HE OFFICIAL
ETROSPECTIVE
'X HI BIT OF THE-
EVELOPMENT
OF HARVESTING
MACHINERY

Taru

1900

Tre pared by Veering
Har-oe^ter Company
C/)ica^o, Illtt V, St Jk-K

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't a

OFFICIAL RETROSPECTIVE
EXHIBITION

OF THE

DEVELOPMENT OF HARVESTING
MACHINERY

FOR THE PARIS EXPOSITION OF 1900

DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY

CHICAGO, U. S. A.

PARIS

47 Rue Servan (Avenue de la Republiquej

EXPOSITION RETROSPECTIVE
OFFICIELLE

DU

DEVELOPPEMENT DES INSTRUMENTS
DE RECOLTE

POUR L'EXPOSITION DE PARIS EN 1900

FAITE PAR LE

DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY
DE CHICAGO, E. U. D' AiM.

PARIS

47 Rue Servan (Avenue de la Republique^

INTRODUCTION.

The DeorinsT Harvester Company, CMiicaiio, I'. S. A., was nomi-
nated in I'aris in the autumn of IS'ts to the French authorities, bv the
American Commissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1900, the Hc^n.
P^erdinand W. Peck, as having; been selected by him as the proper one
to make the retrospective and historical exliibition of the art of manu-
facturing" harvesting' machinery. The nomination was confirmed by
the French authorities, and the exhibit was assig-ned space by Mr.
Charles Kichards l)odg;e. Director of Agriculture of the American
Commission, in the American section of the Palace of Ag-riculture,
where it will be found.

This book is an account of the exhibit, and shows the manner in
which the Deering; Harvester Company has carried out the responsi-
bility entrusted to it. This work has been one of infinite labor and
pains. Every record that could be found has been consulted, and
every existing" American manufacturer of harvesting" machinery has
seen and ai)proved the mtxlels of machines made by him and his pred-
ecessors.

The illustrations in the book are photog^raphed from the models
themselves. The numbers on the illustrations and in the text corre-
s])ond to the numbers on the irtodels in the exhibit.

INTRODUCTION.

La Deering- Harvester Company de Chicago, E. U. d'A., fut pre-
sentee aux autorites francaises a i'aris, en automne 1S*>S, par le com-
missaire americain de rExjwsition de Paris de 1900, I'Hon. Ferdinand
W. Peck, comme 6tant la mieux i\ menie de faire une exposition
retrospective et historique de I'art de la construction des machines it
recolter. Ce choix fut confirme par les autorites fran^-aises et
Mr. Charles Richards Dodge, directeur du dcpartement de rAg"ricul-
ture de la Commission americaine, donna k cette exposition une
I)lace dans la section americaine du Palais de TAgriculture.

Ce livre donne un ai)ercu de cette exposition et montre la maniere
dont la Deering- Harvester Company a acc<»mi>li la tache (jui lui a ete
contiee. L'ouvrag"e a donne lieu a d'ardents travaux et de multiples
recherches. Toutes les archives, (jui pouvaient etre trouvees, ont ete
consultees et chacun des fabricants americains d'instruments de
rccolte, existant encore aujourd'hui, a vu et approuve les niodeles des
machines faites par lui ou par ses predccesseurs.

Les illustratif)ns dans ce livre sont des ])hotog"ra])hies prises de-
modeles memes. Les numeros des illustrations et ceux du texte cor.
respondent aux numeros trouves sur les modeles dans I'exposition.

PREFACE.

SALMON

In the oldest tombs of Egypt wheat is found, and on the chiseled
stones that frown over the passages slaves are represented, busy in the
fields with reaping-hooks. We do not know how many generations

passed while man still pulled off the
heads of the uncultivated cereal, in
the manner that the lower tribes of
Indians of western America now
gather the grass-seeds that constitute
a large portion of their food, nor how
many generations ago man began to
cultivate it with care.
Raking over the ashes of the past, the archsologist finds flint imple-
ments that were the prototype of the reaping-hook used by our grand-
fathers. From the ruins of Egypt are brought hooks of bronze; from
the sediment among the wave-washed piles that mark the forgotten
homes of the ancient dwellers on
Lake Neuchatel cereals have been
found, and reaping-hooks of bronze;
and from the bogs of Scandinavian
countries the castaway sickles are
taken. Many generations came and
went, so slow was the progress of
development, while the reaping-hook
was the only tool resorted to.

The first great improvement in
hand methods was the scythe, which
was the nearest approach to a machine

at the beginning of this century. Then came, in America only, what

was known as the cradle, by which a swath was cut and neatly laid to the

sun for drying preparatory to being bound. Still, these were mere tools.

The agricultural world sought relief from the excessive labors in

the .burning sun, and the inventive
talent of this epoch-making nine-
teenth century turned in part in the
direction of harvesting by mechanical
means.

We read that in the year A. D. i
the Gauls made use of an instru-
ment, little more than a tool, for
We also read that a machine was
attempted in Hungary in the eighteenth century. It is safe, however,
to consider the year A. D. 1806 as the beginning of practical efforts in
the direction of harvesting by wholly mechanical means.

Nothing becomes apparent to those versed in the progress of an art

gathering the heads of grain.

OFFICIAL RKIKOSPECTIVF FXHIHUION

sooner ihan the fact that an inventor attempts to accomplish many things
long before the tinie is ripe for the successful accomplishment of his
efforts; and \vc fuul that when Cilailstone. of l-'.ngland, in 1806, built a
reaper, he was not content with merely cutting the straws anil laying
them in a swath, as a simple machine can ilo, but sought to leave the
straw in gavels, ready to be bounti and out of the path of travel in
cutting the next rounil. No grain had, as far as we can learn, yet
been cut and so delivered.

Salmon, who followeil him, had i beu.
the same object in view, anil Ogle,
the ingenious English schoolmaster,
in iSj2, laiil the straws in gavels,
directly behind the receiving plat-
form.

Notwithstaniling this, these men
had grown gray before a machine

actually came into practical use that accomplished that end. When Bell
provided his machine with Salmon's shears for cutting, Ogle's reel, and
his own endless conveyor he laid the foundations, in no small measure,
for modern machines. He "budded better than he knew," .Miliough
his reaper was limited in its use to the humid climate of northern l^ngland
and Scotland, mainly, where it was thought necessary to permit the grain
to lie and thus become dry before being bound, that endless conveyor
and Hussey's cutting apparatus, which came a little later, made the mod-
ern self-binding harvester possible.

Half a century ago the first effort to bind grain by partly automatic
means was made. One year laterjurther attention was given to mechan-
ism for binding each bundle automatically. Nearly all attempted to bind
the prepared gavels, and not to operate upon the continuous swath that
Bell had made possible. Twenty-five years of laborious harvests passeil
before any succrssfnl aiitdm.iiic hinders were placed upon the market,

but in the meantime a giant was born
that in its maturity bore into the
tf\c^ /y'W^H^^^^BI^^Kiy fields the successful automatic binder.
^^t^Tjt^"^"^^^^^^^^^^^ That giant among harvesting ma-
^ cliinery was the Marsh harvester,

and it constituteil one of the most
far-reaching ste|)s that led to the
accomplishment of the almost ani-
mate steel that tics in buiulles prac-
tically every straw grown in the
American fields, anil is I.inl relieving iMiropcan labor from the burning
sun and the stings of the field.

Bell left as a legacy the fact that an endless conveyor could be made
to deliver a continuous swath, and Marsh Brothers taught us that the
straw could be taken from a receptacle, in gavel form, and bound before
being thrown to the ground.

The practicability of the Marsh harvester was demonstrated by the
use of thousands before inventors of binding devices availed themselves
of its principles and placed automatic attachments where the men had
stood.

Wire was first practically used as band material, but straw bands

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 7

had been attempted. The twine binder, the crowning triumph, found its
way onto the market less than a quarter of a century ago, and cannot
be said to have reached its fullest perfection until within the last decade.

The models shown in this collection may be considered as the most
important stepping-stones that have led to the present perfection. In
America alone over seven thousand patents have been granted for
improvements in grass and grain harvesting machinery. In the records
of inventions of Great Britain and Europe many are found.

The century may be divided into six epochs: (i) That of the
improved scythe and cradle; (2) that of the hand-rake reaper, adapted
to deliver the cut grain in gavels by manual means; (3) that of the self-
rake reaper, in which the same was accomplished automatically; (4) that
of the Marsh harvester, on which the grain was bound manually by
operators riding upon the machine; (5) that of the automatic binder;
and (6) that of the machine of steel. The cradle saved one-half the labor
before required, the reaper a half of the remaining labor; the modern
twine binder saves nearly all.

The models represent the machines as put on the market, mainly,
but many follow the drawings or models found in the United States
Patent Office. Many of the original models upon which patents were
founded, whittled out by unskilled hands, were crude indeed. In some
of the models of our exhibition the original wooden wheels are reproduced,
and in others modern chains and sprocket wheels have been substituted
for the bands, and shapely castings have been substituted for the clumsy
spokeless gears. The actual principles and means for carrying out the
object of each inventor have been carefully embodied in them, however.

We take much pride in the fact that we were selected to make this
exhibit illustrating the development of this great art, and in the ful-
fillment of the undertaking we have had in mind the single purpose of
showing the history accurately and truthfully, with a just regard to
those, living and dead, who have done so much for the progress of the
world.

Deering Harvester Company,

April 15, 1900. Chicago, U. S. A.

PREFACE.

Dans les plus acciennes tombes eg-yptiennes on trouve du ble et
sur les pierres ciseleeson voitrepresentes desesclaves travaillant dans
les champs avec leurs crochets a recolter. Nous ignorons pendant
combien de generations on s'est contente d'arracher lestetes du cereal,
non cultive les de la fagon dont les Indiens de PAmerique occidentale
ramassent encore aujourd'hui les semences qui leur servent en grande
partie de nourriture, ni depuis quand on commenca a les cultiver avec
soin.

Les archeologues, dans leurs recherches dans le passe trouvent des
instruments en pierre qui etaient les prototypes du crochet a recolter dont
se servaient nos ancetres. Des mines de VEgypte on rapporte des cro-
chets en bronze; dans la lie, parmi les pieux qui marquent les demeu-
res oubliees des anciens habitants du lac Neuchatel, on trouve
•des bles et des crochets a recolter; dans les marais des contrees de

8 OFFICIAL Ki:'l KOSl'LLllX 1. l.\ 1 1 1 IW l lON

la Scantlinavio do vioillcs laiKilk's. Df ti«>inl>rcuscs i^ciuralions se
succctlcrciit sans ai)iK)rtor aiuun itm^ri-s «,-t \c iroolu't a rrcollcr tut le
seul instnuiK'nt omnloyc.

Lc i»rcmior iK-rfootiotiiK'UK-iU iinporlanl lui la faux «jui avait plus
ou inoins Tapparcncc (ruuo machine, au coninionccnicnt do notre
siocle. I'uis vint, on Aniorit|uo soulomonl, uno faux i\ ratcau ooupant
un andain. (ju'on mottait au soloil i><)ur otro socho ot lie onsuito.

Lo niondo aj^rioolo ohcrclia uti soulaii^onu-nt a dos travaux oxcos-
sifs cxoculos sous un soloil brulanl ot lo talont invontif do notre sioole
do i>roirres dirii,'-o;i ])artiolloniont sos olTorts vers lo hut do jtouvoir faire
les recoltes par dos nioyons niooani«|uos.

Nous lisons que dans I'annoe A. D. 1. les (iaulois employaient un
instrument, rien moins ({u'un outil, pour rocueillir les totes dos hies.
Nous vovons aussi quo, dans le dix-huitiome siecle, on essaya une
maohino en Hon«^rie. Mais on pout considoror I'annee A. I). 1S(»()
comme etant lo commencement dos olTorts ])rati<|uos dans la direction
tie pouvoir faire les recoltes par dos moyons puromont mocanitpios.

Kien no deviont plus vite apparent a coux verses dans lo proj^j-ros
d'un art (|ue le fait qu'un inventeur tonto <raccomi)lir l)oaucoup do
choses avant que le temps soit mur pour raccomplissemont do sos
efforts; et nous trouvons que, quand (Gladstone, en Ang-leterre, en
18(K>, construisit une moissonnouse, il ne se contenta pas seuloment
de couper les i)ailles ct de les mottro en andain, comme touto simi)le
machine pout le faire, mais il essaya de laisser la paillo en javellos,
protes i\ etre liees et mises hors du chemin do la coupe suivantc.
Aucun «;-rain, pour autant cpie nous pouvons ra]ti)ron(lro, n'avait en-
core ete coupe et dolivre cK' cottcfavron.

Salmon, qui vint apros lui, avait lo memo objet en vue, ot < )<rle,
lo maitre d'ecole ini^onieux anglais, en 1S22, mit les pailles en javellos,
dircctement k Tarricre de la plateforme de reception.

MaljJ-re cola, cos hommes etaient devenus dos vieillards avant
qu'une machine vint en pratique, qui accomplit roollement cette lin.
Ouant P>ell munit sa machine dos ciseaux a coui)er do Salm<m, du
rahatteur d'C)«j;-lo ot de son proi)re c<mductour sans lin, il posa en
ij-rande partio, la l)aso dos machines modornos. II "construisit mioux
qu'il ne pensait."(Juoi(iuesa moissonnouse. dans son usag-e, etait limitoe
au climat humido de I'An^leterre du Nord ct de I'Ecosse, ou Ton cro-
vait devoir laisser socher le j^rain avant de le lier, cc conducteur sans
tin et I'appareil coupour do Ilussey, (pii vint ])lus tard, rondiront i)os-
sible la construction de la machine i\ recoltor a lia^^e automati<|uo.

II y a un domi-sioclo <[u'on lit le pomior effort pour lior lo ^rain
par dos movens ])artiollomont automati<|uos. I'no annoe i)lus tard on
donna une attention i»lus g-rande au mocanismo pour lior cluKpie botte
aut<miati<iuoment, Proscpie tons tontoront do lior les javellos jjroparoos
et non pas d'operer sur Pandain continu que Bell avait rendu ])ossiblc.
II se passa ving-t cin<i annoos de recoltes laborieuses avant qu'une
House auomati(iue satisfaisante fut misc au marche, mais cntretemps
un t^oant avait vu le jour <|ui, dans sa maturito, donna aux champs
une House automati«iuo avec les rosultats desires. Ce goant etait la
machine a ro'coltor Marsh qui constituait un dos pas les ])lus avancos
faits pour rendre possible, au moyen de Tacior, rendu jiour ainsi dire
animo. 1.- Hai^e en bottes de cha«|uo i)aillo jxtussant dans les champs

PREPARED BY THE DEERIXG HARVESTER COMPANY. 9

de TAmerique, et, en Europe, le soulag-ement des travaux durs et
fatigants de Touvrier travaillant sous les rayons brulants du soleil.

Bell a laisse, comme un legs, le fait qu'un conducteur sans fin peut
etre fait pour delivrer un andain continu et Marsh Brothers nous ont
appris que la paille peut etre prise d'un receptacle, en forme de
javelle, et liee avant d'etre jetee a terre.

La nature pratique de la machine a recolter Marsh fut demon-
tree par le fait qu'on en employa des milliers avant que les inventeurs
dispositifs de liage se servirent de ses principes et placerent des appa-
reils automatiques la ou auparavant il y avait des hommes.

On se servit d'abord de fil de fer pour le liage, mais deja des liens
en paille avaient ete essayes. La lieuse a ficelle, un eclatant triomphe,
fit son apparition, il y a moins d'un quart de siecle, et n'a vraiment
atteint sa perfection que dans la derniere decade.

Les modeles montres dans cette collection ne doiventetre conside-
res que comme des essais ayant produit la perfection actuelle. Rien
qu'en Amerique on a octroye sept mille brevets pour les perfectionne-
ments de machines a recolter. On en trouve egalement un grand
nombre dans les archives des inventions en Angleterre et en Kurope.

On peut diviser le siecle en six epoques: (1) celle du scythe et
de la faux a rateau perfectionnes; (2) celle de la Moissonneusearateau
amain, adaptee a la livraison du grain coupe en javelles au moyen des
mains; (3) celle de la Moissonneuse a rateau automatique, qui ac-
complissait la meme chose; (4) celle de la machine a recolter Marsh,
sur laquelle le grain etait lie a la main par des operateurs assis
sur la machine; (5) celle de la lieuse automatique et (6) celle de la
machine en acier. La faux a rateau economisa la moitie de la main-
d'oeuvre, la moissonneuse la moitie de la main-d'fjeuvre restant; la
lieuse a ficelle moderne economise presque la totalite.

Les modeles representent pour la plupart les machines tellesqu'el-
les sont au marche, mais plusieurs suivent les dessins ou modeles trou-
ves dans le bureau des brevets des Etats-Unis. Plusieurs des modeles
primitifs sur lesquels des brevets furent fondes, faits par des mains
peu experimentees, sont imparfaits, en effet. Dans quelques-uns de
ces modeles les roues en bois primitives sont reproduites; dans d'autres
des chaines modernes et des roues dentees ont remplace les bandes et
des pieces bien faites ont remplace les engrenages lourds et incommo-
des. Cependant les principes actuels et les moyens employes pour
remplir le but de chaque inventeur sont soigneusement montres.

Nous sommes tres fiers d'avoir ete choisis pour faire I'illustration
du developpement de cet art maintenant si important et dans Taccom-
plissement de notre tache nous avons eu simplement en vue une his-
toire exacte et vraie, tout en rendant justice a ceux qui, morts ou
vivants, ont fait tant pour le progres de ce monde.

Deering Harvester Compaxy,

15 Avril, 1900. Chicago, U. S. A.

OFFICIAL RETROSPECTIVE EXHIBITION

N... I.
15KLI/S REAPINC. MACHINE.

In 1S26 a rcapinj; machine was invented l)y the Rev. Patrick P.ell.
of Scotland, and useil in the field in iiSj;. An account of this machine
is found in a paper reail by the inventor at the annual meelinjf of the
British Association for the Promotion of Science in 1867. The machine,
he stated, had been in successful operation every year since.

The above illustration shows the machine in one of its latest forms,
and model No. 81 shows it in one of its earliest forms. The model above
illustrateil was made from a jihotoi^raph of a Bell machine taken by
James Todd, now of Edinburjj^h, Scotlaiul, while tlie machine was under-
going repairs on his farm in 1S64.

The machine came into almost exclusive use on a number of farms
in northern England and Scotland.

In tins machine were embodied many inventions of great imjior-
tance. In order that full credit may be given Bell for what he acccjin-
plished, it is not im|)r<)per to say that an effort was matle to belittle his
success by an attempt to show that his machine was not an operative one.
It may be consitlered that this matter was fully settled by the United
States Supreme Court, in the decision in the suit brought by C. H.
McCormick under his 1845 patent, against Seymour iV Morgan. Tiie
Supreme (^ourt said :

"What the defense was of the use of Bell's machine will be fcnincl in
Loudon's 'Encyclopedia of Agriculture,' |)p. 437 to 442, and from the
testimony of Obed Hussey.

"We think that on this evidence (that the machine used in l%nglantl
was that describeil by Loutlon) it was proper to submit to the jury the
([uestion as to its operation, and not to place it uniier ban as an entire
failure, which seems to be the effect of the charge as it was given. If
it operated well in 1829 and 1853, which is clearly proved, and is
assumed by the jiulge, it must certainly have been capable of operating
well at any intermediate time. Whether actually useil or not is wholly
immaterial.

"And if the machine as a whole operated well, then the ilivider, reel,
and reel-bearer each operated well, and the reel was supjiorted by a
practically successful contrivance, which formed no impediment in the
way of the divider or of the division and separation of the grain, and on
which no straws could clog, as the entire space beneath the reel shaft is,

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COAIPANY. n

in this machine, left unobstructed by the reel-bearer, which is horizontal,
some feet above the platform, and completely out of reach of the grain.
There is no difference between the reel-bearer in the machine of the
plaintiff in error and that in Bell's machine."

This case liaving been appealed from the lower court by the defL-ndant, there he became the
plaintiff in error in the higher court.

Waters (McCormick's witness), on being shown the drawing of Bell's
machine in Loudon's "Encyclopedia of Agriculture," says;

"As to mere manner of supporting the reel, I see no difference
between the method of supporting the reel in this and in the defendant's
machine."

This prior invention of Bell's, if the court had not substantially
excluded it from the consideration of the jury, would have furnished a
complete answer to the charge of infringement of the fifth claim of
McCormick's patent of 1845.

As this matter was fully gone into by the United States courts, it
may be considered settled that Mr. Bell's machine had not only a divider
in advance of the cutting apparatus, a reel adapted to be raised and
lowered relative to the cutting apparatus, as well as forw^ard and back-
ward, a grain-receiving platform, a cutting device, and all the essentials
of a reaping machine. The fact that it was used continuously until after
the advent of self-raking reapers is sufficient proof of its practicability.
Its cutting apparatus consisted of shears.

To the machine above shown was applied, by James Todd, the open-
guard cutting apparatus of Hussey, a short time previously exhibited at
the Universal Exposition of 185 1 at London, England.

Mr. Todd also further improved Bell's machine by putting a draft
tongue upon it.

No. I.
LA MACHINE A MOISSONNER BELL.

En 1826, le Rev. Patrick Bell, en Ecosse, inventa une machine a
moissonner qui fut employee en 1827. Dans un rapport lu par I'in-
venteur a la reunion annuelle de la British Association for the Pro-
motion of Science en 1867 on trouve un compte-rendu de cette machine.
La machine, disait.il, a ete en operation satisfaisante chaque annee
depuis lors.

La gravure ci-dessus montre la machine dans une de ses dernieres
formes et le modele No. 81 la montre dans une de ses formes primi-
tives. Le modele illustre ci-haut a ete fait d'une photog-raphie d'une
machine Bell prise par James Todd, maintenant a Edinbourg-, Ecosse,
pendant que la machine etait en reparations a sa ferme en 1S64.

La machine etait presque la seule en usage dans un grand nombre
de fermes en Ang-leterre et en Ecosse.

Cette machine comprenait maintes inventions de grande impor-
tance. Pour donner plein credit a Bell pour ce qu'il a accompli, il
est bon de dire qu'on a essaye d'amoindrir son succes en
tachant de demontrer que sa machine n'etait pas operative. Cette
question fut completement videe par la Cour Supreme des Etats-Unis
par la decision prise dans le proces de C. H. INIcCormick, sous son
brevet de 1845, contre Seymour & Morg^an. La Cour Supreme dit :

12 OFFICIAL ki:trospfcti\i- 1:XUIHIT1()\"

"Ce tiu'cUiit la (k'fonsc dc rusas^c tic la iiKuhiiu- Ilill >>o Irouve
dans " rEtK-vcU>i)cUiL' irAi^riciilturo" dc Li)u<lt>n. ]>. 427 a 442. cl dans
Ic icnioiijnaire do Obod Ilusscv.

"Nous crovons cjuo sur crtlc evidence (que la inaiiiiue employee
en Ant;leterro elait celle decrite \).it Loudon) il elait juste de sou-
metlre au jurv la ijuestion relative a son operation, et de ne i)as hi
mettre sous le ban coninie etant un eonii)let insucces, ce qui semble
etre I'etTet de la chari,'-e telle qu'elle est donnee. Si elle operait bien
en 182') et 185'J>, ce qui est clairetnent i)rouve et est assume par le ju^e,
elle doit certainement avoir etc capable de bien ope'rer a une epoque
interniediaire (luelcontpie. Si actuellenunt en iisaj^a' on non est une
question tout-a-fait immalerielle.

"Kt si la machine, comme un tout, a ])ien travaille, alors le
separateur, lerabatteur et leporte-rabatleur travaillaient l»ien chacun,
et le rabatteuretait supporle par une conil)inais()n pralicjuement satis-
faisante, qui ne mettait pas d'obstacle dans le cheniin du diviseur ou
dans la division et la separation du ji;-rain et sur laquelle aucune
paille ne pouvait s'attacher, I'entier espace en dcssous de Tarbre du
rabatteur etant, dans cette machine, laisse inobstrue par le porte-
rabatteur qui est horizontal, quelques pieds au-dessus de la platch)rme
et entierement hors de la ])ortee du sjfrain. II n"v a pas de dilTerence
entre le porte-rabatteur dans la machine du demandeur en erreur et
celui dans la machine Bell.

Le ilefciiili-ur elant .iHe on appol clu imrem<MU (U- la prcmii-ri- cmir il dcvini lU'iiiaiiilcur t-ti crn-ur

devaiit la haute cour.

Waters (le temoin de McCormick) a qui on montra le dessin de la
machine IJell dans "rEncvclopedie d'Afj^riculture" de Loudon, dit :

"Pour ce (jui rej^arde la nianiere de supporter le rabatteur, je ne
vois pas de difference dans la niethode de sui)porter le rabatteur dans
cette machine et celle du defendeur."

Cette inventi<m anterieure de liell, si la cour ne I'avait pas sub-
stantiellement exclue de la consideration du jury, aurait fourni une
reponse complete ii I'accusation de violation de la cinquieme preten-
tion du brevet McCormick de 1S45,

Cette matiere avant passe entierement par Ics cours des Etats-
I'nis. la question pent etre consideree comme decidee que la machine
de Mr. Bell avait non seulement un diviseur se prolon^-eant au-delil
Tapparcil coupeur, un raljatteur jxaivant se hausser et se baisser rela-
tivcment i\ I'appareil coupeur, a I'avant aussi bien (ju'a Tarriere, une
plateforme de reception, un disjiositil de coupe, mais tout ce qui etait
esscntiel a une machine i\ moissonner. Le fait qu'elle a ete en usaj^e
ctmtinuellement jusqu'apres I'arrivee des moissonneuses a ratelag-e
automaticjue prouve assez sa nature pratique. Son ajjpareil coupeur
consistait en ciseaux.

James Todd appliqua a la machine illuslree ci-haut Tapitareil cou-
peur, a doi;,^ts ouverts, expose anterienreinenl a r]Cx])osiii(in I'ni-
verselle de Londres de 1H51.

Mr. Todd pcrfectionna en outre la machine liell en y metlant un
timon de traction.

PREPARED BY THE DEERIXG HARVESTER COMPANY. 13

No. 2.
HUSSEY'S REAPING MACHINE.

On December 21, 1833, a United States patent was granted to Obed
Hussey that probably deserves as much attention as any other invention
in this art. His gear frame was mounted upon an axle between two
main supporting wheels, one or both drivers, as desired. The cutting
apparatus extended to one side. His machine was thus adapted to oper-
ate in the same manner as Ogle's, but he provided a rigid platform upon
which the grain could accumulate, and a stand upon which an attendant
might ride and rake off the gavels. A divider was provided for separat-
ing the cut grain from that left standing, and deflecting it onto the plat-
form. The cutting apparatus was that used upon all machines of the
present day, and was so perfect in its operation that the reel provided on
his first machine was found unnecessary, and was laid aside. (See
"Overlooked Pages of Reaper History" and "Memorial of Robert
McCormick.") Its cutting apparatus was later improved by him, and it
cannot be said that any material change has been made since it left his
hands.

The rear portion of the machine was supported by a roller or caster
wheel, and the tongue left free, thus avoiding all neck weight. The
platform was hinged to the main frame in such a manner that the outer
end of the cutting apparatus might rise and fall. The platform was also
removable, and by removing it the machine was adapted to cut grass as
well as grain.

Hussey 's reaper operated successfully in the harvest of 1833, and
was immediately put upon the market.

The modern manual-delivery reaper of the present day may be con-
sidered to be but a refinement of the Hussey machine of 1833. No
machine, it is believed, ever became perfectly successful until in it was
placed Hussey's cutting apparatus. Be that as it may, no other cutting
device is now used. Bell's reaper received its finishing touches when
Hussey's reciprocating knife was added. (Had Bell adopted Gladstone's
draft method as used by Mr. Hussey, Bell's machine would have been as
perfect and simple as any machine produced up to the time of the inven-
tion of the Marsh harvester.) Ample arrangement was made to prevent
side draft by using the stubble-side wheel only as a driving wheel, yet by
simple means both supporting wheels could be depended upon at will.

The following, quoted from the patent, will enable one to see how
nearly Mr. Hussey's invention conformed to the cutting devices of the
present day:

14 OFFICIAL KI:TR0SPECTIVE FXlllIll HON

"TIk-sl" guards are formed of a lop and Ixjltom piece, joined at the
point and near tlie base, lyin^;' nearly parallel and about one-eighth inch
apart, forming a horizontal mortise or slit through the guards. These
mortises, being on a line with each other, form a continued range of
openings or slits through the guards. The first guard is placed on the
rear of the right wheel, and the last at the e.xtreme end of the platform,
and the intermeiliate guards at equal distances from each other, and
three inches apart (more or less) from center to center.

"The cutter, or saw (/), is formed of the triangular plates of steel
fastened to a straight flat rod (,4,'-) of steel, iron, or wood, one and one-
half inches wide. These steel plates are ranged side by side, forming a
kind of saw, with teeth three inches at their base and four and one-half
inches long, more or less, sharp on both sicks and terminating nearly in
a point.

"The saw is then passed through all the guards in aforesaid range of
mortises, the size of the mortises being suited to receive the saw with
the teeth pointing forward, observing always that the points of the saw
teeth should correspond with the centers of the guards. One end of the
saw is connected with the pitman (//), which pitman is moved by a crank
(/' ), receiving its motion from the main axis by one or two sets of cog-
wheels. The vibration of the crank must be equal to the distances of
the centers of the guards or the points of the saw teeth, or thereabout,
so that when the machine is in motion the point of each saw tooth may
pass from center to center of the guards on each side of the same tooth
at every vibration of the crank."

In the above we find the woids of a prophet. The length of his
"saw teeth" exceeds those mostly used at the present time by about an
inch, but otherwise the proportions he recommends have not been mate-
rially departed from for two-thirds of a century. A razor without a
finished cutting edge is not a finished instrument, and it is equally true
that all reapers before the date of Hussey's invention were unfinished
instruments.

Under the United States laws patents might be extended; but Hus-
sey failed to acquire an extension of his 1B33 patent only because of
failure to apply for the same in time to conform to the requirements.
Mr. Hussey was a man of great ingenuity, but lacking somewhat in busi-
ness qualifications. He was a Friend, and in him was embodied the
unaggressiveness that characterizes the Quaker. His invention brought
him honor and wealth. His machines had been on the market more
than six years before any competition appeared, and ten years before
any was felt.

No. 2.

LA MOISSONNEUSE HUSSEY.

Le 21 Decembrc lH^?, un brevet des Ktats-Unis fut octroye a Obed
Hussey qui merite probablement autant d'atteiition que toute invention
dans cet art. Son bati d'engrenag'e etait monte sur un essieu entre
deux roues principales de support. Tune ou les deux motrices, comrae
desire, L'appareil coupeur se prolongeait d'un cote. Sa machine
etait done adaptee pour operer de la meme maniere que celle d'Og'le,
mais clle avait une plate forme rig-ide sur laquelle le grain pouvait

PREPARED BY THE DEERIXG HARVESTER COMPANY.

15

s'accumuler et un poste d'ou I'operateur pouvait racier les javelles.
Un diviseur separait le grain coupe et le versait dans la plateforme.
L'appareil coupeur etait celui en usage sur toutes les machines
de ce jour et etait si parfait en son operation que le rabatteur
dont sa premiere machine etait munie fut trouve inutile et
abandonne. (Voyez les brochures ''Overlooked pages of Reaper
History" et "Memorial of Robert McCormick.") II perfectionna plus
tard son appareil de coupe et on ne pent pas dire qu'il a subi un
changement materiel quelconque depuis lors.

