the University of Paris.
277 X 199 mm. Wanting the first quire. Rubricated. Majuscules touched with yellow. [492
THIERRY MARTENS
Thierry Martens began his career at Alost, q. v. (p. 278). The book described below belongs to his second and final residence at Louvain, 1512-29.
LOUVAIN 283
ERASMUS, Desiderius. Epistulae aliquot illustrium virorum ad Erasmum Roterodamum & huius ad illos. October, 1516.
i». Title: Epistole aliquot illustriu 1| virorum ad Erasmum Roterodamum, & huius ad illos II . . . Venundantur a Theodorico || Martino Alustensi Chalcographo fidelissimo. 37\ Colophon: C IMPRIMEBAT LOVANII THEODORI||cus Martinus Alustensis. Anno domini Millesimo || Quingentesimo Decimosexto Mense Octobri. ||| Cum gratia t priuilegio.
Quarto. a*b-i*. 38 leaves, the last blank. 34 lines and head-line. 144 (151) x 85 mm. Types : Gothic 160?, Roman 85, Greek 86 mm.
With numerous woodcut capitals in different styles.
193 X 139 mm. [493
BRUSSELS
FRATRES VITAE COMMUNIS
(Only printers)
In his Index to the Early Printed Books at the British Museum Proctor assigned an edition of the Opuscula of Gerson, dated 3 March, 1475, and four out of an undated collection of seven tracts (the first by Rabbi Samuel) _ to a press of the Brothers of the Common Life at Cologne, attributing the remaining three tracts, which are in a different and inferior type, to the house of the same community at Brussels. In the last paper he wrote before his death, a review of Dr. Voulli^me's ' Der Buchdruck Kolns ', he acknowledged his mistake, and assigned the earlier pieces also to Brussels. The Brothers of the Common Life, the only printers at Brussels, thus completed their first book in March, 1475 ; their latest bearing a date is of the year 1487, and their total output upwards of forty editions. Unlike some other religious houses they printed only religious and educational works, nearly all of them in Latin.
JOHANNES DE SANCTO LAURENTIO. Postillae euangeliorum dominicalium. 4 October, 1480.
i». Incipiunt postille euangelioru || dominicaliu totius anni « aliquo||rum festorum venerabilis viri majlgistri iohannis de sco laurentio. 197*. Colophon: Explicit insigne opus postillatu p II reuerendu magistru ioKem de sacto || lauretio / sup euageliis dnicalib' vtiljlissime pposita^ji. in inclita bruxelle||sium ducatus brabatie ciuitate sumljma cu industria ipressu / ac ano dni || M°. cccc°. lxxx°. sub qrta die nona||ru octobriu festo sc3 bti francisci feli||citer terminatum •:•
Folio, (a-zi^p*.) 198 leaves, the last blank. 2 columns. 40 lines. 200x135 mm. Type I* (Gothic 100 mm.). Campliell *i04i. Proctor 9332.
290 x 206 mm. Rubricated in red and blue ; capital on i* in blue over tracery of green and red. From the library of William Morris with his printed book-label. On the two sides of the ornament of points at the end of the colophon is written in red ' ar ' ' pa ' ; perhaps the beginning of the rubricator's name. [494
N n 2
284 BELGIUM
BERNARDUS. Epistulae. ii April, 1481.
I*. Incipit tabula epistolarum bea||ti bemardi primi clareuall' abbatf. 5*. Miraculu de prima epistola. 6*. Incipit epistola sancti bemardi || clareuallis abbatis ad robertu nepo||tem suum. qui de ordine cisterciensi \\ trasierat ad cluniacesem. 173*. COLOPHON: Eplicit insigne opus epTaJj exi||mie doctrine viri btl bernardi pmi |1 clareuall' abbatf in iciito bruxellen||sium ducat^ brabatie oppido Ipres||sum ac ano dni M. cccc. Ixxxi. terci||o yd' aprilis I festo scj leonis pmi || pape feliciter terminatum •:•
Folio, (a* ; b-x* y^".) 174 leaves, the last blank, a columns. 40 lines. 199 x 131 mm. Type 1^ (Gothic 100 mm.). Hain 2871. Campbell *368. Proctor 9333.
287 X 210 mm. Rubricated, the majuscules touched with yellow. Modern gilded binding ornamented as if for Henri II of France. [495
JOHANNES SALISBERIENSIS. Polycraticus. [About 1482?]
I^ [H]Ic liber intitulatur de nugf || curialiu * vestigiis pHo:;. || cui' lohannes Sales- beri||ensis Carnotesis epus fuit actor. ^^\ Eutheticus lohannis episcopi Carnoten In poli- craticon. 38». Policratici de curialium nu||gis t vestigiis philosophorum {| Prologus incipit. 246*. Colophon : Finit opus pclaru de nugis curialil|um t vestigiis phoij cui' iohanes || salesberiesis actor fuit. 247*. Subscripta metra pulcre x plenissime conti || nent materiam illam q habetur supra libro 6 || capitulo xxiiij. de membris corporis quo adii||sus stomachu quasi voracitate omniu labores || exhauriret conspirauerant. 249''. 1. 8. End : Et sic est finis.
Folio. [A B" C^^ ; D* ; a-v" x* y^] 250 leaves, 32, 37, and 250 blank. 2 columns. 40 lines. 200 x132 mm. Type i* (Gothic 100 mm.). Hain *9430. Campbell *I045. Proctor 9337.
268 X 197 mm. Rubricated in red and blue. [496
BONAVENTURA. Stimulus amoris. [About 1485.]
2*. Incipit prologus seu epl'a domini bonaue|lture in libro qui dicitur stimul' amoris. 3*. Incipit liber qui dicitur stimuP amoris que 1| pposuit dns frater bonauetura de ordine frm II mino!;. ia7». 1. 15: ... Explicit liber q dici! stimul' amoris || Deo gracias. 129'. Incipit prologus bonaueture in itinerariu || mentf in deum. 131*. par. 2 : Incipit speculatio paupis I deserto . . . I57\ END: Explicit itinerariu bonaueture mentf in de||um.
Quarto, a-t' v®. 158 leaves, i, 128, and last blank. 27 lines. 133 x79 mm. Type i» (Gothic 100 mm.). Hain *3475. Campbell *347. Proctor t934i.
212 x145 mm. Rubricated. [497
AUDENARDE
AREND DE KEYSERE
{Only printer)
At Audenarde in 1480 Arend de Keysere printed the Sermons of Hermannus de Petra, described below, a prognostication, some indulgences, and an undated tract in French on the siege of Rhodes. Before removing to Ghent, where he published his first book in April, 1483, he printed four other books ;at Audenarde, three in Flemish, and a French version of the Quattuor Nouissima of Dionysius de Leuwis.
AUDENARDE 285
HERMANNUS DE PETRA. Sermones. 1480.
a*. In sequent! opusculo / inaudita || ac melliflua cotinetur expositio pl|cessu Pmo- cinario magistraliter lu||culenta / pre ceteris saluberrima deljuoto a religioso viro ordls carthujlsiensis bene merito / nouiter edita || super orone dnica / videl3 pater nos||ter tarn spiritualibus ^ seculari-||bus animarum salutem anhelanti||bus summe necessaria magis mallgig consciencie suscitatiua. 136*. 1. ii: Finit copediosa quidem sed vtilis sermonum quiquagita sup dnicam || oroem copilatio / correctois lima ab omni rubiginis neuo ^ diligetissime || purgata / pssoriecj laudatissime ac utilissie artis fructuosa inuetione acjlcura- tissie elaborata / deuotissimi preclarissimitj viri ac dm. dm hermanni || cognomento de petra de scutdorpe oriudi / diuinissimi carthusiesis ordinis H monasterij circa muros treuiricos 43fessoris ... 1. 25. COLOPHON: Pressum aldenardi p me Arnoldu cesaris meoscp sodales dnice Icama|ltionis supra M™. cccc"*. ano Ixxx" Vnde ferant laudes cucta creata deo
Quisqs ad heliseos capos et prata supna
Ire cupis / ducet iste libellus eo Monstrabitcg viam directam / deuia uitans
Et salebrosa simul et tenebrosa loca Est iter obtrusum per quod coscedere celu Nitimur / ac illud nos docet iste liber ||| Autor ut innoteat / et op' labor et liber eius
Hunc aldenardum pressit ob id nitide {|| Arnoldi manibj faueat deus arbiter equus E quibus effluxit vtilis iste liber. Folio. [**]a-q*. 136 leaves, the first blank, a columns. 40 lines. 195 x129 mm. Type I (Gothic 97-98 mm.). Hain *8453. Campbell *9i9. Proctor t934'5-
The verses at the end of the book begin at the extreme left of the type- page, and the space on the right is filled with a rope-work design in white on a black ground.
280 X 200 mm. Rubricated. From the Vergauwen collection. [498
ANTWERP
Mathias Goes, the first printer at Antwerp, began work in 1481 and produced about a hundred incunabula there before he gave up his press some ten years later. In a somewhat shorter period, 1484-93, Gerard Leeu, who had previously worked at Gouda, produced about one hundred and fifty books, many of them fine pieces of printing. While Goes and Leeu were at work they had no competitors, save each other ; when they ceased, Govaert Bac, Thierry Martens from Alost, Adriaen van Liesvelt, and some minor firms printed rather more than a hundred incunabula between them, of which Bac was responsible for about seventy. Neither in quality nor in quantity did the work done in the seven years after Leeu's death give any promise of the high position which Antwerp attained in the next century.
^
286 BELGIUM
MATHIAS GOES
{First printer)
The first book printed by Mathias Goes was the Officien der missen of Si- mon van Venloe, 8 June, 1481 ; his last, bearing a date, the Biblia pauperum of S. Bonaventura of 1491. He printed many undated editions, and after he gave up his own press published at least one book printed by Govaert Bac. His earlier books were mostly in Flemish, his later in Latin. He changed his types in 1486, but it is not clear that there was any break in his work at that time.
AENEAS SYLVIUS. De remedio amoris. [About 1484.]
i» EPISTVLA Pij summi pontificis. 1| De Remedio amoris || 5^ 1. 4 : Explicit libellus Enee siluij Editus cotra amo||rem. 6*. Tractat' Elegij poete laureati de duob' ama-||tibus Incipit feliciter. 8*. END: Ossa remaserunt nostra inhumata feris || Elege' Explicit.
Quarto, a^ 8 leaves. %6 lines. 138 x 84 mm. Type a (Gothic 106 mm.). Camp- bell 20. Proctor 9348.
195 X 141 mm. Rubricated, and with manuscript corrections. [498
POGGIUS [Bracciolini], Joannes Franciscus. Facetiarum liber.
3 August, 1487.
i». Pogij florentini oratoris clarissimi |1 in facetiarum librum Prologus inci-jlpit feliciter. 57^ Colophon : C Poggij florentini secretarij apostolici fa||cetiaru liber explicit feliciter. Impssus Ant||werpie p me Mathiam goes die tertia mejlsio Augusti. Anno diii .M. cccc. Ixxxvij.
Quarto. ab«c-h*-^ 58 leaves. 31 lines. 148 x91mm. Type 3 (Gothic 96 mm.). Campbell 143 1.
With a woodcut capital M on i* and the large device of Goes on 58^ 166 X 131 mm. The lower edges have been made up with modern paper.
[500
TROTTUS, Albertus. De horis canonicis. [About 1487.]
I*. C Tabula coposita a diio Alberto de ferrarijs vtriuscp iuris || doctore de placentia sup infrascripto opusculo. || De horis canonicis. 24*. COLOPHON : C Explicit libellus de horis canonicis dicendis. %^. TITLE: Tractatus de horis canonicis dicen|ldis domini Alberti de ferrarijs.
Quarto, a-d". 24 leaves. 31 lines. 146x91 mm. Types 3 and 4 (Gothic 95, 120 mm.). Campbell 96. Proctor 9437.
197 X 135 iTini- Rubricated in red and blue, with a capital in blue over tracery of red and green on 4''. [501
4
GHENT 287
GHENT
AREND DE KEYSERE
[First printer)
De Keysere's first publication after moving from Audenarde to Ghent was an edition of the Trait6 de paix et de mariage between Louis XI of France and the Duke of Austria ; his second the Rhetorica diuina of Gulielmus Arvernus, and his last, bearing a date, the De consolatione philosophiae of Boethius, both these described below. Altogether about a dozen books are attributed to him. He is said to have been succeeded in 1490 by his widow, Beatrice van Orroir, but no books of her printing can be traced.
GULIELMUS ARVERNUS. Rhetorica diuina. 22 August, 1483.
2». Commendatio prestantissimi et || incomparabilis doctoris magistri || guillermi parisiesis actoris seque-l|tis libri. qui Rethorica diuina pre||titulatur. Prologus. 5*. Incipit liber dictus Rethorica diuina quo nulP vtilior dulcior ac || deuotior est . . . 1 35'. COLO- PHON: Explicit Rethorica diuina doctoris vncti t vn||gentis magistri Guillermi parisiensis de sacra || et sanctificatiua oratione aliqualiter abbreuia||ta. Impressa Gandaui p me Arnoldum || cesaris Anno diii. M. cccc. Ixxxiij". xi° kal'. sep. 1| 125''. Epitaphium eiusde magistri Guillermi aluer||ni parisiorum antistitis . . . par. a : Reuerendissimo in xpristo patri majlgistro Poncio rainandi priori generali sacri orjldinis gloriosissime dei genitricis sempcj virgin; II nis marie de monte carmeli dignissimo Arnok||dus cesaris librorum vtiliorum qualiscun^ p||mulgator . . . I^7^ Incipit dyalogus cosolatori^ . . . 130''. (woodcut title) : Rethorica diuina.
Quarto, a-p^q^". 130 leaves, the first blank. 29 lines. 141x82 mm. Types 3 and 4 (Gothic 124, 97 mm.). Hain 8306. Campbell *<)0^. Proctor 9460.
Beneath the woodcut title on 125^, in which the letters are in white on black, is the ornament previously used by de Keysere at Audenarde in the Sermones Hermanni de Petra in 1480.
210 X 135 mm. Rubricated, majuscules touched with yellow, capital on 5* in red and blue. Sides of old blind-stamped leather. Duplicate from the University Library of Ghent, sold to F. Vergauwen. [502
BOETHIUS, A. M. T. S. De consolatione philosophiae. 3 May, 1485.
2*. Dit es de tafele dienende desen nauolghenden vijf bouken Boecij de con||solatione philosophic. 13*. (head-line): De Prologhe. 359\ COLOPHON: Hier endt /dat weerdich bouc / boejlcius de consolatione philosophic / te || trooste leeringhe ende confoorte al-'||ler meinschen Gheprendt te Ghend || by my Arend de Keysere / den derden || dach in Mey. Int iaer ons heeren || duust vierhondert viue ende tachten||tich. |i| DEO .:, GRACIAS .:.
Folio, ab^; a-z t A-K M, M-R* S T« V«. 360 leaves, i, 12, 13, and 360 blank. 2 columns. 55 lines and head-line. 269 (281) x 178 mm. Types 3 and 4 (Gothic 98, 127 mm.). Hain 3400. Campbell *322. Proctor 9461.
A space of about 180 mm. in height is left blank at the beginning of each book for an illumination or (possibly, as in Colard Mansion's edition of the ' De Casibus') an engraving. Following the colophon is the same ornament as in de Keysere's other books.
340x251 mm. Rubricated. Sig. H 5 is supplied in manuscript imitating the types. [503
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
The first town within the limits of the present Austrian Empire to receive the art of printing was Buda-Pest, where Andreas Hess completed a Chronica Hungarorum, 5 June, 1473, and printed also two undated books. At Trient Albrecht Kunne, who subsequently worked at Memmingen, produced, 6 September, 1475, an edition of the Geschichte des zu Trient ermordeten Christenkindes, Hermann Schindeleyp two books about 1476, and Giovanni Lionardo Longo, from Vicenza and Bergamo, six more about 1481-82. At Pilsen an anonymous printer issued half a dozen books in the years 1475-79, and as many more were published in 1498-99, some or all of them by Nikolaus Bakalar. At Krakau anonymous presses at work in 1475-76 and 1496 issued two or three books apiece, Schwaypolt Fiol four about 149 1, Johann Haller as many more about 1500. At Prag three anonymous presses, which began publication respectively in 1478, 1488, and 1497, produced between them some fifteen books. At Vienna about a dozen books were issued by Johannes Cassis, 1482-86, and over forty incu- nabula by Johann of Winterberg, who began work in 1492 and had built up a considerable business by the end of the century. At Winterberg itself Johann Alakraw from Passau printed two books in 1484 ; at Brunn Conrad Stahel and Matthaeus Preunlein about a dozen in 1486-99 ; at Kuttenberg Martin of Tischniowa a Bohemian Bible in 1489 and possibly an Aesop; at Olmiitz Matthaeus Preunlein two books in 1499, and Conrad Baumgarten one in 1500. The number of incunabula registered as having been printed in Austria-Hungary is thus well under one hundred and fifty.
PRAG
Some fifteen incunabula have been attributed to Prag, the earliest being the Articuli statuum utraquistorum said to have issued from an anonymous press in 1478. To a second anonymous printer, called after a Bohemian Bible of 1488, is assigned a group of books belonging to this and the preceding year ; to a third and fourth, who worked in the 'nineties and are connected respectively with a Prag Benedictional and a Landtagschluss, some eight other books.
PRAG a85
PRINTER OF THE BIBLE OF 1488
The group of books assigned to this press include a Bohemian Psalter of 1487, the Chronicle of 1488 described below, and a Bohemian Bible and version of the Destructio Troiae of Guido de Columnis, both of the same year.
BENESCH AB HORZOWITZ. Chronicon Martymiani.
26 September, 1488.
I', (contents unknown), a', [NJAlezagi psano lati-||nie wnnohych Kni-||hach ze gsu knihy odl[te chwile gessto pra-||wie o Cziesarzich a 0 papezych a o kralich || y o ginych paniech ... loi''. Colophon (red): Leta narozenie bozie" Mcccclxxxviij || Skonawa se Martymiany. a neb ya || boz niektef i rziekagirzimsk a kronyka 1| ten Patek przed. S. Waczlaw. m II A to wstarem Miestie PraZskem.
Folio, a-i^^k^*. loa leaves, the last blank, a columns. 44 lines. 230 x149 mm. Type I (Gothic 105 mm.). Hain 5003.
The chapter-headings throughout the book are printed in red. Benesch ab Horzowitz was a canon of S. George's at Prag, where he died in 1375.
251 X 182 mm. Rubricated in red and blue, with a coloured capital and remains of a painted border on 2*. The majuscules throughout the book are touched both with red and yellow. Wanting the first leaf, as does the copy in the University Library at Prag described by Dr. Anton Schubert in the Centralblatt fUr Bibliothekswesen for 1 899. [504
VIENNA
Presses had been set up in five cities of Austria-Hungary before Johannes Cassis began printing at Vienna in 1482, and although he set to work vigorously his activity was short-lived. For some five years (1487-91) Vienna was again pressless, but in the last nine years of the century her second printer, Johann of Winterberg, gave her a substantial lead over any other city of the Empire.
JOHANNES CASSIS
{First printer)
Johannes Cassis, of Regensburg, printed eight books in 1482, one of which, the Errores philosophorum of Aegidius Columna, by the omission of an x claims for itself a date ten years eariier. The four other books assigned to him are Innocent VIII's Bull canonizing S. Leopold promulgated 8 January, 1484-85, an Officium S. Leopoldi which presumably belongs to about the same date, and two editions of Perger's grammatica, one undated, the other of i486. How the printer was occupied in 1483 and 1484 is not explained.
o o
290 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
INNOCENTIUS VIII. Bulla Canonizationis Sancti Leopoldi Marchio- nis. [After 6 January, 1484-85.]
i\ Bulla Canonizationis Sanjlcti Leopoldi Marchionis/: || (i)nnocencius Epus seruus seruoJjL dei. Ad ppe-'||tua5 rei memoria. Sacrosctam mrem eccl'iaj || astitisse a dextris dei reginaj in vestitu de au-||rato ccudata varietate no ab re p pphetaj tradit ... 4''. 1. 28 : . . . Datu. Rome. Apud sanctum petjj || Anno incarnationis dominice. Millesimo quadrin- ge||tesimo octuagesimoqnarto. Octauo Idus January p6||tificatus nostro. Anno primo.
Quarto. [A*.] 4 leaves. 34 lines. 144 x 79 mm. Type i (Gothic 84 mm.). Proctor 9471.
The Bull narrates how Duke Leopold greatly favoured priests and men of religion, and was so devoted to the Popes that he was called by Innocent II ' peculiaris Sancti petri filius '. Of unstained purity in his personal life, during the strife of the Emperor Henry and his son of the same name he kept his duchy in peace. On his death, after a rule of forty years, in 1136, he was granted plenary absolution by the Pope and acclaimed as a saint by the people. On calling for his help the diseased were made whole, the lame walked, the dumb spake, the blind saw, and a man in prison, with fetters on his hands and feet, made his escape through an impossibly small hole.
244 x155 mm. Edges untrimmed. [505
Another issue.
