J^.^if'M-' 9. -- > 3>5>> 5d:35-» .3:>53>) 3;)^'>i> -t > ^ t> 3:>3 > :> ■>) 3»'^>' ,»)3) "~»5> 3. i> "~ 3 »~° 3>3 :> v:2>3 > )3 > ■533 b ■> >.; -)j>;> :»y3>i> §>3 :>» ?3>3 33 • V ^)3> :i, 3 :)"S53>)^3>3^ J. .)-/x^ 2) :> 35^)33:^- ^^ '^::y3j35 ^nKlfii 33:) x») :2)>>oi35 y) ^.A>2A*>,)»^2)>33 'M»^3?>3^m3 0>4^ 'X)3'»> 3^2)^>>>^ "^--^^^ >^1> > Z> >) >1» :. > -■:2 ,>x>:^'>:^.|^-'' it>:.>^5| THE O. S. U. naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EDITORIAL STAFF Editor-in-chief— JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, A.M., M.S. AssciATB Editors : Advisory Board : Zoology-Y. L. LANDACRE, B. Sc. PROFESSOR W. A. KELLERMAN. Ph. D. v 4 I? T TVT i?T> I! c Department of Botany. Botany— Y. J. 1YLER, B. be. PROFESSOR HERBERT OSBORN, M. Sc. Geology— -i. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. Department of Zoology. Archaeology—^ . C. MILLS, B. Sc. PROFESSOR J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. Ornithology— v.. F. GRIGGS. Department of Geology. Volume U November, 1900 Number J COLUMBUS, OHIO PRESS OF HANN & ADAIR THE O. 5, U, NATURALIST A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohio. The official organ of The Biological, Club of the Ohio State University. Published monthly during the academic year, from Novem- ber to June (8 numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign countries, 75 cents. Single copies 10 cents. John H. Schaffneb, Editor. F. J. Tyler, Subscriptions. R. F. Griggs, Advertising Agent. Address THE O. S. U. NATURALIST, Ohio State University, COLUMBUS, OHIO. CONTENTS PAGE Announcement 1 An Ohio Station for Ampelopsis Cordata 2 W. A. Kellerman The Baum Prehistoric Village site 4 W. C Mills A Foliicolous Form of Sorghum Smut and Notes on Infection Experiments 9 W, A. . Kellerman A List of Hemiptera Collected in the Vicinity of Bellaire, O II Herbert Osborn Additions and Corrections to the "Odonata of Ohio." 13 James S. Hine Dragonflies Taken in a Week . . . 13 R. C. Osburn and J. S. Hine Additions to the Ohio Flora 15 Collecting and Preserving Microscopic Plants 16 ujfllBRARY l^ ®. 5. U. 2Iaturaii PUBLISHED BY . THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Vol. J. NOVEMBER, 1900. No. U ANNOUNCEMENT. In presenting The O. S. U. Naturalist to the public, a few words may not be out of place as to the motives and purposes wliich were instrumental in bringing it into existence. The Biological Club of Ohio State University is composed of professors, instructors and students of the several departments of natural history in the Uni- versity. Tliese departments have been carrying on certain lines of work for some time, and the more important and technical has been reported in various publications. Much of the work, however, which is only of local interest, but still of great value in the develoiDment of the natural history of the state, has had no convenient avenue of publication. For tliis reason it was thought advisable to begin a journal in a modest way in which such material together witli other articles might be made available for immediate use. The idea had been entertained for some time that such a course would be desirable. Several members had exjjressed themselves in favor of a Journal, and Dr. Kellerman had for some years contem- plated the publication of a purely botanical paper which should be devoted largely to the flora of the state. Finally during the spring of 1900 Mr. Tyler and Mr. Griggs, students connected with the club, began to arouse interest in the matter by advocating the founding of a bulletin which should provide a suitable avenue of j)ublication. By a motion of the club, a committee to consider the matter was appointed, consisting of the following members: Herbert Osborn, John H. Scliaffner, W. A. Kellerman, Max Morse, F. J. Tyler, R. F. Griggs. Tliis committee finally agreed upon a plan, which was presented to the club and adopted, with slight modifications, on the 7th of May, 1900. The editors are elected annually by the club, and fol- lowing is the staff for tlie coming year: Editor-in-Chief — John H. Schaffner, A. M., M. 8. Associate Editors — Zoology, F. L. Landacre, B. Sc; Botany, F. J. Tyler, B. Sc. ; Geology, J. A. Bownocker, D. Sc; Archaeology, W. C. Mills, B. Sc. ; Ornithology, R. F. Griggs. 2 0, S. U. Naturalist. [Nov. Advisory Board — Professor W. A. Kellerman, Ph. D., Depart- ment of Botany; Professor Herbert Osborn, M. Sc. Department of Zoology; Professor J. A. Bownocker, D. Sc, Department of Geology. The Naturalist, while aiming to be strictly scientific and tech- nical in character, will endeavor to be of especial assistance to the teachers and amatenr scientists of the state. It is believed that the kind of work contemplated will be of great educational value. While The Naturalist is to be devoted especially to the inter- ests of the state, other matter which may from time to time be offered, will not be excluded. In these days, when specialization is the tendency in all branches of knowledge, we think there is still room for the old-fashioned naturalist who was well versed in a number of sciences. Wliatever one's career may be, we believe that every scientist, and for that matter every person of education, should be a natural- ist fli'st and cultivate a broad general sympathy witli nature, and only after that has he a right to become a specialist. No apology need therefore be made for the broad field which The Naturalist is to cultivate, and we present it to the public, earnestly soliciting the cooperation of university and college professors, high school teachers, students, and amateurs in the different branches of natural science; and asking tliat leniency of judgment which such enter- prises merit when begun under special difficulties. Finally The Naturalist is not intended to be a money-making institution, but it will be improved and enlarged as rapidly as the income from sub- scriptions and other resources will permit. J. H. S. AN OHIO STATION FOR AMPELOPSIS CORDATA. W. A. Kellerman. (Plate 1.) While collecting in Scioto County on the 8th of July, 1900, I was fortunate enough to come across an indigenous specimen of Ampe- lopsis cordata. ®The station for the plant is on a Iiillside one mile east of Portsmouth, Ohio. The cliaracter of the environment is in- dicate4 in figure 3, plate 1 ; the i^lant in question growing on the bank by the roadside at a point immediately above the bicycle in the central part of the picture. The photograph from which the half tone was made shows only a portion of the high hills that border the Ohio river. The soil is clay and not regarded as very fertile. It is generally the case perhaps that this species grows in " swamps and along river banks," as stated in the manuals, but the ground here is high and dry. *Since the MS. for ihi? article was passed to the printer, the locality was again visited and several plants, some of large size, were found further up the hill-side. 1900] Kellerman — Ampelopsis Cordata 3 The published statements as to the distribution of Ampelopsis cordata are not uniform. Riddell, in his synoiDsis of the Western Flora, says it occursJin the Alleghany Mountains west to Arkansas. Torrey and Gray, in the Flora of North America, Vol. 1, under the name of Vitis indivisa, give its distribution as Southern States west to Louisiana and Arkansas. Wood using the same name in his class-book, says Southern States to St. Louis. In Gray's Manual, last edition, the plant is given under the name of Cissus ampelopsis with the statement that it occurs in Virginia to Illinois and South- ward. The occurrence as noted by Britton and Brown in the Illus- trated Flora, makes the species still more decidedly southern, namely, southern Virginia to Florida, west to Illinois, Kansas and Texas. Prof. Stanley Coulter, in a Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns indigenous to Indiana, published in 1899 in the 24th An- nual Report of tlie Department of Geology and Natural Resources of Indiana, says this species occurs " in the central and southern counties of Indiana in swamps and moist woods." In the fifth edition of Gray's Manual the range of this Ampelop- sis (under the name of Vitis indivisa) was given as "West Virginia, Ohio and southward." In answer to an inquiry as to what in the Gray Herbarium was perhaps the basis for the reference to the Ohio -distribution, Mr. Merritt L. Fernald kindly wrote me as follows : — " I find in the herbarium a specimen of Cissus ampelopsis marked ^Ohio'. It is one of tlie old Torrey and Gray specimens and no fur- ther data are given." Dr. Millspaugh lists this species as Cissus ampelopsis in the Flora of West Virginia and adds on the authority of Mertz and Guttenberg that it also occurs in Ohio, near Wheeling. Upon in- quiry of Suiot. Mertz, I learn that liis notes of work upwards of twenty years ago contain no mention of this species at Wheeling- West Virginia, or at Bellaire, Ohio. He further informs me that what was taken for this Ampelopsis at Bellaire was probably Vitis cordifolia, three forms of which were found growing on the islands of the Ohio River near Wheeling. Of these he adds in a letter to the writer, •' I think we probably decided that one was V. indivisa; but I feel sure that it was not and you are probably the first to find it in Ohio." It will be observed that the distribution as noted by Professor Stanley Coulter extends its range still further northward than my Ohio station. It is likely that its occui'rence still further northward in Ohio may be detected by assiduous collectors, I wish to say a word concerning the ornamental character of this native vine. The foliage is bright green and very handsome. A figure of a single leaf is shown in Plate 1, figure 2. This is reduced from aphotograph taken with the leaf itself used as a negative. I have never detected a fungous attack or insect depredation on the leaves. 4 O. S. U. Naturalist. [Nov. • The small dull-colored bluish fruits in loose panicles when abund- ant are somewhat ornamental. The vine is a vigorous "rower and clings firmly to supports. Figure 4 shows a plant used for orna- mental purposes growing on the south side of the Botanical Build- ing at the Ohio State University. A figure from a still more vigor- ous specimen was shown by Mrs. Kellerman in Vick's Magazine, January, 1900. This was made from a photograph of a specimen growing at the north porch of a residence in Columbus, Ohio. The same has been reproduced by Dr. Halsted in Bulletin No. 144 of the New Jersey Ex])eriment Station. The species can be transplanted readily. One of the plants just referred to was dug up in June in Linn County, Kansas, and easily survived its rough treatment. Roots were taken from the Portsmouth plant in July this year and they are now growing and producing stems. We have repeatedly transplanted specimens that were grown from roots and from cut- tings in the green house and always with success. A word as to the synonomy should perhaps be given. The species was described by Michaux in 1803 under the name of Ampelopsis cordata Persoon in 1805 proposed the name Cissus ampelopsis for the species. It was unfortunate that he did not retain the specific name, cordata; for there seems to have been no need of discarding that part of its name even if the genus had been originally mis- apprehended. Had he followed the most commendable usage of the modern systematists, he would have publislied the name in this form : Cissus cordata (Mx.) Pers. In 1811 Wildenow published the name as Vitis indivisa and here as before unnecessarily a new specific name was given. Many authors have regarded the plant as a Vitis rather than an Ampelopsis or a Cissus. We rely, however, on Dr. Britton's autliority and use the name Ampelopsis cordata, relegating the other names to synonomy. Explanation of Platk 1. — Ampelopsis cordata. Figure 1 : A herbarium specimen of twigs in fruit, from a photograph. Figure 2: A single leaf and tendril after a photograph direct from the same, reduced by the engraver. Figure 3: View of the station for the indigenous specimen at Portsmouth, Ohio ; the Ampelopsis is in the center of the picture immediately above the bicycle. Figure 4 : View of a plant growing on the south wall of the Botanical Build- ing, Ohio State University ; to the right of the door a portion of a Japan Ivy is seen. THE BAUM PREHISTORIC VILLAGE SITE. W. C. Mills. The field work of the Ohio State Archa-ological and Historical Society' was completed August 18. The explorations were a con- tinuance of last year's work at the Baum Prehistoric Village Site, whicli is situated in Ross County, Ohio, just across the river from the small village of Bourneville, and is located upon the first gravel terrace of the Paint Creek Valley. The village site surrounds a large pyramidal mound wliich was examined a number of years ago O. S. U. Naturalist Plate 1 jAMPELOPSlS CORDATA Mx. Simple- leaf Ampelopsis Fig. I Fig. 2. Fig. 3 Fig. 4. KELLERMAX OX AMPELOPSIS CORDATA. 1900] Mills — Baum Prehistoric Village Site 5 under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution of Washington. A complete report of the explorations is found in the 12th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1890-91. At this time the village site was not explored but it was known to exist, as the following ex- tract from the 12th Annual Report will show: "This mound is situated upon the edge of the first general bottom of Paint Creek, which though protected by a huge levee is annually inundated. In overflow tiines the smaller circle of the adjoining enclosure is almost entirely submerged, and the summit of the mound is the only land visible above a broad expanse of water. Around the mound upon all sides, particularly to the east, are traces of former Indian occu- pation. Numerous fragments of pottery similar in fabrication and ornamental feature to those found in the mound bestrew the plowed ground. These were intermingled with the valves of mussel shells, pitted stones, shell disks, human bones, arrowheads, pieces of Y>eY- forated stone gorgets, and a large quantity of chipped flint." Di- rectly north of this village site, about one mile distant is the noted hill top enclosure known as Spruce Hill, which overlooks the valley of Paint Creek for many miles north and south. The hill on which this enclosure is situated is about 500 feet high, and is a long narrow spur projecting from the tableland and extending to the south. The wall of this enclosure is composed entirely of boulders and broken pieces of sandstone which had been collected along the margin of the summit of the hill. These sandstones are the result of disintregation of the sandstone^ strata which is near the surface on the hill top. Directly east from the village site, a little more than 1300 feet, is what is known as the Baum works, which was sur- veyed by Squier & Davis in 1846. They described this work as the best preserved, and possessing gateways that are wider than those of any other earth-works found in this valley. They also made a survey of the mound which is situated in this village site and they described it as a large, square, truncated mound, with a base of 120 feet and having a flat top, with an area 50 feet square. The mound at that time being 15 feet high. They also say that quanti- ties of coarse broken pottery were found on and around the mound. Thus it will be seen that the early investigators found pottery surrounding the mound and later explorations by the Smithsonian Institution show that the broken pieces of pottery found on the surface surrounding the mound were very much like the pottery found in the mound and placed with the buried dead therein. The object of the investigations carried on by the Archaeological and Historical Society is to show the connection between the occu- pants of the prehistoric village and those who built the mound. This has been done by carefully comparing the contents of this village site with the contents of the mound as reported by the * 6 O. S. U. Naturalist. [Nov. Smithsonian Institution. So far, all of the pottery and implements of bone, stone, and shell that were buried in this mound, have been duplicated in great numbers from the refuse heaps, burials, and ash pits found in the village. The village entirely surrounds the mound, but on the east it is more extensive and occupies upward of five acres of ground. The work of examining the village site is very laborious. Every portion or particle of the earth to a depth, on the average, of two and one-half feet is carefully dug over with small hand trowels, and every particle of bone, shell or stone is carefully removed and examined. The contents of the ash pits are screened so that no implements or ornaments may be lost. The whole village site is platted, laid off in sections thirty-six feet square, which square is again laid off into sections four feet square. In tliis way every find is carefully located upon the map. This year the work was con- ducted east and north-east of the mound. Here the post-molds of their little tepees were found in abundance. Their fire-places usually were placed just outside of the tepees, and their refuse pits near at hand, and near by we found the burials. A series of photographs, showing the manner of burial and tlie close proximity of the burials to the ash pits and tepees, were carefully made. At one time seven skeletons were exposed within an area of fifteen feet square. Within this space two ash pits were found and one row of the post-molds, showing the relation of the little home to the burial ground. The manner of burial is shown by the photographs taken of the seven skeletons exposed at one time, showing that they had no definite manner of placing the bodies, as some were buried at right angles to each other, some Avere placed at full length, and lying upon the back, while others were placed upon the side; in still other cases the body was evidently doubled up and then buried. A great number of skeletons of babies were found in the asli pits, showing that the already dug ashpit was the most convenient grave for the little one, who was then covered with ashes, consequently the skeletons were perfectly preserved. With a great number of the adult skeletons were found implements of bone, such as awls, hoes, celts, arrow and spear i)oints of stone, beads and ornaments of shell and bone; but witii the skeletons of cliildren varying in age from four to twelve years were found the greatest number of ornaments made of shell and bone. In one instance a large gorget made from the marine univalve Strombus gigas about two and one-half inches in diameter, was found upon the skeleton of a child six years of age. In another more than two hundred beads and ornaments of sliell and bone were found upon the skeleton of a child not over seven years of age. In another grave a child not over four years of nge had buried witli it, what at one time was no doubt, a necklace made of elk teetli, per- forated for attachment. In two instances the graves of children 1900] Mills — Baum Prehistoric Village Site 7 were carefully covered over with slabs of slate. With those children whose graves were carefully covered no implements or ornaments of any sort were placed. Of the sixty-three skeletons found, not a single perfect piece of pottery was found buried with them, differing greatly from the Madisonville Prehistoric Cemetery near Cincinnati, for at the latter cemetery quantities of pottery in their perfect state was found, buried with the skeletons. The pottery, implements and ornaments at Madisonville can be readily duplicated from the village at Paint Creek. In the ash pits can be found specimens showing the master- pieces of art wrought in stone, bone and shell, representing the civilization which at one time inhabited this village. Of the bone implements, the needle, made from the bones of the deer and elk is most beautiful in design, at the same time showing the skill dis- played in the manufacture of the implements. Some of them are upward of nine inches in length Of the bone specimens perhaps- the bead is the commonest. In some pits more than two hundred have been taken out. In tliese ash pits were also found well wrought specimens of aboriginal fish hooks, also specimens showing the var- ious stages of manufacture of this implement, which differs some- what from the manufacture of those found at Madisonville, a full account of which appears in tlie 20tli Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, by Prof. F. W. Put- nam, in which he fully describes the manufacture of the fish hooks found in the prehistoric village site. In no instance was an unfinished specimen found in the Baum Village which would, in any way, show that a hole was first bored through the bone and the fish hook then wrought from this Iiole as was shown by Prof. Putnam; on the con- trary a piece of bone was selected and cut into sliape representing a small tablet of bone two and one-half inclies long by from one-half to three-quarters of an inch broad, with rounded edges at the ends. The center was then cut oiit by rubbing with a stone on each side. So that two fish liooks were made instead of one from the single piece of bone. A great many perfect scrapers made from the meta- carpal bone of the deer and elk were also found, while almost every pit would contain from one to four broken halves of these scrapers. Specimens were also procured showing the various stages in the manufacture of this implement whicli resemble very much in every particular those found at Madisonville, and also those found at the village site at Fort Ancient. The pottery fragments found in these ash pits resemble those found at Madisonville, in the ornamentation by incised lines, imple- ment indentations arranged in figures, and handles ornamented with effigies of birds and animals. Of the shell implements, perhaps the most common is the shell hoe, which is made from the mussel shell Unto plicatus. 8 O. S. U. Naturalist. [Nov. A great number of beads, from one-half to one inch in diameter, made frommussel shells and perforated with from one to three holes, are found. The large gorgets from two to two and one-half inches in diameter are also found. These are invariably perforated with from one to three holes, and are made from a shell foreign to the Paint Creek Valley. Of the implements and ornaments made of stone, the flint arrow heads are very common. These are mostly made from material brought from flint, ridge in Licking County. Grooved axes are also found, the type prevailing is the one having the groove extend en- tirely around. The perforated gorgets of slate are also found, but the most interesting of the stone implements found in the pits are the perforated discoidals. These are all small, varying in diameter from two to three Inches, and finely polished. In the refuse heaps and ash pits were found the bones of the animals used for food, charred corn, hickory nuts, walnuts, butter nuts, acorns, hazel nuts, beans, seeds of the papaw, wild plum, etc. About thirty-five per cent, of the bones taken from these pits were of the Virginia deer. The bones of the black bear, raccoon, elk, ground-hog, wild-cat, muskrat, squirrel, beaver, wild turkey, wild duck, wild goose, trumpeter swan, great horn owl, barred owl, were found in abundance. But perhaps the most interesting of the animal bones found were those of the Indian dog. Skulls and parts of skeletons were taken from the jiits in great numbers. Pro- fessor F. W. Putnam, of Harvard University, who has been mak- ing a Study of the skulls of the dog taken from the mounds and burial places of Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Ohio, Kentucky, New York, and from the great shell heaps in Maine, says that a distinct variety or species of dog was distributed over North America in pre-Columbian times, and by comparison lie finds that the dog found in America is the same variety of dog found in the ancient site of the Swiss Lake dwellers, and also in the ancient tombs of Thebes in Egypt, and claims that the variety of the pre-Columbian dog is apparently identical with the pure breed Scotch collie of today, while Mr. F. A. Lucas, of the U. S. National Museum, describes the dog found in tlie Baum Village as resembling very much tlie bull terrier in size and proportion, and states that the same species have been found in the village sites in Texas and the old Puebloes. 1900] Kellerman — Sorghum Smut 9 A F0LIIC0L0U8 F'ORM OF SORGHUM SMUT AND NOTES ON INFECTION EXPERIMENTS. W. A. Kellebman. (Plate 2.) On January 1st, 1900, several pots in the Botanical greenhouse of tlie Ohio State University were planted to sorghum, KafRr corn, maize, sweet-corn and pop-corn. The seeds were pi'eviously moistened and mixed with a large quantity of head-smut of sorghum taken from smutted sorghum jDlants also from maize infected with the same fungus. This species was named Ustilago reiliana by Kiihn in 1868 from specimens collected in Egypt. The plants developed rapidly and normally, though the stems were slender and did not reach the normal height. The panicles appeared early and only in a comparatively few cases showed in- fection. In one case an anomalous specimen appeared, namely, a sweet corn plant with the upper leaves as well as the panicle infected. This form therefore differs from the type in being in part foliicolous and may be designated as Ustilago (Cmtractia*) reiliana forma folUcola nov. for. Figures 1 and 2, Plate 2, show the appearance of the infected plant, the one representing an earlier and the other a later stage of the emergence of the smut mass. It may be remarked further that I have repeatedly tried seed inoculation experiments, mostly in the greenhouse but also occasionally in the field. In the latter case in the summer of 1900, 1 obtained from a plot of many hundred stalks including field-corn, sweet-corn, pop-corn, sorghum, Kaffir corn and broom corn only three cases of smutted plants. These were of sweet corn, both the tassel and ear being affected. The previous year about the same per cent of successful inoculations were obtained. But in the greenhouse the experiments have uniformally resulted in the production of a considerable number of smutted stalks of sorghum and occasionally an infected plant of maize. These have for the most part been reported in print, the first account appearing in Bulletin No. 23, Kansas Experiment Station, in the year 1891. I have now growing in the botanical greenhouse three sets of sorghum plants raised from seeds planted January 1, 1898, Janu- ary 1, 1899, ancl January 1, 1900. Only the plants have been retained which showed successful inoculation experiments. They have been shifted to larger pots from time to time, but the plants make only a ••'Mr. G. P. Clinton regards this fungus as a Cintractia rather than an Ustilago. 10 0. S. U. Naturalist. [Nov. stunted growth. The new stalks that appear now and then are in- variably atfected, though sometimes one of the panicles, either tlie one terminating the main stem or one of the side branches may be free from visible smut. It is thus evident that tliis species of smut is perennial where its host lives from year to year. Figure 3 shows a photograph of one of the plants started in the greenhouse in 1899, its first stem producing an infected panicle. Figure 4 shows a plant grown in 1900, the first or central panicle not exliibiting the smur, but later when panicles from the side branches appeared, they were seen to be smutted. It seems that another experimenter, whom I will quote, has succeeded scarcely as well. Mr. G. P. Clinton, the assistant Botanist of the Illinois Experiment Station, Urbana, Illinois, in Bulletin No^ 57 (March, 11)00) reports as follows: "Apparently from the experi- ments of Kellerman, infection takes place through the germinating seed, though the percent, of infection he produced was rather small. In '98 field experiments were conducted herewith a view of infect- ing the Orange variety of sorghum with this smut. In one case the seed was mixed with an abundance of spores and|in others these spores were sprayed ia water or manure water on the young parts of the plants when about six inches high. In none of the several hun- dred plants that matured was any sign of the smut found. It is very likely that the variety used may have had something to do with the negative results, as it was not the same from which the smut was taken." The head-smut of sorghum is not to be confused with another species tliat occurs on the same host. The one now referred to is a grain-smut, that is, the panicle as a whole is not included, but the individual grains become smutted. This species has been called UstUago sorghi, but Mr. Clinton regards it as a Cintractia, namely, Cmtractia sorghi-vulgaris (Tul.) Clint. It is more common than the former, occurring often on sorghum and broom corn. The head-smut of sorghum, Usdlago or Ciniraciia reiliana, was first found in this country by Prof. J. T. Willard at Manhattan, Kansas, in 1890, in a plot grown for purposes of chemical investiga- tion. The same year it was detected by Dr. Halsted in New Jersey. I found it in Ohio in 1897 and it is now reported for Illinois by Mr. Clinton. In all these cases it occurred only on sorghum, but Prof. Hitchcock has reported it as not uncommon on maize in fields about Manhattan, Kansas. Exi'LANATiON OF PLATE 2. — Ustilago Or Ciiitractia reiliaiia. Figure 1 ; Tlie foliicolous form occurring on sweet corn, the panicle not yet emerged, hut tne smut on upper leaves iu sight. Figure 2: Same as in Figure 1, showing a later stage of maturity. Figure 3: An infected sorghum plant in the greenhouse, photographed in 18!t9, the panicle smutted. Figure 4 : An infected sorghum plant, grown in the greenhouse in I'JUO, the central panicle sound, the later (side) panicles smutted. O. S. v. Xati'kai.tst Plate 2. I'ig. 1. Fig 2. Fig. 3. Fig i KKLLKKMAX OX S()R(^HUM SMUT. 1900] Osborn — Hemiptera 11 A LIST OF HEMIPTERA COLLECTED IN THE VICINITY OF BELLAIRE, OHIO. Herbert Osborn. The following record of species represents the collections of Hemiptera made during four days (Aug. 28, Sept. 1,1900) at points within five miles of Bellaire, all on the Ohio side of the river. Wooded hillsides, valleys, creek bottoms and shore and island of the river were worked during a part of each day and as the list in- cludes one hundred and forty-nine species, lit is probably fairly representative for the common species of the season. HOMOPTERA. Cicadidce. Cicada tibicen L. One specimen found dead. MembracidcB. Entilia sinuata Fab., Publilia concava Say, Ceresa diceros Say, Ceresa bubalus Fab., Thelia bimaculata Fab., Acutalis calva Say, Vanduzea arcuata Say. Fulgoridce. Scolops sulcipes Say, Scolops sp., Ormenis pruinosa Say, O. septentrionalis Fab., Amphiscepa bivitlataSay, Bruchomor- pha dorsata Fh., B. oculata Newmn., Issus ? sp. Pissonotus ater VanD., Stobera tricarinata Say, Stobera sj")., Liburnia campestris VanC, L. ornata Stal, Liburnia sp. Cercopidce. Lepyronia 4-angularis Say, Clastoptera obtusa Say, C. proteus Fh., C. xanthocephala Germ. Bythoscopidce. Macropsis apicalis O&B., Agallia sanguinolenta Prov., A. 4-punctata Prov., A. constricta VanD., A. novella Say, Idiocerus pallidus Fh., I. snowi G&B., I. verticis Say. Tettigonidce. Aulacizes irrorata Fab., Tettigonia bifida Say, T. tripunctata Fh., T. gothica Sign. T. hartii Wdw. (mss), Diedro- cephala coccinea Forst., D. mollipes Say, Helochara communis Fh., Gypona octolineata Say. Jassidce. Xestocephalus pulicarius VanD., X. tessellatus VanD., Platymetopius acutus Say, P. frontalis VanD., Deltocephalus sayi Fh., D. sylvestris O. & B., D. apicatus Osb., D. weedi VanD., D. ob- tectus O. & B., D. inimicus Say, D. flavicosta Stal, D. nigrifrons Forbes, Scaphoideus immistus Say, S. auronitens Prov., S. scalaris VanD., Athysanus curtisii Fh., A. (Limotettix) exitiosa Uhl., Athy- Sanella acuticauda Bak., Lonatura catalina O & B., Eutettix semi- nudus Say, Phlepsius irroratus Say, P. decorus O. «fe B., Thamnotet- tix clitellarius Say, Chlorotettix unicolor Fh., C. galbanata VanD., Jassus olitorius Say, Cicadula 6-notata Fall., C. punctifrons Fall. Gnathodus jDunctatus Thunb., G. abdominalis VanD., Empoasca smaragdula Fall., E. obtusa trifasciata Gill., E. mali LeB., Dicra- neura flavipennis Fab., Typhlocyba comes vitis Harr., T. comes 12 O. S. U. Naturalist [Nov. basilaris Say, T. conies comes Say, T. c. ziczac Walsh, T. obliqua Say, T. vuln'erata Say, T. tricinta Fh., T, trifascaita Say, T. querci bifasciata Gill., T. hartii Gill. Aphididce. Pemphigus populi transversus Riley, On Cotton- wood . Aleyrodidcp. Aleurodes sp. Abundant on Sycamore leaves. Coccidce. Chionaspis salicis Harr. HETEROPTERA. Cydnida'. One specimen as yet undetermined. Pentatomidce. Podisus cynicus Say, Brochymena annulata Fab., Cosmopepla carnifex Fab., Euschistus fissilis Uhl., E. tristigma Say, E. variolarius P. Beauv., Trichopepla semivittata Say, Thyanta <5ustator Fab., Coreidcc. Neides muticns Say, Jalysus spinosus Say, Corizus lateralis Say, C. nigristernum Sign.. C. bohemani Sign., (?) C. nove- boracensis Sign. Lygaeidfu. Nysius thynii Wolff, N. angustatus Uhl., Orsillacls producta Uhl., Ischnorhynchus didymus Zett., Blissns leucopterus Say, Cymus angustatus Stal. Geocoris limbatus Stal, G. fuliginosus Say, Myodocha serripes Oliv., Ligyrocoris sylvestris L., Ptochiomera nodosa Say, Lygaeus kalmii Stal, L. turcicus Fab. Capsidce. Megalocoerea debilis Uh. (?), Miris afflnis Rent., Compsocerocoris annulicornis Rent., Calocoris rapidus Say, Lygus pratensis L., L. plagiatus Uhl., Poecyloscytus basalis Rent., Camp- tobrochis nebulosus Uhl., Eccritotarsus elegans Uhl., Hyaliodes vitripennis Say. Episcopus ornatus Uh., Ilnacora stalii Rent., Pilo- phorus bifasciatus Fab , Malacocoris irroratus Say, Garganus fusi- formis Say, Halticus uhleri Giard, Styphrosoma stygica Say, Neo- borus laetus Uhl., Plagiognathus obscurus Uhl., Plagiognathus sp., Agalliastes associatus, Uhl. Acanthiida' Triphleps insidiosus Say. Tingitidai. Corythuca ciliata Say. Phymatidfv. Phymata fasciata Gray. Nabidfe. Coriscus ferus L, Beduviidce. Sinea diadema Fab., Acholla multispionosa DeG., Diplodus luridus Stal. Hygrotrechidce. Hygrotrechus remigis Say, Stephania picta H. -Schf. Saldidfc. Salda interstitial is Say. Corisidif. Corisa alternata Say. Of the above list nearly thirty liave not been recorded for the state hitherto and there are a few specimens which are as yet un- determined. 1900] Hine — Odonata of Ohio 13 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE "ODONATA OF OHIO." James S. Hine. Since the j)ublication of the Odonata of Ohio, there have been several species of dragonflies added to the State list, and we have had reasons to change our minds regarding the identity of two species at least. Enallagma Fischeri, Kellicott, is a synonym of Agrion antenna- tum, Say, consequently the species will henceforth be known as Enallagma antennatum. Say. Our Gomphus lividus, Selys, is Gomphus sordidus, Selys, and . Gomphus externus, Selys, is Gomphus crassus, Hagen. The following species have been added : 1. Lestes eurinus. Say, taken June 3, 1900, by E. B. Williamson in Portage County. Numbers of both males and females of the species were taken on Cedar Point, at Sandusky, July 10 of the present year. 2. Progomphus obscurus, Ramb., first taken at Ironton, June 1, 1899, by R. C. Osburn. The present year I took several specimens at Vinton, June 10th. 3. Gomphus abbreviatus, Hagen, (?) was taken at Loudonville, June 10, 1899, by J. B. Parker and R. C. Osburn. The species was common at the same locality June 14, of the present year. 4. Neurocordulia obsoleta. Say, has been taken at Cincinnati by Chas. Dury and his associates for three consecutive seasons. 5. Neurocordulia yamaskanensis, Prov., was procured on Rattle- snake Island in Lake Erie, June 28, 1900, by Prof. Osborn. 6. Nasifeschna pentacantha, Rambur, was taken near Kent, Ohio, June 21, 1900. In company with R. C. Osburn we procured three pairs of this sj)ecies. Others were seen. DRAGONFLIES TAKEN IN A WEEK. Raymond C. Osburn and James S. Hine. During the week beginning June 17th, we collected insects and fishes in the region of small lakes near Kent, Ohio. A list of the Odonata taken during that week is interesting, as it shows the rich- ness of the Odonat fauna of north-eastern Ohio and also the number of species of this group that may fly in a certain locality at the same time. 1. Calopteryx maculata, Beauv. 2. Colopteryx a?quabilis. Say. 3. Hetairina americana, Fabr. 14 0. S. U. Naturalist. [Nov. 4. Lestes uncatus, Kirby. 5. Lestes rectangularis, 8ay. 6. Lestes vigilax, Hagen. 7. Lestes inequalis, Walsh. 8. Argia putrida, Hagen. ~ 9. Agrla violacea, Hagen. 10. Argia tibialis, Rambur. 11. Argia apicalis, Say. 12. Erythromma conditum, Hagen. 13. Nehalennia posita, Hagen. 14. Nehalennia Irene, Hagen. 15. Ampliiagi'ion saucium, Burm. 16. Enallagma traviatum, Selys. 17. Enallac^ma civile, Hagen. 18. Enallagma carnnculatum, Morse. *" 19. Enallagma hageni, Walsh. 20. Enallagma geminatum, Kel. 21. Enallagma exsulans, Hagen. 22. Enallagma antennatum. Say. 23. Enallagma signatnm, Hagen. 24. Enallagma pollutum, Hagen. 25. Ischnura verticalis. Say. 26. Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis, Walsh. 27. Gomphus dilatatus, Rambur. 28. Gomphus quadricolor, Walsh. 29. Gomphus fraternus, Say. 30. Gomphus furcifer, Hagen, 31. Gomphus spicatus, Selys. 32. Gomphus sordidus, Selys. 33. Gomphus exilis, Selys. 34. Dromogomphus spinosus, Selys. 35. Anax Junius, Drury. 36. Basiseschna Janata, Say. 37. Episeschna lieros. Fab. as. ^schna verticalis, Hagen. 39. Nasiseschna pentacantha, Rambur. 40. Macroniia illinoiensis, Walsh. 41. Epicordulia princeps, Hagen. 42. Tetragoneuria cynosura. Say. 43. Tetragoneuria semiaqua, Burm. 44. Tramea lacerata, Hagen. 45. Libellula basalis. Say. 46. Libellula pulchella, Drury. 47. Libellula semifasciata, Burm. 48. Libellula exusta. Say. 49. Jjibellula incesta, Hagen. 1900] Additions to ilie Ohio Flora 15 50. Plathemis trimaculata, DeGeer. 51. Celitheniis eponina, Drury. 52. Celithemis elisa, Hagen. 53. Celithemis fasciata Kirby. 54. Leucorhinia intacta, Hagen. 55. Synipetrum rublcundulum, Say. 56. Perithemis domitia, Drury. 57. Mesothemis simplicicollis, Say. 58. Pachydiplax longipennis, Burm. Number 2 was taken for the second time in the State. The species was common along the Cuyahoga River, where both males and females were found resting on foliage near the water's edge or flitting nervously from one resting place to another. Number 27 is one of our rarer Gomphids. Only one specimen ■of the species was taken. Both male and female of 30 were taken. This is the first time the female of this species has been taken in Ohio. Number 39 was taken for the first time in Ohio. Three pairs of this fine species were taken. Two years ago I took males of number 48 at (Stewart's Lake. The species has not been taken in the State since until this year when we took both males and females at the same lake. Number 53 has been considered a very desirable species, but it seems that it is a common form in the lake region near Kent. About thirty specimens were procured. ADDITIONS TO THE OHIO FLORA. The Fourth State Catalogue of Ohio Plants published in April, 1899, by Kellerman, contained 2025 species of Cormophytes. In the first Annual Supplement, i^ublished April, 1900, 69 additions were made. The following 22 additional species therefore bring the total to 2116 plants growing without cultivation in the state. The numbers correspond to the Fourth State Catalogue so that those who desire can easily copy the additions and bring their catalogue up to date. 212a Bouteloua liirsuta Lag. Hairy Mesquite- grass. Ohio State University Campus, Columbus. F. J. Tyler. 212b Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. Mesquite-grass. Ohio State University Campus, Columbus. Alice Dufour. 25Sa Bromus asper Murr. Hairy Brome-grass (London, Mrs. K. D. Sharp, Coll., E. Monroe, Highland Co., W. A. Kellerman, Coll.) Alice Dufour. 265b Bromus breviaristatus (Hook.) Buckl. Short-awmed Chess. Ashtabula, (W. A. Kellerman, Coll.) Alice Dufour. 472a Wolffia braziliensis Wedd. Brazil Wolffia. Sandusky JBay. Abundant at times. R. F. Griggs. 16 0. S. U. Naturalist. [Nov. 538a Convallaria majalis L. Lily of the Valley. Abundantly escaped in Cemetery, Worthington. R. F. Griggs. 619a Salix nigra x amygdaloides. A. D. Selby, 8th Report Academy of Science, p. 22, and others. 629 Change 8. fluviatilis Nutt. to S. interior Rowlee. Rowlee in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 27: 247, 1900. 629a Salix interior var. wheeleri Rowlee. Cedar Point, W. A. Kellerman and R. F, Grigs. 636a Salix sericea x cordata. Ashtabula. (W. A. Kellerman Coll.) R. F. Griggs. 637a Salix peliolaris var. graciles. Toledo. (J. A. Sanford, Coll. 1879,) R. F. Griggs. 638a Salix Candida x cordata. Castalia, Erie County. R. F. Griggs. 864a Berberis aquilifolium. Pursh. (Mahonia aqnilifolium Nutt.) Seeding in Cemetery, Worthington. R. F. Griggs. 898b Diplotaxus muralis (L.) DC. Diplotaxus. Cleveland, Ohio. Wm. Krebs. 963 Philadelphus inodorus L. Mt. Pleasant, Jeflferson County. W. A. Kellerman. 1039a Crataegus cordata (Mill.) Ait. Washington Thorn. Steub- enville, Ohio. H. N. Mertz. 1045a Crataegus multipes n. sp. (W. W. Ashe in Bulletin 175 N. C. Experiment Station, August, 1900.) Ohio, E. E. Bogue, Coll. 1132a Dolichos lablab L. Hyacinth Bean. Escaped from cultiva- tion in several places in Columbus. . Found growing on vacant lots, surrounded by large weeds. John H. Schaffner. 1188a Rhus cotinusL. Escaped, Mt. Pleasant, Jefferson County. W. A. Kellerman. 1219a Ampeloijsis cordata Michx. Scioto County. Previously reported for Ohio. W. A. Kellerman. 1255 Lechea minor L. Steubenville, Ohio. H. N. Mertz. 1487a Gilia coronopifolia Pers. Growing in a cemetery near Madison, Lake County. Spreading slowly. F'. J, Tyler. J 729 Euphorbia lathyris L. Pomeroy, Meigs County. W. A. Kellerman. 1919a Polymnia canadensis var. radiata Gray. Cedar Point. Very abundant. R. F. Griggs. 1943a Helianthus maximiliani Schrad. Sandusky. A single plant along railroad tracks. R. F. Griggs, COLLECTING AND PRESERVING MICROSCOPIC PLANTS. Small plants like Desmids, Diatoms, etc., may be preserved in water, in homeopathic vials, provided a drop of carbolic acid is added to each bottle of material. In this way they will keep for a long time with very little change of color and contents. J. H. S. (Dl}io State HntDcrsity six distinct and independent Colleges, each with a Dean and Faculty of its own. AGRICULTURE, ARTS, LAW, THIRTY SEVEN DEPARTMENTS. ENGINEERING, PHARMACY, THIRTY DISTINCT COURSES. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Superior facilities for education in Applied Science. Short or special courses for mature students not candidates for degrees. One hundred and twenty.one instructors. Over thirteen hundred students. FINEST GYMNASIUM IN THE WEST. For further information address the President, Dr. W. O. Thompson, State University, Columbus. Ohio Forest Trees Identified by Leaves and Fruit. By W. A. Kellerman, Ph. D., Ohio State University. A neat pamphlet for every one who wishes to learn our native forest trees. Keys simple Description plain. Can learn the names of the trees easily. Price reduced from 25 cen ts to 10 centS . Also, The Fourth State Catalogue of Ohio Plants. Bound copies at cost of binding, namely 20 CentS. Gives list of scientific and common names ; distribution by counties. Teachers and others will also be interested in Prof. Kellerman's Phyto-theca or Herbarium Portfolio, Practical Studies in Elementary Botany, Elementary Botany with Spring Flora, all published by Eldredge & Bro., Philadelphia, to whom apply. For information or copies of Forest Trees and Catalogue or names of plant specimens of your region address W. A. Kellerman, Columbus, Ohio American Entomological Co. 1040 DE KALB AVENUE, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Lepidoptera Price List No. 2. — Price 5 cents If^^^tf^ Issued November 15th 1900. Dealers of all -r—. -.- kinds of . . . Entomological Suppies fnd"cSated°' ''^''"''."'' SCHMITT INSECT BOXES. Builders of INSECT CABINETS, ETC. The Twentieth Century Text Books of Biology. PLANT RELATIONS, l2mo, cloth . . . . . $1.10 PL.ANT STRUCTURES, 12mo, cloth 1.20 PLANT STUDIES, 12nio, cloth 1.20 PLANTS, l2mo, cloth 1.80 ANALYTICAL KEY TO PLANTS, l2mo, flexible cloth . . .75 All by JOHN MERLE COULTER, A. M., Ph. 0.. Head of Dept. of Botany, University of Chicago. They are already the preferred texts, and the reasons will be apparent on examination. ANIMAL LIFE : A First Book of Zoology. By DAVID S. JORDAN, M. S., M. D , Ph. D., LL. D., President of the Leland Stanford Jun- ior University, and VERNON L. KELLOGG, M. S., Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. IZmo. Cloth, $1.20. Now ready. Not a book for learning the classification, anatomy, and nomenclature af ani}nals, but to shoiv how animals reached their present develo/itnejit, the effects of environment, their place iti Nature, their relations to one atwther and to the hutnan race. Designed for one-lialf year's "work in high schools. Setid for sample pages. KWSAKl. FORMS: A Second Book of Zoology. By DAVID S. JORDAN, M. S., M. D., Ph. D , LL. D., and HAROLD HEATH, Ph. D., Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. Ready in February, igoi. D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, Publishers, New York, Chicago, Londcm. Recent Scientific Works TN Astronomy, Dr. Simon Newcomb's new book, pub- ■'• lished October, 1900; in Physics, the Johns Hopkins text of Professors Rowland and Ames ; also in Physics for second and third year high school work, the text of Dr. Hoadley, of Swarthmore; in Physiology, the text by Drs. Macy and Norris, based on the Nervous System ; also the High School Physiology indorsed by the W. C. T. U., written by Dr. Hewes, of Harvard University; in Geology, the Revised " Compend" of Dr. Le Conte, and the two standard works of Dana,— The Manual for Uni- versity Work, and the New Text Book, revision and rewriting of Dr. Rice, for fourth year high school work; in Chemistry, the approved Storer and Lindsay, recom- mended for secondary schools by , the leading colleges; in Zoology, the Laboratory Manual of Dr. Needham, of Cornell; and the Series •• Scientific Memoirs" edited by Dr. Ames, of Johns Hopkins. Nine volumes ready. The publishers cordially invite correspondence. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, CiNCiNNATr ^ ..O- CA^v^^^l-^T THE O. S. U. naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EDITORIAL STAFF Editor-in-chief — JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, A. M., M. S. AssciATB Editors : Advisory Board : Zoology-Y. L. LANDACRE, B. Sc. PROFESSOR W. A. KELLERMAN. Ph. D. Department of Botany. Botany—^. J. TYLER, B. Sc. PROFESSOR HERBERT OSBORN, M. Sc. Geology—]. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. Department of Zoology. Archaeology-^. C. MILLS, B. Sc. PROFESSOR J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. Ornithology--R. F. GRIGGS. Department of Geology. Volume I. December, 1900 Number 2 COLUMBUS, OHIO PRESS OF HANN <4 ADAIR THE O. S. U. NATURALIST A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohio. The official organ of The Biological Club of the Ohio State University. Published monthly during the academic year, from Novem- ber to June (8 numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign countries, 75 cents. Single copies 10 cents. John H. Schaffner, Editor. F. J. Tyler, Subscriptions. R. F. Griggs, Advertising Agent. Address THE O. S. U. NATURALIST, Ohio State University, COLUMBUS, OHIO. CONTENTS Feeding Habits of the Scarlet Flamingo 17 J. C. Hambleton Aggressive Character and Economic Aspect of the White Heath Aster 19 W. A, Kellertnan Qeophilous Plants of Ohio 21 F. J. Tyler Notes Economic and Taxonomic on the Saw Brier, Smilax QIauca 24 W. A. Kellertnan. Meetings of the Biological Club 27 News and Notes 28 Entered at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, as second-class matter, November 20, 1900. (D. S. U. ZtaturaUs PUBLISHED BY THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Vol. U DECEMBER, 1900. No. 2 FEEDING HABITS OF THE SCAELET FLAMINGO. J. C. HAMBIiETON. One of the favorite winter haunts of Phoenicopterus ignipalliatus is found on the sandy beaches that abound on the west coast of South America, at about latitude 42° South. On the north coast of the large island of Chiloe, there are several places of this sort where these beautiful birds may be seen in flocks of hundreds during the months of June, July and August, the winter months in that region. I remember the first time I walked over one of their favorite resorts. It was on the Pudeto river, near the small town of Ancud. The tides here are rather high owing to the formation of the bay, and as a consequence it enters the river and floods great stretches of sand that border the left bank. As the tide goes out the flamingos may be seen here hj hundreds. The first time I visited the place the tide had been out some hours and there were no birds to be seen. I was disapiDointed for the trip had been made for that special purpose. However my attention was soon attracted to long rows of small hillocks of sand, or rather, to be more exact, circvilar ditches in the sand that appeared to have been made while the water was still present. These were about two or two and one-half feet in diameter by five or six inches wide and three or four inches deep. This, of course, gave the central portion the appearance of a small hill about eigliteen or twenty inches in diameter. Upon inquiry I could get no information — no one had any idea how or by whom they had been made. A few days later the mystery was solved wdien a second visit was made to the place at a more propitious moment. Upon approaching to within a few hundred yards of where a regiment of these scarlet beauties was lined up, tlie birds took flight and it was then that I discovered who were the authors of my mys- terious little hills. By subsequent observations I found that the birds took their stand in the water when it was about a foot and a half deep, and at more or less regular intervals about eight or ten feet apart. Here 18 0. S. U. Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 2 they remained stationary and turned round and round with their heads under water, catching the small crustacians that seem to be their principal diet. The form of their beak is such that when it is placed on the ground the upper mandible is underneath. This being large and strong, soon opens up the circular depression that first called my attention. Before the tide is all out they usually leave because the crustaceans have by this time hidden in the sand. The flamingo frequents this coast only during the winter months and consequently does not nest here, nor is it known to nest west of the Andes mountains. Tlieir nests and young, however, have been observed in great numbers in the small lakes of brackish water that abound on the plains of Patagonia east of the mountains. Undoubt- edly these are the same birds that sj^end their winters in Chile, the lofty Andes proving no barrier to their flight. There are many roads by which they can pass, the mountains being intercepted by frequent rivers that empty into the Pacific, and have their origin beyond the snow-covered Andes, in the plains of the Argentine Eei)ublic. AGGRESSIVE CHARACTER AND ECONOMIC ASPECT OF THE WHITE HEATH ASTER. W. A. Kellerman. (Plate 3.) The White Heath Aster (Aster ericoides) is an indigenous species whose distribution is given in our manuals as "Canada, Florida, and the Mississippi," " Maine and Ontario to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Kentucky," and "South New England to Minnesota and south- ward," theivariety pilosus "mainly in the Western States." It is one of the commonest Asters throughout Ohio, occurring doubtless in every county in our State. The variety pilosus seems to be the common form in our region, and may be seen growing in rich and poor soil with almost equal thrift, and occurring in all habitats except the woods and swamps. Its capacity for adaptation to the advance of civilization is remarkable, and this occasions the remark now very generally heard among the farmers that it is a "new weed in the region," " not known here five years ago," " just came all at once," " the latest and worst weed we have," and other expressions of similar import. As a matter of fact, the roadsides in many places are lined with it, fields with a poor stand of clover, timothy, or blue grass are com- pletely covered with it, and all waste places, vacant lots, and neg- lected spots are profusely decorated with the same. The plant is a rather coarse weed ; but in spite of this fact it is somewhat attractive because of the masses of green foliage and the white flowers that become prominent before the summer is gone, and last throughout the early and middle autumn. The stems are tough () S. r. Natikam^i. riaie 3. .C^^'4 y r-" .4 * *] KKV.LHKAIAX <>X ASTKR. Dec, 1900] Kellerman— White Heath Aster. 19 and wiry and this gives the local name '' Steelweed," a common designation in Adams County and adjoining regions. It is said by some, however, that this name is given it "because the flowers are the color of bright steel." Another name frequently applied in the localities mentioned is "Bee-plant" for reasons suggested in the name itself, and still another is " Stickweed," for which I could learn no explanation. Other common names which Britton enum- erates are Frost-weed, Michaelmas Daisy, Farewell Summer, "White Bosemary, Dog-fennel, Mare's-tail, and Scrub-bush. Though complaint against this plant is universal in some sec- tions, it is not, I think, well founded in all cases. It has some merits now and then acknowledged by those who are close observers. The allegations pro and con may be summarized as follows: First, the statement is made that it is " driving out every other grass" and "invading" the whole country. It is certainly more abundant than it was before the country was cleared and cultivated ; yet after all but little of it is seen in good pastures and vigorous meadows, and none at all in ground that is under thorough and con- stant cultivation. It has not the aggressiveness possessed by some of our weeds, but it does quickly take possession of neglected and fallow ground. It does not spread extensively or rapidly by under- ground stems as do some of the Compositae. It has simply short rootstocks for this purpose. Its mode of multiplication by this means is illustrated in the figures shown in Plate 3. These are from photographs taken late in November, and indicate the preparation fciie plant makes for the next season's work. The specimens num- bered 1 and 2 had been mowed to the ground during the summer. But this instead of killing the plants stimulated their propensity to vegetative multiplication. The result was therefore the opposite of what the farmer intended. Figure 3 shows a plant undisturbed dur- ing the growing period, and its energies active and latent were almost entirely exhausted in producing flowers and seed. Let the plants alone then rather than shear their tops, and the sooner will they exhaust themselves. It is true, as the figures plainly suggest, that this Aster is not a difficult one to eradicate. While the roots are numerous, they are not long; and even the shallowest plowing or ordinary cultivation will effectually destroy the plant. As to multiplication by seed germination, it needs simply to be remembered that good or even fair cultivation of the soil will prevent this weed from growing, and that many si^ecies of weeds will get in old meadows and pastures as rapidly as the cultivated grasses are killed by excessive grazing or the casualties of season and climate. In the second place the weed is charged with the heinous crime of " killing stock." Thorough inquiry in different localities estab- lished the fact that this plant, eaten to considerable extent late in 20 0. S. U. Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No, 2 the season by cattle and horses it is true, does damag-e perhaps only as the consumption of an excessive amount of almost any kind of dry and comparatively innutritions vegetable matter might do. It is said to be especially binding, and the constipation no doubt was a factor in bringing about the fatal results that were cited. While stock will eat the plant when at hand they take but little of it if nutritious grasses can be found. A very intelligent and observant farmer, however, was seen cutting and burning the plants which covered his pastures to save his stock— his neighbor by carelessness in this respect, he averred, having lost some valuable horses. On the other hand this White Heath Aster is an important bee- plant. Bees will " work on it the whole day," and the plant is in bloom from middle or late summer to late autumn. The honey made is white, and has a strong tendency " to turn to sugar." One farmer who has two hundred and fifty stands of bees, now that this Bee-plant is well established as a sure crop, will sow no more buck- wheat for his bees. I have said this species is becoming excessively abundant in some (hilly) portions of southern Ohio. It can well be regarded as "a great boon " merely because it is a soil-binder of marked efficiency. It prevents the destructive washing of the hillsides in tlie Fall, open winter and early spring. Such a plant would not be needed to a great extent, were methods and habits of cultivation perfect or in a high state of development; but this phase of the economic aspect of the case must at present be insisted on. Finally it may be said that as a fertilizer this Steel-weed takes a high rank. It is regarded by observant farmers as but slightly inferior to a crop of clover. It does not decompose when turned under as quickly as clover, but that it yields plant-food and an- swers well the mechanical purposes of a coarse fertilizer, testimony is unanimous and apparently conclusive. Explanation of Plate 3. — Aster ericoides pilosus, reproduced from photographs taken late in November. Figures 1 and 2 show plants with abundant, and Figure 3, with few young shoots close to the ground. Plants shown in Figures 1 and 2 had the tops removed in summer. Figure 3 shows the common appearance at the end of the growing season of undisturbed plants. Dec, 1900] Tyler — Geophilous Plants. 21 GEOPHILOUS PLANTS OF OHIO. F. J. Tylee. Geophilous — meaning earth loving— is a term which has recently- been applied to such plants as have some special adaption, which enables them to withdraw beneath the surface of the ground when adverse conditions, such as extreme heat and drouth, cold, etc.^ overtake them. Such adaptions may be classified as Rhizomes, Bulbs, Corms, Crowns. Rhizomes are underground stems and like other stems may be simple or branched. The branched rhizome is, however, the most common form since it combines vegetative reproduction with the other advantages of a rhizome habit. The Brake Fern (Pteris aqui- lina L.) is an example of a much branched rhizome and Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum biflorum Ell.) of a nearly simple rhizome. The stem of a rhizomatous plant may remain permanently underground, as is the case with all ferns except the tree ferns of the tropics. An annual stem is, however, usually sent to the surface and this may be a lateral branch from the main subterranean stem or it may be a continuation of the rhizome, in wliich case the next year's rhizome will be a lateral branch and thus the whole rhizome will be made up of a number of distinct segments. Various members of the Iris group are good examples of this. In at least one genus of Ohio plants— Smilax— there are some members having both a per- ennial woody stem and a well developed rhizome. It may be that these plants are leaving the rhizome habit and are taking up the woody stem liabit. Perliaps in most cases rhizome plants became such through the gradual covering of trailing stems. It is a protection and a saving- of building material to a plant if its stems are trailing or creeping, still more so if they are covered by leaf mould or soil. If rhizome plants were once trailers there should be every gradation between the two and so we find. The Trailing Wahoo is a good example of this, since some of its stems are often covered by leaf mould or soil while others are on the surface or some inches above. Many of the Ericaceae are in this transition stage between trailers and geophytes. The Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens L.) has a long, creeping stem which is often or usually covered by leaf mould. It roots freely and sends up perennial woody branches to the surface. It is hard to say in such cases whether the plant is geophilous or not. 22 0. S. U. Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 2 Many geophilous plants of the rhizome type were doubtless once crown formers and here again we find a transition stage which con- tains every gradation between the two groups. The Compositte are mostly ci'own formers, but some are true rhizome plants and some are transitional. The advantages of a rhizome habit are very apparent. The first and most important advantage is the protection fron^ frost which this habit affords. By taking up this habit many plants have been able to withstand a climate, which would otherwise i^rove fatal. The Alpine Willow is an example. Rhizomes are often storehouses for food and become swollen and distorted in consequence. Vege- tative propagation is usually combined with the geophilous habit and with great advantage to the plant. In most cases a rhizome dies off at the back as fast as it grows in front so that any part of it lives a definite number of years. The individual segments of the Solomon's Seal, for instance, live from three to five years. In this way a branch soon becomes a separate plant. In some cases, how- ever, the rhizome may live for many years and thus hundreds of seemingly independent plants may be connected beneath the surface of the ground. The Brake Fern (Pteris aquilina L.) is of this class and an entire hillside may be covered with a much branched speci- men of this plant. A plant which has no means of migration when it has exhausted the nearby food supply is manifestly at a disadvantage when com- pared with a progressive rliizome plant which moves every year into a new and fresh location. To be sure, the distance it travels may not be far but it is enough to remove the plant from an ex- hausted position and from its wornout and useless tissue. Thus this group of plants may be said to have found the secret of potential immortality, for, unless some catastrophe overtakes them, they may live indefinitely and remain young. It is interesting in this con- nection, to note how far some of these plants travel in a century. This may be calculated in a general way by measuring the annual growth in length of the rhizome. Solomon's Seal travels from twelve to twenty feet in this length of time, Uvularia perfoliata L- from eight to ten feet, Onoclea sensibilis L. from three hundred to five hundred feet, and others still farther. The Iris group are exceptions, in that they travel in a circle- The reason seems to be that the lateral branches which continue the rhizome from year to year mosWy arise on the same side of the terminal bud, so that each branch goes off at a slight angle to the former branch. The degree of angle determines the size of the resulting circle. One class of rhizome plants is very distinct and requires especial mention. This class may be termed upright or retrogressive rhizome plants. The upright rhizome may originate from a progressive rhizome, or from a crown former or in some other Dec, 1900] Tyler— Geophilous Plants. 23 way. Trillium nivale Riddell is in a transitional stage between the progressive and retrogressive classes, since the large rhizomes are upright and the young lateral branches are progressive until they have traveled some distance away from the parent rhizome, when they too, become upright. The lower Ferns (Ophioglossace^e) belong to this class. The disadvantage of this habit is that the rhizome will soon grow out of the ground and be in a very exposed condition. To counteract this tendency the roots of these plants are usually strongly contractile and pull the rhizome down into the ground as fast as it grows out. Skunk Cabbage (Spathyema foetida (L.) Raf.) has an upright rhizome and root contraction is very marked. The very apparent disadvantages of the retrogressive or upright rhizome habit have made this class very few in number compared with the progressive rhizome class. In Ohio there are about 475 species of rhizome plants and less than twenty-five of these belong to the retro- gressive class. This class is closely related to the corm plants, indeed, all that is needed to make the typical corm out of a retro- gressive rhizome plant, such as Trillium nivale, is to shorten and make more definite the annual growth of the rhizome. The bulb is usually a vei'y short, upright rhizome with many thickened scales. The bulb of Lilium martagon is of this kind but that of Lilium cana- dense is more closely related to the progressive rhizomes. The parent bulb sends out one or more thick rhizomes which grow out- ward if the bulb is at the normal depth, downward if the bulb is too near the surface of the ground and the new bulbs are formed by the shortening of the outer end and the growth and thickening of the scales of the rhizome. Both bulbs and corms may be regarded as rhizomes modified to suit peculiar conditions, such as a long, dry, heated period alternat- ing with a short, rainy period. A plant to survive under such conditions must be able to start up very quickly as soon as the rains come, and flower and mature its seeds before the drouth again over- takes it. A large amount of food material must be stored up by the plant in order to do this, and the food material must be kept from drying or burning up during the heated period. Bulbs and corms* protected as they usuallj^ are by dry and coriaceous coverings, ans- wer these requirements and are usually abundant in localities where these conditions obtain. Bulb and corm plants are also well fitted to live in dense woods where the light is soon shut off in the Spring by the expanding leaves of the ti'ees. They are able to spring up very early, flower and ripen seeds before the light is shut off. The food supply which enables them to do this is often protected by acrid or poisonous principals developed in the bulb or corm. Pepper-root (Dentaria laciniata Muhl.) and Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Arisaema tri- phyllum [L.] Torr.) are examples. 24 0. S. U. Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 2 Crown plants, while not true geophytes, are often closely related to rhizome plants and may be regarded as transitional. They are formed by the freezing back of the upright stem to the surface of the ground, and the survival of the short stem beneath the surface until the next Spring when it sends out ]>ranches from adventitious buds. In this way several branches are sent up where there was one before, and, as this crowds and injures the plant, these branches usually move out some distance from the base of the parent plant before coming to the surface. The connection with the main stem is often severed, and thus many new plants are formed. All this rarely takes place in the Spring but has been shifted back to late Summer or Fall by the parent plant. Often a food supply is stored up for the young plants by the parent. Helianthus tuberosus L. is a good example. Vegetative propagation is brought to its highest development in this class and they become our worst weeds. NOTES ECONOMIC AND TAXONOMIC ON THE SAW BRIER, SMILAX GLAUCA. W. A. Kellerman. (Plate*.) In a recent trip through some of the southern counties of the State my attention was arrested by the enormous quantity of Smilax glauca — Glaucous-leaf Brier as given by Britton in the Illustrated Flora — but generally and appropriately called in these I'egions where so abundant, the Saw Brier. In the sandy soil of Hocking Countyi thence southward to the Ohio River this plant may be seen growing in field and pasture, by roadside and on hillside, and everywhere ex- cept in wet soils and dense woods. It climbs over fences and high bushes, displaying its bright foliage of lively green, more effective by contrast with the abundant white bloom on the under side. In the Autumn it presents showy wreaths of black but glaucous-coated berries and the most gorgeous coloration of foliage. The leaves remain for the most part late in Fall and Winter, and for brilliant and delicate shades of rose and red are not surpassed by any plant of our entire flora. The forbidding aspect of the long, wiry stems, with their bristly covering of long, saw-like or needle-shaped prickles, serves also to distinguish this plant even among the attractive associates of its kingdom, A Bad Weed. — As a weed this species here stands at the head of the list. Its horrid prickles make it one of the most disagreeable plants with which to come in contact. It revels in the pastures and clambers over the fences; it flourislios in the meadows and fields, and no ordinary practice of crop-cultivation interferes with its Dec, 1900] Kellerman — Saw Brier. 25 luxuriance. One can readily see that it is not carelessness on the part of the farmer that suffers half or still larger portions of his fields to be covered with this pestiferous vine. No other weed is seen in the area and therefore he has been diligent and careful in his tillage. The meadows even if twice or thrice mowed in a season will yet contain year to year the same quantity of Saw Brier. The stems spring up quickly, and grow "a foot in a night" the people say; surely the Saw Brier is the freshest plant in the field. In a case specially noticed a garden spot had been put in cultivation in 1873, and has been continually and thoroughly cultivated every year since, yet the Saw Brier is there to-day. The Underground Parts.— This tenacity of life and luxur- iance of growth can be understood when the underground parts are examined. There are numerous irregular and often large tubers or enlargements which serve as the capacious storeliouse of nourish- ment. They are often of fantastic shape. Various forms are shown in figure 1, plate 4. These occur at irregular intervals on the long and tortuous subterranean stems. It is said that they may be found several feet below the surface, thougli the eight specimens shown on the plate were found at a depth of six to twelve inches. If they all could be removed from the soil the weed would of course be practi- cally annihilated. But when found at a depth of several feet — as seen sometimes in making excavations for foundations, walls, etc. — it is evident that the farmer will have to mal?:e extraordinary and long-continued efforts to destroy this pest. The less courageous may well be appalled in contemplating the herculean task. Fortunately swine are fond of the nutritious tubers, and voraciously devour them when they are given the freedom of the field and allowed to indulge in their natural propensities. Heavy coating of manure and winter plowing are also indicated. Variations in the Leaves. — This form is easily recognized among tlie several species of Smilax indigenous to Ohio, though the leaves vary in size and shape to a remarlvable degree. A large num- ber of the common forms are sliown in figure 2, plate 4. They are sometimes very broadly cordate-oval, wider than long; often ovate- cordate, oval or ovate, lance-oval, oblong to oblong-ovate, broadly to narrowly lanceolate and even linear; they are mostly cuspidate at tlie apex, in some cases tapering co acute or sub-acuminate. The base is mostly cordate and subcordate, but occasionally taj)ering- It is seldom that forms api^roaching halberd-shape occur in our region. An inspection of plate 4 will illustrate these several forms. The twig with fruit marked 6, bears a very common form of the leaf as does also the one marked 1. The broad-leaf form is not uncom- mon, but the very broad-leaf as seen in specimens marlted 3 and 5 is of much less frequent occurrence. The very narrow leaves are as a rule borne on short stems — such as have developed in fields and 26 0, S. U. Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 2 meadows where the earlier stems have been destroyed or disturbed. But often on sucli stems (marked 1) the leaves are broad and have the natural shape. Size of Leaves. — The size of the leaves is strikingly variable. The specimens shown on plate 4 being reproduced from photographs exhibit correctly this variability. Careful measurements also were made of leaves taken at random from hundreds selected to illustrate this point. These since they give both the length and width of the leaf demonstrate the shape as well as the size. The measurements are in decimeters and one hundred of tliem are as follows : 12x11.5 11x10.5 12x11 13x10.6 11x12 12.5x11.2 12.2x10 12x11 11x11 11.5x11.1 11x10.8 12x11.5 12x10.6 13x11 12x11 11.5x10.8 12x11.8 12.5x9.5 12x9.5 12x11 11x11.8 12.2x9.8 11.5x10 13.5x10.5 11.5x9.6 8x5.5 9x6 9.2x6.5 8x5.5 9x7 8.5x7;5 7.5x4.5 8.5x6.2 9x7 8.5x6 7.5x5.5 8.6x5.4 8x6 9x6 8.5x6 8.5x5.8 9.8x6.4 9x7.3 8.3x5.8 9x6.5 9.9x7.6 8.2x4.6 8.5x6 8.8x6 9.5x7 11.1x2.2 9x2 9x3.5 8x1.5 6x0.7 8x1.5 7x1.8 6.8x2 7.5x2.2 5.5x2.5 7.6x2.2 7.8x2 6.5x2 7x0.8 8.4x0.7 8x1.4 8.5x2 9x3.5 9.5x3.8 8x4 7x2.8 8x3.8 4.5x1 7x2.2 7x3.2 6.2x2.5 8.2x2.8 6.5x2.2 5.5x2.9 7.3x2.7 8x1.8 9.5x1.9 9.5x2.2 8.4x2.2 8x2.5 7.8x2.2 7.3x2.8 6x1.7 5.3x1.6 8x3.4 7.5x2.5 6x2.5 6x2.8 6x2.6 7x2.8 8.4x3 9.8x3.5 10x3.5 9.6x3.8 7.5x1.7 9.4x2.5 Description of the Leaf. — Neither the description as given originally (1787) by Walter nor those contained in our Manuals give any intimation of such variability as actually occurs. Some of them are as follows: Walter says "foliis oblongo-cordatis " ; Wood, " ovate, finally nearly orbicular, abruptly contracted at one end "; Gray, "ovate, rarely subcordate, abruptly mucronate"; Britton, " ovate, acute or cuspidate at the apex, sometimes cordate at the base. " I would suggest the following as applicable to the Ohio specimens : Leaves mostly ovate^ often broadly oval ( occasionally broader than long), sometimes oblong-ovate, varying to lanceolate or even linear ; the base mostly sub-cordate but often cordate or even cuneate ; the apex cuspidate to acute or sub-acuminate. Smii^ax spinulosa. — Britton and Brown in the illustrated Flora, 1 : 440, appends to the description of Smilax glauca the follow- ing paragraph: ''Smilax spinulosa J. E. Smith, is a form with numerous small prickles on the lower part of the stem, and more elongated, sometimes hall)erd-shaped leaves. It occurs in southern New York, but is not well understood." However Smilax spinulosa O. S. U. NaTI KALIST. Plate 4. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. KKM.KKMAV OX s:\IlLA\'. Dec, 1900] Kellerman — Saw Brier. 27 is given by these authors as a synonym of Smilax glauca, which according' to my judgment is correct. Smilax Spinulosa an Extreme Form op S. Glauca.— The material secured recently fortunately clears up the case unless I misapprehend the purport of the above quotation. The " more elongated leaves " spoken of may find their counterpart in the figures on plate 4, and yet there can be no question thati they belong to Smilax glauca. The twigs bearing thein were in many cases found attached to the same underground stems that bore the broad leaves. Even at a glance the identity of the specimens in the field covxld not be mistaken; all their characters showed that they were really Smilax glauca. In herbarium specimens that have been preserved every gradation may be seen between the extremes sliown in the plate. These specimens also show in some cases underground stems that bear both leaves and twigs witli leaves of the broader form. As a rule in the cornfields where the soil is not rich and crop-cultivation has been diligent the narrower leaves (on sliorter stems) are com- mon. In richer cornfields, and in meadows, especially if quite fertile, the short stems are clothed with the broader leaves. Abundant evidence was at hand to demonstrate that this form with " more elongated leaves " (S.spinulosa) is directly connected with the form called S. glauca by the taxonomists. Its peculiarities are doubtless referable to the special environment; in no case could these appar- ently aberrant specimens be called a specific or even varietal form. Explanation of Plate 4. — Smilax glauca. Figure 1: Eight specimens of tubers repro- duced from photographs and much reduced. Fig. 2. Twigs ( 1-6) bearing leaves of varying shapes also separate leaves ( 7-56 ) illustrating variation in shape and size. MEETINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB. October 1st, 1900, Botanical Hall. This evening was spent in the giving of reports on work done during the summer vacation. Osborn, Mills, Griggs, Tyler, Miss Dufour, Schaffner and Hine gave reports. Seven names were pro- posed for membership. The motion by Professor Osborn to hold the meetings of the current year in Biological Hall was carried. Hine, Morse and Miss Dufour were appointed a nominating committee to select officers for the year. November 5th, 1900. Members assembled in Biological Hall. President Schaffner called the meeting to order. Officers were elected as follows: Osborn president, Tyler vice-president, Hine secretary. Long, Wyman, Ball, Hambleton and Dunlap were elected to membership. 28 0. S. U. Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 2 The retiring president, Professor Scliaffner, gave the address of the evening. He had for his subject " The Life History and Cytology of Erythronium." Landacre and others took part in a discussion of the paper. J. S. H. NEWS AND NOTES. The tenth annual meeting of the Ohio State Academy of Science ■will be held at the Ohio State University, Columbus, on December 26 and 27, 1900. Petioles of the Cottonwood.— The leaves of the Cotton- wood as well as some other species of Populus have an interesting light relation. If one looks at a vigorous shoot, the leaves are seen to be arranged in the profile position around the stem. This is accomplished by means of a very simple device. The petiole is much flattened next to the blade and is quite flexible. The flatten- ing is transverse to the plane of the blade and on this account the leaf will assume the vertical position, no difference in what way it is attached or twisted. This adaptation is also respon- sible for the musical rustle one hears when resting in the shade of the Cottonwood. The leaves are very smooth and nearly alike on both sides. Because of these and other adaptations, the Cottonwood is one of the most successful of our semi-xerophytic trees and one of the last stragglers to be found in the western part of the great plains, J. H. S. (Dl}io State Hnirersity ix distinct and independent Colleges, each with a Dean and Faculty of Us own. AGRICULTURE, ARTS, LAW, THIRTY SEVEN DEPARTMENTS. ENGINEERING, PHARMACY, THIRTY DISTINCT COURSES. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Superior facilities for education in Applied Science. Short or special courses for mature students not candidates for degrees. One hundred and twenty. one instructors. Over thirteen hundred students. FINEST GYMNASIUM IN THE WEST. For further information address the President, Dr. W. O. Thompson, State University, Columbus. Ohio Forest Trees Identified by Leaves and Fruit. By W. A. Kellbrman, Ph. D., Oliio State University. A neat pamphlet for every one who wishes to learn our native forest trees. Keys simple Description plain. Can learn the names of the trees easily. Price reduced from 25 cents to.. . . . lO centS. Also, The Fourth State Catalogue of Ohio Plants. Bound copies at cost of binding, namely 20 CentS- Gives list of scientific and common names ; distribution by counties. Teachers and others will also be interested in Prof. Kellerman's Phyto-theca or Herbarium Portfolio, Practical Studies in Elementary Botany, Elementary Botany with Spring Flora, all published by Eldredge & Bro., Philadelphia, to whom apply. For information or copies of Forest Trees and Catalogue or names of plant specimens of your region address ■ W. A. Kellerman, Columbus, Ohio American Entomological Co. 1040 DE KALE AVENUE, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Lepidoptera Price List No. 2. — Price 5 cents t^^B^uy^s Issued November ISth- 1900. Dealers of all .^^ -_ k.nds of . . . Entomological Suppies fnTS/aTeV.' '!'^°"''"^' SCHMITT INSECT BOXES. Builders of INSECT CABINETS, ETC. •ii N^v^ % The Twentieth Century Text Books of Biology. X PLANT RELATIONS, 12mo, cloth $1.10 PL,ANT STRUCTURES, 12mo, cloth 1.20 PLANT STUDIES, 12mo, cloth 1.20 PLANTS, 12mo, cloth 1.80 ANALYTICAL KEY TO PLANTS, l2mo, flexible cloth . . .75 All by JOHN MERLE COULTER. A. M., Ph. D.. Head of Dept. of Botany, University of Chicago. 2'hey are already the preferred texts, and the reasons will be apparent on examination. ANIMAL LIFE : A First Book of Zoology. By DAVID S. JORDAN, M. S., M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., President of the Leland Stanford Jun- ior University, and VERNON L. KELLOGG, M. S., Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. 12mo. Cloth, $1.20. Now ready. Not a book for learning the classification, anatojny, and nomenclature af animals, but to shoiv how anitnals reached their present dez'eloptnent, the effects of environment, their place in Nature, their relations to one another and to the human race. Designed for one-half year's ivork in high schools. Send for sample pages. ANIMAL FORMS: A Second Book of Zoology. By DAVID S. JORDAN, M. S., M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., and HAROLD HEATH, Ph. D., Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. Ready in February, igoi . D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, Publishers, New York, Chicago, London. Recent Scientific Works TN Astronomy, Dr. Simon Newcomb's new book, pub- ■*• lishecl October, 1900; in Physics, the Johns Hopkins text of Professors Rowland and Ames ; also in Physics for second and third year high school work, the text of Dr. Hoadley, of Swarthmore; in Physiology, the text by Drs. Macy and Norris, based on the Nervous System ; also the High School Physiology indorsed by the W. C. T. U., written by Dr. Hewes, of Harvard University; in Geology, the Revised •' Compend" of Dr. Le Conte, and the two standard works of Dana,— The Manual for Uni- versity Work, and the New Text Book, revision and rewriting of Dr. Rice, for fourth year high school work ; in Chemistry, the approved Storer and Lindsay, recom- mended for secondary schools by , the leading colleges; in Zoology, the Laboratory Manual of Dr. Needham, of Cornell; and the Series •• Scientific Memoirs" edited by Dr. Ames, of Johns Hopkins. Nine volumes ready. The iDublishers cordially invite correspondence. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, Cincinnati v^^ ^^•^^^^v JY THE OHIO naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EDITORIAL STAFF Editor-in-chief — JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, A. M., M. S. Associate Editors : Advisory Board : Zoology-F. L. LANDACRE, B. Sc. PROFESSOR W. A. KELLERMAN. Ph. D. Department of Botany. Botany— F. J. TYLER, B. Sc. PROFESSOR HERBERT OSBORN, M. Sc. Geo/osy—]. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. Department of Zoology. Archaeology-'^. C. MILLS, B. Sc. PROFESSOR J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. Ornithology-^. F. GRIGGS. Department of Geology. Volume I. January, I90I Number 3 COLUMBUS, OHIO PRESS OF HANN & ADAIR THE OHIO NATURALIST A journal devoted more esp)ecially to the natural history of Ohio. The official organ of The Biological Club of the Ohio State University. Published monthly during the academic year, from Novem- ber to June (8 numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign countries, 76 cents. Single copies 10 cents. John H. Sohaffner, Editor. F. J. Tyler, Subscriptions. R. F. Griggs, Advertising Agent. THE OHIO NATURALIST, Ohio State University, COLUMBUS, OHIO. CONTENTS Notes on the Self=pruning of Trees 29 John H. Scbaffner and Fred. J. Tyler Plant Names Commemorative of Ohio Botanists 33 Clara Armstrong The Maximum Height of Plants II 39 John H. Scbaffner Campus Birds 40 Robert F. Griggs Minor Plant Notes No. 1 46 W. A. Kellerman. News and Notes 48 £I7C (Dt^io Zlaturalist PUBLISHED BY THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Vol. I. JANUARY, J90I No. 3 t NOTES ON THE SELF-PRUNING OF TREES. John H. Schaffneb and Fred J. Tyler. In a dense forest of growing trees the smaller, side branches of the main stem, as well as those of the larger branches, are continu- ally dying off. But the tree rids itself of these dead branches by forming a collar of tissue from the cambium layer around the base of the branch, which presses more tightly as layer after layer of living wood is added, until the branch finally falls off and the hole which is left is grown over in a short time. This process is known as natural pruning. But the process which we wish to consider is very different from this, and we desire to distinguish it by the term, self-pruning. In this case the living branches are cut off or else the cutting-off process is the cause of the death of the branch. A special adaptation is provided to accomplish the result and the pro- cess is one whose purpose is the shedding of the branches rather than the attempt to accommodate the plant to conditions of injury brought about by other causes. In a number of species perfectly formed winter buds were developed on the branches which were shed, and so far as our observations go, the twigs are cast in the fall and winter. Although the shedding of branches is well known, especially in the conifers, not as much notice has been taken of it as we think it deserves. We have been taking observations for several years and have been partly anticipated by Dr. Bessey in a note in Science 12. 650, 1900, — Botanical Notes — The Annual Shedding of Cottonwood Twigs. Bessey describes the shedding of the twigs of Populus deltoides as occurring about the middle of October, and after giving the details of the process, concludes as follows: "It is an interest- ing fact that the Tamarisks (Tamarix sp.) which are held by some botanists to be closely related to the Poplars, shed their twigs by exactly the same device as that described above. In the Tamarisks the shedding of the twigs is a part of the annual process of defolia- tion, their leaves being so small that it appears to be less trouble 30 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 3 and expense to drop twig and all than to separate every individual leaf. Possibly in the Cottonwoods, with their large leaves, we have a survival of the Tamarisk twig-shedding habit long after its original significance has disappeared." Dr. Bessey, however, we believe, will not insist on this supposition when he considers that the same thing occurs in species of Prunus, Quercus, and other widely separated genera. Fig. 1 — Twig of Popukis alba, showing large basal joint and scars where smaller twigs have been detached. Fig. 2 — View of basal joint of same twig as Fig. 1. Fig. 3 — Twig of Salix nigra, showing position of the brittle zone {a). Fig. 4 — Green twig of Ampelopsis cordata, showing joints («) at the leaf nodes. The self-pruning of twigs from woody stems, so far as our observations go at present, is accomplished in three general ways: 1st, by the formation of a single joint close to the parent branch; 2nd, by the formation of a brittle zone near tiie base of the limbs which are to be shed; 8rd, by a series of transverse joints corres- ponding to the leaf nodes. Jan., 1901] Schaffner-Tyler — Self-Pruning of Trees. 31 Among the plants which come in the first class, the most striking perhaps, is Populus alba, in which very large branches are frequently cut off in such a perfect manner that one might think the pruning had been done with a sharp knife. Green twigs from one to fifteen years old were found to be shed and no doubt still older ones are cut off. The twigs have well-developed winter buds and this is also the case in other siiecies of Populus and in certain species of Quercus and Prunus. In Quercus alba shed twigs were found from one to four years old while in Q. acuminata there were some seven years of age. In Prunus serotina twigs from one to six years old were cut off. In Ulmus Americana not only are joints formed at the base of the twigs, but the twigs also break apart at the nodes, caused by annual growth. The following species were found belonging to the first class: Populus alba L. " deltoides Marsh. " grandidentata Mx. " tremuloides Mx. " dilatata Ait. Quercus alba L. " robur L. " macrocarpa Mx. '' acuminata (Mx.) Sarg. Ulmus americana, L. Prunus serotina, Ehrh. Tamarix gallica L. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. All the plants found with brittle zones belonged to the willows. It is interesting to note that the branches shed may be one to several years of age and that certain branches do not develop a brittle zone. Salix nigra and S, amygdaloides seem to show the character most perfectly and it is remarkable to see how readily the branches drop off. The following species show the adaptation: Salix nigra Marsh. " amygdaloides anders. " fragilis L. '' alba vitellina (L.) Koch. " babylonica L. Among those which come in the third class, the most remark- able plant observed was Ampelopsis cordata. About the time that the leaves are shed nearly all the slender green branches literally fall to pieces and drop off. Most of the fruit is on these branches 32 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. S and the berries are thus shed at the same time. In tlie winter the plant is remarkable for the few branches left and it looks like an artificially pruned vine. The species observed belonging to this class are the following: Ampelopsis cordata Mx. " tricuspidata Seib. & Zucc. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. The shedding of the twigs of woody plants may in many cases be entirely an adaptation to get rid of the leaves as in the case of the dwarf branches of Pines and tlie young twigs of Tamarisks. But even in the Tamarisks it is doubtful whether the joints formed in the older branches can be claimed to have such a purpose, since in thi& case the leaves have all been shed with the annual twigs. The shedding of the old woody branches may have a different purpose. In regard to the trees mentioned above, we think that the process is one primarily to rid the tree of surplus branches. This would man- ifestly be an advantage and would give room and opportunity for the developinent of many young leafy shoots every year without accumulating too great a mass of useless members. This is cer- tainly the case with the poplars and the willows. In no case do we think it admissible to say that the adaptation is primarily for the pur- pose of propagation, although this may be a very important in- cidental result in such plants as the willows when growing in wet places. In the case of Ampelopsis cordata, the only reasonable ex- planation seems to be a preparation for the winter condition, since the branches which are shed do not ripen and the plant has an ad- mirable method for shedding its leaves. The slender branches would be in great danger of being killed by the cold of winter. Tlie shedding of the young brandies of Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich, is remarkably like that in Tamarix. The slender, dwarf branches clotlied with the leaves drop off in the fall or the following spring. The habit must be quite ancient, as such branches of Taxodium distichum miocenum Hr. are very abundantly preserved as fossils. In Taxodium mexicanum Carr. the dwarf branches are not shed until the second year. Glyptostrobus pendulus Endl. and G. hetero- phyllus Endl. also have deciduous dwarf branches. There are other conifers and no doubt many other angiospermous trees which possess these interesting adaptations and by careful obsei'vations, no- doubt many interesting ecological facts will be brought to light. Jan., 1901] Armstrong — Ohio Botanists. 33 PLANT NAMES COMMEMORATIVE OF OHIO BOTANISTS. Clara Armstrong. Though Ohio has had fewer botanists than many other States, some of these became known wherever botany was cultivated. Riddell was one of the pioneer botanists of the west and for six years he was a resident of this State. By the publication of his Synopsis he contributed largely to Ohio Botany. The names of Sullivant and Lesquereux shed still greater luster on our state. Most of the work of the former and all of that of the latter was done in Ohio. Several others whose names are given below have been industrious students of our Flora, and have spent many years if not all their lives within our territory. It is a long and interesting list of botanical names which commemorates their scientific labors. In the preparation of this paper I have been aided materially by Prof. W. A. Kellerman. John Leonard Riddell. — Born in Lej^den, Mass., Feb. 20th, 1807; died in New Orleans, La., Oct. 7, 1863. He graduated from Rensseler Institute, Troy, N. Y. He came to Ohio in 1830 and became professor of Botany and adjunct Professor of Chemistry in the Medical College of Cincinnati. He was an enthusiastic and industrious botanist, and collected extensively in many parts of our State. Scarcely any of his specimens seem now to be in existance though he prepared sets for sale and accumulated a large herbarium. His most important publication was the Synopsis of the Flora of the Western States. He also published a Supplementary Catalogue of Ohio Plants. In 1836 he left Ohio, carrying his botanical specimens to New Orleans where he became professor in a Medical College; he was also in the employ of the government until his death. He furnished many notes and longer articles to scientific journals and was the author of many new species of plants. The following have been named in his honor: Riddellia, synonym of Psilostrophe, a genus of the Compositae family. Solidago Riddellii, a species of Golden Rod. Senecio Riddellii, synonym of S. Douglasii, a species of Com- positae. William Starling Sullivant. — Born in Franklinton, Ohio, Jan. 18, 1808, died in Columbus, Ohio, April 30, 1873. He was educated at Ohio Univei-sity and Yale. The death of his father at the time of his graduation prevented him from studying for one of the learned professions and he became a surveyor and practical engineer, which occupation he followed until late in life. During this time he collected and studied tlie plants of central Oiiio, and in 1840 he began 34 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 3 to pay particular attention to Mosses; this became the subject of his special study, and he was soon recognized as the most eminent bry- ologist that this country has ever produced. In 1864 the degree of LL.D. was conferred on Sullivantby Gambler College. He was elected to membership in many scientific societies both in the United States and Europe. At his death his bryological books, collections and preparations of Mosses were given to the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University. The remainder of his botanical library was bequeatlied to the Ohio State University then called the Agricultural and Mechanical College. His microscopes were given to Starling Medical College. Of this institution he was senior trustee. He was the author of many new species and the plants named for him by other botanists are as follows: SuUivantia, a genus of the Saxifrages. The name first proposed by Gray (1840) for the species discovered by Sullivant was Saxifraga Sullivantii; two years later Gray established the genus SuUivantia and published the name of tlie j)lant in question as SuUivantia Ohionis. According to the rules of priority that name now stands as SuUivantia SulHvantii. Discina Sullivantii, a species of discomycetous fungi. Panus Sullivantii, a species of Agaricineae. Lentinus Sullivantii, a species of Agaricineae. Marasmius Sullivantii, a species of Agaricineae, Psilocj'be Sullivantii, a species of Agaricineae. Boletus Sullivantii, a species of the Polyporeae. Polystictus Sullivantii, a species of the Polyporeae. Tlielephora Sullivantii, a species of tlie Thelephoreae. Cephalozia Sullivantii, a species of Liverwort. Jubula Sullivantii, a species of Liverwort. Kantia Sullivantii, a species of Liverwort. Porella Sullivantii, a species of Liverwort. Hypnum Sullivantii, a species of Moss. Astomum Sullivantii, a species of Moss. Amphoridium Sullivantii, a species of Moss. Brachythecium Sullivantii, a species of Moss. Bruchia Sullivantii, a species of Moss. Cylindrothecium Sullivantii, a species of Moss. Fontinalis Sullivantii, a species of Moss. Macromitrium Sullivantii, a species of Moss. Neckera Sullivantii, a species of Moss. Phascum Sullivantii, a species of Moss. Pleuridium Sullivantii, a species of Moss. Schlotheimia Sullivantii, a species of Moss. Eurhynchium Sullivantii, a species of Moss. Hookeria Sullivantii, a species of Moss. Jan., 1901] Armstrong — Ohio Botanists. 35 Zygodon Sullivantii, a species of Moss. Sphagnum Sullivantianum, a species of Moss. Asclepias Sullivantii, a species of Milkweed. Louicera Sullivantii, a species of Honeysuckle. Carex Sullivantii, a species of Sedge. Callipteridium Sullivantii, a fossil plant. There were also two species of Mosses named for Mrs. Sullivant as follows : Hypnum Sullivantiae, a pleurocarpous Moss. Plagiothecium Sullivantiae, a pleurocarpous Moss. Leo Lesquereux.— Born in Fleurier, Switzerland, Nov. 18, 1806, died in Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 25, 1889. On entering the Academy of Neuchatel he met Arnold Guyot and together they became de- voted to natural science. In 1822 he went to Eisenach preparatory to entering the University of Berlin, supporting himself by teaching French. He was principal of a college at Chaux de Fonds but had to give this up on account of deafness. From this time he did engraving, made watch springs, and studied Mosses and fossil plants. In 18-1:8 Lesquereux came to America settling at Cambridge, where he assisted Louis Agassiz; but he soon removed to Columbus, Ohio, where he lived until his death. He was a worthy associate of William S. Sullivant to whom in fact he was indebted by the most commendable generosity. He was a paleo-botanist and a student of Mosses. Many i^lants are named for him including a large number of fossil forms. Lesquerella, a genus of Cruciferae. Lesquereuxia, synonym of Siphouostegia, a genus of Scrophul- ariaceae. Hysterographium Lesquereuxii, a species of Pyrenomycetous Fungi. Webera Lescuriana, a species of Moss. Bryum Lescurianum, a species of Moss. Archidiuin Lescurii, a si^ecies of Moss. Atrichum Lescurii, a species of Moss. Fontinalis Lescurii, a species of Moss. Hypnum Lescurii, a species of Moss. Orthotrichum Lescurii, a species of Moss. Sphagnum Lescurii, a species of Moss. Thelia Lescurii, a species of Moss. Alyssum Lescurii, a species of the Mustard Family. Lepidophoroxs Lesquereuxii, a fossil plant. Lepidodendrum Lesquereuxii, synonym of L. clypeatum, a fossil plant. 36 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 3 Sphenopteris Lesquereuxii, a fossil plant. Sphaerites Lesquereuxii, a fossil plant. Persoouia Lesquereuxii, a fossil plant. Buthotrephis Lesquereuxii, a fossil plant. Pecopteris Lesquereuxii, a fossil plant. Cardiocarpon Lescurianuin, a fossil plant. Triphyllopteris Lescuri, a fossil plant. Odontopteris Lescurii, a fossil plant. Sigillaria Lescurii, a fossil plant. Sphenopteris Lescuriaua, a fossil plant. Taeniopteris Lescuriana, a fossil plant. Triphyllopteris Lescuriana, a fossil plant. Rhabdocarpus Lescuriauus, a fossil plant. Thinfeldia Lesquereuxiana, a fossil plant. Laurinoxylon Lesquereuxiana, a fossil plant, John Strong Newberry.— Born at Windsor, Conn., Dec. 22, 1822, died in New York, Dec. 7, 1892. He graduated from Western Reserve College 1846 and from Cleveland Medical College 1848. He studied abroad for two years and then practiced medicine in Cleve- land until 1855 when he was appointed acting Surgeon and Geologist to an exploring expedition through the country between San Fran- cisco and the Columbia River. He went on several of these expeditions studying the botanical, zoological, and geological features of the country. In 18B9 he was appointed Chief Geologist to the Geological Survey of Ohio. In 1859 Newberry published the first State Catalogue of Ohio Plants. About 1865 he was made professor of Geology and jDalaeon- tology at Columbia College School of Mines which position he held until his death. His chief botanical work was in palaeo-botany though quice a number of living plants as well as many fossil species commemorate his name. Newberrya, a genus of the Indian Pipe Family. Gentiana Newberryi, a species of Gentian. Abutilon Newberryi, a species of ]Malvaceae. Leptosyne Newberryi, a species of Compositae. Pentstemon Newberryi, synonym of P. menziesii, a species of Scrophulariaceae. Potentilla Newberryi, synonyn of Ivesia gracillis, a species of Rosaceae. Ferula Newberryi, synonym of Peucedanum Newberryi, a species Umbellifereae. Astagolyous (Oxytropis) Newberryi, a species of the Legum- inous Family. Notholaena Newberryi, a species of Fern. Pliysaria Newberryi, a species of Fern. Jan., 1901] Armstrong — Ohio Botanists. 