NEL REPORT 1261

5

LOL LYOddu TIN

DDC AVAILABILITY NOTICE

Qualified requesters may obtain copies of this
report from DDC ; j

THE PROBLEM

Investigate and report on factors in physical oceanog-
raphy which pertain to underwater sound and develop tech-
niques to expedite these investigations. Specifically, install
on the shallow ocean floor adjacent to the NEL oceanographic
research tower a circular array of stanchions capable of
supporting transducers at prescribed positions in the water
column over a long period of time for the study of internal

waves.

RESULTS

1. Forty-eight stanchions have been accurately placed by
NEL divers on the sea floor off Mission Beach, California,
in 62 to 64 feet of water. Spaced 29 feet apart, they form a
circle with a circumference of 1395 feet. Each stanchion
consists of three telescoping sections of galvanized pipe.
The base sections, with three vertical fins welded to them,
were injected approximately 4-1/2 feet into the sediments
by high-pressure water directed through the pipe and into
the bottom. The stanchions are used to support thermistor
beads at 30-foot depths. The array is presently in use in
conjunction with the internal-wave and underwater-sound
studies being conducted by the NEL Marine Environment
Division.

2. Over a 15-month period, the vertical and horizontal
positioning of these stanchions has remained virtually un-
changed, attesting to the stability of this type of installa-
tion. Other successful applications of this technique have
been made. The equipment and diving procedures developed
for this job are applicable to other underwater engineering
problems.

wmneu aM MY

0301 0040509

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Further test the horizontal and vertical stability of
these stanchions in different types of sediments.

2. Correlate results with sediment classification and
shear strength.

3. Experiment with various designs of pipe section in
order to optimize mooring capabilities and minimize in-
stallation time and expense.

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION

The work covered in this report was performed under
SR 004 03 01, Task 0586 (NEL L40551). Installation of the
vertical array was accomplished during the period 6 June
1963 through 16 July 1963.

The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of
NEL divers M. P. Sullivan, R. L. Seeley, D. L. Jackson,
and R. L. Adams, who participated in this operation and
rendered many valuable suggestions. Also appreciated was
the technical assistance of O. S. Lee, J. A. Beagles,
D. E. Good, G. R. Anthony, and E. G. Barham.

The authors are particularly indebted to John Walsted,
BMCA, USN, who not only made daily dives during the
entire operation, but was also the coxswain of the support
boat.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION, 56 page &

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF STANCHIONS. ..
VERTICAL ORIENTATION OF BASE PIPE... 171
JETTING-IN BASE PIPE SECTIONS... 13
POSITIONING STANCHIONS IN THE ARRAY... 15

ADDING TELESCOPING SECTIONS TO THE BASE
FUR IG 55 Ole)

DIVING PROCEDURES... 18
DIVING TIME REQUIRED... 19
ORHER VAP PET CATION S214) 2219

ILLUSTRATIONS
Model of the offshore circular array... page 8
Stanchion assembly design details... 9, 10
Tripod with leveling and holding device... 11
Leveling device design details... 12

Diver jetting-in a base pipe section... 14

Laying out the array... 16

Stanchions with anchored guy wires; other
applications... 20-22

8 Angular displacement of base pipe section subjected

to horizontal stress... 23

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INTRODUCTION

Critical placement of underwater equipment on the
sea floor for long-term studies has traditionally been a
source of concern for scientists and engineers engaged in
investigation of the marine environment. Mooring tech-
niques have been unable to satisfy the needs created by the
complex instrumentation presently in use. For example,
large tripods with legs imbedded in clumps of concrete,
weighing as much as 2000 pounds, have been used to posi-
tion thermistor beads, acoustic equipment, and other
oceanographic devices at relatively stable points above the
sea floor. Positioning of these tripods at desired locations
has proved to be a tedious, expensive operation, requiring
the services of a large vessel equipped with winches and
booms. Once emplaced, the concrete clumps are suscep-
tible to wave scouring which, in short periods of time,
changes the position of the equipment relative to the sea
floor. Thus, any job requiring a large number of these
installations becomes virtually impossible.