Printed from the same setting up, but with a rude capital instead of the guide-letter in the name Innocentius, a signature, A, on i*, and ' nostri ' for ' nostro ' in the last line.
205 X 141 mm. [506
JOHANN OF WINTERBERG
Save for two German tracts issued in connexion with the funeral of the Emperor Frederick III, Johann of Winterberg was a Latin printer, relying for support partly on the church, for which he produced several minor service books, canons, constitutions, &c., partly on students, for whom he printed a Persius (his earliest book, issued in 1492), the Cosmographia of Apuleius and Sententiae of Ausonius (both these ' ductu Conradi Celtis '), the Ars Poetica of Horace, Germania of Tacitus, and several school-books. As already noted, he printed over forty incunabula, and continued at work for some years in the i6th century.
DIONYSIUS PERIEGETES. De situ orbis. [About 1499.]
j\ Title : Dionisij Allexandrini || philosophi de situ orbis || Translatio per Pristia:? l|nu gramaticojj pricipe. a*. Priscianj cesarieP interptatio ex dionisio tJ orb situ, 20*. COLO- PHON: Impressum Vienne a loanne || Winterburg Emendatu aut a || L. loanne Cuspiniano artiu II % humanitatis professoris qui || publico hue libellum in studio || Viennensi inter- pretatus est.
Quarto, a b* c*. ao leaves. 30 lines, leaded, 145 x 75 mm. Types i and 8 (Gothic 80 and 160? mm.), Hain 6224. Proctor 9486.
VIENNA 291
The large Gothic type used for the title appears not to have been in Winterberg's possession until 1499. The small text type is very neat and sharply cut and is used with small two-line capitals, of which the same may be said. For a three-line capital there is a space left on 2*.
202 X 1 39 mm. An untouched copy. [507
LAPIDARIUM. [About 1505?]
i». Title : Lapidariu omni voluptate H refertu : % medicine pluri<^l|ma notatu dignis- sima II experimeta c6*||plectens. ||| OPVS DE LAPIDIBVS PRE'||claru : miratj uoluptate refertu : in quo 1| de singulis lapidibus nedum pciosis : || ueru eciam de reliquis quibus uirtutis II aliquid inesse costat : & de pciosorum || lapidum sophisticatione : & naturaliu || ac artificialium discretione : notatu di'Ugnissima reperies: per quenda artiu ac || medicine doctore editu at^ coUectu. a8^ COLOPHON : Per lo. Winterburger uienne impss.
Quarto, a-g*. a 8 leaves. 35 lines. 152 x100mm. Types: Gothic 155, Roman 87 mm. Pan. ix. 57. 324.
With two six-line woodcut capitals (P and A).
208 X 149 mm. [508
WINTERBERG
JOHANN ALAKRAW
(Only printer)
In November, 1482, Johann Alakraw had helped Benedict Mayr to print at Passau a Tractatus pro infirmis visitandis (No. 154 in this collection). In 1484 he produced at Winterberg the only incunabula printed there, the edition of S. Augustine's Soliloquia described below, and the De eucharistiae sacramento of Albertus Magnus. As this last is dated 'die S. Galli', i. e. 16 October, and so came late in the year, the Soliloquia probably preceded it
AUGUSTINUS. Soliloquia. 1484.
I*. Incipit liber Soliloquiorum || beati Augustini ale ad deum. 29'. Colophon : Explicit liber Soliloquiorum Sancti || Augustini Aurelij. Impressi in Win*||derperg per lohannem dictum Ala||craw. Anno domini Millesimo qua^ljdringentesimo octuagesimo- quarto.
Quarto. [1-3* 4^] 15 sheets signed a-p. 30 leaves, the last blank. 32 lines. 150 x 102 mm. Type i (Gothic 94 mm.). Hain *20i3. Proctor 9492.
The method of signing the sheets with consecutive letters had already been used by Mayr and Alakraw at Passau.
196 x133 mm. Rubricated. [509
0 0 2
^
292 ' AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
BRUNN
CONRAD STAHEL AND MATTHAEUS
PREUNLEIN
{ptily printers ?)
In his ' Index * Proctor divided the incunabula printed at Brlinn among three presses, an anonymous Printer of Clement von Graz (1485), an anonymous Printer of the Chronica of Thwrocz (1488), and the firm of Conrad Stahel and Matthaeus Preunlein (1491). It is now beUeved that all the Brlinn books were the work of Stahel and Preunlein, and that the treatise of Clement von Graz Von den heissen Badem (Hain 5470) belongs to 1495, i.e. ten years later than the date printed by Hain. Conrad Stahel, of Blaubeuren, was a priest, who had served at Memmingen. He had preceded Alakraw as a partner of Benedict Mayr at Passau (see Nos. 152 and 153 in this collection), and had then gone to Venice, where in 1484 he had partnered Andreas Coruus and Martinus of Zeiden in printing an Olmtitz missal (Hain 3866). It was doubtless at Venice that he had met Matthaeus Preunlein, of Ulm, since in some of their books they speak of themselves as ' impressores Veneti '. At Briinn they printed together ten books, chiefly legal, ecclesiastical, and scholastic (1486-99). One other work, the Statuta synodalia ecclesiae Olomucensis, was produced, probably early in 1499, by Preunlein alone, who then removed to Olmiitz and printed two more books there in the same year.
CANIBUS, Johannes Jacobus a. De modo studendi in iure. 1488.
i». Title: De modo in iure studendi libellu. 2». Petro Vecturio nouello I'uriu sco'lllari lohanes iacob. can, iuris vtrius-||<B psultus. De modo in iure studendi || libellu: ac salute plurima mittit. [|| [Q]Vonia bene a Platone p-l|scriptu est : beatas esse. R. P. || Que a sapientibus regerent . . . aa*". Impressum In inclita ciuitate || Brunna. Anno salutis. M. cccc. II Ixxxviij.
Quarto. ab*c*. 22 leaves. 23 lines. 153 x102 mm. Types i, a (Gothic 133 mm., two types of the same body, but different faces). Hain *4335. Proctor 9494.
The author raises some interesting questions in this little treatise, but often offers disappointingly vague answers, as to his query ' Quis locus ad studium videatur esse potissimus ' and in his remarks ' de paranda veste libris ac pre- ceptore '. He advises students to give four hours to work in the morning and four in the evening, and to keep a horologe in their cubicles that they may know how time goes. To the question whether points should be read up before or after the oral lecture he answers, both. He is also clear that the canon law should be studied before the civil.
193 X 138 mm. Leaf 8 is bound after leaf 9. [510
OLMOTZ =93
OLMUTZ
As already noted Matthaeus Preunlein, by whom and his partner books had already been printed for the use of the diocese of Olmiitz at Venice and Brunn, removed to Olmiitz in 1499 and printed two books there, a Planctus ruinae ecclesiae and the Quaestio fabulosa of Johann Schram. One other incunabula was printed there in October, 1500, by Conrad Bomgarth or Baumgarten.
CONRAD BAUMGARTEN
Baumgarten was probably invited to Olmiitz by Augustinus Morauus, the ' Praepositus ' of the cathedral there, two of whose books had already been printed at Venice. A third, his Tractatus contra haeresim Waldensium, was now completed 29 October, 1500, by Baumgarten, the rest of whose work belongs to the i6th century. In 1501 he issued another treatise on the same subject, described below, from the pen of Henricus Institoris.
INSTITORIS, Henricus. Contra haeresim Waldensium. 20 April, 1501.
i». Title: Sancte Romane eccfie fidei defensio^Hnis clippeum Aduersua waldesium seu II Pickardorum heresim Certas germanie || Bohemiecj naciones in odium cleri ac e|| neruacione ecclesiastice potestatis virucJJllenta cotagioe sparsij inficientes. Sanc||tissimi. Alexandri .vi. potificis iussu. nu|lper per eximiu. Sacre pagine pfessorem || frem. heinricQ institoris heretice praurta||tis inquisitorej. ordinis predicatoruj In || formam sermonum vtilissime redactum. [Woodcut] laS*. Colophon: Opus perutile sermo^ljnuj in defen- sione sancte || Romane ecclesie aduerHsus waldeses hereticos || cucta christianoru regna || in odiuj cleri ac ecclesie Ijastice ptatis eneruacoe3 || pestifera contagioe spar||sim ificietes ex c6missi||one Alexandri .vi. sumi potificis. per religiosuj || [col. a]: fratrem [Henricu Isti«]||toris Sacre pag[ine praf]||fessorem. heretice^ prajluitatis iquisitore ordTs || pdicatoru collectu. % in || Olomucj. marchionatu || morauie. per magistru^ || Coradu Baumgarthe |l impressu3. finit feliciter. |j Anno salutis nostre. M. 1| cccccL xx. die Aprilis. [Device.]
Folio, a b* c d' e* P g* h-p^ q* r-x' y*. 1 28 leaves, so numbered. 3 columns. 54 lines of small type. 325 x 145 mm. Types : Gothic 83, 148 mm.
With a double woodcut of the arms of the Pope and the author, dated 1500, on I*, a decorative heraldic full-page cut on the verso, and an ornamental capital I on 2*.
298 X 196 mm. On i* is an inscription * Ex libris Monasterij Rauddn ', and pasted inside the second board the label ' From the library of William Morris, Kelmscott House, Hammersmith'. [511
SPAIN
More than 700 Spanish incunabula have been described by Dr. Konrad Haebler in his ' Bibliograffa iberica del siglo xv.' (1903), on which the following notes are based, but otfiers are still being discovered, and perhaps as many as a thousand may ultimately be registered. Presses were set up in twenty-four different places, but in no fewer than seventeen of these less than twenty books were printed, and only Seville and Saragossa produced over a hundred. Printing began in or about 1474 with the issue at Valencia, by Lambert Palmart, a German, of the verses in honour of the Blessed Virgin (Obres o trobes en labors de la verge Maria) submitted by competitors at the Floral Games of that year, the first dated book being a Comprehensorium from the same press, 23 February, 1475. In October, 1475, a book was completed at Saragossa. In June, 1477, a single book appeared at Tortosa, and its printer, Nicolaus Spindeler, then carried the art to Seville, where his first publication is dated i August. Barce- lona got to work in 1478, Salamanca probably in 1480 (dates begin in January, 148 1), Burgos in 1485, and Toledo the next year. The earliest Valencian books were printed in a small Roman type, but this was speedily displaced by numerous varieties of rather heavy Gothic founts, which give Spanish incu- nabula a very massive and dignified appearance. From the first, vernacular books are common, and most printers published both in Latin and Spanish.
VALENCIA
Lambert Palmart, who introduced printing into Spain, worked at Valencia as late as 1494, but less than twenty books are attributed with certainty to his press. In 1477-78 he printed a Valencian Bible in partnership with Alfonso Fernandez de Cordoba, whose name appears alone in three other books, issued in 1477 and 1484-85. Eight or nine other printers are known to have worked at Valencia during the 15th century, all of them in the 'nineties, Nicolaus Spindeler, Peter Hagembach and Leonhard Hutz, and Lope de la Roca, being the most prolific, though none of these produced more than a dozen books at present described. Including another dozen typographically anonymous, alto- gether upwards of eighty incunabula were printed at Valencia, or about a tenth of the total Spanish output.
VALENCIA 295
ALFONSO FERNANDEZ DE CORDOBA
{Partner of the first printer")
The Valencian Bible printed by Palmart and Fernandez in partnership was begun in February, 1477, and finished in 1478. In the former of these years Fernandez announced himself as the ' Magister operis ' in the colophon of an edition of the Summula confessionis of Antoninus, printed in a Gothic type closely resembling that used by Renner and Nicolaus de Francfordia at Venice, the use of Gothic type, and also of signatures, being new features in Valencian printing. In 1484-85 he printed the Opuscula and Commentum in Psalmos of Jacobus Perez de Valentia, whose Expositio in cantica canticorum was produced by Palmart in i486. Whether the relations between Palmart and Fernandez extended beyond their partnership over the Bible is not clear.
JACOBUS [Perez] DE VALENCIA. Tractatus contra Judeos. 1484.
i». Incipit: tractatus contra iudeos 1| edditus per Reuendissi'||mu3 diij dominu lacobu^ de Valencia Epj || cristopolitanum. 55'. CoLOPHON : Eplicit tractat' p iudeos edit' p Reuendis||simu magrm % dnj lacobu pe? de valetia || i)fessu ordls fru3 scti Augustini nc no ep3 II xpopolitanu / impressus I eade famosissim || ysplaij vrbe valetie / Anno do Millesimo||quadringetesimo octoagesimoquarto.
Folio, a-g*. 56 leaves, the last blank, a columns. 45 lines and head-line. 308 (322) X 140 mm. Hain 12591 (2). Haebler 536(1).
With numerous small printed capitals. One of four tracts, the other three being the Expositio canticorum, Expositio super Te Deum laudamus, Expositio super cantica euangelica, no doubt also issued separately, but linked together by a note following the colophon of the last, beginning : In hoc volumine ptinentur opera seqntia domini lacobi epi cristopolitani.
281 X 202 mm. [512
JACOBUS [Perez] DE VALENCIA. Commentum in psalmos.
6 September, 1484.
1*. Reuerendi ct optimi patris d6 iacobi de valentia || christopolitani epi: Ad reuendissimu I x". prej et do||minii .D. Rodericu boria cardinale valetinu epm || portuensej et carthaginensej : sancte romne eccl'ie || vicecacellariu dignissimu I libros psiji dt5 jSfatio. 389*. Colophon: .Ihs. ||| Comentum nouiter eddi||tum per .R. || .D. lacobuj de Valencia sacre Theo-||logie ordinis^ Sancti augustini profes||sorem / necnon Episcopum Cristopoli-|| tanum in spalmos dauid feliciter expli||cit. Impressuj I eade famosissima yspa||niarum vrbe Valencie. sub anno Salua||toris Millesimo Quadringentesimo'|[octoagesimoquarto. 389^ (Register) : .a. || Prima alba . . . 391*. Incipit tabula . . . 400''. par. 4: Epistola ||| Grade alienu arduucp negociu ex tuo mada||to suscepisse videor tabulam pfide p alpha-||betum in opere tam digno. a tua dignissima reue||rentia egregie confecto . . . perfeci .xvj. Augusti || Millesimi quadragetisimi octoagesimiquarti. ho||ra vesperojj. F. villar. intf doctores mini' tc. Ill Explicit tabula quasi de omni materia reperta in || libro psalmoij secundum exposi- tione nouiter fa-'Hctam per .R. D. lacobum perec de Valencia Epm || cristopolitatum. simul cum expositione impressa. || .vi. Septebris. Anni diii. Millesimi Quadringe-||tesimi Octoagesimiquarti.
^
296 SPAIN
Folio, a^ b^" c^ ; a^ b" c» d" e-z aa-ii ll^ mm« ; A-I L^ M'" ; a^". 400 leaves, leaf 386 blank, a columns. 50 lines and head-line. 33a (247) x 160 mm. Types 3, 4 (Gothic 9a and 190 mm.). Hain 12597. Haebler 5^^.
With numerous fine woodcuts of different sizes. Spaces, however, are left in quires a-d of the second alphabet, which may perhaps indicate that these quires were set up before the 26 leaves containing the Prologi. The letter K is used in the second alphabet, not in the third or fourth. Quires b and d of the second alphabet have ten leaves each, instead of the eight assigned to them in the Register. They may have been reprinted. According to Senor Serrano (quoted by Dr. Haebler) a contract for printing this book was signed in July, 1483.
359 X 240 mm. Michael WodhuU's copy, with his book-stamp and note, dated 7 April, 1 789, of purchase at the Pinelli Auction for 7^, and binding at a cost of 1 75. After his usual ' Collat. & complet.' Wodhull has noted ' but some of the leaves from the second a to d do not accord in their beginnings with the Register fronting the Index'. He subsequently added: ' But that seems owing to inaccuracy in the Register not to any defect whatever in this copy. Between the time of printing and publishing the author seems to have reprinted those four sheets in order to make some alterations, and to have extended his sheets b and d to ten instead of eight leaves. In the four sheets a blank is left for the capital letters.* [513
SARAGOSSA
A SINGLE book, an edition of the Manipulus Curatorum of Guido de Monte Rocherii, was printed at Saragossa in October, 1475, and anonymous firms pro- duced there two books in 1478 and nine or ten about 1481. In 1488-90 J ohann Hums printed some eight books, and in or before 1491 his work was taken up by his kinsman Paul Hurus, who by the end of 1499 had completed about fifty incunables. In 15CX) the Hurus types are found in the hands of three partners, Jorge Coci, Leonardo Hutz, and Lope Appentegger, who printed four books with them in that year. Thus, although printing was at first intermittent, and there was never more than one firm at work, the output of Saragossa, like that of Valencia, amounts to between seventy and eighty books.
JOHANN HURUS
An edition of the Epistles and Gospels translated into Spanish by Gonzalo de Sancta Maria is assigned in its colophon to the press of Paul Hurus at Sara- gossa in 1485, but Dr. Haebler, following Volger, regards this as one of the frequent cases of an omitted x, the book belonging typographically to ten years later. There is thus no doubt that J ohann Hurus, of Constance, was the second Saragossa printer whose name we know, and the founder of the firm which produced three-fourths of the Saragossa incunabula.
SARRAGOSSA 297
ARISTOTLE. Ethica compendiada por el bachiller de la Torre.
[About 1489.]
[i». Title: Ethica de Aristoteles.] 119*. Colophon : Acaba aqui el compendio breue delos .x. libros || dela ethica de Aristotil sacado por el egregio ba||cheller dela torre en nuestro comun fablar. en el || qual son contenidas las conclusiones del philo«||sopho paral bien e virtuosamente viuir. ||| Deo gracias.
Quarto, a-p*. 120 leaves, the last blank. 38 lines. 140 x 88 mm. Type i (Gothic 99 mm.). Haebler 33.
195 X 138 mm. Wanting the first leaf. [514
SEVILLE
Alonso del Puerto printed three books at Seville in 1477-78, in partnership with Antonio Martinez and Bartolom^ Segura. Martinez then left the firm, subsequently printing one book on his own account in i486. Del Puerto and Segura in 1480 produced the Fasciculus temporum described below, and Del Puerto alone a Cr6nica de Espafia in 1482. After these six books nothing is known to have been printed at Seville until 1490, when a German firm, Johann Pegnitzer of Nuremberg, Paul of Cologne, Magiius Herbst, and Thomas Glockner, began work, and while losing Paul of Cologne in 1493 and Glockner in 1499, produced over thirty incunabula. In 1491 Meinardus Ungut (another German) and Stanislaus of Poland began publishing and proved even more prolific, over sixty books being attributed to them in partnership, and about ten more to Stanislaus alone in 1499 and 1500. Four more were printed by Pierre Brun of Geneva, two in 1492 with Giovanni Gentile, and two in 1499 by himself. With the addition of over a dozen anonymous books the total Seville output thus exceeds one hundred and thirty.
DEL PUERTO AND SEGURA
{Continuation 0/ first press)
The three books printed by this firm, while Antonio Martinez was a member of it, were the Repertorium of Diaz de Montalvo (1477), and two editions of the Sacramental of Sanchez de Vercial (i August, 1477, and 28 May, 1478). The Fasciculus temporum of 1480 is the only book known to have been printed by Del Puerto and Segura together after Martinez left them.
ROLEWINCK, Werner. Fasciculus Temporum. 1480,
1*. C Tabula breuis % vtilis super lijlbello quoda qui dr fasciculus te||poij: % ubi inuenitur punctus ate || numei; e I primo latere: ubi uero || post in a° latere: incipit feliciter. 9'. [GjEneratio t generatio laudabit opera tua: t potenciam tuam pronuncia- but . . . I0^ C Fasciculus tempoij: omnes antiquojj cronicas completens: incipit feliciter : U . . . yi\ CoLOPHON : C Cronica q dicitur fasciculus tpoij : edita in alma
P p
298 SPAIN
vniuersitate cojllonie agrippine a quoda deuoto cartusiensi : t impressa Ispalen. |1 singular! industria atcj impensa Barthoalomei segura atcp Al|lfonsi de portu anno domini 1480. Sixto qrto potifice maximo : fijlnit feliciter: 73*. C Ex Laertio de vita 1 moribus phoij autoritates extracte incipiunt. 79'. End : . . . Et hec de vita t moribus ph5rum ex laercio satis sint dicta.
Folio. [**a"b-k*l^J 80 leaves, 9-79 numbered 1-71, 8 and 80 blank. 49 lines. 326 X 168 mm. Type i (Gothic 93 mm., with some Roman capitals). Haebler 583. Hain 6927. Proctor 9519.
The Fasciculus temporum in this edition ends with the epitaph on Charles the Bold : Te piguit pacis teduitque quietis in vita. Hie iaces Karole iamque quiesce tibi. The vi^oodcut of Venice shows that it was set up from Walch's Venice edition of 1479.
308 X 225 mm. On the covers are impressions of the heraldic book-stamp of 'J. Gomez de la Cortina et Amicorum '. [515
UNGUT AND POLONUS
The first book published by Meinardus Ungut ' alemannus ' and Stanislaus ' polonus ' was that of Diego de Diaz In defensiones S. Thomae, completed 4 February, 1491 ; their second the Spanish translation of Seneca described below. The partners not only printed many books, but printed them particularly well, and showed a liberal judgement in their choice. As continued by Jacob and Johann Kromberger the life of the firm covered three-quarters of a century.