37 Coloptera Newberry i, a species of Fern. Leucampyx Newberry i, a species of Fern. Cardiocarpon Newberryi, a fossil plant. Dadoxylon Newberryi, a fossil plant. Odontopteris Newberryi, a fossil plant. Cordaites Newberryi, a fossil plant. Pseudopecopteris Newberryi, a fossil plant, synonym of Sphen- opteris Newberryi. Dietyophylon Newberryi, a fossil plant. Cai'diocarpus Newberryi, a fossil plant. Archaeopholon Newberryanum, a fossil plant. Viburnum Newberryanum, a fossil plant. Celastrophyllum Newberryanum, a fossil plant. Pecopteris Newberryana, a fossil plant, Taeniopteris Newberryana, a fossil plant. Platanus Newberryana, a fossil plant. Laurus Newberryana, a fossil plant. Myrica Newberryana, a fossil plant, Salix Newberryana, a fossil plant. H. C. Beardslee. — Born in Connecticut. Died December, 1884, in Painesville, O. He came to Ohio and became a practicing physician at Painesville. He published the second State Catalogue of Ohio Plants in 1874. This was a pamphlet of nineteen pages ; it was reprint- ed in the State Agricultural reports of 1877. After his death Dr. JBeardslee's herbarium of about 4000 species, especially rich in Carices, Grasses, and Salices, was given to Oberlin College. The following species was named in his honor: Chantransia violacea Beardslei, a species of fresh-water Alga. Andrew Price Morgan. — Born at Centerville near Dayton, Oct. 27, 1836, now living in Hamilton County. He has done much toward the development of Mycology in this country. He has made known a large number of higher fungi of the south-eastern part of Ohio. He is the author of many new species. A number of plants be- longing to the group of Fungi have been named in his honor, as fol- lows: Boletus Morgani, a species of Polyporeae. Polyporus Morgani, a species of Polyporeae. Lepiota Morgani, a species of Leucosporeae. Russela Morgani, a species of Leucosporeae. Cantharellus Morgani, a species of Leucosporeae. Hypoxylon Morgani, a species of Pyrenomycetaceae. There is also one species of Agaricineae named for Mrs. Morgan : Hygrophorus Laurae, a species of Fungus. 38 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 3 William Ashbrook Kellermax — Born at Ashville, Ohio May 1, 1850. He was educated at Cornell and tlie German Universi- ties, receiving the degree of Ph.D. in 1881. For a time he was teacher of natural science in the Wisconsin State Normal School, later was professor of Botany and Zoology at the Kansas Agricultural College, State Botanist of Kansas, and Botanist of the Kansas Experiment Station. He was the founder and editor (for four years) of the Journal of Mycology. He has held the position of Professor of Botany in the Ohio State University since 1890 and is the author of a number of text-books and articles for bo- tanical journals. He has accumulated a very large and valuable private Herbarium of parasitic fungi, and a State Herbarium of the Flora of Ohio for the Ohio State University that already numbers many thousands of mounted sheets. The names given by botanists complimentary to his work are as follows: Kellermannia, a genus of Sphaeropsideous fungi. Aecidium Kellermannii, a species of Uredineae. Plasmopora Kellermannii, a species of Phycomycetous Fungi. Rosellinia Kellermannii, a species of Sphaeriaceous Fungi. Rhabdospora Kellermannii, a species of Sphaeropsideous Fungi. Diaporthe Kellermanniana, a species of Pyrenomycetous Fungi. Physcomitrium Kellermani, a species of acrocarpous Moss. Miss H. F. Biddlecome. — Of Columbus, formerly of Spring- field, assiduously collected and studied the flora of Greene and Champaign counties, Ohio. She discovered a species of Moss and one of Liverwort which have been named in her honor. Bryum Biddlecomiae, a pleurocarpous Moss. Trichocolea Biddlecomiae, a species of Hepaticae, or Liverwort. F. D. Kelsey. — Born at New Washington. Ind., Feb. 15, 1849, but early moved to southern Ohio where he lived until 1856, when he moved to Columbus. He was graduated from Marietta College in 1870. The next year he went to Andover Theological Seminary where he graduated in 1874. He served Congregational Churches until 1885 when he moved to Helena, Montana. Here he made collections and distributed the local flora. The College of Montana conferred on him the degree of Sc. D. In 1892 he was elected Professor of Botany at Oberlin College, which position he held until 1897, when he accepted the pastorate of the Central Congregational Church in Toledo, which he now holds. He is also lecturer on Botany at the Smead School for Girls at Toledo, Onio. While professor at Oberlin he published several bulletins of local interest, and one monograph of Uncinula, witli miscroscopic drawings of all American species. There are several species named in his honor, as follows: Kelseya, a monotypic genus of Rosaceae. Cucurbitaria Kelseyi, a species of Pyrenomycetous fungi. Homostegia Kelseyi, a species of Pyrenomycetous fungi. Cryptanthe Kelseyi, a species of Boraginaceae. Phlox Kelseyi, a species of Polemoniaceae. Jan., 1901] Schaffner — Height of Plants. 39 THE ?IAXIMUM HEIGHT OF PLANTS. H. John H. Schaffner. Last spring the writer published a few measurements of some common western plants in the Asa Gray Bulletin (Vol. 8 : 19-20) . A few other measurements are given below, all from Kansas except four which are from Ohio. It would be well for all collectors to keep re- cords of the size of the plants which they meet, including measure- ments of the height and also dimensions of theleaves, flowers, fruits and underground parts. In this way the manual of the future may be brought to represent more accurately the living plant as it grows in nature rather than the dried, shrunken and dwarf specimens of the herbarium. .) Agropyrum repens (L.) Beauv.. Asparagus officinalis L Polygonum orientale L. (Ohio). Allionia nyctaginea Michx (Oxybaphus nyctagineus Sw Silene antirrhina L Argemone alba Lestib Lepidium virginicum L Baptisia leucantha T. & G Amorpha canescens Nutt Kuhnistei-a Candida (Willd.) Kuntze (Petalostemon candidus Michx.) Acuan illinoensis (Michx.) Kuntze (Desmanthus brachylobus Benth.) Meriolix serrulata (Nutt.) Walp (Oenothera serrulata Nutt.) Gaura biennis L Apocynum cannabinum L Marrubiiim vulgare L Datura tatula L. (Ohio) Verbascum thapsus L. (Ohio) Cicuta maculata L Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos (L) MacM. (S. vulgaris ]Michx.) Dipsacus fuUonum L. (Ohio) Legouzia perfoliata (L. ) Britt (Specularia perfoliata A. D C.) Ratibida columnaris (Sims) D. Don (Leptachys columnaris T. «fe G.) Achillea millefolium L Gray 2>^ ih 1% Britton 4 7 8 3 '^% 4 3 2 IM 3 5 7 6 5 6 2 Measured Feet 4% 8% 9 5 3 5 7-2 4% 8 8 " 31^ 7 8 1H 3 n 91^ 40 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 3 CAMPUS BIRDS A List of Birds Recorded by the Wheaton Ornithological Club, for the O. S. U. Farm and Campus. Robert F. Griggs. The first list of Campus birds was published by the Wheaton Club in the "Agricultural Student" for March, 1898. Since that time a number of additional species have been reported and it has been thought advisable to republish the entire list, inserting the additions in their proper places. The list below contains 137 species. It is compiled from the records of the Wheaton Club, excepting those species for which Prof. J. R. Taylor is given credit. Only those species of which nests, eggs, or fledgelings have been ob- served ai*e reported as breeding. The names are preceded by the A. O. U. check list number. Further additions will be published from time to time. Ord, Pygopodes. Fam. Podicipidae. Grebes. 6. Podilymbus podiceps (Linn.) Pied-billed Grebe, occasional. Ord. Anseres. Fam. Anatidae. Ducks, Geese, etc. 137. Anas americana Gmel. American Widgeon, Bald-pate, occasional. 154. Clangula hyemalis (Linn.) Old squaw, occasional. 172. Branta canadensis (Linn.) Canada Goose, regular migrant. Ord. Herodiones. Fam. Ardeidae. Herons and Bitterns. 190. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montag.) American Bittern. 191. Ardetta exilis (Gmel.) Least Bittern, accidental. (.1. R. Taylor.) 194. Ardea herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron. 201. Ardea virescens Linn. Green Heron, common, breeds. Ord. Paludicolae. Fam. Rallidae. Rails, Gallinules, etc. 221. Fulica Americana Gmel. Coot, occasiona)l. Jan., 1901] Griggs — Campus Birds. 41 Ord. LiMicoLAE. Fam. ScoLOPACiDAE. Snipes, Sandpipers, etc. 228. Philohela minor (Gmel.) American Woodcock. 230. Gallinago delicata (Ord.) Wilson's Snipe. 256. Totanus solitarius (Wils.) Solitary Sandpiper, occasional. 263. Actitis macularia (Linn.) Spotted Sandpiper, common. Fam. Charadkiidae. Plovers. 278. ^gialitis vocifera (Linn.) Killdeer, common, breeds. Ord. Gallinae. Fam. Tetraonidae. Grouse, etc. 289. Colinus virginianus (Linn.) Quail, generally one or two flocks, breeds. Ord. COLUMBAE. Fam. CoLUMBiDAE. Pigeons and Doves. 316. Zenaidura macroura (Linn.) Mourning dove, abundant, breeds. Ord. Raptores. Fam. Cathartidae. American Vultures. 325. Cathartes aura (Linn.) Turkey Buzzard, occasional. Fam. Faloonidae. Hawks. 383. Accipiter cooperi (Bonap.) Cooper's hawk, occasional. 337. Buteo borealis (Gmel.) Red-tailed hawk, occasional. 343. Buteo latissimus (Wils.) Broad-winged hawk. 360. Falco sparverius Linn. American sparrow hawk, common, breeds. 364. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmel.) American Osprey, accidental, reported by Mr. C. B. Morrey, during a spring flood. Fam. BuBONiDAE. Horned Owls. 373. Megascops asio (Linn.) Screech Owl, common, breeds. 375. Bubo virginianus (Gmel.) Great Horned Owl, occasional. Ord. Coccyges. Fam. CucuLiDAE. Cuckoos, etc. 387. Coccyzus americanus (Linn.) Yellow-billed Cuckoo, common, breeds. 388. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wils.) Black-billed Cuckoo. 42 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 3 Fam. Alcedinidab. Kingfishers. 390. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.) Belted King-fisher, common, breeds. Ord. Pici. Fam. PiciDAE. Woodpeckers. 393. Dryobates villosus (Linn.) Hairy Woodpecker, common, resident. 394. Drj'obates pubescens (Linn.) Downy Woodpecker, common, resident, breeds. 402, Sphyrapicus varius (Linn.) Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, migrant. 406. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linn.) Red-headed Woodpecker common, breeds. 409. Melanerpes carolinus (Linn.) Red-bellied Woodpecker, resident. 412. Colaptes auratus (Linn.) Flicker, common resident, breeds. Ord. Macrochires. Fam. Caprimulgidae. Night-hawks, etc. 417. Antrostomus vociferus (Wils.) Whip-poor-will. 420. Chordeiles virginianus (Gmel.) Night-liawk. Fam. MiCROPODiDAE. Swifts. 423. Chaetura pelagica (Linn.) Chimney Swift, common, breeds. Fam. Trochilidae. Hummingbirds. 428. Troehilus colubris (Linn.) Ruby-throated Hummingbird, Ord. Passeres. Fam. Tyrannidae. Flycatchers. 444. Tyrannus tyrannus (Linn.) Kingbird, common, breeds. 452. Myiarchus crinitus (Linn) Crested Flycatcher. 456. Sayornis phoebe (Lath.) Phoebe, common. 461. Contopus virens (Linn.) Wood Pewee. 466a. Empidonax traillii (Aud.) Traill's Flycatcher, breeds. 467. Empidonax minimus Baird. Least Flycatcher. (J. R. Taylor.) Fam. Alaudidae. Larks. 474. Otocoris alpestris (Linn.) Shore Lark, winter visitant. 474b. Otocoris alpestris praticola Hensh. Prairie Horned Lark. Jan., 1901] Griggs — Campus Birds. 43 Fam. CoRviDAE. Crows, etc. 477. Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.) Blue Jay, common- resident, breeds. 488. Corvus americanus And. Crow, seen at all seasons. Fam. lOTEBiDAE. Blackbirds, etc. 494. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linn.) Bobolink, common. 495. Molothrus ater (Bodd.) Cowbird, common, breeds. 498. Agelaius phoeniceus (Linn.) Red-winged Blackbird. 501. Sturnella magna (Linn.) Meadow Lark, common, breeds. 506. Icterus spurius (Linn.) Orchard Oriole. 507. Icterus galbula (Linn.) Baltimore Oriole, common, breeds. 509, Scolecophagus carolinus (Miill.) Rusty Blackbird. 511b. Quiscalus quiscula aeneus (Ridgw.) Bronzed Grackle, Crow Blackbird, common, breeds abundantly. Fam. Fringillidae. Finches and Sparrows. 517. Carpodacus purpurens (Gmel.) Purple Finch. — . Passer domesticus (Linn.) English Sparrow, superabundant, breeds. 529. Spinus tristis (Linn.^i American Goldfinch, common. 533. tSpinus pinus (Wils.) Pine Siskin. 540. Poocaetes gramineus (Gmel.) Vesper Sparrow, common, breeds. 542a. Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna (Wils.) Savannah Sparrow. 546. Ammodramus savannarum passerinus (Wils.) Grasshopper Sparrow, almost certainly breeds though no nest has been found. 552. Chondestes grammacus (Say.) Lark Sparrow. 554. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.) White-crowned Sparrow. 558 Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmel.) White-throated Sparrow. 559. Spizella monticola (Gmel.) Tree Sparrow, common, winter resident. 560. Spizella socialis (Wils.) Chipping Sparrow, common, breeds. 563. Spizella pusilla (Wils.) Field Sparrow. 567. Junco hyemalis (Linn.) Snow-bird, common, winter resident. 581. Melospiza fasciata (Gmel.) Song Sparrow, abundant, resident, breeds. 583. Melospiza lincolni (Aud.) Lincoln's Sparrow. 584. Melospiza georgiana (Lath.) Swamp Sparrow. 585. Passerella iliaca (Merr.) Fox Sparrow. 587. Pipilio erythropthalmus (Linn.) Towhee, common resident. 44 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 3 593. Cardinalis cardinalis (Linn.) Cardinal, common resident, breeds. 598. Passerina eyanea (Linn.) Indigo Bunting, common, breeds. 604. Spiza americana (Gmel.) Dickcissel. Fam. Tanagridae. Tanagebs. 608. Piranga erythromelas Vieill. Scarlet Tanager. 610. Piranga rubra (Linn.) Summer Tanager, May, 4, 1899. (J. R. Taylor.) Fam. HiRUNDiNiDAE. Swallows. 611. Progne subis (Linn.) Purple Martin, common. 613. Chelidon erythrogaster (Bodd.) Barn Swallow, common, breeds. 617. Stelgidopteryx serrlpennis (Aud.) Rough-winged Swallow. Fam. Ampelidae. Waxwings. 619. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.) Cedar-bird, Cherry-bird. Fam. Laniidae. Shrikes. 622. Lanius ludovicianus Linn. Loggerhead Shrike. Fam. ViREONiDAE. Vibeos. 624. Vireo olivaceus (Linn.) Red-eyed Vireo, breeds. 627. Vireo gilvus (Vieill.) Warbling Vireo, common spring migrant. 628. Vireo flavifrons Vieill. Yellow-throated Vireo. 629. Vireo solitarius (Wils.) Blue-headed Vireo. Fam. Mniotiltidae. Wood Warblers. 636. Mniotilta varia (Linn.) Black and White Creeper, common inigrant. 639. Helmitherus vermivorus (Gmel.) Worm-eating Warbler. 641. Helminthophila pin us (Linn.) Blue-winged Warbler. 642. Helminthophila chrysoptera (Linn.) Golden-winged Warbler. (J. R. Taylor.) 645. Helminthophila ruflcapilla (Wils.) Nashville Warbler. (J. R. Taylor.) 647. Helminthophila peregrina (Wils.) Tennessee Warbler. 648. Compsothlypis americana (Linn.) Parula Warbler. 650. Dendroica tigrina (Gmel.) Cape May Warbler. 652. Dendroica aestiva (Gmel.) Summer Warbler, common, breeds. 654. Dendroica caerulescens (Gmel.) Black-throated, Blue Warbler. Jan.. 1901] Griggs — Campus Birds. 45 655. Dendroica coronata (Linn.) Yellow-rumped Warbler, Myrtle Warbler. 657. Dendroica maculosa (Gmel.) Magnolia Warbler. 659. Dendroica pensylvanica (Linn.) Chestnnt-sided Warbler. 660. Dendroica castanea (Wils.) Bay-breasted Warbler. 661. Dendroica striata (Forst.) Black-poll Warbler, common fall migrant. 662. Dendroica blackburniae (Gmel.) Blackburnian Warbler. 667. Dendroica virens. (Gmel.) Black-throated Green Warbler. 671. Dendroica vigorsii (And.) Pine Warbler. 672. Dendroica palmarum (Gmel.) Palm Warbler. 674. Seiurus aurocapillus (Linn.) Ovenbird. 675. Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmel.) Water-thrush. 676. Seiurus motacilla (Vieill.) Louisiana Water-thrush. (J. R. Taylor.) 677. Geothlypis formosa (Wils.) Kentucky Warbler. 678. GeothlyjDis agilis (Wils ) Connecticut Warbler. 681. Geothlyjjis trichas (Linn.) Maryland Yellow-throat. 683. Icteria virens (Linn.) Yellow-breasted Chat, breeds. 684. Sylvania mitrata (Gmel.) Hooded Warbler. 685. Sylvania pusilla (Wils.) Wilson's Warbler. (J.R.Taylor.) 687. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.) American Redstart, common migrant. Fam. Troglodytidae. Wkens, etc. 704. Galeoscoj)tes carolinensis (Linn.) Cat-bird, common, breeds abundantly. 705. Harporhynchus rufus (Linn.) Brown Thrasher, common, breeds. 718. Thryothorus ludovicianus (Lath.) Carolina Wren, common resident, breeds. 721. Troglodytes aedon Vieill. House Wren, common, breeds. 722. Troglodytes hiemalis Vieill. Winter Wren. Fam. Certhiibae. Creepers. 726. Certhia familiaris americana (Bonai).) Brown Creeper, com- mon winter visitant. Fam. Paridae. Nuthatches, etc. 727. Sitta carolinensis Lath. White-breasted Nuthatch, com- mon resident. 728. Sitta canadensis Linn. Red-breasted Nuthatch, migrant. 731. Parus bicolor (Linn.) Tufted Titmouse, common resident. 736. Parus atricapillus (Linn.) Chicadee. 46 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 3 Fam. Sylviidae. KiiXglets, etc. 748. Regulus satrapa Licht. Golden-crowned Kinglet, common. 749. Regulus calendula (Linn.) Ruby-crowned Kinglet. 751. Polioptila caerulea (Linn.) Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Fam. TuRDiDAE. Thrushes, etc 755. Turdus mustelinus Gmel. Wood Tiirush, common, breeds. 756. Turdus fuscescens Steph. Wilson's Thrush, Veeiy. 757. Turdus aliciae Baird. Gray-cheeked Thrush. 758a. Turdus ustulatus swainsonii (Cab.) Olive-backed Thrush. 759b. Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii (Cab.) Hermit Thrusli. 761. Morula migratoria (Linn.) American Robin, abundant, breeds. 766. Sialia sialis (Linn.) Bluebird, common. MINOR PLANT NOTES. No. 1. W. A. Kellebman. An introductory paragraph to this series may be short as will be the notes that follow. Suffice therefore to say that from time to time tlie field jottings and short notes of observations on the plants of our State flora will be presented. Not only those made myself but others which may be kindly communicated to me for this pur- pose by botanists, amateurs, students and other observers will find a place in the series. An especial invitation is extended to pupils in our High Schools and to teachers throughout tlie State to contribute suitable material which in many cases may be of great interest and importance. Sub-heads will be used thus making it possible to scan the notes easily. PucciNiA SMiLAcis. — This Black Rust which has the various species of Green Briar for its host, was noticed in extraordinary quantity the past season in Scioto, Adams and Brown Counties. It was abundant only on Smilax glauca — called in that region tlie Saw Brier — but not uncommonly occurred on S. hispida and S. rotundifolia. It was also remarkable in tliis respect namely that the teleutospores (the black or winter spores) were excessively abundant: the uredospores (red or; summer spores) could be found only when search was made. The observation here recorded pertains to the first iialf of the montli of November. I have occasionally noticed uredospores in quantity on Smilax leaves in the various parts of Ohio but never before found the winter-spores common. It should perhaps be added parenthetically that DioAeoma having the priority over Puccinia is really the generic name that should be used, but the commoner designation may here be tolerated. Jan., 1900] Kellerman — Plant Notes. 47 QuERQUS ACUMINATA. — The Chestnut or Yellow Oak (name in Gray's Manual Quercus Muhlenbergii) is described as "a tall tree with thin flaky bark" (Gray), or " a tree with gray flaky bark'' (Britton); and in fact many of the White Oaks are said to have '■'■flaky'''' bark. The Quercus acuminata is very abundant in central Ohio and is of common occurrence in many parts of the State. It is rare that the " flakiness" of the bark or a tendency to separate in plates, is pronounced or conspicuous in our Chestnut Oak trees. The single good example I have found is here shown in Fig. 1 reproduced Fig 1. Fig. 2. from a photograj^h of a specimen growing in Hayden's ravine near Columbus. Both trees shown are the same species but the smaller one has merely furrowed, not flaky, bark, and it is a fair represen- tative of the trunks of this Oak as they occur in our vicinity. The usual form of bark is perhaps more clearly shown in Fig. 2, which is from a jDhotograph of a large tree standing near the Horticultural Hall of the Ohio State University. This specimen has leaves re- markably narrow for Q. acuminata but the trunk is similar in appearance to the trees which have broad leaves. HeIiIANthus maximiIjIANi. — Maximilian's Sunflower whose habitat and range are given in Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora as " on dry prairies, Minnesota, and Manitoba to the Northwest 48 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 3 Territory, Nebraska and Texas" may be said to be out of place in Ohio. Yet Mr. R. F. Griggs found it (a single plant) in the season of 1900 (cf. O. S. U. Natukalist, 1:16) at Sandusky, Erie County. In a package of interesting plants sent to the State Herbarium recently by Mr. Otto Hacker, fine herbarium specimens of this conspicuous species were furnished. Mr. Hacker says that he observed it near Painesville (Lake County) six or seven years ago by railway tracks, where it is still flourishing. Lotus corniculatus — This European Lotus, with such com- mon names as Bird's foot, Trefoil, Ground Honeysuckle, Bloom-fell, Crowtoes, Cat's-clover, and Sheepfoot, was collected at Painesville by Mr. Otto Hacker in nursery grounds. This is the second time this waif has been recorded for Ohio, the first case being reported by Mr. Ricksecker, of Oberlin NEWS AND NOTES. Prof. Thomas A. Williams, editor-in-chief of the Asa Gray Bulletin and assistant chief of the Division of Agrostology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, died on the morning of Dec. 23, 1900. At the 10th annual meeting of the Ohio State Academy of Science, held at Columbus, on December 26 and 27, thirty-one papers were read — 12 pertaining to botany, 8 to zoology, tt to geology, 3 to meteorology, and 2 to anthropology. The following are the officers for the coming year: President, August D. Selby, Wooster; 1st Vice Pres., Rev. H. Herzer, Marietta; 2nd Vice Pres , Mrs. W. A. Kellerman, Columbus; Secretary, E. L. Moseley, Sandusky; Treas- urer, Herbert Osborn, Columbus; members of executive committee besides the president, secretary and treasurer, Thos. Bonser, Carey; Lynds Jones, Oberlin; trustees, F. M. Webster, Wooster; H. C. Beardslee, Cleveland; W. R. Lazenby, Columbus; publication com- mittee, F. M. Webster, Wooster; John H. Schaffner, Columbus; L- H. McFadden, Westerville; Librarian, W. C. Mills, Columbus. Since some criticism has been made, both at home and abroad, on the name of The O. S. U. Naturalist, it has been thought best to make a slight change by dropping tlie words. State University. Although a change in name is unfortunate it will not be very serious at the present time and hereafter the name will be The Ohio Naturalist, which is perhaps more descriptive of the scope of the iournal and much better for purposes of citation. J. H. S. (Dl}\o Stak Hntr>ersity Six distinct and independent Colleges, each . . , with a Dean and Faculty of its own. AGRICULTURE, ARTS, LAW, THIRTY SEVEN DEPARTMENTS. ENGINEERING, PHARMACY, THIRTY DISTINCT COURSES. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Superior facilities for education in Applied Science. Short or special courses for mature students not candidates for degrees. One hundred and twenty. one instructors. Over thirteen hundred students. FINEST GYMNASIUM IN THE WEST. F'or further information address the President, Dr. W. O. Thompson, State University, Columbus. Ohio Forest Trees Identified by Leaves and Fruit. By W. A. Kellerman, Ph. D., Oliio State University. A neat pamphlet for every one who wishes to learn our native forest trees. Keys simple Description plain. Can learn the names of the trees easily. Price reduced from 25 cents to lO centS. Also, The Fourth State Catalogue of Ohio Plants. Bound copies at cost of binding, namely 20 centS- Gives list of scientific and common names ; distribution by counties. Teachers and others will also be interested in Prof. Kellerman's Phyto-theca or Herbarium FoTtloWo, Practical Studies in Elementary Botany, Elementary Botany with Spring Flora, all published by Eldredge & Bro., Philadelphia, to whom apply. For information or copies of Forest Trees and Catalogue or names of plant specimens of your region address W. A. Kellerman, Columbus, Ohio American Entomological Co. 1040 DE KALB AVENUE, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Lepidoptera Price List No. 2. — Price 5 cents ,^'B"u"y«s Issued November 15th 1900. Dealers of all ^-^ -_ kinds of . . . Entomological Suppies fndTeiSed°' ''^°"''."'' SCHMITT INSECT BOXES. Builders of INSECT CABINETS, ETC. I The Twentieth Century Text Books of Biology. PLANT RELATIONS, 12mo, cloth $1.10 PLANT STRUCTURES, 12nio, cloth 1.20 PLANT STUDIES, l2nio, cloth 1.20 PLANTS, I2mo, cloth 1.80 ANALYTICAL KEY TO PLANTS, 12mo, flexible cloth . . .75 All by JOHN MERLE COULTER, A. M., Ph. D.. Head of Dept. of Botany. University of Chicago. 27iey are already the 2)')'cf erred texts, and the reasons will be apparent on examination. ANIMAL LIFE : A First Book of Zoology. By DAVID S. JORDAN, M. S., M. D , Ph. D., LL. D., President of the Leland Stanford Jun- ior University, and VERNON L. KELLOGG, M. S., Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. 12mo. Cloth, 11.20. Now ready. Not a hook for learning the classification, anatomy, and nomenclature af^attitnals, but to show how animals readied their present development, the effects of environment, their place in Nature, their relations to one another and to the human race. Designed for one-half year's work in high sr/wols. Send for sample pages. ANIMAL FORMS: A Second Book of Zoology. By DAVID S. JORDAN, M. S., M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., and HAROLD HEATH. Ph D., Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. Ready in February, igoi . D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, Publishers, Nexo York, Chicago, London. Recent Scientific Works TN Astronomy, Dr. Simon NeAvcomb's new book, pub- ■*■ lished October, 1900; in Physics, the Johns Hopkins text of Professors Rowland and Ames ; also in Physics for second and third year hi^h school work, the text of Dr. Hoadley, of Swarthmore; in Physiology, the text by Drs. Macy and Norris, based on the Nervous System; also the High School Physiology indorsed by the W. C. T. U., written by Dr. Hewes, of Harvard University; in Geology, the Revised '♦Compend" of Dr. Le Conte, and the two standard works of Dana, — The Manual for Uni- versity Work, and the Nevi^ Text Book, revision and ^ rewriting of Dr. Rice, for fourth year high school work; in Chemistry, the ajjproved Storer and Lindsay, recom- £ mended for secondary schools by , the leading colleges; «% in Zoology, the Laboratory Manual of Dr. Needham, of Cornell; and the Series ♦' Scientific Memoirs " edited by Dr. Ames, of .Johns Hopkins. Nine volumes ready. The publishers cordially invite correspondence, AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, Cincinnati C. .^^oaroAij. — All the kinds of Lichens in the region should be collected. The little disks, or saucer-like bodies, on the plants are the fruit (called the apothecium); the apothecia are more dis- tinct and striking in appearance, as is the whole plant also, when moist; therefore the best time to collect lichens is after a prolonged rain, or when the air is moist; when dry they are usually brittle ■and cannot be satisfactorily handled. Mar., 1901] Kellerman — Competition in Botany. 75 Do not save specimens that have no fruit, except in case of rare species. Only enough pressure on the specimens (placed between blotters or soft papers) should be brought into requisition as is neces- sary to keep them from cui'ving or crumpling while drying. Then glue a specimen to a card-board, 8} x 11^ inches, and also attach a paper pocket containing ample material, and the drawings (if any are attempted), also the notes, to the same piece of card-board. Use a separate card-board for each kind (species). Tell the substratum on which tlie specimen was found — as bould- 'ers, limestone, sandstone, log or stump, fence-rail, tree or plant, soil, etc. Give additional notes as to appearance, size, abundance, habitat, habit, etc. Those growing on rocks can not generally be ■removed -a thin piece of roclv must be chipped off to secure tliem. A detailed description should be wi'itten of each kind (species) ; •drawings perhaps might be undertaken; the different species sliould be compared and contrasted. Use a good pocket-lens. There is no itext-books on Lichens that is usable by beginners. Dendrologicai,. — Tlie Trees may be studied from one of several points of view. If a camera be used, selected trees should be studied and illustrated; the bark compared in case of different species, like- wise in case of one and the same species when tlie individuals are of ■different ages and sizes or grow in different situations or exposures; ^Iso modes of branching compared and shapes contrasted. Very full inotes should be taken, and when written up in the report reference «hould be made constantly to the numbered illustrations. Few or many kinds of trees, as preferred, may be taken if this phase of the subject is selected. Instead of the above one may study and identify all the kinds (species) of trees in the region. Full descriptions should be written out, and similarities and contrasts of different species noted. Give uses of the kinds of woods only when such use is made in the region or the near town or city. Collect twigs and fasten them to card- iboards (8^ x 11 J inches). Attach a specimen of the fruit also when It can be found under the tree. A pamphlet (price 10 cents) with a Key to the Ohio Forest Trees by means of which the names can be de- termined, may be obtained from the writer. A third method of carrying out the work on trees would be to give an account of the forest area in the region — either taking a square or rectangular tract of a mile or more in extent; or selecting if possible a natural area, as a river or creek valley, or other ob- viously bounded tract of ample dimensions. Draw a map of the -selected region and locate thereon the forests and grou^DS of trees. Describe them, indicating the prominent kinds of trees, the less abundant species, and the very rare ones. Tell approximately the size of the largest, the commonest size, etc. Note uses made of some of the kinds in the region or at a near manufactory. Record other ■observations. 76 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 5 MINOR PLANT NOTES, NO. 2. W. A. Kellerman. Taraxacum Erythrospermum. — The Red-seeded Dandelion, now known to be common in our State, is a late bloomer. An abun- dance of flowers may be seen way after the severe frosts of autumn set in. Mr. Fred. J. Tyler collected specimens in bloom at P§rry, Lake County, December 17. He reports "great fields" of it at that place, whereas the common Dandelion (Taraxacum taraxacum) was conspicuous by its absence. Prof. Beardsloe of Cleveland, reports the Red-seeded form as the one of common occurrence in Cuyahoga County. I have noted the Red-seeded form in bloom near the city of Columbus December 23, though the month has been a cold one, the thermometer registering once 10° F. The Common Dandelion (Taraxacum taraxacum) does not seem to bloom so late in the season— at least it is in bloom much less abundantly here Con- tributions of phenological observations on interesting plants of our flora by readers of The Naturalist are in this incidental way earnestly solicited. Grove of La.rge Beeches.— There are now remaining in Ohio very few large groves of beeches. Of groves of very large beeches the same may be said. At Arion, in Scioto County, in the narrow valley of Brush Creek, are a large number of magnificent specimens of this very attractive American tree. The trunks are straight as is always the case for this species, smooth, and many of them are ten to twelve feet in circumference. One specimen measured twelve feet four inches, three feet from the ground. The grove is now used for picnic and camping purposes, and it is sincerely hoped that these splendid trees may be sacredly preserved for an indefinite time. Habitat of Rhamnus Caroliniana.— The manuals give the habitat of this species " in swamps and on low grounds" (Britton), "swamps and river banks" (Gray), "river banks" (Wood), and "fertile soil" (Cliapman). It has been previously reported that this^species was found in Ohio last November. Several specimens were found near the Ohio river in Adams county at the mouth of Brush creek, and a few were seen in Brown county. In a little ravine on Cedar creek, a tributary of Brush creek, in Adams county, fourteen miles north of the Ohio river, an enormous number of plants were growing. Some were nine to eleven inches in circum- ference at the base and fourteen feet high. None occurred in "swamps," though many were in "low grounds" where the soil seemed to be fairly fertile. The majority were on rocky hillsides or quite on the top of very high ground. The annexed cut shows a Mar., 1901] Kellerman — Minor Plant Notes. 77 specimen near the top of a rocky bluflf or hill perhaps one hundred and fifty feet above the valley at Cedar Mills, Ohio. This southern Buckthorn still retained its shining leaves though my visit, was late in November when nearly all the other trees except the oaks were bare. This, with the great quantities of black fruits, presented a charming spectacle. The plant is also reported in Stanley Coulter's catalogue of Indiana plants, discovered in the southern counties by Mr. W. T. Blatchley, "growing on rocky hillsides." Rhamnus Caroliniana on a rocky hill Twin Beech and Red Oak. Twin Trees; Two Species.— Sometimes two trees attempt to occupy the same space at the same time. The cut above shows a red oak and a beech in close juxtaposition, neither having been able to crowd the other out, and the two are united for a short distance from the ground. This would hardly be called a natural graft per- haps, though the two are intimately united. The trees are vigorous typical specimens of the two species, growing near Brush creek, at Arion, in Scioto county, Ohio. Several other examples in the same region were noticed. Sometimes the two trees are the same species, but usually of different species, the union of tissue in all cases equally evident. 78 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 5 MEETING OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB. A meeting of the Biological Club was held in Zoological Lecture- room January 7, 1901. Professor Osborn presided; twenty-three members present. Mr. Griggs, secretary of the board of editors gave a financial re- port and recommended that the name of the publication be changed to The Ohio Naturalist. By the unanimous vote of the members present, the recommendation was adopted. Professor Hambleton read a paper on his Explorations in south- ern Chili and Patagonia. He said: The expedition was sent out by the Chilean government and had for its object the exploration of the coast from about 40° south latitude to 48° in search of a river that might come from beyond the mount- ains. This was done and a river called by the party Baker JRiver wns discovered emptying into Baker channel at about 47° 20' south lati- tude. This river was followed in its course to the water-shed and was found to be the outlet of Lake Cochrane, though its principal source was not discovered. A study of the flora of the region traversed by the party brought to light the following facts: That the Peninsula of Taitao marks the division line between the rich and varied flora of the Llanquihue region and the monotonous flora of the Magellan Strait region. The difference between these two floras is really remarkable. In the Llanquihue region no one species nor even genus can be said to predominate. Character is given to the vegetation by the Chusquea quila a sort of climbing bamboo. Fuchsia macrostemma and a large variety of stately forest trees, all struggling together for the mastery and making a forest as impenetrable as the Selva,s of the Amazon. The Magellanic region is characterized by the predominance of several species of Nothofagus. Immense forests may be found com- posed exclusively of a single species, for example, the N.pnmilay and in all this region, extending from the Pennsula of Taitoa to Cape Horn, a distance 10° of latitude, no other kind of tree acquires any considerable size. Professor Mills gave a report of the Baltimore meeting of Anthro- pologists, and Professor Osborn gave a short account of a visit with Dr. P. R. Uhler, and called attention to some of the Zoological papers read before the meeting of the Society of Naturalists. .1. K. Knox, Miss Mary Dresbach, Miss Mary C. Crawford, E. D. Coberly, C. C. Poindexter, A. F. Conradi and Miss Clara Tangeman. were elected to membership. The Society then adjourned. Jas. S. Hine, Secretaiy. (D\}xo State Hntperstty Six distinct and independent Colleges, each , , with a Dean and Faculty of its own. AGRICULTURE. ArTS, LAW, THIRTY SEVEN DEPARTMENTS. ENGINEERING, PHARMACY, THIRTY DISTINCT COURSES. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Superior facilities for education in Applied Science. Short or special courses for mature students not candidates for degrees. One hundred and twenty. one instructors. Over thirteen hundred students. FINEST GYMNASIUM IN THE WEST. For further information address the Presidetit, Dr. W. O. Thompson, State University, Columbus. Ohio Forest Trees Identified by Leaves and Fruit. By W. A. Kellebman, Ph. D., Oliio State University. A neat pamphlet for every one who wishes to learn our native forest trees. Keys simple Description plain. Can learn the names of the trees easily. Price reduced from 25 cents to 10 centS. Also, The Fourth State Catalogue of Ohio Plants. Bound copies at cost of binding, namely 20 CentS- Gives list of scientific and common names ; distribution by counties. Teachers and others will also be interested in Prof. Kellerman's Phyto-theca or Herbarium Portfolio, Practical Studies in Elementary Botany, Elementary Botany with Spring Flora, all published by Eldredge & Bro., Philadelphia, to whom apply. For information or copies of Forest Trees and Catalogue or names of plant specimens of your region address W. A. Kellerman, Columbus, Ohio American Entomological Co. 1040 DE KALB AVENUE, BROOKLYN, N. V. to Buyers- Lepidoptera Price List No. 2. — Price 5 cents ^^^'^'^^^^ Issued November 15th 1900. Dealers of all -^^ -^ kinds of... Entomological Suppies ^nTc%x::y' '':\''"^''"'' schmitt insect boxes. Builders of INSECT CABINETS, ETC. The Twentieth Century Text Books of Biology. PLANT RELATIONS, 12nio, cloth $1.10 PLANT STRUCTURES, 12nio, cloth 1.20 PLANT STUDIES, l2mo, cloth 1.20 PLANTS, l2mo, cloth 1.80 ANALYTICAL KEY TO PLANTS, l2mo, flexible cloth . . .75 All by JOHN MERLE COULTER. A. M., Ph. 0.. Head of Dept. of Botany, University of Chicago. 2'hey are already the preferred texts^ and the reasons will be apparent on examination. ANIMAL LIFE: A First Book of Zoology. iBy DAVID S. JORDAN. M. S., M. D , Ph. D., LL. D,, President of the Leland Stanford Jun- ior University, and VERNON L. KELLOGG, M. S., Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. 12mo. Cloth, $1.20. Afozv ready. Not a book for learning the classification, anatomy, and nomenclature af animals, but to shoiv how animals reached their present developtne^it, the effects of enznronment, their place ■in Nature, their relations to one another and to the human race. Designed for one-/talf year's ivork in high schools. Send f 07- sample pages. ANIMAL FORMS: A Second Book of Zoology. By DAVID S. JORDAN, M. S., M. D . Ph D , LL. D., and HAROLD HEATH, Ph D., Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. Ready in February, jgoi . D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, Publishers, l^ew York, Chicago, London. Recent Scientific Works TN Astronomy, Dr. Simon Newcomb's new book, pub- "*■ lished October, 1900; in Physics, tbe Johns Hoplvins text of Professors Rowland and Ames ; also in Physics for second and third year high school work, the text of Dr. Hoadley, of Swarthmore; in Physiology, the text by Drs. Macy and Norris, based on the Nervous System ; also the High School Physiology indorsed by the W. C. T. U., written by Dr. Hewes, of Harvard University; in Geology, the Revised "Compend" of Dr. Le Conte, and the two standard works of Dana,— The Manual for Uni- versity Work, and the New Text Book, revision and rewriting of Dr. Rice, for fourth year high school work; in Chemistry, the approved Storer and Lindsay, recom- mended for secondary schools by the leading colleges ; in Zoology, the Laboratory Manual of Dr. Needham, of Cornell; and the Series •• Scientific Memoirs" edited by Dr. Ames, of Johns Hopkins. Nine volumes ready. The publishers cordially invite correspondence. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, Cincinnati THE OHIO naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EDITORIAL STAFF Editor-in-chief— JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, A.M., M.S. Associate Editors : Zoology— ¥. L. LAND AC RE, B. Sc. Botany— ¥. J. TYLER, B. Sc. Geology—]. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. Archaeology -V^. C. MILLS, B. Sc. Ornithology— K. F. GRIGGS. Advisory Board : PROFESSOR W. A. KELLERMAN, Ph. D. Department of Botany. PROFESSOR HERBERT OSBORN, M. Sc. Department of Zoology. PROFESSOR J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. Department of Geology. Volume I. April, 1 901 Numbef 6 COLUMBUS, OHIO PRESS OF HANN & ADAIR THE OHIO NATURALIST A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohio. The official organ of The Biological Club of the Ohio State University. Published monthly during the academic year, from Novem- ber to June (8 numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign countries, 75 cents. Single copies 10 cents. John H. Schaefner, Editor. F. J. Tyler, Subscriptions. R. F. Griggs, Advertising Agent. THE OHIO NATURALIST, Ohio State University, COLUMBUS, OHIO. CONTENTS The Lake Laboratory 79 Herbert Osborn Notes on the Flora of Sandusky 82 W. A . Kellerman Zoological Notes 86 Herbert Osborn Notes on the Bird Life of Cedar Point 91 Robert F. Griggs * Plant Study at Sandusky Bay 93 Harriet G Burr Dragonflies of Sandusky 94 James S. Hine Sponges and Bryozoans of Sandusky Bay 96 F. L. Landacre Additions to the Sandusky Flora 97 Robert F. Griggs ninor Plant Notes, No. 3 98 W. A. Kellerman. A List of Kansas Oesmids 1 00 John H. Scbaffner Mosses; Illustrative Samples 102 W. A. Kellerman Additional Note on the Syndesmon Involucre 104 A ■ Wetzstein rteetings of the Biological Club 105 James S- Hine, Sec. News and Notes 106 Entered at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, as second class matter. CI^c (Dl^io TCaimalxst PUBLISHED BY THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Vol. U APRIL, I90I No. 6 THE LAKE LABORATORY. Hekbert Osborn. Most readers of the Naturalist are probably aware that the University maintains at Sandusky a lake laboratory, devoted to the investigation and study of the life of the lake region. As this number of the Naturalist is devoted mostly to reports upon work which has been done there, it may be of interest to give some facts regarding opportunities offered and the character of the work pro- vided for. The laboratory was first opened by Professor Kellicott in 1895, with a view specially to give opportunity for investigation, and he and several of his students engaged in work there through the sum- mers of '95-6-?. Some of the results of these studies were published, ■especially Professor Kellicott's report upon the Rotifers of Sandusky Bay and the list of Odonata for the State, which includes numerous records for that locality. During the summer of 1899 the writer and several associates occupied the laboratory, and studies upon the fishes of the locality, records of Heiniptera and some other groups have been incorporated in different papers. In 1900 the scope of the laboratory was enlarged so as to provide courses of instruction in Botany and Zoology, and a number of students and investigators improved the opportunity to work during the summer vacation. Reports on the Odonata, sponges, Bryozoa, and the notes on^birds appearing in the present issue indicate the range of the studies engaged in in that season. However, many lines of study which were begun by different students and which will require several seasons for observations, are not as yet ready for publication. It may be noted, however, that the floi'a of the locality has been very thoroughly collected by Professor Moseley, of the Sandusky High School, and his publication on the " Sandusky Flora " furnishes an admirable guide to the location of the various species of i^lants, and an excellent basis for additional investigation. The laboratory will at present accommodate twenty-five or thirty students, 80 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. b' and its capacity will doubtless be increased as necessity requires. It is a two-story frame building 2j x 66 feet, the upper floor of which is used for investigation and the lower in part for students' labora- tory tables. It is supplied with city water, a number of aquaria, has a convenient darl< room for photographic work, and answers admir- ably for the purpose for wliich it is used — tliat is, for a temporary summer laboratory. The laboratory is supplied with two boats PART OP liABOKATORY ROOM, I.OWBR FLOOR. etiuipped witli sails, and dtsigned especially for work in the bay and marshes. Dredges, seines, plankton net and other collecting apparatus are provided, while microscopes, microtomes, books, and other labor- atory e(|uipments are takf^n from the university. While under the management of the Ohio State ITniversity, it is desired to make the laboratory as useful as possible to instructors and investigators in l)iology, wlierever located. To this end table Ohio NATUBAiiisT, Plate 6. o o A o o o o o « 82 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. & room is granted free of charge to qualified investigators, and any- one wishing to undertake investigation of biological problems will be given all possible opportunity. Courses of study have been designed especially for high school teachers and for advanced uni- versity students, the former devoting themselves to methods of field work and preservation of material for laboratory use, and acquiring methods of laboratory woi'k in connection witli study of typical forms. For tlie latter, advanced courses in embryology, morpho- logy, entomology, plant ecology, botany, etc., are offered. The students taking such courses can secure for them university credits covering equivalent courses in the university curriculum. It is needless to say chat the opportunities for field observation, collect- ing, and the laboratory study of representative forms are most favorable. For special advanced courses in embryology, and i^ar. ticularly those pertaining to microscopical technique, the more elaboi'ate equipment of the university is of course preferable. NOTES ON THE FLORA OF SANDUSKY. W. A. Kellerman. The visitor or student at the Lake Laboratory will find in the neighborhood of Sandusky a flora in many respects peculiar and richer in species perhaps than in any other region of similar area in the state of Ohio. For our knowledge of the Sandusky plants we are indebted mainly to tlie continued and energ^tic explorations of E. L. iMoseley, teacher of botany in the Sandusky High School. Our visits to the region have been numerous, and many weeks have been spent in herborizing during the last few seasons. Mr. Moseley's Sandusky Flora (Ohio State Academy of Science, Special Papers No. 1) and additions by myself and Mr. Griggs reported before the Academy of Science, and published in The Ohio Naturalist, Vol. 1, fully represent our knowledge of this interesting flora to date. In the "Sandusky Flora," page 2, Mr. Moseley states that "the surpassing richness of the Sandusky flora is not due to the fact that it includes islands within its territory, for scarcely any of its species- are confined to the islands; nor is it in a very large measure due to the fact that it includes species tliat are confined to the lake shore ^ but rather to peculiarities of climate and geological features, both of whicli depend to some extent on the proximity of the lake." Space will allow reference to but few of the interesting and rarer plants. On Cedar Point and a few other places the Prickly pear,. Opuntia humifusa, appears in great abundance, but is reported for no other stations in Oliio. Tiie illustration (Fig. 1 ) shows a patch of this plant, and also indicates the sparse vegetation in the open sandy Ohio Natukai.ist. Plate 7. )^. HI ft O m a W r-( Si Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 6 Black Oak woods of Cedar Point. Here we found three specimens of the rare Lea's Oak, one fine specimen of the common Juniper (Juniperus communis), two specimens of the Sand cherry (Prunus jjumila), none of which are given in the "Sandusky Flora" for this place, and one only— the Juniper— for Catawba. Of other rare or specially interesting plants for this point the following may be mentioned: Ammophila arenaria, Panicum virgatum, Salix glauc- ophylla, Salix sericea. Euphorbia polygonifolia, Pinus strobus, Stipa spartea, Clienopodium leptophyllum, Lepargyraea canadensis, CEnothera rhombipetala, Artemisia caudata, Arctostaphylos uva- ursi, SymphoricarjDus pauciflorus, Utricularia gibba and Lacinaria scariosa. By no means the least interesting vegetation on Cedar Point are the dune plants, many species of arenophilous species, and efficient soil binders. Some idea of the appearance of a few of such plants may be gained from the cut (Fig. 2), which shows one of the sand hills held exclusively by the roots of the Red Cedar. Other similar hillocks are held by one of the wild grape vines, Vitis vul- pina, and many other plants. The tufts of some of the grasses, es- pecially Panicum virgatum, can be seen in the same illustration. At Marblehead and Catawba the flora is equally rich in local and int( resting plants. Huge Buckeyes occur, one of which meas- ures nine feet and two inches in circumference. The Red Oaks are numerous and remarkably variable in their fruits. There occurs Zygadena elegans and Kipleria cristata, Meibomia illouoensis, Sola- num rostratum, and Picradenia acaulis— all Avestern species. The iLakeside Daisy, as the Picradenia has been locallj^ named, is es- pecially attractive. It occurs in one place in Illinois, but otherwise known only far west of the Mississippi river. Elsewhere, and especially in the prairie region of Erie county, there occur such rare species as Aletris fainosa, Aristida gracilis and A. purpurascens, Salix Candida, Prunus cuneata, Psoralea ped- unculata, Rhexia virginica, Elryngium yuccifolium, Asclepias obtus- ifolia and A. suUivantii, and Helianthus mollis. The bay is even riclier, presenting acres and acres of Nelumbo, Sagittaria, Potamogetons, Rushes, Reeds, Duckweeds, Polygonum, Ceratophyllum, and othei-s too numerous to mention. The innumer- able and unenumerated Algae must not go unmentioned — here, as in many other lines, the enthusiastic students will reap a rich harvest. Ohio Naturalist. Plate 8. li^:-;- V-' '■A -^ .