La partie posterieure de la machine etait supportee par un
rouleau sur un essieu, le timon etant libre, evitant ainsi un

poids inutile sur le garrot des
chevaux. La plateforme etait
attachec au bati principal de
telle maniere que I'extremite ex-
terieure de l'appareil de coupe
puisse monter et descendre. La
plateforme etait aussi amovible
et en I'enlevant, la machine etait
adaptee a couper dcl'herbe aussi
bien que du g-rain.

La moissonneuse Hussey
travailla avec succes dans les
recoltes de 1833 et fut mise im-
mediatement au marche.

La moissonneuse a distribu-
tion manuelle modernede ce jour
ne pent etre consideree que
comme une perfection de la ma-
chine Hussey de 1833. On croyait
qu'aucune machine ne devint
parfaite si elle n'avait pas l'ap-
pareil de coupe de Hussey.
Quoiqu'il en soit, aucun autre dis-
positif n'est en usage mainte-
nant. La Moissonneuse Bell re^ut
sa touche finale quand on y mit
' la lame a reciprocation Hussey.

Si Bell avait adopte la methode de traction employee par Hussey, la
machine eut ete aussi parfaite et aussi simple que toute machine pro-
duite jusqu'a I'epoque de I'invention de Tinstrument a recolter Marsh.
D'amples arrangements avaient ete pris pour eviter la traction laterale
en se servant de la roue qui se trouve du cote du chaume comme roue
motrice seulement et cependant par des moyens tres simples on pou-
vait, a volonte, se servir des deux roues.

Ce qui suit, extrait du brevet, permettra de voir combien I'in-
vention de Mr. Hussey se rapprochait des dispositifs de coupe de notre
epoque.

"Ces doigts sont formes d'une piece superieure et inferieure,
jointe a la pointe et a la base, se trouvant parallele et a une distance
d'environ un huitieme de pouce, formant une mortaise horizontale ou
rainure a travers les doigts. Ces mortaises, etant eu ligne I'une avec

i6

OI-FICIAL RI-TKOSI'KCTIVl". KXIIIIUTION

rautrc, loriiKiit utu' raiii^oo CDiiliiiiK' (rouvorturos t)u raimiros u travers
les (loi^ts. Lo prcmior doisxt est ])lacc :\ rarriOro do la roue do droito
ot la dornioro a roxtromilo do la i»latol'(»rino ot los d«)i«,'-ts intor-
modiairos a dos distancos o^alos los uiios dos ai:tros ot avoo imo sopa-
raiioti (K' coiilro a oontro i\(' {\Aus oii iiKtins) tr<»is |unuos.

■■ I/apparoil coujK'ur, on soio ( f ), osl formo do |)la(|uos Iriaii^^ulairos
d'acior altachoos :\ uno trinj^lodroito ]>lato, d'acior (y;), ou do bois, d'une
larii-our d'uu ot doiiii poiKo. Cos plaqiios soiit raii^-oos Tuno ;\ cote de
I'autro, formant uiio ospooo <lo scio, avcc dos dents do trois ])ouces k
leur l>ase ot loni»-uos t\c (juatre ct doini poucos, plus ou inoiiis,
tranchantos dos doux c«')los ot so toriuinant a pi'u ])ros on pointo.

"Lasoie est passoo onsuito par tons K'sdoi}4"ts dans la dito ranj^ee
do niorlaiscs. l.i diinonsion dos niortaisos otant adaptoo a rocovoir la
scie avoc los donts pointoos vers I'avant, los pointos dos donts de la
scio (levant t<»ujours corrospondre avoc los centres dos doij>^ts. L'une
oxtroniite de la scie est reliee A la bielle (h), hiquclle bielle est operee
par une nianivelle (i) qui recoil sa motion de I'axe princii)al au nioyon
d'un jou de roues ;\ dents. La course do la nianivolle doit otre o«j;-ale
aux distancos dos centres dos doii,fts ou los ])ointos dos di-ntsde la scie,
ou a pou ]>ros, do fa^on que, la machine etant on operation, la pointe
de chacjuo dont de scie passe de centre a centre dos doij^ts sur cha(|ue
cote de la memo dont i\ cIkkiuo course de la nianivelle."

Dans CO (jui precede nous trouvons los paroles d'un proi)h6te. La
longueur de ses *'dents de scie" surpasse d'environ un pouce celle
des dents actuellement en usag-e. niais autrcment les pro])ortions
qu'il recommande n'ont ])as ote matoriolloment chanfrces doi)uis deux
tiers d'un siocle. I'n rasoir sans un fil bion tranchant n'ost i)as un
instrument fini ct il est osj-aleinent vrai (juo toutos los moissonnonsos
antorioures a la date do Tinvention (rilussoy otaiont dos instruments
incomplets.

Conformemeiil aux jois des ICtats-Liiis, les droits de brevets peu-
vent etre i)rolon<,ri.s, niais llussoy faillit d'obtenir le prolon<^emont de
son brevet de 1S33 parcecju'il n'en tit pas la demande en temps voulu.
Mr. Hussey etait un homme d'un j^-rand genie, mais avoc jk'u de (|ua-
lites commorciales. II etait un Ouaker ot ])ossedait les traits inotton-
sifs de cette secte. Son invention lui rajjporta honneuret richesso. Ses
machines furent sur le marche plus de six annees avant (ju'aucuno
concurrence apparut en Amerique ot dix annees avant qu'elle so lit
seiitir.

No. •?

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY.

17

No. 3.

HUSSEY'S IMPROVED REAPING MACHINE.

This illustration represents the Hussey machine manufactured
between 1845 and 1855. A single wheel serves to support the main por-
tion of the machine and gives movement to the cutting apparatus. In
this respect it follosvs some of the older machines, as, for instance, that
patented to Enoch Ambler in 1834. The single-wheeled form was put
on the market as early as 1841, and from that time the two-wheeled
Hussey reaper and the single-wheeled Hussey reaper were manufactured
in many little factories throughout the United States. As a two-wheeled
machine the original form of 1833 was adhered to.

No. 3.

MOISSONNEUSE PERFECTIONNEE HUSSEY.'

Cette gravure represente la machine Hussey construite de 1845 a
1855. Une simple roue sert a supporter la partie principale de la
machine et donne le mouvement a Tappareil de coupe. Sous ce rap-
port elle suit quelques unes des plus anciennes machines, par exemple,
celle brevetee a Enoch Ambler en 1834. La forme a roue unique fut
placee sur le marche deja en 1841, et depuis cette epoque, la mois-
sonneuse Hussey a deux roues et celle a roue unique furent con-
struites dans beaucoup de fabriques des Etats-Unis. Pour la machine
a deux roues on s'en tint a la forme primitive de 1833.

No. 4.

HUSSEY'S REAPING MACHINE IN ENGLAND.

This illustration shows the form of Hussey machine manufactured
by Garrett in England. The machine, variously modified and in some
cases improved, was largely used in England, Scotland, and the Conti-
nent. It was a small machine, light in construction, and required but a

i8

ui-i-'iciAL ri:tkosi'1-:lti\i-: i:xhihition

siiijjle horse to operate it. Tlie raker rode upon the inaehine, as upon all
of those made by Hussey and his licensees.

No. 4.

I. A MoissoNNKi'si: 111 ssi:\- i:n ancm ri.KRi:.

Cetle gravuro niontre la lornio tie la machine Hussey construite
par (iarrott on Anf.;leterro. La machine, modiliee divcrsement et
dans (lueUjues cas perleetionneo, fiit eonsiderahlement employe'e, en
Aiiiiietcrro, en Kcosse ct sur le Continent. Cetait vine polite maeliine,
log-oro do construetion ot pouvait etre operoe par un soul choval. Le
ratelour otait assis sur la machine, comtno sur toutes cellos faites par
Hussey ot cellos faites par son autorisation.

No. 5.

HUSSEY'S Ri:\IMXr, MACHINE AS MADE IN SCROTI. .\N1).

The above illustration is of the Hussey machine patented in the
United States in 1833 and 1847, as manufactured by Jack & Son, of May-
bole, Scotland, bej^inning soon after the London E.vhibition of 1851,
where the Hussey machine was shown, and where, in a competitive trial
before a jury, it was given the unanimous vote of superiority over
McCormick's machine, the only contestant. 'I'he machine here shown
was made in 1864.

No. 5.

1 \ M'>i<<()XXHUSE lilSSJOV TELLE (^L'EELE A E'l'E CON-
STRUITE EN ECOSSE.

L'illustration ci dessus est la reproduction dc la machine Hussey,
brevetee aux Etats-Unis on LS33 et LS47, telle quo construite par
Jack & Son de Maybole, Ecosse, peu apres TExposition de Londres de

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 19

1851, ou la machine Hussey fut montree et ou, dans un concours,
devant jury, elle obtint un vote unanime de superiorite sur la machine
McCormick, qui seule prenait part au concours. La machine ici
montree fut construite en 1864.

No. 6.

RANDALL'S REAPING MACHINE.

The machine represented in the above illustration was manufactured
by Abram Randall in 1833. The model from which the photograph was
taken is one-fifth size, and is a careful reproduction from an engraving
and description found in a remonstrance of the citizens of New York
against the renewal of the patent granted to C. H. McCormick, June 31,
1834. Said remonstrance was filed early in 1848, and is now in the
United States Patent Office. It will be seen that this machine lacked
little of meeting all the requirements of a hand-rake reaper. A suitable
reel, divider, cutting apparatus, grain-receiving platform, and stand for
the raker were provided. The machine was drawn and motion given to
the parts from supporting wheels. Its cutting apparatus consisted of
shears. Aside from the great difficulty of keeping the latter in order,
it is self-evident the machine was a practical success. Its divider is of
the modern type, and the reel is well proportioned. This machine was
operated in the harvest of 1833.

No. 6.

LA MOISSONNEUSE RANDALL.

La machine representee dans Tillustration ci-dessus fut construite
par Abram Randall en 1833. Le modele dont la photographic fut prise
est un cinquieme de la dimension et est une reproduction bien exacte
d'une estampe et d'une description trouvees dans une remontrance des
habitants de New York centre le renouvellement du brevet octroye a C.
H. McCormick, le 31 Juin 1834. Dite remontrance fut mise au dossier,
au commencement de 1848 et se trouve actuellement dans le Bureau

20 OFFICIAL RF.TROSPFCTIVK FXIIIIMTIOX

(los Brevets des Etats-Unis, On verra que cette machine possedait a
pen de chose pres toules les exii>-ences d'une moissonneuse a ratehiL,^e
a main. IClle etait pourvue d'lui rahalteur cnnvcnahle, d'un diviseur,
d'un apinireil de coupe, il'une phitefornie de reception et d'un poste
pour le rateleur. Cette machine etait tirec ct le niouvement aux
parties etait dt^nne ])ar des roues de support. Son api>areil de coui)e
consistait de ciseaux. A part la i>rande difliculte de tenir ceux-ci en
ordre, il est evident cpie cette machine fut un succes prati(|ue. Son
diviseur est du tvpe inoderne et le rahatteur est bien i)roportionne.
Cette machine traxailla dans la nioisson de IS.^.v

No. 7.
AMBLER'S MOWING MACHINE.

On December 23, 1834, a United States patent was granted to
Enoch Ambler, of the State of New York, for a mowing machine. It
was one of the very first single-wheel grass-cutting machines ever pro-
duced.

At the time this patent was taken out models were required by the
United States Patent Office. It is a fact that most inventors are not
skilled mechanics, and because of this fact many crude models were pre-
sented. Like this one, they served a purpose, however, in instructing
inventors who followed.

Ambler fully appreciated the necessity of ample traction, and conse-
quently provided his supporting and driving wheel with rims so aggres-
sive as positively to engage the soil over which the machine passed and
compel proper action of the cutting devices. Had he adopted Mr.
Hussey's cutting blades and applied a chain instead of a belt to impart
motion to the crank-shaft that he provided for reciprocating the cutting
apparatus, his mower would, no doubt, have proved to be a valuable
machine — as practical, very likely, as those which came into use more
than ten years later, having, as they did, Hussey's cutting devices, except
for the fact that the driver was compelled to walk. The machine was
drawn by two horses walking beside the standing grass, and the driver,
while walking behind, between handles like those of a plow, was able
to raise the cutting apparatus from the ground at one or both ends.

PREPARED BY THE DEERIXG HARVESTER COMPANY. 21

No. 7.
LA MOISSONNEUSE AMBLER.

Le 23 Decembre 1834, un brevet des Etats-Unis fut octroye a
Enoch Ambler de I'Etat de New- York pour une faucheuse. Ce fut
une des premieres machines a une seule roue qui ait ete produite.

Ambler appreciait tout-a-fait la necessite d'une ample traction et
consequemment il a pourvu sa roue de support et raotrice de jantes si
ag-ressives qu'elles eng-ageaient positivement le terrain sur lequel la
machine passait et for^aient Taction convenable des appareils de coupe.
S'il avait adopte les lames coupeuses de Hussey et applique une
chaine au lieu d'une cox^rroie pour donner la motion a Tarbre-mani-
vele qu'il fournit pour reciproquer Tappareil de coupe, sa faucheuse,
sans aucun donte, aurait ete trouvee une machine de valeur aussi
pratique, vraisemblablement, que celles qui vinrent en usage plus de dix
ans plus tard, pourvues, comme elles I'etaient, des appareils de coupe
Hussey, a Texception peutetredu fait que le conducteur etait oblige de
marcher. Cette machine etait tiree par deux chevaux marchant du
cote de Therbe et le conducteur, se trouvant derriere, entre des
manches comme ceux d'une charrue, etait capable de lever du sol, soit
Tune ou les deux extremites de I'appareil de coupe.

No. 8.

MCCORMICK'S REAPING MACHINE.

On June 31, 1834, a United States patent was granted to Cyrus H.
IMcCormick, of Rockbridge, Virginia. In the method of draft and in
the matter of relative position of its reel and cutting apparatus the
machine may be considered to have followed that of Bell of 1826-28.
A few of the novelties were these, that the machine was supported upon two
wheels only, with the preponderance of weight behind them; that the
push tongue and the preponderance of weight behind the wheels were
adapted to be supported by a bar with its ends resting upon pad saddles
upon the backs of the horses; and that its cutting apparatus was pecul-
iar. In the matter of draft, it is suggested that thills may be attached
and the machine be drawn. The cutting blade was straight, and might

22 OFFICI.M. RrTRnSTKCTIVF I-.X 1 1 1 111 1 1().\

be likened to a straiiihteiieil-oul leapin^-liDok adapleil to rei'iprocate
longitudinally; the barbs at the front edge were directed all one way.
Acting in opposition to the barbs on this blade was a bar having diag-
onally set pins, ailapted ni)t only to hold the grain to prevent its escape
from the cutting edge, but, by reciprocation, actually force the straws
there-against.

The labor t)f raking the grain from tiie machine was given to a man
who walked behind. Dispensing with a raker's stand rendered the
machine somewhat simpler than any that had been put out before it.

This machine was also provicleil with a long ilivider, the point of
which extended about si.x feet forward, and was connected by a high
brace from near its point to the general framework that supported the
reel at its outer end. The records of the United States I'atent Office
siiow that an unsuccessful attempt was made to extend the patent, with
the following result:

"Patkni ()iiit k, January 22, 1.S4.S.
Sir: In compliance with your recjuisition, I have examineil the
patent of Cyrus H. McCormick, dated 31st June, 1834, and found that
the principal features embraced in said i)atent, viz: the cutting knife
and mode of operating it, the fingers to guide the grain, and the revolv-
ing rack for gathering the grain, were not new at the time of granting
said letters patent.

"The knife, fingers, and general arrangements and operation of the
cutting apparatus are found in the reaping machine of O. Hussey,
patented 31st December, 1833.

"The revolving rack presents novelty chiefly in form, as its (opera-
tion is similar to the revolving frame of James Ten Eyck, patentetl 2d
November, 1825.

"Respectfully submitted,

"Ch.\s. G. Page, Examiner.
"Hon. Edmund I^lrkk, Com'r of Patents."

It appears from this that there was no valiil patent to extenil. The
machine of this patent did not meet with success, and the long-continued
efforts of the inventor are shown by his own words, taken from his state-
ment to the Commissioner of Patents, dateil January 1, 1848, now on
file in the United States Patent Office, which statement shows the pets
severance and boundless energy of Mr. McCormick:

"From the experiment of 1831 until (for) the harvest of 1840 I did
not sell a single reaper, except one which I afterwards took back;
although during that time I had many exhibitions of it, and received
favorable notices of those exhibitions; but experience proved to me that
is was best for the public as well as myself that no sales were made, as
defects presented themselves which would have rendered the reaper
unprofitable in other hands. From time to time a great many improve-
ments were found necessary, recpiiring a great deal of thought and study
— sometimes flattered, at others discouraged ; and at all times deeming
it best not to attempt sales either of machines or rights to manufacture,
until satisfied that the reaper would succeed well; and the great variety
of situations in which it was necessary to operate, in relation to the con-
dition of the grain and ground, together with the short time in each

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 23

year for experimenting, and also the failure of some crops— added much
to the difficulty, and delay in introducing and completing the reaper.

"I was not sufficiently satisfied of its being a 'useful' machine to
patent the reaper, until the year 1834, its construction and proportions
having been imperfect, requiring much effort to make them, whilst light,
yet simple, strong and durable; and the cutting apparatus being defec-
tive on account of liability to choke and get out of order — all which
defects had to be corrected by a series of experiments; and often (per-
haps generally) the result of but one experiment for the same object
could be fully tested in one harvest.

"The cutting, indeed, proved not to be sufficiently certain to be
relied on in all situations until I invented the improvement in the
'fingers' (or supports to the cutting), and reversed the angle to the
teeth of the sickle — as described and patented January 31, 1845, in con-
nection with the improvement in the 'bearers' — which improvements,
dispensing with the under part of the fingers {iindei' X\\e sickle), on which
blades, grass, etc., were liable to hang and choke the machine, simpli-
fied and perfected the cutting apparatus."

We read, further, in the statement, that notwithstanding discourage-
ments, improvements were added in 1839, and an exhibition given, at
which an order for a machine was taken and another one ordered later.
These two machines "were the only reapers disposed of for the harvest
of 1840 — and they failed to operate zvell.'"'' The teeth of the sickle were
made coarser than they had been, but all going in one direction, as they
did, playing in grooves in the fingers, the blades of wheat were drawn
into the grooves and there lodged on the underside of the fingers, so as
to choke the machine, especially in damp wheat.

He goes on to say as follows: "Those gentlemen could of course
say nothing m favor oi the reaper that year; and they failing, all that
I could do for it the next harvest (1841) was to correct the defects
in those two machines — but the James River farmer (Mr. Sampson), who
has since purchased two — in different years — declined having anything
done to his at that time. Accordingly, I then put a new sickle into Mr.
Smith's machine — having the angle of the teeth reversed on the edge
every one and a half inches (about) alternately, so as to cut equally in
both directions, and the machine then performed so satisfactorily that,
in addition to Mr. Smith's certificate, I warranted the performance of
the reaper in every respect; and from that amount, upon those terms sold
for the harvest of 1842, seven reapers; and they all gave satisfaction,
allowance being made for defects which I afterwards had to correct by
adding further improvements to them," etc.

It is thus seen that Mr. McCormick's sales practically began for the
harvest of 1842, eleven years after his first experiments. If Bell's
machine (see No. 4) and Hussey's (see No. 5) had been so defective in
principles as to require so many years' labor to correct them, it is quite
possible that their energies would have failed to stand the test of so
many years of discouragements.

No. 8.

MACHINE Mccormick.

Le 31 Juin 1834, un brevet des Etats-Unis fut octroye k Cyrus H.
McCormick de Rockbridg-e, Virg-inie. Dans la method'e de traction

-I OFFICIAL RF.TROSPFCTIVF FX 1 1 1 l!i 1 lu.\

ot iliiiis la inaiiiore do iK)scr son ral)atU'ur, ot aiiisi (jue I'apparoil de
coupe, cctlo machine ]>ont ctrc consiik-rco cojnnio ayant suivi colic de
Kell de 1S2<>— 2S. OueUiiies-unes des nouveaules elaienl: La machine
etait supportee surdeux roues seulement avec la preponderance du poids
a rarrierodocelles-ci; letimoncrinipulssionct la jjreponderancedu ])oids
a I'arriere des roues elaient ada])tes ])our etre supportes par une i)arre
dunt les extremites re]>osaient sur des selles j^arnies se trouvant sur
les dos des chevaux ; son ajjpareil de coupe etait particulier. Dans la
inatiere de traction, il est suiij^ere tpie des brancards ])euvent etre
attaches et ipje la machine pent etre tiree. La lame coupeuse etait
droite et ])t)uvait etre comi)aree a un crochet ;\ moissonner redresse,
adai)te a recipnxpur lonyitudinalement; les dents du lil d'avant otaient
toutes diris^ees du meme c<')te. Ag'issant en opposition des dents
sur cette lame, ilyavait une barre ayant des g-ou])illes llxees dia<i;-(v
nalement, adaptees non seulement a retenir le «ifrain ])our rem])eclier
de s'echai>per (le la lame coupeuse, mais, j)ar reciprocite, for^ant la
paille contre cette lame.

Le travail de rateler le sj^rain etait fait par un ouvrier m.irchant
derriere la machine. Le fait qu'il n'y avait pas de place pour le rate-
leur rendait la machine un pen plus simple (ju'aucune autre produite
anterieuremcnt.

Cette machine avait aussi un long' diviseur dont la pointe se pro-
lon^-eait vers I'avant de six pieds a ])eu pres et etait relie, par une
lourde attache de sa ])ointe au bati g-eneral qui sui)portait le rabatteur
a son cxtre'mite exterieure. Les archives du l>ureau des JJrevets des
ICtats-Unis montrent (ju'une tentative tut iaite pour proU)ni^er le
brevet, avec le resultat suivant:

"BuKEAU DES PatENTES, le 22 Janvier 1848.

Monsieur: Pour satisfaire ii votre requete, j'ai examine le l)revet
de Cyrus McConuick, en date du 31 Juin 1834 et j'ai trouve que les
]irincipaux caracteres com])ris dans ce brevet, savoir: la lame coupeuse
et la maniere de I'operer, les doigts pour i^uider le strain, et le chevalet
tournant pour assembler le g'rain n'etaient pas nouveau a Tepoque de
I'octroi des dites lettres patentes.

La lame, les doig-cs et les arrangements generaux, et roi)eration
de ra])pareil coupcur se trouvont dans la luachine de O. Ilussey,
brevctee le 31 Decembre 1833.

Le chevalet tournant jiresente une nouveauteen forme seulement,
son operation etant la meme que cello du bati tournant de James Ten
Eyck, brevete le 2 Novombre 1825.

Soumis respoctuousemont

Ch.\S G. P.\(;k, exaininatour.
L'llon. Kdnumd IJurko, Com'r do Hrevcts."

II parait done <ju"il n'y avait i)as un brevet valide a i)rt)longer.
La machine de ce brevet n'obtint pas de succes et les longs efforts de
rinventeur ressortent de ses propres ])ar<)les, prises de son rap])ort au
commissaire des brevets, date du 1''' Janvier 1848, maintonant dans les
archives du Bureau des Brevets des Ktats-Unis, le(|uol rapi)ort montre
la i)ersoverance et Tonergie sans bornes do Mr. McCormick:

"Depuis I'exporience de 1S31 juscju'a (]iour) la nioisson de 1S40,
je no vendis pas une soule Moissonnouse, a rexce])tion d'une seule que

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 25

je repris plus tard, quoique j'en lis, clepuis lors, plusieurs exhibitions
et que je re^us plusieurs mentions honorables ; mais I'experience m'a
prouve qu'il etait mieux pour le public et pour moi-meme de ne pas
faire de ventes, des defauts se presentant qui auraient rendu la
moissonneuse peu profitable dans d'autres mains. De temps en temps
un g-rand nombre de perfectionnements furent necessaires, exig-eant
de profondes idees et des etudes sans nombre — les unes satisf aisantes et
les autres decourag"eantes, estimant pendant tout ce temps qu'il etait
preferable de ne pas tacher de vendre, soit des machines, ou les droits
de fabrication avant d'etre certain que la moissonneuse serait un
succes; et la grande variete de situations dans lesquelles il etait
necessaire d'operer, par rapport a la condition du grain et du terrain
et le peu de temps laisse pendant le cours d'une annee pour faire les
experiences, ainsi que Tinsucces de quelques moissons — rendaient la
tache encore plus difficile et apportaient du delai dans I'introduction
et I'achevement de la moissonneuse.

Ce ne fut pas avant I'annee 1834 que je fus suffisamment convaincu
quec'etaitune machine " avantageuse " pour breveter la moissonneuse,
sa construction et ses proportions ayant ete imparfaites, exig^eant
beaucoup d'efforts pour les faire, quoique legeres mais simples, solides
et durables ; et I'appareil de coupe etant defectueux, expose a etre
engorge et derange — tons les defauts ayant du etre corriges par une
serie d'experiences ; et souvent (pent etre generalement) il n'etait pos-
sible que de faire une seule et unique experience pendant une seule
moisson.

"La coupe., en effet, ne prouvait pas etre suffisamment certaine
pour pouvoir s'y fier dans toutes les situations jusqu'a ce que j'eus invente
le perfectionnement dans les "doigts" (ou supports a la coupe), et
inverti Tangle aux dents de la faucille-comme decrit et brevete le
31 Janvier 1845, en connexite avec le perfectionnement dans les "sou-
tiens " lesquels perfectionnements, eliminant la partie inferieure des
doigts {sous la faucille) dans laquelle les lames, Therbe, etc. pour-
raient se prendre et engorger la machine, simplifierent et perfection-
nerent I'appareil de coupe."

Nous lisons, en outre dans ce rapport, que, malgre les decourage-
ments, des perfectionnements furent faits en 1839, qu'une exhibition
fut tenue a laquelle une machine fut achetee et une autre commandee
plus tard. Ces deux machines "furent les seules moissonneuses ven-
dues pour la moisson de 1840 — et dies ii^operereut pas bieuy Les
dents de la faucille furent faites plus grossieres qu'elles ne I'avaient
ete, mais toutes allant dans la meme direction, jouant en meme temps
dans des rainures dans les doigts, les brins de ble etaient tires dans les
rainures, ou ils se logeaient sous le cote inferieur des doigts de fagon
a engorger la machine, surtout dans les bles humides.

II continue en disant: "Ces messieurs ne pouvaient, en effet, rien
dire cette annee en faveiir de la moissonneuse ; et eux me faisant
def aut, tout ce que je pouvais faire pour la moisson suivante (1841) etait
de corriger les defauts dans ces deux machines — mais le fermier de
James River (Mr. Sampson), qui en a achete deux depuis lors — en
differentes annees — refusa de faire faire quoi que ce soit a la sienne a
cette epoque. Done, je mis une nouvelle faucille dans la machine de
Mr. Smith — ayant Tangle des dents interverti chaque pouce et demi

26

OFFICIAL RETROSPECTIVE EXHIBITION

(environ) alternativoiiu-nt. do fasi»n ;\ iM»uvi)ir «.ouikt dans los deux
dirtvtions, ct la njacliino al«>rs ojKTa d'lUK- uianicro si salislaisanto.
qu'en sus du ccrlifuat do Mr. Smith, jc j^aranlis Taction dc la niois-
sonncuse sous t»>us los rapjxjrts ; et sur co rani>orl i-t :\ ses tonnes je
vendis sept inoiss«tnnousos jxuir la nioiss«Mi do 1S42 ; ot dies
donnoront touto satisfaition, iino cortaino lalitudo ayant oto laissoe
ix>ur los ilofauts <|uo j'ous a corripfor plus lard on los jiorfoctionnant
plus ciMnplotoinont " otc.

On voit done tpio los vontos i\v Mr. NMonnick ooininotKiTrnl. rn
fait, ix)ur la nioisson iW 1S42. onzo annoos apros sos proniiiros v\\k'-
riences. Si la nuuhino Holl < voyoz No. 4i ot ^cWk.' d'Hussoy ( vt)yez
No. 5) avaiont oto si dofoctueuscs on i)rin*.ipos (ju'il out fallu do si
lonjruos annoos do travaux pour los corrii^^or, il ost trjJ's |M)ssil)lo que
lours energies n'auraiont pas pu resistor a tanl d'annoos do docourag-o-
inoiil.

No. 9.

\VOOnW.\RD'S RK.VPINC, .M.VCHINH.

Some time after 1840 a reaping machine was made by V. \N'o()il\varcl,
of Freehold, N. J., and later patented by him, under date of September
30, 1845. The machines were manufactured in various parts of the
United States to a considerable extent. As shown in the patent, the
machine was provided with a reel similar to that used by Hell. The reel
was supported on forwardly reaching arms. A box-like platform was
adapted to receive the grain, and before this a series of shears, similar
to those used by Hell, was ranged. Like Hell's, the machine was
adapted to be pushed by a team of horses, one upon each side of the
rearwardly extending tongue. The latter was supported upon an axle,
connected thereto by a vertical axis, and the axle, in turn, sustained by
wheels. The driver, by means of a tiller, directed the movement of the
machine. The cut grain was accumidated in the box-like receptacle in
the rear of the cutting apparatus, anci from it was removed sidewise from
time to time, by manual means, and the accumulation permitted to
escape freely by falling through an opening at the bottom of the recep-
tacle. This receptacle was provided with a hinged bottom, the latter
supported by a counterpoise so as to give way and permit the accumula-
tion to ' " • • •> ■' irround in the form of a gavel, in piles. Thi'i m.u hine,

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 27

as will be seen, was of the Bell type, which embodied principles that, to
many inventors, seemed particularly promising.

In 1843 some of these or similar machines were manufactured in
Kane County, State of Illinois, U. S. A. The difficulty found in keep-
ing the shears in perfect order and keeping them free from shreds of
grass-blades was such that the machine could be operated only by one
unusually expert in the use of machinery.

A farmer, Marcus Steward, and J. F. Hollister, a skilled mechanic,
of Kendall County, Illinois, U. S. A., acquired one of these machines
in trade, and rebuilt it, improving it in conformity with what they
believed to be required.

The model, of which the above is a photograph, represents the
machine as so rebuilt. It cut a swath of ten feet in width, was operated
by two men and three horses, and each day it laid from twenty to thirty
acres in gavel form. Later they built another machine of the kind.

George Rugg, a distant neighbor of Steward and Hollister, of whom
we shall soon speak, improved Hussey's cutting apparatus by serrating
the edges of the cutting blades; and the rebuilt machine, just mentioned,
was provided with a Hussey cutting apparatus thus improved. This
machine cut about thirty harvests, of several hundred acres each, before
it was laid aside to make a place for others still more in keeping with new
requirements.

The Woodward machine, in its improved form, came into promi-
nence in 1845.

In this neighborhood Hussey's reapers had long been known, and
McCormick machines were being introduced. Many manufacturers,
and others interested in harvesting machinery, called to see the machine
that was successfully doing sixty per cent more work than any other yet
made. Mr. C. H. McCormick, then a small manufacturer, called at the
farm, witnessed its operation, and threatened suit under his own patents;
but the farmer was not timid, and continued to use the machine for more
than a quarter of a century.

The rebuilding of this Woodward machine by the farmer and
machinist above mentioned are particularly dwelt upon because of the
fact that on the same farm, by the encouragement given by one and the
skill of the other, one of the greatest revolutions in harvesting machin-
ery was given its first impetus. (See Marsh harvester.)

No. 9.

MACHINE A MOISSONNER WOODWARD.