SENECA, Lucius Annaeus. Obras, 28 May, 1491.
[i*. Title : Cinco libros de Seneca. |1 Primero libro Dela vida bienauenturada. || Segundo delas siete liberales. || Ter9ero de amonestamientos t doctrinas. || Quarto % el primero de prouiden^ia de dios. 1| Quinto el segudo libro de prouiden9ia de dios.] 3*. (red) : Libro de Lucio anneo Seneca que escriuio a Gallon E llama||se dela vida bien aueturada. trasladado de latin en lenguaje || castellano por mandado del muy alto principe z muy podejjroso rey i senor nuestro seiior el rey don lua de castilla de le||on el segudo. Porende el i)logo dela trasla9i6 fabla conel. I33^ COLOPHON : DEO GRACIAS. ||| Aqui se acaban las obras de Seneca. Imprimidas enla || muy noble % muy leal 9ibdad de Seuilla por Meynarjldo Vngut Alimano. t Stanislao Polono : conpaneros || Enel ano del nas9imiento del senor Mill quatro9ietos || t nouanta t vno aiios. aveinte t ocho dias del mes de 1| Mayo. ||| [Device.]
Folio. a-P-^"* g-m**® n o* p® q-s^ 133 leaves, 52, 131, and 133 blank? 34 lines of text, 46 of commentary, which usually surrounds it, and head-line. 188 (303) x 116 or 147 mm. Types 1, 3 (Gothic no, 81 mm.). Hain 14596, Proctor 9528. Haebler 631.
With several fine woodcut capitals.
258 X 184 mm. Wanting the title, sig. i 4, and the blanks. [516
SEVILLE 299
JACOB KROMBERGER
Jacob Kromberger has been claimed as a printer of incunabula on the score of an edition of the works of Peter Martyr, bearing the date 1 500, probably only a ' doctored ' copy of a 16th-century edition. His firm is really a continuation of that of Ungut and Stanislaus Polonus, Stanislaus, after working by himself since 1499, taking him as a partner in 1503. In the following year Kromberger became the sole owner, and was subsequently joined by a kinsman, Johann. Between them they made the firm the most important in Spain.
LOPEZ DE MENDOZA, Inigo. Prouerbios. 26 January, 1509.
i». Title: C Prouerbios de do || Ynigo lopez de men^||do9a .:. 24". COLOPHON : C Fenecen los prouerbios de don ynigo lopez || de mendo^a : Marques de santillana. Impressos || en Seuilla por lacobo croberguer alema. a. xxvj || dias del mes de Enero. Ailo de nro saluador Ie||su christo de mill t qnientos t nueue aiios.
Folio, a-d*. 24 leaves. 2 columns. ^5 lines of small type. 225 x 143 mm. Types : Gothic 81, 120, 180 mm.
The title is within a woodcut border beneath a bar dividing the rectangle into two sections, in the upper of which is a woodcut of a man writing.
281 X 198 mm. From the Salva and Heredia collections. [517
BARCELONA
The first printers at Barcelona were Nicolaus Spindeler, of Zwickau, and Pierre Brun, of Geneva, who had previously (1477) introduced the art into Tortosa. At Barcelona they printed the commentaries of Thomas Aquinas on the Ethics and Politics of Aristotle (15 June and 18 December, 1478), and then separated, Spindeler printing five or six books by himself (1479-82), and Brun helping a Catalan priest, Pedro Posa, with four of his books, after which Posa printed upwards of thirty by himself {1481-99). In the 'nineties Johann Rosenbach printed some fifteen books (1492-98), Diego de Gumiel nine (1494-99), and other printers, named and unnamed, perhaps a dozen between them, making the total Barcelona output of incunabula somewhat over seventy.
JOHANN ROSENBACH
After printing a Bayonne breviary at Valencia in 1492, Johann Rosenbach, of Heidelberg, published a book at Barcelona in October of the same year, and continued working there until the spring of 1498, when he removed to Tarra- gona. In 1500 he removed again to Perpignan, at that time Spanish territory (see No. 461).
P p 2
N
300 SPAIN
NEBRISSENSIS, Aelius. Grammatica. 5 November, 1497.
i». Title: Gramatica Nebrissen<:llsis cum Comento. l^ Ad art em suam auctor [36 lines of verse], a*. Aelius. Antonius nebrissensis Isabelae principi sue .S. D. 3*. (text : red) : Ad optimam eandemcj maxima \\ Augustam Isabelam huius nomi||nis tertiam hispanie ac insularu ma||ris nostri reginam clarissimam. Ae||lij Antonij nebrissensis gra- matici I || recognitione comentarioscj intro||ductionu suaru quas de sermone lajltino bis ediderat: Prologus incipi|ltur feliciter. 107''. Dictiones que per artem sparguntur in ordi^ljnem alphabetarum redacte. II3^ Anthonio nebrissensiarius lusitanus [22 lines of verse]. Idem Arius ad lectorem. [la lines of verse.] 114*. COLOPHON: Impressum et finitu est hoc opus brissensis per magijlstru loanne Rosembach alemanu In principalissima || Ciuitate Barchinone. Anno dominice incarnationis \\ Millesimo. cccclxxxxvij. Die vero .v. mesis Nouebris. ||| [Device.]
Folio, a* b-1, 11, 111, m-o® p q'. 114 leaves. 44 lines of text, 69 lines of commentary, which usually surrounds it, head-lines and marginalia. a37 (336) x 158 (177) mm. Types 3. 4. 5. 6 [?] (Gothic 150, 300, 103, 65 mm.). Haebler 467.
Dr. Haebler was only able to quote an incomplete description of this book by D. Gregorio Mayans, and knew of no copy of it. In his Prologue to the Queen Nebrissensis expounds his dedication word by word, and defends at some length his use of the name Aelius. The book has numerous woodcut capitals.
290 X 210 mm. With many manuscript notes. [518
SALAMANCA
At Salamanca printing was almost entirely carried on by anonymous presses, to which about a hundred incunabula are attributed, as against about a dozen by named printers. Dr. Haebler distinguishes a first Gothic group of books (1481- 87), first Roman (about 1491), second Gothic (1492-1500), and second Roman (same dates), besides a few miscellaneous books. The works of Aelius Nebris- sensis were largely printed in all these groups of types, and an edition of his Introductiones latinae, 16 January, 1481, was the first dated Salamanca book. The printers who give their names are Leonhard Hutz and Lope Sanz (1496, eight books), Juan de Porras (1500, three books), Hans Giesser (1500, one book).
SECOND GOTHIC GROUP
The first fully dated book of this group is the Grammatica castellana of Aelius Nebrissensis, completed 18 August, 1492. Dr. Haebler enumerates no fewer than fifty-four books belonging to the group.
CUADERNO. Cuaderno nueuo de las alcabalas, su fecha en el real de
Granada, 10 de deciembre 1491. [About 1496,]
I*. Title (beneath a woodcut) : Leyes del Quaderno nueuo delas rentas delas alcaualas || t fraquezas. Fecho enia vega de Granada. Por el qual el Rey || i la Reyna nuestros Seiiores reuocan todas las otras leyes b \\ los otros quadernos fechos de antes. 40'. 1, 45. End : . . . Dada enel real dela vega 1| de Granada a diez dias del mes de deziembre. Aiio del najimieto del nro saluador lejjsu xpo de mil » quatro cientos t nouenta t vn anos. ||
SALAMANCA 301
C Yo el Rey yo la Reyna yo Fernand Aluares de Toledo Sel|cretario del Rey t dela Reyna nuestros senores la fiz escriuir por su mandado.
Folio. a-Pg*. 40 leaves. 48 lines and marginalia. 214 x 135 (164) mm. Types: Gothic 120 and 91 mm. Haebler 180?. Proctor 9573.
With one large and one small woodcut capital and a fine title-cut of the arms of Spain.
278 X 196 mm. [519
ZAMORA
ANTONIO DE CENTENERA
{First printer')
At Zamora, in western Castile, Antonio de Centenera printed the Cancionero of Inigo de Mendoza in January, 1482, and other interesting vernacular books in that and the following year. Altogether he printed at least a dozen incunabula, continuing at work till 1492. The only other Zamora incunable, a Hebrew commentary on the Pentateuch, printed by Samuel ben Musa and another Jew, named Immanuel, is variously attributed to 1487, 1492, and 1497.
LUCENA, Juan de. Vita beata. 7 February, 1483.
I*. C Aqui comien9a vn tratado en esl|tillo breue en senten9ia no solo largo 1| mas hondo t prolixo el qual ha noml|bre vita beata hecho t copuesto por || el honrrado t muy discreto jua de lu||9ena ebaxador t dl' cosejo del rey IntiHtl'ado al serenissimo prlcipe t glorioso II rey don jua el segundo en nombre de || castilla de immortal memoria. 23'. COLO- PHON: Deo gracias ||| C Esta obra se acabo en la 9ibdad de || 9amora. viernes siete dias del mes de || hebrero. Aiio del sefior de. mill. cccc. || .Ixxx. iij. aiios. || Centenera.
Folio. A'^B^C 24 leaves, the last blank, 1-23 so numbered. 2 columns. 40 lines. 188 x138 mm. Type I (Gothic 94 mm.). Hain 10255. Proctor 9583. Haebler 368.
280 X 201 mm. The maji;scules touched with yellow. The Salva and Heredia copy. On a fly-leaf is written ' Ejemplar completo ; C.C. 7 de Julio de 1878. Los 4 ultimos fols. han sido reproducidos por S'. Jos6 Sancho Rayon y aiiadidos al Ejemp. Salva que los tenia muy bien copiados en letra y papel antigos.' The facsimile work is so good that, except as to leaf 23, which is of whiter paper, it might easily pass undetected. [520
TARRAGONA
NICOLAUS SPINDELER
{First printer)
Tarragona was visited by two wandering printers in the 15th century, Nicolaus Spindeler (who had already been the first printer at Tortosa and Barcelona) and Johann Rosenbach. Spindeler printed the Manipulus Curatorum described below in 1484, Rosenbach three books in 1498-99.
^
302 SPAIN
GUIDO DE MONTE ROCHERII. Manipulus curatorum.
3 August, 1484.
I*. Incipit manipulus curatoi; || a Guidone de monte rocherii sacre theologie f)fessori c6posi||tus « domio episcopo valenti||nensi destinatus. vt patet per || epistolam sequentem. 2». (red): Sequitur manipulus curato:^: qui vocatur presens liber . . . 8y\ col. i, par. a. Colophon : Dei gratia per magistruj Nichola||um spindeler germanu Tarracone || Ipressus fuit. Tertia jf^o die Augu||sti anno dni millesimo. cccc° : octoge||simo quarto presens manipul' curajltorum qui vocatur feliciter peropti||me(5 finiuit ib. col. 2, Tabula huius libri. 88». End : . . . Lxxxvi.
Folio. a-R 88 leaves. 2 columns. 3*: 43 lines. 192 x125 mm. Type 5 ? (Gothic 90 mm.). Haebler 454 (who in his heading gives the date as 1483).
With numerous woodcut capitals.
276 X 195 mm. [521
BURGOS
Printing was introduced into Burgos by Friedrich (Biel) of Basel, his first dated book, the Grammatica of Andrea Gutierrez, being completed 12 March, 1 485. Some forty incunabula are attributed to Biel's press, and about half as many to that of a native printer, Juan de Burgos, who worked there from 1489 to 1499, printed a few books at Valladolid in 1500-01, and then returned to his own city. Both Biel and Juan de Burgos did exceptionally good work.
FRIEDRICH BIEL
{First printer)
In or before 1474 a Basel edition of the Epistulae of Gasparinus Barzizius was printed by Friedrich Biel in partnership with Michael Wenssler, and with this Biel is now generally identified the Fadrique de Basilea, or Friedrich of Basel, who printed at Basel from 1485, or a little earlier, to about 151 7. Both for his workmanship and his choice of books he deserves to be reckoned with the finest of the 1 5th-century printers in Spain.
EXPOSITIO HYMNORUM. Aurea expositio hymnorum.
7 November, 1493.
i». Title : Aurea expositio hymij||norum vna cum textu, e^^. Colophon : C Expli- ciunt hymni cum suis expositionibus Burgis || Impressi per Fredericum Basiliensem: germanice nai^||tionis. Anno millesimo. cccc. Ixxxxiij. die vero. .vij. No^ljuembris. ||| Deo gratias. [Printer's device.]
Quarto, a-g*. 56 leaves, the last blank. 40'' : 40 lines of small type. 156 x ici mm. Types 1-3 (Gothic 140?, no, 78 mm.). Haebler 251.
With numerous woodcut capitals and Biel's first device. 185 x137 mm. The only other copy registered is at the Biblioth^que Nationale at Paris. [522
BURGOS • 303
JOANNES ALPHONSUS BENEVENTANUS. De confessione et poenitentia. 3 December, 1516.
I* Title: Tractatus de penitei^Htijs et actib' penite<jl|tium * confessoru: || cu forma
absolulltionuj: t de ca^||nonibus pe#|lnitetiali^||bus. 84". COLOPHON: ^Tractatus de
confessione ac penitentia vtilis atq sum*||me necessarius confessoribus t confitentibus.
Compositus II per ^regiuj virum loannem alfonsum Beneuentanum || vtriuscp iuris
doctorem. Impressu3 in regali ciuitate Bur||gen. per Fredericum germanum de Basilea.
Anno a nati||uitate domini Millesimo quingentesimo. decimosexto. || die vero tertia mensis
Decembris. [Device.]
Quarto, a-k* 1^ 84 leaves. 4a lines, with marginalia. 163x103 (118) mm. Types:
Gothic 260, 140?, 78 mm.
One of Bid's latest books, with his second device, which in its earliest state bears the date 1499 at the end of the scroll, here cut out.
205 X 146 mm. From the library 'del convento de los capuchinos de San Lucar de Barramela '. [523
MURCIA
LOPE DE LA ROCA
{Ou/y printer)
Lope de la Roca frequently adds the word ' aleman ' to his name, so that his very Spanish sounding name must have been a translation of an original German form, Wolfgang von Stein. In his first book at Murcia, the Oracional de Fernan Perez {26 March, 1487), the name of Gabriel Luis Ariiio, a man of some importance who about the same time was giving commissions to printers in Valencia, is joined with his own. Roca printed two or three other books in Murcia by himself, and is subsequently found working at Valencia (1495-97). Dr. Haebler supposes that his head-quarters were at Valencia from the first, and that he was connected with the press of Alfonso Fernandez de Cordoba.
RODRIGUEZ DE ALMELLA, Diego. Valerio de las Estorias.
6 December, 1487.
[i*. Aqui comien^a la Tabla de todos los titulos de este tratado ... 3*. Tractado que se llama Valerio de las Estorias escolasticas t de Espaiia / dirigido al Noble % Rev. Sr. D. Johan Manrique, Protonotario de la Santa Fee Apostolica Arcidiano de Valpuesta , . .] 165''. Colophon : A gloria / % alabanca de nro saluador / y redeptor ihu xpo fue este 1| libro que es Uamado valerio delas estorias escolasticas / 1 de es''||paiia fue acabado enla muy noble / leal cibdad de murcia. por || manos de maestre. Lope dela roca aleman. Impressor de libros || jueues a. vj. dias de diesembre. Ano de mill, t quatrozientos / X || ochenta/t siete afios. ||| DEO GRACIAS.
Folio. [**]a-v*x*. 166 leaves, the last blank. 32 lines. 208x135 mm. Type i (Gothic 130 mm.). Hain 864. Haebler 581.
261 X 201 mm. Wanting the first ten leaves. From the Salva and Heredia collections. [524
^
304 • SPAIN
PAMPELONA
ARNAO GUILLEN DE BROCAR
{p-nly printer)
Arnao Guillen de Brocar (possibly Brochard in the south of France) began printing at Pampelona in 1489, and produced there some fifteen incuna- bula. In 1503 he removed to Logrono, and subsequently kept printing-houses at Alcald (first book, 26 February, 151 1), and from 15 17 at Toledo and Valla- dolid, where, however, he chiefly printed bills and letters of indulgence. Through his friendship with Antonius Nebrissensis he obtained the printing of many important works, including the Complutensian Polyglott, and he was also appointed printer to the king. He died in 1523.
CASTRO VOL, Pedro de. Super Quicunque vult. [About 1499.]
[i*. Title: Tractatus vel si mauis exposi||tio in simbolum Quicucj vult vna || cum textu editus per fratre petrutn || de castrouol famatissimum sacre || theologie professorem.] 84''. Colophon : C Tractatus super psalmum Quicuntj vult per reueren||dum in xpo Seraphici ordinis fratrem Petruj de Castro Huol in sacra pagina magistrum compilatus. Rursus Tho|llose reuisus diligenter fidelitercj examinatus : Papilone 1| impressus finit 85'. Sequitur Tabula . . . 85^ End : . . . Hec est fides catholica.
Quarto, a-k* 1*. 86 leaves. 36 lines. 146 x91mm. Types 1, 3 (Gothic 8a, 135 mm.). Hain 4656. Proctor 9611. Haebler 134.
With some outline woodcut capitals not used, according to Dr. Haebler, before 1499 ; on the back of the title-page is a woodcut of the Trinity with the underline ' Sancta trinitas vnus deus miserere nobis *.
207 X 138 mm. The first leaf is in facsimile. [525
GRANADA
UNGUT AND PEGNITZER
{Only printers)
The only incunabula known to have been printed at Granada are the Vita Christi of Francescho Ximenes, described below, completed 30 April, 1496, and an undated book on Christian doctrine by Fernando de Talavera. Both were printed by a temporary partnership of members of the two important firms at Seville, Ungut of Ungut and Stanislaus Polonus, and Pegnitzer of the German ' Compaiieros '. As Ungut and Stanislaus published a succession of books in 1496, while the Companeros produced only one book between May, 1495, and the same month in 1498, the active supervision of work at Granada probably fell to Pegnitzer.
GRANADA 305
XIMENES, Francescho. Vita Christi. 30 April, 1496.
I. Title (red) : Primer volumen de vita xpi de fray fran-||cisco xymenes corregido y aiiadido por el || Ar9obispo de Granada : y hizo le imprimir || por que es muy prouechoso. Contiene qua||si todos los euangelios de todo el ano. 377*. CoLOPHON: C Fue acabado y empresso este pri || mer volumen de vita cristi de fray || fracisco ximenez : en la grande 1 noljbrada cibdad de Granada enel po||strimero dia del mes de abril. Ailo || d'l seiior de mill. cccc. xcvj. por Meyl|nardo vngut x lohanes de nure#||berga alemanes: por madado y ex«||pensas del muy reuerendissimo sei;||ilor : don fray Fernando de talauera || primero ar9obispo dela sancta ygleljsia desta dicha cibdad de Granada. \\ [378*. Tabla o registro delos qua«||dernos t hojas contenidos || eneste primer volumen . . , END : . . . seiialados por cuento.
Folio. [****'] a-z aa-xx' yy*" zz*. 378 leaves, 16-375 numbered, with errors and omissions, ii-ccclix, leaf 15 blank, a columns, 39 lines and head-line. 247 {269) x 161 mm. Types I, a (Gothic 125, 160 mm.). Hain 16239. Haebler 711. Proctor 9613.
The only dated book printed at Granada in the 15th century. With numerous woodcut capitals, some of them printed in red, as are the head-lines and chapter -headings throughout the book.
307 X 220 mm. Wanting the last leaf, and with the title cut out and mounted, Sig. yy 10 is misbound after leaf 14, [526
MONTSERR.\T
JOHANN LUSCHNER
{On/y printer)
After printing four books at Barcelona in the years 1495-98 (the first two in partnership with Geraldo Preus), Johann Luschner, of Lichtenberg, began work at the monastery of Montserrat with much vigour in 1499, producing seven books in that year and the same number in 1 500. He and his staff of six journey- men had a formal contract with the monastery by which they received good salaries, but the arrangement soon came to an end, and in 1 501 Luschner returned to Barcelona.
BENEDICTUS. Regula. 12 June, 1499.
i». Title : Regula eximij patris nostri || beatissimi Benedict!. [Device.] 42^ par. a : C Explicit regula sanctissimi patris nostri Be||nedicti. Tu aut diie miserere nostri. Deo gratias. ||| Hec est breuis copilatio san#||cte regule patris nostri bea#l|tissimi benedicti. [Latin verses.] 44*. COLOPHON : C Explicit regula eximij patris noj;||stri beatissimi benedicti. In mona^Hsterio beatissime virginis Marie de || monteserrato ordinis einsdem san#||cti de obseruatia. Impressa per ma||gistru lohannej luschner alamauu 1| expensis eiusdem monasterij. Anno || domini millesimo quadringetesimo || nonagesimonono .xij. mensis lunij.
Octavo, a-e* f*. 44 leaves. 27 lines of small type. 105 x 68 mm. Types i, 2, [3] (Gothic t35 ?, 77, 95 ? mm.). Haebler 46 (see also his p. 356).