^:v' * -(--.■s* ikc-i^ Fig. 1.— Prickly Pear ix Woods of Black Oak, Cedar Point. Fig. 2.— Sand Held by the Roots of Red Cedar, kellerman on plants of cedar point. 86 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 6 ZOOLOGICAL NOTES. Hekbert Osborn. Cedar Point offers a number of rather peculiar features for study, and the fauna of the locality presents a very attractive field. On the one hand there is an extensive beach some six or seven miles in length, from which the sand dune formation extends backwards and merges into a swampy area bordering the waters of Sandusky Bay. On the beach after every storm will be found a large mass of drift material, including numerous fishes that have been thrown ashore. These furnish an attraction for a number of forms of animals, a complete census of which has as yet not been attempted. It may be mentioned, however, that numerous species of flies take to them to deposit their eggs, the larvae a few days after each storm being a conspicuous element to be followed a few days later by pupae or mature flies; these in turn attract various birds and large numbers of ■ f Ic "*****»»»«*^' '^^s^ '—-.-■ - ^ V "*».<. ■ ' ■-■* -%* • "^^ **v ^ Fk;. 1. — A Btt of Cedar Point Beaoh. toads, which seem to secure a very constant source of food especially in this vicinity. Species of burrowing Hymenoptera are conspicuous and upon the sand dunes the grass hopper {Trimeroptropis maritima) is especially abundant. A millipede (Fonfaria indianae) is also very abundant crawling over the sand, and turtles from the lake pass up the beach and over the dunes to deposit their eggs at favorable points. Foot Prints. — A study of the tracks and foot prints which are made in the sand is especially interesting, and the determination of April, 1901] Osborn — Zoological Notes. 87 species which are responsible for particular kinds of tracks is a fascinating thougli somewhat complicated study. Several of these have been identified with certainty, and a brief description of tliem in connection with a reproduction of some photographs may be of interest. Toad tracks are numerous and quite conspicuous and consist of four slight imprints in the sand, these occurring with regularity in length corresponding with the length of tlie leap and the tracks, witli the distance between tliem, corresponding with the size of the Fig. 2.— Footprints of Toad, Grass-hopper and Millipede. Photo by H. Osborn. individual. These are shown in Figure 2, between the points marked X. The abundant grass-hopper, described more fully in another para- graph, produces when walking a continuous series of fine imprints in two or tliree more or less distinct lines on either side, midway between which is a narrow groove formed by the dragging of the abdomen.- These tracks begin and end abruptly in case the insect is alarmed and leaps into the air. Several of these lines of imprint are shown in the figure— one distinct one above the point in P'igure 2, marked +. Another very characteristic one that is easily referred to the millipede consists of parallel lines, in which the imprints of the individual feet are scarcely visible, and between wliich the sand is smoothed by the under surface of the body. In Fig. 2 under o. 88 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 6 Ant Lion. — Still another very characteristic member of the dune fauna is the ant lion, the larvae of which construct their characteristic pitfalls in slightly protected places near bushes or trees, sometimes in great numbers, indicating a very numerous colony of these curious creatures. Of these there are, judging by the larvae, two quite distinct species common to the Point, but these have not as yet been reared. Aside from the pitfalls these ant lions make a peculiar track in the sand when they are moving from one point to another. These movements apparently occur only during Fig. 3. — Pitfalls and Tracks of Ant Lions. short periods, as is shown when an area which has been entirely free from such tracks will be noticed after an hour or two to be com- pletely netted witli their devious furrows, whicii could only be formed by a number of larvae. Tlie larvae move backward, and from the character of the furrows produced in the sand, must re- main just beneath the surface of the sand, as the sand is raised on either side. Tliat the furrows are formed by these larvae is proven by the fact that if the pitfalls at their ends be dug into they will be found to contain larvae. The movements qf the larvae, forciblj^ pro- April, 1901] Osborn — Zoological Notes. 89 duced, make lines like those observed. Pitfalls and furrows are illustrated in the accompanying plates, the furrows being quite in- distinct, as tliey are not deep enougii to produce distinct shade, and consequently do not show conspicuously in the photograph. Fur- rows are to be noted, however, in the figure (No. 3) above the points marked X. Fig 4. — Eagle Nest. Photo liy R F. Griggs. Fig. 5. — Eagle Nest. Photo by H. Obborn. 90 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 6 Eagle Nests. — The bald eagle nests at various points along the lake shore, and some of these nests were observed, and photographs secured during tlie past summer. One of these is between Sandusky and Huron, about two miles from Huron, and a half mile from the Huron street railway, in a Shag bark hickory tree. It stands away from other timber, altliough it is said formerly to have been sur- rounded entirely by trees. It is probably one hundred and twenty- flve feet in height, or more, and doubtless towered above surrounding trees, and at present constitutes the most conspicuous object to be seen for miles in any direction. The nest, as shown in the accom- pany ingphotographs, must be at least a hundred feet from the ground, but owing to the impossibility of climbing the tree, and from the fact that no exact means of measurement were at hand, the precise height is unknown. This nest, we were told, has been in this tree only a few years, but prior to its building one has existed in the im- mediate locality for at least thirty years past. The nest is evidently five or six feet in diameter, being somewhat more tlattened than other nests observed, owing probably to the spreading character of the limbs upon which it rests. No eagles were to be seen at the time of our visit to the tree, but we were informed by the proprietor of the farm that they liad reared a brood during the season, and one was seen later by Mr. Griggs, at the time his photograph was taken. Other nests occur on Kelly's Island, and we made a trip to that locality for the purpose of noting them and taking photographs, which, however, on account of the day being unfavorable, are not very clear, and cannot be reproduced to advantage. They are about a inile and a half eastwai'd from the steamboat landing, one occur- ring in a Maple tree about seventy-five feet in height, and the nest at a height of about sixty-five feet, being at least six feet in height, fitting the somewhat acute crotch, and at least five or six feet across the top. The other is in a Burr Oak tree, some distance from other trees, in a vineyard, and plainly to be seen from the lake steamers when to the southeast of the landing. The tree is about a hundred feet high, and the nest is about eighty or eighty-flve feet from the ground. It is similar in form to the one just mentioned. Portions can be seen to contain very large branches, which show out conspicu- ously from the ground. Trimerotropis maritima. — This grasshopper which is very abundant on the dunes along Cedar Point Beach, is of special interest because of its protective resemblance to the sand on which it ordi- narily rests. It is one of the best examples I have seen of adaptive coloration, but does not seem to have been mentioned in such connection, possibly because the colors change in preserved specimens so that the mimicry is totally lost. Tliey reach maturity in latter part of June, and while only larvae are seen in middle of June, April, 1901] Osborn — Zoological Notes. 91 nearly all have matured by the latter part of July. They occur most abundantly on the sand adjacent to the clumps of grass upon which they doubtless feed, though so far no individuals have been observed actually feeding on grass leaves, but one was observed eating a fragment of apple cast up in drift materials on the beach. When disturbed they invariably alight on the sand, upon which they become at once invisible. About the only way to capture them is to throw a net down on a spot wliere one has been seen to alight, and then it not infrequently happens that two or even three will be caught though their presence lias not been suspected. The adult is whitish gray speckled with ferruginous fuscous and blacl^, conspicuous ferruginous points occurring usually on the anterior inargin of pronotum and on tlie lower borders of epimera of meso- and meta-tliorax, humeri of elytra and discal carina of femur, these may be faint or obsolete, and on wings and legs may form slender lides; dark freckles occur on carinse of vertex and face, forming a series back of collar on pronotum, on posterior border of pronotum and on sides of elytra and hind femora; on elytra they are thicker at three places, one-fourtli, one-half and two-thirds from base, constituting fairly distinct patches, and on femur are two indistinct bands corresponding with well marked black bands on the inner side. Anterior and middle femora and tibiae nearly wliite, milky, with gray annulations; hind tibite gray at base, distal two- thirds yellow, in one form orange or reddish, spines yellow, tipped with black, anterior and middle tarsi ferruginous or reddish, hind tarsi yellow. The sternum is finely pilose. A variety is quite uniformly yellowish gray. The larvae are similarly speckled but differ in that the dorsum of abdomen is densely speckled, while in adults this part protected by the folded wings is not speckled. In all these points a perfect adaptation to the color and markings that blend with the sand grains is evident. In the latter part of the summer of 1899, many of these grass- hoppers died from an attack of parasitic fungus, and in such cases climbed up on stems of grass where their whitened bodies became very conspicuous. Eggs are doubtless laid in autumn probably in packed sand in grass clumps to hatch in following spring. NOTES ON THE BIRD LIFE OF CEDAR POINT. Robert F. Griggs. Ecologically Cedar Point is an exceedingly interesting region. It is a narrow peninsula on one side of which flourishes a xerophytic dune flora, and on the other a luxuriant hydrophytic marsh flora. The meeting of these two gives the flora a very peculiar aspect. 92 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 6 Except at its tip Cedar Point has never been inhabited. It is still in very nearly its primitive condition. With a view to seeing how these and other factors peculiar to the region have influenced its bird life, these notes have been assembled. No ijretentions to sys- tematic completeness are made; the present purpose is more to determine the general character of the avifauna than to give a complete list including many accidental or occasional species which would overshadow the more characteristic residents. The observa- tions upon which these notes are based were taken during the summer months (1900) when there were few species migrating, so that with the exceptions noted they include only the bulk of the summer residents at the Point. The birds of the marsh and bay are so inseparable from those of the point proper, that the commoner of them have been included, though no special study of them was made. Tiie following birds were observed: Sterna hirundo Linn. Common Tern, common. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gmel.). Black Tern, com- mon, breeds. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montag.). American Bittern, common. Ardetta exilis (Gmel.). Least Bittern, common. Ardea Herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron, common. Gallinula galeata (Licht.). Florida Gallinule. Fulica americana Gmel. Coot, common, breed?. Ereunetes pusillus (Linn.). Semi-palmated Sandpiper. No specimens were taken to render identification sure— occurs in num- bers on the beach. Symphemia semipalmata (Gmel.). Willet, a few individuals. Aegialitis vocifera (Linn.). Killdeer. common. Zenaidura macroura (Linn.). Mourning Dove, not common, breeds. Circus liudsonius (Linn.). Marsh Hawk. Haliteetus leucocephalus (Linn.). Bald Eagle, nests near the foot of the Point. Coccyzus americanus (Linn.). Yellow-billed Cuckoo, scarce. Coccyzus erythropthalmus (Wils.). Black-billed Cuckoo, quite common. Colaptes auratus (Linn.). Flicker. I do not understand why the woodpeckers should not be well represented. There appears to be abundant feeding ground for them; yet I saw only one soli- tary flicker, the least specialised of all the woodpeckers. Trochilus colubris (Linn.). Ruby-throated Hummingbird, con- gregates in small flocks about the frequent clumps of trumpet creeper. Tyrannus tyrannus (Linn.). Kingbird, breeds. This and the other fly-catchers are very abundant on account of the great number of insects occurring. April, 1901] Griggs — Notes on Bird Life. 93: Myiarchus crinitus (Linn.). Crested Flycatcher, breeds. Contopus virens (Linn.). Wood Pewee, very common. Agelaius pha?niceus (Linn.). Red-winged Blackbird, common. Icterus galbula (Linn.). Baltimore Oriole, one small flock migrating. Quiscalus quiscula H?neus (Ridgw.). Crow Blackbird. This with the redwings and probably the other blackbirds^ congregates in very- large flocks. Melospiza fasciata (Gmel.). Song Sparrow, common. Pipilo erythropthalmus (Linn.). Towhee. Cardinalis cardinalis (Linn.). Cardinal, one pair, Passerina cyanea (Linn.). Indigo Bunting, very common. Petroclielidon lunifrons (Say.). Eave Swallow. Chelidon erythrogaster (Bodd.). Bai-n Swallow. Clivicola riparia (Linn.). Bank Swallow. The Swallows flock to the beach by thousands after a storm,, but are not abundant at otlier times. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.). Cedar Waxwing. Dendroica aestiva (Gmel.). Yellow Warbler, common, breeds.. Icteria virens (Linn.). Yellow-breasted Chat. Galeoscoptes cai'olinensis (Linn.), Catbird, common, breeds. Cistothorus palustris (Wils.). Long-billed Marsh Wren, very common, breeds. Parus atricapillus (Linn.). Chickadee. Merula migratoria (Linn.). American Robin, only one pair, seen only once. Manj" birds common in most localities are conspicuous by their absence. The blue jay, crow, thrushes, most of the birds of prej", and the woodpeckers, and many of the sparrows, especially the ubiquitous- English sparrow, were not observed at all. But the species occurring are present in great numbers, so that the region may be said to be monotonous in its bird life as well as in its other ecological relations.. PLANT STUPY AT SANDUSKY BAY\ Harriet G. Burr. To one whose work has not included collecting and study in such- surroundings as Sandusky Bay affords, the revelation of even a few days here is worth a great deal. The marshes about Sandusky, the rocky islands, the sand dunes at Cedar Point, the "prairie" in the direction of Castalia, all offer valuable work to the student of ecology. But during the week spent at the Lake Laboratory last August it was in study of the water plants of the Bay that I found the •94 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 6 greatest interest. The collecting is after a manner novel to the ^'land lubber." The collections, carried back to the Laboratory for study, have the fascination of the unusual, for represented among them are families more or less unfamiliar to general students. A collecting trip for water-plants usually takes one across tlie Bay among the bulrushes and wild rice along Cedar Point. Here from the sides of the boat we look down into a wilderness of strange forms througli the clear water. The curious eel-grass, with its perfect spirals, Myriophyllum and Chara, Philotria, Utricularia, and the Potamogetons spread out upon the surface among the lily-pads around us, are among the most conspicuous. A few minutes col- lecting here is productive of results quite out of proportion to the time spent. Many of these plants, at the time of my visit, had lifted themselves to the surface and bore their inflorescence above the water. Among these were some of the Potamogetons, Utricularia, Philotria, and others. A marigold looked strangely out of place on the surface of the water — it was the Bidens Beckii in bloom. The American Lotus lifted its head conspicuously above its lesser neigh- bors. Some minute, light-colored, fluffy masses, floating far out in the Bay, we decided to be the pollen of the Vallisneria. I have said nothing of the Algae; the most of my work at the Laboratory, however, was with these forms. Many kinds are com- mon and many more may be obtained by seeking for them. These types of plant life, in beauty of form and importance of study rivaled by none, repay much time spent upon them. The collecting and study of only a week here — a week, too, of recreation rather tlian of work— was but a suggestion of what might be done, though one which proved quite powerful. From our land- ing at Cedar Point was visible, for a long distance out, the bright pink of a Swamp Rose Mallow. It typified the week's work, it was a suggestion, too, of other strangers which might be lurking behind those trees and among those vines and undergrowth. We found that the suggestion was not a vain one, and in following it out we Tv^ere never disappointed. DRAGONFLTES OF SANDUSKY. James S. Hine. As the dragonflies of Sandusky have been quite carefully col- lected for a number of years, it may be worth while to give the result in the form of a list with notes on some of the species. Calopteryx maculata and Hetaerina aniericana have not been taken as commonly as in some places, for the locality does not iurnish their most desirable surroundings. April., 1901] Hine — Dragonflies of Sandusky. 95 The genus Lestes is represented by unguiculatus, uncatus, dis- junctus, forcipatus, rectangularis, vigilax, inequalis and eurinus. Nearly all of these species are abundant and are mostly found among the grass at the edge of the marsh. The genus Argia is represented by four species, putrida, violacea, sedula and apicalis. The first two are very numerous in individuals. Nelialennia posita and Irene; Enallagma civile, ebrium, carun- •culatum, aspersum, exsulans, geminatum, antennatum, signatum pollutum; Amphiagrion saucium and Ischnura verticalis have all been taken, usually near the water's edge. The Gomphines are not represented by a great number of species. Oomphus vastus is exceedingly common, and fraternus, furcifer, exilis, spicatus and plagiatus have been taken. Dromogomphus spinosus is also common. Epiaeschna heros and ^sclina verticalis and constricta may occasionally be seen, especially about the time the sun sets, catching small insects for food. Anax Junius is the most conspicuous species in the locality from May to September. Macromia illinoiensis is a very common species. At certain times the males and females of this species may be found in numbers in quiet places among bushes, where they come to rest on the under side of branches, tlieir bodies being at an angle of about thirty degrees with the branch. They are easily approached at such times, and two females and four males have been taken at a single sweep of the net. Epicordulia princeps, Tetragoneuria cynosura, Tramea Carolina and lacerata and Pantala flavescens are occasionally seen. Neurocordulia yamaskanensis has only been taken once on Rattlesnake Island. It is a rare species, but one that is more com- mon it the northern states. The genus Libellula is represented by basalis, 4-maculata, semi- fasciata, pulchella and incesta; and Sympetrum by obtrusum, rubicundulum, vicinum, senicinctum and corruptum. Pachydiplax longipennis, Plathemis lydia, mesothemis simplici- collis, Perithemis domitia, Leucorhinia intacta and Celethemis eponina and elisa are abundant, and witli tlae members of tlie genus Libellula furnish a very large percentage of the dragonfly life of the Sandusky Marshes. 96 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 6 SPONGES AND BRYOZOANS OF SANDUSKY BAY. F. L. Landacre. The two small groups of fresh water sponges and Bryozoa re- ceived some attention at the Lake laboratory during the summer of 1900 All our fresh water sponges belong to one family, the SpongiUidae, which has about seven genera. They differ from the marine sponges in two particulars. They form skeletons of silicon only, while marine sponges may form silicious or limy or spongin skeletons. The spongin skeleton is the one that gives the bath sponge its value^ They also form winter buds or statoblasts which carry the sponge over the winter and reproduce it again in the spring. This peculiar process was probably acquired on account of the changes in temperature and in amount of moisture to which animals living in fresh water streams are subjected. The sponge dies in the fall of the year and its skeleton of silicious spines or spicules can be found with no protoplasm. The character of the spines in the body of the sponge and those surrounding the statoblast differ greatlj^ and those around the statoblast are the main reliance in identifying sponges. So that if a statoblast is found the sponge from which it came can be determined, and on the other hand it is frequently very difficult to determine the species of a sponge if it has not yet formed its stato- blast. The statoblast is a globular or disc-shaped, nitroginous cell with a chimney-like opening where the protoplasm escapes in the spring. The adult sponge is non-sexual but the statoblasts give rise to ova and spermatozoa which unite and produce a new sponge. The statoblast is considered as the sexual generation. Three species belonging to one of the seven genera were posi- tively identified. Spongilla fragilis, Leidy, a very common form was found on sub- merged rocks on the south side of the bay near the city in great abundance. Its yellow statoblasts are numerous and placed in layers near the base of the sponge on the rock to which it is attached. Another species Spongilla cinerea, Carter, was found on floating timber. It is ashen gray in color. A third species Spongilla aspinosa, Potts, was found in Black Channel and near the city on submerged rocks. Its color is green. Other species were found but not definitely determined. The fresh water Polyozoa comprise a small group of animals- resembling the sponges in the process of statoblast formation, but otherwise totally different. Their real relationship is not definitely April, 1901] Landacre — Sponges and Bryozoans. 97 l^nown. They are among the most beautiful of our lower fresh water forms. The body is nearly always protected by a cyst from which the anterior end of the animal projects when undisturbed and into which it can be retracted. There is a larval form resembling that of the worms and several other invertebrate groups, and a marked metamorphosis to the adult form. The statoblasts as in the sponges are of value in identification, and are formed on a strand of tissue connecting the base of the animal to its cyst. The individuals or Polyps increase in number by budding. Two species are quite common at Sandusky. Plumatella poly- morpha as its name indicates is quite variable in form. The variety repens was very common on the rocks on the south side of bay near city. Its vine-like appearance renders it easy to identify. The Polyps are borne on the ends of the branches. The vine-like cyst clings closely to its support. The second species Pectinatella magni- fiea was found in Black Channel on submerged fish nets. It has a large spherical gelatinous base frequently eight or ten inches in diameter, over which the colonies of polyps are distributed. The individuals in eacli colony are arranged in the form of an aster. These large colonies are striking in appearance. The larvae are quite numerous and are globular in shape, and swim quite freely when liberated from the parent colony. The statoblasts are found in the fall as in the sponges. The process of statoblast formation and of larval development were studied, but the budding of individuals to enlarge the colony was not followed. The statoblasts of these ani- mals seem to need to be both dried and frozen before development will go on in the spring. ADDITIONS TO THE SANDUSKY FLORA. Robert F. Griggs. The following plants not given in the"Sandusky Flora" have been collected in Erie county. They are here given in order that those possessing a copy of Professor Moseley's excellent flora of the region may keep it up to date. The numbers refer to the pages of the San- dusky Flora, on which the additions should be made. 44. Avena sativa L. Common Oat, escaped. W. A. Kellerman. 61. *Wolffia braziliensis Wedd. Brazil Wolfifia Sandusky Bay, abundant at times. R. F. Griggs. 70. Populus balsamifera L. Tacmahac, abundant on some portions of Cedar Point. R. F. Griggs. 71, Salix fragilis L. Crack "Willow, common. W. A, Kellerman and R, F, Griggs. *Previously reported as additions to State list. See Ohio Naturalist, 1 ; 15-16. 98 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 6. 71. *Salix interior var. wheeleri Rowlee. Cedar Point. W. A. Kellerman and R. F. Griggs, 71. *8alix petiolaris var. gracilis And. Perkins twp. R. F. Griggs^ 71. *Salix Candida X cordata. Castalia. R.F.Griggs. 73. Quercus leana Nutt. (Q. imbucaria x velutina). Cedar Point, three trees. W. A. Kellerman and R. F. Griggs. 98. Crataegus sp. undetermined. Marble-head. W. A. Kellerman. 99. Prunus pumila L. Sand Cherry, two plants on Cedar Points. W. A. Kellerman and R. F. Griggs. 130. Convolvulus japonicus Thumb. Sandusky, escaped. R. F». Griggs. 156. Eupatorium maculatum L. Blue Hole, Castalia. Frederick Dunlap. 158. *Helianthus maximiliani Schrad. A single plant along L. S.. & M. S. tracks. R. F. Griggs. 159. *Polymnia canadensis var. radiata Gray. Cedar Point, very abundant. R. F. Griggs. MINOR PLANT NOTES, NO. 3. W. A. Kellerman. SoKGHUM Smut in Adams County. — A small field of Sorghum, near Mineral Springs Station, Adams County, Ohio, was observed last November to be badly infected with the grain smut of Sorghum, known to botanists as ustilago sorghi, or perhaps more correctly designated (according to G. P. Clinton) as Cintractia sorghi-vulgaris. A careful inspection of the harvested stalks, still piled in the field, showed that fully twenty per cent, of the panicles or heads were infected. When there is infection by this smut, usually every grain in the panicle is smutted according to repeated observations in various localities. The field in question was very thickly planted to- sorghum, the crop evidently being intended for stock feed. The only other locality reported in Ohio for this smut, so far as at present recalled, is Columbus, where however it has occurred only upon artificial infection. Broom corn also was here successfully infected. Sorghum is often cultivated, but not in large quantities in Ohio; a. lai'ge acreage of broom corn is however annuall.y planted. Request is hereby made for reports in case this smut is noticed in other- localities in our State. The Head-smut of Sorghum, Ustilago reiliana, should also be reported if observed. Notes on some Rusts.— M. A. Carleton, of the United States. Department of Agriculture, has published some observations and experiments on a few rusts that are of special interest, and may welli April, 1901] Kellerman — Minor Plant Notes. 99' be noted here. He has shown that the common and abundant Spurge Rust, occurring on very many species of Euphorbia (twelve of which are listed in the Ohio Flora) is able to propogate itself con- stantly through the germinating seed of its host, and therefore becomes in that way practically a perennial species. He remarks that " It is the only demonstrated example of this manner of propo- gation in the whole order of Uredineae. Actual cluster-cups may be seen in the hulled seeds of Euphorbia dentata. Seedlings kept under bell jars become rusted tliree months from the date of plant- ing, showing all stages of the rust, while seeds disinfected with mercuric cloride produce no rusted plants." Ohio Hybrid Oaks. — The Ohio Oaks have received as yet no cri- tical study, though notes as to their variation have occasionally and indirectly got into print. It is often suggested that there may be numerous hybrid forms, though mere guesses are scarcely of any significance. Lea's Oak, which is now known to occur in Ohio at four stations, namely, Cincinnati (the original locality reported), Brownsville in Licking County (tree since cut down), Columbus (one specimen), and Cedar Point in Erie County, has been known for years. It has been generally referred to Quercus imbricaria and Quercus velutina for its parentage, though Mr. Fischer was of opin- ion that the Columbus specimen was a cross between Quercus rubra and Quercus imbricarica. It was a matter of much interest when Mr. A. D. Selby reported, at the December Meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science, that he observed a hybrid Oak, a single tree, growing at Lakeville, Holmes County. The parentage he refers to Quercus alba and questionably Quercus inbricaria. He reports it with pronounced aspect of Q. alba "save in the elongated, sliort- lobed leaves which obviously approach those of Q. inbricaria." While certain resemblances to Q. acuminata may suggest them- selves (were his words) this species has not been observed in the im- mediate region. No mature fruit was seen. We may perliaps ven- ture to suggest that the evidence for its hybridity between the two species named— one an annual-fruited and the other a biennial- fruited species— is suspiciously slender, and it is hoped that mature- fruit and further inspection may put the case beyond doubt. Asparagus Rust Abundant on Young Plants.— An inspec- tion of the two patches of Asparagus on the University farm unex- pectedly showed a more general infection of the plants which were but one year old. The older plants grow in the narrow flood plain of a little stream tliat flows tlirough the farm to the Olentangy;. throughout this patch which is perhaps a dozen years old, the infection is quite general, though very few of the plants show a large amount of the Rust, and no perceptible damage to the crop ha& hitherto been reported. A year ago seed was sown on higher ground 100 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 6 about twenty rods from the old patch. The soil is mainly clay with some loam, and has been cultivated and fairly well manured for many years. The ground slopes to the west and is well drained, though the lower jjortion is perhaps somewhat inclined to be moist. The plants made an excellent growth. The infection throughout was general, quite a large percentage of the stalks at this season being very black from base to tip with the almost contiguous sori or blotches of Rust. Why these thrifty young plants should be so thoroughly infected, as compared with the older ones but a short distance away which have for several years harbored the Rust, though rather sparingly, is not clear to the observer. A LIST OF KANSAS DESMIDS. John H. Schaffner. A few years ago Prof. Lorenzo N. Johnson, of the University of Michigan, was at work on a monograph of the Desmids of North America, intending to make a comprehensive study of the American species; but his untimely death in the early part of the year 1897, prevented the fulfillment of this purpose. Some material which Prof. Johnson liad received from Kansas proved very rich in species. Thinking that a list of the determined Kansas species would make a valuable addition to the Kansas flora, I have obtained the following list of forty-seven species which was kindly furnished by Mrs. Johnson, of Evanston, 111. I have verified the names, and arranged the genera in the order followed in Engler and Prantl. Very few localities were given in the card catalogue from which the list was taken, and only a few others could be added which were •taken from Prof. Johnson's published articles. Family Desmidiaoeae. Pbnium (Breb.) DeB. 1. P. margaritaceum (Ehrb.) Breb. Clostebium Nitzsch. 2. C. acerosum (Schrank) Ehrb. 3. C. areolatum Wood. 4. C. didymotocuin Corda. B. C. lanceolatum Ktz. 6. C. leibleinii Ktz. 7. C. lineatum Ehrb. 8. C. lunula (Muell.) Nitzsch., Topeka. 9. C. macilentum Breb. 10. C rostratum Ehrb. 11. C. setaceum Ehrb. 12. C. tumidium Johnson, Burlington. Pleubotaenium (Naeg.) Lund. 13. P. nodulosum (Breb.) DeB. 14. C. trabecula (Ehrb.) Naeg. April, 1901] Schaffner — Kansas Desmids. 101 CosMABiuM (Corda) Lund. 15. C. botrytis (Bory) Menegh. 16. C. conspersum Ralfs. 17. C. constrictuni Delp. 18. C. contractum Kirch. 19. C. granatum Breb. 20- C. ornatum Ralfs. 21. C. porrectuni Nordst., Burlington. 22. C. portianum Arch. 23. C. rectangulare Grun. 24. C. gotlandicum Wittr., Burlington; perhaps the same as the preceding species. 25. C subcrenatum Hantzsch. 26. C. sulcatum Nordst. .27. C. triplicatum Wolle. Pleurotaeniopsis Lund. -28. P. ovalis (Ralfs) Lund. Arthrodesmus Ehrb. 29. A. convergens Ehrb. Xanthidium Ehrb. (Holacanthum Lund.) 30. X. antilopaeum (Breb.) Ktz. Staurastrum (Meyen) Lund. 31. S. arctiscon (Ehrb.) Lund. 32. S. orenulatum (Naeg.) Delp. 33. S. cuspidatum Breb. 34. S. echinatum Breb. 35. S. eustephanum (Ehrb.) Ralfs. 36. S. polymorphum Breb. 37. 8. subarcuatum Wolle. Euastrum (Ehrb.) Ralfs. 38. E. binale (Turp.) Ralfs. 39. E. verrucosum (Ehrb.) Ralfs. MiCRASTERIAS Ag. 40. M. furcata Ag. 41. M, rotata (Grev.) Ralfs. 42. M. radiosa (Ag.) Rail's. 48. M. truncata (Corda) Breb. Onychonema Wallich. 44. O. laeve Nordst. Sphaerozosma (Corda) Arch. 45. S. wallichii Jacobsen. Hyai.otheca Kuetz. 46. H. dissiliens (Smith) Breb. 47. H. mucosa (Mert.) Ehrb. 102 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. l,No. & MOSSES; ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLES. W. A. Kellerman. [This article was prepared as a suggestion for the Ohio Schools, and is issued simultaneously as No. 17 of the University Bulletin (Series- 5. ) A wide distribution is advisable and it seems desirable to issue it here also. Ohio teachers, pupils and amateurs will, it is hoped, become- more interested in our bryological flora. ] The samiDles on the accompanying attached sheet are intended to- illustrate the kind of material to be collected, and the method of label- ling and mounting the specimens, for the Herbarium. It will be noticed that most of the specimens are in "fruit," which is the popular name for the "capsule" that terminates the "se-ta," or slender stem. A delicate cap called the " ca-lyp-tra," may usually be seen, completely- or partially covering the capsule before it is fully mature. The terminal portion of the capsule, called lid or " o-per-cu-lum," often drops off when maturity is reached; in this manner the "spores" or microscopical, non-sexual reproductive bodies produced within, are allowed to escape. The mouth or opening of the spore case (capsule) is surrounded by a row of slender teeth, called collectively the "per-i-&tome;" this may be clearly seen with the aid of a lens after- the ripe operculum is removed. The ac- companying diagrammatic figures illus- trate the parts just mentioned. The life history, or cycle of development, of our common Mosses may be briefly sketched as follows: When the spores germinate a slender branching tube, or alga-like filament, appears which has been designated the "pro-to-ne-ma." This con~ tains chlorophyll; it grows in moist pro- tected places, and here and there develops . / 1, iji 'i. Fig. L anchor it to the soil root-like threads, called " rhi-zoids," which " Gem-mae " or buds also appear on tlie proto- nema and these develop into the upright clustered stems that bear the leaf-like structures. At the apex of tlie "ac-ro-car-pous " mosses, and from the sides in " pleu-ro-car-pous " species, there are formed the organs for sexual reproduction, namely, " an-ther-id-i-a " and "arch- e-go-ni-a;" these are surrounded by a cluster of leaf-like bracts, called, Fig. 1. — A common Moss (M) bearing triiit is and ii>/>.) ; one capsule is old, one fresh, one immature arid covered by the calyptra (cd/.) ; the teeth ^i) of the peristome (/), and a leal (/)> magnified, are also shown. April, 1901] Kellerman — Mosses. 103 the "per-i-che-ti-um " or perichetial scales. This structure, consisting of the delicate reproductive bodies and their conspicuous and surround- ing protecting organs, has been called the " flower " of the mosses. The microscopic bodies produced in the antheridia (and called " sper-mat-o-zoids "), and that produced in the archegonia (and called the "o-o-sphere "), are designated by the term "gam-etes;" it is their union that constitutes "fertilization." It can now be understood why this stage of the development of the moss plant, as outlined in the preceding paragraph, is designated by the term " gam-e-to-phyte;" it is the plant (or generation) that produces the gametes. It is in popular language the "moss " plant. The fusion of the two gametes results in the production of the sexual spore, called the " o-o-spore ;" it develops at once into the second Fig. 2. generation, or second stage in the life-cycle of the moss plant, which is called the " spo-ro-phyte." It consists of the seta and capsule; the lower end ("foot") of the seta becomes early embedded and fixed in the tissue of the gametophyte, and from it is derived the nourishment necessary to complete the development of the sporophyte, or the plant that produces the numerous non-sexual spores. This " alternation of generations,"— that is, the alternation of gametophyte and sporophyte, — is not peculiar to Mosses, but occurs also in the Pter-id-o-phy tes and Sper-mat-o-phytes. CLASSIFICATION OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. I. Thal-lo-phytes; as the Slime-moulds, Bacteria, Common Algae (green Pond-scum, etc.), Marine Algae (" Sea-moss "), Moulds, Mildews, Smuts, Rusts, Mushrooms, Toadstools, Puffballs, etc. II. Bry-o-phytes; The Mosses and Liverworts. III. Pter-id-o-phy tes; The Ferns, Club-mosses and Horsetails. IV. Sper-mat-o-phytes; The Gymnosperms (Pines, etc.) and An- giosperms (Monocotyls and Dicotyls). Fig. 2. — The growth or prolonema (/r.) from the spore (5/>.), having rhizoids (>-), and buds (6). from which stems develop. 104 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 6 ORDERS OF MOSSES. 1. Sphag-na-les; the Bog-mosses or Sphagnum. 2. An-dre-se-a-les ; one genus of small Mosses in mountain regions. 3. Ar-chid-i-a-les ; only one very short-stemmed species. 4. Bry-a-les; the common Mosses occurring in Ohio. The only book that could be used by beginners in identifying Mosses, is Grout's "Mosses with a Hand-lens," price 11.10; procure if wanted from the author, or if placed in our hands the order will be attended to. The Manual by Lesquereux and James could be used by advanced students. It is earnestly requested that contributions of Mosses for the State Hekbarium from every County in Ohio be made. Please send an ample amount of each kind, enclosed in a temporary paper pocket or envelope ; with each specimen lay a slip of paper or temporary label, giving locality, date and collector's name, also any notes that are made with reference to habitat or habit of the plants. The donor's name and other data will be placed on the permanent label accompanying the herbarium specimens. ADDITIONAL NOTE ON THE SYNDESMON INVOLUCRE. A. Wetzstein. In addition to the observations made by Mr. F. H. Burglehaus, Toledo, Ohio, concerning the involucral leaves of Syndesmon thalic- troides Hoffmg., as stated in No. 5 of the Ohio Naturalist, I also confirm the contradiction in the habitus of plants growing in Aug- laize County with the description in Britton & Brown's Flora. All specimens I found here have no sessile involucral leaves, but petioles mostly about one-fourth of an inch in length. Especially the later flowering iilants, that often grow over one foot high, show petioles of more than one-half inch in length, while even the earliest — col- lected about the middle of April, and no more than three inches high — exhibit distinctly petioled involucral leaves. It might be very interesting to find out the range of plants with sessile involucres — for I do not at all think this description'of Syn- desmon to be an error in so carefully prepared a Flora as Britton & Brown's is, the more as the given figure shows strictly sessile involucres too. St. Marys, Ohio. April, 1901] Meetings of Biological Club. 105- MEETINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB. FKBBUARY MEETING. The meeting of the Biological Club, held in the Zoological lecture room on the evening of February 4th, 1901, was presided over bj' the president, Prof. Osborn, about thirty being present. Prof. Lazenby presented ''Remarks on Poisonous Plants." He mentioned many of the poisons to which the poisonous properties of various plants are due. Many cases of poisoning are caused by poisonous fungi gathered with edible mushrooms, and greens gathered by persons unacquainted with poisonous herbs. Stramo- nium has been known to cause cases of poisoning by being gathered in greens. The distribution of j)oisonous i^lants through the various botanical orders was discussed, and the fact was revealed that a large percentage of the orders contain such species. Prof. Ball spoke on "Collecting in Colorado." His remarks on both fauna! and floral conditions are valuable to all, and especially to those who collect in that western state. He emphasized the fact that in collecting Hemiptera, general sweeping is not productive of the best results. Many of the grasses which grow in that country are at least partially recumbent, and for that reason the sweeping net misses most of the desirable species. The species of insects which feed on these grasses are best taken by searching about the roots, or by lifting up the stems and scrutinizing them closely. Many new or rare species of Hemiptera have been procured in num- bers in this way. He exhibited many photographs and drawings which revealed the picturesqueness of the country, something of the flora, and the difficulties railroad companies experience in getting a track across the mountains, and left with many j)resent a desire to see the re- markable,scenery for themselves, MARCH MEETING. The Biological Club met in Townshend Hall on the evening of March 4, 1901, the lantern being kindly furnished and operated by Professor Hunt. The board of editors through its secretary, Mr. Griggs, I'ecom- mended that the offer of Professor Kellerman to take one-half the numbers of the first volume of the Ohio Naturalist for $125.00 be accepted ; and that Professors Schaffner, Osborn and Kellerman be appointed a committee to consider the disposition of exchanges. The report was unanimously accepted by the club. 106 • Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 6 Mr. Griggs reported that he and Mr. Tyler had procured a set of two great horned owl's eggs from an old hawk's nest in a beech tree north of the city, on March 4th. The paper of the evening was given by Professor Osborn on " The Naples Zo5logical Station." The paper was illustrated by lantern and many views of historic places in Europe were given. Naples and the surrounding country with Vesuvius, Pompeii and other points of natural or historic interest were shown in a series of fine views from photographs. The station building with the beautiful grounds surrounding it appeared in several of the views. The speaker dwelt at some length on the opportunities given investiga- tors, the methods of work, equipment in laboratories and library, and the cordiality of the staff in charge, and expressed the hope that many of the students in his hearing might at some future time •enjoy the privileges of a sojourn at the station. Mr.'Modesta Quiroga was elected to membership. J AS. S. HiNE, Secretary. NEWS AND NOTES. In the present number of the Naturalist is published some of the work done last summer at the Lake Laboratory, located at San- dusky, O. For the announcement for the summer of 1901, or any other information, address Herbert Osborn, Director, Ohio State University, Columbus, O. Special Papers No. 3, Ohio State Academy of Science, has been distributed. This paper deals with "The Preglacial Drainage of Ohio," and the authors are W. G. Tight, Granville, J. A. Bownocker, •Columbus, J. H. Todd, Wooster, and Gerard Fowke, Chillicothe. The paper is a neat pamphlet of seventy-five pages, with a number of maps and half-tones. Referring to Burglehaus' note onSyndesmon (Ohio Naturalist, 1:72), I may say that I have a number of specimens from Eastern Kansas, all of which have sessile involucral leaves. Some of the specimens in the Ohio State Herbarium liave sessile leaves, while others have involucral leaves with petioles one inch or less in length. That there can be no mistake in the interpretation of what is supposed •to constitute an involucral leaf is shown from the following statement in Britton and Brown's Flora, 2: 50:—" Involucre of three compound sessile leaves; leaflets stalked." Mr. S. E. Horlacher, of Dayton, Ohio, writes that all tlie specimens in his herbarium agree with the Flora in having sessile involucral leaves. There may be several forms of Syndesmon distinct enough to designate as varieties; there as at least a large amount of variation. J. H. SCHAFFNEB. (D\}io State University Six distinct and independent Colleges, each . _ with a Dean and Faculty of its own. AGRICULTURE, ArTS. LAW, THIRTY SEVEN DEPARTMENTS. ENGINEERING, PHARMACY, THIRTY DISTINCT COURSES. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Superior facilities for education in Applied Science. Short or special courses for mature students not candidates for degrees. One hundred and twenty.one instructors. Over thirteen hundred students. FINEST GYMNASIUM IN THE WEST. /^or further information address the President, Dr. W. O. Thompson, State University, Columbus. Ohio Forest Trees Identified by Leaves and Fruit. By W. A. KeLiLErman, Ph. D., Ohio State University. A neat pamphlet for every cne who wishes to learn our native forest trees. Keys simple Description plain. Can learn the names of the trees easily. Price reduced from 25 cents to IQ cents. Also, The Fourth State Catalogue of Ohio Plants. Bound copies at cost of binding, namely 20 Cents- Gives list of scientific and common names ; distribution by counties. Teachers and others will also be interested in Prof. Kellerman's Phyto-theca or Herbarium ^oxXXoWa,, Practical Studies in Elementary Botany, Elementary Botany with Spring Flora, all published by Eldredge & Bro., Philadelphia, to whom apply. For information or copies dt Forest Trees and Catalogue or names of plant specimens of your region address W. A. Kellerman, Columbus, Ohio American Entomological Co. 1040 DE KALB AVENUE, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Lepidoptera Price List No. 2. — Price 5 ce^its ^f^^^lt Issued November 15th 1900. kinds' of °^^I' Entomological Supplies fnd"S;a" d°' ''r."""'"'' SCHMITT INSECT BOXES. Builders of INSECT CABINETS, ETC. The Twentieth Century Text Books of Biology. PLANT RELATIONS, 12mo, cloth $1.10 PLANT STRUCTURES, 12mo, cloth 1.20 PLANT STUDIES, l2mo, cloth ... . . .1.20 PLANTS, l2mo, cloth 1.80 ANALYTICAL KEY TO PLANTS, 12mo, flexible cloth . . .75 All by JOHN MERLE COULTER. A. M., Ph. D.. Head of Dept. of Botany, University of Chicago. They are already the preferred texts, and the reasons will be apparent on examination. ANIMAL LIFE : A First Book of Zoology. By DAVID S.JORDAN, M. S., U. D , Ph. D...LL. D., President of the Leland Stanford Jun- ior University, and VERNON L. KELLOGG, M. S., Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. 