Quelque temps apres 1840 une machine a moissonner fut con-
struite par P. Woodward, de Freehold, N. J., et plus tard brevetee
par lui, sous la date du 30 Septembre 1845. Les machines furent
considerablement construites dans differentes parties des Ktats-Unis.
Comme indique dans le brevet, la machine etait munie d'un rabatteur
semblable a celui employe par Bell. Le rabatteur etait supporte sur
des bras s'etendant vers I'avant. Une plateforme en forme de boite
est adaptee pour recevoir le grain, et devant elle etait rang-ee une
serie de ciseaux semblables a ceux employes par Bell. Comme celle
de Bell, la machine etait adaptee a etre poussee par un attelage de
chevaux, un cheval de chaque cote du timon se prolongeant vers

2S OFFICIAL RFTKOSrECTIVK liXl 1 1 HITION

I'arriere. Co dornior rc^Dsait sur iiti cssieu, v roliL' i>ar nn axo vortical
et IV'ssiou, :\ stui tour, souU'tni ])ar dos rouos. Lo condiiotour, au movcn
(I'lni tiouvornail, diriiioait lo niouvoinonl do la maoliino. Lo «ifrain coupo
otait accuinulo dans lo roooptaclo on i'ornio do boilo i\ I'arrioro do
ra]>I)aroil do coupo ot on otait enlovo latoraloniont i\(' touips en tomps
par dos nmvons nianuols ot raccumulation pouvait ochappor libroniont
on tombant par uno ouvorture au fond du roco])taclo. Colui-ci otait
nuini d'un f«»nd lixo sur dos charnioros, co dornior supporto par un
contro-poids do fav,ttn a i>ouvoir codor ot laissor toinbor lo t,rrain j\
torro. Cotto machino, coinnio on lo vorra, otait du typo lioll, qui
cotnjjronait dos principos (pii somblaiont proniottro Ijoaucouj) aux
invontours.

Kn 1S4.^, (pioKiuos-unos i\c cos niachinos ou dos machinos sinii-
lairos furont construitos a Kane County Ktat, do I'lUinois, E. U. d'A.
La difficulto dc tonir los ciscaux on parfait ordrc et libres de brins
d'horbe otait telle que la machine no pouvait otre operoe que par quol-
(ju'uM oxcoiUionnollotnont habile dans rusasjfo do machinos.

I'n tormior, Marcus Steward ot J. F. Ilollistor, un mocanicion
oxporimonto do Kendall County, Illinois, E. U. d'A., accjuiront en
tratic uno de cos machines, la reconstruisiront avoc les i)orfoctionne-
ments qu'ils croyaient necessaires.

Le modele, dout Tillustration ci-dessus est uno photographio,
represente la machine ainsi reconstruite. Elle coupe un andain de
dix pieds de larg-e, etait opcreo par deux hommes et trois chevaux et
mottait cha(jue jour de ving-t a trente acres en forme de javelle. Plus
tard, ils construisiront unc autre machino do co g-onro.

Gcorg-e Kug-g-, un voisin. dontnous parloronsbiontot, porfectionna
I'appareil de coupe Hussey en dentelant los Ills dos lames coupeuses;
et la machine reconstruite, qui vient d'etre mentionoe, fut munie de
I'appareil de coupe Hussey ainsi perfectionnee. Cette machine coupa
environ trente rocoltes, chacune de i)lusieurs centaines d'acres avant
qu'elle fut romplacec par une autre ropondant encore plus aux nouvel-
les exig-ences.

La machino Woodward, on sa forme perfectionnee, vint en
proeminence en 1845.

Les moissonneuscs Hussey etaiont contiuos (lojtuis longtomps dans
ces envirous et les machines ISIcCormick common^^aiont a otre intro-
duites. Beaucoup de ctmstructeurs et d'autres personnes intoressees
dans les Instruments de Recolte vinrent voir la machine qui faisait
soixante pour cent plus de travail que toute autre. Mr. C. H.
McCormick, alors un petit fabricant, visita la forme, fut temoin de
roperati<»n do la machine et mona<,-a do faire un procos pour violation
de ses propros brevets; mais le formior n'otait ])as d'uno nature timido
et continua (\c so servir do la machino pendant plus d'un (piart civ
siecle.

On insiste specialemont sur la reconstruction de cette machine
Woodward par le formior ot le mocanicien ci-dessus mentionnes i\
raison du fait que sur la memo forme, par Tencouragemont donne i)ar
I'un et par I'habilito de I'autro, une considerable impulsion fut donnoe
a I'une des plus g-randos revolutions dans la construction dos Instru-
ments de Recolte. (Vovez Moissonneuse Marsh, i

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY.

No. ic.

MCCORMICK'S REAPING MACHINE.

The above illustration shows the modifications of the machine sug-
gested in his patent of June 21, 1834, by Mr. McCormick. The Ameri-
can patent law requires that every inventor shall show his invention in
practical form, but he may suggest such modifications as he pleases,
whether old or new. The draft thills, reel, platform, straight reciprocat-
ing cutting blade, and projecting fingers were old, and may be found in
Ogle's machine of 1822.

No. 10.
MOISSONNEUSE McCORMICK.
L'ilustration ci-dessus montre les modifications de la machine
suggeree dans son brevet du 21 Juin 1834 par ■Sir. McCormick. La
loi americaine des brevets exige que chaque inventeur montre son
invention en forme pratique, mais il peut sug-gerer les modifications
comme il I'entend, soit anciennes ou nouvelles. Le brancards de
traction, le rabatteur, la plateforme, la lame coupeuse droite recipro-
quante et les doig"ts en saillie etaient anciens et se trouvent dans la
machine Ogle de 1822.

No. II.
WOODWARD'S CUTTING DEVICE.

This cutting apparatus was that introduced by Ferdinand Woodward
prior to 1843. Machines having this cutting device were at once intro-
duced in the western portions of America, and they proved to be valu-
able machines. This cutting apparatus, however, was defective, in that
shreds of grass would accumulate between the cutting blades and soon
clog them.

Mr. Hussey's cutting apparatus was substituted in machines of this
kind, which rendered them competent to do excellent service.

^o

OFFICIAL RETROSPECTIVE EXHIBITION

No. II.

Ai'i'Aki;ii. Di-: coriM'. di'. woodward.

Cot apparoil <le coupe clait cclui iutroiluit par Fcnlinaiul WodcI-
wartl avant lS4.v Dos machines ayant cot apparoil dc coupe furent
d'un ct>up introtluites datis les parlies occidetilales de TAiiierique et
elles prouverent elre des machines de valour. Copenihmt cot ai)pareil
de coupe etait defectif, parce(pio des brins d'horlio s'accuniulaiiiit (hins
les lames coupeuses et les onuorj^'eaienl bieiitot.

L'appareil de coupe de Mr. llussey ful place dans des machines
de ce genre ce qui les reiidail aptes a rendre d'excellents service.

No. 12.

ESTERLY'S REAPING MACHINE.

On October 22, 1844, a United States patent was granted to (ieorge
Esterly for a reaping machine. It was adapted to take the heads only
of the standing grain. It consisted of a large receptacle upon two main
supporting wheels. The reel for gathering the grain also served as one
element of the cutting device; it was given movement from one of the
main supporting wheels. The rear end of the machine was supportetl
upon a truck, consisting of two wheels secured to the framework by a
vertical axis, by which their direction of travel might be changed. A
capstan wheel was connected by ropes to this axle, and by this means
the direction of movement of the machine as a whole was controlled.
Horses were placed behind the main portion of the machine, and so
connected to the rearward extension that their draft had the effect of
pushing the machine in advance of them.

TTiis machine, somewhat modified, came into practical use. The
accumulation of grain was pitched out of the receptacle into a wagon
provided with a large box, that was permitted to be driven beside the
machine at intervals. The cutting knife was a stationary straight blade,
secured to the front portion of the box, and along this the spirally |)laced
steel bars of the reel passed, thus producing a shearing action similar to
that of lawn-mowers of the present day.

Mr. Esterly subsecpiently produced many valuable machines, and
was one of the most fertile inventors of his day.

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 31

No. 12.
LA MACHINE A MOISSONNER ESTERLY.

Le 22 Octobre 1844, un brevet des Etats-Unis fut octroye a
Georg'e Esterly pour une machine a nioissonner. Elle etait adaptee
seulement a couper les tetes du grain sur pied. Elle consistait d'un
grand receptacle sur deux roues principales de support. Le rabatteur
pour assembler le g-rain servait aussi d'element a I'appareil de coupe;
il recevait sa motion de I'une des roues de support. L'extremite
d'arriere de la machine reposait sur un true, compose de deux roues
fixees au bati par un axe vertical, par lequel leur direction pent etre
changee. Une roue a cabestan etait reliee par des cables a cet essieu
et par ces mojens la direction du mouvement, comme un tout, etait
controlee. Des chevaux etaient places derriere la partie principale de
la machine et relies de telle fa^on au prolongement d'arriere que leur
traction avait I'effet de pousser la machine devant eux.

Cette machine, un tant soit peu modifiee, vint en usage pratique.
L'accummulation du grain etait jetee du receptacle dans un wagon
muni d'une grande caisse qui, par intervalles, etait menee a cote de la
machine. La couteau etait une lame iixe droite, attachee a la partie
de face de la caisse, le long- de laquelle passaient les barres placees en
spirale du rabatteur, produisant une action de coupe semblable a celle
des coupeuses de pelouses de nos jours.

Mr. Esterly produisit ensuite differentes machines de valeur et fut
un des plus feconds inventeurs de son epoque.

No. 13.
MCCORMICK'S REAPING MACHINE.

Patented January 31, 1S4S.

This reaper was intended to be an improvement upon the reaping
machine patented to Mr. McCormick in 1834.

32

OFFICIAL RETROSPECTIVE EXHIBITION

In 1840 Mr. iMcCormick sold two machines, and from that time
gradually increased the number each year. Further improvements were
made in 1847. When lie adopted Mr. Husscy's cutting apparatus the
machines may be considered to have reached a high degree of devel-
opment.

No. 13.
MOISSONNEUSE McCORMICK.

Bkevetee I.E 31 Janvier 184;.

Cette moissonneuse pretendait etre un perfectionnement de la
moissonneuse brevetee de Mr. McCormick en 1834,

En 1840, Mr. McCormick vendit deux machines, et augmenta
graduellement leur nombre chaque annee. De nouveaux perfectionne-
ments furent faits en 1847. Ouand il adopta I'appareil de coupe de
Mr. Hussey, les machines pouvaient etre considerees comme ayant
attaint un degre eleve de developpement.

No. 14.
RUGG'S CUTTING APPARATUS.

Shortly after 1840 George Rugg, of Ottawa, Illinois, U. S. A., who
then operated a repair-shop, conceived the idea of serrating the edges of
the sections of Hussey's cutting apparatus. He found that for cutting
grain free from grass they were greatly improved by the change.

When Mr. McCormick's machine began to be used in his neighbor-
hood, Mr. Rugg took out the straight sickles and applied the cutting
apparatus as improved by him. This improvement on Mr. Hussey's
cutting apparatus came into immediate use for grain-harvesting machines,
and now shares the labor performed by Mr. Hussey's original invention.

No. 14.

APPAREIL DE COUPE RUGG.

Peu apres 1840, Georges Rugg, de Ottowa, Illinois, K. U. d'A.,
qui dirigeait un atelier de reparations, concu I'idee de fauciller les fils
des sections de I'appareil de coupe dc Hussey. II trouva que pour

PREPARKD BY THE DEKRIXG HARVESTER COMPANY.

33

couper du fj;Tiiin, libre d'horbo, Ic chang-ement etait uii orand per-
fectionneinent.

Ouaml on coinnionce a se servir dans son voisinag^o de la machine
McCormick. Mr. Rug'ii;' enleva les faucilles droites et appliqua Tappa-
reil de coupe porfectionne par lui. Ce perfectionnement de Tappareil
de coupe de ^lr. Hussey vint immediatement en usage pour les instru-
ments a recolter les grains et partage maintenant les travaux executes
par rinvention primitive de Mr. Ilussey.

No. 15.

COOK'S SELF-RAKING REAPING MACHINE.

On November 30, 1846, a United States patent was granted to A. J.
Cook for an improvement in reaping machines. Hussey's machine had
come into general use, and Cook's invention may be considered to have
been an improvement whereby one operator was dispensed with. Sal-
mon, in 1808, had foreshadowed the side-delivery rake that later came
into use, but Cook preferred the method of delivering the grain rear-
wardly, as Ogle had provided for, but by a mechanically moved rake as
one part of the reel.

No. 15.

MACHINE A MOISSONNER COOK, A RATELAGE

AUTOMATIQUE.

Le 20 Novembre 1846 un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde a
A. J. Cook pour le perfectionnement de machines a moissonner. La
machine Hussey etait generalemeut employee et Tinvention de Cook
pent etre consideree comme un perfectionnement par lequel on pouvait
se dispenser d'un operateur. En 1808, Salmon avait prevu le rateau a
decharge laterale qui vint plus tard, mais Cook prefera la methode de
decharger le grain par Tarriere, tel qu'Ogle Tavait fournie, mais par
un rateau opere mecaniquement comme une partie du rabatteur.

34

OFFICIAT. Rl'.TROSPFXTTVF. FXTIIBTTION

No. i6.
McCORMICK'S REAPING MACHINE.

On October 2,3, 1847, a United States patent was granted to Cyrus
H. McCormick for improvement in reaping machines. In addition to
the description of this machine, reference is made to his patent of June
21, 1834, and January 31, 1845. The improvements on his old machine
may be understood by reference to the specification of the patent under
consideration :

'"I'he reaping machines heretofore made are defective in the follow-
ing particulars: 'i'he driving-wheel is placed forward of the mechanism
that operates the vibrating sickle, and so far forward as to leave too
much of the weight of the machine back of the driving-wheel, and there-
fore tending to strain the horses as well as the frame of the machine, and
the gearing which communicates motion to the crank is placed back of
the driving-wheel, which is therefore subject to be clogged by sand, dirt,
straw, etc., and in consequence of the relative position of the various
parts the attendant is obliged to walk on the ground by the side of the
machine to rake the cut grain frcMii the platform as it is delivered and
laid thereon by the reel.

"These defects, which have so much retarded the introduction into
practical and general use of reaping machines,* I have remedied by my
improvements, the nature of which consists in placing the driving-wheel
farther back than heretofore, and back of the gearing which communi-
cates motion to the sickle, which is placed in a line back of the axis of the

* It is thought that the word my was unintentionally onntted before the words "reaping ma-
chines," for the proposed improvements were only applicable to his machine, tlie fact being that no
other inventor liad attempted to make a machine simple at the expense of the man reqinred to deliver
the gavels to the ground, thus adding the fatigue of walking to that of raking. Mr. McCormick had
seen the Hussey reaper repeatedly, it having been on the market since 1S34; had been in competition
witli it (see "American Farmer," Baltimore. October, 1847): and besides had seen the modified Wood-
ward reaper (see No. 9), and could not have intended to suggest that his improvements were applicable
to them. The McCormick and Woodward reapers had been introduced in Kendall County, Illinois, in
184;, where Mr. NIcCormick had seen them in operation. Hicks (History of Kendall County, Illinois,
published at .Aurora, Illinois, 1877), in speaking of the introduction of reapers in that vicinity in 184S,
says: " Before harvest, Murray & Bullard introduced the first McCormick reaper into the county, and
it did good work, but was hard on man and beast. It was a heavy load for four horses, and that without
tlie driver riding, for, with the first machines, the one who raked off was obliged to walk. About the
same time the Woodward reaper, pushed before the team, was introduced."

PREPARED BY THE DEERIXG HARVESTER COAH^ANY. 35

driving-wlieel, the connection being formed by means of a lever and a con-
necting-rod, thus placing the cog-gearing which operates the crank for-
ward of the elriving-wheel for the purposes described, and also bringing
the driving-wheel sufficiently far back to balance the frame of the
machine with the raker on it, and make room for him to sit or stand on
the frame back of the driving-wheel, and with his back to the horses, so
that from this position and the placing of the reel farther forward than
heretofore and making it shorter, together with the employment of a
wheel-board or guide, which prevents the grain from passing under the
machine or into the gearing, thereby avoiding the necessity of a long
reel, he can rake off the grain with a sweep of his rake (having the free
use of his body and arms) in a curve, of which his body is the center, and
thus lay the grain on the ground with the heads outward at right angles
to the swath, which cannot be done if the raker walks on the ground by
the side of the machine, as heretofore, for then the sweep which he
makes with his rake, relative to the motion of the machine, lays the
grain on the ground with the heads oblique instead of at right angles
with the swath, as with the improved mode."

The difficulties under which Mr. McCormick labored were great, and
his persistence enabled him to attain a high position as a manufacturer.
In charging the jury in the suit brought against Seymour & Morgan, Mr.
Justice Nelson said, in regard to Mr. McCormick's early efforts: "The
history of the improvements made by the plaintiff in reaping machines
has been developed by the evidence in the progress of the trial. It
seems that his experiments began as early as 1830 or 1831, and continued
from year to year down to 1834, when he first obtained a patent for his
machine. This machine, however, was not a successful one, and but
comparatively few were either manufactured or sold. It was found by
the farmers who tried them that they would not work successfully or
profitably, and this seems to have been the fate of the experiments made
with the machine down to 1845, when a second patent was taken out for
improvements upon the first one, and even then, although the machine
as thus improved was regarded by the farming interest as more valuable
than the original one, yet in consequence of the difficulties in raking the
cut grain from the platform the machine did not go into general or suc-
cessful operation until after the arrangement of the seat for the raker
upon it, which was patented in 1847."

For further particulars see No. 8.

No. 16.
LA MACHINE A MOISSONNER McCORMICK.

Le 23 Octobre 1847 un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde a Cyrus
H. McCormick pour perfectionnement des machines a moissonner.
Outre la description de cette machine, mention est faite de son brevet
du 21 Juin 1834 et du 31 Janvier 1845. Les perfectionnements de son
ancienne machine peuvent etre compris en se referant a la specifica-
tion du brevet en consideration :

"Les machines a moissonner faites jusqu'a present sont defectives
dans les details suivants: La roue motrice est placee a I'avant du me-
canisme qui opere la faucille oscillante et tellement a Tavant que trop
du poids de la machine reste a Tarriere de la roue motrice, ce qui tend

36 OFFICIAL RETROSPECTIVE KXHIBITION

a fatig-uor los chovaux aussi bion ([ik> Ic hati do la machine et rengre-
nage qui coininuniquo la motion a la manivclle est j^lace a I'arriere de
la rone motrice qui est consequemment sujette i\ etre entravee par le
sable, la poussiere, la paille etc., et par suite de la position relative
des ditTerentes parties, Toperateur est ol)li»ie de marcher ;\ cote de la
machine pour rateler le g'rain coupe de la plateldrme au lur et a mesure
qu'il V est decharge et mis par le rabatteur.

"Ces defauts qui ont tant retarde Tintroduction pratique et gene-
rale de machines* i\ moissonncr ont ete corriges par mes perfectionne-
ments, dont la nature consiste a placer la roue motrice plus en arriere
qu'auparavant et a I'arriere dc rengrenage (pii communique la motion
a la faucille, qui est placee en alignement a Tarriere dc Taxe de la
roue motrice, la connexit)n etant formee au moyen d'un levier et d'une
tringle de connexi(m, pla^-ant ainsi Tengrenage a dents qui opere la
manivelle i\ I'avant de la roue motrice pour le but decrit et mettant
aussi la roue motrice suffisamment vers I'arriere pour equilibrcr le bati
de la machine, avec le rateleur j assis, et pour lui donner une place
pour s'asseoir ou se tenir sur le bati a I'arriere de la roue motrice et
avec le dos tournc vers les chevaux, de fat^'on que de cette position, et,
en placant le rabatteur plus en avant qu'autrefois et le faisant plus
court, ensemble avec I'emploi d'un protecteur de roue ou guide, qui
empcche le grain de passer sous la machine ou dans I'engrenage,
evitant ainsi la necessite d'un long rabatteur, il pent rateler le grain
d'un coup de son rateau (ayant le libre usage de son corps et de ses
bras) en une courbe dont son corps est le centre et mettre ainsi le grain
par terre, les tetes a I'exterieur a angles droits a I'andain, ce qui ne
peut se faire si le rateleur marche a cote de la machine, comme autre-
fois, car alors le coup de son rateau, relativement au mouvementde la
machine, met le gram par terre avec les tetes obliquees au lieu d'etre
'k angles droits avec I'andain, comme dans le systeme perfectionne."

Les difficultes rencontr^es par Mr. McCormick furent grandes et
il atteint, comme fabricant, une position elevee due a sa persistance.
en s'adressant au jury dans le proces contre Seymour & Morgan,
Mr. le procureur Nelson dit, en pari ant des premiers efforts de Mr.
McCormick :

"L'histoirc des progres faits par le plaignant dans la fabrication
Y's instruments a recolter a ete developpee par I'evidencc dans le cours
b proces. II semble que ses experiences commencerent deja en 1830
ou 1831 et continuerent d'annee en annee jusqu'en 1834 quand il
obtint un brevet pour sa machine. Cette machine, cependant, n'eut
pas de succes et comparativement peu furent construites ou vendues.

' II est suppose que le mot ;«<••; a 6te<>mis iiivoloiiiairoment devant les mots " machines k
moissonner," car les perfectiontiemciits proposes irelaient applicables qu'k sa machine, le fait
etant qu'aucun autre inventenravait tentede faire une machine simple aux depens de Ihonime
charire de nu-ttre les lavelles k terre, ajouiant ainsi la fati^rue de la marche k eel le du ratelatre.
Mr McCormick avail v"u tres souvent la moissonneuse Hussey qui ^tait sur le marche depuis 1»J4; u
avail ele en concurrence avec elle (vovez '-American Farmer," Baltimore, Octobre 1S4/); il avail en
outre vu la moissonneuse mod ifiee Woodward (voyez No. 9) et ne pouvait avoir eul intenlioii de
snirirerer que ses perfeclionnements leur etaient applicables. Los Moissonneuses McCormick et
Woodward avaient ele introduiles dans Kendal County, Illinois, en 1.H45. ou Mr. McCormick les
avaient vues en operation. L'Uistoire ''■ Kendall County. Illinois, par Hicks, publiee i Aurora,
Illinois, 1877, en parlanl de rintroduclion ..? moissonneuses dans ce voisinaire en 1«45. dit: Avant
lamoisson, Murray et Bullard inlroduisirenl la premiere moissonneuse McCormick dans la contree
et elle fit un bon travail, mais fatijfuait hommes et animaux. Elle etait lourde pour qualre chevaux,
et encore I'operateur n-elail pas assis sur la machine, car avec les premieres machines, celui qui
rlclait etait oblijre de marcher. A la meme 6poque k peu pres, la moissonneuse Woodward, poussee
par I'attelage, fut iniroduite."

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY.

37

Les fertniers, qui les essayerent, trouverent qu'elles ne travail leraient
pas avec succes ou avec profit, ce qui semble avoir ete leur sort jusqu'en
1845 quand un second brevet fut pris pour des perfectionnements
apportes a la premiere, et meme alors, quoique la machine, ainsi per-
fectionnee, etait consideree de plus de valeur que la primitive, cepen-
dant, par suite des difficultes de rateler le g^rain coupe de la plate-
forme, elle n'alla pas en operation g-enerale et satisfaisante avant
I'epoque ou un arrangement pour le sieg-e du rateleur fut introduit,
arrangement qui fut brevete en 1847."

Pour de plus amples informations vojez le No. 8.

No. 17.
DANFORD'S MOWING MACHINE.

On September 17, 1850, a United States patent was granted to E.
Danford for improvement in mowing machines. A main frame was car-
ried upon a main supporting wheel, and in order to effect the height of
cut required, was adjustable from the supporting wheel. From the main
frame extended the cutting apparatus, which, when the machine was
used as a reaper, was supported upon a small wheel. Motion was
imparted to the cutting apparatus by a suitable gearing. The cutter-bar
was hollowed, and within it moved two cutters consisting of blades of
the Hussey type, suitably secured to a bar. These knives were given
movement by cranks formed in a single shaft. The cutting of the grass
took place between these blades when approaching each other. The
tongue was so pivoted to the main frame that its position might be regu-
lated at will.

These machines went into extensive use on the prairies of Illinois,
U. S. A., where they made excellent records. The juices of the grasses
and plants affected the operation of the machine so seriously, by adher-
ing to the blades and forcing them apart, that the cutting apparatus of
Mr. Hussey was soon adopted.

No. 17.

MACHINE A MOISSONNER DANFORD.

Le 17 Septembre 1850 un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde
a E. Danford pour perfectionnement dans des faucheuses. Un
bati principal reposait sur une roue principale de support et, pour

38 OFFICIAL RFTROSPECTIVE EXHIBITION

obtenir la hauteur do coupe requiso, etait re<;iable de la roue de sup-
port. L'appareil coupeur se prolong-eait du bati principal et, (piand
la machine etait employee commc une moissonneuse, reposait sur une
petite roue. La motion etait donnee a l'appareil coupeur par un en^re-
nag^e convenable. La barre coupeuse etait evidee et dans son interieur
se mouvaient deux coupeurs consistant de lames du type Ilussey, con-
venablement attachees a une barre. Ces lames etaient mises en
mouvement par des manivelles formees en arbre unicjue. La C()U]>e
de I'herbe se faisait entre ces lames quand elles se rapprochaient Tune
de Tautre. Le timon etait pivote de telle fa9on au bati principal que
sa position pouvait etre rej^lee a volonte.

Ces machines furent amplement en usag^e dans les prairies de
rillinois, E.-U. d'A., ou elles eurent un excellent succes. Le sue des
hcrbes et des plantes affecta si serieusement Toperation de la machine
en adherant aux lames et en les separant, que l'appareil de coupe de
Mr. Hussey fut bientot adopte.

No. 18.

PEASE'S REAPINCi MACHINE.

On November 14, 1848, a United States patent was granted to F. S.
Pease for improvement in harvester rakes. It was one of the first
attempts made in the United States to produce a reaping machine having
a device by means of which the driver of the team could deliver gavels
to the ground. It may be considered a step in advance of those
machines upon which a raker stood for the purpose, but was not auto-
matic, as Salmon proposed. While this machine did not come into gen-
eral use, it served the purpose of instructing those who came after and
teaching them the fact that a reaping nuichinc of the single drive-wheel
type could be exceedingly simple. Its cutting apparatus was that
invented by Hussey; its grain-receiving platform was slotted, and by
suitable mechanism the teeth of a rake placed beneath were moved
across to deliver the grain. This device was operated by a lever within
reach of the driver, and bv its means the rake was also returned to the

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 39

outer extremity of the platform, there to remain until a suitable amount
of grain had accumulated. Motion was given to the cutting blade by-
means of a rotary cam, which was, in fact, the rim of the main support-
ing wheel, notched upon either side. Pivoted arms extended forward
from near the axle, on each side, and were provided with anti-friction
rollers, and so connected that the cams on the rim of the wheel would
cause them to move alternately to the right and left. These arms were
not only connected together, but by suitable levers connected in turn to
the cutting blades.

These machines were used as mowers to some extent, when changed
so that the cutting apparatus was given motion by gearing. Mr. Pease
appreciated the necessity of placing the line of draft between the sup-
porting wheels so as to avoid side draft, and for this purpose made the
draft tongue adjustable laterally in its position relative to the main sup-
porting wheel. Many attempts have been made subsequent to the date
of Pease's invention to operate the cutting apparatus of harvesting
machines by means of a cam, but with unfavorable results, the main
reason being that the shock upon the pitman and cutting apparatus was
so great as to be destructive.

No. 18.
LE MACHINE A MOISSONNER PEASE.

Le 14 Novembre 1848 un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde a P.
S. Peace pour perfectioiiiiement de rateaux de recolte. Ce fut une des
premieres tentatives faites aux Etats-Unis pour produire une machine
h. moissonner ayant un dispositif au moven de laquelle le conducteur
de Pattelag-e pouvait decharg-er les javelles a terre. Elle peut etre
consideree comme un progres precurseur de ces machines sur les-
quelles le rateleur se tenait, mais elle n'etait pas automatique,
comme Salmon le proposait. Quoique cette machine ne fut pas
generalement en usage, elle servit a instruire ceux qui vinrent plus
tard en leur enseignant le fait qu'une machine a recolter du type de
roue motrice unique pouvait etre tres simple. Son appareil decoupe
etait celui invente par Hussey ; la forme de saplateforme de reception
etait a rainure et, au moyen d'un mecanisme propre, les dents d'un
rateau, place en dessous, etaient mises en mouvement a travers la plate-
forme pour decharger le grain. Cette devise etait operee par un levier
a la portee du conducteur, et, au moyen de ce meme levier, le rateau
etait retourne vers I'extremite exterieure de la plateforme pour y rester
jusqu'a ce qu'un montant convenable de grain ait 6te accumule. Le
mouvement etait donne a la lame coupeuse par une came rotatoire,
qui etait, en fait, la jante de la roue principale de support encochee a
chaque cote, Des bras sur pivots, partant de pres de Pessieu, se pro-
longeaient en avant de chaque cote et etaient munis de rouleaux d'anti-
friction et relies de telle facon que les cames sur la jante de la roue les
faisaient mouvoir alternativement a droite et a gauche. Ces bras
etaient, non seulement relies ensemble, mais aussi aux lames coupeuses
au moyen de leviers convenables.

Ces machines furent a certain degre employees comme faucheuses
quand leur appareil coupeur fut opere par engrenage. Mr. Pease
comprit la necessite de placer la ligne de traction entre les roues

40

OFFICIAL RETROSPECTIVE EXlIiniTIOX

de support alin d'eviter la traction latorale ot dans co but il fit le
timt)n de tirag-e rcg'lablc latoralonicnt dans sa position relative a la
roue principale de support. Plusieurs tenlatives ont ete faites poste-
rieurenient a la date de Tinvention de Pease pour operer I'appareil
couj)eur des instruments a recolter an moyen d'une came, mais avec
des resultats defavorables, la rais<^n en etant (pie le clioc sur la bielle
et I'appareil de coupe etait assez fort pour etre destructil.

No. ig.

PALMER ^: WILLIAMS' SELF-RAKING REAPING MACHINE.

On February 4, 1851, a United States patent was granted to Aaron
Palmer and S. G. Williams for improvement in reapers. This
machine was provided with a quadrant platform and an automatic rake
adapted to sweep the latter and deliver the accumulated grain to the
ground, depositing it away from the path of travel for the next round of
cutting. Its construction was so simple and its operation so perfect that
it almost at once came into extensive use. The machines so constructed
were provided with the Hussey cutting apparatus, and the rake arm was
pivoted to the main supporting frame, and moved backward and forth
by segments on the main supporting wheel. The rake head was adapted
to be raised by a projection upon its outer end that moved along over a
curved rod upon the board of the outer divider, but permitted it to fall
so that its teeth could strike into the grain when at its farthest point for-
ward and carry the latter thercwitli in its backward movement.

No. 19.

MACHINE .\ MoISSONNER PALMER .V WILLIAMS.

Le 4 Fevrier 1S51 un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde a Aaron
Palmer et S. G. Williams pour perfectionnement de Moissonneuses.
Cette machine etait munie d'une platcformc en forme d'un quart de

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 41

cercle et d'un rateau automatique pour la balayer et decharger le
grain accumule le mettant en meme temps hors du chemin pour la
coupe suivante, Sa construction etait si simple et son operation si
parfaite qu'elle vint immediatement en grand usage. Les machines
ainsi construites etaient munies de I'appareil de coupe Husse}' et le
bras du rateau etait pivote au bati du support principal et dirige en
avant et en arriere par des segments sur la roue principale de support.
La tete du rateau etait adaptee a pouvoir etre levee par une projec-
tion sur son extremite exterieure qui se mouvait le long d'une tringle
recourbee sur la planche du diviseur exterieur, mais le rateau retom-
bait de facon que les dents prenaient dans les grains quand ceux-ci-
etaient a son point le plus loin en avant et ramenaient la javelle dans
leur mouvement en arriere.