With the device of the monastery and numerous woodcut capitals,
135x91 mm. [527
Q q
"^
3o6 SPAIN
PRINTERS UNIDENTIFIED
CONSTITUCIONES. Constituciones sinodales del Obispado de Jaen.
[About 15CX) ?]
a». Don ynigo marique por la gra9ia de dios t dela santa || iglia de roma obpo de jahen oydor del rey » reyna || nros senores. presidente enla su corte t cha9illeria || * del su consejo. alos venerables nfos mucho ama||dos hermanos dean t cabildo dela nra yglia. t al || venerable abad mayor de alcala la real ... 3*. Titulo primero dela onestidad del abito jj delos clerigos benefi9iados. o en sacras || hordenes constituidos. 27*. par 4 : C las qles dichas constituciones fueron publicadas enla muy noble fajlmosa t muy leal 9ibdad de jahen enla capilla desantpedro de osma q || es enla claustra dela yglesia catredal dela dicha 9ibdad sabado dya de || sant antonio de pauda. treze dias del mes de junio ano del nas9i- mie[27'']to de nro seiior jhu xpo demill i qtro9ientos t seteta t ocho aiios des|lpues de auer celebrado misa el dicho reuerendo senor obpo seyedo sujlmo pontifi9e nro senor el papa sixto qrto ... I. ai. END : . . . t pero gar9ia de cadinannos bachiller en decretos « || fra9isco de frias notario t otros muchos.
Folio. [a"b*cd^] 30 leaves, the first and the last three blank. 39 lines. i8ax iia mm. Type: Gothic 93 mm.
On 2* is a pretty 5-line woodcut capital D. With the exception of a majus- cule T in the word Titulo, which frequently recurs, printed throughout in lower- case letters.
290 X 212 mm. [528
CUADERNO. Cuaderno de las leyes nuevas de la hermandad.
[About 1500.]
I*. Title : [Woodcuts :] C Este es el quademo delas leyes nueuas bla hermadad |1 del Rey t dela Reyna nfos seiiores : t por su madado he#||chas enla junta general en torde- laguna: notificadas el a^||no del nascimieto del nro saluador lesu christo de mill i \\ quatrocientos t ocheta t seys anos. 8». 1. 42. END : Yo Diego de santander secretario del Rey t dela Reyna nuestros seiiores la fize escre*||uir por su mandado. Rodericus doctor. Ill Finis. Deo gratias.
Folio, [a*.] 8 leaves. 53 lines and marginalia. 241 x 153 (181) mm. Types: Gothic 150, 93, and 80 mm. Haebler 183 ?.
With a large woodcut of the royal arms on the title-page, partly surrounded by eight border-pieces ; between the two border-pieces at the top is a small cut of S. Sebastian, probably copied from a French Horae. With one large and one small woodcut capital.
300 x210 mm. [528
ENGLAND
The first English books were printed by William Caxton at Bruges, but from Michaelmas, 1476, he rented a house, with the sign of the Red Pale, in the precincts of Westminster Abbey, and completed his first dated book there, the ' Diets or Sayings of the Philosophers', 18 November, 1477. By the time of his death in 149 1 he had issued from his press at Westminster ninety-six books and documents, of which copies or fragments survive, a large proportion of these being translated or edited by himself. At Oxford fifteen books were issued during the years 1478-86, the printer's name being given in 1481 as Theodoric Rood, of Cologne, and an Englishman, Thomas Hunte, appearing as his partner in 1485. At St. Albans an unidentified schoolmaster, with some help from Caxton, between 1480 (or 1479) and i486 printed six schoolbooks and two English works, the Chronicles of England and Book of St. Albans. In the City of London John Lettou printed by himself an indulgence and two books in 1480 and 1481, and five lawbooks in or about 1482 in partnership with Willelmus de Machlinia, the latter continuing to work alone from 1483 to i486, or later, and producing at least twenty-two more books. After Machlinia's death, the date of which is unknown, his stock was taken over by Richard Pynson, a Norman, who early in his career employed Le Talleur, of Rouen, to print two Anglo-French lawbooks for him, but who printed over eighty incunabula himself, his first dated book being issued in November, 1492. Meanwhile Wynkyn de Worde, who had been in Caxton's service since 1480 or earlier, had continued his old master's business, and by the end of the century produced over a hundred books. The only other press was that of Julyan Notary, who began work in 1496, using a device which bears also the initials I.B. and I.H. (probably Jean Barbier and Jean Huvin), and in partnership or by himself produced half a dozen incunabula. The total output of the English presses in the 1 5th century at present registered is thus about three hundred and fifty, the majority of the books being in English.
WESTMINSTER
WILLIAM CAXTON
ijursi printer)
William Caxton was born in the Weald of Kent about 142 1, and after serving an apprenticeship as a mercer in the City of London, spent thirty years of his life as a member of the Merchant Adventurers at Bruges, of whom he
Q q 2
3o8 ENGLAND
became the Governor. In 1469 he resigned his office to become secretary (and possibly financial adviser) to the Duchess Margaret of Burgundy. While in the service of the Duchess he translated Raoul Lefevre's Recueil des histoires de Troye, and during a visit to Cologne in 147 1 gained some knowledge of printing by helping to produce the first edition of Bartholomaeus De proprietatibus rerum (see note to No. 57). About 1474 he set up a press at Bruges, in partnership with Colard Mansion, and printed his translation of Lefevre's Recueil, also the ' Game and Play of the Chess ' and ' Les quatre dernieres choses ', a French translation of the Cordiale. At Michaelmas, 1476, he began renting a shop in the precincts of Westminster Abbey, and (probably after issuing some small quartos as specimens of his work) completed there, 18 November, 1477, his first dated book, 'The Diets or Sayings of the Philosophers,' translated by Lord Rivers. During the next fourteen years he continued busily at work, translating and printing. By the time of his death, in 1 491, he had printed at Westminster ninety-six books and documents, of which copies or fragments have come down to us, including the Canterbury Tales and other works by Chaucer, Gower's Confessio Amantis, Malory's Morte d'Arthur, the Chronicle of England, and Trevisa's version of Higden's Polychronicon, and his own numerous translations of popular romances and moral and religious treatises. He printed also in Latin some indulgences and Horae and a Psalter, but for a missal and Legenda preferred to avail him- self of the help of a Paris printer, Guillaume Maynial.'
COWER, John. Confessio Amantis. 2 September, 1483.
[a*. tHis book is intituled confes^Hsio amantis, that is to saye || in englysshe the confessyon of || the louer maad and compyled by || lohan Gower squyer borne in walys 1| in the tyme of kyng richard the second || which book treteth how he was confes||syd to Genyus preest of venus vpon (j the causes of loue in his fyue wyttes || and seuen dedely synnes, as in thys || sayd book al alonge appyereth . . .] lo*. (text) : tOrpor hebes seusus scola p<^||ua labor . . . Hie in principio libri declarat qua<j|lliter in Anno Regis Ricardi Secun«|ldi Sextodecimo lohannes Gower pre||sentem libellum conposuit et finaliter || compleuit / quern strenuissimo domi^Hno suo. Domino Henrico De Lancas«|ltria tunc Derbie Comiti cum omni re^^ljuerencia specialiter destinauit. 231''. Enprynted at westmestre by me || willyam Caxton and fynysshed the ij || day of Septembre the fyrst yere of the || regne of Kyng Richard the thyrd, the |1 yere of our lord a thousand CCCC. II Ixxxxiij.
Folio. [*Y I* b-z t A B* C^ 223 leaves, 10-221 numbered ij-ccxj, i, 9, 10, and the last blank. 46 lines and head-line. 330 ( 330) x 153 mm. Types 4 and 4* (Gothic 95 mm.). Blades 5^. Proctor 9654.
Blanks of varying sizes are left at the head of each book to be filled by illuminations. This feature and the Latin preface on 10*, with its praise of Henry of Lancaster, a little unseasonable in a book printed in the first year of Richard HI, were doubtless taken from the manuscript used for printing. The date reverses the more usual misprint and contains an x too many.
307x216 mm. Wanting (besides the blanks) leaves 2 and 3 and part of 221. On 221^ is a note : Henricus Spelma est huius libri verus possessor 1576. With book-plate of the Dogmersfield Library. [530
WESTMINSTER 309
WYNKYN DE WORDE
In the letters of denization granted to him in 1496 Wynkyn de Worde is cited as coming from the duchy of Lorraine, and there can thus be no doubt that he was born at Worth in Elsass. As early as 1480 he was already in England and married, and very probably he was already in Caxton's service when the latter began printing at Westminster at Michaelmas, 1476. After his master's death in 1 49 1, de Worde took over the business, completed a few books, probably already arranged for, and in 1493 procured some new type and began a new career of great activity. By the end of 1500, when he moved from Westminster to Fleet Street, he had printed at least one hundred and five books on his own account, and during the next thirty-four years and a month he produced upwards of seven hundred others still traceable, or at the rate of twenty a year. Among these, however, are numerous small quartos ; for large books, not already proved saleable by Caxton's experiments, he showed little enterprise. He was thus not only, like his master, a popular printer, but a popular printer of a lower class. One book from his press bears the date 1535, but as his will was proved 19 January in that year, he must have died late in 1534, or very shortly after the New Year.
LYNDEWOOD, William. Constitutiones prouinciales ecclesiae Angli- canae. 31 May, 1496.
i». Title: COnstituciones prouin||ciales ecclesie anglicae || per. do. wiihelmu
Lyndewollde vtriuscg iuris doctorem || edite. Incipiunt feoliciter. [Woodcut] i68».
Colophon : Opus Presens Fabricatum 1| est. Et diligenter correctum |1 Per wynandum
de worde. || Apud westmonasteriu. In do||mo caxston. Anno Incarna||cionis Millesimo
quadringe||tesimo nonagesimo sexto. |l Vltima die May acabatucB- |l Gloria deo. I68^
[Device.]
Octavo, a-x*. 168 leaves, ao lines and head-line. 95 (105) x 60 mm. Types 2, 5
(Gothic 95, 116 mm.). Proctor 9701.
With a woodcut of a Bishop (Lyndewood, who died in 1446, was Bishop of St. Davids) on the title and de Worde's first device on 160^ and 168^. The title in this copy is quite differently set up from that of the Morgan Catalogue No. 733. This is apparently the earlier setting.
128 X 84 mm. Bound by Alfred Mathews. [531
OXFORD
THEODORICUS ROOD
(First printer ?)
The first three books printed at Oxford were the Expositio in symbolum apostolorum, attributed to S. Jerome, with the date M.cccc.lxviij (one of the frequent cases of an omitted x), and the De originali peccato of Aegidius de
^
3IO ENGLAND
Columna and Aretino's translation of Aristotle's Ethics, both of 1479. After an interval of two years, and in a different type, an edition of the commentary of Alexander de Hales Super primum librum ae anima was completed, 1 1 October, 1 48 1, 'per me Theodericum rood de Colonia in alma vniuersitate Oxoii.' That this Theodoric Rood (not to be confused with another Cologne Theodoric, whose surname is now known to have been Molner) also printed the first three Oxford books is made probable by the obvious Cologne origin of their type, but cannot be regarded as certain. Rood's name is only found again in an edition of the spurious letters of Phalaris, which bears a date intended for 1485, and mentions as his partner an Oxford stationer, Thomas Hunte. The last book of the firm was its only English one, an edition of Mirk's Festial, completed 19 March, i486 (probably 1486-87), but it had published Latin works by at least five Englishmen, Alexander de Hales, John Lathbury, John Anwykyll, Richard Rolle of Hampole, and William Lyndewood.
LATHBURY, John. Liber moralium super threnis leremiae.
31 July, 1482.
2'. [I]N no|lmil|ne || pa||tris et filii et || spiritus san*||cti Amen. a;!*". Colophon: Explicit exposicio ac moralisacio || tercij capituli trenoru Iheremie pro||phete. Anno dni M. cccc. Ixxxij. vlti#l|ma die mensis lulij. 373*. (table) : [A] Est prima || littera . . . 29 1 ^ Explicit tabula sup opus trenoru || compilatu per lohannem Lattebu||rij ordinis minorum.
Folio, a-z A-I kk L M* N O^ 29a leaves, the first and last blank. 2 columns. 40 lines and head-line. 200 (208) x 125 mm. Types 2, 3 (Gothic 200, 100 mm.). Madan 7. Proctor 9749.
On 2* in this, as in most, but not all, other copies, is a fine woodcut border of flowers and birds, also used in some copies of the Alexander de Hales, unfortu- nately never found intact. This is one of the copies of the Lathbury which have the earlier reading on sig. kk 7 verso : ' Et sic est finis huius opis mora||liu super capitulum Pm trenoru,' where for the improperly used contraction ' ^m ' there was afterwards substituted 'secudu'. John Lathbury was an English Franciscan of the beginning of the 15th century.
288 X 208 mm. An exceptionally broad copy, with the border intact at the outer edge, though cut into, as usual, at the top and bottom. [532
LONDON
The first printer in the City of London was John Lettou, who began to print in 1480, and took Willelmus de Machlinia as a partner about 1482. Mach- linia subsequently printed for some years by himself, and his stock, or part of it, then passed into the hands of Richard Pynson, whose earliest place of business was just outside Temple Bar. Towards the end of 1 500, in consequence probably of anti-alien riots, Pynson removed within the City gates. Julyan Notary, who had been living at Westminster, came close up to Temple Bar, possibly to Pynson's old house, and de Worde gave up Caxton's house in the precincts of Westminster Abbey and moved into Fleet Street.
LONDON 3"'
LETTOU AND MACHLINIA
{Continuation of the First Press)
After printing an indulgence and the commentary of Antonius Andreae on Aristotle's Metaphysics by himself in 1480, and Thomas Wallensis Super Psal- terium in 1481 (both books at the expense of William Wilcock), John Lettou (i, e. of Lithuania) took as a partner Willelmus de Machlinia (Guillaume de Malines ?) and while working together they printed five legal books at a house near the church of All Saints. After Lettou 's death or retirement Machlinia printed eight books in a new place of business near Fleet Bridge, and then fourteen more in Holborn. The latest date connected with Machlinia is that of the signature, 27 March, i486, of the Bull of Innocent VIII, confirming the marriage of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, but he may have been at work for some years after this.
ABBREVIAMENTUM. Abbreuiamentum statutorum. [1483.]
I*. Incipit Tabula h' libri ||| [A]biuracion . . . Io8^ par. a : . . . mes||me la ley soit sil so* vtlage de tns vt s il fauer sez bns en lez auFs ca||ses to. In nouis ordinac6ib3 A* V E ii t puis e fpell Anno .xv. de m |1 le Roy.
Folio. [**]A-N*. 108 leaves. 10'': 40 lines. 203x124 mm. Types i, 2 (Gothic 1 1 a, 140 mm.). Proctor 9760.
228 X 206 mm. Rubricated. On 108^ is an inscription : Wittms Darne possidit hunc libru. [533
RICHARD PYNSON
Richard Pynson was born in Normandy, and probably learnt his craft from Guillaume Le Talleur of Rouen, who printed two legal books for him in the early 'nineties. His concern with lawbooks and his use of a Machlinia border, and also of fragments of Machlinia's books to line his bindings, suggest that he bought Machlinia's business. His own first dated book is an edition of the Doctrinale of Alexander Gallus, completed 13 November, 1492, but before this he must have issued his edition of the Canterbury Tales and several other books. Some time before July, 1493, he entered into a contract with a merchant named John Rush, as a result of which Rush bore half the cost of several of his early books. After printing over eighty books in the parish of S. Clement's, just outside Temple Bar, Pynson removed to the Sign of the George, next S. Dunstan's church, at the corner of Chancery Lane and Fleet Street. In 1508 he was appointed printer to the king, and held this office till his death early in 1530, when he was succeeded by Thomas Berthelet, with whom he may have had some kind of partnership, or working agreement, since 1519. Including his incunabula, Pynson printed altogether upwards of four hundred books and documents still extant, and both as a printer and a publisher he did far better work than Wynkyn de Worde. Perhaps for this reason his business was much less profitable, as is shown by the fact that in 1524 he was rated at ;^6o and de Worde at ;^20i i is.
312 ENGLAND
PARKER, Henry. Dives and Pauper, 5 July, 1493.
a*, (table) : RIche and pore haue like cumynge into this worlde. t lyke || outgoyng / but their h'uyng in this worlde is vnlike. what || shulde confort a pore man ayenst grutchyng / and what wycked«||n esses folowe louers of richesses . . . a43^ COLOPHON : Here endith a compendiouse tree||tise dyalogue. of Diues x paup. || that is to say. the riche i the pore H fructuously tretyng upon the x. || comaudmentes / fynisshed the v. || day of luyl. the yere of oure lord || god. MCCCC.lxxxxiii. Em||prentyd by me Richarde Pynson || at the temple barre. of london. || Deo gracias. a44^ [Device.]
Folio, a b* ; a-v A-P. 244 leaves, i and 13 blank. 2 columns. 14" : 37 lines and head-lines, an (226) x 143 mm. Type 3 (Gothic 114 mm.). Proctor 978a.
The table, which occupies leaves 2-12, is in long lines. Until the discovery of the ' Doctrinale ' of November, 1492, this was regarded as the earliest dated book from Pynson s press. It would now appear to be the book with which his dealings began with John Rush. From the schedule attached to the complaint lodged by Pynson against Rush's executor it appears that six hundred copies of this Dives and Pauper were printed, and that three hundred of these were sold, ready bound, to Rush at four shillings each, equivalent to about /^2 of modern money. According to Mr. Duff about twenty copies survive, almost all of them imperfect, the one perfect copy specified being at the Seminary at Oscott.
291 X 204 mm. Wanting the blank leaves, also 225, 226, 231, 232, these last supplied in facsimile. Leaves b i and h i have changed places. Bound by F. Bedford. [534
CHRONICLES. Chronicles of England. 1510.
[170*. Colophon: Here endeth this present Cronycle of |1 Englonde with the fruyte of tymes / c6«||pyled in a boke / * also enprynted by one || some tyme scole mayster of saint Albons || vpon whose soule god haue mercy, amen || C And newly in the yere of oure lorde || god .M. CCCCC. x. enprynted in flete || strete at the sygne of the Gorge by Ry<;||charde Pynson Prynter vnto y kynges 1| noble grace]
Folio. Aa* ; a-z t aa bb" cc^ 170 leaves. 2 columns. 47 lines and head-line. 220 (230) X 146 mm. Type: Gothic 97. Lombard ic capitals.
With a few rude column cuts.
255 X 184 mm. Wanting all Aa and a, bb6, and all cc. The identification of the fragment with Pynson's edition of 15 10 is not certain. [535
WYNKYN DE WORDE
{From Westminsier) CHRONICLES. The Chronicles of England. 1515-
[i». Title : The Cronycles of Englonde / With the dedes of popes and em^Hperours / and also the descripcyon of Englonde. i69». CoLOPHON : C Here endeth this presente Cronycle of || Englonde with the fruyte of tymes / com||pyled in a boke / and also enpryted by one |1 somtyme scole mayster of saynt Albons / |1 vpon whose soule god haue
LONDON 3*a
mercy. Amen || C And newly enprynted in Flete strete at || the sygne of the sonne / by me Wynkyn de || worde. In the yere of our lorde god. M. || CCCCC. and xv. 169''. Device.]- Folio. Aa a-z t ? aa^ bb*. 170 leaves, 8-169 numbered ii-C.lxiii., the last blank. 2 columns. 44 lines and head-line. 207 (215) X 148 mm. Types: Gothic 94 mm. and larger type (130 mm. ?) in head-lines.
With a large heraldic woodcut beneath the title and some miscellaneous column-cuts in the text.
225 X 170 mm. Wanting sig. Aa i (title), 1 i, 1 6, 1 1, v 6, bb 4-6. [536
CAPGRAVE, John, Noua legenda Angliae. 27 February, 1516.
fi'. Woodcut, repeated on i*.] a*. Prologus || SAncti patres qui priscis fu||ere teponb'... 5'. coL i, 1. 3: . . . Et quia maior pars sanctorum || in hac presenti legenda ia nouiter impres||sa contentorum fuerut de ista patria que || nunc anglia vocatur: aut cum vocabatur || britannia vel post^ nome anglie sortita || est in ea nati vel conuersati. Et quia simiyiiter predicte terre hibernie / scotie / et wal||lie: de iure subici debet t obedientes esse |1 tenentur huic regno anglie. Presens vo||lumen istud (vt videtur) non incongrue || vocari potest (Noua legenda anglie). ||| Tabula. 7*. (head-line over text) : De sancto Adriano abbate et confessore. 340^ CoLOPHON: Explicit (Noua legeda anglie). Impres«l|sa lodonias: I domo Winadi de Worde: c5||moratis ad signu solis: in vico nucupato II (the flete strete). Anno dni .M. CCCCC || xvi. xxvij. die Februarij. C Itacj omnes || hystorie hie collecte : merito dicutur none : |1 quia licet quedam de istis etia reperiutur || apud plures: no tame ita emedate t corre||cte sicut in hoc volumen con- tinentur. 341'. Woodcut. 341''. Device.
Folio. H^ ; A-X a-z t aa-11'. 343 leaves, the last blank. 2 columns. 44 lines and head-line. 208 (214) x 147 mm. Types: Gothic 95 and i3o(.?)mm. Woodcut and cribles capitals.