12mo. Cloth, |1.20. Noiu ready. Not a book /or learning the classification, anatomy, and nomenclature af animals, but ta show hotv animals reached their present development, the effects of environment, their place in Nature, their relations to one another and to the human race. Designed for one-half year's ^vork in high schools. Senii for sample pages. ANIMAL FORMS: A Second Book of Zoology. By DAVID S. JORDAN. M. S., M. D., Ph D , LL. D., and HAROLD HEATH, Ph. D., Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. Ready in February, igoi . D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, Publishers, New York, Chicago, London. Recent Scientific Works TN Astronomy, Dr. Simon Newcomb's new book, pub- ■■■ lished October, 1900; in Physics, the Johns Hopkins text of Professors Rowland and Ames; also in Physics for second and third year hi^ii school work, the text of Dr. Hoadley, of Swarthmore; in Physiology, the text by Drs. Macy and Norris, based on the Nervous System; also the High School Physiology indorsed by the W. C, T. U., written by Drs. Hewes, of Harvard University; in Geology, the Revised '« Compend " of Dr. Le Conte, and the two standard works of Dana, — The Manual for Uni- versity Work, and the New Text Book, revision and rewriting of Dr. Rice, for fourth year higli school work; in Chemistry, the approved Storer and Lindsay, recom- mended for secondary schools by the leading colleges; in Zoology, the Laboratory Manual of Dr. Needham, of Cornell; and the series "Scientific Memoirs" edited by Dr. Ames, of John Hopkins. Nine volumes ready. The publisher's cordially invite correspondence. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, Cincinnati THE OHIO naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EDITORIAL STAFF Editor-in-chief — JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, A. M., M. S Associate Editors : Zoology— F. L. LANDACRE, B. Sc. Botany— F. J. TYLER, B. Sc. Geology—]. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. Archaeology— V^. C. MILLS, B. Sc. Ornithology— v.. F. GRIGGS. Advisory Board: PROFESSOR W. A. KELLERMAN, Ph. D. Department of Botany. PROFESSOR HERBERT OSBORN, M. Sc. Department of Zoology. PROFESSOR J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. Department of Geology. Volume !♦ May, J 90 J Number 7 i COLUMBUS, OHIO PRESS OF HANN & ADAIR THE OHIO NATURALIST A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohio, The official organ of The Biological Club of the Ohio State University. Published monthly during the academic year, from Novem- ber to June (8 numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign countries, 75 cents. Single copies 10 cents. John H. Schaffnbr, JE^rf^7or. F. J. Tyler, Subscriptions. JR. F. Griggs, Advertising Agent. j\ Cm {1 T'f S S THE OHIO NATURALIST, Ohio State University, COLUMBUS, OHIO. CONTENTS Variation in Sy ndesmon Tlialietroides 1 07 W. A. Kellerman Description of New Species of Stratiomyidae with notes on others, 112 J. S. Hine Ohio Batrachia in the Zoological Museum of the O. S. U 114 Max Morse The Promethea Moth, Callosamia promethea 116 Herbert Osborn Meeting of the Biological Club 117 Jas. S. Hine, Sec. News and Notes 118 Entered at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, as second class matter. Cf^e (Dl}XO Tlatnvalist PUBLISHED BY THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Vol. U MAY, I90I No. 7 VARIATION IN SYNDESMON THALICTR0IDE8. W. A. Kellekman. This charming spring flower called in popular language Rue- Anemone, indigenous to eastern North America, has been known from early times, and as in many other equally unfortunate cases has had imposed upon it by botanists a superfluity of scientiflc name?. Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum, 1753, listed it as Ane- mone thalictroides; in 1803 Michaux called it Thalictrum anemo- noides; it was rechristened as Syndesmon thalictroides in 1832 by Hoflmansegg; Anally Spach in 1839 proposed the name Anemonella thalictroides. Botanists to-day consider our plant as more properly placed in Hoffmansegg's genus Syndesmon, and for it the earliest speciflc name, applied by Linnaeus, is very properly retained ; hence the correct designation in botanical language is Syndesmon thalic- troides (L.) Hoflmg. The extent of variation in this plant has been but partially noted heretofore. The tabulation given below indicates the results of observations made the latter part of April and the first of May this year in regard to the number of flowers and the variation in the involucral leaves. As to whether these are sessile as given in our Manuals, notes have appeared on previous pages of this Journal by Messrs. Burglehaus, Wetzstein and Schaflner, cf. pp. 72, 104 and 106. The number of flowers is normally three and the involucral leaves two. A diagram showing their arrangement is given at A, Fig. 1. The two leaves are not always ternate; they may both be simple, diagrammatically shown at B. A further variation, shown O T T ^ N ^TN , O ^, C\ Abode f 0 Fig. 1. Diagrams showing arrangement of leaves and flowers. 108 Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 7 in Fig. ] C presents one simple and one compound leaf. At D greater complexity is indicated, there being in many plants besides the central flower three instead of only two axillary ones, and only one of the subtending leaves is compound. In the case shown at E two of the three involucral leaves are compound. As shown in F and G four leaves may contribute to form the involucre and each one subtend a flower; in some cases two of the leaves are compound, in others three or even all may be compound. Still other variations along this line occur, but space forbids a fuller enumeration. It should be stated that although the pedicels and leaves as shown in the diagrams (Fig. 1) occupy but a small portion of the circle, as a matter of fact the leaflets are spread and so disposed as to occupy the entire *area when viewed from above the plant, the leaflets being equidistant from each other, or contiguous but not overlapping, and therefore taking the most advantageous position so far as sunlight is concerned. The very striking variation in regard to presence or absence of the petiole to the involucral leaves has been previously noted. An inspection of a very large number of specimens collected in the vicinity of Columbus and in Perry and Logan counties, as well as of specimens kindly sent for the purpose by Mr. F. H. Burglehaus, Prof. A. Wetzstein, and Supt. H. N. Mertz, shows that petiolate forms occur exclusively in some localities (Northwestern Ohio); in other places the sessile form only obtains (Eastern Ohio); and yet elsewhere both forms are about equally represented (Central Ohio). We can not regard the petiolate forms as in any real sense a variety (much less a distinct species)— since both sessile and petiolate leaves occur in countless cases on the same plant. But where the petiolate form occurs i^revailingly or may be exclusively, it would be advan- tageous to designate the same; therefore I propose as follows: Syndesmon thalictroides f . PETIOLATA nova forma. Involucral leaves prevailingly or exclusively with petioles 2-10 or even 25 or more millimeters in length; otherwise like the typical species. Toledo (F. H. Burglehaus), St. Marys (A. Wetzstein) and West Mansfield, occasionally at Columbus and Rendville. Comparatively few monstrosities were observed. In one case only did merely one leaf and two flowers occur; often but one flower develops though two leaves occur as usual; in a few cases a single small leaf was seen on a pedicel. A more common teratolog- ical variation was the elougatiori of the axis at the usual point of insertion of the flowers and involucral leaves, often distantly separ- ating the leaves with their axillary flowers; in one case the distance between the points of insertion of the leaves was nearly two inches. The sepals are occasionally excessively numerous, A characteristic very prominent is the similarity of the several stems that come from the same root. If one presents the typical May, 1901] Kellerman — Syndesmon. 109 form of flowers and leaves almost without, exception, the second (and third when present) do the same; if one varies in any respect rarely does the remainder fail to follow suit. This can be seen in the tabulation where two or more stems are indicated — both or all are given (except in Nos. 29, 30 and 49) as observed, in the successive serial numbers. Another instance of the persistency of an idiosyn- cracy, as we may call it, was observed in some Syndesmons taken from the woods by a gardener at Springfield, Ohio, over forty years ago. The flowers were bountifully double, and the plants have each year since faithfully presented the same striking peculiarity. The tabulation that follows is based on specimens from Toledo (Lucas Co.), Nos. 1-30; from St, Marys (Auglaize Co.), Nos. 31-48; from Steuben ville (Jefferson Co.), Nos. 49-65; from West Mansfield (Logan Co.), Nos. 66-76; from Rendville (Perry Co.), Nos. 77-88; and from Columbus, Nos. 89-100. The number of stems to each plant is given in the second column; then follow in order the number of flowers to each stem, the number of simple leaves with length of their petioles in milimeters, the number of compound leaves with length (also in milimeters) of their petioles and finally of their petiolules. TABULATION. ^o 1 S tems 2Fls. 4Sii np. Ivs. IPet. 8 Co mp. h ^s. 2] Pet . 14: Petl .3-8 -J 2 3 1 ' ' 4 1 4 2-3 3 1 3 1 ' 4 1 4 2-3 4 2 4 1 ' ' 10 2 9 ; 3-7 5 2 3 0 ' ' — 2 3 . , t 0-2 6 1 3 0 ' ' — 2 6 3-6 7 1 3 1 ' ' 13 1 15 u ;.■ 6-6 8 2 4 1 ' ' 12 2 12 3-7 9 2 4 1 ' ' 3 ■ 2 3 2-3 10 3 4 1 ' ' 11 12 2-4 11 3 4 0 ' '• — 3 6-7 2-4 12 3 4 0 ' ' — 3 2-3 1-2 13 2 4 3 ' ' 6 0 — — 14 2 3 2 ' ' 6 0 — — 15 3 4 1 ' ' 9 2 9 2-5 16 3 4 1 ' ' 8 2 7 2-4 17 3 4 0 ' ' — 3 3 1-2 18 2 5 1 ' ' 6 o 8 2-5 19 2 3 ' 3 0 — — 20 1 3 0 ' ' — 2 7 2-4 21 1 4 2 ' ' 4-5 1 5 2-3 22 3 3 0 ' ' — 2 9 3-7 23 3 3 0 ' ' — 2 6 2-3 24 3 3 0 ' ' — . 2 3 0-2 no Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. 1, No. 7 No. 25 Stems 1 Fls. 1 Simp. Ivs. 1 Pet. 4 Comp. Ivs. 1 Pet. 5 Petl. 2-3 II 26 II 1 11 4 II 1 11 5 II 2 ll 7 II 2-4 II 27 u 2 II 4 II 1 It 12 II 2 ll 16 11 3-8 11 28 u 2 11 3 II 0 ll — It 2 It 7 II 2-3 11 29 11 7 II 4 II 1 11 8 11 2 II 10 It 3-6 «l 30 II 7 II 3 II 0 II — II 2 II 8 It 8-6 It 31 II 2 II 4 II 0 ;l — II 3 ll 3-4 ll 1-2 II 32 II 2 II 3 It 0 ll — II 2 It 2-3 II 1-2 II 33 II 1 II 4 II 1 II 2 II 2 It 3 ll i-2 II 34 II 1 tl 3 ti 0 tl — ll 2 tl 4-5 II 1-2 ii 85 II 1 II 3 II 1 l< 4 ll 1 11 5 It 1-2 II 36 II 1 11 3 II 1 ll 3 II 1 ll 4 ll h2 II 87 II 1 II 3 II 0 11 — ll 2 ll 4 ll 1-2 II 38 11 2 II 3 11 0 II — 11 2 It 4 Ii 1-2 II 39 II 2 It 3 II 0 II — ll 2 ll 6 II 2-3 11 40 tl 1 11 3 II 0 It — II 2 ll 2-3 II 1-2 ll 41 II 2 II 3 ll 1 It 3 ll 1 ll 3 II 1 II 42 11 2 ll 8 II 1 II 2 It 1 It 2 11 l-U II 43 ll 1 II 3 ll 0 11 — 11 2 ll 5 II 1-2 11 44 It 3 11 3 II 2 II 5 11 0 It — ll — II 45 II 3 11 3 II 2 tl 6 II 0 ll — ll — II 46 II 3 II 3 II 2 II 3 11 0 ll — u — tl 47 11 2 II 3 II 1 ll 4 11 1 It 4 ll 0 II># If you are at p re s e n t e ni - ])loyed, write us regarding our 1 1 o m e S t u d }• work . Same thorough instruction as given in the class-room. #/ft#fl> A LESSON IN GREGG'S SHORTHAND. K. G. R. L. N. M. T. D. A. H. I. """ ' ' ~ WRITE BY sound: A, an me — =r^ meek . — ^ get .^'^^ day ' meet — ^-^ make ^"^-^ tray .-^s7~i - cake — TO BE memorized: Can- -Good— In • He ^ The write: The lad will meet me read: in cat -^ inv -—J ' for aquatic insects. It is publi.shed by McClure, Phillips .S: Co.— H. O. An Abnormal Salamander 1411 AN ABNORMAL SALAMANDER. (Explanation of Figures.) E. B. Williamson. Mr. John Russi during the past summer collected a newt, Diemyctelus viridescens, Raf. , n:ar Salem, Ohio, with a fifth foot growing from the dorsal surface of the left thigh, as shown in figure i. The newt is a young one, 48 millimeters in length. The left femur is slightly longer than the right, and is .shown much enlarged at figure 2 in anterior view. Near its middle is a section of cartilege which allows of the femur being bent .slightly in any direction. Tendons from the fifth foot pass to^ the femur at this point. Figure 3 shows a much enlarged draw- ing of the skeletal elements of the foot from dorsal view. The salamander w^as kept alive for some time but so far as was seen, made no use of and exercised no control over its extra foot. I am indebted to Mr. Russi for the privilege of examining this interesting specimen which he has donated to the vSalem High School Museum. THE SUMMER'S WORK AT SANDUSKY. The work at the Lake Laboratory at Sandusky the past sum- mer was very encouraging and indicates a stead\- growth in this branch of univer.sity work. Aside from a number of instructors and students from the Departments of Botany and Zoology and Entomology of the University, there were in attendance repre- sentatives of a number of other Ohio colleges and high schools. Courses in General Zoology, Botany, Entomology, Invertebrate Morphology, Embryology and Ornithology were given. Collect- ing trips to different portions of the bay, the lake shore, and the 142 The Ohio Naturalist. country adjacent to the laboratory were productive of man)- interesting objects for stud>', and reports on some of these will appear in later numbers of the Naturalist. Special excursions to Castalia, Lakeside, Kelley's Island, Put-in-Bay and Green Island were not only enjoyable, but furnished much of profit in the way of collections. One of the most appreciated feature was a visit to the U. S. Fish Commission Hatchery at Put-in-Bay, wdiich furnished an opportunity to watch the plankton work done on the Shear Water under the direction of Prof. H. B. Ward. A series of Frida}' afternoon lectures on biological problems, with titles, " Adaptation in Animal Life," "Aquatic Life," "Air- breathing Animals," "Some Phases of Evolution," "Some Problems in Applied Zoology," " Mimicry and Protective Resem- blance in Nature," were given by Prof. Osborn, and one on " Natural vSelection," by Prof. Landacre. THE MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF PLANTS III. John H. Schakfner. During the past summer, the plants mentioned below were measured by the writer in northern Kansas. A number of species grew far beyond the height mentioned in our manuals, although there was a very severe drought the entire summer. The height given probably approaches the maximum in but few cases and a better growing season might produce a ver}' noticable increase in size. The measurements are given in comparison with those of Britton and Brown's Flora. Britton. Measured. Polygonum lapathifolium h 3 ft. 8 ft. Polygonuni cainporinn Meisu 3 6 '4 Froelichia floridiana ( Nutt. ) Moq 4 5 Chenopodiuni album L. .. . 10 12}4 Anemone virginiana L. (Ohio) 3 3^ Polanisia trachysperma T. & G i)4 2^ Cassia chamaecrista L 2 V^ 5% Astragalus carolinianus L, 4 5^ Meibomia illinoensis ( Gr. ) Ktz 4 7 Euphorbia dentata Michx i ^ 4 Euphorbia hexagona Nutt i- ^ 5 Euphorbia nutans Lag 2 2,y^ Ceanothus ovatns Desf 4 Anmiannia coccinea Rottb 1-3 3 Gaura parvi flora Dougl 5 12 Stenosiphon lini folium (Nutt. ) Britt 5 8 Onosmodium molle IMichx 2 2 '/^ Lycopus americanus Muhl 2 5 ^lentha canadensis L 2j^ 3 Mimulus ringens L 3 2iH Lacinaria punctata (Hook.) Ktz 2^ 3 Helianthus giganteus L. (Ohio) 12 13 Coreopsis trip' eris T^. ( Ohio ) 8 9 Carduus altissimus Iv lu i r The Birds of Cedar Point, Sandusky. 143 THE BIRDS OF CEDAR POINT, SANDUSKY. R. L. Baird. The following list of birds I observed on Cedar Point withirL two miles of its extremity, from July 30th to August 2otli, 1901, while a student at the O. S. U. Lake Laboratory. The list is not so complete as it might be. I found the birds I did for the most part in short daily visits of about an hour each, generally in the afternoon. One whole day I spent on the Point and two half days. With one exception, that of the American Herring Gull, I think all the species named nest in the neighborhood of Cedar Point. The list ought to be much extended by going over the part nearer the mainland. I think at least fifteen or twenty more species ought to be found there as summer residents. I rode from Oberlin to Sandusk}' several times and the additional species I saw in Erie count}' I shall add in a list by themselves. The most noticeable of these were the Bank Swallows. They were in immense flocks along the road from Sandusky to Huron. Sometimes as many as five hundred would alight on two lengths of telephone wire. The Long-billed Marsh Wrens were quite common all the time in the reeds to the west of the Point. They were not singing, however, after August 5th. The swamps upon the Point supplied many of the shore birds. In a ilock there were generally Bartramian, Pectoral, Spotted and Semipalmated vSand- pipers, Semipalmated Plover, and Killdeers. It was a common thing during the last week to hear the Coots in the marsh west of the Point. Pied-billed Grebes were al.so tolerably common there. The Bald Eagles were probably a pair which had a nest nearer the mainland. The American Bittern I quote on the authority of Mr. Field, of Dennison College. I use the order of the latest A. O. U. check-list. The following abbreviations I add after each species : C. — common ; Tc. — tolerably common ; Fe. — few ; figures indicate the exact number seen. CEDAR POINT LIST. 6. Pied-billed Grebe, Podilj-mbus podiceps. Tc. 5i(?. American Herring Gull, Larns argentatus sniithsonianus. 1. 70. Common Tern, Sterna hirundo. C. 77. Black Tern, Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis. Fe. 190. American Bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus. Fe. 191. Least Bittern, Ardetta exilis. Fe. 194. Great Blue Heron, Ardea herodias. Tc. 201. Green Heron, Ardea virescens. Tc. 212. Virginia Rail, Rallus virginianus. Tc. 214. Sora, Porzana Carolina. Tc; 144 The Ohio Naturalist. 221. American Coot, FuHca americana. Tc. 22S. American Woodcock, Philohela minor. Fe. 239. Pectoral Sandpiper, Tringa niaculata. Tc. 246. Semipalmated Sandpiper, Erennetes pusillus. Fe. 24S. Sanderling, Calidris arenaria. Tc. 261. Bartramian vSandpiper, Bartramia longicauda. Tc. 263. Spotted Sandpiper, Actitis macularia. C. 273. Killdeer, .F)gialitis vocifera. Fe. 274. Semipalmated Plover, ^Egialitis semipalmata. Tc. 289. Bob-white, Colinus virginianus. Fe. 316. Monrning Dove, Zenaidura macronra. Fe. 331. Marsh Hawk, Circus hudsonius. Fe. 333. Cooper's Hawk, Accipiter cooperi. Fe. 352. Bald Eagle, Halitttus leucocephalus. 2. 364. American Osprey, Pandion haliaetus carolinensis. i. 387. Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus. Tc. 38S. Black-billed Cuckoo, Coccyzus erythrophthalmus. Tc. 390. Belted Kingfisher, Ceryle alcyon. Tc. 393. Hairy Woodpecker, Dr3-obates villosus. Fe. 394^'. Downy Woodpecker, Dr3'obates pubescens medianus. Fe. 406. Red. headed Woodpecker, Melanerpes ervthrocephalus. C. 412^7. Northern Flicker, Colaptes auratus luteus. Tc. 423. Chimney Swift, Cluutura pelagica. C. 42S. Ruby-throated Hummingbird, Trochilus colubris. Fe. 444. Kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus. C. 452. Crested Flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus. Fe. 461. Wood Pewee, Contopus virens. C. 465. Green-crested Fl3-catcher, Empidonax virescens. Fe. 477. . Blue Jay, Cyanocitta cristata. C. 488. American Crow, Corvus americanus. Fe. 494. Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Tc. 495. Cowbird, IVIolothrus ater. Fe. 498. Red-winged Blackbird, Agelaius phceniceus. C. 506. Orchard Oriole, Icterus spurius. i. 507. Baltimore Oriole, Icterus galbula. Tc. 511/j. Bronzed Crackle, Ouiscalus quiscula leneus. C. 529. American Goldfinch, Astragalinus tristis. Tc. 563. I'ield Sparrow, Spizella pusilla. Fe. 581. Song Sparrow, Melospiza melodia. Tc. 587. Towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus. Fe. 593. Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis. P'e. 598. Indigo Bunting, Cyanospiza cyanea, C. 608. Scarlet Tanager, Piranga erythromelas. Fe. 611. Purple Martin, Progne subis. C. 613. Barn Swallow, Hirundo erythrogaster. C. 616. Bank Swallow, Clivicola riparia. C. 619. Cedar Waxwing, Ampelis cedrorum. C. The Birds of Cedar Point, Sandusky. 145 624. Red-eyed Vireo, Vireo olivaceous. C. 627. Warbling Vireo, Vireo gilvus. Tc. 636. Black and White Warbler, Mniotilta varia. Fe. 652. Vellow Warbler, Dendroica lestiva. C. 6 North High Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO. Lepidoptera Price List No. 3. — Price 5 cents J^^Buy'lfs Issued November 15th, 1%!. D-'fJ/"/;" ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES. a^dTeiebrat" °*"."" ^'i'"'' SCHMITT INSECT BOXES. 'Builders of INSECT CA'BINETS, Etc. American Entomological Company 1040 DE KALB AVENUE, BROOKLYN, N. Y. nin^Ga:-iintioulishment, ROCHESTER, N. Y. If you have your PHOTOS made at the You will ALWAYS ' be pleased State and High Sts, COLUMBUS, OHIO. OUR LIST OF AWARDS FOR THE LAST YEAR ARE: The Gold Medal at Paris Exposition. Highest Award at the Pan-American Exposition. Six First Premiums out of seven at Ohio State Exposition. DIE STAMPING. PLATE AND LETTER PRESS PRINTING. SPAH% & GLENN, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS. 50 EAST BROAD STREET. COLUMBUS, OHIO. Scientific Taxidermy. EVERY SCHOOL should have a collectiou of Natural History specimeus. Why not START A COLLECTION of the Birds or Mammals of your county or state, or enrich a present collection by the addition of some well mounted specimens? \ Costs so much ? Perhaps so, but WRITE TO ME FOR PRICES and you will be surprised how little such a collection will cost after all. Think of the interest that will be awakened in 5'our school in the STUDY OF NATURE to reward you for trouble and outla>-. I mount to order BIRDS. MAMMALS. FISH and REPTILES and solicit your patronage. If you are inter- ested, you should not lose an opportunity to examine the novel collection of Ohio birds, prepared by myself, in the museum of Zoology. Ohio vState University. TAUGHT BY MAIL— I give instruc- tions in the Art of Taxidermy, personally, or BY MAIL. You can learn to collect and prepare your own birds, thus reducing the cost of a collection to a mininunn. For prices and circulars, address NATURALIST— THOMAvS M. EARL — taxidermist Cor. Naghten and Ninth Sts., Columbus, Ohio. THE Ohio Naturalist Volume II. Number 2. nCPCMDCD lOni Annual Subscription. 50 cts. ULUCnlDtK, laUI. single Number. lOcts. "The Best of Everything Laboratorial." For every division of Natural Science. Microscopes and Accessories. Slides and Cover Glasses. Pocket Magnifiers. Field Glasses. Dissecting Instruments. Insect Pins. Glassware, Chemicals, Etc., Etc. ippdratus ^ diemicd Cleveland, Ohio, 262 Prospect St. Branch : Berlin, Germany. ^ xirtinnximii mrnxxx-iruLrxiiiTiiiiiiiiiiiiiririiiriiiiiiiirn isa Entered at the Post Oftice at Columbus, Ohio, as secoud class matter. .... LEARN .... Bookkeeping, Shorthand and Typewriting at the Of^io Business U^Ji^ ... , I Columbus, Ohio Rstitute .... \I<#\»aH/# Bookkeeping taught here as books are kept. All entries made from vouchers, bills, notes checks, drafts, etc. The student learns by doing. Thorough, interesting and practical. We are pioneer teachers of Gregg's Light-Line Shorthand, a simple, sensible, legible, rapid system. Learned in half the time required by other systems. Send postal for first lesson. If you are at p re s e n t e m - ployed, write us regarding our Home St u d }■ work. Same thorough instruction as given in the class room. A LESSON IN GREGG'S SHORTHAND. K. C. R. L. N. M. T. D. A. P.. . - -^["P) ^k: 1^ Tgoo, in open competition with all other makes rt,-AiVs "^ - ^^^^?^*»*Bti8B l~^ 'y"'"> '" open ct 'f^v^v?!'**>>^8i^?,-sB 1^ of t\pewriters. "^^s^^^^^^^^^^^^J^^ ' '"^ descriptive matter tells an interesting ~--==»~^^£;^^ story. Send for it and learn something about a high-grade typewriter sold at an honest price. CHICAGO WRITING MACHINE CO., 89 Wendell Street, Jt Jt Jt CHICAGO, U. S. A, The Ohio 'ih[^atiiralist, PUBLISHED BY The Biological Club of the Ohio State Uni'versity, Volume II, DECEMBER. 1901. No. 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Tyler— Meeting of the Biological Club 117 Meeting of the Ohio State Academy of Science 156 Kellerman— Fifty Additions to the Catalogue of Ohio Plants . 157 Keli.erjiaiV— Botanical Correspondence, Notes and News for Amateurs, I. . 159 Kelleuman— Note and Correction to Ohio Fuugi Exsiccate 161 Griggs— Notes of Travel in Porto Rico.. 16J Morse— Salamanders Taken at Sugar Grove 164 WiLLiA.MSOX— Fishes Taken Near Salem. Ohio 165 IIine— Collecting Tobanidae 167 HiNE— Observations on Insects 169 MEETING OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB. November 4th, 1901. The Biological Club met in Orton Hall and was called to order by the president, Prof. Osborn. As it is customary to elect new officers at the November meeting each year, the Nominating Committee presented the following names : For president, Mr. Mills ; for vice-president, Mr. Morse ; for secretary, Mr. Tyler. Prof. Lazenby moved that the secretary be instructed to cast the unanimous ballot of the members present for the names proposed. Carried. Messrs. J. C. Bridvvell, M. T. Cook and Harvey Brugger were elected members. The retiring president, Prof. Osborn, presented a very inter- esting address, an abstract of which follows : SCOPE OF MODERN BIOLOGY. It has been the custom in this society, following a mandate of its constitution, for the president on retiring from the chair to give an address, and it is presumed that such an address will either bring to your attention the results of some special investi- gation, summarize the work in some field of research or outline the progress and problems with which biology has to do. When a year ago you were so kind as to honor me with this office, two things I think came especially to my mind ; one the 148 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 2, success of the club particularly in the new enterprise of publish- ing a journal ; the other the duty, honor and privilege of pre- paring an address for this occasion. I presume you have all had the experience of contemplating some distance in the future a certain duty, debating the most suitable theme or method, and perhaps seen the time grow shorter and shorter with little real accomplishment. If I were to enumerate the various topics that have come to my mind as suitable for this occasion it would exhaust quite a part of our time ; if I could reproduce the current of thought that has flowed from time to time along the pathways of such topics, I am sure you would experience a weariness that I should regret to occasion. The parts of biology which we may make thoroughly our own are very few. It may be profitable, therefore, occasionally to take a general survey of the field to see what its sphere of influ- ence may be, what phases of life are being advanced by its dis- coveries or by the distribution of knowledge which follows. It has seemed to me therefore that it would be appropriate this evening to attempt some such survey of biology, even though it be fragmentary and inadequate. For convenience in arrangement we ma}' group this survey along the lines of practical applications of service to mankind, such as occur in medicine, agriculture and kindred industries, domestic and social life, and those which have to do with the acquisition of knowledge and with education. Applications of biology in medical science, in agriculture and in domestic life have in many cases assumed such intimate and essential character that we often look upon them as applied sciences more than in any other way. While biology has been the foundation of all rational systems of medicine and the constant servant of this most beneficent of human professions, the forms of its uses and the wide reach of its service have so increased in recent years that we almost have excuse in feeling that it is a modern acquisition. Could the ancient di.sciples of Esculapius, with their views of physiology and anatomy, have seen the present scope of these subjects and the marvelous results in cure and control of diseases by the discoveries and applications in bacteriology, I doubt if they would have recognized it as any part of their biology. Still harder would it have been to appreciate the relations of malarial parasite, mosquito and man whereby a serious disease in the latter is occasioned. Intimate relations of two kinds of life, as evidenced in the common parasites, must have been familiar from early times and their effects duly recognized, though their means of access and necessary life cycles were long misunderstood. But such relations as are found to exist in the production of malaria, Texas fever and yellow fever have been so recently discovered Dec, 1901.] Meeting of the Biological Club. 149 that we count them among the triumphs of our modern science. Indeed the discovery of such a relationship may be considered as having been impossible until the methods of modern research and the basis of knowledge as to life conditions were acquired, and which made it possible to put the disjointed fragments together. With the fragments thus related the riddle seems so simple that we wonder it was not solved before, but we must remember that it is knowledge which makes knowledge possible. These direct advantages in medical science are however but part of the great gift to modern methods of disease control, for the possibilities in the control of disease by sanitation, quaran- tine, vaccination, etc., and other methods are all based on biological data. In speaking of these recent acquisitions I would not disparage those important, in fact essential subjects of longer growth. Modern medicine would be a fragile structure without its basis of comparative anatomy, physiology, materia medica and therapeu- tics, which have for long years furnished a basis for rational methods in surgery and medication. With all this knowledge at hand it is grievous to observe how general the delusion that disease may be eradicated by some much emblazoned nostrum, that some vile ' Indian compound' will be thought to have more virtue than the most accurately propor- tioned prescription which represents the best that modern science can do in the adaptation of a particular remedy to a particular ailment. That the patent medicine business is a most gigantic fraud and curse will I believe be granted by every scientific man who has made himself acquainted with the subject. Its immense profits are attested by the square miles of advertisements that disgrace the modern newspaper and magazine. Fortunes made from the fortunes spent in such advertising, along with the com- missions to the lesser dealers, are drawn from a credulous people who not only receive no value in return, but in most cases doubt- less are actually injured as a result. That no student of biology can be deluded by such prepos- terous claims as characterize these compounds, in fact by any system of cure not based on sound biological principles, seems only a logical result of his training. I do not recall ever seeing the name of a biologist among the host of those who sing the praises of some of these rotten compounds. Mayors, congress- men, professors, clergymen and other presumably educated parties, appear along with the host of those who fill this guilt}' list, a list that should be branded as a roll of dishonor. I believe that educated men owe some measure of effort toward the abatement of this plague. Naturally the medical profession is thought to be the rightful source for action, but among the uninformed any effort there is attributed to selfish motive. Certainlv some 15° The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 2, measure of reform in this direction would be a service to man- kind, and while no sensational crusade may be necessary, each one who knows enough of the laws of life to appreciate the mon- strous folly of this business has it in his power to discourage it within the sphere of his individual influence at least. News- papers are mostly choked off by the immense revenue derived from advertising, iji fact I have known some which depended upon this as their main source of support, and have heard the candid statement that the}' could not have existed without it. All the more honor therefore to the few, and there are a few, which absolutely refuse to allow such advertisements in their columns. That the modern physician must have a thorough knowledge of biology has become more and more apparent. He has to deal with life, and life thus far at least cannot be rendered into mere mechanical, physical or chemical factors. The activites of the human machine have much that must be studied from the basis of organic nature. If we do not know all the factors or forces of life we do know that there is a complex or combination of forces radically different from any single force of inorganic nature. Chemical afffnity, physical attraction and repulsion, mechanical forces may furnish many aids, but the study of life activities nuist go still further. To do this we must recognize the laws of organic life, the forces of growth and nutrition, of reproduction, of evolution, in fact a host of forces which have no counterpart in the inorganic world. Modern agriculture and horticulture are so dependent on the principles of biology that to dissociate them does violence to thought. Indeed this delation has existed through all recorded history, but in no period has the utility of biologic laws been so intimately blended with all the processes of cultivation. The determination of the zones of greatest productivit}' for different crops, their soil requirements, the introduction and acclimatization of species belonging to other faunal or floral regions, the essentials of animal and plant nutrition, the control of disease or abatement of noxious forms of plant or animal, all these and more are embraced in the service of biologic science to agriculture in its various forms and thus to human interests. Among special cases cited, but which cannot be printed here in detail, were various plant disea.ses, and particularly various insect pests, and the discoveries which have brought them more or le.ss under control. Aside from the .sources of food supply, which come under the general term of agriculture, we derive many articles of diet from sources dependent on animal or plant life. The various fishery industries and oyster culture which have been so wonder- fully promoted by biological investigations are excellent examples of the service of science to mankind. Game laws for the protec- Dec, 1901.] Meeting of the Biological Club, 151 tion of certain forms of life of utility to man and the possible sources of food from various animals or plants not 5'et utilized may be mentioned here. Clothing comes in for its share, as in the methods for protection of silkworms, the saving of fur seals and other fur-bearing animals from extinction, and the use of various fibre plants. The successful growth of sponges, of pearls and man}' other articles of domestic comfort or ornament are connected in one waj^ or another with biological problems, and their fullest development dependent on rational measures possible when the biological conditions are known. In another way these questions enter into our social and commercial life. The rights of property' in the migrant or semi- migrant forms of life have biologic as Avell as legal basis and some quite peculiar legal decisions would doubtless have been very different had the biology been appreciated. The classifi- cation of turtles as ' vermin ' since they are neither fish nor fowl may be given as a case in point. Equally absurd and some- times more disastrous are some of the rulings b}- cu'^toms officers whose knowledge of biology was doubtless derived from a greek lexicon or some equally good authority. vSuch quarantine re- strictions as have been imposed upon certain products by some governments show total lack of knowledge as to the possible conditions of injurious transportation or el.se the misapplication of them to serve some special end. The exclusion of American pork and American fruits from certain countries, the controversy over the fur seals in Alaska, the inconsistent laws of states or nations regarding game, are some of the instances where it is evident that the law-making power and the agents of diplomacy need to Ije re-enforced with definite biological knowledge. But there is another phase quite distinct from the purely utilitarian. Biological science opens up to us the facts of life and solves some of the questions of the greatest interest to man- kind. What is life? What its origin? What are the factors that have controlled its development and the wonderful complex- ities which we observe in its distribution and adaptations? Are the forces that operate in the living organism merely physic, il, mechanical and chemical or are there activities inherent in life it.self or that operate only in the presence of the life containing complex ? Certainly, in no other branch of science are there problems more inviting. In no other has present knowledge given greater inspiration or greater intellectual service to man- kind. Thj field for acquisition of knowledge widens with each new discovery. We no sooner gain foothold in some hitherto unex- plored realm than we become conscious that beyond this lie still 152 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 2, other realms, knowledge of which has been dependent on knowl- edge of the routes by which they ma}' be reached. Thus structure must be known to understand function, and function known enables us to interpret structure. Evolution could not be demonstrated until after there had been gathered the necessary materials to show relations of different organisms, past and present. But, evolution known, and vast arrays of structure become intelligible. Without the knowledge of organic distribution no laws of distribution could be framed, but without the explanation of distribution afforded by evolution the facts are an unmeaning puzzle. So, too, without an effort at syste- matic arrangement of plant and animal forms no fundamental law of relationship could have been discovered, but given a law of relationship and systematic biology assumes a totally different aspect. Recognition of the multitudinous forms of nature are but one step then in the presentation of the vast concourse in their proper relations. No doubt biologists will persist till every form of life has been adequately described and some means of designating it adopted. So much may be expected from the enthusiasm of the systemat- ist. Some centuries of effort must, of course, be expected to elapse before the task is done. But it is evident that the modern biology is much less concerned in the mere recognition of these innumerable forms of life, these remotest expressions of the force of evolution, than in the gaining of some adequate conception of their relations, the forces of adaptation that have fitted them for their particular niche in the realm of nature, their relation to the other organisms with which they are associated and which con- stitute for them a source of support or a menace to existence. That is, modern biology concerns itself not only with the elements of structure in the organism, with the means it has of performing its varied functions with the aggregate of individuals which con- stitute its species, but goes on to its relations to all the influences and forces which have made it what it is and which sustain its specific existence. Less tlian this is too narrow a view of the province of biology. Here is unlimited scope for the student who pursues knowledge for love of knowledge. As an inspiration to the general student the field of biology has always held an important ]:)lace, and in these modern times its fascination is as potent as ever. Men have attacked the problems of life from many different viewpoints with greatly different aim and great difference in preparation and method in their work. Some of these have sought merely for inspiration for literary effort, l)ut so far as their records have been exact and truthful they are contributions to science, when mixed with " vain imag- inings" they become literature and not science, although their right to rank here may depend on literary m.rit. Kvery grada- Dec, 1901.] Meeting of the Biological Club. 153 tion from pure fiction to pure science may be found and every grade of literary merit as well. White and Goldsmith, Wood and Figuier, Kipling and Seton-Thompson, with many others that could be cited, illustrate this wide divergence among writers who have written to the entertainment and the greater or less jitofit of their readers. The value of such works as these is rather hard to estimate, especially from the scientific standpoint and particularly when one is under the hallucination of a beauti- ful piece of literary creation. They furnish entertainment and cultivate imagination, some of them stimulate observation and awaken an interest in nature, but unfortunately many of them contain so much that is inexact or erroneous that they may sadly encumber the minds of their readers. But I would like to call attention here to what appears to me a fundamental condition of scientific work and thereb}' a necessary result of scientific training. Science is naught if not exact. Accurate observation, accurate record, accurate deduction from data, all of which may be reduced to simple, plain honesty. Anything else is error, not science. It is not that " honesty is the best policy," but that in science honesty is the only possible policy. Hence, scientific training should give to every student this one at least of the cardinal virtues, and we ma}- claim with justice this advantage as one of the results to be derived from pursuing scientific studies. In fact the relation of science and biological science, no less than any other, to general schemes of education, has been one of its most important contributions to humanity. Biolo^v has influenced modern education both in the matter taught and the method of its presentation. It has gone farther and farther into the mysteries of nature and opened up wider fields of knowledge. It has insisted that the student should be trained not only in the facts and the accurate interpretation of facts, but in the methods by which facts may be obtained, thus providing for the continuous growth of the substance from which its principles may be verified and definite conclusions reached. In recent years there has been a wdde demand for the more general distribution of knowledge of nature, and " nature study " has had a prominent place in the discussions of educators. I must confess to some fear for the outcome of well meant efforts to crowd such studies into the hands of unprepared teachers, though surely no one could wish more heartily for a wider exten- sion of such work well done. It is encouraging to note steady progress in this line and we should be content not to push ahead faster than conditions will warrant. Our science is an evergrowing one, and I wish to mention briefly some of the conditions of biological research and the con- ditions essential to its successful prosecution. The time has 154 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 2, passed when it is possible for the isolated individual to accom- plish much of anything of value in the growth of science. vSuch instances as the cobbler naturalist can not well be repeated under present conditions, and biological workers must expect that some part at least of their time is spent where libraries, museums and scientific workers are to be found. I recall meeting some years ago in an obscure little village, with a young man who was fol- lowing a trade, but whose ardent love for nature had brought him to take up the study of a certain group of insects, and in this group he had conceived the idea of preparing a work covering the geographical distribution for the world With scarcely the beginning of a library, with no access to general collections, apparently' with no conception of the stupendous nature of the task he was so ambitiousl}' undertaking, there was perhaps little danger of his discovering the hopelessness of his case. He doubt- less gained much pleasure and individual profit in the quest, but for the progress of science, how futile such attempts. Isolated work is often necessary, often the only way in which certain data can be secured, but if isolation be permanent, if it means to be cut off from the records of what has already been done in one's line of study, progress is painfull}' slow and results of little value. Access then to the world's storehouses of knowledge, to libraries and museums where one may determine the conditions of pro- gress on any given problem is an imperative condition to satisfac- tory research. Another condition almost as imperative is time for extended and consecutive work. There are comparatively few places where, after passing the stages of preparation, one may have the opportunity to give uninterrupted time to pure research, but fortunately such opportunities are increasing. Another factor is necessary equipment, a condition varying indefinitely with the problem undertaken. vStudies of some of the simpler processes of life may be successfully carried on with barely any apparatus whatever, while others require the most costly and complex of machinery. Deep sea investigations, for example, are possible only with a suitable vessel and elaborate apparatus for dredging and other operations, and such expedi- tions as that of the Challenger, the Blake, the Albatross and others involve such vast outlays that only the liberalit}' of nations or of the very wealthy render them po.ssible. However, the modest student without a dollar to invest in these expensive undertakings may have the opportunity to work as diligentl}' and effecti\-ely as any. So, too, the costly equip- ments of marine stations, of universities, of national and state museums are open to every earnest worker. vStill another condition related to the best effort in research is a satisfactory- outlet for publication. Probably no investigator Dec, 1901.] Meeting of the Biological Club. 155 enters on an elaborate extended research witKout the expectation that such results as he may obtain, especially such as are novel and important to the growth of science, shall at some time be given a public hearing and a permanent record in the annals of science. However much this ambition may be overworked and abused, it must be considered the logical and legitimate outcome of research, valuable as an incentive to work, essential to the progress of science. The output of scientific laboratories is always pressing hard upon the organs of publication, and though we have numerous periodicals open to all, many society proceedings and transactions devoted to their membership, university bulletins intended pri- marily for the staff and students of each institution, still adequate publication facilities are often wanting. Especially is this true regarding the suitable illustration of papers which depend largely on plates or drawings for the elucidation of the text. Our own modest effort in The Nati-ralist is an attempt to meet one phase of this demand, but you all appreciate, I think, that it is insufficient for the needs of our own institution. Some of the more extended papers resulting from the work of either students or faculty must suffer oblivion, delay or inadequate presentation. Evidently a publication fund is one of our pressing needs. Opportunities for research have been much increased within recent years, and now it is possible for one to look forward with some assurance to a career in research pure and simple if that is his desire. As many of those present doubtless anticipate such career, it may not be amiss to mention some of the opportunities that now present. Positions in connection with universities and colleges now as for a long time past offer some of the most avail- able openings. Fellowships, and positions as assistants with comparatively light duties with expectation that the holder will devote himself to investigation that will advance his branch of science are offered in many places and their value is shown by the numerous candidates for each position. Many government positions in Department of Agriculture, Geological vSurvey and Fish Commission demand a high degree of training and offer exceptional opportunities for research. The first few years following graduation are golden days of opportunity in the way of research. For the majority, perhaps, these are the days when the greatest amount of original study may be possible and under conditions favoring the greatest productivity. As time passes and duties and responsibilities increase the opportunity for uninterrupted work grows less and less. Of course original work should follow necessary prepara- tion but can not be postponed indefinitely, in hopes of a more favorable season, if the individual hopes to accomplish anything of value in his chosen science. Too early publication how^ever is 156 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 2, to be discouraged; Most good things will keep for a time at least, and the opportunit}- to test and verify investigations before publishing is desirable. It is unwise to attempt to harvest a crop of glory, in scientific fields at least, before the seed has had time to germinate. The extremes of too hasty publication and indefinite delay are both to be avoided. But this disjointed address must be brought to a close, I have indulged in a medley rather than pursuing a connected theme, but it has been in my mind to show how the influence of modern biology has been felt in every phase of human life and modified every phase of human thought. It touches history and illumines it as a record of human activities, the modifications and adapta- tions of the most dominant organism of earth. It touches lan- guage and infuses it with life as the highest evolution of all means of communication among animals. It enters the sphere of human relations and we see society, government, law, as the most complex expression of forces operative all along the line of organic life. We may gain inspiration in our work from the thought that our field of labor gives opportunity for the highest service in the advancement of human interests and the intellectual uplift of the race. The club extended Prof. Osborn a vote of thanks for his valuable address. F, J. Tyler, Secniarj. The Ohio vState Academy of Science held its eleventh annual meeting at the Ohio State Universit}- in this city on November 29th and 30th. Between thirty and forty papers were given and the attendance was considerably above the average. On the evening of the 29th a joint meeting was held with the Modern Language Association of Ohio, which held its annual session at the University on the dates mentioned above. The committee arranged an interesting and appropriate program for the evening and a large and appreciative audience responded. The Academy meetings have been held heretofore during the Christmas vaca- tion, therefore holding it at this time was an experiment, but judging from the program, attendance, and enthusiasm mani- fested, the meeting this year may be said to be one of the best the society has ever held. It is of more than ordinary interest to be able to record the taking of specimens of the liuropean ruff, Pavonc. 