An alternate method of anchoring small equipment to
the bottom which has been in use by NEL for some time, is
to physically inject sections of pipe into the sediments
using high-pressure water. This method, commonly
referred to as ‘jetting, '' is performed by divers using
SCUBA or shallow-water diving equipment. When several
feet of pipe are buried in the sea floor in this manner,
scouring action is considerably reduced, if not entirely
avoided, and the protruding pipe becomes a Stable, rela-
tively permanent mooring to which a variety of instruments
can be mounted or tethered.

The Marine Environment Division of NEL is charged
with the responsibility to study oceanographic factors that
contribute to the use of underwater sound in naval opera-
tions. Internal waves are known to alter sound fields in
the sea. Consequently, many studies conducted on the
NEL oceanographic tower depend on adequate field mea-
surements of naturally occurring internal waves. Ideal

controls on temperature and sound measurements can be
obtained in model studies conducted under laboratory con-
ditions, but the question remains: how well do laboratory
measurements apply to natural conditions in the sea?

The NEL oceanographic tower offers the scientist some of
the controls that can be obtained in model studies -- a
power supply that does not change in potential or frequency
and a stable support for transducers and recorders. These
laboratory-like controls are lost if an attempt is made to
buoy transducers from surface floats and lay power and sig-
nal cables to the tower. A more desirable procedure is to
eliminate surface floats and fix transducers to rigid sup-
ports that are jetted into the bottom and cannot move.

Motion of transducers, or lack of it, is important
from several standpoints. Motion of sound transducers
introduces fluctuation in sound level at the receiver which
completely defeats the purpose of certain experiments. In
the measurement of internal waves in shallow water, both
vertical and horizontal motion of transducers (usually
thermistors) can contaminate the results if the vertical
gradient of temperature is high. Surface swell introduces
vertical motion of a float and transducers attached to it by
an amount approximately twice the amplitude of the swell.
The thermistors pass through the temperature gradient
periodically, the frequency depending on surface waves.
Surface-wave frequencies are introduced into the tempera-
ture record and this is undesirable when only motion of
internal origin is of interest. Attempts to study any tem-
perature fluctuation at frequencies higher than swell fre-
quencies, using this arrangement, would be seriously
inhibited.

Internal waves cause horizontal temperature gradi-
ents in the sea. Horizontal motion of thermistors caused by
swell again introduces frequencies equal to surface-wave

frequencies into the temperature record. This contamina-
tion can be reduced somewhat by thermal lagging of the
thermistors, but it cannot be completely eliminated. A
high thermal gradient corresponds to a high stability fre-
quency and internal waves can progress at a high frequency.
If internal waves are to be passed at full amplitude, then
surface-wave frequencies cannot be completely eliminated
from the record by thermal lagging.

An important advantage to jetting transducer supports
into the bottom is that relative accuracy approaching labora-
tory accuracy can be obtained. Transducer placement for
measuring internal waves is analogous to the design of a
directional radio antenna or a directional sound transducer;
that is, with a certain placement, a certain response can be
obtained. An array of transducers can be installed, depend-
ing on the requirements, as an antenna with a given response.
Transducer spacing can be controlled by the diver, and the
scientist can be assured of the accuracy he desires.

In May 1963 the Marine Environment Division of NEL
requested the installation of a circular array of thermistor
beads on the shallow ocean floor adjacent to the existing
NEL oceanographic tower. The array was to be used in a
study of internal-wave vectors and was to consist of forty-
eight vertical stanchions, 29 feet apart, forming a circle
with a 1395-foot circumference (fig. 1), Each stanchion
was to rise 31 feet off the bottom and be capable of support-
ing the necessary thermistors and cables. The tripod
method of installation was deemed unfeasible for a job of
this magnitude and rejected in favor of the jetting method.

This report describes the devices used to carry out
this installation and the method of placement as well as the
diving procedures involved, with further applications of
these techniques.

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF STANCHIONS
(FIGURES 2A THROUGH 2C)

A
15° X 14" ID PIPE
20’ X 2” ID PIPE TELESCOPED ani sa
’ yn
S' INTO 27" ID PIPE THREADED HERE ONLY
= 6" FINS WELDED
1/8” PLATE
2" ID PIPE
S gign 120°

BASE PIPE |

es aoe

BASE PIPE
Ii?