With a woodcut of the Trinity and the saints, used on i», i^, and 341*, and another of the royal arms and Tudor badges, used on 6''.
270 X 194 mm. The first leaf is in facsimile. [537
WHITTINTON, Robert. Synonyma. [About 1520?]
i». C Roberti Whittintoni lichfeldiensis gra«||matices magistri t prothouatis Anglie in II florentissima oxoniensi academia laureati |1 lucubrationes . . . 26'. COLOPHON : C Expliciunt Synonima London, per wynandum || de worde impressa. 26''. Device.
Quarto. A' B* C* D^. 26 leaves. Equivalent of 57 lines of smallest type to a page. 154x92 mm. Types: Gothic no, 95, 53 mm.
The synonyms are arranged in the alphabetical order of their English equivalents, the alphabetization as usual not being carried beyond the first letter.
182 X 120 mm. [538
WHITTINTON, Robert. Opusculum affabre. [About 1520?]
i». Title : Whittintoni editio secunda. ||| C Opusculum affabre recognitum et ad vnguem eli#||matum. 1| C De noTm generibus. || De verborum preteritis et supinis. C De formatione preteritoru et supinoru verbo||rum passiuoru / deponentiu / t communiu. || C De verbis defectiuis. C De verbis que in prima psona sunt cQfusa. || De iis que con- fusum habent preteritu. || De verbis sincopa admittentibus. || De crementis verborum % raedie sillabe quanti||tate in omnibus verbis. || [Device.] I6^ CoLOPHON : C Finit
R r
^
314 ENGLAND
Opusculu Affabre. Impressum London. || p wynandu de worde / in vico vulgariter nucu- pato II (the Fletestrete) ad signu Solis aurei comorante.
Quarto. A* B C*. 16 leaves. 6»: ao lines of text interlineated with smaller type, with head-line and marginalia. 148 (153) x 88 (105) mm. Types: Gothic 95 and 5$ mm.
Some of the interlineations and marginalia are English glosses, e. g. Tridens is explained as having three teeth, Anglice, ' a muk forke, or a flesshe hoke ' ; bidens, on the other hand, answers to ' a pyck forke or mattok '.
180 X 130 mm. [530
HYLTON, Walter. Scala perfectionis. 31 March, 1525.
[i*. Title : Scala perfectionis. I^ C Here after foloweth the chapytres of this present vojllume of Walter Hylton / named in latyn (Scala perfe«||ctionis) englysshed / the ladder of perfeccyon / whiche voljlume is deuyded in two partyes . . .] I56^ COLO- PHON : C Enprynted at London in Fletestrete by Wynkyn de 1| worde dwellynge at the sygne of the Sonne / and fynys<;||shed in the yere of our lorde god. M. CCCCC. and .xxv. || The last daye of Marche. [Device.]
Quarto, a-v®'* x* y* z t* ?®. 156 leaves. 33 lines and head-line. 155 (160) x 98 mm. Type : Gothic 95.
The title-cut represents Christ holding his cross, a spear on either side, one of them with a sponge. On the left kneels a religious, from whose hand comes a label inscribed ' Dtie peto miam et non indicium ', answered on another label from the hand of Christ, ' Fili fuge vince . . . tace quiesce.' At the foot of the cut are the lines (woodcut), ' The greatest comfort in al temptacyon. Is the remebraunce of crystes passyon.' To the right and left of the woodcut are ornamental ledges.
185 X 127 mm. The first leaf in facsimile. [540
DENMARK
Only two cities in Denmark received the art of printing during the 15th century, Odensee and Copenhagen. At Odensee in 1482 Johann Snell printed a single book, Caoursin's De obsidione et bello Rhodiano, and then went on to Stockholm. At Copenhagen at least five incunabula were printed by Govaert van Ghemen in the 'nineties.
COPENHAGEN
GOVAERT VAN GHEMEN
{First printer)
Before arriving at Copenhagen Govaert van Ghemen had printed half a dozen books at Gouda (1486-89 ?) and one at Leiden. He is said to have issued a Donatus at Copenhagen as early as March, 1490. Two other grammatical works from his press are dated in June and July, 1493, ^ Danske Rijm-Kronicke was issued in 1495, and an edition of the Summa de poeni- tentia of Innocent IV in 1497. ^an Ghemen continued at work until 15 10.
SKONSKA LOGH. 1505.
I*. Title : € Haer begynnes skonskae logh paa rseth || danskas och asr skifft i. xvij. higher oc hwer || bc^h haffuer sith register, oc aer mael offuer || seeth och raettelighe corrigeret. [Woodcut of a Danish king.] ICl^ 1. 13. End: Danmarck oc Swarighe. at tc. Finis || [Armorial woodcut.] COLOPHON : C Tryckt i k^psenhaflfn Anno diii M. d. v. || Hoss gotfrid aff geme In pfesto sci Nicolai.
Quarto. A-R«. loa leaves, the last blank. a8 lines. 14a x 83 mm. Type : Gothic loi mm.
The woodcut on the title is the same as that on the Danske Rijm-Kronicke of 1495. On the back of the title-page is a small and rude cut of Christ in Judgement.
199 X 140 mm. Rubricated. On the title-page is the signature ' Stephanus Johannis Stephanius', a Danish historian who died in 1650. [541
R r 2
PORTUGAL
The majority of the few Portuguese incunabula are in Hebrew. At Faro a Pentateuch was printed for Don Samuel Gacon in June, 1487. At Lisbon seven Hebrew books were printed by Rabbi Eliezer (1489-92) and as many in Latin and Portuguese by Valentin ' Fernandez ' of Mahren and Nicolaus of Saxony, alone or in partnership. At Leiria Abraham Dortas printed three Hebrew books (1492-95), and the following year, if the colophon speaks the truth, the Almanach described below. At Braga a German, Johann Gerling, who afterwards worked at Monterey and Barcelona, printed a Braga Breviary in December, 1494. This gives a total of twenty incunabula, of which eleven are Hebrew.
LEIRIA
ABRAHAM DORTAS
{Only printer)
An edition of the Proverbs of Solomon was completed by Abraham Dortas at Leiria, 25 June, 1492, and two other Hebrew books in 1494 and June, 1495. The Perpetual Almanach of Abraham Zacuthus, described below, is entirely Venetian in appearance, and its claim to have been printed at Leiria has been denied. But if Venetian type and a Venetian compositor were hired for the purpose, it does not seem more impossible that a book with Venetian charac- teristics should be printed at Leiria than that books with Cologne characteristics should be printed at Oxford.
ZACUTHUS, Abraham. Almanach perpetuum. February, 1496.
[i". Almanach ppetuuj celestiuj motuuj || astronomi zacuti. Cui^ Radix est || 1473] I3». Altnenach ppetuum cuyus 1| Radix e anu 1473 copoHsituj ab excelentisimo magi#||stro in astronomia nomine || bocator zecutus. 158'. Colophon : Explciut table tablaij astronomice Raby abraham zacuti || astronomi serenisimi Regis emanuel Rex portugalie et cet II cu canonib' traductis alinga ebrayca in latinu p magistru || loseph vizinu discipulu ei' actoris opera et arte viri soler||tis magistri ortas curacj sua no mediocrj inpresione c6ple||te existut felicib' astris ano apma reij etherealiL circuitione || 1496 sole existete in ^5 g 53 "* 35 * pisciuj sub celo leyree.
Quarto, a b^ [c^^ d-h* i* k-t* v x".] 168 leaves. 3': 32 lines. 149 x98 mm. Type 5 (Gothic 93 mm.). Haebler 720.
PORTUGAL 317
Dr. Haebler mentions, as an argument against this book having been printed at Leiria, the existence in the Biblioteca Prov. of Evora of another edition (30 lines to a page) with the same colophon, and also of an edition of the Elegantiae of Augustinus Dathus in the same type. He urges that the occurrence of the present colophon in a different edition proves that it is not a printer's colophon (que no es suscripci6n del impresor). But it certainly reads as if it were meant for a printer's colophon, and examples of reprinted colophons are fairly common. The worst that can be said on this score is that the last words can be interpreted either as asserting that the printing of the book was completed at Leiria when the Sun was in the position named, or that it was completed (at a place unspecified) when the Sun was in this position at Leiria. Against this ambiguity must be set the facts that Dortas had been printing for some years at Leiria, and that the book, therefore, were it not for its Venetian appearance, would naturally be assigned to his press. It is also note- worthy that copies of this and of the other edition, and also of the Dathus, should all be found at Evora.
I Sox 128 mm. Bought at the Manzoni sale, with the exlibris and stamp of J.osephus Martinus Lucengis. Original stamped binding. Ropework and other Oriental patterns. [542
INDEXES
(All references are to the mimbered entries^
I. COUNTRIES
Austria-Hungary, 504-511. Belgium, 487-503- Denmark, 541. England, 530-540. France, 426-461. Germany, 1-201.
Holland, 462-486. Italy, 202-410. Portugal, 542. Spain, 512-529. Switzerland, 41 1-425.
II. TOWNS
{An asterisk denotes that the town is represented by one or more books from its first press. At the two toivns marked f printing probably began after 1500.)
♦Abbeville, 454 sq. *Alost, 487. ♦Angers, 450. ♦Antwerp, 499-501. ♦Aquila, 393-395- ♦Audenarde, 498. ♦Augsburg, 85-104. ♦Avignon, 460.
Barcelona, 518. ♦Basel, 411-419. ♦Besan9on, 455 sq. ♦Blaubeuren, 139. ♦Bologna, 318-322. ♦Brescia, 354-358- ♦Breslau, 138. ♦Briinn, 510. ♦Brussels, 494-497, ♦Burgdorf, 422 sq. ♦Burgos, 522 sq. ♦Cagli, 374.
♦Casale di San Vaso, 390. ♦Chivasso, 403. ♦Cividale, 389. ♦Colle, 383. ♦Cologne, 37-84.
Como, 367. ♦Copenhagen, 541.
Cremona, 348-351. ♦Delft, 468. ♦Deventer, 471-473, ♦Dijon, 458. ♦Eichstatt, 167.
Erfurt, 1 6a sq. ♦Esslingen, 120-125. ♦Fano, 406. ♦Ferrara, 289 sq.
Florence, 304-309. ♦Foligno, 288.
Forli, 405. ♦Freiburg im Breisgau, 181-184.
Geneva, 424. ♦? Genoa, 366. ♦Ghent, 502 sq. ♦Gouda, 469 sq. ♦Granada, 526.
[Grenoble J 457. laarlem, 481 sq. ♦Hagenau, 176-178. ♦Heidelberg, 168-171. ♦'s Hertogenbosch, 483.
^
3«>
♦Ingolstadt, 173. ♦Jesi, ss6.
Kirchheim, 179 sq. ♦Kuilenburg, 479. tLandshut, 191. ♦Lauingen, 13a. ♦Leiden, 480. ♦Leipzig, 157-160. ♦Leiria, 54a. ♦London, 533-540. ♦Louvain, 488-493. ♦Liibeck, 134-137. ♦Lucca, 380, ♦Luneburg, 185. *Lyon, 445-448-
Magdeburg, 146. ♦Mainz, 1-18.
Mantua, 344-346. ♦Marienthal, 133. ♦Memmingen, 147-150. ♦Messina, 381 sq. ♦Metz, 164-166. ♦Milan, 291-303. ♦Modena, 368-370. ♦Mondovi, 343. ♦Montserrat, 527.
Munich, 161. ♦Munster (Switzerland), 420 sq. ♦Miinster (Westphalia), 17a. ♦Murcia, 524. ♦Naples, 323-328. ♦Nijmegen, 474. ♦Novi, 400. ♦Nuremberg, 105-115. ♦Offenburg, 186.
Olmiitz, 511. ♦fOppenheim, 192-194. ♦Oxford, 53a. ♦Padua, 330-335. ♦Pampelona, 525. ♦Paris, 426-443. ♦Parma, 337-342- ♦Passau, 152-155.
Pavia, 359 sq. ♦Perpignan, 461.
Perugia, 375 sq. ♦Pescia, 401 sq.
INDEX II
♦Pforzheim, 189. ♦Piacenza, 377 sq. *Pinerolo, 385.
Pisa, 391 sq. ♦Pogliano, 379. ♦Poitiers, 451-453-
Prag, 504. ♦Reggio d' Emilia, 386-388. ♦? Reutlingen, 142-145. ♦Rome, 204-229. ♦Rostock, 140. ♦Rougemont, 425.
Salamanca, 519. ♦Santorso, 352 sq.
Saragossa, 514. ♦Savigliano, 329. ♦Scandiano, 404. ♦Schoonhoven, 484-486. ♦Schussenried, 141. ♦Seville, 515-517- ♦Siena, 396-398. ♦Soncino, 399.
Speier, 116-119. ♦Stendal, 175. ♦Strassburg, 19-36. ♦Subiaco, 20a sq. ♦Tarragona, 521. ♦Toscolano, 384.
Toulouse, 449. ♦Treviso, 310-317. ♦Trier, 156. ♦Tubingen, 187 sq.
♦Turin, 371-373- ♦Ulm, 126-131. ♦Urach, 151. ♦Utrecht, 463-467. ? Valence, 459. ♦Valencia, 51a sq. ♦Venice, 230-287. Verona, 347. ♦Vicenza, 361-365. ♦Vienna, 505-508. ♦Westminster, 530 sq. ♦Winterberg, 509. PWurzburg, 196-198. ♦Zamora, 520. ♦Zwolle, 475-478.
III. PRINTERS
(An asterisk denotes that the printer was the first in a town.)
♦Achates, Leonardus, 361.
Agnolo of Florence, see Lorenzo. *Alakraw, Johannes, 509. ♦Aiding, Heinrich, 381.
Amerbach, Johann of, 415-417. ♦Anshelm, Thomas, 1 89 sq.
Aurl, Leonhard, 242.
Ayrer, Marcus, see Heydericus. ♦Azzoguidi, Baldassare, 318-320.
Baemler, Johann, 9a sq.
Baumgarten, Conrad, 511.
Bel, Johannes de, 80. ♦Bellaert, Jacop, 481 sq. ♦Bellfortis, Andreas, 289 sq.
Benaliis, Bemardinus de, 275.
Benedictis, Franciscus de, 321.
Benedictis, Nicolaus de, see Suisfus.
Bergamo, Bemardinus of, see Fano, Ro- bertus of.
Bertochus, Dionysius, 363 sq.
Beyamus, Christophorus, see Glim, Hans. *Biel, Friedrich, 522 sq.
Blavis, Thomas de, 274.
Boninis, Boninus de, 356 sq. ♦Bouyer, Jean, 451 sq. ♦Brandiss, Lucas, 134 sq. ♦Brandiss, Marcus, 157.
Brandiss, Matthaeus, 136 sq.
Brandiss, Moritz, 160.
Britannicus, Jacobus and Angelus, 358. ♦Brocar, Arnao Guillen de, 525.
Brothers of the Common Life.
* at Brussels, 494-497.
* at Marienthal, 133.
* at Rostock, 140.
♦Brothers of S. Michael, Schoonhoven, 484-
486. ♦Bruschus, Laurentius and Bartholomaeus, 386.
Buonaccorsi, Francesco, 309. ♦Burster, Johann, 368.
Butzbach, Paulus de, 344 sq.
Caillaut, Antoine, 439. ♦Canepa, Gulielmus de, 390.
Canozius, Laurentius, 333.
Cantono, Ayolfo de, 328.
Capcasa, Mattheo, 276.
Carcanus, Antonius, 359, ♦Cassis, Johannes, 505 sq. ♦Caxton, William, 530,
Celerius, Bemardinus, 317. ♦Cennis, Franciscus and Laurentius de, 401. ♦Centenera, Antonio de, 520.
Chardella, Simon, see Han. ♦Cividale, Barth. of, 380. ♦Colini, Johann, and Gerardus de Noua Ciuitate, 164.
Cologne, Berahard of, 315 sq.
Cologne, Heinrich of, 398.
Cologne, Johann of, and Johann Manthen, 247-249. ♦Comitibus, Federicus de, 336.
Corallus, Stephanus, 341. ♦Corderius, Balthasar, and Ant. Matthiae,
343- ♦Cordoba, Alfonso Fernandez de, 512 sq.
Creussner, Friedrich, 111-113.
Darlerius, Carolus, 349 sq.
Dinckmut, Conrad, 131.
Domenico, Luca di, 267. ♦Dortas, Abraham, 542,
Drach, Peter, 117 sq.
Eggestein, Heinrich, 22-25. ♦Elyan, Caspar, 138.
Emerich, Johann, 281. ♦Fabri, Jean, 371 sq. ♦Fano, Robertus of, and Bemardinus of
Bergamo, 374. ♦Feliciano, Felix, and Innocens Ziletus, 379.
Ferrandus, Thomas, 355. ♦Ferratis, Johannes Petrus de, 377. ♦Fischer, Kilian, 181-183.
Fossato, Baldassare de, 367.
Freiburger, Michael, see Gering.
Friedberg, Peter von, 13-17.
Frisner, Andreas, see Sensenschmidt.
Froben, Johann, 419.
Froschauer, Johann, 102.
Furter, Michael, 418,
Fyner, Conrad.
♦ at Esslingen, 120-125.
* at Urach, 151.
S S
^
32a
INDEX III
G. 1. or G. t. (Utrecht), 467. Gentis, Gregorius de, 39a. *G^rard, Pierre, 454. Gering, Ulrich.
* with Freiburger and Kranz, 426-428. alone, 429-432.
with Rembolt, 433-437. *Gerson ben Moses of Soncino, 406. *Ghemen, Govaert van, 541. *Girardengus, Nicolaus, 400. *Glim, Hans, and Christoph. Beyamus, 329. *Goes, Mathias, 499-501.
Gotz, Nikolaus, 69-71. *Gran, Heinrich, 176-178.
Grassis, Gabriel de, 360.
Gregoriis, Joh. and Greg, de, 268-270.
GrUninger, Johann (Reinhard), 300.
Guldenschaff, Johann, 72 sq. *Gutenberg, Johann, i sq. ♦Haarlem, Hendrik of, 396 sq.
Han, Ulrich, and Simon Chardella, 313 sq.
Hassia, Johannes de, 314.
Hectoris, Benedictus, 323.
Herbort, Johann, 271.
? Heydericus and Marcus Ayrer, 1 63. ♦Heynrici, Heynricus, 480.
Heyny, Christmann, loi.
Hist, Johann and Conrad, 119.
Hochfeder, Caspar, 165 sq.
Holle, Leonhard, 130.
Hopyl, Wolfgang (publisher), 441.
Hurus, Johann, 514.
Husner, Georg, 29.
Huss, Mathieu, 447.
Jenson, Nicolas, 235-238. ♦Joshua Solomon, 399.
Kachelofen, Conrad, 158 sq.
Kallierges, Zacharias, 284.
Kefer, Heinrich, see Sensenschmidt. ♦Ketelaer, Nicolaus, and Gerardus Leempt, 463 sq.
Keysere, A rend de.
* at Audenarde, 498.
* at Ghent, 502 sq. Knoblochtzer, Heinrich.
at Heidelberg, 170 sq. at Strassburg, 30. *Kdbel, Jacob, 192-194. Koberger, Anton, 109 sq. Koelhoff, Johann, 59-61. Koelhoff, Johann, the younger, 82. Kranz, Martin, see Gering. Kromberger, Jacob, 517. *Kunne, Albrecht, 147-150.
Landen, Johann, 83. *La Roca, Lope de, 524. *La Tour, Jean de, 450.
Lauer, Georg, 218 sq.
Laurentii, Nicolaus, 305.
Lavagna, Philippus de, 296-298.
Leempt, Gerard.
* at 's Hertogenbosch, 483. at Utrecht, see Ketelaer.
*Leeu, Gerard, 469 sq. Le Rouge, Jacques.
* at Pinerolo, 385. at Venice, 243 sq.
*Le Roy, Guillaume, 445.
*Lettou, Johann, and W. de Machlinia,
533- Liechtenstein, Hermann, 362. Liechtenstein, Petrus, 283. Lignamine, Joannes Philippi de, 215-217. *Limburg, Johann, 17a. Lisa, Gerardus.
* at Cividale, 389.
* at Treviso, 310-313. Lissona, Albertinus de, 286. Locatellus, Bonetus, 277. Longo, Giovanni Leonardo, 365. Lorenzo and Agnolo of Florence, 391.
*Louffen, Helias de, 420 sq. *Luce, Johannes, 185. ♦Luschner, Johann, 527.
Machlinia, Willelmus de, see Lettou. *Mancz, Conrad, 139.
Mantegatiis, Philippus de, 303.
Manutius, Aldus, 282.
Marnef, Enguilbert de, 453.
Martens, Thierry.
* at Alost, 487. at Louvain, 493.
Martineau, Louis, 438. Matthiae, Antonius, see Corderius. Maufer, Pierre, at Padua, SS5- at Verona, 347. *Mayr, Benedict, 152-154. Mazalibus, Franciscus de, 387 sq. *Medenblik, Jan van, 383.