No. 20.
HAINES' REAPING MACHINE.

On March 27, 1849, a United States patent was granted to Jonathan
Haines for improvement in harvesters. It followed the Bell type in that
it moved in advance of the team, and its direction of movement was con-
trolled from the rear —in his case, however, by a supporting wheel and
tiller. The cutting apparatus was in advance of the main supporting
wheels, and between it and the wheels was an endless conveyor, unlike
Bell's in that it was horizontally placed, and still unlike in that it was
extended outwardly and upwardly and adapted to deliver the cut grain
into a wagon drawn beside the machine.

His improvements constituted a step far in advance, and the
machine is now extensively used in the drier regions of the American
continents.

The Hussey cutting apparatus was used in these machines from the
first. The form shown in the model from which the above photo-engrav-
ing was made is of the kind now used.

No. 20.

LA MACHINE A RECOLTER HAINES.

Le 27 Mars 1849, un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde a Jonathan
Haines pour perfectionnement de machines a recolter. La machine sui-
vait le type Bell dans ce sens qu'elle operait devant I'attelage et la
direction du mouvement etait controlee de I'arriere — dans son cas
cependant par une roue de support et un g-ouvernail. L'appareil coupeur

42

OFFICIAL RI'TROSPECTINI' I'.Xl 1 1 1'.ITION

etait a Tavant des roues prinoipales do support ot entre Tappareil et
les roues so trouvait uu ooiuluotour sans tin, ditToront docolui do l>o!l on
CO cju'il olait jjIuoo horizontalotnont ot qu'il so jjrolonjuoait extoriouro-
raent ct vors lo haut ot otait adapto a dolivror lo i^rain coupo dans un
wag'on so trouvant a coto do la niachino.

S<in porlootionnoniont otait un ij^rand i)r()tiros ot la machine est
maintornant bion on usay-o dans los controos aridos du ct)ntinent
amoricain.

Des Ic debut I'apparoil dc coupo ilussoy fut oniployo dans ces
machines. Le modole montre, dont la plioto«;-raphure ci dessus est une
reproduction, ost lo i^'onro actuolloniont y:n usag"e.

No. 21.

SEYMOUR'S SELF-RAKING RI:A1MX(; MACHINE.

On July 8, 185 i, a United States patent was granted to William H.
Seymour for improvement in reaping machines. The improvements
were of great value, and went into immediate use. He so proportioned
the parts that the line of draft was well grainward from the single driv-
ing-wheel, and applied to the machine an automatic rake. 'I'he cutting
device was of the then well-known Hussey type. The rake, geared from
the main supporting wheel, was adapted to travel forward in an elevated
position, drop into the accumulated grain, and sweep it in an arc of a
circle rearwardly and sidewardly, thus delivering it outside of the path
of the team on the following round.

As improved, these machines were extensively manufactured by
Seymour ^: .Morgan, who made valuable improvement from time to time,
and were among the very earliest to manufacture self-rukiug reapers.

No. 21.
l.A MACHIXI': /\ MOISSONXER SEVMOUR.
Le 8 Juillet \H=>1, un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde ^William
H. Seymour ])our ])orfectionnemcnt dans les machines A moissonner.

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 43

Les perfectioiineracnts etaieiit de grande valeur et vinrent immediate-
ment en usag-e. II proportionna les parties de telle facon que la lig-ne
de traction etait dirigee par la simple roue motrice vers le grain et
adapta a la machine un rateau automatique. Le dispositif de coupe
etait du type Husse^' bien connu alors. Le rateau, eng-rene de la roue
principale de support, etait adapte de facon a operer vers Tavant dans
une position elevee, de tomber dans le g-rain accumule qu'il balajait
en arc d'un cercle vers I'arriere et vers le cote, le dechargeant ainsi
hors du cheniin de I'attelag-e pour le tour suivant.

Ainsi perfectionnees ces machines furent beaucoup construites
par Seymour et Morgan, qui lirent de temps en temps des perfectionne-
ments de valeur et furent au nombre des premiers fabricants de mois-
sonneuse a ratelage automatique.

No. 22.
WATSON, RENWICK c\: WATSON'S GRAIN BINDER.

On May 13, 1851, a United States patent was granted to Watson,
Renwick & Watson for an automatic binder. A binder had been
patented the year before that was adapted to put a band around the
bundle, and by means of a semi-automatic knotting device, secure the
ends thereof. The patent here referred to, however, was intended to be
wholly automatic. No field machine was ever made, but the principles
illustrated and described are embodied in many binders of the
present day.

It was adapted to bind centrally by moving the cutting apparatus
forward or rearward relative to the binding device. Twine was
intended to be used as band material. Compression was given to the
bundle while the knot was being tied, and it possessed many minor
features of more or less merit. It enriched the art in the mere matter
of suggestions, though none of its elements ever came into use while the
patent was still alive.

No. 22.

LIEUSE DE WATSON, RENWICK ET WATSON.

Le 13 Mai 1851, un brevet fut accorde a Watson, Renwick et
Watson pour une Lieuse automatique. Une licuse avait ete brevetee
Tannee precedente, adaptee a mettre une bande autour de la gerbe et,
au moyen d'un dispositif semi-automatique, a nouer les extremites de
la bande. Le brevet dont il est question ici speciliait cependant un
dispositif entierement automatique. Aucune machine de ce genre pour
le travail dans les champs ne fut construite, mais les principes
illustres et decrits se trouvent dans les maintes lieuses de ce jour.

Elle etait adaptee a lier centralement en mouvant I'appareil de
coupe vers Tavant ou vers I'arriere relativement a I'appareil de liage.
On se proposait d'employer de la ficelle comme material de bande. La
pression de la gerbe se donnait pendant que le noeud etait none et elle
possedait plusieurs moindres caracteres de plus on moins de merite.
Elle enrichit Part sous le point de vue de suggestions, quoiqu'aucun
de ses elements ne vint en usage pendant la duree du brevet.

44

OFFICIAL RKTROSPFCTivF. i:xniniTinx

No. 2.V

iirRi.r.ri's rhapixc maciiim:.

Oil February 4, 185 1, a United States patent was granted to Sydney
S. Hurl but that merits attention in that it elevated the swath of cut
grain over the main supporting wheel, and because it was one of the early
attempts to produce gavels of uniform size. The machine was provided
with reciprocating cutters and an endless conveyor. Upon the latter
the cut grain was laid by the reel as the machine advanced. The mov-
ing apron conveyed the swath beneath flexible holding-rods that pre-
vented any disturbance during its ascent and then deposited it in a
poised receptacle. This receptacle was divided into three cells by radial
partitions. When a sufficient quantity of grain was received to effect a
counterpoise, the receptacle moved downward sufficiently to disengage
his locking device, when the weight of the accumulated mass caused the
receptacle thus set free to turn a ihinl of a rL-volution and deposit its
contents upon the ground.

Woodward had shown, in 1845, the possibility of producing gavels of
somewhat uniform size when aided, but the Hurlbut device was prefer-
able because of the fact that it divided the continuously moving swath
of grain into gavels of substantially uniform size, and that automatically.
It was probably the first attempt to accomplish the result.

No. 23.

MACHINH .\ MOI.S.SONXKR MURLP.Ul'.

Le 4 Fevrier ls51, un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde a Sydney
S. Hurllmt qui merite Fattentiim en ce (lu'il levait Fandain du grain
coupe au-dessus de la roue de support principalc ot (ju'il fut une des
premieres tentatives pour produire des javelles de dimension uniforme.
La machine elait munie de coupeuses reciproquantes et d'un conduc-
teur sans tin. Le rabatteur mcttait sur ce dernier le grain ooujk' au
fur et a mcsure que la machine avan<,\'iit. Le tablier mouvant con-
duisait Fandain en dcssous de tringles de soutien flexibles, cjui i)rcve-
naient tout desordre pendant fjue Fandain montait et le deposaient
ensuite dans un receptacle equilibre. Ce receptacle etaitdivise en trois
compartimentN ]);ir descloisonsradiales. Ouand une quantite suffisante

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 45

de grain etait re^ue pour effectuer un centre poids, le receptacle se
mouvait suftisamment vers le bas pour deg^ager son cran de surete ;
alors le poids de la masse accumulee faisait faire au receptacle ainsi
degag-e un tiers de tour et il deposait son contenu sur le sol.

Woodward a montre, en 1845, la possibilitede produire des javelles
d'une dimension a pen pres uniforme quand on y aidait, mais le dispo-
sitif Hurlbut etait preferable par le fait qu'il divisait I'andain de g"rain,
pendant son mouvement continu, en javelles d'une dimension substan-
tiellement uniforme et cela automatiquement. C'etait probablement
la premiere tentative pour accomplir ce resultat.

No, 24.

KETCHUM'S MOWING MACHINE.

On February 10, 1852, a United States patent was granted to Wil-
liam F. Ketchum for improvement in mowing machines. This machine
was extensively used for a number of years, being simple and durable.
It was provided with Hussey's cutting apparatus, and due attention was
paid to the placement of the line of draft relative to the driving and
supporting wheel, thus avoiding the side draft that had come to be seri-
ously felt on many of the early single-wheel machines that had been
placed on the market. The machine became very popular, and as put
on the market by several manufacturers was among the best "single-
wheel" mowing machines.

No. 24.

LA MACHINE A FAUCHER KETCHUM.

Le 10 Fevrier 1852, un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde a William
F. Ketchum pour perfectionnement de faucheuses. On se servit
largement de cette machine pendant un certain nombre d'annees;
elle etait simple et durable. Elle etait munie de Tappareil de coupe de
Hussey, et I'attention necessaire fut donnee au placement de la lig-ne
de traction relativement a la roue motrice et de support dont la neces-
site s'etait fait sentir sur les ditferentes premieres machines a roue
unique qui avaient ete placees sur le marche. Cette machine devint
tres-populaire et telle qu'elle fut placee au marche par plusieurs fabri-
cants, elle etait au nombre des meilleures faucheuses a "roue unique."

46

OFFICIAL RETROSPECTIVE EXHIBITION

ifl >lim fiCB mkii l9

^

\

*

No. 25.

WATSON & REN WICK'S (;RAIN BINDER.

On December 6, 1853, a United States patent was granted to Peter H.
Watson and Edward S. Renwick for improvement in grain harvesters
and hinders. This was the third patent granted in the United States
for this class of machines. The inventors went no further than to make
a model. It has surprised every student of this art to learn to what
extent these inventors saw the requirements of the grain-field. No
attempt will be made to describe the machine fully. It is complicated,
and the specification of the patent is a long one. The first part of the
invention consisted in moving the cut grain deliveryward, elevating it,
and delivering it into a receptacle. The invention consisted in combin-
ing a continuously acting rake with a binding mechanism; a shifting
conveyor by means of which sheaves of varying length might be bound
around their middle; an endless conveyor, both above and below the
grain, carried the latter upward to the binding receptacle, and many
other features.

This was the first automatic binder contemplated in which the grain
was taken in by the binding device at one side, then bound and dischargetl
at the other side. In short, it was the first in which it was contemplated
to bind a bundle by a continuous movement in discharging rather than
force it out of the binding attachment endwise. The machine was
designed to use twine as a band material. A knotting device and cord-
holder were proposed, probably for the first time; means were provided
for giving the sheaf additional compression while tying the knot; the
binding receptacle was so arranged that after the completion of the bun-
dle its outer portion moved away to i)ermit the discharge. The machine
was so constructed as to place the cutting mechanism and the binding
mechanism upon opposite sides of its driving-wheel, whereby the weight
was mostly carried by the wheel depended upon for traction.

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 47

No. 25.
LIEUSE WATSON & RENWICK.

Le 6 Decembre 185v^, un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde a Peter
H.Watson et Edward S. Kenwick pour perfectionnements apportes a des
machines a recolter et a des Ileuses. Ce fut le troisieme brevet accorde
dans les Etats-Unis pour ce genre dc machines. Les inventeurs
n'allerent pas plus loin que de faire un modele. Tout expert dans cet
art fut surpris de Tetendue des vues des inventeurs relative aux
exigences des champs de culture. Aucune tentative ne sera faite
pour decrire completement la machine. Elle est compliquee et
la specification du brevet est longue. La premiere partie de Tinven-
tion etait de faire mouvoir le grain coupe vers la decharge, le
levant et le dechargeant dans le receptacle. L'invention consistait
dans la combinaison d'un rateau a action continue avec un mecanisme
de liage; d'un conducteur mouvant au mojen duquel des javelles de
longueurs varices pouvaient etre liees autour de leur centre ; d'un con-
ducteur sans fin, en dessus et en dessous du grain, qui portait ce
dernier vers le receptacle lieur et de bien d'autres traits caracte-
ristiques.

Ce fut la premiere lieuse automatique dans laquelle le grain etait
pris par le dispositif de liage d'un cote, puis lie et decharge de I'autre
cote. En peu de mots, ce fut la premiere dans laquelle on contempla
de Her une gerbe par un mouvement continu de decharge plutot quede
la forcer hors de I'appareil lieur a I'extremite. Cette machine etait
adaptee a employer de la ficelle comme materiel de bande. Un dispositif
pour nouer et tenir la ficelle fut proposee, peut-etre pour la premiere
fois ; on pourvu des mojens pour donner a la botte une pression sup-

No. 26.

4S

OFFICIAL RETROSPECTIVK F.XHIHITION

plomentaire pendant (ju'on faisail lo n^'ud ; Ic receptacle licur etait
arrange de fa^on ([u'apres Tacheveinent tie la botte, la partio exterieure
de roceptable se retirait pour permettre la decharg-e. Cette machine
etait construite de fason :\ placer le mecanisine de cou])e et de liag'e
sur Ics cotes c)])poses de sa roue niotrice, la plus <;Taiide partie du
poids etaiil ainsi portce par la roue a laciuelle on sc liait pour la
traction.

No. 26.

SK\M()rR'S SKI.I'-KAKINC. KKAriXC. MACIIIM-:.

A L'nited Stales patent was granted Marcli 2S, 1854, to William H.
Seymour for improvement upon his self-raking device of 1851. A
cpiadrant platform was used, and the rake was made to reciprocate
thereover upon a vertical axis adjacent to the main supporting wheel.
In its forward movement the rake was raised so as to pass over the
gavel. Reaching a point nearly above the cutting ai">paratiis, it was per-
mitted to fall and sweep the grain from the platform in a rearward and
stubblewartl direction, thus leaving a passage for the machine and team
on the next round of cutting.

No. 26.

I. A MOISSOXNEUSE A RATELAGE AUTOMA ri()UE SEYMOUR.

Un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde Ic 28 Mars 1S54 a William
H. Seymour pour perfectionnement apporte a son appareil de ratelag'e
automatique de 1851. Une plateforme en quart de cercle etait employee
au dessus de laquelle le rateau agissait par reciprocite sur un axe
vertical adjacent a la roue principale de support. Dans son mouve-
ment vers I'avant le rateau etait leve de facon a passer au dessus de
la javellc. Arrive a un point environ au dessus de I'appareil de
coupe, il retombait et balayait le grain de la plateforme dans une
direction en arriere et vers le chaume, laissant ainsi un passag-e pour
la machine et I'attelage a la coupe suivante.

No. 27.

WHEELER'S MOWING MACHINE.

This machine was patented to Cyrenus Wheeler, February 6, 1855.
It was one of the earliest made machines in which the cutting apparatus
was permitted to rise and fall, to permit it to rock, and have its nosition

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY.

49

relative to the ground changed at will. Improved, it came into exten-
sive use, and was manufactured by D. M. Osborne & Co., of Auburn,
New Yoi k.

No. 27.

FAUCHEUSE WHEELER.

Cette machine fut brevetee a Cyrenus Wheeler, le 6 Fevrier 1855,
Ce fut une des premieres machines dans laquelle Tappareil de coupe
pouvait monter et descendre, et se balancer et avoir sa position rela-
tive au sol chang-ee a volonte. Perfectionnee, elle fut en g-rand usage
et fut construite par D. M. Osborne & Co., d' Auburn, New- York.

No. 28.

HAINES' MOWING MACHINE.

On September 5, 1855, a United States patent was granted to
Jonathan Haines for improvement in mowers. This was also one of the
early attempts, and it may be said one of the most successful attempts,
to secure a finger-bar and its cutting apparatus to the main frame of the
machine in such a manner as to permit it to rise and fall and conform to
the undulations of the ground in passing over a field. The finger-bar
was not jointed at its immediate end, as that of Mr. Hussey had been,
but extended stubbleward so far as to reach the whole width of the
gearing frame. Although placed at the rear (the machine being what is
now known as a rear-cut mower), long stiff rods were extended forward
therefrom and connected by universal joints to the main portion of the
gearing carriage. The bar was thus flexibly connected to the main
body of the machine, and could rise and fall at any point. A suitable
lever was provided for raising it from the ground when not cutting.
AVhile the machine never became extensively used, it may be considered
as one of the many steps of considerable importance that led to the per-
fected mowinof machine.

50

OFFICIAL RKTROSPI£CTIVK KXHIHUION

\^

rS.

I \i I 111. I SI, II \i\i:s

Lc 3 Soi)totiil)ro 1S35 uii l)rcvcl ilcs I'^tats-l'iiis lul accordc a
Jonathan Haines pour i)orfectionnemcnt do fauchouses. Ceci fut
aussi line dos proniioros tcntativcs, et on pout dire une des plus lu'U-
rouses pour fixer une harre coupcuse et son appareil de coupe au bati
prineii»al de la maehine d'une telle fav,-on a pouvoir le lever et I'abais-
ser en conforniite avec les ondulations du terrain en passant dans les
champs. La harre coupeuse n'etait pas jointee a son extreniite,
conime celle de Mr. Hussey I'avait ete, mais s'etendait vers le chaume
assez loin pour atteindre I'entiere lar«rcur du bati d'enj^renaji^e. (Juoicjue
placee a I'arriere (Ja machine etant celle connuc maintenant sous
le nom de faucheuse avec coupe h I'arriere) de long^ues tring-les raides
se prt)long-eaient vers I'avant et etaient reliees par des joints univer-
sels a la partie princijiale de Tarmature de I'enijrenajji'e. La Ijarre
etait done reliee d'une maniere tlexil)le a la partie ])rincipale de la
machine et pouvait monter et descendre a chaque point. Un levier
conveiiable etait fourni pour la lever du sol quand elle nc C(Uipait pas.
Uut)iquecette machine ne fut jamais employee sur une grande echelle,
elle pent etre considerce comme ayant considerablement contribue a
la perfection des faucheuses.

WOODS RE.\1'J.\(; MACIllXH.

On March 20, 1855, a United States patent was granted to Walter
A. Wood for improvement in reapers. It did not materially differ in
principle from many made before, but was simple and perfect in its

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY.

51

details. To the machine, as constructed, was applied a reel and a seat
for the raker to sit upon. The Hussey cutting apparatus was used, and
the machine was so supported upon its main wheels that it could be
tilted to vary the height of cut. This machine was extensively manu-
factured by the Walter A. Wood Mowing and Reaping Machine Com-
pany, Hoosick Falls, New York.

No. 29.

MACHINE A MOISSONNER WOOD.

Le 20 Mars 1855 un brevet des Etats-LJnis fut accorde a Walter
A. Wood pour perfectionnement de moissonneuses. Materiellement
en principe, sa machine ne ditlerait pas beaucoup de plusieurs autres
faites anterieureraent, mais elle etait simple et parfaite dans ses
details. A la machine, telle qu'elle etait construite, etait adaptee un
rabatteur et un sieg-e pour le rateleur. L'appareil de coupe Hussey
fut employe et la machine etait placee sur les roues principales de
fa^on a ce que l'appareil de coupe pouvait etre pointe pour varier la
hauteur de la coupe. Cette machine fut construite sur une vaste
echelle par la Walter A. Wood Mowing- and Reaping Machine Com-
pany, Hoosick Falls, New-York.

No. 30.

MANNY'S REAPING MACHINE.

On September 23, 185 1, a United States patent was granted to John
H. Manny for improvement in mowers, and following this were a num-
ber of patents covering improvements. The above illustration is a
photographic reproduction of a one-fifth size model made in conformity
with his patent of January i, 1856, which may be said to embody all of the
improvements in the art of harvesting grain made by him, beginning in
'846. The Manny reaper was put on the market very soon after, and

52

OFFICIAL RKTROSPECTIVE FXHIIUTION

became one of tlie leading machines of the West. Tiie improvements
were directed to simplifying and cheapening the construction of harvest-
ing machines. A reel, adjustable in its height, was used, and the
Hussey cutting apparatus as well.

This machine was brought to liistoric notice, as it served in a
measure to bring about an understanding that certain important fea-
tures in the reapers of the day were free to the public.

While the manufacture of Manny machines was at its height, suit
was brought against its builders by C. H. McCormick, under patents

granted to him. The court held, however,
that there was no infringement. If one
will take into account the fact that the
British patent granted to Salmon early in
the century showed a divider; that Ogle
and Bell showed a reel; that Manny's reel,
like Bell's, was supported at each end by
overreaching arms; that Hussey had en-
riched the art by providing a raker's stand
and the cutting apparatus used by Manny;
that, from the earliest, reaping machines
had been made adjustable in height rela-
tive to the ground — it will be clear why
the Manny machine was held not to in-
fringe.

In a biographical sketch of the life of
John H. Manny, now before us, an account
of this celebrated trial is given, from which
we quote: "In the first trial of the cause
Abraham Lincoln was employed, and after-
ward referred to his $i,ooo retainer in the
case as enabling him to stump the State of Illinois with Douglas, and
which, logically, it should be added, made him the most famous of all
the Presidents."

No. 30.

MACHINE A MOISSONNER MANNY.

Le 23 Septembre 1851, un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde a
John H. Manny pour perfectionnement de faucheuses et de nombreux
autres brevets couvrant des perfectionnements le suivirent. L'illustra-
tion ci-dessus est une reproduction photographique d'un modele de
la dimension d'un cinquieme fait en conformite de son brevet du ler
Janvier 1856, qui peut etre considere comme comprenant tous les per-
fectionnements dans Tart de recolter le grain, faits par lui a partir de
1846. La moissonneuse Manny fut placee au marche peu de temps
apres et devint une des principales machines dans TOuest. Les
perfectionnements furent faits pour simpliher et rendre meilleur
marche la construction des machines h. recolter. Un rabatteur,
ajustable dans sa hauteur, etait emi)loye ainsi que Tappareil de coupe
Hussey.

Cette machine devint historiqne; elle servit dans certaine mesure
pour faire comprendre que certains caracteres importants dans les
moissonneuses etaient libres au public.

JOHN H. MANNY.

PREPARKl) BY THE DEERIXG HARVESTER CO.\H\\NY.

53

Pendant que la construction des machines Manny etait dans toute
son activite, un proces fut fait aux constructeurspar C. H. McCormick,
sous brevets lui accordes. La cour, cependant, decida qu'il n'j avait
pas d'infraction. Si on veut prendre en consideration le fait que le
brevet Britannique, octroye a Salmon au commencement du siecle,
m<mtrait un diviseur; qu'Ogel et Bell montrerent un rabatteur; que le
rabatteur Manny, comme celui de Bell, etait supporte a chaque
extremite par des bras prolonges, qu'Husscy avait enrichi Tart en
fournissant une place pour le rateleur et I'appareil de coupe employe
par Manny; que, depuis les premiers temps, les machines a moissonner
avaient ete faites ajustables en hauteur relativement au sol — il est
clair que la machine Manny ne commettait pas d'infraction.

Dans une histoire biog-raphicjue de la vie de John H. Manny,
maintenant devant nous, un resume de ce proces cclebre est donne.
Nous en extravcms: Dans le premier proces, on eut recours a Abraham
Lincoln, qui. plus tard, en parlant de ses honoraires de $1000,
disait que ceux-ci I'avaient mis a meme de parcourir TEtat de I'lUinois
pour preparer sa candidature, ce qui, lo«-iquement, devrait-on ajouter,
fait de lui le plus fameux des Presidents.

No. 31.

DORSEY'S REAPING MACHINE.

On June 24, 1856, a United States patent was granted to Owen
Dorsey for improvement in harvester rakes. It was an advance in the
art in that the reel was not only made to serve as a rake, but delivered
the grain behind, thereby making a passage for the team on the next
round. The improvement consisted in placing a vertical shaft beside
the main wheel, pivoting the rake arms thereto by a universal joint, and

54

OFFICIAL RIHROSPFCTIM-: KXlIir-iriON

controlling their movement by means of a cam. Each alternate arm
was provided with a rake. Tiie reel was moved slowly, so that an aver-
age sized gavel would accumulate during half its rotation.

It was provided with the Ilussey cutting apparatus, and as a whole
served an excellent purpose. Its principles were availed of by many
who followed. The machine is still extensively used in many regions in
Great Britain.

No. 31.
MAC'HIXK A MOISSON.XKR DORSKV.

Lo 24 Juin 185() un brevet fut accordc i\ Owen Dorsev pour per-
fectionnement de rateaux de recolte. C'etait un progres dans Tart
en ce sens que le rabatteur non seulement servait de rateau, mais
dolivrait le grain i\ Tarriere, laissant ainsi un passage pour Tattelag-e
a la ronde suivante. Le perfectionnement consistait dans le place-
ment d'un arbre vertical a cote de la roue principale en v pivotant les
bras du rateau par un joint universel et controlant leur niouvement
an moyen d'une came. Chaques bras alternatif etait muni d'un
rateau. Le rabatteur tournait lentement de fatjon qu'une dimension
moyenne d'une javelle put s'accumuler pendant la moitie de sa
rotation.

Cette machine etait pourvue de I'appareil de coupe de Hussey et,
comme un tout, remplit un excellent but. Bien des inventeurs, qui
suivirent, protiterent des principes de cette machine qui est encore
considerablement en usag'e dans la Grande Bretagne.

I

No. 32.
AULTMAN Ov .MII.LKR'.S MOWIXc; MACHINE.
On June 17, 1856, a United .States patent was granted to Aultman
&: Miller for improvement in mowing machines. These men had been
manufacturing the Hussey mower and reajier under a license.

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARXESTER COMPANY. 55

The gearing frame of this mowing machine is supported by the main
axle, upon which are secured two driving-wheels by suitable clutching
devices. Motion was imparted to the cutting apparatus by means of
suitable gearing and a clutch for throwing the same out of action. The
feature which marked a step in advance was devices by which the cutting
apparatus was permitted to rise and fall to conform to the undulations
of the ground. The finger-bar was adapted to be folded to a vertical
position while traveling over the road. By means of a flexible connection
the tongue could be permanently secured to the main frame, as had been
accomplished by Haines. The construction by which the cutting
apparatus was given perfect flexibility has never been departed from in
mowing machines. Pivotally connected to the outer end of the finger-bar
was a swath-board of the Hussey type, which served to deflect the swath
and leave a passage for the grain-side supporting wheel when cutting a
succeeding swath.

No. 32.
FAUCHF.USE AULTMAN ET MILLER.

Le 17 Juin 1856 un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde k Aulttnan
et Miller pour perfectiounement de fauchense. Ces messieurs avaient
ccmstruit des moissonneuses et des faucheuses Hussey conformement
h un privileg-e qui leur avait ete accorde.

Le bati d'engrenag-e de cette fauclieuse etait supporte sur un
essieu principal, sur lequel etaient fixees deux roues motrices au
moyen dedispositifs convenables de griffes. La motion etait comrau-
niquee a I'appareil de coupe au moyen d'un engrenage convenable et
une griffe pour desembrayer. Le trait caracteristique, qui
marqua un progres, etait les dispositifs par lesquelles I'appareil
de coupe pouvait monter et descendre pour s'adapter aux ondula-
tions du terrain. La barre coupeuse pouvait etre mise dans une
position verticale pour le transport. Au moyen d'une connexion
flexible le timon pouvait etre fixe d'une maniere permanente au bati
principal, comme Haines I'avait accompli. La construction par
laquelle parfaite flexibilite etait donnee a I'appareil de coupe n'a
jamais ete abandonnee dans les faucheuses. Reliee par pivots a
I'extremite exterieure de la lame coupeuse se trouvait une planche a
andain du type Hussey, qui servait a faire devier I'andain et a laisser
un passage pour la roue de support du cote du grain en coupant un
andain suivant.

No. S3.
KIRBY'S MOWING MACHINE.

On September 2, 1856, a United States patent was granted to Wil-
liam A. Kirby for improvement in mowing machines.

A single supporting wheel was used. The Hussey cutting apparatus
was adopted from the start, and the machine extensively put on the mar-
ket by D. M. Osborne & Co., of Auburn, New York. The only thing
remarkable about the machine was its simplicity. It went into immedi-
ate use, and remained a favorite in some sections of the country until
after the invention of the jointed finger-bar by Aultman & Miller.

5<>

OFFICIAL RETROSPECTIXK KXIIIIUTIOX

No. 33.

i'.\rcHErsi<: Kikr.v.

Lo 2 SopteinbrL' 1S5(. un l)i\'vcl (K's I'U.'it^-l'nis tut octroyc a
\Villiain A. Kirhv i)()ur porloctionnoiiicnl do iauchouses.

Uno roue uni^juo do support lut oniployoo. Dos lo debut, on adopta
I'appareil de coupe Hussey et la machine iut considerablement mise
au niarche par D. M. Osborne & Co. de Auburn, New- York. La seulc
chose remarquable dans la machine etait sa simplicite. On s'enservit
immediatement et elle resta preferee dans certaines parties de la
Cdiitroe juscpfapros I'invention de la barre coupeuse jointee de
Aullmaii tS: Miller.

No. 34.
WIUTKLY'S REAPING MACllIXE.

On November 25, 1856, a United States patent was granted to Wil-
liam N. Whiteley for improvement in reaping machines.

A single main supporting wheel was used. Carried upon this was
the main gear frame, and supported at the rear was the usual grain-
receiving pUitform. The cutting apparatus, of the Hussey type, pro-
jected from tlie side of the machine, and its outer end was carried by a
small supporting wheel. The novelty consisted in its automatic rake.
A hmg arm was pivoted to the main gearing frame, in rear of the sup-
porting wheel, upon a universal a.\is. Upon the grain-side end of the
axle was a crank, from which a pitman extended rearwardly and was
connected by means of a universal joint to the rake-arm. Immediately
behind the stubble end of the cutting apparatus a cam was provided,
up(jn which the rake could slide in moving to the rear, the movement
of the rake being in a horizontal direction until at the point it became
necessary to raise its teeth from engagement with the gavel, the cam
was deflected upward. A latch, having a stop over which the rake-head
could pass rearwardly, was counterpoised in such a manner that after
the rake-head had passed it would rise and by the forward movement of
the rake lift the latter so as to move forward over the accumulating
swath, and finally permit it to drop, engage the gavel, and in its backward
movement sweep it to the rear.

This machine was one of the earliest self-rakers, and was manufac-
tured by the predecessors of the Warder, I'ushnell «S: (xlesner Com[)any.

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY.

57

No. 34.
MOISSONNEUSE WHITELEY.

IvC 25 Novembre 1856 un brevet des Etats Unis fut accorde a
William N. Whiteley pour perfectionnement des moissonneuses.