1/8" HOLE UNDER
EACH FIN

5/8"’ HOLE FOR
NOZZLE EFFECT

Figure 2(A). The base pipe section of each stan-
Chion is designed to facilitate insertion into the
sediments as well as to withstand the horizontal
SGrOGtn Of BOWE BBwrOeo Three vertical fins, welded
CO BRE PUDe Go BREGPrOOLS O77 S205 Ge CO CWE LOTES
zontal stability of the installation. The tapered
nozzle has holes strategically placed to best uti-
lize the effect of the high-pressure water during
the jetting operation. The upper end is threaded
FOR COU DLEIDG CO CLEA NOwCP WOSGo

Le 15’ X 1h" ID PIPE

7 DRILL ALL HOLES 5”

Figure 2 (Continued)

TELESCOPE PIPE AND BOLT

i126 (B) Telescoping stanchion sec
ay © TOGETHER ints BOLTS TLONS » Arilled Form Cowplrnnigne

a
8 (C) Complete stanchion assem-
LL — 20’ X 2" ID PIPE bly, with base pipe sect tom im
place and telescoping sections
installed.*

; KDrawings of Cons onrucy tom idem
spear our tails ee available upon re-
=e quest; write the Commanding
Officern and Directon., MNawy

GY Electronics Laboratory,
fi San Diego. Califonnua 92tos
Attention Code 31/79.

C
10)
31" 5”
prank

1" SS LOCKING BOLTS

Y" SS RESTING BOLT

10

VERTICAL ORIENTATION OF BASE PIPE
(FIGURES 3 AND 4)

HROBPEG So LHP EIIOC Mew LQGOGLS
Fe nel LOLG’DRG WGSGOWECA5 Cer

I signed to enable divers to

Hees DOSBEIOR DUDC GUPUDG Cae j3O@oq
Be CEDG ODOPOGCBOR, Wripod 8S

E snown with base pipe section
in place.

11

12

HOLDING SLEEVE 5 1 -SCREWS

BUBBLE LEVELS —
-ONHINGED
AEE

BALL-AND-SOCKET Tae
LEVELING MECHANISM 7) LEVELING THUMB
iy SCREWS (4)

CLAMPS ~ 7
HOLDING LEVELING
DEVICE TO TRIPOD

Figure 4. Leveling device. With tripod in place
on sea floor and base pipe section positioned with-
HO GREIDOC Pbin IOOGLERO CBDECe BS LOWGrE® OvGir
base pipe section and clamped to rim. Pezioe gS
raised a few inches and secured by T-screws near
GOD) Oi POHOGOvOAG SLCCUES Diver plumbs pipe by
manipulating thumb screws and observing bubble
levels on hinged sleeve. Hanged sleeve is unfass
tened and allowed to drop out of the way. Chain
prevents Loss. HLAISHAGWS Of OLGA SLOGDG Cire
released, and pipe drops to sea floor. IIB@ 1b?
screw which clamps the holding sleeve in the
raised position is loosened, and holding sleeve
falls through leveling device until it is stopped
Dig, La SiC ew Sr Pipe is now ready for jetting into
the sea floor.

JETTING-IN BASE PIPE SECTIONS

Divers attach 13-inch fire hose to the top of the base
pipe, using a bell reducer to fit the larger diameter of the
pipe. Communication is maintained between divers and the
support boat by a signal line. On signal, the crewmen
start the high-pressure water pump, which forces 60 gal-
lons of water per minute through the welded nozzle of the
pipe at 100 psi. The water pressure displaces the sedi-
ments and allows the pipe to settle under its own weight into
the sea floor (fig. 5). After the downward movement of the
holding sleeve is arrested by the two T-screws and the bell
reducer reaches the top of the sleeve, the diver diverts the
water by means of a Y-gate valve located between the fire
hose and the bell reducer, and signals the support boat to
stop the pump. At this point the pipe has settled 4% feet
into the bottom, the fins are covered, and the jetting-in is
completed. Approximately 90 seconds is required to jet in
one base section.

The fire hose is disconnected and the tripod and
leveling device are lifted over the protruding pipe section.
The tripod is relocated at the next position. An air-filled
lifting bag attached to the tripod during relocation facilitates
movement by the divers,

13

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14

POSITIONING STANCHIONS IN THE ARRAY

A center reference stanchion was jetted into the
bottom 735 feet from the oceanographic tower. A 222-foot
length of $-inch-diameter cable (radius cable) was tethered
to this center stanchion by means of a 3-inch ring which
permitted free movement of the cable around the center
point. Station 1 was established by stretching this cable
along a magnetic north course and jetting-in the base
pipe section. Surveying of stations 1 through 13 is
depicted in figure 6.