Medesanus, Hieronymus, 405. *Meer, Jacob Jacobszoen van der, and
Maurice Yemantszoen, 468. ♦Mentelin, Johann, 19-31. Metlinger, Peter.
* at Besan9on, 455 sq.
* at Dijon, 458. Meydenbach, Jacob, li sq.
PRINTERS
393
Miscomini, Antonio.
at Florence, 306-308.
at Modena, 369. Misintis, Bernardinus de, and Caesar Par-
mensis, 348. ♦Monasterium Sortense, 141. Moravus, Matthaeus.
* ? at Genoa, ^66.
at Naples, 326 sq. ♦Neumeister, Johann, and Emilianus de
Orsinis, 288. Noua Ciuitate, Gerardus de, see Colini,
Johann. Oliveriis, Deiphobus de, 342. Ortuin, Gaspard, 448. *0s, Pieter van, 475-478.
Otmar, Johann. *? at Reutlingen, 142-145.
* at Tubingen, 187 sq. Pachel,Leoa,andUlrichSc!nzenzeler,30i. Paderborn, Johann of, 489-492.
♦Pafraet, Richardus, 471-473.
Paltasichis, Andreas de, 264.
Pannartz, Arnold, see Sweynheym. alone, 211 sq.
Parix, Johann, 449.
Parmensis, Caesar, see Misintis. *Pasquale, Peregrino, 404.
Pegnitzer, Johann, see Ungut.
Petit, Jean (publisher), 442 sq.
Petri, Johannes, 155.
Philippi, Nicol., and Marc. Reinhard, 446.
Pietro, Filippo di, 245 sq. ♦Pietro, Gabriele di, 384.
Plannck, Stephan, 223-225.
Polonus, Stanislaus, see Ungut.
Ponte, Gothardus de, 303. ♦Portilia, Andreas de, 337-340.
Preunlein, Matthaeus, see Stahel. ♦Printer for Pietro Villa, 354. for Pichat and Bertolet, 457.
Printers quoted by the name of a book, of Albertus Magnus de Virtutibus, 58. of Aristeas, 162.
* of Augustinus de Consensu Euange-
Hstarum, 132. of the Bohemian Bible of 1488, 504.
* of Caracciolus' Quadragesimale, 186. of Celtes' Epitoma, 174.
of Dares, 56.
* of Engelbertus Cultificis, 474. of Flores Sancti Augustini, 57. of the Gesta Christi, 116.
of the Gesta Romanorum, 465.
Printers quoted by the name of a book, of Henricus Ariminensis, 27 sq. of Hundorn, 163.
* of Jacobus de Clusa, 422 sq.
* of Lescherius, 173.
* of Lindelbach, i68sq.
* of Lucian, 460.
of Philelphus, 222.
of S. Brandons Leben, 179 sq.
* ? of the Speculum, 462.
* of the Speculum manuale, 156. Priiss, Johann, 31-36.
♦Puerto, Alonso del, and Bart. Segura, 515. Pynson, Richard, 534 sq. Quentell, Heinrich, 74-78. Ratdolt, Erhard.
at Augsburg, 103 sq.
at Venice, 250-263. Ravenstein, Albert, and Joachim Westphal,
146. Reinhard, Johann, see Griininger. Reinhard, Marcus, see Philippi. Rembolt, Berchtold, see Gering. Renchen, Ludwig von, 81, 199. Renner, Franz, 239-241. Reno, Giovanni del.
* at Santorso, 352 sq. at Vicenza, 363.
♦Reyser, Georg, 196-198?. ♦Reyser, Michael, 167.
Richel, Bernhard, 414.
Riedrer, Friedrich, 184. ♦Riessinger, Sixtus, 323-325.
Ripoli Press, 304.
Roce, Denis (publisher), 444.
Rocociola, Dominicus, 369 sq. *?Rood, Theodoricus, 532.
Rosenbach, Johann. at Barcelona, 518.
* at Perpignan, 461. ♦Rottweil, Adam of, 393-395.
Rubeus, Johannes, 278 sq. ♦Ruppel, Berthold, 411-413. Rusch, Adolf, 26. Sanctis, Hieronymus de, 280. Schall, Johann, 346. Schobsser, Johann, 161. Schoeffer, Johann, 18. Schoeffer, Peter, 3-10. Schoensperger, Johann, 98-100. Schomberger, Wilhelm, 382. Schurener, Johann, 220 sq. Schussler, Johann, 90 sq. Scinzenzeler, Ulrich, see Pachel.
S S 2
")
3H
INDEX III
Segura, Bartolom^, see Puerto. Sensenschmidt, Johann.
* with Heinrich Kefer, 105-108. with Andreas Frisner, 1 14.
Septem Arboribus, Martinus de, see Val- dezoccho.
Sessa, Giovanni Battista de, 385.
Silber, Eucharius, 226 sq.
Silber, Marcellus, 229.
Siliprandus, Dominicus, 265.
Solidi, Johann, 56-58,
Soncino, Hieronymus de, see Gerson ben Moses.
Sorg, Anton, 96 sq. *Speier, Johann and WendeHn of, 230-234. *Spindeler, Nicolaus, 521. *Stahel, Conrad, and Matt. Preunlein, 510.
Stendhal, Albertus de, 334.
Suigus, Jacobinus.
* at Chivasso, 403.
with Nic. de Benedictis. at Turin, 373.
* ? at Valence or Lyon, 459. Sweynheym.Conrad.and Arnold Pannartz.
* at Rome, 204-210.
* at Subiaco, 202 sq.
Ther Hoemen, Arnold, 51-55.
Torresanus, Andreas, 272 sq.
Turre, Petrus de, 228.
Tyela, Jacobus de, 378.
Ulrich and Afra, Monastery of, 94 sq.
Ungut, Meinardus.
* with Johann Pegnitzer, 526.
Ungut, Meinardus.
with Stanislaus Polonus, 516.
Unkel, Bart, von, 62-64.
Valdarfer, Christopher, 299 sq. *Valdezoccho, Bart, de, and Mart, de Sep- tem Arboribus, 330-332.
Veldener, Jan,
* at Kuilenburg, 479.
* at Louvain, 488. at Utrecht, 466.
V^rard, Antoine (publisher), 440. Vydenast, Johann, 375 sq. Walch, Georg, 266. Weissenburger, Johann, 191. Westphal, Joachim,
at Magdeburg, see Ravenstein,
* at Stendal, 175,
Westphalia, John of, see Paderborn.
Winterberg, Johann of, 507 sq.
Winters, Conrad, 65-68. *Wirzburg, Heinrich, 425.
Worde, Wynkyn de. at London, 536-540. at Westminster, 531.
Yemantszoen, Maurice, see Meer, J. J. van der. *Zainer, Gunther, 85-89. ♦Zainer, Johann, 126-129. ♦Zarotus, Antonius, 291-295. *Zell, Ulrich, 37-50.
Zeninger, Conrad, 115.
Zierikzee, Cornelis de, 84.
Ziletus, Innocens, see Feliciano.
IV. AUTHORS AND BOOKS
{Arranged according to the numbers in Main's Repertorium Bibliographicum, here
quoted immediately after the dates.)
Abano, Petrus de. Conciliator. Pavia, Gab. de Grassis, 1490. *3. 360
Expositio problematon Aristotelis. Mantua, Paulus de Butzbach, 1475. *i6. 344
Abbreuiamentum statutorum. [London, Lettou and Machlinia, 1483.] 683 Aeneas Sylvius (Pope Pius II). Epistula ad Mahumetem. Treviso, Ger. Lisa,
1475. 177- 3"
— — Bulla retractionum. fCologne, Ulr. Zell, ab. 1470.] *26o and *i94. 41
• De remedio amoris. [Antwerp, Mat. Groes, ab. 1484.] Camp. 20. 499
Aesopus. Aesopus moralisatus. [Cologne, H. Quentell,] 1489. *304. 76
Albertus de Ferrariis. De horis canonicis. [Antwerp, M. Goes, ab. 1487.] Camp. 96. 601
Albertus Magnus. De mysterio missae. Ulm, Job. Zainer, 1473. *449' ^28
De intellectu et intelligibili. [Italy, 1475 ?] 410
Alchabitius. Liber isagogicus. Venice, Erh. Ratdolt, 1485. *6i'j. 260 Alexandre, Antonius de. Reportata super secundo codicis Justiniani. Naples,
S. Riessinger, 1474. 811*. 325 Aliaco, Petrus de. De imagine mundi. [Louvain, Job. of Paderbom, ab. 1485.]
♦836. Camp. 143. 492 Almella, Diego Rodriguez de. El valerio de las estorias escolasticas. Murcia,
Lope de la Roca, 1487. 864. Haeb. 581. 624
Ambrosius. Hexameron. [Milan, Ant. Zarotus, c 148 1.] 903 (?). 293
De officiis. [Cologne, Ulr. Zell, 1472 ?] *905. 44
De officiis et opuscula. Milan, Chr. Valdarfer, 1474. *9io. 299
Andrcae, Antonius. Quaestiones de tribus principiis rerum naturalium. Padua,
Laur. Canozius, 1475. 99°- 333 Andreae, Johannes. Lectura super arboribus consanguinitatis et affinitatis. [Heidel- berg, Hein. Knoblochtzer, ab. 1490.] *io22. 171
Lectura arborum utriusque juris. [Germany, 1498.] 1046. 201
Nouellae super v. libros decretalium. Lib. III. De vita et honestate clericorum.
Venice, J. and G. de Gregoriis, 1489. *io6^. 268
Andreas Hispanus. Modus confitendi. [Germany, ab. 1474.] *998. 195
Annius, Joannes. GlossasuperApocalypsim. Leipzig, [Marc. Brandlss,] 1481. *ii27. 167 Annonius (Aimoinus). De Gestis Francorum. Paris, J. Badius Ascensius for J. Petit,
I 5 14. 443 Antichristus. Quaestiones de reuelatione Antichrist!. Memmingen, [Alb. Kunne,
after Aug. i486]. *ii55. 1*8
Antoninus. Summa confessionum. [Cologne, Ulr. Zell, 1470 ?] *ii62. 37
Confessionale. [Strassburg, Hein. Knoblochtzer, 1481-84.] *ii66. 30
Confessionale. Mondovi, Ant. Andreae and Balth. Corderius, 147a. 1173. 348
Confessionale. (Omnis mortalium cura.) [Bologna, B. Azzoguidi, ab. 1473-] 318
De instructione simplicium confessorum. [Breslau, Casp. Elyan, ab. 1475.] 138
Medicina dell' anima. Bologna, [Baldassare Azzoguidi,] 1472. 1229. 318
Tractatus varii. Venice, Joh. Emerich, 1495. *i274' 281
Appianus. De bellis ciuilibus. Venice, Erh. Ratdolt, Maler, and Loslein, 1477. *^i°7' 260
Reggio d' Emilia, Fran, de Mazalibus, 1494. *I309. 387
^
386 INDEX IV
Appianus. Historia Romana. Scandiano, Per. Pasquale, 1495. 1310. 404
Applanus, Constantius. Soliloquia. Cremona, Car. Darlerius, 1496. *I3T3. 880
Aquino, Thomas de. De modo confitendi. [Cologne, Ulr. Zell, 1470 ?] *I342. 48
Confessionale. Paris, Ant. Caillaut, [ab. 1490]. *i35o. 488
De veritate Catholicae fidei. Rome, Am. Pannartz, 1475. 1387- 213.
Summa de articulis fidei et ecclesiae sacramentis. [Cologne, Con. Winters,
ab. 1478.] *I423. 68
[Cologne, Ulr. Zell, ab. 1470.] *i434. 42
[Mainz, J. Gutenberg? 1460-62?] 1425. 8
Summa secunda secundae partis. [Esslingen, Con. Fyner,] 1472. *i46o. 120
Venice, 1479. *^4^3- 287
Super quarto libro sententiarum. Mainz, Pet. Schoeflfer, 1469. *i48i. 8
De regimine principum. [Cologne, Arn. ther Hoernen, ab. 1475.] *i487. 66
De unitate intellectus. Treviso, Job. de Hassia, 1476. 314
Expositio posteriorum, &c. Venice, Job. of Cologne and Job. Manthen, 1477.
♦1497 [*I496]. 248
Quaestiones de anima. [Venice, Franz Renner,] 1472. *i522. 238
Aretinus, Leonardus. De bello Italico. Foligno, Job. Neumeister, 1470. 1558. 288
Historia del popolo Fiorentino. Venice, Jac. Le Rouge, 1476. *i562. 243
Epistulae familiares. [Venice?] 1472. *I565. 407
Argilata, Petrus de. Cbirurgia. Perpignan, Job. Rosenbacb, 1503. 461 Ariminensis, Gregorius. Super primo sententiarum. Paris, [Louis Martineau,] 1482.
*i645. 488
Aristeas. De Ixx. interpretibus. Erfurt, 1483. *i655. 168 Aristoteles. Ethica compendiada por el bachiller de la Torre. [Saragossa, J. Hums,
ab. 1489.] Haeb. 32. 614
Secreta Secretorum. [Cologne, Arn. ther Hoernen, ab. 1475.] 1782. 64
Astesanus de Ast. Summa de casibus conscientiae. [Strassburg, Job. Mentelin,
1469.] *i888. 20
Attestatio radicalis fidei orthodoxae. Nuremberg, F. Creussner, 1477. *i9o8. lU
Augustinus. Deartepraedicandi. [Strassburg, Job. Mentelin, not after 1466.] *I956. 18
De vita beata. [Cologne, Ulrich Zell, 1472 ?] *i96o. 46
De disciplina Christiana. [Cologne, Bart, von Unkel, 1482.] *I963. 64
De consensu euangelistarum. Lauingen, 1473. *i98i. 132
Sermo de festo praesentationis beatae virginis Mariae. [Mainz, Pet. Schoeffer,
not after 1470. J 1993. 4
Soliloquia. Winterberg, Johann Alakraw, 1484. *2oi3. 608
Confessiones. [Cologne, Bart, von Unkel,] 1482. *2032. 68
De trinitate. [Freiburg im Breisgau, Kilian Fischer,] 1494. *2040. 183
De ciuitate dei. [Sublaco, Sweynheym and Pannartz,] 1467. *2046. 203
Venice, Joh. and Wend, of Speier, 1470. *2048. 230
Venice, Nic. Jenson, 1475. *205i. 236
Freiburg im Breisgau, [Kilian Fischer,] 1494. *2o68. 182
De virginitate. [Cologne, Nik. Gotz ? 1478 ?] +2078. 70
De vera vitae cognitione. [Mainz, Pet. Schoeffer, 1470-75 ?] *209a. 6
Epistula ad Cyrillum. [Cologne, Ulr. Zell, ab. 1472.] *67i9 (2). 47
Aulus Gellius. See Gellius.
Aurbach, Johannes de. Summa de sacramentis. Augsburg, Glint. Zainer, 1469. *2i24. 86
Aurbach or Urbach, Johannes de. Declaratio titulorum legalium. Leipzig, Moritz
Brandiss, 1489. 2127. 160 Aurelius Victor, Sextus. De viris illustribus. [Naples,] Sixt. Riessinger, [ab. 1470].
2135? 323
Aureoli, Petrus. Compendium Bibliae. [Strassburg, Georg Husner, 1475?] *2i4i. 28
Auslegung des Amts der heiligen Messe. Augsburg, [Joh. Baemler,] 1484. *2i44. 83
AUTHORS AND BOOKS 327
Ausmo, Nicolaus de. Supplementum. Genoa, Matt. Moravus, 1474. 2152. 368 La quadriga spirituale. Jesi, Federicus de Comitibus, 1475. 3i75- 338
Baguyon, Johannes. Tractatus potestatum. [Geneva, not bef. Feb. 1487.] 2246. 424
Balthasar. Expositio canonis missae. Leipzig, Con. Kachelofen, 1497. *2346. 159 Bangio, Jacopo de. Trattato delle excommunicazioni. [Aquila, Adam of Rottweil,
1482-83 ?] 394 Barbarus, Hermolaus. Castigationes Plinianae. Cremona, Car. Darlerius, 1495.
♦2423. 349 Bartholomaeus de Chaimis. Confessionale. [Strassburg, Printer of Henricus Ari-
minensis, after 1474.] *2478. 28
Milan, Chris. Valdarfer, 1474. *248i. 300
Bartholomaeus, Joannes. Oratio funebris in laudem Andreae Vendramini ducis.
Lucca, Bart, of Cividale, 1478. 380
Bartholomaeus Pisanus. Summa de casibus conscientiae. [Italy,] 1473. *2526. 409 Beccadelli, Antonius. See Panormitanus. Bellencinis, Bartholomaeus de. De charitatiuo subsidio. Modena, Dom. Rocociola
and Ant. Miscomini, 1489. *a76i. 369
Benedictus. Regula. Montserrat, Joh. Luschner, 1499. Haeb. 46. 527 Beneventanus, Joannes Alphonsus. De confessione et poenitentia. Burgos, F. Biel,
1516. 523 Berchorius, Petrus. Reductorium morale. Deventer, Ric. Pafraet, 1477. 2796.
Camp. *286. 471 Bergamo, Petrus de. Tabula operum Thomae Aquinatis. [Cologne,] Am. ther
Hoemen, 1473. *28i7. 52 Bergomensis, Jacobus Philippus. Supplementum chronicarum. Venice, Bern, de
Benaliis, i486. 275
Venice, Alb. de Lissona, 1503. 288
Bernardus. De planctu Mariae. [Cologne, Ulr. Zell, 1470?] +2907. 38,39
Sermonen. Zwolle, Pieter van Os, 1484. 2853 (i). Camp. *275 (i). 476
Sermo de humana miseria. [Burgdorf, Printer of Jac.de Clusa.ab. 1475.] *2866. 422
Epistulae. [Brussels, Brothers of the Common Life,] 148 1. 2871. Camp. *368. 495
Pianti della Madonna. [Milan,] Phil, de Lavagna, [ab. 1478.] 2910. 298
Flores. [Nuremberg, Joh. Sensenschmidt and Hein. Kefer, 1470-71.] *2925. 108
De consideratione. [Utrecht, Ketelaer and Leempt, ab. 1475.] Camp. *263. 464
Bertholdus. Horologium deuotionis circa vitam Christi, [Paris, Den. Roce, ab. 1500.] 444
Bertorius, Petrus. See Berchorius.
Bessarion, Markos. Aduersus calumniatorem Platonis. Rome, Sweynheym and
Pannartz, [1469]. *3004. 206 Biblia. Biblia Latina. Piacenza, Joh. Petr. de Ferratis, 1475. 3055. 377 Biblia Belgica. Bible in duytsche. Delft, Jac. van der Meer and Maur. Yemants-
zoen, 1477. 3^^°- Camp. *290. 468
Biblia Latina cum postillis Nicolai de Lyra. Venice, J. Herbort, 1481. *3i64. 271
Bigus, Ludouicus. Opuscula Christiana. Modena, Dom. Rocociola, 1496. *3i99. 370 Bindinus, Thomasius. Oratiunculae. Siena, Hend. of Haarlem and Joh. Walbeck,
[ab. 1489]. 3202. 397
Blondus, Flavius. Roma triumphans. [Brescia, Printer for Pietro Villa, 1473?] 3344« 36* Boccaccio, Giovanni. Urbano. [Bologna, Franc. (Plato) de Benedictis, ab. 1490,]
3312. 321
Genealogiae deorum. Reggiod'Emilia, Bart, (and Laur.) Bruschus, 148 1. *33T9. 386
Boethius, A, M. T. S. Opera. Venice, Jo. and Greg, de Gregoriis, 1491, 1492.
*335i. 269
De consolatione philosophiae. Cologne, Joh. Koelhoff, 1488. *338o, 61
Ghent, Arend de Keysere, 1485. 3400. Camp. *322. 608
328 INDEX IV
Boethius, A. M. T. S. De disciplina scolarium. Louvain, Johann of Paderborn, 1485.
♦3413. Camp. *335. 490 BonauentHra. Stimulus amoris. [Brussels, Brothers of the Common Life, ab. 1485.]
*3475- Camp. *347. 497
Sermones. ZwoUe, [Pieter van Os,] 1479. 35i2. Camp. *336. 476
Reutlingen, [Job. Otmar,] 1485. *^5iy. 148
Super libros sententiarum. Freiburg im Brelsgau, Kil. Fischer, [not bef.
a May, 1493.] *354i- 181
Speculum Beatae Mariae. Augsburg, Anton Sorg, 39 February, 1476. 87
Meditaticnes de vita Christi. Augsburg, Gunt. Zainer, 1468. *3557. 86
Bonum uniuersale. De proprietatibus apum. [Cologne, Joh. Koelhoff, 1478-80?]
*3644. 69 Bouchet, Jehan. L'histoire et chronique de Clotaire I. Poitiers, E. de Marnef,
[1517-18?]. 453
Boutillier, Jehan. La somme rurale. Abbeville, Pierre Gerard, i486. 3689. 454 Breuiarium Constantiense. [Germany, perhaps Strassburg, Joh. Griininger, 1489 ?]