Une seule roue principale de support etait employee; elle portait
le bati de Tengrenag-e principal et a I'arriere etait la plateforme usuelle
de reception. L'appareil de coupe du type Hussey se prolongeait du
cote de la machine, et son extremite exterieure etait portee par une

support,

du cote du g-rain de I'axe se trouvait une manivelle, de laquelle une
bielle s'etendait vers I'arriere et etait reliee au bras du rateau au
moyen d'un joint universel. Immediatement derriere I'extremite du
chaume de I'appareil de coupe on trouvait une came sur laquelle le
rateau pouvait glisser en son mouvement vers Tarriere, ce mouvement
du rateau etant dans la direction horizontale jusqu'au point ou il
devenait necessaire d'eloigner les dents de la javelle, la came deviant
alors vers le haut. Un loquet, ayant un arret au dessus duquel la tete de
rateau pouvait passer vers I'arriere, etait tenu en equilibre de telle
facon qu'apres le passage de la tete de rateau ce loquet se haussait et,
par le mouvement en avant du rateau, levait celui-ci pour le faire
mouvoir en avant au-dessus de I'andain accumule, le laissant linalement
eng-ag-er la javelle et dans son mouvement de recul la balayait vers
I'arriere.

Cette machine etait une des premieres a ratelag^e automatique et
fut construite par les predecesseurs de Warder, Bushnell & Glesner
Compan}'.

No. 35.

MARSH'S HARVESTER.

On August 17, 1858, a United States patent was granted to Charles
VV. and William W. Marsh for improvement in harvesting machines.

Time has proved that this invention was revolutionary in its nature.
Previous to the date of this invention all grain had been bound after
being delivered to the ground, by men who walked behind. The reaping
machine had been so perfected as to automatically deliver the cut grain

5«

OFi-iciAi ri:trospectivh exhibition

-Vo. 35.

from the receiving;!; platform to the grouiul in suitable condition., anil
such machines were being put upon the market l)y a number of manufac-
turers. Palmer iS: Williams' (see No. 19), Seymour's (No. 21), and a
few other self-rake reapers had been proved worthy of adoption, but the
majority of reapers at that time required two operators, and from si.x to
eight more to bind after them. Eight men could thus cut and bintl from
ten to twelve acres of grain per day.

Two young farmers, living on the then wild prairies of Illinois,
U. S. A., conceived the idea of giving men a place upon a machine, suit-
able tables upon which they could bind the grain, elevating devices, a
receptacle in which the grain for bundles might be permitted to accumu-
late, and a supporting platform upon which they might stand. Experi-
ments were made in the harvest of 1857, and the foundation principles fully
established. For the harvest of 1858 a new machine was constructed,
and much grain cut. At the time there were many large manufac-
turers of reaping machines, and while at first the Marsh harvester did
not seem sufficiently important to warrant makers of reapers in attempt-
ing to imitate it, it soon became formidable enough to inake it necessary
for them to combat it or go out of business.

A little company (of which the Deering Harvester Comi)any, of
Chicago, is the lineal descendant) was organized in a little prairie town
near the home of the Marsh brothers, and machines put on the market.
Farmers, when once convinced that two men, having the grain brought
to them and delivered in a receptacle, could bind all that a machine
could cut, needed little urging to jiurchase such a machine.

By the year 1874, when the Marsh harvester was being put out at
the rate of many thousands per year, makers of reaping maciiines found
the harvester had made such inroads into their trade that it became an
important factor for them to consider.

Attempts to produce automatic binders had been made before the
Marsh harvester was invented, but some time passed before any
attempts were made to apply such devices to the Marsh harvester. (To
bind grain automatically upon a reaper was so difficult that it had never
been accomplished.) The continuous swath of grain was delivered into
a suitable receptacle outside of the main supi)orting wheel. Upon a

PREPARF.n BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY.

59

platform the binders stood. At the beginning of the flow one would take
a wisp and prepare his band. When a sufficient amount of grain had
accumulated, he placed the hand carrying the band through the swath,
and the other around the side of the gavel nearest him, swung the mass
to the table bv his side, and there completed the operation of binding.

Inventors of automatic binders
at once saw that the proper thing
to do was to thrust the band-carry-
ing device through the stream of
grain, in imitation of the action of
the hand of the operator upon the
Marsh harvester, bind the bundle,
and then separate it from the flow-
ing swath.

The first attempts promised
success. A few automatic binders
were successful in the year 1874.
In 1878 the Appleby twine binder
was perfected. It was carried to
success upon the shoulders of a
Marsh harvester by William Deer-
nig.

It was at first the custom to
provide the Marsh harvesters with
tables for manual binding that
might be removed for the reception
of the automatic binder.

The automatic binder has now
become the rule and the binding
tables the exception, but it remains
true that the Marsh harvester
wrought a revolution whereby three
men could do the w^ork of the eight

Iw^'* J^SSr- -% required by the reaper, and the

^ I automatic binder which it now car-

^^^^^ ries through the fields of the world

reduced the number to one. The

Marsh harvester was provided with

a bundle carrier, by means of which

bunches of bundles might be

dropped in suitable position for

shocking, and this feature is used

by all manufacturers.

A word of history, from the pen of the Honorable Senator Marsh,

one of the inventors of the Marsh harvester, will not be considered out

of place when the immense importance of the invention is taken into

account :

"Very naturally I feel proud of the position the Deering Harvester
Company occupies among manufacturers of harvesting machinery, because
of the fact that it is the lineal descendant of the concern founded by my
brother and myself in connection with Lewis and George Steward, in
Piano, in 1863^ for the manufacture of the Marsh harvester. Great

MARSH HARVESTER.

6o OFFICIAL RRTROSPECTIVK l-.XHIFUTION

credit is due to them ami to tlie others who heljicd us develop the
machine, for the struggle was long and bitter. Much jirinter's ink was
wasted during this contest on circulars and other literature intended to
convince farmers that grain could not be bound upon a machine, and
that it would be impossible for two men to bind as much as the machine
could cut. Notwithstanding all this, the saving of labor prompted farm-
ers to take the risk, and they not only found that two men could bind the
grain, but do it with half the labor involved in binding after a reaper.
'I'heir necessities being thus sujiplied, they clamored for lu.vuries.
They wanted to work in the shade, and we provideil it for them. From
the beginning we foresaw that bundles could be carried and deposited in
bunches preparatory to shocking, and a carrier was provided. At the
time the Marsh harvester can be said to have triumphed, inventors had
been working twenty years to bind grain automatically. They discov-
ered early in the seventies that to bind from the continuous swath deliv-
ered from the elevator of the Marsh harvester seemed promising, and its
makers, jirompted by their original faith that automatic binding could
be accomplished, furnishetl such inventors with machines at reduced
rates. The makers of the Marsh were foremost in aiding the successful
development of wire binders in 1873 and 1874, and in establishing them
upon the market; and when William Deering in succession applied the
perfected Appleby twine binder to the Marsh harvester, a second revolu-
tion was jiromised and soon accomplished. The story of the forty years
can be quickly told: First the machine; then a little factory and a little
company. Steward & Marsh; then enlargement of the shop and com-
pany. Marsh Bros. & Steward; then further enlargement, and Gammon,
Deering & Steward; and then in line, Gammon ^: Deering, William
Deering, William Deering l\: Co., and the Deering Harvester Company."

No. 35.
MACHINE A RECOLTER MARSH.

Le 17 Aoiit 1S5S un brevet des Rtats Unis fut accorde a Charles
\V. et William W. Marsh pour pcrfectionnenicnt dc machines a re-
colter.

Le temps a prouve que cette invention etait revolutionnaire dans
sa nature. Anterieurenient a la date de cette invention, tout grain
etait lie apres delivraison sur le terrain par des hommcs qui suivaient
la machine. La moissonneuse avait ete perfectionnee au point de
p<mvoir delivrer automatiquement le i^rain coupe de la jjlateforme de
reception sur le sol en propre condition, et de telles machines furent
mises sur le marche par un grand nonibre de fabncants. Les Mois-
sonneuses de Palmer & Williams ( voyez No. 19), de Seymour (No. 21)
et quehjues autres moissonneuses i\ ratela^e automatique avaient ete
trouvees dignes d'adoption, mais la majorito de moissonneuses de cette
epoquc deniandait deux oj)erateurs et six a luiit pour le liage subse.
quent. Huit liommes pouvaient done couper et Her de dix a dcmze
acres de grain par jour.

Deux jeunes fermiers, vivant dans les prairies alors sauvages de
rillinois, E.U. d'A.. concurent I'idee de fournir aux hommes une place
sur la machine, des tables convenablessur lesquelles ils puissent Her le
grain, des dispositifs de hausse, un receptacle dans lequel le grain pour

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 61

les g-erbes puisse s'accumuler et une plateforme de support sur laquelle
ces hommes puissent se tenir. Des experiences furent faites dans ia
moisson de 1837 et les principes fondamentaux etablis. Une nouvelle
machine fut construite pour la moisson de 1858 et beaucoup de g-rain
coupe. A cette epoque il y avait plusieurs g-rands fabricants de mois-
sonneuses et quoique, dans le debut, la Machine a recolter Marsh ne
semblait pas suffisamment importante pour justifier une tentative
d'imitation de leur part elle devmt bientot assez formidable pour
creer pour ces memes fabricants une necessite de la combattre ou de
quitter les affaires.

Une petite Compag-nie (dont la Deering- Harvester Company
descend en ligne directe) fut org-anisee dans une petite ville des prai-
ries a proximite de la demeure des freres Marsh et des machines furent
mises sur le marche. Les fermiers, une fois convaincus que deux
hommes, recevant le g-rain et le delivrantdans un receptacle, pouvaient
lier tout ce qu'une machine pouvait couper, n'hesiterent pas long-temps
a acheter une telle machine.

Vers I'annee 1874, quand la machine a recolter Marsh etait produite
dans une proportion de plusieurs milliers par an, les fabricants de mois-
sonneuses trouverent qu'elle avait fait de tels empietements sur leur
branche qu'il etait temps pour eux de lui donner leur consideration.

Des tentatives pour produire des lieuses automatiques avaient ete
faites avant que Tinstrument de recolte Marsh fut invente, mais il se
passa quelque temps avant qu'on fitTessai d'adapter de tels dispositifs
a I'instrument de recolte Marsh. Lier automatiquement du grain sur
une moissonneuse etait si difficile qu'on ne Tavait jamais accompli.
L'andain de grain continu etait delivre dans un receptacle convenable
a I'exterieur de la roue principale de support. Les lieurs se trouvaient
sur une plateforme. Au commencement du flux. Tun prenait une
poignee et preparait une bande. Ouand un montant suffisant de ble
s'etait accumule, il passait la main, tenant la bande, par l'andain et
I'autre autour de la javelle la plus proche de lui, jetait la masse sur
une table se trouvant a cote de lui et la completait I'operation du
liage.

Les inventeurs de lieuses automatiques virent du coup que la
bonne chose a faire etait de passer la devise de porte-bande par le fiot
de grain, en imitation de Taction de la main de I'operateur sur la
machine Marsh, de lier la botte et de la separer ensuite du flux
d'andain.

Les premieres tentatives promirent du succes. Quelques lieuses
automatiques donnerent de bons resultats dans I'annee 1874. En 1878
la lieuse a ficelle Appleby fut perfectionnee et mise sur une machine
Marsh par William Deering.

II fut d'abord coutume de munir les instruments Marsh de tables
pour liage manuel qui pouvaient etre enlevees pour faire place a la
lieuse automatique.

La lieuse automatique est maintenant la regie, la table I'excep-
tion, mais il reste vrai que la machine Marsh a accompli une revolution
par laquelle trois hommes faisaient le travail des huit requis par la
moissonneuse et la lieuse automatique, qu'elle porte maintenant dans
tous les champs de recolte du monde, reduit ce nombre a un.

La machine Marsh etait munie d'un porte-gerbes au moyen duquel

62 C)1-1-R1.\1. KKTROSPF.CTU I'. I A 1 1 1 lU 1 K ).\

(les tas (le boltcs pouvaiont otrc phuocs dans uik- jtosition convenable
pour ctro tasscos, ot cc caractoro est oinployc par tons los ral)ricants.

Til iin)t d'histoiro de la i)1uiik' do I'lionorahlo seiialour Marsli, un
dcs invcnteurs do la machino Marsh, troiive bicn sa place ici (juand
on prend en ctnisidcralitui riininonsc iinportanco do son invention:

"Jo nio sons naturolloniont lior do la position tpio la I)ocrin«^ Har-
vostor CtMiijKinv ocoupo parnii los t.ibrioants (rinstriunonts do recolte
a caiiso du fait ([n'ollo doscond on li^no dirocte do la niaison fondoe
par nion froro ot par nioi, <lo concert avoc Lewis ot (ieorfJ"e Steward,
a Piano, on ISti.^. pour la construction (rinstrunionts do recolte Marsh.
Grand credit lour est du ainsi (pi'aux autres (jui nous ont aides a devo-
lopper la machine; la lutte fut longue et amoro. On t^aspilla boaucoup
d'encro pendant le combat pour convaincre les fermiers que le j^rain
no pouvait etro lie sur une machine et ([u'il serait impossible a deux
honiinos do lior autant (pie la machine pouvait coupor. Malsjfro tout
cola Toconomie do main-d'teuvro poussa los fermiers a courir le riscjue
et ils trouvoront non soulomont ipie deux homnios pouvaient lior le
g^rain, mais le faisaient avoc la moitie do main-d\euvre (|uc domandait
le liag"e fait en suivant la moissonneuse. Ayant ote pourvus (\\.' toutes
leurs necessites, ils reclamerent do la surabondance. lis voulurent
travailler dans Tombre et nous leur en donnames les moyens. Des le
debut, nousavions prcvu que les bottes pouvaient ctre portees et dcpo-
secs en tas avant d'etre tassees et un i)orto-<iferbes fut fourni. A
ro])o(iue ou Ton pout dire ([uo la machino Marsh avait triomi)}io, les
invontours avaient travaillo pendant vinsjft ans a lier automati(iuoment
le jij^rain. Dans le commencement de 1S70 ils liront la docouverte que
lier Tandain continu au fur et a mesure qu'il etait delivre par Televa-
teur de la machine Marsh semblait donner des esperances, et ses con-
structeurs, inspires par leur foi orig-inelle dans le liag-e automatique,
fourniront a cos inventeurs des machines a prixreduit. Les fabricants
de la machino Marsh contribuerent de la manicre la plus importante
au devoloppomont des Houses a tils motalliques en l.S7.> et 1S74, et i\
leur production au niarche; et, quand William Deorinir api)li(pui,
avec succes la lieuse a ficelle perfectionnoe a la machino Marsh, une
seconde revolution fut promise et accomplie bientot. L'histoire dcs
quarante annees pent se raconter bien vite: Premierement la machine,
puis la petite fabriqueet une petite compag-nie, Stewart & Marsh; puis
develoi)pemont de Tatelier et de la compaynie Marsh Bro. & Steward;
puis agrandissement nouveau, et (iammon, Doorinic ^ Steward; et,
ensuito en succession. (Tammon cSt Deering-, William Doorinic, William
Ueering & Co., et la Ueoring- Harvester Company.

N"> ,^>''>-

Mil, 1,1. K> M< )\\ INC. MACllINH.

On May 4, 1S58, a United Slates patent was j^ranted to Lewis Mil-
ler for improvement in mowing? machines. It may be considered as an
improvement on the machine patented by Cornelius Aultman and Lewis
Miller, June 17, 1S56. Mr. Miller connected the cutting apparatus
to the main frame forward of the supporting wheels. The cutting appa-
ratus was connected to the coupling frame by a rule joint, in such
a manner that while the bar might rise a few inches at the inner end in

PREPARED BY THE DEERIXG HARVESTER COMPANY.

63

passing over obstructions, the lifting apparatus could not raise it far
without affecting also the outer end of the cutting apparatus. This was
one of the most successful of the early attempts to accomplish the full
adaptation of the machine to its work.

A foot lever was also applied, by which the operator could raise the
cutting apparatus when his hands were engaged in driving.

No. 36.
FAUCHEUSE MILLER.

Le 4 Mai 1858 un brevet desEtats-Unis fut accorde a Lewis Miller
pour perfectionnement de faucheuses. II peut etre considere comme
un perfectionnement de la tnachine brevetee par Cornelius Aultman
et Lewis Miller, le 17 Juin 1856. Mr. Miller relia I'appareil de coupe
au bati principal a Lavant des roues de support. L'appareil de coupe
etait assemble au bati d'accouplement par un joint de reg-lag-e de telle
facon que tandis que la barre pouvait se lever a quelques pouces de
hauteur a I'extremite interieure en passant au-dessus d'obstacles, I'ap-
pareil de hausse ne pouvait le lever beaucoup sans affecter aussi
I'extremite exterieure de I'appareil coupeur. Cette tentative fut une
de celles qui eut le plus de succes dans Taccomplissement de I'adapta-
tion complete de la machine au travail qu'elle devait faire.

On fournit aussi un levier pedale qui permettait a I'operateur de
hausser I'appareil de coupe quand ses mains etaient occupees a con-
duire Tattelag-e.

No. 37.

"BUCKEYE" MOWING MACHINE.

This mowing machine was patented to Lewis Miller, May 4, 1858,
but greatly improved in general construction, its main supporting frame,
previously of wood, being made of a single part, and the machine almost
wholly of iron. This machine was made and sold very extensively by
Adriance, Piatt & Co., of Poughkeepsie, New York.

64

OFFICIAL RKTROSPKCTUI". IXill inilON

No. 37.
FAUCHEUSK 1}Uc:KKVE.

Cette faucheuse fut brevetee a Lewis Miller, le 4 Mai 1858, mais
grandement perfectionnee dans sa construction ; son bati de support
principal, antericurement en bois, fait d'une seule piece et la machine
presqu'entierement de fer. Cette machine fut faite et vendue con-
siderablement par Adriance, Piatt & Co. de Poug^hkeepsie, New-York.

No. 38.

NISHWITZ'S MOWIXC, MACHINE.

On February 16, 1858, a United States patent was granted to Fred-
erick Nishwitz for improvement in mowing machines. It was of the
Hussey type of 1833 in that the main frame was supported upon an axle
between the two wheels. Unlike Hussey's device, however, the bar was

PREPARED BY THE DEERIXG HARVESTER COMPANY.

65

not hinged to the supporting frame. The hitter was pivotally attached
upon the main axle, so that the cutting apparatus could rise and fall,
and thus pass over inequalities in the ground.

No. 38.

FAUCHEUSE NISHWITZ.

Le 16 Fevrier 1858 un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde k
Frederick Nisliwitz pour perfectionnement de faiicheuses. La
machine etait du type Hussey de 1833, le bati principal se trouvant
sur un axe entre les deux roues. Differente de la devise Hussey,
cependant, la barre n'etait pas fixce au bati de support. Celui-ci etait
pivote sur I'essieu, de facon que I'appareil de coupe pouvait etre liausse
et abaisse et passer ainsi au-dessus des inegalites du terrain.

No. 39.
HUSSEY'S MOWING MACHINE.

On August 23, 1859, a United States patent was granted to Obed
Hussey for an improvement in mowing machines. It was of the single
driving-wheel type established by Gladstone in 1808. (See No. 78.)
The novelty consisted in connecting the gearing carriage to the axle by
means of a supplemental frame, whereby it might raise and fall in pass-
ing over obstructions. Not only that, but by an adjustable stop the
cutting apparatus could be placed at any suitable height, and there
maintained. Another novel feature was connecting the raising and fall-
ing apparatus with the outer supporting wheel in such a manner that
when one end was raised the other would follow.

As shown in the patent from which the model was made, one horse
only was intended to be used.

66

OFFICIAl. RKTKOSPl-XTIVl- i:.\I 1 1 lU TION

Nt). 39.

I Arciii'.rsi: nrssi:v

Le 2.^ Aout 1S5"> uii brovcl dcs lOlats-Tnis fut accordc a Obod
Hussev pour un perfcctionnement de faucheuses. Cette machine etait
dvi type a une scule roue motrico cta1)li ])ar(Tladstone en ISOS. (Voyez
No. 7S. ) La nouveaute consislait dans rassenil)laj^e du porte-en«i^re-
naiife a I'essieu au nioyen d'un l)ati sui>plenientaire tie fav,»)n que la
machine pouvait etre levee ou abaissee en passant des obstacles. Non
seulement cela, mais, par une i)iece d'arret ajustable, rai)j)areil de
coupe pouvait etre place a une hauteur voulue et y etre maintenue.
Un autre caractere nouveau etait I'assemblag-c de I'apparcil de hausse
et de baisse avcc la roue de support exterieure dc telle manicre que
I'nne extremitc' etant levee, I'autre suivait.

Comme on le voit dans le brevet d'apres lecpiel le niodele est fait,
cette machine etait trainee par un seul cheval.

No. 40.

TVLKR'S MOWIXC; MACHINE

On November 13, i860, a United States patent was granted to S.
W. Tyler for improvement in mowing machines. It was one of the early
attempts to connect the cutting apparatus to tiie main supporting frame
in such a manner as to be flexible in its action.

No. 40.

FAUCHEUSE TYLER.

Le 13 Novembre 1860, un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde h.

S. \V. Tyler pour perfcctionnement de faucheuses. Ce fut une des

premieres tentatives pour relier I'appareil de coupe au btiti principal

de support de fa^on a etre flexible dans son action.

PREPARED BY THE DEERIXG HARVESTER COMPANY.

67

No. 41.
YOUNG'S SELF-RAKINC. RKAPINC; MACHINE.

On September 18, i860, a United States patent was granted to
McClintock Young for improvement in harvester rakes. The novelty
consisted in combining with an overhung reel, of the Ogle type, an
automatic rake adapted to be folded by a suitable cam to a position
parallel with the reel arms, and serve, in fact, as a reel arm. By means
of a stationary cam its pivotal support was held in a vertical position for
a time, and by an arm upon the reel shaft proper swung upon a plane
parallel with the cutting apparatus at the proper interval, and the gavel
thus delivered to the ground.

This rake was applied by Mr. Young to McCormick reapers, and
manufactured and sold for many years by the predecessors of the
McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, of Chicago.

No. 41.
RATEAU DE RECOLTE YOUNG.

Le 18 Septembre 1860, un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde a
McClintock Young- pour perfectionnement de rateaux de recolte. La
nouveaute consistait dans la combinaison d'un rabatteur suspendu, du
type Og-le, ayec un rateau automatique, adapte a etre replie par una
came appropriee dans une position parallele aux bras du rabatteur, et
servant, en fait, de bras de rabatteur. Au moyen d'une came lixe son
support pivote etait tenu en une position verticale pour un certain temps
et, par un bras sur I'arbre du rabatteur meme, mis en plane parallele a
I'appareil de coupe a des intervalles propres et la javelle delivree a
terre.

Ce rateau fut applique par Mr. Young- aux moissonneuses

68

OFFICIAL RKTROSPECXnT. FXHIBITK^X

McCormick, fiil)ricjin.' ot vendu pendant do nonil)rousos annccs par les
prcdccesseurs de la McCormick Harvostinjr Machine Company de
Chicag-o.

No. 42.

WIIITEXACK'S SELF-RAKING REAPING MACHINE.

On February 5, 1861, a United States patent was granted to
Thomas S. Whitenack for improvement in reapers. In general construc-
tion it differed very little from the Dorsey machine. The raking arms
were adapted to be operated at will. The vertical shaft was placed in
rear of the main supporting wheel, and at its top four radial arms were
pivoted. Suitable cams nn(] guiding wheels were secured to upreaching
arms on the main frame, and adapted to control the action of the rakes.
By the side of the machine, with its end in reach of the driver, was a
lever, having at its rear a cam suitably placed to cause the rakes to be
elevated after having delivered the grain to the platform. With this
switch raised, every arm became a reel, as it rose from the platform after
delivering the mass of grain engaged by it. In case it was desired to
rake the gavel from the platform, the switch was lowered, which per-
mitted the arm to do its work as a rake. The gavel was thus delivered
at will, immediately behind the machine.

No. 42.

MOISSONNEUSE WHITENACK.

Le 5 Fevrierl<S61, un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde a Thomas
S. Whitenack pour perfectionnement de moissonneuses. En con-
struction g-encralc cctte machine differait tres-peu de celle de Dorsej.

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY.

69

Les bras de rateaux pouvaient operer a volonte. L'arbre vertical etait
place ci I'arriere de la roue principale de support et a son sommet
quatre bras radiaux etaient pivotes. Des cames convenables et des
roues dirig^eantes etaient fixees a des bras releves sur le bati principal
et adaptees a contnMer 1 'action des rateaux. Sur le cote de la machine
avec son extremite a la portee du conducteur, se trouvait un levier
ayant a I'arriere une came placee convenablement pour faire lever les
rateaux apres avoir delivre le grain sur la plateforme. Avec cette
switch levee, chaque bras devenait un rabatteur lorsqu'il se levait
de la plateforme apres avoir delivre la masse de grain, qu'il tenait. Kn
cas qu'on desirait rateler la javelle de la plateforme, la switch etait
descendue, ce qui permettait au bras de faire son travail comme
rateau. La javelle etait ainsi delivree a volonte, directement derriere
la machine.

No. 43.
SEIBERLING'S REAPING MACHINE.

On December 5, 1865, a United States patent was granted to John
F. Seiberling for an improvement in reapers. The machine was adapted
to be used in cutting grain as well as grass. It was of the Hussey type
in that it had two supporting wheels with a grain-receiving platform
pivotally connected to its main gearing frame, and was provided with the
Hussey cutting apparatus. Its reel was overhung like that of Ogle; in
fact, the machine may be considered to be the Hussey machine
improved by the adoption of Ogle's overhung reel and dropping platform.

In operation the grain as cut fell upon a receiving platform. The
latter was connected to a pedal within reach of the driver, by which
means the receiving platform was permitted to fall and the gavel be
■drawn therefrom by contact with the ground. An addition, probably for
the first time introduced, was a rod having its ends crank-form and

70

oi-FRiAi. Ri:riu)si'ia'i i\ !•: i:\iiii5itiox

secured to the divuler at the outer eiul, ami to llie slioe of tlie cutting
apparatus at the inner end, so connected to the droppin*,^ phitforni as to
be raised and fallen simultaneously with the latter. It served to restrain
the falling grain and permit separation of the gavel therefrom.

No. 43.

M 0 1 sso N N E I' s !•: s 1-: 1 1 ; i'. k 1 . 1 n c, .

Le S Docemhrc ISdS tin brevet des Ktats-Unis fut accordc A John
F. Soiberling' pour perfectionnoment de moissonnetises. La machine
etait adaptee a couper le grain aussi bien que I'herbe. Elle etait du
type Hussey avec deux rouos de sup])ort ct uno platcforme de reception
du ii'rain reliee par j»ivot a son bati d'en«ii^rena}j-e principal et clle etait
iniinic de I'appareil de coupe Hussey. Son ral)atteur etait suspendu
comme celui d'Oirle; en fait, la machine pent elre considerec comme
etant la machine HusseN' pcrfectionnee par Tadoplion du r;il)alti,ur
suspendu Og-le et la plateforme inclinee.

Uans I'operation le grain coupe tombait sur une plateforme de
reception. Celle-ci etait reliee a une pedale a la portee du conducteur
de fa<^'on que la plateforme pouvait etre inclinee et la javelle enlevee en
venant en contact avec le terrain. En outre, probablement introduite
pour la premiere fois, il y avait une tringledont les extremites etaient
en forme de manivelle, (jui etait fixee au diviseur a Textremite exte-
rieure et au sabot de I'appareil de coupe a I'extremite interieure, reliee
a la plateforme inclinee de telle maniere ci pouvoir etre haussee et
baissee en meme temps que cette dernicre. Elle servait a retenir le
grain tombant et a le separer de la javelle.

No. 44-

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 71

No. 44.
JOHNSTON'S SELF-RAKING REAPING MACHINE.

On Februar}' 7, 1865, a United States patent was granted to Samuel
Johnston for improvement in reapers. It may be considered to be an
improvement on the Dorsey machine. That it is now the principal
reaper made is proof that it was the most successful reaping machine
ever produced. Several patents have been taken out by Mr. Johnston.

A vertical shaft was placed upon the stubble end of the finger-bar,
and upon this a spider suitably secured. Pivoted to this rotary spider,
upon horizontal axes, were four arms, each one adapted normally to act
as a reel — that is to say, to engage the standing grain, hold it against the
advance of the cutting apparatus, lay it when cut upon the platform, and
then rise over the mass. The arms were provided with anti-friction
rollers, adapted to run over a cam, to give the desired movement. At a
proper point a switch was provided, which, when opened, would cause
the rake-arm to move in a plane parallel with the receiving platform and
deliver the gavel to the ground. A pedal, in suitable position for the
foot of the driver, was connected to the switch, by means of which the
arms were made to reel or rake at will.

No. 44.
MOISSONNEUSE JOHNSTON.

Le 7 Fevrier 1865, un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde k Samuel
Johnston pour perfectionneraent de moisonneuses. Cette machine
peut etre consideree comme etant un perfectionnement de celle de
Dorsey. Qu'elle est maintenant la principale moissonneuse faite
prouve qu'elle etait la moissonneuse la plus satisfaisante qui ait jamais
ete produite. Plusieurs brevets out ete octroyes a Mr. Johnston .

Un arbre vertical etait place sur I'extremite de chaume de la barre
coupeuse et sur celle-ci etait fixe un tourniquet. Pivotes sur ce tourni-
quet rotatoire, sur des axes horizontaux, il y avait quatre bras,
chacun adapte pour agir normalement comme rabatteur — c'est-a-dire
d'eng-ager le g-rain sur pied, le tenir contre Tavant de I'appareil de
coupe, le mettre sur la plateforme quand il etait coupe et le lever en-
suite au-dessus do la masse. Les bras etait munis de rouleaux d'anti-
friction, adaptes aoperer sur une came, pour donner la motion voulne.
A un point donne il y avait une aig-uille, qui ouverte faisait mouvoir
le rateau en parallele plane avec la plateforme et delivrer la javelle
sur le sol. Une pedale, bien posee pour ete a la portee du conducteur,
reliee a I'aig-uille, faisait, a volonte, rabattre ou rateler les bras.

No. 45.

MCCORMICK'S MOWING MACHINE.

This machine was patented to Cyrus H. McCormick in 1861. The
design of this mower was such that by shifting his position the driver
might cause the cutting apparatus to rise from the ground. This was
intended to be accomplished by shifting himself forward in the seat so
that the predominance of weight was before the main supporting axle.
By shifting well to stubbleward the cutting apparatus might be lifted
from the ground.

72

OFFICIAL RFTROSrECTIVF FXIHIilTlON

-^(^

Xo. 45.
KALCHKUSE McCORMICK.
Cctte machine fut brevetee a Cyrus H. McCormick en ISf.l. Le
dessin de cette machine etait tel qu'en chang-eant sa position, le con-
ducteur pouvait hausser Tappareil de coupe. II chanifeait sa place sur
le sieg-e vers I'avant de fa^^on que la predominance du poids etait
devant I'axe de sup]iort principal. En se mettant bien dans la direc-
tion (In chaume Tappareil de coupe pouvait etre leve.

No. 46.

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 73

No. 46.

HURDICK'S SELF-RAKING REAPER.

The above illustration is from a model showing Mr. Burdick's self-
raking reaper, as manufactured by D. M. Osborne & Co., of Auburn,
New York. As far as the general principle is concerned, it is of the
Johnston type of self-raking reaper, but much modified by Mr. Burdick.

No. 46.

MOISSONNEUSE A RATELAGE AUTOMATIQUE BURDICK.

L'illustration ci-dessus est prise d'un modele montrant la mois-
sonneuse a ratelage automatique de Mr. Burdick, telle que construite
par D. M. Osborne & Co. de Auburn, New York. Pour ce qui regarde
le principe general, elle est du type de la raoissonneuse a ratelage
automatique de Johnston, mais beaucoup modifiee par W. Burdick.

No. 47.

KIRBY'S MOWING MACHINE.