11a pugnax (lyinn.) in Ohio. Two male specimens are in the Dr. Jasper collection at the Ohio State University, one taken April 28th, 1879, at Columbus, the other November loth, 1872, at the lyicking Reservoir. Dec, 1901.] Additions to Catalogue of Ohio Plants. 157 FIFTY ADDITIONS TO THE CATALOGUE OF OHIO PLANTS. W. A. KELI.ERMAN. The plants listed below have been found growing in the State without cultivation. A large number of them are adventive species but not hitherto recorded in the Ohio list. Three of the names occurred in the old lists and were noted in the Catalogue of 1893 by Kellerman and Werner, but were discarded in the Fourth State Catalogue, published in 1899. These here referred to and which are below restored to the Ohio list, are Nos. 683 a, 1423;^, and 1990^2^?. No. 893 « was included in L,. D. Stair's list of Railway Weeds. All the others are wholly new to the listed flora. While several persons have contributed to this increase, special thanks are due to Mr. Otto Hacker, who formerly as well as at present, contributed largeh' to a fuller knowledge of the State flora. Mr. Hacker has furnished specimens of all the species credited to him below and these are deposited in the State Herbarium. The rich field for adventive species in the region of Painesville may be understood when it is stated that the extensive and long-established nursery grounds of Storrs and Harrison are located at this place. la. Botr_vcliium lunaria (L,. ) vSw. Moonwort. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 201 rt. Apera spica-venti (L. ) Beauv. Silky Bent-grass. Wildstraw. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 201 b. Aira caryophyllea L- Silvery Hair-grass. Rarely escaped. Paines- ville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 253 c. Festuca myuros L. Rat's-tail Fescue-grass. Painesville,Xake Co. Otto Hacker. 272 a. Hordeutn sativum Jessen. Common Barley. Occasionally escaped. 2726. Hordeum distichum L. Two-rowed Barley. Rarely escaped. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 470a. Lemna cj'clostasa (Ell.) Chev. (L. valdiviana Phil.) Valdivia Duckweed. Richmond, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 557 a. Gemmingia chinensis (L.) Kuntze. Blackberry Lily. Escaped. Franklin Co. J. H. Schaffner. 557 b. Crocus vernus All. Crocus. Escaped. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 568a. Limnorchis liyperborea (L.) Rybd. (Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br.) Canton. Mrs. Theano W. Case. 670^. Ouercus alexanderi Britton. Alexander's Oak. "Ohio;" N. L. Britton, Manual of Flora, 336. This was formerly confused with, or included in O. acuminata, and like the latter is not uncommon in Ohio. 683 a. Urtica urens L- Small Nettle. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. iSS The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 2, 754 (?. Acnida tamariscina prostrata Uline and Bray. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 762 rt. Portulaca grandiflora Hook. , Garden Portulaca. vSii 11 Plant. Es- caped; Roadsides. St. Marys, Auglaize Co. A. Wetzstein. 775 rt. Lychnis vesicaria L. Lychnis. Escaped. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 8S6(/. Fiimaria parviflora Lam. Small Fumitory. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 893 a. Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tall Sisymbrium. L. D. vStair in List of Railroad Weeds. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 894 rt. Myagrum perfoliatum L. Myagrum. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 921 (?. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. Small-fruited False-flax. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. gH4a. Rubusneglectus Peck. Purple Wild Raspberr}'. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 985 rt. Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. Japan Wineberry. Escaped from cultivation ; comes freelj' from seed, and propagates by tips. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1004 a. Potentilla pumila Poir. Dwarf Five-finger. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. JoiSd. Sorbus aucuparia L. European ]\Ioinitain Ash. Escaped. Paines- ville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1051 a. Prunus mahaleb L. Mahaleb. Perfumed Cherry. Columbus, Franklin Co. W. A. Kellarman. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1054a. Acuan illinoensis (Mx.) Kuntze. (Desmanthus brachylobus Benth.) Illinois Mimo.sa. New Richmond, Clermont Co. A. D. Selby. lujia. Trifolium dubium Sibth. Least Hop-Clover. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1091a. Coronilla varia L. Coronilla, Axseed, Axwort. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1122 a. Yicia augustifolia Roth. Smaller Common Vetch. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1171a. Euphorbia cuphosperma (Englem. ) Boiss. Warty vSpurge. Paines- ville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1195 a. Euonymus europaeus L. Spindle-tree. Escaped. Painesville, Ivake Co. Otto Hacker. 1265 a. Viola odorata L. English or Sweet Violet. Escaped. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. ]T,oi f>. Kneiffia linearis (Mx.) Spacli. Narrow-leaf .Sundrops. Paines- ville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. i422,b. Spigelia marylandica L. Indian Pink or Carolinia Pink. Fl. I\I. V. A.P.Morgan. North Madison, Lake Co. D. W. Talcott. 1502 a. Asperugo procmnbens L. German Madwort. Catchweed. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. Dec, 1901.] Botanical Correspondence. 159 I534rt. Scutellaria parvula ambigua Fernald. " Ohio," Nuttall. Greene Co., E. L. Moseley ; Montgomery Co., W. U. Young ; Frankln Co., E. E. Bogue ; Gallia Co., J. W. Davis. 1556a. Salvia lanceolata Willd. Lance-leaf vSage. By roadside near Columbus. W. A. Kellerman. 1586 a. jNIentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Horse Mint. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1600 a. Physalis francheti ]Mast. Chinese Lantern Plant. Escaped. Painesville, Lake Co D. W. Talcott. 1609 '/2 a. Datura metel L. Entire-leaf Thorn-apple. Escaped. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 161 1 <^. Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. (Elatinoides spuria Wetzst.) Paines- ville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. i6gua. Diodia teres Walt. Rough Button-weed. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1702 a. Asperulahexaphylla All. Asperula. Escaped. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1712 a. Viburnum lantana L. Wayfaring Tree. E.scaped. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1732 a. Valeriana officinalis L. Garden Valerian. Escaped. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1756 a. Arnoseris minima (L.) Duniort. Lamb Succory. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1756(6. Hypochaeris glabra L. Smooth Cat's-ear. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1766 r. Lactuca virosa L. Strong-scented Lettuce. Confused with L. scariola according to Britton, being the commoner of the two species. (A. D. Selb}', Meeting Ohio Academy of Science, November, 1901. ) 1775 a. Hieracium pilosella L. Mouse-ear Hawkweed. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1990^ a. Tanacetum vulgare crispum DC. Tansy. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. BOTANICAL CORRESPONDENCE, NOTES AND NEWS FOR AMATEURS, I. Conducted by W. A. Kei^LERMAN. //em I. It has been a.sked how many species of plants occur in Ohio. Only a guess can at present be made. In the Cata- logue of Ohio Plants, by Kellerman and Werner, prepared in 1893, there were listed 1,925 Spermatophytes, 68 Pteridophytes, 335 Bryophytes, and 1,400 Thallephytes. The Fourth Cata- logue, by the writer, publi.shed in 1899, gave 2,025 .species of Pteridophytes and Spermatophytes. While many additions to the previous list were included, very many species formerly i6o The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 2, reported were excluded because unautlienticated by herbarium specimens, and others were undoubtedly^ extra-limital for Ohio. Two Annual Supplements to this catalogue have been issued, bringing the number of species of the vascular plants, nearly all authenticated, up to about 2,150. The mosses, the higher fungi and the lichens have been listed with some degree of fullness, but most of the other lower plants have been very incompletely placed on record, though large collections, only partially worked up as yet, are now in the herbarium of the State University. /few 2. Miss Ruth E. Brockett, of Rio Grande, Gallia County, Ohio, has found the vShowy Skullcap, Scutellaria serrata Andr., previously unreported for this State. The distribution, as given in Britton's Flora, is New York and Pennsylvania to North Carolina, Illinois and Kentucky. In the Rio Grande region many interesting or new plants for the Ohio list have hitherto been detected by Miss Brockett, as the Fringe Tree ( Chionanthus virginica), the Purplish Buckej^e (Aesculus octandra hybrida), and others too numerous to mention. Item J. An interesting and suggestive study has been pub- lished by Herman Dingier ( Muenchen ) on the organs for wind- dispersal ( flug-organe j in the Vegetable Kingdom. The title of the book is ' ' Ein Beitrag zur Physiologic der passiven Bewegun- gen im Pflanzenreich." After describing fully the mechanics involved, and the methods of investigation, the author enumer- ates the C/i/ef Types of the flight organs as follows (prefixing to the word "flyer" the descriptive words, i, dust; 2, granule; 3, bubble ; 4, hair ; 5, pan ; 6, umbrella ; 7, sail ; 8, disk-twist ; 9, barrel-twist ; 10, plain-twist ; 11, screw, and 12, screw-twist): I. Group. 1. Staubflieger, e. g. Micrococcus, Puffball, Spores of Mosses, Pollen. 2. Kornclienflieger, e. g. Poppy, Species of the Pink Famil}-, Oro- bancliaceae. 3. Blasenflieger, e. g. Ironwood (Oshya), Valerianella, Rhuscotinus. 4. Haarflieger, e. g. many Bronieliaceit, Pitcairnia, etc. 5. Napfflieger; e. g. Wafer Ash (Ptelea trifoliata), Cochleospermuni. 6. Schirmflieger, e. g. the Conipositee, Milkweeds (Asclepiadacete), "Willows. II. Group. 7. Segelflieger, e. g. Cross-vine and seeds of other BignoniaceLC. III. Group. S. Scheibendrehflieger, e. g. flattened seeds of the Iris, and I^ily families. 9. Walzendrehflieger, e. g. Silver bell (Halesia), Knotweed (Poly- gonum), etc. 10. Plattendrehflieger, e. g. Tecoma .stans. (The Ailanthus type.) Dec, 1901.] Note to Ohio Fungi Exsiccati. i6i IV. Group. 11. Schraubenflieger, e. g. Maples, genera of Coniferie, Sapindaceic, etc. V. Group. 12. Schraubendrehflieger, e. g. fruit of Liriodendron tulipifera. I^em /. The recent death of Thomas Meehan, horticulturist and botanist, removes from the list of active American workers one whose numerous, accurate and original observations contrib- uted greatly to the advancement of botanical science. NOTE AND CORRECTION TO OHIO FUNGI EXSICCATI. W. A. KellERMAN. A critical inspection of the nomenclature used for the first Fascicle of the Ohio Fungi might seem to warrant the conclusion that the judgment of more recent workers is sometimes ignored and that a too conservative course has been adopted. But it shotild be remembered that the main purpose is to furnish Ohio material accompanied b}- names (occasion all}' synonyms) that were undoubtedly applied to the species represented. I have preferred to use for the Rust on Sunflower, Puccinia helianthi, rather than P. tanaceti — recent work on other species suggesting that with this also when full}' studied, a physiological distinction may supplement the too insignificant morphological difference. Again, I have used Aecidium album, which Clinton applied to the first stage of the Uredine found on Vicia, not ignorant of the fact that Dietel gives this as a stage of Uromyces albus — but should not this first be substantiated by cultures ? It is to be added that through inadvertancy Peck's later name (Aecidium porosum ) was used, hence here follows a corrected label with both Clinton's and Peck's descriptions: 2. Aecidium album Clinton. Aecidium porosum Peck. On Vicia americana Muhl. Lakeside, Ottawa Co., O. May 17, 1901. Coll. W. A. Kellerman. " Aecidium album Clinton, spots none ; peridia scattered, short, white, the margin subentire ; spots subglobose, white, about .0008 inches in diameter." Report on the State Museum, State of New York, 26 : 78. 1873. "Aecidium porosum, Pk. Spots none; cups crowded, deep- seated, broad, wide-mouthed, occupying the whole lower surface of the leaf to which they give a porous appearance ; spores orange- colored, subangular, .0008-.001 inch in length." Botanical Gaz- ette, 3:34. April, 1878. 1 62 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 2, NOTES OF TRAVEL IN PORTO RICO. Robert F. Griggs. B}' its conOguratioii, Porto Rico is divided into two parts very distinct from each other in ahnost every respect and of primary importance in all the affairs of the island. The north side, which comprises about two-thirds of the total area, is kept constantly wet with almost daily rains. On the south it has been known not to rain for a whole year in some places. On the north side grows an abundance of luxuriant, tropical vegetation ; on the south in man}- localities are barren hills covered only with scrub brush. But throughout the island there is great local variation in all the climatic and physical conditions. Along most of the north side there stretches a low, coast plain, out of which rise numberless, small, steep hills. This plain, everywhere well watered, is in most places very fertile, but in the vicinit}^ of Vega Baja it becomes a sandy waste. This sand desert is one of the most peculiar places it has ever been my fortune to visit. There is no grass (turf-making grass is almost unknown in the tropics), neither are there large trees. Every- where are low bushes not much more than ten feet tall. The sand beneath them is bare in many places, but is covered in others with various forms of herbage, most of w^hich, instead of being composed of desert forms, as would be expected, is made up of the most typical water-loving plants, among which, Sphagnum (two species) and Utricularia are noteworthy. Imagine, if you can, a sphagnum bog shading into loose sand in a distance of only ten feet with no change in level. The explanation of this peculiar fact is, however, not hard to find. The rainfall is so copious that wherever there is any means of holding it, the hydrophytes take hold and spread, themselves acting as water holders when once started, while in other places the water quickly soaks into the sand and leaves it as dry as ever. The plain on which this sand desert is located is .separated in most places from the sea by low hills. It is verj^ level and was probably once covered with water out of which projected many rocky islands — the limestone hills of to-day. These hills are a very characteristic feature of the country. From an incoming vessel they are plainly seen projecting like saw teeth all along the coast ; from an eminence back in the country the}' appear to have no system or regularit}^ whatever, but stick up anywhere sharp and rugged as though shaken out of a dice box onto a board. Further inland they are closer together with no plain between, though in other respects like those of the coast. It is as though they were eroded when the sea stood lower than it does to-day, perhaps very much lower; then the valleys were Dec, 1901.] Notes of Travel in Porto Rico. 163. filled up during a period when the sea was slightly higher thau at present, whence it has receded and left the island of to-day. They are covered with a characteristic jungle, rising conspicu- ously out of which is the "Llume" palm (Aen'a attemiata) whose graceful stem, only about half a foot thick at the base, attains a height of a hundred feet, tapering till it is only three or four inches thick at the top. It is nearly white and at a distance entirely invisable, so that the crown of leaves looks as though it were floating around in the air above the surrounding vegetation. Further inland the limestone hills give way to others of red clay. The clay, like the limestone, is very deeply eroded. In most places it is so continually washed down that the sides of the hills stand always at the critical angle and are ready to slide from under the feet of the explorer. Indeed it would be impossible to climb them were it not for the numerous bushes CA-erywhere standing ready to lay hold on. Here abound ferns, Melasto- maceae and other plants of humid regions. Tree ferns are ver}- common ; the largest belong to one species of Cyathia. Its beauty is simply beyond description. Imagine, you who have never seen it, a trunk thirty feet tall surmounted by a crown of a dozen or fifteen great leaves made up of a score or two pinnae of the size and grace of ordinary ferns and you have the compon- ents— not the ensemble — of the tree fern. This red clay region is the land of coffee. Everywhere the novice thinks the hilLside covered with jungle, which turns out to be only poorly kept coffee plantations. The coffee region is coextensive with the range of several plants. Two or three species of the pepper family, with large peltate or round leaves, are found only here ; and with one or two exceptions the Melas- tomaceae occur only in this wet country. They are a very large group of plants common throughout the tropics, but represented in the northern states by the common Rhexia. Its members may be known anywhere by their three-nerved leaves, many of which are beautifully patterned and marked so that even among other tropical plants they are conspicuous for their beauty. When we cross the summit we come upon a different sort of vegetation ; cacti take the place of tree ferns, and instead of wet jungles we have dry scrub brush full of spiny and thorny shrubs with almost every sort of prickle one can think of. One who has never encountered them can scarcely appreciate the abundance and effectiveness of tropical thorns. These thickets of brush extend over most of the undisturbed portion of the south side. Everywhere through them there are scattered cacti of several sorts ; but near Guayanilla. a few miles west of Ponce, these become relatively much more numerous so as to form a veritable cactus desert. Only here is the largest form present. It is a large Opuntia with a bare stem and long arms radiating in one J 64 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 2, or two whorls near the top. Besides it there are several species of Cereus and another small Opuntia similar to the common prickly pear, together with a species of the same group cultivated for its fleshy branches which are eaten. All through this dry region agaves or century plants are very common. There seem to be several species, but they are such terrors to botanists that it is hard to tell anything about them. From this brief sketch it will be seen what a diversified flora Porto Rico offers to the student. There are opportunities for several ecological studies of surpassing interest, and on the sys- tematic side the work has only been begun. At present there are scant facilities for the student, but with the fuller occupation of the island by American govennnent and customs, we may hope that some of our enterprising universities will establish there a school of tropical agriculture and botany, fields now white for the harvest but almost without workers. Washington, D. C, October 30, 1901. SALAMANDERS TAKEN AT SUGAR GROVE. Max Morse. On Ma)^ 25, 1901, Prof. Hine, while collecting in the hills at Sugar Grove, Fairfield County, O., found a salamander under a piece of pine log on the slope of a hill, about a hundred yards from water. It was, for the time, put in a jar along with several individuals of Desmognathus fusca Raf. , which were taken in, or within a few feet of the rivulets which flow down the valley. Aside from this specimen taken on the hill-side, all the specimens were found not farther than a half dozen feet from the water. When the collections were examined in the laboratory it was foimd that the single specimen just mentioned differed in many respects from the others. This led to investigation and it was found that it corresponded closely with the description of D. ocliropha^a Cope. Thus, the posterior portion of the mandiljle was edentulous ; no tubercle in canthus ocelli ; belly paler than in any of D. fusca taken ; length nearly three-fourths of an inch shorter than the others ; a light liar from eye to corner of mouth ; tongue free behind ; parasphenoid teeth separated behind. The specimen was kindly examined by Dr. J. lyindahl, of the Cincin- nati Society of Nat. Hist., who is acquainted with the form. He agreed that it corresponded with the description of Cope. Wliether the characters as given above are sufficient to place the specimen under ochrophsea is a matter hard to decide. Cope gives the range of ochrophiea as " in the Alleghenies and their outlying spurs."' Dr. L,indahl has a specimen from I^ogan.sport, Ind., taken November 10, 1900. Dec, 1901.] Fishes Taken Near Salem, Ohio. 165 FISHES TAKEN NEAR SALEM, OHIO. E. B. WiLIrlAMSON. The present short list is published, not because of any records of special interest, but in order that a record may be made of the fish known certainly from the headwaters of Beaver Creek. In the case of fish the most logical and significant way to indicate distribution is certainly by streams, and a very small contribution to the ichthyology of the above named stream is here presented. About three-fifths of Columbiana County is drained by Beaver Creek, one-fifth by the iSIahoning River and streams leaving the county to the west, while the remainder enters the Big Yellow and Little Yellow Creeks. Beaver Creek is practically confined to Columbiana County, though it empties into the Ohio River in Pennsylvania at Smith's Ferry, just above the state line. The relation of Beaver Creek to the Mahoning River is interesting, the two being in general, arcs of concentric circks with the Mahoning outside. A person going directly west from vSalem crosses Middle Fork of Beaver Creek first, then the Mahoning, and the same is true if he goes directly north or directly east. South-west of Salem the small streams empting into the Mahon- ing have not been seined. From one of these Herman McCane has taken a specimen of Ichthyomyzon concolor which is preserved in the Salem High School collection with the other species here recorded. All the other streams in close proximity to Salem are part of the system of the Middle Fork of Beaver Creek, with the exception of Cold Run, which flows almost directly south into the West Fork of Beaver Creek, the stream thus formed soon being augmented by the waters of the North Fork. Seining has been done only near Salem in small tributaries and where Middle Fork has an average width of not more than ten or twelve feet. Mr. Albert Hayes, Mr. J. S. Johnson and Mr. F. W. Webster have helped me draw the seine. Mr. Webster has also given me many valuable suggestions as to suitable localities. 1. Ameiuriis melas (Raf. ). Rare, only in main stream. 2. Catostomus commersonii (Lac. ). Common, main stream and tributaries. 3. Catostomus nigricans Le S. Taken onl)' in a small tributary. 4. Moxostoma aureolum (LeS.). In a small tributarj'. 5. Cyprinus carpio L. Only in main stream. 6. Campostoma anomalum (Raf. ). Everywhere. 7. Chrosomus erythrogaster Raf, In two small tributaries. 8. Pimephales promelas Raf. In main stream only. 9. Pimephales notatus (Raf. ). Everywhere. 10. Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitch.). Everywhere. 1 66 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 2,. 11. Leiiciscus elongatiis (Kirt.). In one tributary and in Cold Run. The iridescent copper}^ red of the sides anteriorly in the living fish, takerL in October, turned scarlet in alcohol. 12. Abramis chrysoleucas (Mitch.). Taken only in main stream. 13. Notropis cayuga Meek. A single specimen taken in Cold Run. 14. Notropis cornutus (Mitch.). Everywhere. 15. Notropis rubrifrons (Cope). Taken only in main stream. 16. Notropis umbratilis lythrarus (Jordan). Taken only in main stream. 17. Eric^-mba buccata ( Cope). Everywhere. iS. Rhinichthys atronasus (Mitch.). In the smallest tributaries. 19. Hybopsis amblops (Raf.). In Cold Run. 20. Hybopsis kentuckiensis (Raf.). Taken only in Cold Run, a single- specimen. 21. Umbra lima (Kirt. ). Taken only in the main stream. 22. Eucalia inconstans (Kirt.). Taken only in the main stream. 23. Ambloplites rupestris (Raf.). In main stream and one tributary. 24. Apomotis cyanellus ( Raf. ). Taken in Cold Run. 25. Lepomis megalotis (Raf.). Taken only in the main stream. 26. Eupomotis gibbosus (Ivin.). One specimen taken in a tributary ; deter- mined by Dr. Evermann. Numbers 25 and 26 probably represent one species. 27. Micropterns dolomieu Lac. Taken only in the main stream. 28. Boleosoma nigrum (Raf. ). Everywhere. 29. Etheostoma flabellare Raf. In the main stream and Cold Run. 30. Cottus ictalops (Raf. ). Taken only in Cold Run. Mr. a. J. PiETERS, Assistant Botanist in the U. S. Dept. of Agrictihtire, has written an interesting and useftil article^^' on the plants of \ve.stern Lake Erie. This report shotild be read by all who are interested in the hydrophytes of Ohio, or in the flora and fauna of Lake Erie. In addition to .some introductory remarks, the paper treats of the plants in Put-in-Bay, in Squaw Harbor, near Gibraltar Lsland, in Hatchery Bay and in the ojien lake, and the plants of East Harbor. The swamp vegetation is also discttssed, inchiding the plants in the Portage River swamps and in the swamps abottt Sandusky Bay. The ecological condi- tions and the ecological adaptations of the flora are treated quite fully, and at the end are given alphabetical lists of the plants sttidied, including angiosperms, stoueworts and desmids. John H. Schaffner. *A. J. PiKTr.KS. "Tlie I'lants of W'tsteni Lake Krie, with Ob.strvations on their I)is- itrbution." liiiU. U. .S. Fish Coinniissioii, 1901, pp. 57-79. Pis. 11-20. Dec, 1901.] Collecting Tabanidae. 167 COLLECTING TABANID^. James S. Hine. The habits of flies belonging to the family Tabanidae, com- monly called horse-flies or gad-flies, furnish much material for stud}^ and observation. I take this opportunity to record some of the notes which I have taken in the last few years while endeavoring to collect and study the local species of the family. Although the eggs, larvae and pupae of many species have been studied, what I have to say in this paper pertains wholly to the adults. Members of the family are usuallj- taken by every ento- mologist who does general collecting, but as a usual thing males are seldom taken; in fact this sex is so poorly repress. nted in collections that no key has been published for identifying the males of our American species. The student must use the ke}- to the females as far as possible and guess at the rest. In A-ery many cases the male is not even described, so that sometimes, when the sexes are unlike, they can be associated only b}^ obser- vations in the field. By careful collecting and observation we have procured practically all of our local species in both sexes, and the derived benefit, satisfaction and enjoyment have paid us fully for our time and pains. In the first place the mouthparts of the two sexes are differ- ent— the male lacks the mandibles which are present in the female. This makes it necessary for them to procure their food from different sources, the male obtains his from flowers, while the female lives by puncturing the skin and sucking the blood of warm-blooded vertebrates. Thus it is evident that during the time spent in procuring food the sexes cannot remain together. From an economic standpoint the female most concerns the student and she is often taken for study without an attempt being made to procure the male. At this point I can say collect females around horses, cattle and other animals, and males on flowers ; but this is not enough, for knowing the general habits of insects we are certain that there is a common ground where the two sexes may be found together. One finds this common ground in the vicinity of water, where their transformations take place and where their eggs are laid, also in various other places, which we shall take occavSion to dis- cuss as we proceed. The females of all our local species of Chrysops with Tabanus pumilus and nivosus come buzzing around the collector in num- bers, and at such times may be taken easily with a net. Other species of Tabanu.s come near enough that the sound of their wings is recognizable, but are so active that it is almost impossi- ble to procure them. i68 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 2^ During the time the female is ovipositing the male is often sitting near by on the foliage. At Georgesville, Ohio, June 4th, I observed C. moechus ovipositing on foliage overhanging a mill- race ; soon after specimens of the male sex were observed resting on the upper leaves of the same plant on which females were ovipositing. In a few minutes collecting, a dozen or more speci- mens of each of the sexes were procured. The only males of C. indus I have ever taken were procured at Columbus, on the border of a small pond, where the females were ovipositing. The sexes of many species of Tabanus often alight on the bare ground of paths or roads that run through or along woods. At Cincinnati. June loth, in company with Mr. Dury, we procured large numbers of the sexes of different species resting on some furrows that were plowed around a woods to prevent the spread of fire. We also took the same species resting in paths and roads that ran through the woods. Some of these same species were also taken from low-growing foliage in sunn\' places among the trees. At Medina, Ohio, males and females of T. vivax and trimaculatus were taken while resting in a road that ran through a dense woods. One of the best places I have ever found to get the sexes of Chrysops and Tabanus is in the tall grass that skirts the marshes of Sandusky Bay. This grass is the Phragmites ot botanists and grows to a great heighth by July ist. On July 6th, at Black Channel, when the wind was high I went into a patch of this grass that was so dense that I could not use a net to advantage. Here I saw an abundance of flies and found that by approaching them very slowly I could readily pick the specimens off with my fingers. The male and female of T. stygius, nivosus, C. sestuans and flavidus and the male of T. affinis and bicolor were taken in this way. I found that this same species of grass afforded excel- lent collecting wherever found, but most material was procured when the wind was high. On the same date and near the same place the male of C. flavidus was taken from the flowers of the common spatter-dock, and this and sestuans were procured by sweeping in the adjacent low-growing herbage. R. C. Osburn informs me that he has had excellent success in collecting Tabanids from tall grass near water in his experience. Tabanus sulcifrons Macq. is an abundant species in northern Ohio during the latter part of July and all of August. So com- mon that by actual count twenty-eight specimens were taken from a cow in ten minutes, while a few that alighted on the ani- mal during that time were not procured. August ist of the present 3'ear I was at Hinckley, Medina County, and spent the day taking observations on this species. In the morning about nine o'clock I went to the border of a woods where I had often observed the species before. Here males and females were found Dec, 1901.] Observations on Insects. 169 in abundance crawling over the trunks and foliage of trees, on the fence along the woods and flying about generally. One pair was observed in copulation on the fence, and I am of the opinion that the presence of so many flies in the locality at the time is ex- plained on the ground that it was the general mating place of the sexes. On several occasions I have made observations which lead me to believe that the sexes of various species of the family copulate among foliage often high up in the trees. As Tabanids are not easily procured with a net from the surface of a rough rail, I tried the experiment of picking the specimens off with my fingers and found that it was surprisingly successful, if the move- ment toward them was made very slowly until just ready to touch them when the fingers were gripped quickly. Near a watering trough where a herd of cattle drank daily I found males in num- bers resting on the ground where the turf had been tramped off. Along Rocky River I observed both sexes fly down to the water and dip several times in succession and then away to alight on a stone on the bank or disappear from sight altogether. On July 29th I rode from Sandusky to Cleveland by boat. Although we were from two to five miles off shore all the time, males and females of T. sulcifrons often came on board and alighted on the canvas and rigging of the boat. From this it is evident that this species at least may fly for some distance over water. We have taken Goniops chrysocoma on several occasions. It has a habit which is of value to the collector. At Hinckley, Medina County, I took several females and observed that they have the habit of stationing themselves on the upper side of a leaf, where by vibrating their wings rapidly and striking the upper surface of the leaf at each downward stroke, make a rat- tling noise which can be heard plainly several feet away. At Vinton last spring Mr. Morse and myself identified the charac- teristic sound of the species and were guided by it to procure specimens. I have taken the male of Pangonia rasa on blossoms of sumac at Medina, Ohio, in August. OBSERVATIONS ON INSECTS. James S. Hine. Agromyza setosa lyoew — The larvae of several species of the genus Agromyza are known to mine the leaves and stems of various plants. Cabbage, potatoes, corn, clover, strawberries, ver- benas, chrysanthemums and sunflowers are among the cultivated plants from which various species of the genus have been reared; while plantain, round-leaved mallow, golden-rod, aster, cockle- ^7° The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 2, bur, rag-weed and wild-rice are given as their food-plants. In some cases a single species of fly has been reared from a half dozen or more different plants. Agromj'za setosa Loew, as deter- mined by Coquillett, was reared in numbers from leaves of wild- rice, Zizania aquatica, at Sandusk}- during August of each of the years 1900 and 1901. Professor Osborn studied the species and its work in 1900, while my observations were made a year later. Although I include the notes taken by both of us, many points are needed before a detailed account of the habits and life history of the .'ipecies can be given. The eggs are conspicuous on account of their abundance and white color, and are deposited chiefly on the upper surface of the leaves of the food plant. The larvae upon hatching bore into the leaf and feed beneath its upper covering. When full grown they measure about 6 mm. in length, are white, or greenish on account of chlorophyl taken in with their food, and are furnished with strongh- chitenous mouth parts. The mines which they make in the leaves are irregular in width and extend for varying lengths on one side or the other of the mid-rib. These variations in extent are usually explainable from the fact that a variable number of lavae occupy the different mines. The work of the larvte is apparent from the first on the upper side of the leaf, and may be seen beneath after a few days because of the fact that the parts beneath the mine sooner or later turn yellow. . The pupa is to be found either in the mine or clinging to the surface of the leaf. It is brown in color, with two prominences anteriorl}^ where the attachment with the leaf is effected, and is contained within the last larval skin so that the legs and wing- pads are at no time visible from the outside. BiBio ALBiPENNis Say — Larvae observed in colonies under fallen logs, and boards which were lying on the ground. vSpeci- mens taken April dth pupated May 5tli and the adults appeared May 13th. The adults were unable to fly for several hours after tliey emerged on account of their wings remaining soft. I ob- served the first males flying out of doors on the 23d of May. Chrvsopila ornata Say — Larva about an inch and a half in length, white in color, cylindrical, with an enlargement at the posterior end bearing a number of fleshj^ elongations which are about the length of their basal breadth. Found under rotten wood May ist. Pupa brown, last segment armed with six spinose teeth, the two on the ventral side arising from the same base, the remaining abdominal segments furnished with a circlet of spines near the posterior third. The adult emerged the i8th of June. Ohio State Unwetsity. Six Colleges well equipped and prepared to present the best methods in modern education. The advantages are offered to both sexes alike. The following list of departments will suggest the organization of the institution : Agriculture, Agricultural Chemistry, American History and Political Science, Anatomy and Physiology, Architecture and Drawing, Astronomy Botany, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Clay Working and Ceramics, Domestic vScience, Economics and Sociology, Educa- tion. Electrical Engineering, English Literature, European History, Geology, Germanic Languages and Literatures, Greek, Horticulture and Forestry, Industrial Arts, Latin, Law, Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Metallurgy and Mineralogy, Military Science, Mine Engineering, Pharmac}', Philosophy, Physical Educalion, Physics, Rhetoric and English Language, Romance Languages, Veterinary Medicine and Zoology and Entomology. Catalogues will be sent upon application. After examining the catalogue write for specific information to the President Dr. W. O. THOMPSON, Columbus, Ohio. SPECIMENS DESIRED FOR BOTANICAL The large mushrooms, Puffballs and other Fungi; Abnormal MUSEUM. growths and interesting specimens of shrubs and trees. Also herbarium specimens of Algae, Fungi, Mosses and Ferns as well as flowering plants. Address Prof. W. A. KellERMAN, Department of Botany, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. GEOLOGICAL Will exchange Hudson, Corniferous and Carboniferous MUSEUM. fossils. Address Prof. J. A. BowNOCKER, Curator, Geological Museum, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, ZOOLOGICAL Birds, Insects, Reptiles, etc. We wish to make our collec- MUSEUM. tions representative for the fauna of the state and will greatly appreciate all contributions to that end. Address, Prof. Herbert Osborn, Department Zoology and Entomology, Ohio State Universit}', Columbus, Ohio. Ohio State Unive'sitv, Lake Laboratory. Located at Sandusky on Lake Erie. Open to Investigators June 15 to September 15. Laboratory courses of six and eight weeks beginning June 30, i902. Write for special circular. Biichet Engtaving Co. Process and Wood Engraving, Electro= typers and Manufacturers of Stereotyping and Engraving Machinery. 5a .\ ?* 5=. 5w 80 V2 North High Sired, COLUMBUS, OHIO. Lepidoptera Price List No. 3. — Price 5 cents fo^^^y^^^ Issued November 15th, 1901. Pinds'oV."'" ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES. a^d"celebra"eT^.'''.'°'':^"'' SCHMITT INSECT BOXES. 'Builders of INSECT CABINETS, Etc. American Entomological Company 1040 DE KALB AVENUE, BROOKLYN, N. Y. NEW EDITION WEBSTER'S \mTERNATIONAL , DICTIONARY WEBSTER'S INTE,KNATIONAL DICTIONARY New Plates Throughout. 25,000 ADDITIONAL WORDS Phrases and Definitions Prepared under the direct supervision of W. T. HARRIS, Ph.D., LL.D., United States Commissioner of Education, assisted by a large corps of com- petent specialists and editors. Rich Bindings. 2364 Pages. 5000 Illustrations. tm'The International loas first issiced in jSqo, succeeding tlie " Unabridged." The N'eiu Edition of the International loas issued in Oct., IQOO. Getlntestandbrst. Also 'Webster's Collegiate Dictionary with Glos- sary of Scottish Words and Phrases. " First class in quality, .second class in size." NlCHOI,.\S MUKK.'W BUTI.EK. WEBSTER'S , COLLEGIATE WEBSTER'S COLLEGIATE j DICTIONARY / hpecimen pages, etc., cf both books sent on application. \ dictionary , G.6 C. Merriam Co. Springfield, Mass. SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION OF Minerals, Rocks, Fossils Birds and Mammals, Shells and Echinoderms. Also Human Skeletons, and Anatomical Models. Relief Models by Messrs. Shaler, Davis and Harris, illustrating Physical Geology and Physiography WRITE FOR CIRCULARS, AJ^ards' ^atural Science Establishment, ROCHESTER, N. Y. Bitrj m (iii[i[RT. SrBAniKiAKIIISlllKI.'r;::.. State and High Sts., COLUMBUS, OHIO. " OUR LIST OF AWARDS FOR THE LAST YEAR ARE: The Gold Medal at Paris Exposition. Highest Award at the Pan-American Exposition. Six First Premiums out of seven at Ohio State Exposition. DIE STAMPING. PLATE AND LETTER PRESS PRINTING. SPAH% & GLENN, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS. 50 EAST BROAD STREET. COLUMBUS, OHIO. Ohio Medical University- DEPARTMENTS OF MEDICINE, DENTISTRY AND PHARMACY. Four years graded course in Medicine, three in Dentistr}-, and two in Phar- macy. Annual Sessions, seven months. All Instruction, except Clinical, by the Recitation Plan. Students graded on their daily recitations and term examinations. Large class rooms designed for the recitation S3steni. Laboratories are large, well lighted and equipped with modern apparatus. Abundant clinical facilities in both Medical and Dental Departments. CONSIDERING SUPERIOR ADVANTAGES FEES ARE LOW. For Catalogue and Other Information, Address: George M. Waters, a. M., M. D., Dean, Medical Department, ly. P. Bethel, D. D. S., Dean, Dental Department. Geo. H. Matson, Jr., G. Ph., Dean, Pharmac}^ Department. OHIO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, 700-716 North Park Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO. Starling Medical College, Corner Stale and 6th Streets, COLUMBUS, OHIO. J* ^ MEDICAL AND SURGICAL CLINICS AT FOUR WELL EQUIPPED HOSPITALS. Jt Jt ^ ^ WELL EQUIPPED AND THOROIGH IN EVERY DETAIL. EXCEPTIONAL CLINICAL ADVANTAGES. CIRTIS C. HOWARD, M. Sc, Registrar. STARLING LOVING, M. D., LL. D., Dean. THE Ol^io Naturalist Volume II. Number 3. JANUARY, 1902. Annual Subscription, 50 cts. Single Number, 10 cts. "The Best of Everythino; Laboratorial." fe For every division of Natural Science. Microscopes and Accessories. Slides and Cover Glasses. Pocket Magnifiers. Field Glasses. Dissecting Instruments. Insect Pins. Glassware, Chemicals, Etc., Etc. f^nmiinriTmmiTii General Upparatus i (bemical (ompanf' Cleveland, Ohio, 262 Prospect St. Branch : Berlin, Germany. Entered at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, as second class matter. LEARN Bookkeeping, Shorthand and Typewriting ar me Ol^io Business nstitute . V. M. C. A. BIdg. Colun^Lxb, Ohio \ii#\f/#\f/# Bookkeeping taught here as- books are kept. All entries made from vouchers, bills, notes- checks, drafts, etc. The student learns by doing. Thorough^ interesting and practical. We are pioneer teachers of Gregg's Light-Line Shorthand, a simple, sensible, legible, rapid system. Learned in half the time required by other systems. Send postal for first lesson. If you are at p re s e n t e m - ployed, write t;s regarding our Home Stud y work. Same thorough instruction as given in the class-room. A LESSON IN GREGG'S SHORTHAND. K. G. R. L. N. M. T. D. A. E. I. '^{•ip) O <, ^ WRITE BY sound: — ^ me — a— meek . — y get ^^^ day a^ eat -=— ' near — <-" meet — c7~" make ^~^ tray ^--zr-i - cake — o "'V —a- ^ keg TO BE memorized: A, an - — Can ^ • Good — In • He ''The- Will n Period. write: The lad wilt meet mc read: in the lane. Circulars and [^ooKlcts free to tiwse desiring particulars concerniiK) an up-lo-date School of Business. J ROWLAND & POGEI75, l^ropis., (:oIuml)U5, 0. ! Scientific Taxiderm}^. EVERY SCHOOL should have a collection of Natural History specimens. Why not START A COLLECTION of the Birds or Mammals of your county or state, or enrich a present collection by the addition of some well mounted specimens? Costs so much ? Perhaps so, but WRITE TO MK FOR- PRiCES and you will be surprised how little suck a collection will cost after all. Think of the interest that will be awakened in your school in the STUDY OF NATURE to reward you for trouble and outlay-. I mount to order BIRDS. MAMMALS. FISH and REPTILES and solicit your patronage. If you are inter- ested, you should not lose an opportunity to examine the novel collection of Ohio birds, prepared by myself, in the museum of Zoology, Ohio State University. TAUGHT BY MAIL,— I give instruc- tions in the Art of Taxidermy, personally, or BY MAIL. You can learn to collect and prepare your own birds, thus reducing the cost of a collection to a minimum. For prices and circulars, address NATURALIST— THOMAS M. EARIv — taxidermist Cor. Naghten and Ninth Sts., C01.UMBUS, Ohio. \The "Ohio Naturaliy-t/H A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohio. The official organ of The Biological Club of THE Ohio State University. Published monthly during the academic year, from November to June (S numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign countries, 75 cents. Single copies, 10 cents. Editor- in - C/i icf. James S. Hine. Associate Editois. J. A. BowNOCKER, Geology, W. C. Mills, Archaeology, J. H. SCHAFFNER, Botany, Max Morse, Ornithology, F. Iv. IvANDACRE, Zoology, F. J. Tyler, Ecology. Advisory Board. Prof. W. A. KellERMAN. Prof. HERBERT OSBORN. Prof. Charles S. Prosser. Address THE OHIO NATURALIST, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The Truth, The Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth. UNCONDITIONALLY THE BEST TYPEWRITER IS THE CHICAGO $35.00 No typewriter is worth $\oo. We have made a mechanically exCPlling machine, and sell it for $35 We claim that it is the superior of any type- writer made. This is a brt)a(l but carefully weighed statement, and it is the truth. Awarded gold medal at the Paris Exposition, 191)0, in open competition with all other makes of tj'pewriters. Our descriptive matter tells an interesting story. Send for it and learn something about a high-grade typewriter sold at an honest price. CHICAGO WRITING MACHINE CO., .89 Wendell Street, ^ Jt ^ CHICAGO, U. S. A. Ohio Medical University- DEPARTMENTS OF MEDICINE, DENTISTRY AND PHARMACY. Four years graded course in Medicine, three in Dentistry, and two in Phar- macy. Annual Sessions, seven months. All Instruction, except Clinical, by the Recitation Plan. Students graded on their daily recitations and term examinations. Large class rooms designed for the recitation system. Laboratories are large, well lighted and equipped with modern apparatus. Abundant clinical facilities in both Medical and Dental Departments. CONSIDERING SUPERIOR ADVANTAQES FEES ARE LOW. For Catalogue and Other Information, Address: George M. Waters, A. M., M. D., Dean, Medical Department. L. P. Bethel, D. D. S., Dean, Dental Department. Geo. H. Matson, Jr., G. Ph., Dean, Pharmacy Department. OHIO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, 700-716 North Park Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO. Starling Medical College, Corner State and 6th Streets, COLUMBUS, OHIO. ^ ^ MEDICAL AND SURGICAL CLINICS AT FOUR EXCELLENT HOSPITALS, ji jt Jt jt WELL EQIIPPED AND THOROUGH IN EVERY DETAIL. EXCEPTIONAL CLINICAL ADVANTAGES. CURTIS C. HOWARD, M. Sc, Registrar. STARLING LOVING, M. D., LL. D., Dean. BLANK BOOKS FOR FIELD NOTES ON BIRDS. AND DATA TO EGG COLLECTIONS, They are going fast, for all Collectors find them Useful and Convenient. Nicely bound with imitation marble back. Field Notes in books 4x8 inches; Data Blanks in books of 100 sheets 3j4x6'/< inches. Satisfaction guaranteed. Write for sample sheets and prices. Address GEO. W. MORSE, Ashley, Indiana. 1239 io 1241 (U. 5tg3 #freef. CofumBuB, w a 0 _J 0 n' — 2 ■-^ CO J* bo O V ■« 0 « ■~ 0 « 01; toi °3 I- 0 Ml Mininmm . 243 185 53 142 123 22 iJiffereiice. 31 22 17 8 10 i-i Mode 261 194-197 67 144 128 3-3 Mean 257 195 63 144 128 Jan., 1902.] Myriopods from Vinton County. 187 two species, amoenus and helence of the genus Carphophiops are examples ; they were separated by the former having two pairs of frontals and the latter one pair. A study of the young of the forms of Eidaviia would be inter- esting and profitable as a means of arriving at some conclusion as to the status of the several species and varieties. The writer is indebted to Prof. Herbert Osborn for the photo- graph reproduced herewith. MYRIOPODS FROM VINTON, OHIO. Max Morse. The following list represents a small collection of myriopods taken at Vinton, Gallia county, Ohio, from June 19 to 23, 1901. The list is not meant to be exhaustive, but to simply show what forms are commonly found in that locality. One species, vScolo- pendra woodii Mein., is not common in Ohio as far as our experience shows. It is a member of the same genus as the well-known western and southern form known commonly as the "centipede." Our species, however, is much smaller. Its bite is well directed but not serious, the main symptoms being acute pain for awhile after being bitten, with little or no swelling. The millipede, Fontaria coriacea Koch., was found with eggs attached to the ventral surface. The eggs were about .So nun. in diameter and were translucent. DIPLOPODA. Spirobolus marginatus (Say). Parajulus pennsylvanicus (Brandt). Cambala annulata (Say). Callipus lactarius (vSay). Polydesmus serratus vSa}'. Scytonotus granulatus (Sa^-). Euryurus evides ( BoUm. ). Fontaria coriacea Koch. CHILOPODA. Mecistocephalus sp. Scolopendra woodii Mein. Theatops posticus (Say;. Lithobius multidentatus Newp. lyithobius proridens Bollm. 