With the completion of station 13, a full quarter of
the circle had been formed. At this point, station 13 was
considered to be station 1 for the next quarter circle and
the process was repeated. In order to obtain the greatest
possible accuracy, the divers swam the entire length of
cables such as the radius cable and the longer chord cables
each time they were used, This process expended a great
deal of time, but it assured that the cables were not snagged
on rocks, debris, or marine organisms.

It has been estimated that each station can be surveyed
to an accuracy of less than 1 percent error by following
these procedures.

16

Figure 6(A). Succeeding stations are positioned
by means of cables of lengths corresponding to
CHWOLTIS Off Che CUTCLE> YO FIOSBELOR BUGwsoOn Bo @
cable 29 feet in length, corresponding to the
chord subtended by an angle of ao, is stretched
from station 1 in counterclockwise direction
until it transects the radius cable stretched
from the center reference stanchion by another
diver. A temporary stake is inserted at the
junction, the tripod placed over it, and stan-
chion 2 jetted into the bottom. Li2O BIAfFOO
chord cable is transferred from station 1 to sta-
tion 2 and the procedure repeated to establish
GEGGVODR So Cac! SO Ono All cables are terminated
DEG CEOOS WLUCH FEC OVP WEIS joavjweSo

(B) So that gross errors are not caused by im-
proper stretching of the cables, snaggings @tCey
a system of checks is imposed on every third
position. At Station 4a chord cable SG wees

6 inches in lengths corresponding to the chord
subtended by an angle of Bee, is stretched from
SeGssom vo WAG TURCELOR Of GIG bGearee C@DLeS SoH
the 29-foot chord cable from station 35 the
radius cable, and the chord cable from station 7
[> COMSCUGUECS SvG@evsonw 4o

(C) The junction of cables from stations 7, 4,
and 6 and the center stanchion confirms the accu-
racy of location of station 7.

(D) Check of location of station 10.

G2) Cneols Of HOCGLEOR OF Se@utow Vo

86°6" 4

6
y 169’ 8”

STATION 1
MAGNETIC NORTH

RADIUS CABLE

—=— CENTER REFERENCE
STANCHION

RADIUS CABLE

17

18

ADDING TELESCOPING SECTIONS TO THE BASE PIPE

After the forty-eight base pipes were emplaced, each
third pipe was buoyed to provide the support boat with a
visual guide of the array. The telescoping sections which
form the upper part of the stanchions were bolted together
and a float attached at the top of the upper section so they
would settle to the bottom in a vertical position. The size
of the float permitted a slight negative buoyancy to the sec-
tions which facilitated handling by the divers. These sections
were dropped as close as possible to the surface-buoyed base
pipes and the divers guided them down and inserted them in
the base sections. The divers removed the float, surfaced,
and moved to the next position, repeating this operation until
the array was completed.

DIVING PROCEDURES

Because of the long, strenuous bottom time required
during the installation of the base sections, a surface-
supplied air source was utilized. A low-pressure compres-
sor with two 300-foot diving hoses, located on the stern of
the support boat (a 50-foot Navy utility boat), provided two
divers with a wide working radius. Ninety minutes! bot-
tom time was considered optimum for the project, since it
eliminated the necessity of two decompression stops. On
one dive of this duration, two divers could install three
base pipes and measure a fourth. Divers completing a tour
on the bottom would ascend to a stage suspended at a 10-
foot depth from the support boat, and after proper decom-
pression, surface to become tenders for the next pair to go
down. After six or seven pipe installations, all work on
the bottom ceased as the support boat moved to a new posi-
tion. A buoy attached to the tripod served as a permanent
guide to the area in work.

For the second phase of the operation (adding the
telescoping sections), SCUBA equipment was utilized. This
gave the divers mobility for the constant ascending and
descending required for this task. Freed from the restric-
tion of the air hose, a team could complete an assembly in 5
to 7 minutes. To avoid decompression stops , divers were
replaced after telescoping four sections. During this phase,
the support boat was not moored.