On May 18, 1869, a United States patent was granted to William A.
Kirbv for improvement in mowing machines. This was one of the early
machines in which the frame was wholly of metal and the gearing
inclosed. One of the principal characteristics of this machine was the
connecting of the motive power to the cutting apparatus by means of a
pitman, consisting of two parts, joined very near to the knife-head, and
supported by a pendulum in such a manner that the cutting apparatus
could be raised to a vertical position when the machine was in proper
position for cutting. This machine was, for a time, considerably used,
and may be considered to have embodied many of the most desirable
features. It was manufactured by D. M. Osborne «Sc Co., of Auburn,
New York.

74

OFFICIAL RETROSl'KCTIXK KXllinmON

No. 47.
lAlCllKl'Sl-: Kl

\\\.

Lo IS Mai 18()'>, uii l)rcvot tics Ktiits-Utiis I'ut accordo a William
A. Kirby pour perfectionnement do faucheuscs. CV'tait une des
proniioros machines dont le bati etait cntiorcmcnt en mclal et Teriifre-
iKiiio envek)i>i>o. Vn dcs principaux caractcrcs de cette machine
etait la ct)nnexi()n de la force motrice avec rai)pareil de coupe au
nioven d'une bielle, consistant de deux parties, jointes tout pres de
la tete de la lame et supportees par un balancier de telle fai,-on que
I'appareil de coupe pouvait etre leve en position verticale quand la
machine etait dans la position voulue pour couper. Cette machine fut
considerablement en usag-e pendant quelque temps et pent etre con-
sideree comme comprenant plusieurs des caracteres les plus desirables.

No. 48.

carpp:nter"s grain iuni)i:r.

Amonj,^ those early to direct their efforts toward binding grrain was
Stephen D. Carpenter, of Wisconsin, U. S. A. In the year 1866 he built
a self-binder in which was embodied one of those improvements that
made the modern self-binding harvester fully practical. This important
feature was the securement of the binding attachment to the harvesting
machine in such a manner as to render it adjustable in the direction of
the length of the grain so as to place the band centrally around the gavel.

The horses were placed behind the machine, and the cutting appa-
ratus and grain-receiving platform were attached to the main supporting
wheel. The binding attachment was detachable as well as adjustable,
so as to adapt the machine to perform the office of a self-rake or a bind-
ing device.

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY.

75

No. 48.
LIEUSE DE GRAIN CARPENTER.

Parmi ceux qui dirig^erent les premiers Icur efforts vers le lia^e
du g-rain fut Stephen D. Carpenter, de Wisconsin, E.-U. d'A. En
1866, il construisit une lieuse automatique qui comprenait un de ces
perfectionnements qui rendirent completement pratique Tinstrument
de recolte a liage automatique moderne. Ce caractere etait la fixation
de I'appareil lieur a la machine a recolter de telle maniere a le rendre
ajustable dans la direction de la longueur du grain de facon a pouvoir
placer le lien centralement autour de la javelle.

Les chevaux se trouvaient derricrc la machine, et I'appareil de
coupe et la plateforme de reception etaient attaches a la roue princi-
pale de support. L'appareil de liage pouvait se detacher aussi bien
que s'ajuster afin d'adapter la machine a operer comme rateleuse auto-
matique ou lieuse.

No. 49.

APPLEBY'S WIDE-CUT BINDER.

The above model represents the binder made by Mr. Appleby for
the Deering Harvester Company, and patented September 15, 1896. All
attempts to apply automatic binders to wide-cut machines had proven
unsuccessful until the application thereto of the Appleby binder. These
machines are manufactured by the Deering Harvester ('ompany and the
Harvester King Company, both of Chicago.

No. 49.

LIEUSE A COUPE VASTE APPLEBY.

Le modele ci-dessus represente la lieuse faite par Mr. Appleby
pour la Deering Harvester Company et brevetee le 15 Septembre 1896.
Toutes les tentatives pour adapter des lieuses automatiques a des
machines a coupe vaste avaient ete futiles jusqu'a Tapplication a ces
machines de la lieuse Appleby. Les machines sont construites par
la Deering Harvester Company et la Harvester King Company,
toutes les deux de Chicago.

76

OFFICIAL RETROSPECT! VF EXllllll I'lON

No. 50.
CARPENTER'S (iRAIN BINDER.

While this machine (patented December 22, 1868) did not go into
use, it served the excellent purpose of instructing the public as to a
way to accomplish many of the important results now attained.

The matter of binding centrally being the most important, in this
machine the binding device was so attached to a Marsh harvester as to
be capable of being adjusted to place the band centrally around the gavel.

No. 50.
LIEUSE AUTOMATIQUE CARPENTER.

Ouoique cette machine (brevetee le 22 Decembre 1868) ne fut pas
mise en usag-e, elle servit I'excellent but d'instruire le public dans la
maniered'accomplir plusieursdes resultats lesplus importants obtenus
maintenant.

Lc point de Her centralcment etant le plus important, le dis-
positif de liage dans cette machine etait attache a une machine
Marsh de telle ia.(;on a pouvoir etre ajuste pour le placement du
lien centralement autour de la javelle.

No. 51.

JAMES F. GORDON'S GRAIN BINDER.

In this machine (patented May 12, 1868) were embodied mechanisms
for binding the grain centrally. The binding device was as one part
with the reaping machine, and in order to bind the gavels centrally the
band-uniting devices only were moved relative to the length of the
grain. The cut grain was reeled upon the platform and moved by a rake
into position to be engaged by the binding devices.

PREPAKKI) BY THE DEERIXG HARVESTER COMPANY. 77

Xo.

^i.

LIKTSE DK GRAIN JAMES F. (GORDON.

Dans cctte machine (brevetee le 12 Mai 1868) etaient compris des
mccanismes pour Her le ^rain centralement. Le dispositif de liage
faisait partie de la machine a moissonncr et pour licr les javelles cen-
tralement les dispositifs pour attacher les bandes etaient operes seuls
relativement a la hauteur du g^rain. Le ^rain coupe etait rabattu
sur la pi ate forme et mis en position par un rateau pour etre engag-e
par les dispositifs de liage.

No. 52.
SPAII. DING'S GRAIN BINDER.

In the years 1869 and 1870 Mr. (ieorge H. Spaukling, of Rockford,
Illinois, constructed a grain-binding machine similar to that patented to
him in 1870, but more perfect, in that, in addition to the elevating
mechanism, an independent packing device, adapted to compact the
grain against a tripping arm, was added. This consisted of a shaft
beneath the grain-receiving table, having two cranks carrying two pack-
ing arms. The latter were supported at one end in guides, and were
moved at their working ends by the cranks that supported them. The
teeth of these arms protruded through the receiving table, one upon
each side of the path of travel of the needle, engaged the grain there
delivered, and forced it not only into the band, thus packing it, but
against the tripping arms shown and described in his patent above
referred to.

While this machine was only completed so far as to bind straw in
the little shop w^here it was built, it served an excellent purpose in that
it was an object-lesson for those who followed.

The importance of Mr. Spaulding's inventions was recognized at
once; other inventors adopted its principles, and manufacturers of
automatic binders later took license under his patents.

78

OFFICIAL RFTROSPECTIXl- l-Xl IIHITIOX

No. 52.
I.IKUSK I)E C.RAIX SPAUI.DIXC.

Dans los annoes 1869 et 1870, Mr. George li. Spauldintr de Kock-
ford, Illinois, construisit une machine pour Her le grain semblable k
celle brevetee en 1870, mais plus parfaite dans ce sens qu'outre le
mecanisme d'elevation, il y avaitun dispositif indcpendant pour tasser,
adapte k rendre compact le grain contrc un bras aclionnant. Ce
dispositif consistait d'un arbre, sous la table de reception du grain,
avant deux manivelles portant deux l)ras de tasseurs. Ceux-ci etaient
supportes a une extremite en point de repere et etaint operes a leurs
extremites travaillantes par les manivelles qui les supportaient. Les
dents de ces bras faisaient saillie a travers la table de reception, Tune
sur chaque cote de la voie de Taiguille, engageaient le grain y
delivre et le forcaient non seulement dans le lien en le tassant, mais
contre les bras actionnant montres et decrits dans son brevet dont il
est question ci-haut.

Ouoique cetle machine ne fut completee que pour Her de la
paille dans le petit atelier ou elle fut construite, elle atteint I'excellent
but d'etre une let^on objective pour ceux qui suivirent.

L'importance des inventions de Mr. Spauiding fut reconnue du
coup; d'autres inventeurs adopterent ses ])rincipes et des fabricants
de lieuses automatitjues prirent des droits sujets a son brevet.

No. 53-
SrAUJ-OlNG'S GRAIN BINDER.

On May 31, 1870, a United States patent was granted to George H.
Spauiding for an improvement in grain binders. This machine embodied
one of the most important improvements ever made in this art, and one
that, it may be said, made the perfect grain binder possible. The
improvement consisted in combining with a force-feed grain conveying
and delivering apparatus a receptacle having its outward portion adapted
to yield, so that the accumulated gavel might press against it and finally
move it. These parts were connected to a suitable clutching device in

PREPARED BY THE DEERIXG HARVESTER COMPANY.

79

No. ;3-
such a manner that the gavel, when grown to its fullest, caused the
clutch to engage, thus making the binding mechanism automatic. Not
only that, the device rendered the binding mechanism competent to
produce bundles of absolutely uniform size.

The harvesting machine was of the Marsh harvester type. It was
modified, however, by placing the elevator substantially vertical, in order
to reduce the width of' the machine as much as possible. The value of
the invention was recognized by all, for all manufacturers of automatic
binders later took license thereunder.

No- 53-
LIEUSE DE GRAIN SPAULDING.

Le 31 Mai 1870 un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde a George
H. Spaulding pour perfectionnement de lieuses. Cette machirie
comprenait un des perfectionnemeuts les plus importants qui ait
jamais ete fait dans cet art et qui, on peut le dire, rendit possible la
parfaite lieuse. Le perfectionnement consistait dans la combinaison
d'un appareil d'alimentation et de decharg-e par force avec un receptacle
avant sa partie exterieure adaptee a pouvoir ceder de f aeon que la
javelle accumulee en pressant contre cette partie la faisait mouvoir.
Ces parties etaient reliees a un dispositif d'embrayage de facon que,
quand la javelle avait atteint sa plus grande dimension, la griffe s'en-
g-ag-eait et rendait le mecanisme de liage automatique. Non seulement
cela, mais ce dispositif rendait le mecanisme de liage capable de pro-
duire des bottes d'une dimension uniforme. ^ _ ,

La machine a recolter etait du type Marsh. Elle etait modifiee,
cependant, en placant Felevateur substantiellement dans une position
verticale, atin de diminuer autant que possible la largeur de la
machine. La valeur de Tinvention fut reconnue par tous, car tous
les fabricants de lieuses automatiques prirent des droits sujets a son
brevet.

«o

OFFICIAL Ki-:rRc)Si"i-:LTi\ !•: lixiiiiu hon

No. 54.-

WOon \: ROS]:r.R()()K'S SELF-R.\KIN(i RKAPINC
MACHINE.

On January 3, 187 i, a United States patent was granted to Wood iS:
Rosebrook for improvement in luirvesting machines. The improvement
consisted in what was known as a table-rake, which was applied to the
machine patented to Walter A. Wood. An endless chain was placed in
a groove in the platform, parallel with and very near its margin. To
this chain was secured a rake, suitably connected to the main frame of
the machine by folding arms, which permitted it to be carried by the
chain in such a manner as to traverse the platform at its front and ccirry
the accumulated gavel with it, then change the direction of the latter
and deliver it substantially in rear of the main supporting wheel. The
rake was then moved at the rear of the platform to its extreme grainward
position, and then moved forward behind the grain accumulated on the
platform and swept it, in turn, rearwardly to the ground.

This machine was extensively manufactured by the Walter A. WockI
Reaping and Mowing Machine Company, and served its purpose well
until the automatic binder became perfected. It is still used in many
parts of the \vorld, particularly in Russia.

No. 54.

MACHiNK .\ ki':(()i;ri:K wood cV kosi-jirook.

Le 3 Janvier ISTI un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accordc a Wood &
Rosebrook pour perfectionnement de machines a recolter. Le per-
fectionnement etait connu sous le nom de rateau-table, qui fut appli-
que i la machine brevetee par Walter A. Wood. Une chaine sans fin
etait placee dans une rainure dans la plateforme, parallele a et tres
pres de son bord. A cette chaine etait attachee un rateau, propre-
ment relie au bati principal de la machine par des bras replies, de
fa^on a etre porte par la chaine a travers le devant de la plateforme,

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 8i

prenant la javellc accumulee, puis chang-eant la direction de cette
derniere et la decharg-cant substantiellement a Varriere de la roue
principalc de support. Le rateau etait alors transporte vers I'arriere
de la plateforme a son extreme position vers le g-rain et puis vers
I'avant derriere le i^rain accumule sur la plateforme qu'il balayaitvers
Tarriere.

Cette machine fut considerablement construite par Walter A.
Wood Reaping- and Mowing Machine Company et remplit bien son
but jusqu'a ce que la lieuse automatique fut parfaite. Elle est encore
en usag-e dans differentes parties du g^lobe, surtout en Russie.

No. 55.
RIRIJV'S REAPING MACHINE.

This machine may be considered to embody Mr. William A. Kirby's
best devices, he having been inventing in this art for a number of years.

The machine represented in the model is substantially that manu-
factured by D. M. Osborne & Co., Auburn, New York, for a number of
years, and was in his day one of the most successful reaping machines.
Its simplicity was characteristic of most of the efforts of Mr. Kirby, and
its success was to a large extent due to perfect manufacture.

No. 55.
MOISSONNEUSE KIRBY.

Cette machine peut etre consideree comme comportant les meil-
leures dispositifs de Mr. William A. Kirby, qui etait un inventeur
dans cet art depuis de nombreuses annees.

La machine representee dans le modele est substantiellement

82

OFFICIA!, KKIROSPKCTIVE EXHl lUTlON

cello constniitc jiiir D. M. ( )sl»<>nK' iV C\).. .VuWuni, New-York, pen-
dant de nombreuses annees, ct tut a eette ejxxiue une des moisson-
neuses les plus satisfaisantes. Sa siniplicito etait caracte'risli(iue
de la plupart des efforts de Mr. Kirby et son succes etait jxmr la ]>lus
grande partie du a sa ])arfaite fabrication.

No. 56.
GORDON'S BINDER.

On Tanuary 20, 1874, a United States patent was granted to John
H. Gordon for improvement in grain binders. Mr. Ciordon continued
to work upon his machine, and perfected this one to such an extent that
during the harvest of 1873 orders were taken for machines, and for the
harvest of 1874 a number were sold. From that time on for several
years these machines were manufactured by Gammon & Deering, pred-
ecessors of the Deering Harvester Company, of Chicago. As a whole,
the machine may be considered to be the perfected Marsh harvester
provided with the binding attachment as a supplemental machine,
adapted to be placed upon the harvester in lieu of the binding tables.
It was adjustable in the direction of the length of the grain, and was
provided with a system of packers adapted to engage the swath delivered
by the elevating devices into a primary receptacle, and then force it
into a band drawn across the secondary receptacle, and thus compact it
preparatory to being bound. Resistance wires were also applied, against
which the grain was compacted.

The model represents the machine as manufactured for the market
by Gammon & Deering, with the improvements applied by them. The
Gordon twisting device was somewhat complicated, and a substitute
was added, which performed both offices of retaining the held end and
twisting the two ends of the band together.

No. 56.

LIKUSE DE GRAIN GORDON.

Le 20 Janvier 1874 un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde a John
H. Gordon pour perfectionnement de lieuses. Mr. Gordon continua

PREPARED BY THE DEERLXG HARVESTER COMPANY.

«3

a travailler sur sa machine et perfectionna celle-ci a un tel point que
pendant la moisst)n de 1873 des commandes de machines furent prises
et on en vendit un grand nombre pour la recolte de 1874. Depuis
lors, ces machines furent construites pendant plusieurs annees par
Gammon iSc Deering-, de Chicago. Au total, la machine pent etre
consideree etre celle de Marsh perfectionnee, munie de Tappareil lieur
comme machine supplementaire, adaptee a etre placee sur la
machine a recolter en lieu et place des tables lieuses. Elle
etait ajustable dans la direction de la hauteur du grain et etait munie
d'un systeme^ de tasseurs adaptes a engager I'andain delivre par les
dispositifs d'elevation dans le receptacle primaire et a le forcer ensuite
dans une bande tiree a travers le receptacle secondaire et ainsi le
rendre com])act avant d'etre lie. Des lils de resistance etaient egale-
ment i)ourvus. contre lesquels le grain etait presse.

Le^ modele represente la machine telle que construite pour le
marche par Gammcm & Ueering avec les perfectionnements qu'ils y
apportaient. Le dispositif pour torsion etait quelque pen complique
et on la remplaca par un autre qui accomplissait les deux services de
retenir I'extremite et de tordre ensemble les deux extremites du lien.

No. 57.

^VA1/^ER A. WOOD'S SKLF-BIXDKR.

On March 31, 1874, a self-binding harvester was put on the market
by the Walter A. Wood Mowing and Reaping Machine Company,
invented by Sylvanus D. Locke, who began his efforts as early as 1864.
He made many improvements, all directed to the binding of grain auto-
matically. In 1873 his machine, above illustrated, was so successful
that orders were taken for the harvest of 1874. For many years the
machine was manufactured by the Walter A. Wood Mowing & Reaping
Machine Company. Hoosick Falls, New York, and was one of the most
successful wire binders.

84

OFFICIAL Ri:rROSl'i:CTI\K FXIIIBinoX

No. 57.

I ii.rsi, .\i !( )M.\ IK U1-: w.\i, ri'

a Ha-

A. w < )( »n.

En 1S74 uiK' macliiiio a lia^iX' aul()inati(|iK' liil placi'i' siir
le marclic par Walter A. Wood Mowing- and Kcaping- Machine
Company, inventoo par Sylvanus 1). Iv«)cko, qni conimenca sos oJTorts
deja en iS(>4. II lit plusienrs perfectionnenionls, tons diriges vers le
liaiie auloniaticjue du grain. ICn 1S7.^. sa machine, illustree ci-dessus,
ent tant de succes que des coinniandcs furcnt acceptees i)our la moisson
de 1S74, Pendant plusienrs annecs la machine fut fabriquee par la
Walter A. Wood Mowingf and Reaping Machine Company, Hoosick
Falls, New York, et fiit unc lieuse a lil nu'lallicjue des ])lus satis-
faisantes.

No. 58.
MARSH'S HARVESTER.

The Marsh harvester reached its highest state of development in
1871, and from that time to 1875 it was sold almost exclusively as a
harvesting machine; in fact, the name Marsh harvester became so pop-
ular that that machine came to be typical, and the word "harvester,"
although previously used in a ])romiscuous manner, was considered to
designate a harvesting machine upon which the bundles were bound
before being delivered to the ground.

The machine was provided with a bundle carrier, which when tilted
permitted its load to slide off.

No. 58.

MACHINE A RECOi;ri:R MARSH.

La machine a recolter Marsh atteint son plus haul degre de per-
fection en 1871 et depuis lors a 1S75 elle fut presqu'exclusivcment

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 85

vendue pour faire les recoltes; en fait, le noni (rinstrument de recolte
Marsh devint si populaire que cette machine fut symbolique et les
mots "machine a recolter", quoiqu'anterieurement employes d'une
maniere generale furent consideres comme indiquantune machine sur
laquelle les g-erbes etaient liees avant d'etre jetees a terre.

La machine etait munie d'un porte-gerbes, qui, incline, deversait
sa chartre.

No. 59.

MARSH HARVESTER KING.

The Marsh harvester having become fully perfected, it was found
that if a table were made for three men, they could bind a seven-foot
swath with perfect ease. Many machines were put upon the market so
arranged, with enlarged tables and additional standing-room, that the
work might be accomplished. It was to this, the enlarged Marsh har-
vester, that self-binders were most successfully attached.

No. 59.

LA MACHINE A RECOLTER KING DE MARSH.

La machine a recolter Marsh ayant ete completement perfection-
nee, on pensa qu'en faisant une table pour trois hommes,ils pourraient
lier tres facilement un andain de 7 pieds, Plusieurs machines ainsi
construites furent mises au marche, avec tables agrandies et une place
pour s'y tenir, alin que le travail puisse se faire. C'est a cette machine
de recolte Marsh agrandie que les lieuses automatiques furent
attachees, ce qui donna les meilleurs resultats.

No. 60.

JAMES F. GORDON'S GRAIN BINDER.

This binder was thoroughly tried during the harvest of 1874, and
proved quite successful. It was too complicated, however. The essen-
tial principle consisted in so placing the automatic binder upon a Marsh

86

OFFICIAL RETROSPECTIVE EXHIBITION

No. 60.

luirvester as to permit it to move towartl the grain receptacle, engage
the gavel, and bind it while moving delivervward. Patented June 30,
1874.

No. 60.

LIEUSE AUTOMATIQUE JAMKS V. (lORDON.
Brevetee le 30 JuiN 1S74.
Cette lieixse essayee d'une maniere complete durant la recolte de
1S74 cut d'heurcux succes, Kile etait cependant trop compliquec. Le
principc cssentiel etait dc placer la lieuse aiitomatique sur vm instru-
ment de recolte Marsh de facon a])erraettre a la lieuse d'avancer vers le
receptacle de g^rain, d'engag^er la javellc et la Her en allant vers la
decharge.

No. 61.

JAMES 1". GORDCJN'S CxAVEL-lOKM 1 N( 1 IJINDER.

This machine was operated to a considerable extent experimentally.
While it never came into general use, it served the purpose of showing
the diligence and genius of its inventor. Some of its devices, however,
v.'ere embodied in later machines. Patented June 16, 1874.

PREPARED BV THE DEERIXG HARVESTER COMPANY. i^7

No. 6i.
LA LIEUSE EOR.MAXT JAVELLE DE JAMES V. CORDON.

BkEVETEE LE l6 JUIN' 1S74.

Cette machine fut considerablement operee pour des experiences.
Quoiqu'elle ne soit jamais venue en usag-e g-eneral, elle servit a
montrer la diligence et le g-enie de son inventeur. Ouelques-unes de
ses dispositions, cependant, se trouvent dans des machines construites
ulterieurement.

No. 62.
GORHAM'S GRAIN BINDER.

Between February 9, 1875, and October 12, 1880, several patents
were granted to Marquis L. Gorham. This machine is said to have
bound some grain. It was of enormous dimensions, and its principles
mainly old. Mr. Spaulding's self-sizing device, somewhat modified, was
used. The binder was placed upon a Marsh harvester, but the weight
of the attachment was so great that it was necessary to place a heavy
weight upon the grain divider; in fact, the vertical portion of the same
in one or more of the machines was made of cast iron, in order to coun-
terpoise the weight of the binding attachment.

The above photo-engraving is from a model made in accordance with
the various patents; the proportions given are those shown in a photo-
graph of one of Mr. Gorham's later machines.

The patents covering this machine were bought by one of the last
companies to take up the Appleby binder, and suits brought against
those manufacturers who had perfected and introduced the Appleby
binder. The plaintiffs were defeated in some of the preliminary moves.
One manufacturer stood suit, and it was held by the court that one of
the elements of the Gorham binder was found in the Appleby binder.
No manufacturers ever put the Cxorham binder out in the form in which

88

OFFICIAL RFTROSl'ECTUK FXIIIBITION

No. 62.

it was patented. Slightly modified, it was put out by two small con-
cerns, and proved a total failure.

This model is introduced for the purpose of giving information to
those who may wish facts in regard to a patent which merely served as
the foundation for extensive litigations.

The line engravings also here shown are traced from [)holographs
of the actual machine.

No 62.

PREPARED BY THE DEERIXG HARVESTER COMPANY.

89

^\^:t^

No. 62.
LA I.IF.USE CORHAM.

Du 9 Fevrier 1875 au 12 Octobre 18S0 plusieurs brevets furent
accordes a Marquis L. Gorham. Cette machine est elite avoir lie
quelque <rrain. P^lle etait crenormes dimensions et ses principes,
pour la plupart anciens. Le dispositif de Mr, Spaulding- pour donner
une dimension eg^ale a la botte etaii employee, quelque peu modifie.
La lieuse etait placee sur une machine a recolter ^larsh, mais le poids
de I'appareil etait si grand qu'il fut necessaire de placer un lourd poids
sur le diviseur; en fait, sa portion verticale dans une ou plusieurs
des machines etait de fer fondu dans le but de contrebalancer le poids
de I'appareil de liag^e.

Le photo-<^ravure ci-dessus est prise d'un modele fait selon les
differents brevets; les proportions donnees sont celles montrees dans
une photographie d'une des dernieres machines de Mr. Gorham.

Les brevets protegeant cette machine furent achetes par Tune des
compagnies qui furent les dernieres a admettre la lieuse Appleby et
des proces furent faits a ceux de ces fabricants qui avaient perfection-
nes et introduits la lieuse Appleby. Les plaig-nants perdirent leur
cause dans quelques-unes des motions preliminaires. Un fabricant
accepta le proces et la cour decida que Tun des elements de la lieuse
Gorham se trouvait dans la lieuse Appleby. Aucun manufacturier ne
produisit jamais la lieuse Gorham dans la forme qu'elle etait brevetee.
Legerement modiliee, elle fut produite par deux maisons de peu d'im-
portance et firent un complet fiasco.

Ce modele est produit dans le but de donner des informations a
ceux qui voudraient connaitre des faits concernant un brevet qui ne
servit autrement que de base a de nombreux litiges.

Les gravures des lignes, aussi montrees ici, sont tracees de photo-
graphes de la machine actuelle.

90

OFFICIAL RETROSPECTIVE EXlIU'.rrioX

APPLE15V CRAIN KINDER.

In 1S58 a rugged Western boy of eighteen years of age was earning
his living working out among the farmers. His employer hat! bought a
new reaping machine, and the boy, with the curiosity of a born mechanic,
stood waiting for the machine to start, it being e.xpected of him to bind
the grain after it. The machine started off well, and the pleased farmer
asked him what he thought of it. The boy replied that it worked well,
but that he believed he could make a binder, and was jeered by his
employer. It seemed to him that twine would be the best band material,
and before the year closed the knotter shown as number sixty-four —
the prototype of the Appleby knotter, that ties nine-tenths of the grain
grown in the civilized world — was made. Poverty prevented further
efforts for a time. The boy had inherited mechanical tastes, but as the
spirit of patriotism prevailed to such an extent that he responded to the
call of his country, and spent three valuable years as a volunteer soldier,
he lost valuable time. When his services were no longer needed by his
country, he commenced his l)inder anew. Several years of experiment-
ing followed. For a short time he was led to try wire as band material,
and his first grain-binder that he patented (patent taken out in 1869) was
a "wire binder." Progress in the development of his binder was not
rapid, for in the meantime bread must be earned.

In 1874 he began what is known at the present day as the Appleby
binder. In 1875 it bound several acres of grain; in 1876 it did better;
in 1877 several machines were operated. In 1878 it was so promising
that Mr. William Deering, of ("hicago, foreseeing what later proved to be
the inevitable, took hold of it, and aided Mr. Appleby to perfect it.
The world now gives Mr. Appleby the credit due him, and Mr. Appleby
places credit in turn where it is deserved, saying:

"In William Deering, of Chicago, Illinois, formerly of the firm of
Ciammon ^c Deering, I found a man farsighted enough to see the impor-
tance of my invention. To him belongs the credit of forcing my binder

PREPARi:n I'.V THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY.

91

onto the market with sufficient energy to convince the farmer of its
practicability. His demonstration of the practicability of the invention
soon led other manufacturers to adopt it.

[Signed] "John F. Appleby."

Mr. Applebv's judgment directed him to adapt his automatic binder
to work upon a Marsh harvester, and the Marsh harvester manufacturers

were first tc believe that automatic

binders could be carried to the

necessary degree of perfection.

The Appleby patents were
at once recognized, and their
validity was never questioned.

Mr. Appleby placed his needle
beneath the binding receptacle,
and his knotting devices above;
he placed packing fingers each
side of the needle, and so shaped
the latter that when moved up-
ward in the operation of binding
the bundle of grain, it served as
a stop to check the flow while the
bundle was being bound. He
placed discharge arms over the
receptacle in such a manner that
the bundle, when completed,
would be ejected. The grain was
not only packed into the recep-
tacle, but while being bound was
suitably compressed, in order that
a tight bundle might be the result.
It is not necessary to devote
space to anything descriptive of the Appleby binder, for it may be seen
on nearly every farm, and its principles may be studied in nearly every
automatic self-binder known.

No. 63.

LIEUSE APPLEBY.

On 1858, un rude g-arcon de TOuest, ag-e de 18 ans, g"ag"nait sa vie
en travaillant pour les fermiers. Son patron avail achete une nouvelle
moissonneuse, et le garcon, avec la curiosite innee d'un tnecanicien,
attendait la mise en marche, son devoir etant de lier le grain au fur
et a mesure que la machine avancait. La machine comraenca bien et
le fermier enchante lui demanda ce qu'il en pensait. Le garcon repli-
qua qu'elle travaillait bien, mais qu'il croyait pouvoir faire unelieuse;
son patron se moqua de lui. II lui sembla que la ficelle serait le
meilleur materiel pour le lien, et avant la fin de Tannee le noueur,
montre dans I'illustration ci-dessus — le prototype du noueur Appleby,
qui none les neuf dixiemes du grain cultive dans le monde civilise —
fut fait. Le garcon avait herite des gouts mecaniques; mais I'esprit
de patriotisme Pemporta a un tel point qu'il repondit a I'appel de son

92

OFFICIAL Ki:rK()srKCTi\i'. i:\iiiiu rioN

pays, passa trois aiis sous los tlrapcaux (.oinuK' xoloiUairo ct pcrdit i)ar
consequent un temps precieux pour lui. (Juand le pays n'eul plus
besoin de ses services, il coninien^a a nouveau sa lieuse. Plusieurs
annees d'experiences suivirent. Pendant un temps tres-court il fut
induit a essaver du til metalli(pie. Lc imisrres dans le developpemcnt
de sa lieuse ne fut ])as rapide, car il tallait, en attendant, traw-ner le
pain (piotidien.

En 1S74, il coninienca ce ipii est connu aujourd'hui coinine la
lieuse Applehv. 1mi 1S73, elle lia i)lusieurs ,icres de g'rain; en ISTb,

elle lit mieux; en 1S77, plusieurs ma-
chines furcnt operees. En 1878, elle
promettait tant que Mr. William Deer-
ing de Chicagfo, prevoyant ce qui
serait plus tard inevitable, s'en saisit
et aida Mr. Appleby a la perfectionner.
Le monde donne credit a Mr. Appleby
l)()ur ce qui lui est du, et Mr. Appleby,
a son tour, place le credit ou il est
merite, en disant:

"En William Deering- de Chicag-o,

Illinois, autrefois de la lirme (lammon

& Deering-, j'ai trouve un liomme assez

prevoyant pour reconnaitre Timpor-

tance de mon invention. A lui appar-

tient le credit d'avoir place ma lieuse

sur le marche avec une energie sufli-

sante pour convaincre le fermier de sa

nature pratique. Sa demonstration

du cote pratique de I'invention decida

bientot les autres fabricants iYTadopter.

(Signe) John F. Applkhv."

Le jugement de Mr. Appleby le dirigea a adapter sa lieuse auto-

matique a travailler sur la machine Marsh, et les constructeurs d'in-

struments a recolter Marsh furent les premiers a croire que des lieuses

automatiques pouvaient arriver au degre nccessaire de perfection.

Les brevets Appleby furent immediatement reconnus, et leur vali-
ditc ne fut jamais mise en ([uestit)n.