3826. 200
Bruno. Super psalterium. [Eichstatt, Mich. Reyser, ab. 1485 ?] *40ii. 167 Burley, Walter. De vita et moribus philosophorum. Nuremberg, Fried. Creussner,
1479, *4ia4. 112
Byenboeck. Der bien boeck. Zwolle, Pieter van Os, 1488. 4186. Camp. *i 658. 477
Caesar, Caius Julius. Commentarii. Milan, Phil, de Lavagna, 1478. *4ai6. 297
Campanus, Joannes Antonius. Oratio funebris pro Baptista Sfortia. Cagli, [Rob.
of Fano and Bern, of Bergamo,] 1476. 4393. 874
Campharo, Giacomo. Dialogo dell' immortalitci dell' anima. Vicenza, G. L. Longo,
1477. 4299. 865
Canibus, Johannes Jacobus a. De modo studendi in jure. Briinn, [Stahel and
Preunlein,] 1488, +4335. 510
Cantalycius, Johannes Baptista. Epigrammata. Venice, MattheoCapcasa, 1493. *435o. 276 Cantipratensis, Thomas. Liber Apum. See Bonum uniuersale : Byenboeck. Capgrave, John. Nona legenda Angliae. London, W. de Worde, 1516. 637
Caracciolus, Robertus. Quadragesimale de peccatis. Ofifenburg, 1496. *4443. 188
Cassianus. See Nider. Castrovol, Pedro de. Super Quicunque vult. Pampelona, [Arnao Guillen de Brocar,
ab. 1499.] 4656. Haeb. 134. 625
Cato, Dionysius. Disticha cum commento. [Ulm, Johann Zainer, ab. 1475.] *47'o. 127 Catullus, Gaius Valerius. Catullus, Tibullus et Propertius. Statius, siluae. Vicenza,
Giov. del Reno and Dion. Bertochus, 1481. *476o. 363
Venice, Bonetus Locatellus, 1491. *4y6^. 277
Celtes, Conrad. Epitoma in Ciceronis rhetoricam. [Ingolstadt, aft. a8 Mar., 149a.]
♦484a. 174
Chronica. Chronica von Coellen. Cologne, Joh. Koelhoff, the younger, 23 August,
1499. *4989. 82
Chronicarum epitome rudimentum nouitiorum nuncupata. LUbeck, Luc. Brandiss
1475. *4996. 13*
Chronicles of England. London, R. Pynson, 1510. 585
London, W. de Worde, 1515. 638
Chronicon Martymiani. Prag, [Printer of the Bible of 1488,] 1488. 5003. 604
Chrysostomus, Joannes. Sermones xxv. [Bologna,] Bald. Azzoguidi, 1475. *5°43- 320
De prouidentia Dei. Alost, Thierry Martens, 1487-88. 5053. Camp. +435. 487
Cicero, Marcus TuUius. Orationes de laudibus Caesaris. Reutlingen, Joh. Otmar,
1494. 5148. 1*8 De officiis. Strassburg, Hein. Eggestein, 147a. *5a40. 23
AUTHORS AND BOOKS 329
Cicero, Marcus Tullius. Quaestlones Tusculanae. Paris, for Jean Petit, 9 Jan., 1500. 442
Clavasio, Angelus de. Summa. Chivasso, [Jacobinus Suigus,] i486. 53^2. 403
Clemens V. Constitutiones. Rome, Han and Chardella, 1473. *54^^- 313 Collenucius, Pandulphus. Defensio Pliniana. Ferrara, And. Bellfortis, [1493].
♦5483. 200
Columna, Landulphus de. Breuiarium historiale. Poitiers, [J. Bouyer,] 1479. 461 Conradus de Alemannia. Concordantiae Bibliorum. [Strassburg, Joh. Mentelin, ab.
1474.] *56a9. 21
Constituciones sinodales del obispado de Jaen. [Spain, ab. 1500 ?] 628 Cracovia, Matthias de. Tractatus rationis. [Mainz, Joh. Gutenberg ?, 1460-52 ?]
♦5803. 1
Crastonus, Johannes. Lexicon. Vicenza, Dion. Bertochus, 1483. 5813. 364 Crescentiis, Petrus de. Liber ruralium commodorum. Augsburg, J. Schussler, ab.
16 February, 1471. *58a8. 90
Louvain, Johann of Paderborn, 1474. *5839. Camp. *5oi. 480
Cuademo nueuo de las alcabalas, 1491. [Salamanca, and Gothic group, ab. 1496.]
Haeb. 180? 610
Cuademo de las leyes nueuas de la hermandad. [Spain, ab. 1500.] Haeb. 183 ? 529
Cultificis, Engelbertus. Epistula declaratoria. Nijmegen, 1479. 5^49' Camp. *5I3. 474
Cyprianus, Caecilius. Epistulae. Rome, Sweynheym and Pannartz, 147 1. *5896. 200
[Venice,] Wendelin of Speier, 1471. *5897. 231
Cyrillus Thessalonicensis. Speculum sapientiae. [Strassburg, Hein. Eggestein, 1475-
80.] *5904. 24
Damascenus, Petrus. Liber in laudem Mariae Virginis. [Speier, J. and C. Hist, ab.
1485?] *59i7- 119 Defectus. Negligentiae et defectus in Missa contingentes. Erfurt, Printer of Hundorn,
1494. 6079. 163 Dialogi decern auctorum. [Cologne, Printer of the Flores Sancti Augustini,] 1473.
*6io7. 67 Dialogus super libertate ecclesiastica inter Hugonem Oliuerium et Catonem.
[Cologne, with Gotz's type, 14 June, 1477.] *6i43. 71
Dictys and Dares. Historia Troiana. Messina, Wilh. Schomberger, 1498. *6i57. 382 Diomedes. Diomedes (et alii grammatici antiqui). [Venice,] Nic. Jenson, [ab.
1478]. 6214. 237 Dionysius Afer [Periegetes]. De situ orbis. Vienna, Johann von Winterberg, [ab.
1499I. 6224. 607
Venice, Ratdolt, Maler, and Loslein, 1477. *6%i6. 251
Dionysius Halicarnasseus. Antiquitates Romanae. Treviso, Bernardinus Celerius,
1 480. *6239. 817
Praecepta de oratione nuptiali. Cremona, [ab. 1495]. *6a4i. 851
Dioscorides. De materia medica. Colle, Jan van Medenblik, 1478. *6258. 383
Doctrinale clericorum. Lubeck, [Matthaeus Brandiss,] 1490. 6318. 137 Dungerscheyn, Hieronymus. De modo discendi et docendi sacra ad populum.
[Landshut, Joh. Weissenburger, 1514.] 191 Duns Scotus, Johannes. Super libro tertio sententiarum. [Santorso,] Giov. del Reno,
1473. *64a7. 352
Eleazar ben Juda. Sefer harokeach. Liber Pigmentarii. Fano, Gerson ben Moses
of Soncino, 1505. 408
Erasmus, Desiderius. Opuscula quaedam moralia. Basel, Joh. Frobcn, 1530. 410
Epistulae. Louvain, T. Martens, 1516. 493
Euclides. Elementa. Venice, Erhard Ratdolt, 1483. *6693. 254
T t
330 INDEX IV
Eusebius. De Euangelica praeparatione. Venice, N. Jenson, 1470. *66gg. 238
[Venice,] Leon. Aurl, 1473. *6yco. 242
Chronicon. Venice, E. Ratdolt, 1483. *67i7. 356
Historia ecclesiastica. [Utrecht, Ketelaer and Leempt,] 1474. 6709. Camp.
*7ii. 463
Rome, [Joh. Phil, de Lignamine,] 1476. *67io. - 217
Epistula de morte Hieronymi. [Cologne, Ulr. Zell, ab. 147a.] *67i9 (i). 46
Passau, Bened. Mayr and Con. Stahel, 148a. *6y2i. 162
Exhortatio de celebratione missae. [Esslingen, Con. Fyner, I4]73. *^775- ^21 Exhortationes nouitiorum. Deventer, [Richardus Pafraet,] 1491. 6777. Camp.
*7i9. 473
Expositio hymnorum. Burgos, Fried. Biel, 1493. Haeb. 251. 622
Eybe, Albertus de. Margarita poetica. Paris, Ulr. Gering, 1478, 6821. 429
Facetus. Liber Faceti docens mores hominum. [Memmingen,] Alb. Kunne, [ab.
1497]. *6890. ^ 150 Fasciculus temporum. (By Werner Rolewinck.) [Cologne, Ludwig von Renchen ?,
ab. 1490?] *69i4. 81 [Strassburg, Joh. Priiss, not bef. 1490.] *6gi5. 35
Strassburg, Joh. Priiss, 1489?] *69i6. 34
Xyon, M. Hus, ab. 1495 ?] 447
Cologne, Arnold ther Hoernen, 1474. *69i8. 63
[Cologne,] Conr. Winters, 1476. *69i9. 66
Louvain, Jan Veldener, 1476. *692o. Camp. *I478. 488
Speier, Peter Drach, 1477. *6gzi. 117
[Cologne,] Nik. Gotz, [1478]. *6922. 60
Venice, Georg Walch, 1479. *6924. 266
[Cologne, Heinrich Quentell, 1480.] *69a5. 74
Venice, E. Ratdolt, 1480. *6926. 252
Seville, Bart. Segura and Alon. del Puerto, 1480.] 6937. Haeb. 583. 515
Venice, E. Ratdolt, 1481. *6928. 253
Rougemont, H. Wirzburg, 1481. 6930. 425
Memmingen, Albrecht Kunne, 1482. *693i. 147
> Basel, B. Richel, 1483. *6932. 414
Venice, Erh. Ratdolt, 1484. *6934. 257
Venice, Erh. Ratdolt, 1485. *6935. 263
Aquila, Adam of Rottweil, i486. 395
Strassburg, Joh. Priiss, 1487. *6936. 31
Strassburg, Joh. Pruss, 1488. *6937. 33
[Strassburg, Joh. Priiss, after 26 Oct., 1492.] *694o, 36
(Belgice.) Utrecht, Jan Veldener, 1480. 6946. Camp. *I479. 466
Ferrettus, Nicolaus. De structura compositionis. Forli, Hier. Medesanus, 1495.
*6974. 405
Festus, Sextus Pompeius. Collectanea. Milan, [Ant. Zarotus,] 1471. *7038. 291 Ficinus, Marsilius. Delia Christiana religione. Pisa, Lorenzo and Agnolo di Firenze,
1484. 7074. 391 Firmaria, Henricus de. Passio domini explanata. Oppenheim, [Jac. Kobel, c. 1515 ?].
*7I23. 193
Formularium instrumentorum. Rome, Joh. Schurener, 1474. *728o. 220 Franchis, Philippus de. Lectura super titulo de appellationibus. [Perugia, Joh.
Vydenast, I475-77-] 73^ 7- 376
Gabriel, Joannes. Clausulae epistularum Ciceronis. Siena, Heinrich of Cologne,
I4[8]9. 398
Gaforus, Franchinus. Theorica musicae. Milan, PhiL Mantegatius, 1492. 7406, 302
AUTHORS AND BOOKS 331
Gallensis, Joannes. Summa collationum slue Communiloquium. Augsburg, Ant.
Sorg, 1475- *744*- 96 Gaza, Theodoras. Introductio Grammatices, &c. Venice, Aldus Manutius, 1495.
♦7500. 282
Gellius, Aulus. Noctes Atticae. Venice, And. de Paltasichis, 1477. *7520. 264 Geminiano, Johannes de Sancto. Liber de exemplis et similitudinibus rerum.
[Cologne, Joh. Koelhoff, 1485 ?] *754a. 60 Georgio, Johannes Antonius de Sancto. Super quarto libro decretalium. Pavia,
Ant. Carcanus, 1476. *7586. 358 Gerardus Zutphaniensis. See Zutphania, Gerardus de. Gerson, Johannes. Conclusiones de diuersis materiis moralibus. [Cologne, Barth.
von Unkel, ab. 1480.] +7650. 62
Opiis tripartitum. [Marienthal, Brothers of the Common Life, 1475 ?] ^33
De trahendis paruulis ad Christum. Nuremberg, [Sensenschmidt and Kefer,
1470]. *77io. 106
Collectorium super Magnificat. [Esslingen, Con. Fyner,] 1473. *7T^7- 122
Gesta Romanorum. [Cologne, Ulr. Zell, ab. 148a.] 49 Giovanni da Capistrano. Vita. Como, [B. de Fossato,] 1479. 7776. See Teofilo.
Glossa Psalterii. [Stendal, Joachim Westphal, ab. 1488.] *7784, 176
Gorinchem, Henricus de. Quaestiones. [Esslingen, Con. Fyner, not aft. 1475.] +7806. 124
De superstitiosis quibusdam casibus. [Esslingen, Con. Fyner, ab. 1477.] *78o9. 125
Conclusiones super IV libros sententiarum. [Cologne, Joh. de Bel, ab. 148a.] 80
Gouda, Gulielmus de. Expositio mysteriorum missae. Cologne, [Ulr. Zell, 1493 PJ.
7824? 50 Tractatus de expositione missae et de mode celebrandi. Cologne, Hein.
Quentell, [ab. 1495]. *7827. 77
Gower, John. Confessio Amantis. Westminster, W. Caxton, 1483. Blades 5^. 530
Gratianus. Decretum. Strassburg, Hein. Eggestein, 1471. *7883. 22
Gregorius I. Moralia in Job. [Basel, Bert. Ruppel, not aft. 1468.] *7926. 411
Florence, Nic. Laurentii, i486. *7935. 305
Expositio super Cantica Canticorum. Paris,Gering and Rembolt, 1498-99. 7939. 435
Explanatio in psalmos poenitentiales. Mainz, Jac. Meydenbach, 1495. *794i» 12
■ Homiliae super euangelia. [Augsburg, Giint. Zainer,] 1473. *7948. 87
Milan, Pachel and Scinzenzeler, 1479. 7953- 301
Dialog!. Paris, Gering and Rembolt, 1494-95. *7964. 433
Dialogo. Venice, A. Torresanus, 1487. 7977. 272
Pastorale. Paris, Gering and Rembolt, 1498. *7989. 434
Gregorius IX. Decretales. Mainz, Pet. Schoeffer, 1473. *7999- 7
Mainz, Pet. Schoeffer, 1479. *8oo6. 10
Gregorius Ariminensis. See Ariminensis.
Gruner, Vincentius. Officii missae expositio. [Strassburg, Printer of Henricus
Ariminensis, ab. 1472 ?] 27 Guarinus, Baptista. De ordine docendi et studendi. Heidelberg, Hein. Knob-
lochtzer, 1489. *8i3i. 170 Guido de Monte Rocherii. Manipulus curatorum. [Savigliano,] Beyamus and Glim,
[1471 ?]. 8170. 829
Paris, Gering, Freiburger, and Kranz, 1473. 817a, 427
Tarragona, Nic Spindeier, 1484. Haeb. 454. 521
Angers, [J. de la Tour,] 1495. 450
Guillermus. Postilla super euangelia dominicalia. [Augsburg, Christmann Heyny,]
148a. *826o. 101 Gulielmus Arvemus. Rhetorica diuina. Ghent, Arend de Keysere, 1483. 8306.
Camp. *905. 602 Scrmones. Tubingen, Joh. Otmar, 1499. *83a3. 188
T t 2
^
332 INDEX IV
Haedus, Petrus. De amoris generibus. Treviso, Ger. Lisa, 149a. 8343. 313 Halberstadt, Conradus de. Responsorium curiosorum. Liibeck, [Luc. Brandiss,]
1476. 8347. 136 Herbarius. Kruidboek in dietsche. [Kuilenburg, Jan Veldener,] 1484. 8449.
Camp. *9i8. 479 Hermannus de Petra. Sermones. Audenarde, Arend de Keysere, 1480. *8453.
Camp. *9i9. 498
Hermes Trismegistus. De potestate Dei. [Treviso, Ger. Lisa,] 147 1. 8456. 310
Ferrara, Andr. Bellfortis, 1473. 0457. 289
Venice, Luca di Domenico, 1481. 8458. 267
Hibernia, Thomas [Palmer] de. Manipulus florum. Piacenza, Jac. de Tyela, 1483.
♦854a. 378 Hierocles. In aureos versus Pythagorae opusculum. Padua, Barth. de Valdezoccho,
1474. *8545. 332 Hieronymus. Expositio symboH Apostolorum. [By Rufinus of Aquileia.] [Cologne,
Ulr. Zell, ab. 1472.] *8578. 48
Aureola. [Nuremberg, Sensenschmidt and Kefer, 1470.] *8585. 107
De essentia diuinitatis. [Augsburg, Giint. Zainer, ab. 1473.] *8589 (ff. 38-53). 88
Dat Vader Boeck. Zwolle, P. van Os, 1490. Camp. *938. 478
Hildesheim, Johannes de. See Johannes.
Holkot, Robert. Super sapientia Salomonis. Speier, P. Drach, 1483. *8757. 118
Hortus Sanitatis. Mainz, Jac. Meydenbach, 1491. *8944. 11 Hostiensis, Henricus [de Segusio]. Summa super titulis decretalium. [Germany,
Georg of Speier,] 1478, 1479. *8962. 196-98
Hrabanus Maurus. De institutione clericorum. Pforzheim, Tho. Anshelm, 1505. 190
De laudibus sanctae crucis. Pforzheim, Tho. Anshelm, 1503. 189
Hugo [de Vinac] de Prato Florido. Sermones de Sanctis. Heidelberg, [Printer of
Lindelbach,] 1485. *9009. 168 Hungaria, Michael de. Sermones tredecim. Leyden, Heynricus Heynrici, 1484.
Camp. *I246. 480
Hyginus, Gaius Julius. Poeticon astronomicon. Venice, Erh. Ratdolt, 1485. *9o63. 258
Venice, Tho. de Blauis, 1488. *9o65. 274
Hylton, Walter. Scala perfectionis. London, W. de Worde, 1525. 540
Imitatio Christi. Ulm, Joh. Zainer, 1487. *9093. 129
Luneburg, Joh. Luce, 1493. 9''°5- 185
Metz, Joh. Colini and Ger. de Nona Ciuitate, 1482. 9I3<S. 164
Infirmorum visitatio. Tractatus breuis pro infirmis visitandis. Passau, Mayr and
Alakraw, 148a. 9183. 154 Innocentius VII L Bulla canonizationis Sancti Leopoldi. [Vienna, Joh. Cassis,
1484-85.] 505 & 506 Regulae, Ordinationes et Constitutiones Cancellariae apostolicae. [Aft.
13 Sept., 1484.] *9ai7. 223
Institoris, Henricus. Contra haeresim Waldensium. Olmiitz, Con. Baumgarten, 1501. 511 Isidorus Hispalensis. Etymologiarum libri XX. [Cologne, Con. Winters, ab. 1478.]
*937i. 67
Jacobus de Clusa. De animabus e corporibus exutis. Burgdorf, I475' *9349' *23
Passau, [Bened. Mayr and Con. Stahel,] 1482. *935o. 163
De erroribus Christianorum. Liibeck, [Matt. Brandiss,] 1488. 186
Johannes Carthusiensis. Nosce te. Heidelberg, [Printer of Lindelbach,] 1489. *9389. 169
Flos vitae. Venice, N. Jenson, 1480. 238
Johannes de Cireyo. See Priuilegia.
Johannes de Sancto Geminiano. See Geminiano.
AUTHORS AND BOOKS 333
Johannes de Sancto Laurentlo. See Laurentio.
Johannes Gallensis. See Gallensis.
Johannes Hildeshemensis. Historia de gestis beatissimorum trium regum.
[Cologne,] Joh. GuldenschaflF, i486, *9398. 73
Johannes [GobiiJ, Junior. Scala coeli. Louvain, Joh. of Paderborn, 1485. 9408.
Camp. *io44. 491
Johannes Sah'sberiensis. Polycraticus. [Brussels, Brothers of the Common Life,
ab. 148a?] *9430. Camp. * 1045. 496
Josephus, Flavius. De bello Judaico, &c. Verona, Pierre Maufer, 1480. *9452. 347
Jurare. De jurare et blasphemare. Augsburg, Joh. Froschauer, 1499. *9475' 102
Justinianus. Digestum nouum. Padua, Pierre Maufer, 1479. *9582. 386
Codex. Nuremberg, Joh. Sensenschmidt and And. Frisner, 1475. *9599. U*
Justinus. Epitome. Venice, Fil. di Pietro, 1479. *965i. 246
Juuenalis et Persius. Satyrae. [Venice, Wendelin of Speier, 1472?] 967a. 283
Lactantius Firmianus, Caelius. Opera. Subiaco, [Sweynheym and Pannartz,] 1465.
*98o6. 202
Rome, Han and Chardella, 1474. 9811. 214
Rostock, Brothers of the Common Life, 1476. *98i2. 140
Landrechtbuch. Schwabenspiegel. [Augsburg, Glint. Zainer, 1475-76.] *9869. 89
Lapidarium. Vienna, Joh. of Winterberg, [ab. 1505 ?]. 608 Lattebury or Lathbury, John. Expositio in threnos Jeremiae. [Oxford, Theod.
Rood,] 1482. 9928. 632 Laurentio, Johannes de Sancto. Postillae euangeliorum dominicalium. Brussels,
[Brothers of the Common Life,] 1480. Camp. *io4i. 494 Laurentius. Summe le roy of des conincs summe. Haarlem, [Jac. Bellaert,] 1484.