DIVING TIME REQUIRED

Diving man-hours were logged for each phase of the
operation to facilitate accurate estimation of further work
of this type. The first phase, surveying and inserting
base sections, was completed in 18 working days once the
procedures and equipment were standardized. Total diving
time for this phase was 81 hours and 27 minutes. Phase
two, installation of telescoping sections, was performed
in 4 working days with a total of 16 hours and 15 minutes
of bottom time. Total diving man-hours required for the
completion of the array, therefore, was 97 hours and 42
minutes.

OTHER APPLICATIONS

Several other applications of this principle have been
successfully used at NEL and many more are in formula-
tive stages (fig. 7).

19

20

PRGuRe PC(AL >

San Clemente Island, California. Guy lines

stabilize the stanchion in 30 feet of water and
presence of strong wave action.

Offshore radar target at

OFFSET WELDED EYE
ST 1" x 5’ 6” GALVANIZED PIPE
(ger ON END
WELD biscs {if
ONTO ae

3/16” THICK
5 6” ©

10’ DIA. DISCS (3)

18”
| WELDED ON NOZZLE
1/8” HOLES (4)
18”

UB oe

4 5/8"’ HOLE

Figure 7 (Continued)

(B) Pipe sections used to anchor guys are

CEU BIDOIGC MUG GBrEOBLGiP PLHOGES CO rESESs Were soeGs
Gi DOT BOMB jot Il o UDegdmenu wean Ve Wet wzed
in any depth workable by divers.

21

22

Se See ah

e
——————————
SS

Figure 7. (Continued) Y

(C) Sonar target tethered to deadman, and hydro-
phone mounted on pipe similar to base sections of
thermistor array. Stellar GRSC@OHIGcsiOnS Ogg

San Diego, California, have proved completely
satisfactory.

(D) Time-lapse camera and photographic light
mounted on jetted-in pipes. DPOTECCGC POI6OH MO
CEOMm Will TiO WEG Bil SeBaues Of BEDE SCOUrUCG
associated with minés.

FORCE (LB)

Tests of the resistance of these stanchions to various
forces have been initiated and some results are available.
The base sections used in the array have been subjected to
preliminary tests adjacent to the NEL pier. A base pipe
was jetted into the bottom and a pipe cap with a welded eye
was screwed onto the threaded end so that a cable could be
attached. A cable was run from this eye through a pulley
fastened to a pier piling and up to a walking crane on the
pier. Various degrees of upward pull on this cable were
measured by a dynamometer placed between the cable and

the hook on the crane. Simultaneously, the angular displace-

ment of the pipe was measured by a diver (fig. 8).

BASE PIPE-FINNED SECTION 2%” ID PIPE
LENGTH OF PIPE 5’ 9”

9-29-64

DYNAMOMETER TEST

ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT, DEG.

Figure &. Angular displacement of base pipe
section subjected to horizontal stress.

23

24

Preliminary tests were also carried out on two dead-
men jetted into the bottom in 60 feet of water adjacent to
the vertical array. A vertical strain was taken by a winch
aboard a modified landing craft (LCU 45) and the dynamom-
eter was once again placed in the system to measure the
force necessary to pull the deadmen from the sediment.
Because of surface wave action it was difficult to maintain
a steady strain, and the deadmen were worked back and forth
in the bottom. The force required to wrench each deadman
from the bottom was approximately 2250 pounds. During
most of this operation, the ship was anchored to these
pipes. Since this vessel was in excess of 100 tons, it has
been speculated that larger, more sophisticated deadmen
could be used for permanent moorings for large vessels.

Further tests are planned using more powerful pumps
to facilitate deeper penetration of the deadmen and greatly
increase their anchoring capabilities. Also under considera-
tion is the use of high-pressure air as the power source.

If feasible, this would eliminate the water pump, hose, sig-
nal line, and also the tedious task of mooring the support
vessel over the work area.

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OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
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UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
DEPARTMENT OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
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YALE UNIVERSITY
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FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY
OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE
UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII
HAWAII INSTITUTE OF GEOPHYSICS
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DEPARTMENT OF OCEANOGRAPHY
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS
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HARVARD UNIVERSITY
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PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY
ORDNANCE RESEARCH LABORATORY
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