Mr. Appleby i)laca son aiguille en dessous du receptacle lieur et son
dispositif pour nouer au-dessus; il placades doigts tasseurs sur chaque
cote de Taiguille, et forma celle-ci de fa<,xm qu'en se mouvant vers le
haut dans Toperation du liage de la gerbe, elle servait d'arret au flux
pendant que la gerbe etait liee, II pla(,'a des bras de decharge^ au-
dessus du receptacle de fav,-on que la gerbe, quand elle etait completee,
pouvait etre dechargee. Le grain etait non seulement tasse dans nn
receptacle, mais pendant qu'il etait lie, il etait convenablement com-
presse afin d'obtenir une gerbe bien serree.

II est inutile de consacrer beaucoup d'espace a la description de la
lieuse Appleby; elle pent etre vue dans presque toutes les fermes, et
ses principes peuvent etre etudies dans presque chaque lieuse 'k liage
automatique.

WILLIAM DEERING.

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY.

93

No. 64.
APPLEBY'S KNOTTER OF 1858.
The steel model within the glass globe is the original knotter made
by Mr. John F. Appleby in 1858, when a boy of eighteen. It may be
said to be the first device that ever tied a knot successfully. The
wooden model is merely an enlargement of the same, in order that its
construction may be easily understood.

No. 64.
LE NOUEUR APPLEBY DE 1858.
Le modele en eicier dans le g-lobe en verre est le noueur primitif
fait par Mr. John F. Appleby en 1858 a I'age de 18 ans. On pent dire
que c'etait le premier dispositif qui cut noue un ncxiud avec succes.
Le modele en bois en est simplement ra<rrandisscment pour que sa
construction puisse etre mieux comprise.

No. 65.

JAMES F. GORDON'S GRAIN BINDER.

In 1875 a patent was granted to James F. Gordon that embodied
many of the principles before invented by him, and also an arrangement

94

OFFICIAL RKTROSPECTJXl' l-.XUliUTIOX

of niechaiiisni wlu-rcbv the liiiuliiii; ilcviccs i.-iiga<;cil ihc .i^avcl and bound
it while moving" deliverywanl. Tlds machine, somewliat improveti, was
put out by 1). M. Osborne \ ("o., of Auburn, New York, and otherwise
imiirovetl bv (lammon \" Dcerin!;, of Chit-a^-o.

No. 05.

i.ii:rsi". (ioRix )N.

Kn 1S75 un lirc\ot fut accorde a James V. (ior(h)ii (pii compreiiail
beaucoup des principes inventcs anterieurement i>ar lui et aussi un
arrantj-ement do mecanismo ])ar leciuel les devises de liage en^aj.;-eaient
la javelle et la liaient pendant ([u'ellc sc m<mvait vers la dcchari>e.
Cette machine, tant soil pen ])erfectionnee, fut ])roduitc par D. M.
Osborne & Co., d'Auburn, New York, et autrement i)erfectionnee par
Clamnion iV Decrinij- de Chicajjo.

No. 66.

\rri,i:r.vs KNorri'.R and hoi.dkr.

Mr. lohn F. Appleby's knotler was not patented unlil 1S7.S.
knotting hook itself was substantially as made by him in 1858.
cord-holding device, however, was as shown in this exhibit.

No. 66.

!,!•: NOUKUR ET I,!', RKTENEUR DE llCl.ll.H .Vi'lTJ-RW

Le Noueur de Mr. John Appleby ne fut pas patente avant 1878.
Le crochet noueur etait substantiellement tel qu'il avait ete fait par
lui en 1.S5S. Son dispositif de reteneur de corde, cependant, etait tel
(pril est niontre dans cette exhibition.

'rhe
Its

No. 67.

H()i.Mi:s' (;r.\in hinder.

On December 3, 1878, a patent was granted to M. .\. and W. M.
Holmes, which had been embodied in a full-sized working machine.

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY.

95

This binder became practical almost from tlie start, and for twenty
years has been manufactured by the Walter A. Wood Mowing & Reap-
ing Machine Company, of Hoosick Falls, New York.

No. 67.

LIEUSE HOLMES.

Le 3 Decembre 1878, un brevet fut accorde a H. A. et W. H.
Holmes qui avail ete compris dans une machine de dimension tra-
vaillante complete. Cette lieuse devient pratique presque des le
debut, et fut construite pendant ving-t annees par la Walter A. Wood
Mowing & Reaping Machine Company, de Hoosick Falls, New York.

No. 68.

DEERINCi-MARSH HARVESTER AND TWINE BINDER.

The above photo-engraving is from a model showing the Appleby
twine binder attached to the Deering-Marsh harvester, as put on the
market in 1879. It was the perfected Marsh harvester and the first fully
perfected Appleby binder. The success of the machine in this harvest
was such as to force all manufacturers of reapers and wire binders to
add to their output the Appleby binder, and it may be said to have been
the beginning of the modern self-binder.

No. 68
MACHINE A RECOLTER ET LIEUSE A FICELLE DEERING-
MARSH.

La photo-gravure ci-dessus est d'un modele montrant la lieuse a
ficelle Appleb}' attachee a la machine a recolter Deering-Marsh, telle
que produite en 1879. Kile etait la machine a recolter Marsh perfec-
tionnee et la premiere lieuse Appleby completemeht parfaite. Le

96

OFFICIAL KFTROSPFCTIVF KXIIIIUTION

succes de la miuhiuo chins les rocoltcs I'ut telle que lous les labricants
de moissonneuse et de lieuses a til metal lique furent forces d'ajouter a
leur produit la lieuso Ap]ileby.et oti ])eut direciu'elle a maniue le debut
de la lieuse UKxbrne.

No. 69.

RICHARD H. MORROW'S CORN HARVESTER.

This machine is adapted to engage two rows of corn, cut the stalks,
bind them when in standing position, and deliver the bundles to the
ground. It is the prototype of the modern "vertical" corn-binder manu-
factured in the United States. Patented August 10, 1886.

No. 69.

machine a recolter le mais morrow, brevetee le

10 aoOt 1886.

Cette machine est adaptec a eng-ag-er deux rang-ees de mai's, a
couper les epis, a les lier quand ils sont debout et a delivrer les gerbes
a terre. Elle est le prototype de la lieuse de mais "verticale," consi-
derablement construite dans les Etats-Unis.

No. 70.

DEERING CORN BINDER.

This machine is covered by many patents granted to the Deering
Harvester Company. As it advances the cornstalks are cut, fall to the
rear, are then moved deliveryward, bound and deposited upon a sheaf-
carrier. The sheaves are dropped at will by the operator in bunches of
two or three bundles. This machine is extensively manufactured by the
Deering Harvester Company, of (Chicago, Illinois.

PREPARED BY THE DEERIXG HARVESTER COMPANY.

97

No. 70.
MACHIXK A RECOI.TKR LE MAIS l)EERlN(i.
Cette machine est protej^ee par plusieurs brevets accordes i la
Deerintr Harvester Company. En avancant elle coupe les epis de ble
qui tombent vers I'arriere, sont pousses vers la decharge, lies et depo-
ses sur un porte-gerbes. L'operateur peut a volonte faire retomber
les gerbes en tas de deux ou trois bottes. Cette machine est conside-
rablement construite par la DeerinsJ' Harvester Company de Chicag-o,
Illinois.

No. 71.
SHARP'S CORN BINDER.
A patent was granted to Charles S. Sharp, February 28, 1895, for
improvement in corn-binders, and several were

o^ranted later. The

98

OFFICIAL RKTROSPECTIVE EXHIBITION

above coni-biiuler is one oi llie most popular of the "vertical" type of
binders for American corn. It is extensively numufac tiiretl by i ). M.
Osborne «S: ("<>., of Auburn, New \'ork.

No. 71.

1. 11: r SI", hi': M.\Ts .siiAkr.

Un l)rovet fut accorde a Charles S. Sharp, le 2S Fevrier 1S'»3, jxtur
pcrfoctionnement do Houses do mai's; plusiotirs atitros furont accordos
ensuite. La House do ma'is ci-dossus est uno dos plus populaires du
type "vertical" de lieuse pour nia'is amoricain. Ellc est considoral)lo-
rnent construito par D. M. Osborne iSc Co., d'Auburn, Now York.

No. 72.

MODERN .MoWINi; .M.XCIIINE.

This machine may be considered to be one of the most improved
forms of mowing machines. It was provided with roller bearings as
early as 1890. The cutting apparatus is suspended by a spring to a
sufficient extent to reduce the friction of the cutting apparatus in passing
over the ground. It is extensively manufactured by the Deering Har-
vester Company, of Chicago.

No. 72.
FAUCHEUSE MODERNE.
Cette machine pout otre consideree comme Tune des formes les
plus perfectionnees de faucheuses. Kilo fut munie de coussinets d
g-alets deja en 1890. L'appareil de coupe est soutenu par un rossort
I un degre suffisant pour reduire la friction de Eappareil de coupe en
passant au-dessus du terrain. Elle est considorabloment construite
par la Deering Harvester Company de Chicago.

PREPARED BY THE DEERIXG HARVESTER COMPANY. 99

No. 7 3-

MANUAL DELIVERY REAPLXC, ^LVCHINE.

The above photograph is taken from a model of the manual delivery
reaping machine manufactured by the Deering Harvester Company, of
Chicago. The machine is upon two wheels. Its cutting apparatus is
jointed in such a manner as to permit it to pass freely over the ground.
Its grain-receiving platform is removable, and the machine thus made
to serve the purposes of a mower. The machine is, in fact, a mowing
machine, with grain receiving platform applied. It is extensively manu-
factured by the Deering Harvester Company, of C'hicago, and is much
used in all countries.

Xo. 73.

MOISSONNEUSE A DECHARGE A MAIN.

La photographie ci-dessus est prise d'un modele de la moisson-
neuse a decharge a main, fabriquee par la Deering- Harvester Com-
pany, de Chicago. Cette machine se trouve sur deux roues. Son
appareil de coupe est jointe de telle facon a permettre son libre pas-
sage au-dessus du terrain. Sa plateforme de reception est amovible
et la machine pent done remplir le but d'une faucheuse. La machine
est, en fait, une faucheuse a laquelle est appliquee une platetorme de
reception. Elle est considerablement construite par la Deering
Harvester Company et tres en usage dans tons les pays.

No. 74.

MODERN SELF-BINDING HARVESTER.

The above illustration is from a photo-engraving of a modern self-
binding harvester which may be considered to be the Marsh harvester
and Appleby binder in one of the most improved forms. The machine
has for several years been provided with roller bearings; a bundle-carrier.

LOO

OFFICIAL RETROSPECTIVE EXHIBITION

No. 74.

ami a counterpoised reel adjustable in all directions are prominent fea-
tures. It is extensively manufactured ami sold by the Deering Harvester
Company, of Chicago.

No. 74.

MACHINE A RECOLTER, A LIA(;E AUTOMATIQUE, MODERNE.

L'illustration ci-dessus est prise d'une photo-i^ravure d'une
machine a recolter a Viage automatique qui peut etre consideree comme
etant la machine a recolter Marsh et la lieusc Appleb}' dans une de
ses formes les plus perfectionnees. La machine est munie, depuis
plusieurs annees de coussinets a g-alets; un porte g-erbes et un rabat-
teur contre-balance, ajustable dans toutes les directions sont ses
caracteres eminents. Elle est considerablement fabriquee et vendue
par la Deerintj^ Harvester Company de Chicao-o.

No. 75.
WIDE-CU'l' AUTOMATIC SELF-BINDING HARVESTER.

The Marsh harvester with the Appleby self-binding attachment hav-
ing become a success, many efforts have been made to increase the
width of cut of harvesting machines. The practical accomplishment of
this has been reached in two ways: First, in a measure, by placing a
binding attachment upon the header form of machine, such as introduced
by Haines in 1849; and second, by merely extending the width of cut of
ordinary draft machines. This was, however, unsuccessful until means
were provided for resisting the side draft incident to a machine of so
great width.

In the machine here shown a truck, using disks instead of ordinary
wheels, is placed under the tongue. These disks cut into the soil to
such an extent that the lateral pressure upon the tongue, due to side
draft, is resisted, in consequence of which machines of twelve feet width
of cut are as easily operated and controlled as those of six and seven
feet width of cut heretofore have been. These disk-like wheels are pro-

PREPARED BY THE DEERIXG HAR\ESTER COMPANY.

No. 7;.

vided also with a plain tread to prevent them from sinking too deeply
into loose soil. This machine is manufactured by the Deering Harvester
Company, of Chicago.

No. 75.

MACHINE A RECOLTER A LARGE COUPE AVEC LL\CE

AUTOMATIQUE.

La machine a rocolter Marsh avec I'appareil de liag-e automatique
Appleby ayant eu beaucoup de succes, de grands efforts ont ete faits
pour aug-mcnter la larg-eur de la coupe des machines a recolter. L'ac-
complissement pratique en a ete obtenu de deux manieres : Premiere-
ment, en une certaine mesure, en pla*jant un appareil de coupe sur le
genre de machines qui travaille en se trouvant devant les chevaux, telles
qu'elles ont ete introduites par Haines en 1849 ; et deuxiemement, en
simplement etendant la largeur de la coupe a des machines a traction
ordinaire. Cette derniere maniere, cependant, n'eut du succes que
quand on trouva les moyens de resister a la traction laterale incidente
a une machine de larg-eur aussi g-rande.

Dans la machine montree ici un transport, avec des disques au lieu
de roues ordinaires, est place sous le timon. Ces disques rentrent
dans le sol a un tel degre que la pression laterale sur le timon, due a
la traction laterale, rencontre une resistance telle que des machines
d'une coupe d'une largeur de douze pieds sont operees et controlees
aussi facilement que celles d'une coupe de six a sept pieds de largeur.

Ces roues peuvent etre considerees comme des simples disques qui
s'enfoncent dans le terrain. Cette machine est considerablement
fabriquee par la Deering Harvester Company de Chicago.

No. 76.
REAPER USED BY THE GAULS.

The above illustration is a photograph of a minature model of the
reaping machine used by the ancient Gauls in the year i. A man walk-
ing there beside with a hoe-like instrument scraped the grain that was
gathered by the comb teeth in front, into a box.

lo:

OFFICIAL REiROSPECTlVK IIXHIBITION

No. 76.

MOISSONNKUSH IvMri-OVEE PAR I.KS (;AU1-()1S.

L'illustration ci-dessus est une photographie d'un modcle minia-
ture de la moissonneiisc employee par les anciens Gaulois en Tannee I.
Un homme, marchant a cote de la machine, avec un instrument en
forme de houe raclait dans une boite le grain amasse par les dents se
trouvant a I'avant de la machine.

No. 77.

(iLADsroNK r]:aping machine.

In 1806 a Mr. (Gladstone, of England, produced a reaper having an
arrangement of parts for gathering, cutting, and delivering grain. Six
important features that are now found embodied in modern self-binding
harvesting machinery can be pointed out:

1. It was supported upon two wheels.

2. The machine was drawn by a horse walking beside the grain.

3. The cut grain was delivered stubbleward.

4. The machine was balanced upon wheels with a slight prejionder-
ance of weight forward.

5. The cutting api)aratus was protected by forwardly extending
fingers; and

6. The supporting wheels were placed substantially abreast and at
such a distance apart that the framework of the machine and its gearing
could be sustained between.

In this machine the cutting apparatus was a wheel having a smooth
edge. Improvements were applied later, and sectional cutters used.
The cut grain was moved stubbleward by means of raking attachments
carried by the mechanism that rotated the cutting disk. This may be
said to have been a forerunner of self-raking reapers. The above illus-
tration is a photo-engraving of a miniature model.

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY.

103

No. 77.

MOISSONNEUSE GLADSTONE.

En 1806, un Mr. Gladstone, en i\ng-leterre, produit une moison-
neuse avant un arran<rement des pieces pour amasser, couper et
decharger le grain. Six caracteres differents, qui sont compris main-
tenant dans les instruments de recolte modernes a liag-e automatique
peuvent etre mentionnes ici:

1. Elle etait supportee par deux roues.

2. La machine etait tiree par un cheval marchant a cote du

grain.
3.
4.

Le g-rain coupe etait decharge du cote du chaume.
La machine etait balancee sur des roues avec une legere pre-
ponderance du poids a Tavant.

5. L'appareil de coupe etait protege par des doigts se prolon-
geant vers I'avant.

6. Les roues de support etaient placees a des distances telles que
le bati de la machine et son engrenage pouvaient etre soutenus en leur
milieu.

Dans cette machine Tappareil de coupe etait une roue ayant un
rebord lisse. On la perfectionna plus tard et on emplo3'a des cou-
peuses sectionnelles, Le grain coupe etait dirige vers le chaume au
moyen d'appareils de ratelage portes par le mecanisme qui donnait le
mouvement au disque coupeur. On pent dire que cette machine a ete
le predecesseur des moissonneuses a ratelage automatique. L'illustra-
tion ci-dessous est une photo-gravure d'un niodele miniature.

No. 78.
SALMON'S REAPING MACHINE.

In 1808 a reaping machine was produced in England by a Mr. Salmon.
The machine cut a narrow swath, and seems to have been designed to be
pushed by hand, as it was provided with handles. It is possible, how-
ever, that the inventor contemplated attaching a horse to one side of it,
or of making the handles long, so as to serve as thills, between which a
horse might be placed.

We are not informed as to the extent the machine was ever used, if

lO-j

OFFICIAL ki:iKUSl'KCTl\K FXllllUTlON

No. 7S.

at all. "riic infant art was enriclitd by it, however, to this extent: A
portion extended some distance forward of the cutting device that served
to separate the grain to be left standint^ from that to be cut. The part
is mentioned in the description as "a projecting bar which separates the
standing grain from that to be cut."

A self-raking attachment was adapted, by suitable mechanism, to
have an orbital movement over the grain-receiving platform and deliver
the cut straw to the ground in gavels suitable for binding. The cutting
apparatus was given movement by a crank, upon the shaft of which a
heavy balance-wheel was placed, to jirovide the necessary momentum
to aid the cutting devices in doing their work. The above illustration
is a photo-engraving of a miniature motiel.

N\). 78.
M 0 1 SSONNFAISE SA 1 ,M o \.

En 1S08, line nidissonneusc fut produitc en Angleterre par un
Mr. Salmon. La machine coupait un andain etroit et somble etre
faitc pour otre poussee a la main, etant munie de manches. II est
possible, ccpendant, <iue I'inventeur contemplait attacher un cheval a
un des cotes de la machine ou do fairo de long's manches, pouvant
servir de brancards, entre lesquels on puisse placer un cheval.

Nous no Savons pas si cette machine a etc jamais en usage. Elle
enrichit cependant Tart naissant en ce sens. Une portion, se prolon-
geant quelque peu en avant de Tapparoil de coupe, servait k separer
Ic grain qui devait rester debout de celui (pii dcvait etre coupe. Cette
partie est mentionnee dans la descrii)ti()n comuu- une l)arre ])r()l()ng"ee
qui separe le grain sur pied de celui a couper.

PRHPARl'l) BV THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY.

lo:

Un appareil do ratelajre automatique tut adoptee, par un meca-
nisme conveiiable, a avoir un mouvement orbitaire sur la platetorme de
reception et a delivrer la paille coupee en javelles pretes a etre liees
L'appareil de coupe etait mis en mouvement par une mamvelle, a3-ant
sur son arbre une lourde roue balancee pour fournir le momentum
necessaire pour aider dispositifs de coupe a faire leur travail.
L'illustrati.m ci-dessus est une photo-g-ravure en miniature.

No. 79.
SMITH'S MOW INC. MACHINE.
In 1811 a mowing machine was made in England by Smith, of
"Deanston." In this machine a rotary disk served as a cutting device,
the edge of which projected from beneath a drum. The latter served
merely'^to deflect the cut grass sideward and deliver it in the form of a
narrow swath. The machine was provided with a tongue at rear to which
horses were connected. Within the cylinder were placed supplemental
supporting wheels, which prevented the draft of the team from tipping
the machtne forward. The cutting disk was made adjustable in its
height from the ground by means within the control of the attendant,
who walked at the rear of the team.

Ratchets and pawls were shown in the main driving-wheels, in order
that the action of the cutting apparatus might not be affected when turn-
ing corners in the field. Clutch devices for throwing the cutting appa-
ratus into and out of action were also provided.

The machine was used to a considerable extent, and we find in the
"Farmers' Magazine," referred to below, that it did not fall far short of
a perfect success.

The art of harvesting grass and grain may be said to have been
enriched in the following respect, which we quote from the Encyclopedia
Edensis: "By a particular apparatus he [the operator] can raise or lower
the cutter when an obstacle is in the way or in going from one field to
another. "

io6 OFFICIAL ri:trosi'ecti\]': iixmiii HON

The macliine was oiH-iatcil several years, and slu)\vecl its ability to
cut one acre per hour. Mr. Smith was awarded a prize of fifty guineas
by the Highland Society of Scotland.

The machine, as represented in model form, is reprotlucctl from
the "Farmers' Magazine," published in 1.S16. The above illusiraiion
is a photo-engraving of a miniature model.

No. 79.

FAi'cmusi-: SMI in.

Kn ISll. line fauclu-uso fill faik' en AnLrletcrrc par Smith de
"Deanston". Dans oollc macliiiu' un distiue r()t;itoii\' scrvail de
dispositif a couper, doiit lo rcbord s'ctcndait au-dtla du tambour.
Celui-ci servait simplement a faire devier lateralement le grain coujk'
et a Ic dolivror sous forme d'un andain etroit. La machine etait
munie d'un timon a Tarrierc autjuol les chcvaux etaient attelos. Dans
rinterieur du cylindrc etaient placees des roues de support supplemen-
taires tjui empechaient la machine dc sc ]>enchcr vers I'avant sous
Faction de rattehisj-e. Le dis<|Uo de coupe etait ajustable a la
hauteur du terrain par des moyens a la portee du controle de Fopera-
teur, qui marchait derriere Fattelag^e.

Des rochets et des cliquets se trouvaient dans les roues motrices
principales atin que Faction de Fappareil de coupe ne pjuisse ctre
affectee en tournant des coins dans les chanii)s, Des g-ritfes pour
embrayer ou desembrayer Fapparail de coupe etaient egalement em-
ployees.

La machine vint C()nsi(leral)lemcnt en usage etnous trouvonsdans
le "Farmers' Magazine", dont il est fait mention ci-apres, qu'elle
etait bien pres d'etre un parfait succes.

L'art de recolter Fherbe et le grain pent etre considere enrichi
sous le rapport suivant que nous citons de I'Encyclopedie Edensis:
"Par un appareil special, il (Foperateur) pent lever ou abaisser la cou-
peuse quan<l un obstacle est dans le chemin ou en allant d'un champ
:\ un autre."

La machine fut operee pendant plusieurs annees et montra sa
capacitc de coujjcr un acre par heure. II fut accorde un prix de cin-
quante guinees a Mr. Smith par la Highland Society of Scotland.

La machine, representee en forme de modele, est reproduite
d'apres le * 'Farmers' Magazine", j)ublie en ISK,. I^'illustration ci-
dessus est une jjhoto-gravure d'un niodide miniature.

Xo. So.
OGLE'S Ki;.\l'l.\(; .M.\( lllMv

In 1822 a reaping machine was made by Henry Ogle. The follow-
ing description is taken from Woodcroft's specification of English
patents:

"In this machine the cutting blade was given movement by escape-
ments placed upon supporting wheels."

While this means of imparting motion for the purpose has been
proved valueless, and while Ogle had not profited by placing a divider

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 107

No 80.

in advance of his cutting apparatus at its outer end, as Salmon had done,
yet there was much in it for which the public was indebted to him. The
reel now exclusively used on harvesting machines, with the exception of
what are known as manual delivery reapers and mowing machines, is well
shown. Not only that, it is supported upon the main frame and extended
outwardly over the grain being operated upon, in such a manner as to
obviate many of the difficulties encountered by those who followed him
in their efforts to produce a machine for harvesting grain. The gavels
were delivered directly to the rear, and thus left in the path of travel of
the horse when making a succeeding cut. This, however, was obviated
by giving those who were to do the binding ''stations" — that is to say,
dividing the whole distance around the field into a number of parts equal
to the number of binders.

No. 80.
MOISSONNEUSE OGLE.

En 1822, une moissonneuse fut faite par Henry Og'le. La des-
cription suivante est prise de la specification de brevets ang-lais de
Woodcroft.

"Dans cette machine la lame coupeuse recoit son mouvement
d'echappements places sur les roues de support."

Quoique cesmoyens de communiquer le mouvement aient ete sans
valeur et quoiqu^Ogle n'avait pas g"agne en placant un diviseur a
Tavant de son appareil de coupe a Textremite exterieure, comtne
Salmon avait fait, ils contenaient cependant bien des cboses dont le
public pouvait tirer profit. Le rabatteur exclusivement en usage
maintenant sur les machines a recolter, a Texception de celles connues
comme moissonneuses et faucheuses a decharge a main, se voit bien.
Non seulement cela, il est supporte par le bati principal et prolong-e
exterieurement au-dessus du grain sur lequel on opere, de facon
a obvier a plusieurs des difficultesrencontreespar ceux qui le suivirent

io8

OFFICIAL RF.TROSrFCTI\K l-.XTTI I'.ITION

dans leurs etTorts pour prodiiirc mic machine a rocoltor lo ^rain. Les
javelles ctaioiit dolivroos dirocU'inent vers I'arrioro et par consequent
laissees dans le cheniin du cheval en faisant la coupe suivante. On
obvia cependanl a ceci en donnant a ceux qui devaienl faire le lias^'e
"des stations" c'est-a-dire en devisant toute la distance aulour du
champ en un nomhre de parties e««ales au nombre des lieurs.

No. 8i.

in:i.I/S REAPINC. MACHINE OF 1826-28.

This machine was invented by the Rev. Patrick Bell in 1826. It
was at once a practical machine, with the exception of the cutting appa-
ratus, which was somewdiat defective. After the London exhibition of
1 85 1 Mr. Hussev's scalloped cutting apparatus was applied to the
machine, and it did practical work in the harvest-fields for many years.

No. 8t.

LA MACHIN1-: H1-:LL de 1826-28.

Cette machine fut inventee par le Rev. Patrick Bell en 1826. Elle
fut praticjue du couj), a Texception de Tapparcil de coupe qui etait tant
soit peu defectif. A])res I'exposition de Londres de 1S51 I'apparcil de
coupe faucille de Mr. Hussey fut adapte a la machine et elle fit du
travail pratique dans les champs durant maintes annees.

No. 82.

L()(:ke'.s wire ii()i,i)i-:R and twister.

This device was invented by S. D. Locke, and applied to the auto-
matic wire binders manufactured by the Walter A. Wood Mowing &
Reaping Machine Company. The holder consisted of a clamp, and the
twister for uniting the ends of the wire was a toothed wheel. One of
the two wires to be twisted was placed in this wheel at one side, and the
other at the opposite side, by the movement of the needle. The rotation
of the wheel caused the ends of the wire to be twisted together, after
which the completed l)and was cut from the supply wire and the bundle
ejected from the binder.

PREPARED BY THE DEERIXG HARVESTER COMPAxNY. 109

No. 82.

RETHXF.UR OR FICELLE ET TORDEUSE LOCKE.

Ce (lispositif fut invontee par S. D. Locke et appliquee aux Ileuses
a til metallique autoinatiques fabriquees par la Walter A. Wood Mow-
ing' and Keaping Machine Company. Le reteneur consistait d'un
crampon et le tordeur pour unir les extremites du ill etait une roue
dentee. Un des lils a etre tordu etait place dans cette roue d'un cote
et I'autre du cote oppose par le mouvement de Taig-uille. La rotation
de la roue tordait ensemble les bouts des fils, apres quoi la bande
completee etait coupee du fil restant et la t>-erbe decharg-ee de laUeuse.

No. S3.

JAMES F. (iORDON'S WIRE HOLDER AND TWISTER.

This holder and twister was invented by James F. Gordon. One
end of the wire was held by a clamp, and the two ends were twisted
together, after being placed around the bundle, by a shaft having
T-shaped arms at its upper ends, w'hich engaged the two strands and
twisted them together, after which the band was severed and the bundle
ejected from the machine. This device was used by I). M. Osborne &
Co., of Auburn, New York.

No. 83.

RETENEUR DE FICELLE ET TORDEUSE JAMES F. GORDON.

Get appareil pour retenir et tordre le lil fut invente par James F.
Gordon. L'un des bouts de ce fil etait retenu par un crampon et les deux
bouts etaient tordus ensemble, apres avoir ete mis autour de la gerbe,
,par un arbre a^-ant des bras en forme de T aux extremites superieures,
qui eng^ageait les deux fils et les tordait ensemble, apres quoi
le lien etait separe et la gerbe dechargee de la machine. Ce dis-
positif fut employee par la D. M. Osborne & Co. d'Auburn, New-York.

No. 84.

APPLEBY'S FLOATING DISK KNOTTER.

This device was made for many years by various manufacturers of
Appleby machines. The knotter is of the regular Appleby kind, but the
holding device — namely, the disk — passes between clamping plates,
which is adapted to rise and supply the tw'ine to the knotting hook as
required, and thus reduce the strain upon the twine while being tied.

No. 84.

NONEUR A DISQUE FLOTTANT D'APPLEBY.

Cedispositif fut faite pendant de nombreuses annees par differents
fabricants de machines Appleby. Le noueur est du genre regulier
Appleby, niais mode de retention — c-a-d. le disque — passe entre des
plaques d'emboiture et est destine a monter et approvisionner la
ficelle au noueur selon les besoins et reduire la tension de la ficelle en
nouant.

OFFKIAI. Ki:rR()SPl-:CTl\K MXllI

ION

No. S5.
srKWARD'S HOLDER AND IWISI 1:R.

This consisted merely of a hooked shaft rotated by a i)inion. By a
rotation of the shaft the wire presented by the neetlle was caught and
twisted around the tlattened portion of the Iiook. I'pon the withdrawal
of the needle this coil served to hold that end of the wire for the next
band. The needle then moved or carried the wire around the bundle,
brought the strand to a point within reach of the hook, and the latter
twisted the two proximate portions of the wire together, thus completing
the band. AVhile thus twisting, the strand was again wouml around the
flattened portion of the hook, and thus a new hold taken. .\ shear sev-
ered the completed band, and also movetl the old coil from the end of
the hook.

This single shaft performed the oftice of a score of parts on many
other binders, and is without doubt the simplest device for the purpose
ever produced. It was used on all wire binders manufactured by Gam-
mon iS; Deering, of Chicago.

No. 85.

RETF.XEl'R ET TORDEUSE POUR LIEUSES A FII. METAL-

EI()UE STEWARD.

Cette devise consistait siniplenicnt d'nn arbre recourbe mouve-
mente par un pignon. Par unc rotation de Tarljre, le lil presente par
raiguille etait pris et tordu autour de la partie plate du crochet. En
retirant Taiguille, cet anneau servait a tenir ce bout du lil pour la
bande suivante. L'aig'uille faisait mouvoir ou portait le lil autour de
la g"erbe, amenait le cordon a un point a la portee du crochet et celui-
ci tordait les deux portions du lil ensemble, conipletant ainsi la bande.
Pendant le tordag^c, le cordon etait de nouveau lie autour de la por-

No. 86.

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. m

tion plate du crochet, ayaiit ainsi une nouvclle prise. Des ciseaux
separaient la bande completee et enlevaient Tancicn iil de rextremite
du crochet.

L'arbre simple cxecutait les fonctions d'une masse de parties sur
beaucoup d'autres lieuses et est sans aucun doute le plus simple dis-
positif qui ait jamais ete produit dans ce but. II etait employe sur
toutes les lieuses a fil metallique construites par Gammon & Deering.