1 88 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 3, BOTANICAL CORRESPONDENCE AND NOTES FOR AMATEURS, II. Conducted by W. A. KeIvI.ERMAn. Item 5. In a paper read before the Society for Plant Mor- phology, an outline of which was published in vScience, 13 : 250, M. A. Carletou stated that the peculiar, thick-walled, one-celled spores of Puccinia vexans Farlow, after repeated failures, had been germinated. They are, however, not properly uredo spores nor teleuto spores, according to Mr. Carleton, but "partake of the nature of both. They make a distinct new spore for this order of fungi, and may be called ampliisporc.'' Item 6. Arthur and Hohvay, in their descriptions of American Uredinese, III, have very commendably extended and varied the use of signs for designating the spore stages of the Uredineae. As is well known, the Roman numerals I, II and III have long been used to designate respectively the aecidium, the uredo, and the teleutosporic stage (usually called black rust, Puccinia, Uromyces, etc. ). To this series has been added O for the sper- magonia. In the article alluded to still another sign is intro- duced, namely, X for the amphispores. The authors indicate relative abundance of spores in their Exsiccata by the use of both capitals and lower case letters — the former for maximum and the latter for minimum quanties. Thus, for example, i, ii, III, would indicate small proportion of aecidium and uredo, but a maximum amount of the teleutospores ; iii, X, would denote a minor quantity of teleutospores and a major amount of amphi- spores. Item 7. A Manual of Botany has just been published which should be in the hands of ever}' teacher of this subject, and every botanical student, pupil and amateur should also possess a copy. It is up to date in every respect, contains all the flowering plants and vascular cryptogams of our region, gives keys to the orders, keys to the genera and keys to the species. The well- known author, Dr. N. L. Britton, has described every clearly recognized and distinct form as a species ; he has also enumerated many varieties, these usually with quite ample diagnoses. The book is indispensable to the student of American botany, and no one interested in our flora can afford to be without it. Too much praise cannot be accorded the publishers. The paper is thin but good ; the binding is durable yet light ; the names stand out black and bold ; the type for descriptions is clear ; the covers not awkwardly stiff ; the number of pages 1,080, and yet the book is only an inch and three-eighths thick ; even more remarkable for a book of this character and quality, the price is only two dollars and twenty-five cents. Jan., 1902.] Botanical Correspondence. 189- The full title is as follows : Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada, by Nathaniel Lord Britton, Ph. D. The author is the director-in-chief of the New York Botanical Garden and Emeritus Professor of Botany in Columbia Univer- sity. . The publishers are Henry Holt & Co., New York, and the price is $2.25. /fern 5* 5s> Sa 5=. 80^2 North High Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO, Lepidoptera Price List No. 3. — Price 5 cents fo^'Kri Issued November 15th, 1901. ^i^^d'foV."!'! ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES. ^^TL^'i^:f:L°f ^'^^ °"^'"^' schmitt insect boxes. and Celebrated 'Builders of INSECT CABINETS, Etc. American Entomological Company 1040 DE KALB AVENUE, BROOKLYN, N. Y. muBHUBuaiDowaui NEW EDITION WEBSTER'S \INTERNATIONAL .D,c,»«,v/ WEBSTER'S INTE.RNATIONAL DICTIONARY New Plates Throughout. 25,000 ADDITIONAL WORDS Phrases and Definitions Prepared under the direct supervision of W. T. HARRIS, Ph.D., LL.D., United States Commissioner of Education, assisted by a large corps of com- petent specialists and editors. Rich Bindings. ^364 Pages. SOOOJllus^rations. KM'The International -Mas first issued in iSgo, succeeding the " Unabridged." The New Edition of the Inter national was issued in Oct.,iqoo. Getlatestandbrst. Also Webster's Collegiate Dictionary with Glos- sary of Scottish Wurcis and Phrases. " First class in quality, second class in size." Nicholas Mi'rray Butler. pccimen jiages, etc., of both books sent on application. G.£i C. Merriam Co. Springfield, Mass. Ohio State Unwetsity, Six Colleges well equipped and prepared to present the best methods in modern education. The advantages are offered to both sexes alike. The following list of departments will suggest the organization of the institution : Agriculture, Agricultural Chemistry, American Histor}' and Political Science, Anatomy and Physiology, Architecture and Drawing, Astronomy, Botany, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Clay Working and Ceramics, Domestic Science, Economics and Sociolog}', Educa- tion, Electrical Engineering, English Eiterature, European History, Geology, Germanic Languages and Literatures, Greek, Horticulture and Forestry, Industrial Arts, Latin, Law, Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Metallurgy and Mineralogy, Military Science, Mine Engineering, Pharmacy, Philosophy, Physical Educalion, Physics, Rhetoric and English Language, Romance Languages, Veterinary Medicine and Zoology and Entomology. Catalogues will be sent upon application. After examining the catalogue write for specific information to the President Dr. W. O. THOMPSON, Columbus, Ohio. SPECIMENS DESIRED FOR BOTANICAL The large mushrooms, Puffballs and other Fungi; Abnormal: MUSEUM. growths and interesting specimens of shrubs and trees. Also herbarium specimens of Algae, Fungi, Mosses and Ferns as well as flowering plants. Address Prof. W. A. KellERMAN, Department of Botany, Ohio State LTniversity,. Columbus, Ohio. GEOLOGICAL Will exchange Hudson, Corniferous and Carboniferous- MUSEUM. fossils. Address Prof. J. A. BowNOCKER, Curator, Geological Museum, Ohio State University,. Columbus, Ohio, ZOOLOGICAL Birds, Insects, Reptiles, etc. "We wish to make our collec- MUSEUM. tions representative for the fauna of the state and will greatly appreciate all contributions to that end. Address, Prof. Herbert Osborn, Department Zoology and Entomology, Ohio State Universit}-, Columbus, Ohio. Ohio State University, Lake Laboratory. Located at Sandusky on Lake Erie. Open to Investigators June 15 to September 15. Laboratory courses of six and eight weeks beginning July 7, 1902. Write for special circular. ^ LAKE laboratory"^ --0¥ THE= V Ohio State University* . OFFERS EXCEPTIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR STUDY OR INVESTIGATION DURING THE SUMMER MONTHS. THE laboratory is located at Sandusky giving convenient access to Lake Erie, to the marshes of Sandusky Bay, the river, islands, beach, forest and prairies, affording great variety of plant and animal hfe. ^____ COURSES OF INSTRUCTION are offered in General Zoology, Botany, Entomology, Embryology, Icthyology, Orni- thology, Plant Ecology, Morphology and Advanced Laboratory or Research Courses. FEES for the season are twenty dollars covering all expenses of instruction and laboratory materials for the full term and a student may take any two of the courses offered or put double time on one course. EQUIPMENT. The laboratory owns three boats and is pro- vided with tables, aquaria, dark room, dredges and collecting apparatus, while microscopes and other instruments are supplied from the university. INVESTIGATION. Properly qualified ])ersons are given opportunity for indei)endent investigation without payment of fees, and may engage in such work at any time from June 15th to September i 5th. INSTRUCTORS. The staff of instruction includes regular members of the instruction staff of tlie university. University students are given credit for courses completed. LECTURE AND LABORATORY COURSES BEGIN JLLY 7, 1902. For further information or special circular, address Pres. W. 0. THOMPSON, or HERBERT OSBORN, Director, Lake Laboratory, Ohio Slate University, Columbus, Ohio. d>' THE Ohio Naturalist Volume II. Number 4. FEBRUARY, 1902. Annual Subscription, 50 cts. Single Number, 10 cts. ''The Best of Everything Laboratorial." For every division of Natural Science. Microscopes and Accessories. Slides and Cover Glasses. Pocket Magnifiers. Field Glasses. Dissecting Instruments. Insect Pins. Glassware, Chemicals, Etc., Etc. ^1 Cleveland, Ohio, 262 Prospect St. Branch : Berlin, Germany. «; IIIIIIIIIITIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIWIIIIII IIIIIIIIT EnlonMlat tlu' Post Ottirc at Columbus, Ohiu, as seroucl class matter. ! LEARN Bookkeeping, Shorthand and Typewriting at me Ol^io Business Institute .... pAvwiCHT irti went Y. n. C A. BIdg. ColunADus, 0\\\o Bookkeeping taught here as books are kept. All entries made from vouchers, bills, notes checks, drafts, etc. The student learns b}" doing. Thorough, interesting and practical. AVe are pioneer teachers of Gregg's Light-Line Shorthand, a simple, sensible, legible, rapid system. Learned in half the time required by other systems. Send postal for first lesson. \W>li'# If you are at p re s e n t e m - ployed, write us regarding our H o m e vS t u d y work. Same thorough instruction as given i n the class-room. The lad will meet cic Use I. K. G. R. I,. IT. W. V. V>. A. x-. — -» me o-^ meek . — a' pet .^''^ day a^ eat -< — • rear tf' meet — j;j-^ make ■'^-^ tray .--zr~i - cake — o '"V ^^- — ^ keg TO BZ memorized: A, aa Can • Go-Dd — In - He ^ . The V/:;J ^ Pcricd write: lane. Circuicirs aad l^ooUlcfs free to those (le.siriivj pcii'ticuicirs coiAceri-iliig an up-to-date School of Busiiiess. POWL/\MD k. RGGIiPS, Proprs., ColuinDus, 0. Scientific Taxiderm}^. EVERY SCHOOL should have a collection of Natural History specimens. Wh}^ not START A COLLECTION of the Birds or Mammals of your county or state, or enrich a present collection by the addition of some well mounted specimens? Costs so much ? Perhaps so, but WRITE TO ME FOR PRICES and you will be surprised how little such a collection will cost after all. Think of the interest that will be awakened in your school in the STUDY OF NATURE to reward 3-ou for trouble and outla3\ I mount to order BIRDS. MAMMALS. FISH and REPTILES a! and solicit your patronage. If you are inter- ested, you should not lose an opportunity to examine the novel collection of Ohio birds, prepared by myself, in the museum of Zoology, Ohio State University. TAUGHT BY MAIL,— I give instruc- tions in the Art of Taxidermy, personally, or BY MAIL. You can learn to collect and prepare your own birds, thus reducing the cost of a collection to a minimum. For prices and circulars, address NATURALIST— THOMAS M. EARL— TAXIDERMIST Cor. Naghten and Ninth Sts., Columbus, Ohio. ^he "Ohio Naturaliyt/^ A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohio. The official organ of The Biological Club of THE Ohio State University. Published nionthlj^ during the academic year, from November to June (8 numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign countries, 75 cents. vSingle copies, 10 cents. Editor-in-Chief, ....... James S. Hine. Associate Editots. J. A. BowNOCKER, Geology, \V. C. Mills, Archaeology, J. H. SCHAFFNER, Botany, Max Morse, Ornithology, F. Iv. IvANDACRE, Zoology, F. J. Tyler, Ecology. Advisory^^Board. Prof. W. A. KELLERMAN. Prof. HERBERT OSBORN. Prof. Charles S. Prosser. Address THE OHIO NATURALIST, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The Truth. The Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth. UNCONDITIONALLY THE BEST TYPEWRITER IS THE CHICAGO ~%^:^\ 1 No typewriter is worth |; 1 00. We have made a mechanically excelling machine, and sell it for I35 We claim that it is the Superior of any type- '« ---sa. i"'-7>^ writer made. This is a broad but carefulh^ ^Ip •?^f'''"^|^f ?„ i^S, weighed statement, and it is the truth. ->\l^^iii!i^!^j»^''''^^^4 Awarded gold medal at the Paris Exposition, ^•^^iy^Ss^Wjimu^^^^l, 1900, in open comt)etition with all other makes ^Sfe^Vif»_:P of typewriters. Our descriptive matter tells an interesting story. vSend for it and learn something about a high-grade typewriter sold at an honest price. CHICAGO WRITING MACHINE CO., 89 Wendell Street, ^ ^ ^ CHICAGO, U. S. A. Ohio Medical University- DEPARTMENTS OF MEDICINE, DENTISTRY AND PHARMACY. Four years graded course in Medicine, three in Dentistry, and two in Phar- macy. Annual Sessions, seven months. All Instruction, except Clinical, by the Recitation Plan. Students graded on their dail}- recitations and term examinations. Large •class rooms designed for the recitation system. Laboratories are large, well lighted and equipped with modern apparatus. Abundant clinical facilities in both Medical and Dental Departments. CONSIDERING SUPERIOR ADVANTAGES FEES ARE LOW. For Catalogue and Other Information, Address: George M. Waters, A. M., M. D., Dean, Medical Department. L. P. BETheIv, D. D. S., Dean, Dental Department. Geo. H. Matson, Jr., G. Ph., Dean, Pharmacy Department. OHIO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, 700-716 North Park Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO. Starling Medical College, Corner State and 6th Streets, COLUMBUS, OHIO. ^ ^ MEDICAL AND SURGICAL CLINICS AT FOUR EXCELLENT HOSPITALS. Jt jt ^ ^ WELL EQIIPPED AND THOROUGH IN EVERY DETAIL. EXCEPTIONAL CLINICAL ADVANTAGES. CURTIS C. HOWARD, M. Sc, Registrar. STARLING LOVING, M. D., LL. D., Dean. BLANK BOOKS FOR FIELD NOTES ON BIRDS, AND DATA TO EGG COLLECTIONS, They are going fast, for all Collectors find them Useful and Convenient* Nicely bound -with imitation marble back. Field Notes in books 4xS inches; Data Blanks in books of loo sheets 3J^x6j/2 inches. Satisfaction guaranteed. Write for sample sheets and prices. Address GEO. W. MORSE, Ashley, Indiana. Jiineraf ©itecfora* 1239 io 1241 (n. §tg(5 ^frcef. €ofum6ue. (D3to. KILER'S "PHARMACY A Complete Line of >^ DRUGS, CHOICE CANDIES, FINE STATIONERY Cor. Eighth A^venue and High Street. Telephone 883. Columbus, Ohio. Reports of the Geological Survey of Ohio FOR SALE. Complete Sets •with Mips, or any of the Volumes Separately. Address THE OHIO NATURALIST, Columbus, 0. The Ohio T^ahiralist, PUBLISHED BY The Biological Club of the Ohio State Uni'versity, Volume II, FEBRUARY, 1902. No. 4. TABLE OF CONTENTS, BuBNA— Coleoptera of Cuyahoga County, Oliio 193 DUFOUR— Climbing Plants of Ohio 197 OsBORN— Mallophagau Records and Descriptions 201 Keli.erman — Ohio Fungi. Fascicle II 205 Kellerman" — Botanical Correspondence and Notes for Amateurs, III 213 TvLER- Meeting of the Biological Club 214 COLEOPTERA OF CUYAHOGA COUNTY, OHIO. M. BUBNA. CICINDELID.i;. Ciciiitlela 6-gtittala Fab., c* var. violacea Feb., r. patruela Dej., r. purpurea Oliv., a. liinbalis KL, r. vulgaris Say. c. repauda Dej., a. var. i2-guttata Dej., c. punctulata Fab. , a. CARABID.^. Carabus limbattts Say, r. Calosoma scrutator Fab. , a. caliduui Fab., c. Elaphrtis ruscarius Say, c. Nebria pallipes Say, a. Scarites subterrauetis Fab., c. Cliviua impressifrons Lee, r. Beinbidiuin variegatum Sa}-, c. laevigatum Say, c. Patrobtis longicornis Saj,-, r. Pterostichus stj'gicus Say, c. ptmctatissimus Rand., c. permundus Say, c. sayi Brtille, c. luctiblandus Say, r. corvinus Dej., c. Amara fulvipes Dej , c. exarata Dej., r. impuncticollis Say, c. obesa Say, r. *a, abundant ; c, common ; r, rare. Diplochila major Dec, r. Dicaelus elongatus Bon., r. Calathus gregarius Say. opaculus Lee. Platynus bypolithus vSay, c. angustatus Dej., c. cincticollis Saj-. extensicollis Say, c. melanarius Dej. cupripennis vSay, c. nutans Say. placidus Say. crenistriatits Lee. ptinctiforinis Say. picipennis Kirby. Atrantis pubescens Dej. Casnonia pennsylvaiiica Linn., a. Galerita janus Fat\, a. Lebia grandis Hentz, c. atriventris Say, c. Coptodera aerata Dej., r. Cyinindis cribricoUis Dej., r. Chlsenius erythropus Germ, sericeus Forst., c. tricolor Dej., c. pennsylvanicus Saj-, c. tomentosus Say, c. Anomoglossus pallipes. Nothopus zabroides Lee. Agonoderus lineola Fab., c. Harpalus viridiaeneus Beauv., a. calisfinosus Fab., a. 194 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No: 4, Harpalus faunus Say. vagans Lee. pennsylvanicus DeG., c. var. conipar Lee. herbivagus Say. Selenopliorus gagatinus I)ej. Stenolophiis ochropezus Saj-. Anisodactj-lus rusticus Dej. harrisii Lee. diseoideus Dej. baltiniorensis Say, c. sericeus Harr., c. interstitialis Say, e. HALIPLID^. Cnemidotus edentulus Lee, e. , DYTISCID.E. Laecophilus inaculosus Germ., r. Coelambus nubilis Lee, r. Hydroponis niodestus Aube, c. Ilibius biguttalus Germ. Coptotomus obscuru.s Sharp, r. interrogatus Fab. Copelatus glyphieus Say, e. Agabus disintegratus Cr., c. retieulatus Kirby, r. Rhantus binotatus Harr., r. Colymbetes sculptilis Harr., r. Dytiscus hybridus Aube, c. fasciventris Say, e. Aeilius fraternus Harr. , r. mediatus Saj', r. Thermoneetes ba.silari.s Harr., r. Cybister fmibriolatu.s Say, c. GYRINID.E. Gyrinus veutralis Kirby, c. Dineutes assimilis Aube, c. HVDROPHILID.-^. Helophorus lineatus Say, r. Hydrophilus ovatu.s G. & H. triangulari.s Say, e. nimbatus Say, c. niixtu.s Lee, r. glaber Hbst., c. . Hydrochari.s obtusatus Say, r. Hydrobius fu.seipes IJnn., r. SILl'HID.i;. Necrophorus americanus Oliv., r. orbieollis Say, r. marginatus Fab., c. lomenlo.su.s Web., e. Silpha suriiiamen.si.s Fab., c. lapponiea H.st., e. iuaequalis Fab., e. noveboracensis Forst., e. staphylinidve;. Listotrophus cingulatus Grav., e. Creophilus villosus Gray., c. Staphylinus vulpinus Nordm., c. maculosus Grav., e. einamopterus Grav., i violaeeus, e. Philonthus aeneus Rossi., e. ej-anipennis Fab., c. XanthoHnus eephalus Say, c. Cryptobium pallipes Grav., r. Paederus littorarius Grav., c. Taehinus memnonius Grav. fimbriatus Grav. Couosoma pubescens Payk. Oxyporus major Grav., c. Acidota subcarinata Er.- COCCINEIXID^. Megilla maculata DeG., e. Hippodamia glaeialis Fab., e. convergens Guer., r. 13-punctata Linn., c. Coeeinella 9-notata Hbst., c. Adalia bipunetata Linn., e. Anatis 15-punetata Oliv., c. Chiloeorus bivulnerus Muls., e. Brachyacantha ursina Fab., e. EROTYLID.E. Languria gracilis Newm. Daene 4-niaculata Say, c. Megalodaene fasciata Fab., c. heros Say, c. Myeotretus sanguinipennis Say. Tritoma humeralis Fab. flavicollis Lae. cucujiD.i<;. Cueujus clavipes Fab., e. Brontes dubius Fab., r. MYCETOPHAGID^. Myeetophagus puuetatus Say. flexuo.sus Say. UERMESTID.E. Derniestes lardarius Linn., e. vul])inus Fab., c. Trogoderma ornatum Say. HISTERID.'E. Hololepta fossularis vSay, r. Ilister caroHnus Payk., c. lecontei ISIars., c. Saprinus assimilis Payk. Feb., 1902.] Coleoptera of Cuyahoga Comity. 195 NITIDULID^. C. Plienolia grossa Fab., Omosita colon Linn., r. Cr3-ptarcha ampla Er. Ips fasciatus Oliv. sanguinolentus Oliv. TROGOSITID^. Tenebrioides corticalis Melsh., c. BYRRHID.^. Cytilus sericeus Forst. , r. PARNID^. Dryops lithopbilus Germ. ELATERID^. Adelocera marmorata Fab., c. Alaus oculatus Linn., c. Cryptohypnus planatus Lee, r. Elater nigricollis Hbst., c. Drasterius elegans Fab., c. Ludius attenuatns Say, c. abruptus Say, r. Agriotes mancus Say, r. Melanotus fissilis Say. Limonius agonus Say. Corymbites cylindriformis Hbst., c. Melanactes piceus DeG., c. BUPRESTID.'E. Chalcopliora virginiensis Drury, r. Dicerca divaricata Say, c. Chrj-sobothris femora ta Fab., c. Agrilus ruficollis, c. LAMPYRID^. Calopteron typicum Lee, c. Lucidota atra Fab., c. EUychnia corrusca Linn., r. Pyropyga decipiens Harr., c. Photuris pennsylvanica DeG., c. Chaaliognathus pennsylvanicus DeG., c. Podabrus rugulosiis Lee, r. basilaris Say. tonientosus Say, c. Telephorus carolinus Fab. lineola Fab. bilineatus Say, c. CIvERID^. Cymatodera bicolor Say, r. inornata Say, r. PTINID^. Eucrada humeralis Melsh. Trichodesma gibbosa Say. l,UCANID.5i;. Lucanus dama Thunb., c. placidus Say, c. Dorcus parallelus Say, c. Platycerus quercus Web., r. depressus Lee, r. Ceruchus piceus Web., r. Passalus cornutus Fab., e SCARAB.^ID,^. Canthon Icevis Drury, e Copris minutus Drury, e anaglypticus Say, e Phanaeus carnifex Linn., r. Onthophagus liecate Panz, e pennsylvanicus Harold, c. Aphodius fossor Linn., e fimetarius Linn., e granarius Linn., e inquinatus Hbst., e Geotrupes splendidus Fab., e semiopacus Jek., c. Trox capillaris Say. unistriatus Beauv. scaber Linn. Serica vespertina Gyll. Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab. Laclinosterna fusca Froh., a. crenulata Froh., r. tristis Fab., e Strigoderma arboricola Fab. Pelidnota punctata Linn., a. Cotalpa lanigera Linn., e Polymoechus brevipes Lee Cyclocephala sp.? Xyloryctes satyrus Fab., r. Euphoria fulgida Fab., r. inda Linn., e Osmoderma eremicola Knoch., e scabra Beauv., e Trichius piger Fab. bibens Fab. Valgus canaliculatus Fab., r. squamiger Beauv. SPONDYI^ID.^. Parandra brunnea Fab., e CERAMBYCID.5;. Orthosoma brunneum Forst., r. Prionus laticoUis Drury, r. Criocephalus agrestis Kirb)', r. Physocnemum brevilineum Say, r. Phymatodes variabilis Fab., r. Meriuni proteus Kirl)y, r. Callidiuni tereum Newm. Chion cinctus Drury. Eburia quadrigeminata Say. Romaleum rufuluni Hald., c. 196 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 4, Elaphidion mucroiiatum Fab. parallelum Newm. Cyllene pictus Drury, c. robiniLi; P'orst., c. Plagionolus speciosus Say, r. Arhopalus fulniiiians Fab. Neoclytus erythrocephalu.s Fab. Clytanlhus ruricola Oliv., c. Desniocerus palliatus Forst., c. Encyclops cterulus Say. Rhagiuni lineaUim Oliv. Centrodera decolorata Harr. Toxotus cylindricollis Say, r. Anthophilax altenuatus Hald. Acmoeops biviltata Say. Gaurotes cyanipennis Say. Typocerus velutinus Oliv., r. Leptura lineola vSay, r. zebra Oliv., c. proxinia Say, c. biforis Newm. vittata Germ., c. pubera Say. scripta Lee. ruficollis Say. Psenocerus supernotatus Say. Monohammus titillator Fab., r. scutellatus Say, r. confusor Kirby, r. Dorcaschema alternalum vSay, r. nigrum Say, r. Goes pulchra Hald., r. debilis Lee. pulverulenta Hald.. r. Acanthoderes decipiens Hald., r. Leptostylus aculiferas Sa}-, r. comniixtiis Hald. Liopu.s variegatus Hald. Urographis fasciatus DeG. Acanthocinus ob.soletus Oliv. Pogonocherus sp? Eupogonius tomentosu.s Hald. Dorcasta cinerea Horn. Saperda obliqua Say, r. calcarata Say, c. Candida P'ab., c. ve-stita Say, c. tridentata Oliv., c. puncticollis Say. mcTcsta Lee., r. concolor Lee., r. Oberea bimaculata Oliv., c. schaumii Lee , r. Tetraopes tetraophthalmus Fonst., c. CHRVSOTMELID/lv. Donacia proxima Kirby, c. siibtili.s Kuiize, c. Orsodachna atra Ahr. Lema trilineata Oliv., r. Crioeerus asparagi Forst. i2-punctatus Linn. Babia 4-guttata Oliv., c. Bassareus detritus Oliv., c. mannniier Newm. Pachj'bracliys viduatus Fab., r. Fidia vitieida Walsh, c. Chrjsoelius auratus, c., usuall}' on dogs- bane — last summer on Mel. alba, c. Paria 4-gvittata Lee., r. thoracica INIelsh., c. Colaspis flavida Say, c. tristis Oliv., c. Dor3-phora clivicollis Kirby, r. lo-lineata Sa}', c. Chrysomela suturalis Fab., c. elegans Oliv., c. scalaris Lee., r. bigsbyana Kirb}', c. Gastroidea polygoni Linn., c. ej'anea ]Melsh., very rare. Lina lapponiea Linn, seripta Fab., r. Luperus meraca Say, c. Diabrotica 12-punctata Oliv., c. vittata Fab., c. Trirhabda canadensis Kirby. Galeruca decora Say, r. Oedionychis thoracica Fab. Disonycha collaris Fab., r. Crepidodera helxines Linn., c. Orthaltica copalina Fab. Systena hudsonias Forst., c. Microrhopala vittata Fab. Cassida bivittata Say, c. Coptocycla guttata Oliv., c. auriehalcea Fab., c. Chelymorpha argus Liclit., c. TENEBRIONIDvE. N3'ctobates pen n sylvan ica DeG., c. Scotobates calcaratus Fab., c. Xylopinus saperdioides Oliv., r. Tenebrio obseurus Fab., c. molitor Linn., c. castaneus Knocli., c. tenebrioides Beauv., c. Blapstinus interruptus Sa}-. metallicus Fal). LHonia impressa Melsh., c. Hoplocephala bicornis Oliv., c. Platydenia rufieorne Sturm. Boletotherus Ijifurcus cand. Fal)., c. Helops micans Fali., r. IMeracantha contraeta Beauv., c. Strongylium tenuicoUe Say, r. Feb., 1902.] Coleoptera of Cuyahoga County. CISTELID.i;. H3'inenorus iiiger Melsh. ■Cistela brevis Sa}-. Capnochroa fuliginosa Melsh. LAGRllD.i;. Artliromacra senea, Say, c. MSLANDRVID^. Tetratonia truncorum Lee, r. Penthe oliquata Fab., c. pimelia Fab., c. Melandr3'a striata Say, c. Eustrophus bicolor Say, c. tomeutosus Sa}', c. Orchesia castanea Melsh., c. CEDEMERID.5. Asclera ruficollis Sa}-. MORDELLID.^. Tomoxia bidentata Sa}-. c. Mordella octopiinctata Fab., c. PVROCHROID.-E. Pyrochroa fenioralis Lee, r. Dendroides canadensis Lat., r. MELOID^. Meloe angusticollis Say, r. Macrobasis unicolor Kirby, c. Epicauta vittata Fab., c. cinerea Forst. , c. pennsj'lvanica DeG., c. OTIORHYNCHID^. Tanj-mecns confertus Gyll. CURCULIONID^. Ithycerus noveboracensis Forst., r. Phytonomus punctatus Fab. Listronotus caudatus Say. Lixus concavus Sa}', c. musculus Say. Gynmetron teter Fab. Conotrachelns nenuphar Hbst., c. Rhyssematus lineaticollis Say. Pseudobaris farcta Lee. Balaninus nasicns Say, r. BRENTHID.^. Eupsalis minuta Driiry, r. CALANDRID.^. Sphenophorus ochreus Lee., c. pertinax Oliv., c. sculptilis Uhler., c. parvulus Gyll., c. SCOLYTID^. Xyloterns politus Say, c. ANTHRIBID^. Cratoparis lunatus Fab., c. Cleveland, Ohio, 8 Heina vSt. CLIMBING PLANTS OF OHIO. Alice Dufour. Climbing plants comprise all tlipse which ascend by means of support. There are two classes — the twiners which coil spirally around a support and the climbers proper which cling to a sup- port b)^ means of tendrils, leaf-stalks, rootlets, re-curved bristles or other devices. In all these plants, the lowest internodes are erect, beyond wdiich the peculiar characteristic manifests itself b^- the movement of the free end towards the support. If the sup- port is a wall, the climber usually sends out roots or tendrils bearing disks which adhere to the surface. If the support is other than a flat surface, the climber usually raises itself b)^ tendrils. These tendrils often have the form of a reversed spiral, which mechanism permits the plant to be swayed back and forth b}' the wind without injury. 198 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 4^ When the plant is a twiner, it assumes a somewhat horizontal position after the first node and the extremity begins to revolve to the right or to the left. Solanum revolves in either direction: Hamulus, Lonicera and Polygonum, to the right ; Phaseolus and Convolvulus to the left. These revolutions are often accomplished within two hours. The structure of the stem of the twiners differs from that of the climbers and of erect plants in order to meet the strains of tension and of pressure caused by the growth of the support of the perennials. Hollow stems are rare ; the pith is usually much reduced, or the central tissues surrounded by firmer tissue which protects from pressure. It will be noticed that all plants having annual stems climb thin supports, thus getting up to the light rapidly as the energy must be used in the growth of stem and leaves rather than in forming large circles. The provision for exposure to light is further shown in leaf- arrangement. Leaves of plants covering flat surfaces are usualh* spread out parallel so as to expose as much surface as possible, and in cases of unsymmetrical leaves, the lacking portion would have been covered by those overlapping. In some, there is an arrangement of large and small leaves — two rows of small ones growing in the gaps between the two rows of large ones. In others, exposure is obtained by different lengths of petioles. At present Dr. Kellerman's catalogues show 77 climbing plant.s for Ohio. Of these, 25 are woody, 52 herbaceous; 51 peren- nial, I biennial, 25 annual ; 43 twiners, 34 climbers of which 24 have tendrils, 3 rootlets, 3 re-curved bristles, 3 iritable petioles ; 10 are parasitic with minute suckers ; 60 are native, 17 are intro- duced. These plants are : Smilax herbacea, an herbaceous climber by means of tendrils, annual above ground. Smilax rotundifolia, hispida, glauca, woody climbers by means of tendrils. Dioscorea villosa, herbaceous twiner, perennial. Humulus lupulus, herbacious twiner, perennial, from Europe. Polygonum convolvulus, herbaceous twiner, annual, from Europe and Asia, cilinode, . scandeiis, dumetorum, herbaceous twiners, perennial. Clematis virginiana, viorna, herbaceous climbers by means of petioles, perennial. Menispermum canadense, woody twiner. Adlumia fungosa, herbaceous climber by means of petioles, biennial. Rosa setigera, woody climber by means of recurved prickles. Feb., 1902.] Climbing Plants of Ohio. 199 X,athyrus venosus, ochroleneus, herbaceous, perennial, with tendrils. Phaseolus polystachys, herbaceous twiner, perennial. Dolichos lablab, annual twiner from India. "Vicia cracca, americana, caroliniana, herbaceous perennials climbing by tendrils, sativa, augustifolia, annuals climbing by tendrils, from Europe. Falcata comosa, pitcheri, herbaceous twiners, perennial. Apios apios, herbaceous twiner, perennial. Strophostyles helvoa, herbaceous twiner, annual. Rhus radicans, woody climber by means of rootlets. ■Celastrus scandens, woody twiner. Cardiospermum halicacabum, herbaceous climber by tendrils, annual, from tropical America. Vitis labrusca, aestivalis, bicolor, vulpina, cordifolia, wood}^ climbers by tendrils. Ampelopsis cordata, woody climber by tendrils. Parthenocissus quinquefolia, woody climber by tendrils and roots. laciniata, woody climber by tendrils. Ampelanus albidus, herbaceous twiner, perennial. Cvnanchiam nigrum, herbaceous twiner, perennial. Vincetoxicum gonocarpus, herbaceous twiner, perennial. Ouamoclit quamoclit, coccinea, herbaceous twiners, annual, from tropical America. Ipomoea pandurata, herbaceous twiner, perennial, lacunosa, herbaceous twiner, annual, purpurea, hederacea, herbaceous twiners, annual, from tropical America. Convolvulus sepium, repens, japonicus, herbaceous twiners, perennial, two native and one from Japan. Cuscuta epilinum, epithymum, arvensis, polygonorum, indecora, coryli, cephalauthi, gronovis, 200 > The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 4, Cuscuta com pacta, paradoxa, herbaceous twiners, annual, the first and second from Europe, the others native. Solanimi dulcamara, herbaceous twiner, perennial, froin Europe and Asia. L}'cium vulgare, woody climber b}- means of recurved bristles. Bignonia crucigera, woody climber by tendrils. Tecoma radicans, woody climber b}- roots. Galium asprellum, herbaceous annual climbing by recurved bristles. IvOnicera caprifoliuni, hirsuta, glaucescens, dioica, sullivantii, sempervirens, japonica, woody twiners, the first from Europe, the last from Asia, the rest native. Micrampelis lobata, herbaceous climber by tendrils, annual. Sic^'os angulatus, herbaceous climber b}- tendrils, annual. Cucurbita pepo ovifera, herbaceous climber by tendrils, annual, from tropical America. Passifiora lutea, herbaceous climber by tendrils, perennial. New York Citv. DONATIONS TO THE O. S. U. MUSEUMS. Supt. Thos. Bouser, Carey, Ohio, ha.s sent 256 plants to the State Herbarium during the past month. Mrs. Theano W. Case has donated 1 10 .specimens of flowering plants. Rev. H. Herzer, Marietta, Ohio, contributed 175 specimens to the State Herbarium. Arnold Arboretum, Boston, Mass., sent 24 packets of seeds of rare shrubs and trees for planting. E. B. Williamson, Bluffton, Ind., 12 specimens of four species of Odonata. Cotypes of Gomphus hybridus, recently described as new by Mr. Williamson, were included. A fine male specimen of the fur-seal has been donated, and will be mounted for the zoological museum. Feb., 1902.] Mallophagan Records and Descriptions. 201 MALLOPHAGAN RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS. Herbert Osborn. III. LOUSE OF THE RUSTY GRACKLE. Docophonis barbatus ii. sp. Elongate, head and thorax red brown, abdomen fuscous brown. Length 2 mm. Head much narrowed in front of antennae, the margin shghlly incurved ; clypeus convex in front, clypeal signature long, narrow behind, clypeal space bordered by sinuate chitinous bars ; trabecule conic, anterior border scarcely .sinuate ; antenna? small, fir.st joint thick and short, second longest. Border of head with five bristles in front of antennae, two long bristles and two short minute hairs on border behind antennse, and four very minute hairs on occipital border. Prothorax quadrate, anterior angles rounded, postero- lateral angles nearly rectangular, hind border slightly convex, a long bristle in angle ; metathorax with prominent lateral angle and with three or four -strong bristles. Abdomen elongate ovate, scarcely wider than head ; fascia broad, fuscous brown, each segment with marginal row of strong bristles ; terminal segment with distinct incision. The male genitalia are slender, the terminal segment almost truncate with a few stiff bristles on apical margin, the segment being dark below and the abdominal fasciae nearly continuous above. This .species presents some quite remarkable similarities to .speot3'ti 0.sb., especially in the clypeal strticture and the excision of terminal segment in the female, and ^vere there not apparent certain constant differences I shoitld be tempted to think it that species and its occtirrence on the grackle accidental. The shape of head, terminal segment of male and genitalia differ, and I conclude they must be distinct. Collected from the rusty grackle, Scolecophagus carolinus, at Lincoln, Nebraska, by Professor Lawrence Bruner. IV. NEW SPECIES AND RECORDS IN COLPOCEPHAEUIM AND PHVSOSTOMUM. Colpocephaluiii pectinatum n. sp. Light brown with conspicuous ocidar and occipital spots. Length 2 mm. Head of usual form ; anterior border strongly convex ; about six minute hairs and one long bristle in front of the antennae ; postero-lateral lobes with three long bristles and several small hairs. Occipital spots connected b}- a brown band, but no distinct connecting band with the ocular spots. Pro- thorax with prominent lateral angles, a strong bristle and a small hair at extreme angle and six bristles on the hind border. Metathorax with long marginal bristles. Legs unicolorous, the hind femora with three combs of minute teeth. Abdomen elongate ovate, with faint brownish transverse bands and a row of marginal bristles ; third segment below with two combs cf minute hair-like teeth on each side, a little nearer the margin than median 202 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 4, Ohio Naturalist. Plaie 14. OSHORN ON MaI.I.OPHAGA. Feb., 1902.] Mallophagan Records arid Descriptions. 203 line, each comb with about ten teeth. Penultimate ventral segment with a median process and ciliate border; terminal segment of female with fine •ciliate border. Described fro.m a number of specimens collected from the burrowing owl, Speotyto cunicularia hypogjea, by Prof. Lawrence Bruner, Lincoln, Nebraska. The peculiar combs of fine hair-like teeth on the third segment of the abdomen, while not confined to this species are, with other characters, quite distinctive and are of special interest as showing the range of morphological features presented by mem- bers of this group. Since noting them in this species I find Piaget had described similar combs on the femora of his pectini- feruni, a species occurring on IVIih-ogos pezoporos. Of these he says " four to 5 petits peignes dont les dents diminuent insensi- blement de longuer." He makes no mention of combs on the abdominal segment, which in my species have a very similar structure. About the only function that can be assigned to them is that of assisting in holding the body in definite positions in its attachment to the feathers. ColpocepJmhuii spiniilosian Piag. var. minor Kellogg. ( New Mallophaga III. p. 112. ) A female specimen from the American dunlin, Tringa alpina pacifica, from Prof. Bruner, "Salt Lake Haggard," corresponds so closely with the form described by Kellogg from Calidris arenaria, Pacific Grove, Cal., that I do not hesitate to so place it. Colpoceplialutn laticcps Kellogg. (New Mallophaga I, p. 149.) Kellogg described this species from one male taken from Ardea egretta. I have one mature female and three immature individu- als taken at Ft. Collins, Col., by A. C. Stephenson, from the American bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus, which agree in almost every detail and description as separate species would seem unwarranted. In shape, markings and distribution of hairs and bristles there is scarcely any dift'erence, but the meta-thorax is narrower and the lateral margins more strongly colored than shown in Kellogg's figure. Length of male is given as 1.72, and this female is nearly 1.80 mm. J-'hysostomiiui lia statu in n. sp. Occipital angles with distinct hooked angle, niarginsof abdomen brownish the disk with a broad brownish stripe. Length, 3 nun. Head with the front expanded, submargin convex with niunerous bristles ; the labral lobes (palettes), large, projecting much beyond the margin of the Explanation of Plate 14. Fiac. I. Docophorus harbat\is n. sp. Female dorsal view. Fig. 2. Colpocephaluin pecliiiatuiu 11 sp. Female, ventral svirface of posterior segments below. Pig. 3. Phy.sostoninm hastatnm n. sp. Female dorsal view. JFig. 4. Lipeuriis marginalis Osb. Description page 176 ante. Fignres by Max. Morse, under direction of the author. 204 The Ohio Naturalisf. [Vol. II, No. 4, head -when out-turned ; palpi reaching slightly bcN'ond border of head ; antennae minute, antennal cavities marked by distinct brown borders ; ocular fleck conspicuous; occipital angles produced and with a distinct hook. There are two minute hairs on the border in front of antennal pit, three just behind ocular fleck and two longer bristles between fleck and occipital angle about equidistant from each other — the fleck and the angle. Thorax broader than long, rather deeply concave in front and shallowly concave behind, the lateral angles prominent and with a bristle and two minute hairs ; postero- lateral angles rounded, with l^ristle and one minute hair. Metathorax with about four minute hairs on lateral border, anter orh- two long bristles on postero-lateral border. Abdominal segments with brown marginal stripe narrowing on eighth segment ; a light brownish discal area extending from Ijase to near the tip and covering about half the width of the segments. This species agrees in coloration with cliffusiim ^•ar. pallidum Kellogg, bt;t is much smaller than his measurements for diffusum, and the distinct hook of occipital angle would seem to separate it from that form. From sucinaceum, which it resembles in size, it is distinguished at once by the narrower front of head, different .shape of occipital angles and number of bristles and the marginal abdominal bands. Described from three specimens, females, two from the Oregon junco, Junco hyemalis oregonus, Ft. Collins, Colorado, collected by A. C. Stephenson, and one from Junco aikeni, Ft. Robinson, Neb., from Prof. L,awrence Brtmer. It woitld seem probable that this form and Kellogg' s diffusum var. pallidum must be clo.sel\^ related, but .so far as present specimens go they seem quite distinct. It is .somewhat remarkable that in this genus nearly all descrip- tions have been from females only ; only four species, so far as I have noted, referring to males, a fact that would seem to indicate that the males are quite rare or manage to escape qtiickly from dead birds, though the females also are usually' taken in l)ut small numbers. Physostomum diffusum Kellogg. Kellogg has described this species from specimens taken from the Sandwich sparrow, Antmodramus sandwichcnsis, and the golden-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia coronata. vSpecimens evidently belonging here have been .sent me by Prof. Hruner, taken, one female from the Lincoln sparrow, Melospiza lincolni, Lincoln, Nebraska, and one female and one male from the Savanna sparrow, Ammodramus sandwichcnsis savanna, Lin- coln, Nebraska. The male is .smaller than the female, 3 mm. long, and is lighter colored, the alxlomen clear white or trans- ])arent, the genital fork inconspicuous faint brown, the ends of the prong broad and rounded, a more distinct brown, crescent- shaped genital ring. Feb., 1902.] Ohio Fungi. Fascicle 11. 205 OHIO FUNGI. FASCICLE II. iNos. 17=42. issued Feb. 22. 1902.) W. A. Kp:llhrman, Ohio State Universit}-. The following species con.stitute Fascicle II : 17. Aecidium peckii DeToni, on Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. iS. Gloeosporium eqniseti E. & E., on Equisetum robustum R. Br. 19. Gymnoconia interstitialis (Schlecht. ) Lagh., on Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey. 20. Gymnoconia interstitialis (Schlecht.) Lagh. Supplement to jSTo. 19. 21. Gymnosporangium clavipes Cke. & Pk., on Crataegus crus-galli L. 22. Gymno-sporangium macropus Link, on Mains coronaria (L ) Mill. 23. Melampsora populina (Jacq.) Lev., on Populus deltoides Marsh. 24. Piggotia fraxiui B. & C, on Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. 25. Polystictus molliusculus Berk., on rotten Beech log. 26. Puccinia angustata Peck, on Scirpus cyperinus (L. ) Kunth. 27. Puccinia asparagi DC, on Asparagus officinalis L. 28. Puccinia caricinia DC, on Carex trichocarpa Muhl. 29. Puccinia circaeae Pers., on Circaea lutetiana L. 30. Puccinia helianthi Schw., on Helianthus tuberosus L. 31. Puccinia malvacearum Bertero, on Althaea rosea Cav. 32. Puccinia xanthii Schw., on Xanthiuni canadense Mill. 33. Stereum versicolor (S\v.) Fr., on rotten Beech log. 34. Urocystis occulta (Wallr. ) Rabh., on cultivated R3'e, Secale cereale L. 35. Uromyces caryophyllinus (vSchrank) Schroet., on Dianthus caryo- phyllus L. 36. Uromyces euphorbiae Cooke & Peck., on Euphorbia dentata Michx. 37. Uromyces hedysari-paniculati (Schw.) Farl., on Meibomia viridiflora (L. ) Kuntze. 38. Urom5'ces junci (Desm.) Lev., on Juncus effusis L. 39. Uromyces lespedezae (Schw.) Peck., on Lespedeza hirta (L. ) Ell.T 40. Ustilago hordei (Pers.) Kellerni. & Swing., on Hordeum sativum Jessen. 41. Ustilago syntherismae Schw., on Panicum proliferuni Lam. 42. Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Jensen, on Triticum sativum Lam. For the loan of literature, transcripts of some original descrip- tions, identifying species and verifying determinations, I am indebted to the mycologists, ^Messrs. Arthur, Ellis, Farlow, Hol- way, lyloyd, Morgan, Thaxter and Trelease. The eighteen .species of LTredineae were submitted to the inspection of Dr. Arthur, but Dr. Thaxter identified the two species of Roestelia. I return thanks to all those who have generousl}^ rendered me assistance. The following paragraphs exhibit the labels with data and copy of the original descriptions : 2o6 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 4, 17. Aecidium peckii DeToni. Aecidium oenotherae Peck. On Onagra biennis ( L. ) Scop. Columbus, Ohio. June 5, 1901. Coll. W. A. Kellernian. " Aecidium oenotherae n. sp. Spots orbicular, scarcely thick- ened, reddish purple, sometimes stained with yellow; peridia short, crowded, generally with a small, free central space; spores pale orange, subglobose, small, ooVi/ i" diameter." Chas. H. Peck, Report on the Slate Cabinet, State of New York, 23 : 6t). 1872. 18. Gloeosporium equiseti E. 8c E. On Equisetum robustuni R. Br. lyOgan, Hocknig Co., Ohio. Oct. 8, 1S94. Coll. W. A. Kellerman. "Gloeosporium equiseti E. & E. Acervuli large (i mm. in diameter), subconfluent, covered by the blackened cuticle, which soon whitens out, except around the margin ; spores C3'lindrical, slightly curved, multinucleate, 25-35 x 3 nmini., expelled in pale amber-colored masses." Journal of Mycology, 4 :52. 19. Gymnoconia interstitialis (Schlt.) Lagh. Caeoma interstitiale Schlecht. ; Aecidium nitens Schw. Uredospores only. On Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey. Columbus, Ohio. June 2, 1901. Coll. W. A. Kellerman. "Caeoma (Uredo) interstitiale n. sp. Folia, quae infestat hoc Caeoma, caeteris, hand affectis, remanent niulto minora et minus evoluta. Maculas in superior! foliorum pagina in planta sicca conspicere nequeo. Aceivi, in pagina inferiore in nervorum interstitiis positi, oblongi, lineares, confluentes, fere totum inter- stitium occupantes, prius parum elevati, convexiusculi, epidennide tecti, quae postea, rima longitudinali irregulariter rumpens, pul- vereni, in siccatis luteuni, liberum reddit ; epidermidis vero frag- menta ad latera undulatim resistunt. Sporidia irregularia, rotund- ata, effoeta p?llucida, .^aepius lineis obscuris varieintricatisimpleta, parum inter se cohaerentia." Schlechtendal, in Nees von Esenl)eck, Horae Physicae Herolinensis, 96. 1.S20. " Aecidium nitens Sz. A. simplex elongatum peridiis maximis flavis splendentibus ; demuni irregulariter ruptis, pulvere aurantio. " In foliis, petiolis et ramis junioribus Rubi slrigosi frequens. Plantas totius regionis ita investit perenne redux, ut tandem onniino destruat ; aestate. Ad Uredines accedit ; sed peridiuni distinctum habet. Peridia demuni inter se confluunt." L. D. de Schweinitz, Synopsis Fungorum Carolinae Superiolis (excerpta), p. 43. No. 458. 1822. (Schrift. d. Nat. Gesellschaft zu Leipzig. ) " Caeoma, Aecidium, luminatum, L. v. S. Folia quae cum tota planta ab hoc Aecidia infestantur (semper quidem ejusdem aunij omnino degcnerata." L. D. de Schweinitz, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, New Series, 4 : 293. 1834. Feb., 1902.] Ohio Fungi. Fascicle II. 207- 20. Gymnoconia interstitialis (Schl.) Lagh. Caeoma interstitialis Schlecht.; Aecidium niteiis Schw. Spermagonia onh'. On Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey. Columbus, Ohio. May s, 1901. Coll. W. A. Kellerman. Supplement to No. 19. 21. Gymnosporangium clavipes Cke. & Pk. Roestelia aurantiaca Peck. On Crataegus crus-galli L. Vinton, Gallia Co., Ohio. July 10, 1901. Coll. W. A. Kellerman. " Roestelia aurantiaca Peck. — Peridia deeply seated, cylin- drical, fragile, soon lacerated, fugacious, white ; spores subglobose, bright orange, about .001' in diameter, with a thick hyaline epispore." Clias. H. Peck, Report of the New York State Museum (Report of the Botanist), 25 : 91. 1872. 22. Gymnosporangium macropus Link. Aecidium pyratum Schw. On Malus coronaria ( L,. ) Mill. I^akeside, Ottawa Co., Ohio. Sept. 10, 1901. Coll. W. A. Kellerman. " Caeoma, Aecidium, Pyratum, L,. v. S. — C. maculis in pagina superior! orbiculatis, rubris in ambitu ochraceis, centro nigrescenti- bus. In aversa pagina apparent pseudoperidia creberrima, subcon- centrica, parum tantum elevata margine eleganter multifido- fimbriato ; limbriis rectis, nullimodo revolutis, divergentibus, pallidis. Sporidiis fuscis." L. D. de Schweinitz, Transactions of the American Philosophical .Societ}-, Philadelphia, New Series, 4 : 294. 1834. 23. Melampsora populina (Jacq.) Lev. Lycoperdon populinum Jacquin ; Uredo longi-capsula DC. ; Melampsora tremulae Tul. I. Uredo only. On Populus deltoides Marsh. Columbus, Ohio. October 5, 1902. Coll. W. A. Kellerman. Jacquin gives, Collectanea Supplement., PI. 9, Fig. 2, only the following: "Folium Populi balsamiferae in parte supina, quae obsidetur in numeris Lycoperdis minutissimis et parasiticis, folia pessumdantibus ;" and Fig. 3, " Pars hujus folii ad lenteni aucta." "Uredo longi-capsula. Cette espece nait sous I'epiderme, le perce et forme des taches distinctes, arrondies ou oblongues, bordees dans leur jeunesse par les debris de I'epiderme ; la poussiere est tres-abundante, jaune comme dans I'uredo rouille, mais elle en differe parce que ses capsules, au lieu d'etre ovoides, sont tres- elongees et cylindriques ; leurs deux extremites sont obtuses. " DeCandolle, Flore Fran9aise, 2 : 233. 18 15. 2o8 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 4, 24. Piggotia fraxini 3. & C. On Fraxinus pennsj-lvanica Marsh. Lakeside, Ottawa Co., Ohio. Sept. 19, 1901. Coll. W. A. Kellerman. " Piggotia fraxini B. & C. Peritheciis hie illic caespites punc- tifornies congestis ; sporis oblongis niinutis. " Hypopli3'llous. Perithecia collected two or three together into little rugged dot-like groups; spores minute oblong." M. J. Berkeley, Grevillea, 3 : 7. September, 1874. 25. Polystictus molliusculus Berk. On rotten Beech log. Columbus, Ohio. Oct. 30, 1901. Coll. W. A. Kellerman. " Polyporus (Anoderniei) molliusculus, n. sp.; imbricatuspileis effuso-reflexis sublobatis leviter zonatis albis ; zonis strigis mollibus sparsis ornatis ; contextu albo ; poriis mediis pallidis. " Imbricated thin 5 inches or more long, 3 inches broad, some- times perfectl}' resupinate, more generally with the border broadly reflected and slightly lobed, finely silky or nearly smooth, with zones of soft strigae, which in the dried plant are perfectly innate. Substance white, thin, corky when dry. " Pores 1-48 of an inch broad, at first entire with thick dissepi- ments, at length lacerated and elongated, wood colored." I\I. J. Berkeley, London Journal of Botany, 6 : 320. 1847. 26. Puccinia angustata Peck. On Scirpus cypcrinus ( L. ) Kunth. Sugar Grove, Fairfield Co., Ohio. October 12, igoi. Coll. W. A. Kellerman. " P. angustata Peck. H3'pogenous ; spots pallid or none ; sori oblong or linear, sometimes regularly arranged at equal intervals in long parallel lines, narrow, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, black ; .spores narrow, oblong-clayate or elongated, septate aboye the middle, strongly con.stricted, having the lower cell more narrow than the upper and cylindrical or .slightly tapering downwards, .on 18'-. 0024' long, .0006^ broad ; peduncle colored, thick, yery .short." Chas. H. Peck, Report on the State ISIu.seum, State of New York, 25 : 123. 1S72. 27. Puccinia asparagi DC. On Aspargus officinalis L. , plants grown from seed .sown in the spring of 1900. Columbus, Ohio. April 10, T901. Coll. W. A. Kellerman. " Puccinia asparagi. Elle est assez comminie en automne sur les tiges les branches, et les feuilles de ra.sparage ofTicinale; elle forme des taches ovales ou plus souvent oblongucs, brunes, con- vexes ; I'epiderme ,se fend longitudinalement ; les puccines sont inserces et fortcment fixees sur \\n receptacle dur et charnu ; chacune d'elles est compose d'un pedicelle blanc qui .soutient un pericarpe oblong, obtus, a 2 loges scparces par un etranglement tres-pronounce." DeCandolIe, I'lore Fran(;ai.se, 2 : 595. 1805. Feb., 1902.] OJiio Fungi. Fascicle 11. 209 28. Puccinia caricina DC. On Carex trichocarpa Muhl. Columbus, Ohio. October 12, 1901. Coll. W. A. Kellerman. " Puccinia caricina. Cette puccinie differede V livedo caricina, comme la puccinie des graminees differe de Viircdo rubigo-vera ; elle forme, a la surface superieure des feuilles de plusieurs especes de carex, des pustules ovales, petites, nonibreuses, souvent dis- posees en series longitudinales ; dans leur jeunesse elles soulevent I'epiderme, puis le rbmpent et restent entourees de ses debris ; leur couleur est brune a leur naissance, et devient noire a la fin de leur vis ; les plantules qui les composent, vues an microscope, offrent un pedicelle blanc filifornie, et uns capsule en forme de massue allongee, presque c^iindrique, a deux loges separees par une clois- ou et un petit etranglement ; la superieure est plus arrondie et un peu plus grasse que Tinferieure." DeCandolle, Flore Francaise, 6 : 60. 