9953. Camp. *i630. 481 Le Grand, Jacques. See Magni, Jacobus. Leidsterre. Een geestelicke leidsterre. [Schoonhoven, Brothers of S. Michael,
ab. 1505.] 488
Leo I. Sermones et epistulae. Rome, Sweynheim and Pannartz, 1470. *iooii. 208 Leonardus de Utino. See Utino, Leonardus de. Leonicenus, Omnibonus. De octo partibus orationis. Padua, [Barth. de Valde-
zoccho,] 1474. 10024. 331
Rome, Joh. Phil, de Lignamine, 1475. 10026. 216
Commentum in Lucanum. Venice, [Fil. di Pietro,] 1475. *iog29. 246
Lescherius, Paulus. Rhetorica. Ingolstadt, 1487. *ioo34, 173 Leven ons Heren Jesu Christi. Schoonhoven, [Brothers of S. Michael,] 1497.
10054. Camp. *iiio. 484
Liber de vita religiosorum. 's Hertogenbosch, [Ger. Leempt, 1488 ?]. Camp. *I746, 483 Libertates delphinalibus subditis concessae. For Pichat and Bertolet of Grenoble,
[not bef. 1508]. 467 Lilius, Zacharias. Orbis breuiarium. [Venice, Joh. and Greg, de Gregoriis, 1505 ?]
I 0100. 270
Florence, Ant. Miscomini, 1493. loioi. 308
Naples, Ayolfo de Cantono, 1496. *ioio2. 328
Lirer, Thomas. Chronik. [Ulm, Con. Dinckmut, ab. 1485.] *ioii6. 181 Lochmaier, Michael. Parochiale curatorum. [Nuremberg, Fried. Creussner, ab.
1497.] *ioi67. lis
Sermones de Sanctis. Hagenau, Hein. Gran, 1497. *ioi73. 176
Lollius, Antonius. Oratio in funere Cardinalis Matisconensis. [Rome, Steph.
Plannck, aft. 30 Sept., 1484.] *ioi78. 224
Lombardus, Petrus. Libri sententiarum. Venice, Wendelin of Speier, 1477. 10186. 284
Lopez de Mendoza, Inigo. Prouerbios. Seville, J. Kromberger, 1509. 817
T t 3
^
334 INDEX IV
Lucanus, Marcus Annaeus. Pharsalia. Parma, Deiphobus de Oliveriis, 1483. 10236. 342
Lucena, Juan de. Vita beata. Zamora, Ant. de Centenera, 1483. 10355. Haeb. 368. 520
Lucianus. Palinurus, Scipio, &c. Avignon, 1497. 10268. 460
Ludolphus Carthusiensis. Expositio Psalterii. Paris, Gering and Rembolt, 1506-07. 437 Ludolphus de Suchen. Iter ad terram sanctam. [Strassburg, Hein. Eggestein,
1475-80.] *i0307. 26 Lyndewood, William. Constitutiones prouinciales ecclesiae Anglicanae. West- minster, W. de Worde, 1496. 681 Lyra, Nicolaus de. Postillae super Bibliam. Rome, Sweynheim and Pannartz, 1472.
♦10363. 210 Postilla super euangelia. Mantua, Paulus de Butzbach, 1477. *io386. 345
Macrobius, Aurelius Theodosius. Somnium Scipionis. Brescia, Bon. de Boninis,
1483. *io427. 356
Magistris, Martinus de. De temperantia. (Quaestionum moralium P. II.) Paris,
Wolfg. Hopyl, 1490. 10458 (2). 441
Magni, Jacobus. Sophologium. [Cologne, Printer of Albertus Magnus de Virtuti-
bus, not aft. 1473.] * J 0470. 58
[Strassburg, the R-printer, ab. 1475.] *io47i. 28
Lyon, N. Philippi and M. Reinhard, [1484?]. 446
Maius, Junianus. De priscorum proprietatc verborum. Naples, Matt. Moravus,
1475- *io539- 326
Treviso, Bernhard of Cologne, 1477. *io540. 315
Mammotrectus. Mammotrectus super Bibliam. MUnster, Helias de Louffen, 1470 [?].
♦10555. 420
Venice, Franz Renner, 1476. 10557. 240
Mancinus, Dominicus. De passione Christi. [Paris, Gering and Rembolt, 1499 ?] 436
Maneken (Viruli), Carolus. Formulae epistularura. Reutlingen, Job. Otmar, 1482.
*io665. 142
Lyon, [G. Ortuin,] 1495. 10683. 448
Marchesinus, Johannes. See Mammotrectus.
Maria, Paulus de Sancta. Scrutinium scripturarum. [Mantua,] Joh. Schall, 1475.
10765. 346
Martialis, Marcus Valerius. Epigrammata. Venice, Joh. of Cologne and Joh. Man- then, 1475. 108 1 2. 247 Martinus Polonus. Chronica summorum pontificum. Rome, Joh. P. de Lignamine,
1474. *io857. 216
Matthias de Cracovia. See Cracovia. Mennicken. See Maneken.
Mer des Histoires. Paris, for A. Verard, [1503 ?]. 440
Mesue, Johannes. Liber de consolatione medicinarum. [Milan,] Philippus de
Lavagna, 1473. *iiio5. 296
Libro delle consolazioni delle medicine. [Modena,] Joh. Burster, 1475. 11 114. 368
Mibchar. Selecta margaritarum. Soncino, Joshua Solomon of Soncino, 1484. 9369 =
1 1136. 399
Milis, Johannes de. Repertorium juris. Rome, Georg Lauer, 1475. *iii55. 218
Missae. Missae speciales. [Augsburg, Erh. Ratdolt, ab. 1490.] 11249. 108
Officium missae. Magdeburg, Ravenstein and Westphal, 1483. 146
Missale Constantiense. Augsburg, Erh. Ratdolt, [aft. 8 May, 1504]. 104
Modus legendi abbreuiaturas in utroque jure. [Utrecht, Printer of the Gesta
Romanorum, ab. 1475.] Camp. 1263 a. 465
Mombritius, Boninus. De dominica passione. Milan, Ant. Zarotus, [ab. 1474].
I 1542. 292
Mure, Conradus de. Repertorium vocabulorum. [Basel, B. Ruppel, 1470-72 ?]
*ii642. 412
AUTHORS AND BOOKS 335
Murner, Thomas. De phitonico (pythonico) contractu. [Kirchheim, Printer of
S. Brandons Leben, not bef. 1499.] *ii647. 180
Inuectiva contra astrologos. [Kirchheim, Printer of S. Brandons Leben, aft.
8 May, 1499.] 11649. 179
Nebrissensis, Aeh'us. Grammatica. Barcelona, Joh. Rosenbach, 1497. Haeb. 467. 618
Nicodemus. Euangelium. [Cologne, Corn, de Zierikzee, 1499 ?] *ii75o. 84
Nider, Johann. Expositio decalogi. [Basel, Berthold Ruppel, 1470-73 ?] *IT782. 413
—— Paris, Ulr. Gering, 1483. 482
■ Consolatorium timoratae conscientiae. [Cologne, Ulr. Zell, 1470?] 11 806. 40
Paris, Ulr. Gering, 1478. 11809. 430
— — Manuale confessorum. Paris, Ulr. Gering, 1479. 11845. 481
[Cologne ? ab. 1480.] 79
— — Die vier und zwanzig goldenen Harfen. Augsburg, Joh. Baemler, 147a. *i 1847. 82 Niger, Petrus (Peter Schwartz). Tractatus contra perfidos Judaeos. Esslingen,
Con. Fyner, 1475. *ii885. 123
Omnibonus Leonicenus. See Leonicenus.
Orlandinus Rodulfinus. Summa instrumentorum in jure civili. Turin, Joh. Fabri,
1478. 13083. 871
Summa artis notariatus. Toscolano, Gabriele di Pietro, 1480. 12084. 884
Orosius, Paulus. Historiae. [Vicenza,] Herm. Liechtenstein, [ab. 1475]. *I2099. 362 Otto van Passau. Boek des gulden throens. Utrecht, G. 1. or G. t, 148c. 12131.
Camp. *i342. 467
Haarlem, [Jac. Bellaert,] 1484. 12132. Camp. *I343. 482
Ouidius Naso, Publius. Opera. Parma, Steph. Corallus, 1477. *Jai40. 841 Metamorphoses. Pinerolo, Jac. Le Rouge, 1 480. 13161. 885
Panormitanus, Antonius. Epistulae familiares. [Naples, S. Riesstnger, ab. 1472.] 324 Papa, Guido. Super statute delphinali si quis per litteras. [Valence or Lyon,
J. Suigus and N. de Benedictis,] 1496. 12377. 469
Parker, Henry. Diues and Pauper. London, R. Pynson, 1493. 834
Passio Christi secundum seriem quattuor euangelistarum. [Basel, Mich. Furter, 1513] 418 Paulus de Sancta Maria. See Maria. Paulus H. De publicatione anni Jubilaei. [Cologne, Printer of Dares, aft. 19 Apr.,
1470.] 12480. 66
Paulus Venetus. Tractatus logici. [Italy,] 1472. 408 Pavinis, Johannes Franciscus de. Defensorium canonisationis S. Leopoldi. [Passau,
Joh. Petri, ab. 1490.] * 12536. 166 Pelbartus de Themesvar. Stellarium coronae beatae virginis. Hagenau, Hein. Gran,
1498. *i2.563. 178 Perez, Jacobus. Tractatus contra Judaeos. Valentia, [Alf. Fernandez de Cordoba,]
1484. 12591 (2). Haeb. 5$6 (i). 612
■ Commentum in Psalmos. Valencia, [Alf. Fernandez de Cordoba,] 1484.
12597. Haeb. 535. 613
Perottus, Nicolaus. Regulae grammaticales. [Rome, J. Schurener, 1475.] 221
Rudimenta grammaticae. Treviso, Ger. Lisa, 1476. 12652. 813
Petrarca, Francesco. Opera Latina. Basel, Joh. of Amerbach, 1496. 12749. 417 De remediis utriusque fortunae. Cremona, Misinta and Caesar of Parma, 1492.
♦12793. 848
De viris illustribus. Pogliano, Felix Antiquarius, 1476. 12808. 879
Libro degli imperatori e pontefici. Florence, Apud Sanctum Jacobum de
Ripoli, 1478. +12809. 304 Petrucius, Fredericus. Disputationes et consilia. Siena, Hend. of Haarlem and Joh.
Walbeck, 1488-89. *i3844. 386
336 INDEX IV
Petrus de Bergamo. See Bergamo, Petrus de.
Petrus Lombardus. See Lombardus.
Phalaris. Epistulae. j^Padua, Alb. de Stendal, ab. 1474.] *i28yy. 384
[Paris,] Genng, Kranz, and Freiburger, [1473]. 13885. 426
Messina, Hein. Aiding, [ab. 1480]. 12887. 381
Brescia, The. Ferrandus, i Sept., [147a ?]. 12890. 805
Santorso, Giov. de Reno, 1475. 12894. 353
Philelphus, Franciscus. Epistulae. Venice, Job. Rubeus, 1487. 12937. 278
Conuiuia. [Casale di San Vaso, G. de Canepa, not bef. July, 1477.] 13956. 380
Consolatio. Rome, [S. W.,] 1475. *i396o. 222
Planctus, Tractatus de ruinae ecclesiae planctu. Memmingen, [Alb. Kunne,
ab. i486]. *i303o. 149 Platea, Franciscus. De restitutionibus, &c. Paris, Gering, Freiburger, and Kranz,
1476-77. *I3039. 428 Platina, Baptista. Vitae pontificum. [Venice,] Job. of Cologne and Job. Manthen,
1479. *I3045. 240
De honesta voluptate et valetudine. Cividale, Ger. Lisa, 1480. *i305a. 389
Platinus. Epistulae. Milan, Gothardus de Ponte, [1506]. 803
Plenarium. Urach, Con. Fyner, 1481. 161 Plinius Secundus, Caius. Historia naturalis. Rome, Sweynheim and Pannartz,
1470. *i3o88. 207
Parma, And. de Portilia, 1481. *I3094. 889
Plutarchus. Le vite di Plutarcho. Aquila, Adam of Rottweil, 1482. 13132. 898
Problemata. [Venice, Dom. Siliprandus, 1477.] *i3i37. 286
De virtutibus mulierum. Brescia, Bon. de Boninis, 1485. *I3I44. 367
De liberis educandis. Parma, And. de Portilia, [1472]. 13147. 887
Brescia, Jac. Britannicus, 1485. *X3I48. 358
Poggius, Joannes Franciscus. Historia Fiorentina. Venice, Jac. Le Rouge, 1476.
*i3i72. 244
Facetiarum liber. Antwerp, Math. Goes, 1487. Camp. 1431. 500
Politianus, Angelas. Miscellaneorum centuria prima. Florence, Ant. Miscomini,
1489. *i3a2i. 307
Pontanus, Joannes Jouianus. De Fortitudine. Naples, Matt. Moravus, 1490. *I3356. 327
Pontanus, Ludouicus. Singularia. [Utrecht, Printer of the Speculum.] Camp. *i 186. 462
Priuilegia ordinis Cisterciensis. Dijon, Peter Metlinger, 1491. *i3367. 468
Prognosticon. Opusculum repertorii pronosticon. Venice, Erh. Ratdolt, 1485. 13393. 281
Psalterium cum apparatu vulgari. Metz, Caspar Hochfeder, 15 13. 166
Psalterium Chaldaicum siue potius Aethiopicum. Rome, Marcellus Silber, 15 13. 229
Ptolemaeus, Claudius. Geographia. Ulm, Leonhard Holle, 1482. *I3539. 180
Rome, Petrus de Turre, 1490. *i354i- 228
Publicius, Jacobus. Artis oratoriae epitoma. Venice, Erh. Ratdolt, 1483. *I3545' 256
Venice, Erh. Ratdolt, 1485. *i3546. 269
Puppio, Ludouicus de. Interpretatio in Guarini differentiaa. Pisa, G. de Gentis,
1485- 13594- 892
Rampegollis, Antonius de. Aurea biblia. Ulm, Joh. Zainer, 1476. *I3682. ISd
Reformation der Stadt Niirnberg. Nuremberg, Ant. Koberger, 1484. *i37i6. 109
Augsburg, [Joh. Schoensperger,] 1488. 137 17. 99
Regimen sanitatis. (By Arnoldus de Villa Nova.) [Venice, G. B. de Sessa, ab.
1504-] 13750. . 285 Retza, Franciscus de. Comestorium viciorum. Nuremberg, [Sensenschmidt and
Kefer,] 1470. *I3884. 105 Riedrer. Friedrich. Spiegel der wahren Rhetorik. Freiburg im Breisgau, Fried.
Riedrer, 1493. 13914. 184
AUTHORS AND BOOKS 337
Rodericus Zamorensis. Speculum humanae vitae. Rome, Sweynheim and Pannartz,
1468. *i3939. 204
Munster, Helias de Louffen, 1472. *i394i- 421
Besan9on, [Pet. Metlinger,] 1488. 13947. 459
Miroir de la vie humaine. Lyon, [Guill. Le Roy,] 1477. 13951. 445
Rodulphis, Laurentius de. De usuris. Pescia, 1490. * 13959. 402 Rolewinck, Werner. Sermo in festo praesentationis beatae Vii^inis. [Cologne, Am.
ther Hoernen,] 1470. 61
See also Fasciculus temporum.
Rosenheim, Petrus de. Roseum memoriale. [Germany, ab. 1483.] *I3988. 199
Rudimentum nouitiorum. See Chronicarum epitome.
Rufus, Sextus. De historia Romana. Rome, S. Plannck, 1492. 14033. 225
Sabellicus, Antonius. Res Venetae. Venice, A. Torresanus, 1487. *i4o53. 273 Sacrament. Van dat sacrament, die passie ons heren, &c. Schoonhoven, [Fratres
S. Michaelis,] 1505. 485
Sacro Bosco, Johannes de. Sphaera mundi. Venice, Franz Renner, 1478. *i4io8. 241
[Venice,] Erh. Ratdolt, 1485. *i4iii. 262
Venice, [Hiero. de Sanctis with Santritter,] 1488. *i4ii2. 280
Salemo (Episcopus Constantiensis). Glossae ex illustrissimis coUectae auctoribus.
Augsburg, Monastery of SS. Ulrich and Afra, [1473-75?]. *I4I34- 65 Saliceto, Bartholomaeus de. Lectura super nono codicis. Perugia, Job. Vydenast,
1475- *i4i39- 375 Salis, Baptista de. Summa casuum conscientiae. Novi, Nic. Girardengus, 1484.
1 41 7 6. 400 Salomon, episcopus Constantiensis. See Salemo. Salomon ibn Gabirol. See Mibchar.
Samuel, Rabbi. Epistula contra Judaeos. [Metz,] Caspar Hochfeder, 1498. *i427o. 166 Sancto Georgio, Johannes Antonius de. See Georgio. Schedel, Hartmann. Liber chronicarum. Nuremberg, Ant. Koberger, 12 July, 1493.
♦14508. 110
Augsburg, Joh. Schoensperger, 1497. 14509. 100
Schildis, Hermannus de. Speculum manuale sacerdotum. Trier, 1481. *I4523. 156
Schwabenspiegel. See Landrechtbuch.
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus. Opera. Treviso, Bernhard of Cologne, 1478. *i459i. 316
Obras. Seville, Ungut and Polonus, 1491. 14596. Haeb. 621. 516
Epistulae. Rome, Am. Pannartz, 1475. 14601. 211
De quattuor virtutibus cardinalibus. [Blaiibeuren, Con. Mancz, ab. 1475.]
♦14620. 139 Simoneta, Johannes. Res gestae Francisci Sfortiae. Milan, Ant. Zarotus, i486.
♦14755. 294
Skonska Logh. Copenhagen, Gov. van Ghemen, 1505. 541 Soccinus, Marianus. Tractatus in materia obligationum. Pescia, Fran, and Laur. de
Cennis, i486. 14853. 401
Soccus. Sermones de Sanctis. Deventer, [Rich. Pafraet, ab. 1480]. Camp. *I539. 472
Solinus, Gaius Julius. Polyhistor. Parma, And. de Portilia, 1480. 14878. 338 Speculum humanae saluationis. [Augsburg, Monastery of SS. Ulrich and Afra, with
Giint. Zainer's types, not aft. 1473.] ^14929. 94 Spieghel. Spieghel des kersten gheloefs. Gouda, Gerard Leeu, [i4]78. 14968.
Camp. ^1585. 469
Statuta ecclesiae Coloniensis. [Cologne,] Joh. Guldenschaff, 1478. 15026. 72
Statuta prouincialia Monasteriensia. Munster, Joh. Limburg, 1486. 15027. 172
Statuta prouincialia vetera et noua Moguntina. [Strassburg, J. Priiss, 1487.] ^15041. 32
Statuta synodalia Bisuntinensis diocesis. Besan9on, [P. Metlinger,] 1487-88. 456
^
338 INDEX IV
Statuti dei Mercatanti bolognesi. Bologna, B. Hectoris, 151 1. 822 Stoffler, Johannes. Almanach noua pro annis 1504-1531. Venice, P. Liechtenstein,
1504. 283
Stoffler, Johannes. Calendarium Romanum. Oppenheim, J. Kobel, 151 8. 194
Elucidatio fabricae ususque astrolabii. Oppenheim, J. Kobel, 1512-13. 192
Strabo. Geographia. Rome, Sweynheim and Pannartz, [1469]. 15086. 206
[Venice,] Wendelin of Speier, 1473. *i5o87. 282
[Venice,] Joh. Rubeus, 1494. *I5090. 278
Suidas. Lexicon Graecum. Venice, Z. Kallierges, 1499. *66gi. 284
Summa. Summa rudium. Reutlingen, Joh. Otmar, 1489. *i5i7o. 144 Summenhart, Conradus. Tractatulus bipartitus de decimis. Hagenau, Hein. Gran,
1497. *i5i77- "7 [Tubingen, Joh. Otmar, ab. 1498.] *i5i8i. 187
Tacitus, Cornelius. Opera. [Milan, Ant. Zarotus, ab. 1488.] 15219. 295 Tambaco, Johannes de. Consolatio theologiae. [Mainz, Pet. Schoeffer, 1470-75 ?]
♦15235. 8
Basel, Joh. of Amerbach, 149a. *i5a37. 416
Teofilo. Vita di S. Giovanni da Capistrano. Como, [Baldassare di Fossato,] 1479.
15367 = 7776. 367 Terentius Afer, Publius. Comoediae. [Schussenried, Printer of the Gracchus et
Poliscena, ab. 1478.] *i537o. 141
Theobaldus. Physiologus. Cologne, Hein. Quentell, [1490?]. *i547i. 76
Theramo, Jacobus de. Belial. Augsburg, J. Schussler, a July, 1472. *1
Der Teiitsch Belial. Augsburg, J. Schoensperger, 11 October, 1487. 98
Thomas Aquinas. See Aquino, Thomas de.
Thomas Cantipratensis. See Bonum uniuersale and Byenboeck.
Thomas de Hibemia. See Hibernia.
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