Xo. 86.
W ITHINGTON'S GRAIN BINDER.
Patents covering this machine were granted primarily to Charles B.
Wiihington, and later to Withington and others. This machine was
extensively built by the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, of
Chicago, Illinois, as late as for the harvest of 1880, when it was aban-
doned for the Appleby binder, which was put out for the next harvest.

No. 86.
LIEUSE AUrOMATIQUE WITHINCTON.

Des brevets couvrant cette machine furent primitivement octroyes
a Charles B. Withing-fon et plus tard a Withing-ton et a d'autres.
Cette machine fut considerablement construite par la McCormick
Harvesting- Machine Company de Chicago, Illinois, jusqu'a Tepoque
de la moisson de 1880 quand elle fut remplacee par la lieuse Appleby,
qui fut produite pour la moisson prochaine.

No. 87.
OSBORNE'S COMBINED AVIRE AND TWINE BINDER.

The above illustration is of the Osborne combined twine and wire
binder. The improvements adapting it to the use of twine were patented
to A. C. Miller, September 5, 1882.

112

OFFICIAL RETROSPFCTIVE EXHIBITION

LIEUSE A FIL

No. Sy.

METALJJQUE ET A FICELLE COMIUNES DE
OSBORNE.

L'illustration ci-dessus represente la licuse a fil metallique et ii
ficelle combines de Osborne. Le perfectionnement I'adaptant a Tusage
de ficelle fut brevete a A. C. Miller, le 5 Septembre 1882.

No. 88.

MODERN SELF-RAKING REAPING MACHINE.

The above illustration is a photo-engraving of a model of what may-
be considered the latest form of reaper. It has the reel-rake of the
Johnston type. It is extensively manufactured by the Deering Harves-
ter Company, of Chicago, Illinois.

No. 88.

MOISSONNEUSE MODERNE A RATELAGE AUTOMATIQUE.

L'illustration ci-dessus est une photo-gravure d'un modele de ce
qui pent etre considere comme la derniere forme de moissonneuse.
Elle a le rateau rabatteur du type Johnston. Elle est considerable-
ment construite par la Deering- Harvester Company de Chicago.

No. 89.

MODERN ONE HORSE MOWING MACHINE.

This model represents a modern mowing machine. It is a miniature
of the Ideal mower manufactured by the Deering Harvester Company,
of Chicago, Illinois.

PREPARED BY THE DEERIXC. HARVESTER COMPANY. 113

No. 89.

FAUCHEUSE LEGERE MODERNE.

Ce modele represente une faucheuse moderne. Elle est une mi-
niature de la faucheuse Ideal construitc par la Deering- Harvester
Company de Chicag'o.

No. 90.

GAMMON .V DEERING TWISTER AND HOLDER.

The wire-holding and band-twisting devices forming this exhibit
were applied to the binder patented to J. F. Steward in 1875. The
binding attachment with these improvements was extensively manufac-
tured by the predecessors of the Deering Harvester Company until it had
perfected the modern twine binder.

No. 90.

TORDEUSE ET RETENEUR GAMMON & DEERING.

Les dispositifs pour retenir le lil et tordre le lien formant cette
exhibition furent appliques a la lieuse brevetee a J. F. Steward en
1875. L'appareil lieur avec ces perfectionnements fut considerable-
ment construit par les predecesseurs de la Deering Harvester Company
jusqu'a ce que celle-ci eut perfectionne la lieuse moderne a ficelle.

No. 91.

HOLMES KNOTTER.

This exhibit is the working parts of the Holmes knotter, patented
January 3, 1878. The machine upon which this knotter was placed was
extensively manufactured by the Walter A. Wood Mowing & Reaping
Machine Company, of Hoosick Falls, New York.

114 OFFICIAL RETROSPFCTIXl-: lAHllUTlON

No. 91.

LK NOUErR II()l,Mi:s.

Ceci represento les parties travail lantos du nouour Tlolmes, bre-
vete le 3 Janvier 1S7S. La machine sur latjuelle le noueur fnt place
fut considerablenient construite par la Walter A. Wood Mowing- &
Reaping Machine Compan}- a Iloosick Falls, New-York.

No. 92.

PECK'S CORX-IUXDER.

This machine was patented to A. S. Peck, Januar}' 5, 1892. It may
be considered to be of the type established by Morrow, and shown in
his patent of August 10, 1886, with the exception that a single row of
corn only is cut. As this machine was originally constructed, it moved
in advance of the horses, but Mr. Peck later applied a draft tongue, and
it is now manufactured extensively by the McCormick Harvesting
Machine Company, of Chicago, Illinois.

No. 92.

LIEUSE DE MAIS Pi:(K.

Cette machine fut brevetee d. A. S. Peck, le 5 Janvier 1892. Elle
pent etre consideree comme etant du type etabli par Morrow et montre
dans son brevet du 10 Aoiit 1886, a I'exception qu'une seule ranfj^ee de
mai's seulement etait coupee. Telle qu'elle etait construite primitive-
ment, elle se meut a Pavant des chevaux, mais, plus tard, Mr. l^eck
applicjua un timon de traction et elle est maintenant considerablement
construite par la McCormick Harvesting- Company de Chicago, Ills.

PREPARED BY THE DEERIN'G HARVESTER COMPANY.

No. 93.
MODERN ROLLER BEARING.

Patented November 28, 1SS2.

Before 1840 several patents had been granted for improvements in
anti-friction devices in which rollers were used. As early as 1866 the
predecessors of the Deering Harvester Company began experiments
with roller bearings for agricultural machinery, and used them in various
ways. In 1890 preparations were begun for putting them on all machines
of the Deering make, since which time they have become popular, both
in Euro[)e and America. They w^ere first introduced in America in 1891
and in Europe in 1893, by the Deering Harvester Company.

No. 93.
COUSSINETS A GALETS MODERNES.

B[«EVET DU 28, NOVEMBRE 1S82.

Anterieurement a 1840, plusieurs brevets furent accordes pour
perfectionnementsde dispositifs d'anti-friction dans lesquelles on em-
plovait des g-alets. Deja en 1866, les predecesseurs de la Deering
Harvester Companv commencerent des experiences avec des coussinets
a g-alets pour machines agricoles et les employaient de differentes
fa9ons. En 1890 on fit des preparations pour les mettre sur toutes les
machines Deering; depuis lors, ils sont devenus populaires en Europe
aussi bien qu'en Amerique. Ils furent pour la premiere fois introduits
en Amerique en 1891 et en Europe en 1893 par la Deering Harvester
Company.

No. 94.

IsIODERN APPLEBY KNOTTER.

This exhibit is a full-sized knotting device of the Appleby type, as
improved and extensively manufactured by the Deering Harvester Com-
pany, of Chicago.

No. 94.

NOUEUR MODERNE APPLEBY.

Cette exhibition est reproduction en pleine dimension du noueur du
tvpe Applebv, tel qu'il a ete perfectione et considerablement construit
par la Deering Harvester Company de Chicago.

ii6

OFFICIAL RETROSPECTIVE EXHIBITION

No. 95.

HUSSEY'S CUrilXC. APPARATUS.

On August 17, 1847, a United States patent was granted to Obed
Hussey for his improved cutting apparatus for grain-harvesting machines.
This invention was merely an improvement of the cutting apparatus used
by him from the beginning of his efforts. The improvement consisted
in cutting away the rearmost portion of the upper part of the guard
fingers, to permit the shreds of grass to escape, and also in slightly
beveling the cutting sections beneath, to prevent them from shearing
into the lower portion of the guards.

Both of these improvements are in constant use, the former on all
machines, and the hitter on reaping machines where the edges of the
cutting blades are serrated. This patent was an improvement so valu-
able that he sold his patent when it had only two years yet to run for
$200,000. The apparatus has never, since he left it, been materially
improved.

As far as known, Mr. Hussey was the first to ever apply a raker's
stand to a reaper. Gladstone, Salmon, Ogle, and Bell had pr(^i)osed auto-
matic delivery. Mr. Hussey seemed to foresee that the time was not
ripe for a machine so complicated as one adapted to work automatically,
and was satisfied with doing a large part of the work in an effectual man-
ner, rather than attempt to accomplish too much at first. He paved the
way for self-raking reapers, for hand-raking machines having become
successful, inventors turned their attention to applying automatic raking
devices to them, which came into use twenty years later.

The importance of the Hussey cutting apparatus made itself felt at
once, and only a few machines having different cutting devices have
been put upon the market since he made his inventions. The shears of
the Bell machine soon fell by the wayside. C. H. McCormick was the
last manufacturer, probably, to adopt the Hussey cutting apparatus,
which he did in time to embody it in his machine preparatory to exhibit-
ing it at the great exhibition in London in 1851. Nearly all manufac-
turers recognized the value of the Hussey invention and the validity of
his patent. Mr. McCormick fought it in the courts, but without success.

The importance of Mr. Hussey's invention was given prominence in
England at the trial of reaping machines at the London Exhibition of

PREPARED BV THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. >17

i8:;i Upon the day of first trial Mr. Hussey was not present, and his
machine was operated by one wholly unfamiliar with it, who did not
adiust it properly. As a result, it only moved a few feet in the gram.

\fter Mr Hussey's arrival in England, however, popular clamor
was such that further tests were demanded. We quote from the "Wind-
sor and Eaton Express," Novembers, 1851:

"By this unlooked-for turn of events, the proprietors of McCormick
michines found that their supremacy was no longer undisputed, and that
the necessity was laid upon them to look to their laurels; they therefore
came boldly forward and threw down the gauntlet, challenging all

^°'" The trial came off under the auspices of the Cleveland Agricultural
Society. (For a full account of the trial see "Overlooked Pages of
Reaper History," Chicago, 1897.)

The account continues: ,_ , .

"Mr Hussey led off. An attempt was made to keep back the eager
crowd- but their curiosity was irrepressible-they flocked in upon the
machine so that the experiment could not be properly performed, nor
could the jury discharge their duties. P. C. Thompson did his very
best- he was all but everywhere at once; but what avails a police force
one strong against a concourse of Yorkshire yeomanry and clowns? It
was requisite that he should have recruits, and a body of self-elected
specials came to his aid, who succeeded in procuring a breach to a clear
course Mr Hussey then took his seat anew, and his machine cut down
a path'of wheat from end to end of the field. It seemed to do its \vork
neatly and well. The wheat was cleverly delivered from the teeth ot
the reaper, and handed over to the binders by the rake."

The points considered were:

I Which of the two cuts corn in the best manner.'

T'he verdict of the jury was unanimous in favor of Mr. Hussey s
machine.

2. Which of the two causes the least waste?
Eleven to one in favor of Mr. Hussey's machine.

3. Which of the two does the most work in a given time?
Verdict in favor of Mr. Hussey's machine.

4. Which of the two leaves the corn in the best order for gathering

and binding? ^

Six to four in favor of Mr. Hussey s machine.

5. Which of the two is the best adapted for ridge and furrow.'
Unanimous in favor of Mr. Hussey's machine.

6. Which of the two is the least liable to get out of order?
This was in favor of Mr. Hussey.

7. Which of the two at first cost is least price?
In favor of Mr. Hussey's machine.

8 Which of the two requires the least amount of horse-power?

o Which of the two requires the least amount of manual labor?

The jury declined to judge in the matter of 8 and 9 on account of
the state of the weather. The superiority was possibly m the matter
of minor details, for the two machines were alike in that Mr.^ McCor-
mick had applied the Hussey cutting apparatus and Mr. Hussey s raking
stand.

ii8 OFFICIAL RETROSPECTIVE EXHIBITION

No. 95.
APr.\Ri:iI, 1)K COUPE HUSSEY.

Le 17 Aout 1847 un brevet des Etats-Unis fut accorde a Obed
Hussey pour son appareil de coupe perfectionne pour machines a
recolter le g-rain. Cette invention etait siniplement un perfectionne-
raent de Tappareil de coupe employe par lui au commencement dc ses
efforts. Ce perfectionnement enlevait la porticm la plus en arriere de
la partie superieure des doig-ts afin de permettre aux morceaux
d'herbe de s'echapper et nivellait legerement les sections coupeuses
en dessous alin de les empechcr de scier la portion inferieure des doig-ts.

Ces deux perfectionnements sont en usatre constant, le premier
sur toutes les machines et le dernier sur des moissonneuses ou les tils
des lames coupeuses sont faucilles. Ce brevet etait un perfectionne-
ment si precieux qu'il le vendit, quand il n'avait plus que
deux ans a courir, pour 1,000,000 de francs. L'appareil n'avait jamais
ete materiellemient perfectionne depuis qu'il I'a abandonnc.

Pour autant qu'on lesait, Mr. Hussay fut le premier a essayer
d'adapter a la moissonneuse une place pour le rateleur. Gladstone,
Salmon, Ogle et Bell avaient propose une decharge automatique.
Mr. Hussey semblait prevoir que le temps n'etait pas mur pour une
machine aussi compliquee que celle adoptee pour travailler automati-
quement et se contenta de faire une g-rande partie du travail d'une
maniere efficace plutot que d'essayer trop pour commencer. II tra^a le
chemin aux moissonneuses a ratelage automatique, car les machines a
ratelage a la main ayant eu du succes, les inventeurs tournerent leur
attention a leur appliquer desdispositifs de ratelage automatique, qui
vinrent en usage vingt annees plus tard.

L'importance de l'appareil de coupe Hussey se fit sentir du coup,
et peu de machines seulement, ayant des devises de coupes differentes,
ont ete mises au marche depuis ses inventions. Les ciseaux de la
machine Bell tomberent bientot en desuetude. C. H. McCormick fut,
peut-etre, le dernier fabricant a adopter l'appareil de coupe Hussey,
ce qu'il lit en temps pour le comprendre dans sa machine avant de
I'exposer a Londres en 1851. Presque tons les fabricants reconnurent
la valeur de I'invention de Hussey et la validite de son brevet.
McCormick le combattit en justice, mais sans succes.

L'importance de I'invention de Mr. Hussey fut donnee proemi-
nence en Angleterre au concours de moissonneuses a I'Exposition de
Londres de 1851. Le jour du premier essai, Mr. Hussey n'etait pas
present et sa machine fut operee par quelqu'un peu familier avec elle,
qui ne Pajusta pas d'une maniere convenable. Comme resultat, elle
n'avan^,-a que de peu de pieds dans le grain.

Apres Parrivee de Mr. Hussey en Angleterre, cependant, la cla-
meur publique fut telle que d'autres essais furent demandes. Nous
citons du "Windsor and Eaton Express" du 8 Novembre 1851.

"Par ce changement d'evenements imprevus, les proprictaires de
machines McCormick trouverent que leur suprcmatie n'etait plus in-
discutable et qu'ils avaient a prendre garde aux lauriers qu'ils avaient
remportes. lis s'avancerent done hardiment, jetant un deli a tons
venants."

L'essai se fit sous les auspices de la Cleveland Agricultural

I
PREPARHl) BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 119

Society. (Uti coinpto- rendu complet de cet essai se trouve dans les
" Ovorlooked Paiges of Keai)er History," Chicag-o, 1897.)

Le rapport continue:

"Mr. Hussey commen^a. Unc tentative fut faite pour retenir la
foule impatiente; mais sa curiosite etait irrepressible — elle s'attroupa
autour de la machine de fat,'on que Toperation ne put pas etre convena-
blement accomplie; le jur}- nc put meme pas s'acquitter de ses devoirs.
P. C. Thompson lit de son mieux. II fut partout a la fois. Mais que
peut faire une ]>olice forte d'un seul homme contre un attroupement
de cultivateurs de Yorkshire et de clowns? II lui fallaitdu renfort et
quehiues hommes de Ixmne volonte parvinrent a fraverun chemin pour
la machine. Mr. Hussey recommen»,-a et sa machine coupa une voie
de ble d'un bout a I'autre du champ. Elle semblait faire son travail
nettement et bien. Le ble etait decharg-e adroitement des dents de la
raoissonneuse et delivre aux lieurs par les rateaux."

Les points consideres furent:

1. Lacpielle dcs deux coupe le ble de la meilleure maniere?
Le verdict fut unanime en faveur de la machine Hussey.

2. Laquelle des deux travaille avec le moins de g"aspillag-e?
Onze voix ccmtre une en faveur de la machine Hussev.

3. Laquelle des deux fait le plus de travail en un temps donne?
Verdict en faveur de la machine Hussev.

4. Laquelle des deux laisse le ble dans le meilleur ordre pour le
recueillir et le lier?

Six voix contre quatre en faveur de la machine Hussev.

5. Laquelle des deux est la mieux adaptee aux cimes et aux
sillons?

Unanimite en faveur de la machine Hussey.

6. Laquelle des deux est la moins exposee k se deranger?
Ceci fut en faveur de Mr. Hussev.

7. Laquelle des deux, au i)remier cout,est au prix le moins eleve?
En faveur de la machine Hussey.

8. Laquelle des deux demande le moins de force de cheval?

9. Laquelle des deux demande le moins de force de main-d'(jeuvre?
Le jury refusa de juger la matiere des questions 8 et 9 a cause de

rincertitude du temps. La superiorite etait probablement dans les
points des moindres details, car les deux machines etaient semblables,
M. McCormick ayant applique Tappareil de coupe Hussey et le poste
du rateleur de Mr. Hussey.

I20

OFFICIAL RETROSPECTIVF EXHIBITION

No. 9514.

HUSSEY'S REAPING MACHINE.

The above illustration is from a miniature model of Mr. Hussey's
reaping machine as patented in 1833. (See No. 2.)

No. 95^2.

MOISSONNEUSE HUSSEY.

L'illustration ci-dessus est d'un modele miniature de la moisson-
neuse de Mr. Hussey telle qu'elle fut brevetee en 1833. (Voyez No. 2.)

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. i2r

Should anv reader wisli further inforinalion in regard to the develop-
ment of this art, it may be obtained by reference to various official decisions
found in the reports of United States court cases, the United States Patent
Office and various publications, as follows:

Reed harvester. Reed v. Miller, 2 Biss. 12.

JMcCormick 1845 harvester. McCormick v. Seymour. 2 Blatchford 240. (Re-
versed 16 Howard 480.)

McCormick v. Seymour, 3 Blachford 2og. (Moditied 19 Howard g6.)

Hussey reaper, 1847. Hussey v. Whiteley, i Bond 407.

Hussey v. McCormick, i Biss. 300.

McCormick harvester, 1847. McCormick v. Manny, 6 McLean 543.

McCormick v. Talcott, 20 Howard 402.

Haines harvester, 1847. Haines v. Rugg, i McArthur Patent Cases 420.

Palmer & Williams harvester, 1851. W. H. Seymour v. Osborne, 3 Fisher 555,
II Wall. 516.

Dinsmore Harvester, 1852. Kirby v. Dodge, 10 Blatchford 307.

Seymour v. Marsh, 2 O. G. 675.

Marsh v. Seymour, 97 U. S. Rep. 349.

W. F. Ketchum mowing machine, i McArthur Patent Cases 238.

Wheeler Harvester, 1854, v. Clipper Co. 10 Blatchford 181.

Wheeler v. McCormick, 11 Blachford 334, 8 Blatchford 267.

Dorsey Harvester-rake v. Marsh. 6 Fisher 387.

Wheeler v. Ketchum, 11 Wall. 678.

W. F. Ketchum harvester, 185 1. Ketchum H. M. Co. v. Johnston H. Co., 13 O.
G. 178.

W. F. Ketchum mowing machine. McCormick v. Howard, i McA. Patent Cas.
238.

Palmer & Williams harvester, 1854. Seymour v. Osborne, 11 Wall. 516.

Mann, 1856, harvester. Mann v. Bayliss, 10 O. G. 113.

F. Xishwitz harvester, 1858. Sprague v. Adriance, 14 O. G. 308.

A. B. Graham harvester, 1868. Graham v. McCormick, 10 Biss. 39.
Invention of the reaping machine, 1854;
Hussey's reaping and mowing machine in England, 1854;
A review, etc., 1855.

(These three were republished in 1897 in a volume entitled "Overlooked Reaper
History.")

" Memorial of Robert McCormick," Chicago, 1885. Reprinted Chicago, 1898.

The Farm Implement News, Chicago, 1890 to 1900.

Implement Age, Philadelphia, 1897 to 1900.

Farm Machinery, St. Louis, 1895 to 1898.

Testimony of witnesses in Lathrop et al. v. Aultman, Miller & Co., district of
Ohio.

Petition for extension of Obed Hussey's United States patent of 1847.

Petition for the extension of the McCormick patent of 1834.

North British Agriculturist, Edinburgh, Scotland.

122 OFFICIAL RETROSPECTIVE EXHllUTION

Si quelque lecteur desire de plus amples informations relatives au
developpement de cet art, il pent les obienir en se referant aux differentes
decisions i)flicielles c|u' on trouve dans les archives des tribunaux des
F^tats-l^nis, au Hureau des lirevets des Etats-Unis et aux publications
variees, dont ci-de^sous la nt)nienclature :

Reed harvester. Reed v. Miller, 2 Hiss. 12.

McConnick 1845 harvester. .McCormick v. .Seynioiir, 2 lilaichfoid 240. (Re-
versed 16 Howard 480.)

McCormick v. Seymour, 3 Hlacliford 209. ( Moditied 19 Howard 96.)

Hussey reaper, 1847. Hussey v. Wliilelcy, 1 Hoiid 407.

Hussey v. McCormick, i Biss. 300.

McCormick harvester, 1847. McCoruiick v. Manny, 6 McLean 543.

McCormick v. Talcott, 20 Howard 402.

Haines harvester, 1847. Haines v. Rugg, i McAriluir Patent Cases 420.

Pahner & Williams harvester, 1851. \V. H. Seymour v. Osborne, 3 Fisher 555,
II Wall. 516.

Dinsmore Harvester, 1852. Kirliy v. Dodge, 10 Blatchford 307.

Seymour v. Marsh, 2 O. G. 675.

Marsh v. Seymour, 97 U. S. Rep. 349.

W. F. Ketchum mowing machine, i McAriliur Patent Cases 238.

Wheeler Harvester, 1854, v. Clipper Co. 10 Blatchford 181.

Wheeler v. McCormick, 1 1 Blachford 334, 8 Blatchford 267.

Dorsey Harvester-rake v. Marsh, 6 Fisher 387.

Wheeler v. Ketchum, 11 Wall. 678.

W. F. Ketchum harvester, 1851. Ketchum H. M. Co. v. Johnston H. Co., 13 O.
G. 178.

W. F. Ketchum mowing machine. McCormick v. Howard, i McA. Patent Cas.

238.

Palmer &; Williams harvester, 1854. Seymour v. Osborne, 11 Wall. 516.

Mann, 1856, harvester. Mann v. Bayliss, 10 O. G. 113.

F. Nishwitz harvester, 1858. S[)rague v. Adriance, 14 O. G. 308.

A. B. Graham harvester, 1868. Graham v. McCormick, 10 Biss. 39.

Invention of the reaping machine, 1854;

Hussey's reaping and mowing machine in England, 1854;

A review, etc., 1855.

(These three were republished in 1897 in a vohuue entitled "Overlooked Reaper
History.")

" Memorial of Robert McCormick," Chicago, 1885. Reprinted Chicago, 1898.
The Farm Implement News, Chicago, 1890 to 1900.
Implement Age, Philadelphia, 1897 to 1900.
Farm Machinery, St. Louis, 1895 to 1S98.

Testimony of witnesses in Lathrop et ai. v. Aultman, Miller &• Co., district of
Ohio.

Petition for extension of Obed Hussey's United States patent of 1847.
Petition for the extension of the McCormick patent of 1834.
North British Agriculturist, Edinburgh, Scotland.

PREPARED BY THE DEERIXG HARVESTER COMPANY.

CONCLUSION.*

To some of us it seems a wonder that the modern machine of steel
can be made so animate and so sensitive as to take the successive stints
from a swath of grain, form bundles, place twine around them, deftly
tie the ends and produce bundles of grain so perfect in form as to exceed
the skill of human hands.

Though seemingly intricate, that machine is capable of analysis, and
the efforts of the thousands of inventors, extending over a century (so
slow was the development of the modern self-binding harvester), may be
pointed out. Let us weave laurels for the more meritorious ones, some
of whom are still living. May C. W. and W. W. Marsh, Appleby and
Spaulding long wear the honors.

The reaper which preceded our modern wonder is drawn beside the
standing grain and delivers its swath to the side; for this let us thank
Gladstone. (See No. 77.)

For its reel and receiving platform we must give credit to Ogle. (See
No. 80.)

For its divider, Salmon (see No. 78); Kerr, of 1811; Bell (see No.
i); Hussey (see No. 2), and Randall (see No. 6), must receive honors.

For the reel, the side-delivery conveying device and all the essentials
of an operative and commercially practical machine, all its parts properly
arranged and combined, we must thank the Rev. Patrick Bell. (See
No. I.)

For most of these properly combined, and with the cutting apparatus
of to-day, the jointed finger-bar and the raker's stand added thereto, let
us doubly thank Obed Hussey, for it was he who gave the finishing
touches; from the date of his first effort, the reaper can be said to have
captured the American harvest fields.

For the automatic rake, so applied to the reaping machine — a rake
sufficiently practical for use — we are probably more indebted to Palmer
& Williams (see No. 19), and later to Samuel Johnston (see No. 44),
than to any others.

For the first practical binding machine, a machine that wrought a
revolution, we must thank the Marsh brothers. (See No. 35.) They
borrowed their foundation, that laid by Hussey and Bell, and built
thereon the machine of to-day, which carried with it the automatic
twine binding attachment forming our modern marvel.

Spaulding (see Nos. 52 and 53) was the first to invent a packing and
self-sizing device, but it was left for Appleby (see No. 63) to produce
the specific mechanism that now packs, compresses and neatly ties ninety
per cent of the grain grown in America and a large part of that of the
civilized world. Carpenter (see No. 50) and Gordon (see No. 51) told
just how the machine should be made to bind grain centrally, and
Appleby (see No. 63) and his associates showed how to make bundles
with even butts.

For adjustable reels, bundle carriers and many hundred details of
construction, and the finishing touches generally, we must thank the

♦The figures in parenthesis refer to the numbers of the exhibits and the descriptions thereof found
in this bool:.

12 \ OFFICIAL RETROSPECTIVE EXHIBITION

humble inventors wliose names are found only in llic palcnl oflices, [)iin-
cipally that of the United States.

The records show clearly that no iicrson whose name is not men-
ti()ned on this page can be considered to have accomplished great things
in this art; ami it is left to those interested in the story of this art to
sav if the light of history does not yet shine too brightly to permit any
one man, living or dead, to claim to be, or to be claimed to have been,
///(• inventor of the reaper, the mower or the self-binding harvester, and
wear the assumed honors justly.

CONCLUSION.*

A quelques-uns d'entre nous, il semble merveilleux qu'une machine
€11 acier moderne puisse etre faite si animee et si sensitive au point de
pouvoir engager des portions successives d'un andain de grain, de former
des bottes, les entourer de ficelle, de nouer adroitement les bouts et de
produire des bottes de grain d'une forme dont la perfection ne pourrait
etre atteinte par une main d'oeuvre aussi habile qu'elle soit.

Quoiqu' apparemment compliquee, cette machine pent etre facilement
analvsee et les efforts des milliers d'inventeurs s'etendant au dela d'un
siecle (si lent fut le developpement des instruments de recolte a liage
automatique modernes) peuvent se voir clairement.

Tressons des couronnries pour les plus meritoires dont quelques uns
sont encore ou nombre des vivants. Que C. W. et \W. W. Marsh, Appleby
et Spaulding puissent jouir encore pendant de nombreuses annees des
lauriers conquis.

La moissonneuse, qui preceda notre nierveille moderne, est operee a
cote du grain sur pied et delivre son andain lateralement ; remercions en
Gladstone. (\'oir No. 77.)

Pour son rabatteur et sa plateforme de reception nous devons donner
credit a Ogle. (Voir No. 80.)

Pour son diviseur, Salmon, (Voyez No. 78); Kerr, de 1811; IJell,
(Voyez No. i); Hussey, (Voyez No. 2) et Randall, (Voyez No. 6) out
droit a tons les honneurs.

Pour le rabatteur, le dispositif dc decharge laterale et tons les carac-
teres essentiels d'une machine efficace et commerciale pratique, nous
devons des remerciements au Rev. Patrick Bell. (Voyez No. 1.)

Pour le tout convenablenient combine et avec I'appareil de coupe de
nos jours, la barre coupeuse jointee et la place du rateleur y ajoutes,
Obed Hussey a un double droit a notre reconnaissance, car ce fut ;ui qui
donna a ce tout les touches finales; depuis la date de son premier effort,
on pent dire que la moissonneuse a captive les chamjis de recolte
americains.

Quant au rateau automaticiue adapte a la moissonneuse — un rateau
suffisamment pratique pour I'usage — nous le devons probablement plus a
Palmer et Williams (Voyez No. 19) et plus tard a Samuel Johnston
(Voyez No. 44) qu'a tout autre.

Pour la premiere lieuse pratique, une machine qui produisit une revo-
lution, remercions les freres Marsh. (Voyez No. 35.) lis emprunterent
leur base, celle mise par Hussey et Bell, et sur cette base ils construi-

*Les chiffres entrt- parentlieses se rapportent aux num^ros des objets exposes et de leur descrip-
tion trouv^e dans cette brochure.

PREPARED BY THE DEERING HARVESTER COMPANY. 125

sirent la machine de ce jour, comporlant le dispositif de liage a ficelle
automatique formant notre merveille moderne.

Spaulding (Yoyez Nos. 52 et 53) fut le premier a inventer un disposi-
tif pour tasser et donner automatiquement une dimension aux bottes,
mais Appleby (Voyez No. 63) produisit le mecanisme specifique qui
maintenant tasse, presse et lie nettement les quatre-vingt-dix pour cent
du grain poussant en Amerique et une grande partie de celui du monde
civilese. Carpenter (Voyez No. 50) et Gordon (Voyez No. 51) nous dirent
exactement comment la machine devrait etre construite pour lier le grain
centralement; Appleby (Voyez No. 63) et ses associes montrerent com-
ment faire des bottes avec des bouts egaux.

Pour les rabatteurs ajustables, les porte-gerbes, et les centaines de
details de construction, et pour les touches finales en general, nous
devons des remerciements aux humbles inventeurs dont les noms figu-
rent seulement dans les Bureaux de Brevets surtout dans ceux des Etats-
Unis. Les archives prouvent clairement qu" aucune personne dont le
nom ne figure pas sur celte page, ne pent etre consineree avoir accompli
de grandes choses dans cet art; et il appartient a ceux qui y sont inte-
resses de juger si la lumiere de 1' histoire ne brille pas deja assez claire-
ment pour permettre a qui que ce soit, vivant ou mort, de pretendre ou
de lai^ser pretendre d'etre ou d'avoir ete 1' inventeur de la moissonneuse,
de la fancheuse ou de la machine a liage automatique et de porter avec
justice ces honneurs assumes.

In addition to the models here illustrated, fifty-six very large photo-
graphs of field scenes in various parts of the world are shown. Also
thirty beautiful water-color paintings of ancient harvest scenes, and, as
well, eighteen portraits of noted inventors and manufacturers, all of
which will be found on the shorter lists distributed in connection with
this exhibit.

Outre les modeles ici illustres, il y a cinquante-six tres-grandes photo-
graphies representant des scenes agricoles dans differentes parties du
monde; trente belles aquarelles de scenes de recolte anciennes et,
encore, dix-huit portraits d'inventeurs et de fabricants distingues. On
les trouvera tous dans les listes plus succinctes distribuees a roccasion
de cette exposition.

•■ «. MNNEILEY 4 EOKS

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