1815. 29. Puccinia circaeae Pers. On Circaea lutetiana L. West Alexandria, Preble Co., Ohio. July 3, 1901. Coll. W. A. Kellerman. "Circaeae, cespitosa, globosa dilute badia, — clavulis ovato- acuminatis. (In fol. Circ. lutet.)." C. H. Pensoon. Roemer's Xeues Magaziu, 1 : 119. 1794- 30. Puccinia helianthi Schw. On Helianthus tuberosus L,. Teleutospores only. New Plymouth, Vinton Co., Ohio. October 10, 1901. Coll. W. x\. Kellerman. Supplement to No. 10. 31. Puccinia malvacearum Bertero. On Althaea rosea Cav. Perry, Lake Co., Ohio. July 15, 1601. Coll. F. J. Tyler. " Puccinia Malvacearum. P. hypophylla, confertim sparsa ; acervulis hemisphaericis initio epidermide persistente centre velatis, ambitu nudis rufis, subtus umbilicatis ; sporidiis dense congestis, ovoideo-oljlongis, levibus, fuscis, medio subconstrictis obtuse acu- minatis longissime pedicellatis, pedicello lij-alino. P. Malvacearum Bertero, Mss. Coll. n. 730." Montaigne, in Gay, Historia fisica y politica de Chile, 8 : 43. 1852. 2IO The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 4^ 32. Puccinia xanthii Schw. On Xanthium canadense Mill. Columbus, Ohio. August 26, 1901. Coll. F. J. Tyler and O. E. Jennings. "Puccinia Xanthii Sz. P. macula tenui orbiculari pallida, subtus fusco-1:)runnea pallide marginata. sporidiis oblongis bilocu- laribus pedicellatis. "In aversa pagina folioruni Xanthii struniarii, locis arenosis. Subtus primuni pallidas vesiculas, cellularuni folii aeniulas, exhibet, quibus disruptis et epidermide orbatis, cohaerenteni pustulam fuscani exhibent sporidia, sub lente lutea, pediceDo longiore quam sporidia." L. D. de Schweinitz, Synopsis Fungorum Carolinae Superioris (excerpta), p. 47, No. 500. 1S22. (Schrift. d. Nat. Gesellscliaft zu Leipzig.) 33. Stereum versicolor (Sw.) Fr. Thelepliora versicolor Sw. On rotten Beech log. Columbus, Ohio. May 10, 1901. Coil. W. A. Kellerman. " Thelephora vensicolor, pileo sessile niembranaceo hirto,. fasciis discoloribus, subtus laevi albido. " Helvella versicolor, acaulis, niembranacea fasciis discoloribus, inferna laevis alba. " Pilei saepe plures conferti, accreti, sesseles, basi plerumque explanati, superne reflexi quasi dimidiati seniirotundati, planiu- sculi, membranacea, rigidi. margine integri subundulati rarius incisi vestiti liirsuti brevi adpressa subaurea nitente, fasciis con- centrici nunierosis approxiniatis angustissimus ferrugineis fusco- violaceis interstincta. Hynieniuni glaberrimuni, pallide albiduui." O. Swartz, Flora Indiae Occidentalis, 3: 1934. 1806. 34. Urocystis occulta (Wallr.) Rabh. Erysibe occulta Wallr. On cultivated Rye, Secale cereale L. Columbus, Ohio. June i, igoi. Coll. W. A. Kellerman. " Erj'sibe occulta \\'., sporidiis effusis subrotiuidis, e centro- opaco liuibuni pelluciduni verruco.suui, veluti ex aliis uuilto uiinor- ibus concatenatis ambeuntibus coniposituni circumducentibus oli- vaceis copiosissiniis, vaginanun et glumaruni faciem interaneani investientibus illasque deuuun lougitudiualiter ruptas, tonienti velutini coutinui riniosi instar obducentibus. " (?. .S"<;r. v. S. C. in vaginis etiani junioribiis sese ostendit ante evolutioneni. Sporidiis cinereo-atro viridibus, laxissiine effusis inquinantibus." L. D. de Schweinitz, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 4: 290. 1S34. 42. Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Jensen. Uredo tritici Persoon. On Triticttm sativum Lam. Columbus, Ohio. June 12, 1901. Coll. W. A. Kellerman. " Uredo segetnni : pnlvere copioso nigro in graminiim spiculis s. glumis proveniente. (Disp. meth. fnng., p. 56.) " Reticularia segetuni, fusco-nigricans graniinuni parasitica, intus filanientosa. (Bull, champ, i. pag. 90. t. 472. f. 2.) '' d. Uredo tritici: sul^effusa." D. C. H. Persoon, Synopsis Methodica Fungornm, i : 224. iSoi. BOTANICAL CORRESPONDENCE AND NOTES FOR AMATEURS, IIL Conducted by W. A. Keli^ERMAN. I^ii// p. Mr. F. H. Burglehaits, of Toledo, .sends the following- note : "I have fotind in working over Rtibus americana Britton, that the description in Gray's and Britton's Mantials — "stems annual, herbaceous, or slightly woody" — does not accurately cover the common form here. All the specimens taken here have six inches or more of woody stem of previous year's growth. Tiie new flowering stems are delicate, herbaceous, generally branching from the stem of the previous year. Is this generally the case in Ohio ? " Mr. F. J. Tyler examined the specimens in the Ohio Herbarittm and found " the branches coming from a stem of previotis year's growth. This old stem was in some cases three inches high, btit mostly it had been killed to the surface of the ground ; the yotmg branches started from buds which had been protected by leaf mold or soil. Probably the description in the floras referred to by Mr. Burglehaus is correct for all cases except wdiere the plant is protected. //6v;^ 10. Occasion will be taken here to call attention to a note which Mr. Burglehaus published in Torreya, 1 : 55, relative* to .specimens of Circaea Ititetiana found at Toledo, July 29, 1900, with smooth fruit . These were growing with the ordinary Circaea lutetiana, which otherwise they resembled. Dr. Britton stated 2 14 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 4, that ' ' it necessitated a modificatiou of the characters of Circaea ' ' ; it matches a specimen received by Dr. Torrey, from Agardh, col- lected in Scania, Sweden, and named C. intermedia, but the true C. intermedia Ehrh., from Central Europe is evidently different." //(?;;/ II. The Botanical Gazette gives a brief notice of a paper by Bernard, printed in Comptes Rendus, which is of such interest as to warrant reproduction here. " Bernard makes the surprising statement that it is his belief that the tubers of the potato are essentially galls and due to fungus infection. He shows that Fusariiiin solani is always present in the tubers, and it seems likely that this fungus causes the arrest of the terminal bud and the development of hypertrophied tissues, which become filled with starch. The author's experiments, while not yet conclu- sive, strongly support his theoretical conclusions, since a decided parallelism is seen to exist between the amount of tuber forma- tion and the development of the fungus. However, no cultures entirely free from fungus have yet been made. Bernard notes that when the potato was introduced into France, tubers could not be produced from seed cultures, presumably because Fiisarium solaiii did not then infest the so^l." MEETING OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB. Orton Hall, January 6th, 1902. The Club was called to order b}' the president and the minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. The first paper was by Prof. Osborn who gave an account of the Chicago meeting of the Am. Society of Naturalists. Mr. Coberley followed with some observations on the winter foliage of plants growing near Georgesville, O. He mentioned a number of plants which retain their foliage through the winter. In discussing this paper Prof. Schaifner spoke of the moth mul- lein, Verbascum blattaria L., as being w^ell protected for the win- ter. Its leaves contain anthocyanin and also exhibit a strong geotropic curvature. Mr. Bridwell next read a paper on insect pollination of flowers. Insects belonging to the groups Diptera, Hynieuoptera and Lepidoptera are the most frequent agents of pollination. tender the head of personal observations, Prof. Prosser gave a report of his explorations in Nebraska and also of the summer's work on the conglomerate in northern Ohio. This rock is ex- posed at Nelson Ledges and farther north at Thompson's Ledge and Little Mountain. A large block was brought down and placed near the dri\e north of Orton Hall. Messrs. O. L. Ivckman, A. P. I<:aston, R. L. Hyde and F. M. Surface were elected members. The Club then adjourned. F. J. Tyler, Secretary. Pages 193 to 214 issued Feb. 22, 1902. SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION OF Minerals, Rocks, Fossils Birds and Mammals, Shells and Echinoderms. Also Human Skeletons, and Anatomical Models. Relief Models by Messrs. Shaler, Davis and Harris, illustrating Physical Geology and Physiography WRITE FOR CIRCULARS, ^J^^ards' Natural Science Establishment, ROCHESTER, N. Y. Bitrj m mm. ;•■;■»•.. DAK n m UA K .'"fjr:,, made at the ^ be pleased " State and High Sts., COLUMBUS, OHIO. " OUR LIST OF AWARDS FOR THE LAST YEAR ARE: The Gold Medal at Paris Exposition. Highest Award at the Pan=American Exposition. Six First Premiums out of seven at Ohio State Exposition. DIE STAMPING. PLATE AND LETTER PRESS PRINTING. SPAHIj & GLENN, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS, 50 EAST BROAD STREET. COLUMBUS, OHIO. Biichet EngtavJng Co. Process and Wood Engraving, Electro= typers and Manufacturers of Stereotyping and Engraving Machinery, .f* 5^ Ji S=> 5=v 80^2 North High Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO, I I llfcllllB mill I ■!! Lepidoptera Price List No. 3.— Price 5 cents fo'Ki Issued November 15th, 1901. Dealers in all ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES. kinds or ... . . Manufacturers of the Original SCHMITT INSECT BOXES. and Celebrated 'Builders of INSECT CABINETS, Etc. American Entomological Company 1040 DE KALB AVENUE, BROOKLYN, N. Y. NEW EDITION WEBSTER'S New Plates Throughout. 25,000 ADDITIONAL WORDS Phrases and Definitions Prepared under the direct cupervision of W. T. HARRIS, Ph.D., LL.D., United States Commissioner of Education, assisted by a large corps of com- petent specialists and editors. Rich Bindings. 2364 Pages^^OOO Illustrations. «i> 'J'/'i- hUrrnational was first issued in iSgo. succeeding the " Unnbridgedr The New Edition of the Inter iintionalivas issued in Oct.,IQ0O. Cetlatestnndbrst. WEBSTER'S I COLLEGIATE Also ^Vebster's Collegiate Dictionary with Glos- sary of Scottish Words and Phrases. " First class in quality, second class in size." Nicholas Murray Bl'ti.cr. WEBSTER'S COLLEGIATE J DICTIONARY 7 Specimen pages, etc., of both books sent on apj lication. \ DICTIONARY/ O.Ci C. Merriam Co. Springfield, Mas: Ohio State Univetsit}^. Six Colleges well equipped and prepared to present the best methods in modern education. The advantages are offered to both sexes alike. The follow^ing list of departments will suggest the organization of the institution : Agriculture, Agricultural Chemistry, American History and Political Science, Anatomy and Physiology, Architecture and Drawing, Astronomy. Botany, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Clay Working and Ceramics, Domestic vScience, Economics and Sociology, Educa- tion, Electrical Engineering, English Literature, European History, Geology, Germanic Languages and Literatures, Greek, Horticulture and Forestry, Industrial Arts, Latin, Law, Mathematics, jMechanical Engineering, Metallurgy and Mineralogy, Military Science, Mine Engineering, Pharmacy, Philosophy, Physical Educalion, Physics, Rhetoric and English Language, Romance Languages, Veterinary Medicine and Zoolog}- and Entomology. Catalogues will be sent upon application. After exainining the catalogue write for specific information to the President Dr. W. O. THOMPSON, Columbus, Ohio. SPECIMENS DESIRED FOR ^ BOTANICAL The large mushrooms, Puffballs and other P'ungi; Abnormal MUSEUM. growths and interesting specimens of shrubs and trees. Also herbarium specimens of Algae, Fmigi, Mosses and Ferns as well as flowering plants. Address Prof. W. A. Kellerman, Department of Botany, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. GEOLOGICAL Will exchange Hudson, Corniferous and Carboniferous MUSEUM. fossils. Address Prof. J. A. BowNOCKER, Curator, Geological Museum, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, ZOOLOGICAL Birds, Insects, Reptiles, etc. We wish to make our collec- MUSEUM. tions representative for the fauna of the state and will greatly appreciate all contributions to that end. Address, Prof. Herbert Osborn, Department Zoolog}' and Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Ohio State University, Lake Laboratory. Located at Sandusky on Lake Erie. Open to Investigators June 15 to September 15. Laboratory courses of six and eight weeks beginning July 7, J902. Write for special circular. ^ LAKE laboratory"^ ■-OY THE= . Ohio State University. . OFFERS EXCEPTIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR STUDY OR INVESTIGATION DURING THE SUMMER MONTHS. THE laboratory is located at Sandusky giving convenient access to Lake Erie, to the marshes of Sandusky Bay, the river, islands, beach, forest and prairies, affording great variety of plant and animal life. COURSES OF INSTRUCTION are offered in General Zoology, Botany, Entomology, Embryology, Icthyology, Orni- thology, Plant Ecology, Morphology and Advanced Laboratory or Research Courses. FEES for the season are twenty dollars covering all expenses of instruction and laboratory materials for the full term and a student may take any two of the courses offered or put double time on one course. EQUIPMENT. The laboratory owns three boats and is pro- vided with tables, aquaria, dark room, dredges and collecting apparatus, while microscopes and other instruments are supplied from the university. INVESTIGATION. Properly qualified persons are given opportunity for independent investigation without payment of fees, and may engage in such work at any time from June 15th to September 15th. INSTRUCTORS. The staff of instruction includes regular members of the instruction staff of the university. University students are given credit for courses completed. LECTLRE AND LABORATORY COIRSES BEGIN JILY 7, 1902. For further information or special circular, address Pres. W. 0. THOMPSON, cir HERBERT OSBORN, Director, Lake Laboratory, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. C/' 't^^i^l■v,.<^, 7^'"^' ,^^. THE Ohio Naturalist Volume II. Number 5. MARCH, 1902. Annual Subscription. 50 cts. Single Number. 10 cts. "The Best of Everything Laboratorial." For every division of Natural Science. Microscopes and Accessories. Slides and Cover Glasses. Pocket Magnifiers. Field Glasses. Dissecting Instruments. Insect Pins. Glassware, 1 Chemicals, Etc., Etc. General Upparalus \ MlA (oinpany Cleveland, Ohio, 262 Prospect St. Branch : Berlin, Germany. I&IIZZII rxzxixxxixx xxxx ixxxix Entered at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, as second class matter. LEARN Bookkeeping, Shorthand and Typewriting at the Ol^io Business Rstitute \'. M. C. A. IJlclg. ColuinLxLs, Ohio Bookkeeping taught here as books are kept. All entries made from vouchers, bills, notes checks, drafts, etc. The student learns by doing. Thorough, interesting and practical. We are pioneer teachers of Gregg's Light-Line Shorthand, a simple, sensible, legible, rapid system. Learned in half the time required b}- other systems. Send postal for first lesson. 'vW# If you are at p re s e n t e m - ployed, write us regarding our Home S t u d y work . Same thorough instruction as given in the class room. I. A LESCON IM GREGG'S SHORTHAND, K. G. R. L. N. M. T. D. A. V.. _ . ^ _ - - ^l"/) o WRITE BY sound: = me =-^ iiicck ■ — if (jet .^^'^ day i^ cat -« — - near i' meet — j^j-^ mike ^~-^ tray ^— 3r~i - cake — 13) iiiv -^ ^ keg TO BE memorized: A, au — Can- -Good— In = He '" The- -Will ^ Period write: The lad will meet tno read: ia the lane. Circulars arvcl [5ool?Ict5. free to tlw.se desiriiui parti( iiiar.s coarermiv) an up-to-date 5rl\ool of [iiLsiiu\s.s. I^OWL/AMD cV l?()GI:P5, Proprs., Coliinil)iis, O. ^The "Ohio Naturali^t/'^ 0"^^N./ J A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohio. The official organ of The Biological Club of THE Ohio State University. Published monthly during the academic year, from November to June (S numbers). Price 50 cents per year, paj-able in advance. To foreign countries, 75 cents. Single copies, 10 cents. Editor-in-Chief, James S. Hine. Associate Editors. J. A. BOWNOCKER, Geology, W. C. Mills, Archaeology, J. H. SCHAFFNER, Botany, Max Morse, Ornithology, F. L. Landacre, Zoology, F. J. Tyler, Ecology. Adz'isorj'lBoard. Prof. \V. A. KELLERMAN. Prof. HERBERT OSBORN. Prof. Charles S. Prosser. Address THE. OHIO NATURALIST. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The Truth. The Whole Truth, and ^Nothing but the Truth. UNCONDITIONALLY THE BEST TYPEWRITER 15 THE CHICAGO ^^^ No tj'pewriter is worth ^100. We have made a mechanically excelling machine, and sell it for I35 We claim that it is the superior of any type- writer made. This is a broad but carefully weighed statement, and it is the truth. Awarded gold medal at the Paris Exposition, 1900, in open competition with all other makes of typewriters. Our descriptive matter tells an interesting story. Send for it and learn something about a high-grade typewriter sold at an honest price. CHICAGO WRITING MACHINE CO.. 89 Wendell Street, ^ j* ^ CHICAGO, U. S. A. BLANK BOOKS FOR FIELD NOTES ON BIRDS. AND DATA TO EGG COLLECTIONS, They arc going fast> for all Collectors find them Useful and Convenient. Nicely bound with imitation marble back. Field Notes in books 4x8 inches; Data Blanks in books of 100 sheets 3'2x6'2 inches. Satisfaction guaranteed. Write for sample sheets and prices. Address GEO. W. MORSE, Ashley, Indiana. ^riDafe (^mBufance ^erDice. ^t^fep^one 18- 1239 fo 1241 (n. §tg3 #frcef. CofumBuB, - of the species, however, look very much alike to tlie uninitiated and it is not safe to rely on general ai)pearancj till characters are known. It is better to have two or three small cyanide bottles while collecting (tubes with a mouth just large enough to be coxered March, 1902,] Remarks on Study of Leaf-Hoppers. 225 easily by the thumb are most convenient), and captures from different plants may then be kept separate, or in case of a large catch, one bottle may be put aside for the insects to quiet down while others are caught in another bottle. When certainly dead it is well to transfer them to small pill boxes, noting plant from which they are taken on the box. If the bottle becomes moist it should be kept from wetting the insects by inserting a little blot- ting paper or absorbent material, as the delicate species will be ruined by too much moisture. To keep separate all the species that may be collected on a large number of plants may require many tubes and boxes, but the data thus secured is worth the effort and the memor\- should not be trusted for such data, at least until the species are well known. As soon as convenient after the insects are dead they should be sorted over, separating, if desired, the various species, and if to be packed for examination at some later date or for transmission by mail, they should be put in pill boxes in thin layers separated by soft paper, the box being filled so that no rattling is possible. The papers may be cut to just fit the box and in this form data may be recorded on each slip to apply to the insects beneath it. Care should be taken that specimens of the different layers may not possibly become mixed. If the specimens are to be studied or mounted the}- ma}- be spread out on white paper and protected temporarily b}' covering with a bell jar. Some of the largest species may be pinned after the usual man- ner, but the most satisfactory method of mounting is to glue the insect on a paper "point," which is supported on an ordinary insect pin. The head of the insect should be directed forward when the point stands to the left of the pin and the label or labels with localit}', date, collector's name and the food plant, when known, placed beneath. The best effect is gained by pin- ning through the right hand edge of the label and pushing it up to near the point when the left hand edge should be about equal to the point or project very slightly be^-ond it. I use points about 8 or 9 mm. long, just wide enough at base to hold the pin, and place them uniforml}- about ten millimeters from the head of the pin. When arranged in series of four abreast comparison is eas}' and points of difference are quickly noted. The parts most used in classification may be illustrated in the accompanying figure. On the dorsal part of the head, shown at c, the space within occiput, eyes and anterior margin is the vertex, the part shown back of the head is the pronotum the dorsum of prothorax. The front of the head or " face," d, includes a large central portion, the front, and below this is a squarish piece, the clypeus, below which is the minute labrum resting on the beak. At each side of the clypeus is a well defined area, oval or semi- elliptical in shape, the lora, between which and the eye is the 226 IVie Ohio NaturdUst. [Vol. II, No. 5, gen a or cheek. The fore wing or elytron, /", has a triangular clavus extending along the inner or hinder part and separated from the rest of the wing b}' the claval suture. It includes two claval veins. From the base of the wing two principal veins run toward the apex. They are called the first and second sectors, or sometimes the radial and ulnar sectors. The first is usually forked and the inner fork of first sector connected to the second sector b^• one or two trans- The cells at are the apical Fig. I. Dr!/occplia!iis iiiiiniciis. a, adult, nat- ural size shown by line al right ; h, face ; c, vertex and pronotnin ; (/, ft-niale genitalia ; l\ male gen- italia ; f, wing ; g, larva. (After Osliorn and P.all.) verse veins, tip of wing and those next to them the ante-apical, while those next the costal margin are costal cells. The genitalia are of great importance for separating species in some of the genera. The female ventral segments, d, show a terminal ventral beyond which are pieces, including positor. The side pieces are termed py gofers, though more properly they are the ventral margins of the pygofer or terminal seg- ment. The male, c, has following the last complete segment a varioush- shaped partial segment, the valve, following which are two plates that are usually tri- angular in outline and dor- segment two side the ovi- sal to these, usually hidden by them, are the margins of the pygofer. The larva is shown at g\ The species figured, Dcltocephalus iiiiiiiiais Say, is one of our most abundant species and occurs in blue grass over a very wide range of terri- tory in the United vStates. For systematic study of these insects, Van Duzee's "Synopti- cal Arrangement of North American Jassidae " and " Catalogue of the Described North American Jassoidea " are indispensil)le. Scattered papers by the same author, Uhler, Fitch, Stal, Pro- vancher, Wood worth and others are more or less essential. Gillette and Baker's " Hemiptera of Colorado," Gillette's "Typhlocybin^e," Osborn and Ball's "Review of the Genus March, 1902.] Poison Ivy and Ivy Poisoning. 227 Deltocephalus," " Review of the Genus Agallia," " The Genus Pediopsis," "The Genus Idiocerus," Ball's "Review of the "Tettigonidae of North America North of Mexico," Osborn's " The Genus Scaphoideus," are useful for certain groups. The writer is especially interested in the species affecting grasses, and will be pleased to assist anyone who may desire to take up a study of the group, by aiding in the identification of species. If preferred, specimens may be sent unmounted in pill boxes and duplicates returned, as far as time. permits, and sample mounts or hints as to methods will be given those who desire to go thoroughly into stud}' of their home fauna. Collections from eastern and southern localities are especially desired. POISON IVY AND IVY POISONING. W. A. KeIvI.ERman. Of the six species of Rhus occurring in Ohio, namel}^, Rhus copallina. Dwarf Sumac; Rhus hirta, Staghorn Sumac; Rhus glabra. Smooth Sumac ; Rhus aromatica. Fragrant Sumac ; Rhus vernix, Swamp Sumac or Poison Elder, and Rhus radicans, Poison Ivy ( sometimes confused with Rhus toxicodendron, a southern species), only the two latter are poisonous. These are generally so well known as to be avoided — the Poison Ivy being a suspicious-looking vine or occasionally a small, shrubby, upright plant with three leaflets. It need never be mistaken for the Virginia Creeper, since the leaves of the latter are composed of five leaflets. The Swamp vSumac seldom occurs awa}' from swamps and its resemblance to the other large Sumacs generally suffice to identify it. This species has not, however, a dense cluster of. bright-colored fruits at the end of the branches, but open, dull-colored panicles below the terminal leaves. It has been determined that the poison of the two Sumacs is an oil, stable not volatile. It is called " toxicodendrol," and occurs in all parts of the plant. An account of Ivy poisoning and its treatment is given in Rhodora by Dr. Pfaff, of the Harvard Med- ical School, from which we here summarize the more important parts. The toxicodendrol is easily soluble in alcohol, ether, chloro- form, etc., but insoluble in water. To prevent poisoning, imme- diately after contact with the plant thoroughly wash the parts with soap, using a scrubbing Ijrusli. fnless the washing is thorough it might serve merely to spread the poisonous oil more widely over the skin. The application of a solution of lead acetate in alcohol is recommended, which may take the place of the above. It gives a precipitate of lead-compound which is nearly insoluble in alcohol and can then be removed by washing. :2 2 8 The Ohio Xaturalist. [Vol. II, No. 5, NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN DIPTERA. JAS. S. HiNH. Nemotelus pallipes Say. This species was described b}' Say iu 1823, but so far as I am aware has not been recognized since. A half dozen specimens taken near Cincinnati, June 12, of last year seem to be this species. There is slight variation, but some of the characters which Sa}' mentioned are conspicuous ; in all, the coloration agrees in general and the size corresponds exactly with Say's measurements. Some differences that might be mentioned are the coloration of the legs and ventral segments. The basal three- fourths of all the femora are black, and the middle and posterior tibiae, except at base and apex, are usually a very dark brown, although there is some variation in the latter case. The front tibiae are usually yellow, but even here a shade of brown is some- times present. The rufous coloration of the posterior edges of the middle of the ventral segments is not evident, but the whole venter is a uniform black. I am inclined to believe that this is Say's pallipes, for it .seems that the con.spicuous, triangular, white spot above the antennae is a convincing character. It might be mentioned that this spot is genimate, being separated in the middle by a narrow, black space. Pachygaster maculicornis n. sp. Black ; lower part of front, and face next the eye.s with an edging of sil- very white pollen ; antennte yellow, third joint on its inner surface with a conspicuous brown spot from which the species is named, also the third joint is transverse, the perpendicular diameter being nmch the longest, and the slender ari.sta appears to spring from the upper front part, although techni- cally speaking it is apical ; as all the extension of this joint is above, the antennte have the appearance of being turned upward at the tips. Femora except at base and apex, black, remainder of legs and knobs of hal teres entirely pale yellow ; thorax above clothei with yellow, recumljent pile, giving a metalic appearance if viewed without the aid of a lens ; wings hya- line, venation as in Pachygaster pulcher, stigma pale ; abdomen with .short, white hairs. I^ength 2\4 mm. Habitat, Onaga, Kansas. Three female specimens. We have three specimens procured by exchange from F. F. Crevecoeur. By reading the description of Zabrachia polita Coq. , I conclude that the species resembles that insect, but the third vein is branched and of the usual length. Again it suggests Cynipimorpha, ])ut the scutellum is rounded at the apex. I would place it in Pachygaster without hesitation were it not for the antennae, which seem to agree with Williston's description of the antenme of Cynipimorpha minuta, and are therefore quite different from these organs in Pachygaster pulcher. I place it here provisionally. March, 1902.] New or Little Known Dipiera. 229 Criorhina umbratilis Will. So far as I am aware only two specimens, one of each sex, of this species have been mentioned in literature. I have seen four additional female specimens recently ; three taken by Chas. Dury at Cincinnati, Ohio, and one taken by E. B. Williamson at Na.shville, Tenn. Mr. Dury procured his specimens from the blossoms of thorn apple about the middle of ]Ma3^ Ceria, Spe- comyia and other desirable species were taken at the same place. It is quite probable that thorough collecting on these blossoms would yield many specimens which are considered rare. Each of the gentlemen mentioned have donated a specimen of this insect to the universit}^ mu.seum. Tropidia mamillata Loew. Loew described this species in the first century of his North American Diptera, from a male specimen taken in Illinois. The t3'pe seems to have remained the only recorded specimen up to the present time. In a collection made by J. C. Bridwell at Baldwin, Kansas, is a male which agrees perfectly with Loew's description. Through the kindness of Mr. Bridwell the speci- men is now^ in the universit}' museum. Phorantha and Alophora. I have had much interest in the species of these two genera for some time. They appear in large numbers in late fall, on such flowers as maj^ remain imtil the middle or last of October, and especially upon the various species of Aster. A few specimens have been taken at other seasons, but as a usual thing they are rare, while hundreds of specimens of various species may be taken in October around Asters. A small patch of these plants grown on the campus by the Botanical Department were in blos- som through October last fall, and Mr. Bridwell procured a large number of specimens belonging to at least six species. Near noon of warm, clear days most specimens were taken. Phorantha bridwelli n. sp. Head at the vibrissie longer than at the base of the antennas, frontal vitta wide, brown, otherwise the front and face ^-ellowish, covered with white pollen, facial ridges bristly below, but not all of the l)ristles are in the single row on each side ; antennce reaching to the middle of the face, first two joints reddish, third joint and arista brown, second and third joints of nearly equal length ; front at narrowest part nearly three times as wide as the distance between the posterior ocelli, ocellar l^ristles small, cheeks clothed with fine, pale hairs. Thorax dark in groimd color, sternum, sides and scutellum thinly gray pollinose, disk yellow pollinose, except four brown, longitudinal vittse, which extend from the anterior part to beyond the transverse suture, the outer one on each side abbreviated before and extended behind ; wing brown, base to humeral cross-vein and apex of second basal cell }-ellowish, which 230 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 5, color follows the third and fifth longitudinal veins to beyond the anterior cross-vein ; subhj-aline spaces at apex of costal, base and apical fourth of marginal , apical third of submarginal and disk of first posterior cells ; posterior border hyaline ; femora and tibiae A-ellowish, tarsi black. Abdomen without macrocluttte, but clothed with short, black hairs ; entire outer margin, including the anterior half of the first segment and all of the small posterior segment, pale brown, covered with white pollen, producing a pinkish shade ; disk dark purple with a narrow, pollinose dorsal stripe ; venter uniform yel- lowish. Length ; whole body, 10 nmi., wing 9 mm., width of wing at base, 5 mm. Habitat, Baldwin, Kansas. Two male specimens taken from flow- ers of willow by Mr. J. C. Bridwell, for whom the species is named. This is a ver}' .striking species, and it is with some hesitation that I locate it in Phorantha. Its wide wings and general form stiggest Alophora ptilverea, but the bare sides of front bars it from this genus. Bigot's description of fenestrata has been carefully studied and the following differences noted : The coloring of the wings is a conspicuous brown, which color includes the apex, and the discal cell except the lighter margin of the fifth vein, the femora are not fuscous above and the size is larger. Besides, Coquillett in his valuable study of theTachinidae, places fenestrata under Alophora. The Januar}' number of the America?! N'aturah'sf contains an article by Prof. J. H. Comstock and Mr. Chujiro Kochi on " The Skeleton of the Head of Insects," which deserves the closest attention of students of the anatomy of insects. Heretofore our knowledge of this subject has been in a chaotic condition, btit this contribution certainly brings together what is known from different sources, combines it with original studies and presents it in such manner that .some final conclusions seem .safe. — H. O. MEETING OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB. Orton Haix, February 3rd, 1902. The Club was called to order by President Mills and the min- utes of the previotis meeting were read and approved. President Mills exhibited a copy of an Astec book which belongs to the series copied by Mrs. Nuttall and published by Harvard University. Professor Cook gave the results of his investigations on the embryology of the Nymphaeas and Castalias. He conchtdes that these plants should be placed among the Monocotyls rather than the Dicotyls. His paper will soon be publi.shed in the Torrey Botanical Bulletin. A series of eggs, embryos, and young of the Salmon were exhibited by Professor Landacre, who also gave an interesting account of the annual migrations of this fish. Mr. T. \V. Ditto and Mr. J. G. Sanders were elected to ment- ber.ship. The Club then adjourned. V. J. Tvi.i;r, Scc'y. SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION OF Minerals, Rocks, Fossils Birds and Mammals, Shells and Echinoderms. Also Human Skeletons, and Anatomical Models. Relief Models by Messrs. Shaler, Davis and Harris, illustrating Physical Geology and Physiography WRITE FOR CIRCULARS. \)^^ards' N^^^^i"^^ Science Establishment, ROCHESTER, N. Y. Mn[B m mm. ir~rDAIl[nAMI(lAll[KI.'"eL ^^^^'^^^ state and High Sts,, COLUMBUS, OHIO. ^^^^^^= OUR LIST OF AWARDS FOR THE LAST YEAR ARE: The Gold Medal at Paris Exposition. Highest Award at the Pan-American Exposition. Six First Premiums out of seven at Ohio State Exposition. DIE STAMPING. PLATE AND LETTER PRESS PRINTING. SPAH% & GLENN, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS, 50 EAST BROAD STREET. COLUMBUS, OHIO. Biichet Engtaiing Co. Process and Wood Engraving, Electro= typers and Manufacturers of Stereotyping and Engraving Machinery. ."«=. 5=. .\ &> .\ 80', North High Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO, Lepidoptera Price List No. 3. — Price 5 cents fo'^e". Issued November 15th, l')01. Dealers in all ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES. kinas ot . . . . ded yers Manufacturers of the Original SCHMITT INSECT BOXES. and Celebrated _^^^___^____^^_ "Builders of INSECT CABINETS. Etc. American Entomological Company 1040 DE KALB AVENUE, BROOKLYN. N. Y. NEW EDITION webster's Vinternational/ . dictionary , WEBSTER'S INTE,RNATIONAL DICTIONARY New Plates Throughout. 25,000 ADDITIONAL WORDS Phrases and Definitions Prepared under the direct supervision of W. T. HARRIS, Ph.D., LL.D., United States Commissioner of Education, assisted by a large corps of com- petent specialists and editors. Rich Bindings. 2364 Page^. 5000 Illustrations. mi^Tlif hiter)tatioiial was first issued in iSqo, siitcet'ding the " Unabridged. The New Edition of the liiteriiationnliuas issued in Oct.,iqoo. Get latest andbest. Also 'Webster's Collegiate Dictionary with Clos- sary of .Scottish Words and Phr.ises. " First class in quality, second class in size." Nicholas Mirray Butler. Specimen paL;cs, etc., of both books sunt on application. G.6C. Merriam Co. Springfield, Mass. Ohio State Univetsity. Six Colleges well equipped and prepared to present the best methods in modern education. The advantages are offered to both sexes alike. The following list of departments will suggest the organization of the institution : Agriculture, Agricultural Clieniistr}', American History and Political Science, Anatomy and Physiology, Architecture and Drawing, Astronomy, Botany, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Cla)- Working and Ceramics, Domestic vScience, Economics and Sociology, Educa- tion, Electrical Engineering, English Literature, European History, Geology, Germanic Languages and Literatures, Greek, Horticulture and Forestry, Industrial Arts, Latin, Law, Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Metallurgy and Mineralogy, Military Science, Mine Engineering, Pharmacy, Philosophy, Physical Educalion, Pliysics, Rhetoric and English Language, Romance Languages, Veterinary Medicine and Zoology and Entomology. Catalogues will be sent upon application. After examining the catalogue write for specific information to the President Dr. W. O. THOMPSON, Columbus, Ohio. SPECIMENS DESIRED FOR BOTANICAL The large mushrooms, Puffballs and other Fungi; Abnormal MUSEUM. growths and interesting specimens of shrubs and trees. Also herbarium specimens of Algae, Fungi, Mosses and Ferns as well as flowering plants. Address Prof. W. A. KellERMAN, Department of Botany, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. GEOLOGICAL Will exchange Hudson, Corniferous and Carboniferous MUSEUM. fossils. Address Prof. J. A. BowNOCKER, Curator, Geological Museum, Ohio State University^ Columbus, Ohio, ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM. Birds, Insects, Reptiles, etc. We wish to make our collec- tions representative for the fauna of the state and will greatly appreciate all contributions to that end. Address, Prof. Herbert Osborn, Department Zoology and Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Ohio State University, Lake Laboratory. Located at Sandusky on Lake Erie. Open to Investigators June 15 to September 15. Laboratory courses of six and eight weeks beginning July 7, 1902. Write for special circular. Ohio Medical University- DEPARTMENTS OF MEDICINE, DENTISTRY AND PHARMACY. Four years graded course in Medicine, three in Dentistry, and two in Phar- macy. Annual Sessions, seven months. All Instruction, except Clinical, by the Recitation Plan. Students graded on their daily recitations and term examinations. Large class rooms designed for the recitation system. Laboratories are large, well lighted and equipped with modern apparatus. Abundant clinical facilities in both Medical and Dental Departments. CONSIDERING SUPERIOR ADVANTACJES FEES ARE LUW. For Catalogue and Other Information, Address: George M. Waters, A. M., M. D., Dean, Medical Department. L. P. Bethel, D. D. S., Dean, Dental Department. Geo. H. Matson, Jr., G. Ph., Dean, Pharmacy Department. OHIO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, 700-716 North Park Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO. Starling Medical College^ Corner State and 6th Streets, COLUMBUS, OHIO. ^ ^ MEDICAL AND SURGICAL CLINICS AT FOUR EXCELLENT HOSPITALS. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^■4 WELL EQUIPPED AND THOROIGH IN EVERY DETAIL. EXCEPTIONAL CLINICAL ADVANTAGES. CURTIS C. HOWARD, M. Sc, Registrar. STARLING LOVING, M. D., LL. D., Dean. c^ ^■-^^^-^t^i THE Ohio Naturalist Volume II. Number 6. APRIL, 1902. Annual Subscription, 50 cts. Single Number, 10 cts. ''The Best of Everything Laboratorial." For every division of Natural Science. 5 M Microscopes and Accessories. Slides and Cover Glasses. Pocket Magnifiers. Field Glasses. Dissecting Instruments. Insect Pins. Glassware, Chemicals, |y^ Etc., Etc. General Upparalus \ ^\.Ai (ompaoy Cleveland, Ohio, 262 Prospect St, Branch : Berlin, Germany. mmrTiTTTTirxinrrxrinnmimiTxirormiiiiTiB Entered at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, as second class matter. .... LEARN .... Bookkeeping, Shorthand and Typewriting at the Ol^io Business nstitute Y. M. C. A. BIdg. Columbus, Ohio Bookkeeping taught here as books are kept. All entries made from vouchers, bills, notes checks, drafts, etc. The student learns bj- doing. Thorough, interesting and practical. We are pioneer teachers of Gregg's Light-Line Shorthand, a simple, sensible, legible, rapid system. Learned in half the time required by other systems. Send postal for first lesson. \|/^\|/# If you are at p re s e n t e m - ployed, write us regarding our Home Study work. Same thorough instruction as given in the class-room. A LESSON IN GREGG'S SHORTHAND. K. G. R. L. N. M, T. D. A. E. I. ^ _ ^ - — - - -^{'ip) O <, ^ WRITE BY sound: — ^ me — o^ meek - — y get ^-"^^ day a^ eat -«— - near ('meet — cr^ make ^--^ tray ^-sr-i - cake — c3 mv -^ ^ keg TO BE memorized: A, an -— Can- -Good— In » He ''The- Will n Period write: The lad will meet isc read: in the lane. CIrculcir.s and I Cookie t.s free \o tlu)5e dcsiriiMi |)cirtieulcii\s coiAcerniag i\\\ up-to-dcite School of 13i.Lsii\c.SvS. POWLAMD & POGIzl^S, Propi5., Colun^hus, 0. The "Ohio Naturali^t.*^ A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohio. The official organ of The Biological Club of THE Ohio State University. Published monthly during the academic year, from November to June (S numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign countries, 75 cents. Single copies, 10 cents. Ediior-in-Chief, James S. HinE. Associate Editors. J. A. BOWNOCKER, Geology, W. C. Mills, Archaeology, J. H. ScHAFFNER, Botany, Max Morse, Ornithology, F. L. IvANDACRE, Zoology, F. J. Tyler, Ecology. A dvisory\Boa rd. Prof. W. A. KellERMAN. Prof. HERBERT Osborn. Prof. Charles S. Prosser. Address THEiOHIO NATURALIST. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The Truth, The Whole Truth, and ^Nothing but the Truth. UNCONDITIONALLY THE BEST TYPEWRITER IS THE CHICAGO ! p^ No typewriter is worth $100. We have made a mechanically excelling machine, and sell it for I35 We claim that it is the superior of any type- writer made. This is a broad but carefully weighed statement, and it is the truth. Awarded gold medal at the Paris Exposition, 1900, in open competition with all Othef makes of typewriters. Our descriptive matter tells an7interesting story. Send for it and learn something about a high-grade typewriter sold at an honest price. CHICAGO WRITING MACHINE CO., 89 Wendell Street, ^S^ CHICAGO, U. S. A. BLANK BOOKS FOR FIELD NOTES ON BIRDS. AND DATA TO EGG COLLECTIONS. They are going fast, for all Collectors find them Useful and Convenient, Nicely bound with imitation marble back. Field Notes in books 4x8 inches; Data Blanks in books of loo sheets 3j4x6j-^ inches. Satisfaction guaranteed. Write for sample sheets and prices. Address GEO. "W. MORSE, Ashley, Indiana, 1239 fo 1241 (Jt. §is6 ^frecf. CofumBuB, (£)3to. KILER'S 'PHARMACY A Complete Line of -<^ DRUGS, CHOICE CANDIES, FINE STATIONERY Cor. Eighth Avenue and High Street. Telephone 883. Columbus, Ohio. Reports of the Geological Survey of Ohio FOR SALE. Complete Sets half longer than the vertex. Elytra broad, rounding or almost truncate posteriorly, as long or slightly longer than the bod)\ Venation typical, the central anteapical cell scarcely narrowed, apical ones broad and short, rarely much longer than wide. Color : black, usually with a line on the base of the vertex, with a point extending forward on each side, a pair of oblique spots against the eyes, a few spots on pronotum, a pair of irregubir stripes on scutelhmi and the nervures of elytra, yellow. Sometimes there is also a transverse band on disc of vertex, an angled one against the tip, fine irrorations over the entire pronotum and the centers of the cells as well as the nerves yellow. Usually in the males and sometimes also in the females all the yellow markings are wanting and the insect is of a shining black, except the basal line of vertex. Face black, the arcs on front and .sometimes other markings, yellow. Legs- black, the anterior and middle pairs abruptly yellow from just before the apex of femora, spines on hind tibiae, yellow. Genitalia : female segment but little longer than penultimate, the middle half roundingly produced, the lateral angles produced and subacute ; male April, 1902.] North American Species of Athysanus. 241 valve stout, rounding, half the length of the ultimate segment ; plates round- ingly triangular, their apices slightly acute, two and one-half times as long as the valve. Habitat : Ontario, N. H., N. Y., Iowa, S. Dak., Neb., Kans., Colo, and Texas. ATHYSANUS ANTHRACINUS VAN DUZEE. Athysanus antluacuius Van D. Can. Knt, XXVI, p. 136, 1894. Form and structure of plutoniiis, but with the vertex shorter, rounding. Color black, shiny, first two pairs of tibiae, yellow. Length, 9 4- mm., $ 3.5 mm.; width, 1.5 mm. Vertex very broadly, obtusely conical, but little longer on middle than against eye, margin confused with front, slightly over twice wider than long. Pronotum broadly rounding in front, much less enclosed by the head than vci plutonius. Elytra as in plutonius, slightly exceeding the abdomen, flar- ing at the tips. Front rounding, distant from eyes above, rounding to the straight clypeus from below the antennae. Color : shining black, the ocelli, two spots on the hind margin of vertex and traces of a few arcs on front, yellow. Legs black, the anterior and middle pairs yellow from just before the apex of femora. Genitalia : female segment as in plutonius, sometimes nearly truncate, with the lateral angles blunter ; male valve nearly semicircular, over half the length of the ultimate segment ; plates round ingly triangular, with the apices blunt, but little over twice the length of the valve. Habitat: D. C, Iowa, Kans. and Colo. This and the preceding species are closely allied and can only be accurately separated by the shape of the vertex, which iw phdonhis is much more pointed and together with the eyes encloses more than half of the pro- notum, while in anthracimis the vertex is blunter and the eyes are broader and shorter. The latter species is always black, however, while most of the specimens oi pluto7iius show more or less of yellow. ATHYSANUS SYMPHORICARPAE BALL. (Plate 16, Fig. \.\ Athvsanus symphoricaipac "HaW. Can. Ent., XXXIII, p. 5, 1901. Longer and narrower than plutonius. Form of striatuliis, but larger,, broader. Pale testaceous inclined to reddish on vertex. Length, 4.5 mm.;: width, 1.25 mm. Vertex broadly rounding, with a blunt, conical apex. Elytra much longer than bod}', with a narrow but distinct appendix, venation as in siriaiiiliis, the two branches of the first sector again touching before the short, outer anteapical cell, central anteapical cell long, constricted in the middle. Color : pale testaceous, vertex distinctly reddish in most specimens, ocellJ blood red. Elytra pale subhyaline testaceous or with a slight olive tinge, nervures narrowly pale, the cross nervures slightly wider. Front pale testa- ceous, with traces of fuscous arcs. Legs and below, pale orange testaceous. 242 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 6, Some specimens have olive and fuscous markings on pronotuni and traces of fuscous margins on some of the nervures. Genitalia : female segment little longer than the penultimate, the lateral margins slightl)' narrowing, the lateral angles slightl}- produced, the pos- terior margin either entire and very slightly produced in the middle or truncate and sharply notched either side of the middle. Habitat : Six specimens, all females, have been taken in Colo. Four from Ridgeway on the west side of the Continental Divide, and two from Fort Collins on the east slope. ATHYSANUS VACCINII VAN DUZEE. Alliysamis shia/u/us Fall (?) (or vaccinii nov) Van Duzee. Eiit. Ainer.. VI. p. 134. 1890. Alliysanits sh iatulus Osb. and Ball. Proc. Dav. Acad. N. Sc, VII, p. 91, PI. V, Fig. 3. 189S. Form and size of striatulus, but lighter colored. Smaller and narrower than symphoricarpac, which it approaches in color. Olive testaceous, darker below ; the tips of the anterior and middle femora and all of the tibiae, orange. Length, 9 4-5 mm., $ 4 mm.; width, i mm. Vertex sloping, little longer on middle than against eye, twice wider than long. Pronotum much more produced anteriorly than in symphoricarpae. Elytra long, appressed behind, sometimes a trifle flaring at the tip, venation as in symphoricarpae^ the central anteapical cells long and narrow, enlarged at the apex, which is produced beyond the adjoining cells. Color : pale testaceous washed with olive, vertex with three transverse fuscous bands, the anterior one broken forward in the middle, the posterior one often reduced to two spots. Pronotum and scutellum with irregular, scattered fuscous spots, the latter with fulvous triangles in the basal angles. Elytra pale testaceous, subhyaline, the nervures slightly lighter, often nar- rowly fuscous-margined. Face and below black, sutures and arcs on front light. Basal two-thirds of femora black, apices and tibiae orange yellow. Genitalia : female segment slightly longer than penultimate, the apical margins produced on middle third and again at the lateral angles, which are slightly acute ; male valve rounding, almost semicircular ; plates triangular, a little over twice the length of the valve, black, their margins clothed with long, yellow hairs. Habitat: N. J., Md., Iowa, Kans. and Colo. Readily .sepa- rated from the following species by the color of the legs alone. For an explanation of the synonomy see remarks under that species. ATHYSANUS STRIATULUS, FALLEN. Cicada striatiila Fall. Hem. Suec, II, p. 45, 1826. Alliysaniis i)islabilis Van Duzee. Can. Ent , XXV. p. 284. 1893. Size and form of the preceding species, but darker and lacking the tawny tinge, legs dark, femora twice annulate with pale. Length, 9 4.5 nmi., $ 4 mm.; width, i mm. Vertex a trifle more pointed than in vaccinii, distincth- more conical than in symphoricarpae. Elytral venation as in the latter species, sometimes a second cross nervure between the sectors as in osborni. April, 1902.] North American Species of Athysanus. 243 Color : vertex pale yellow with three transverse fuscous bands as in ardo- staphyli, the posterior one broken forward on each side until it touches the middle one, its median limb forming a crescent, the median line broadly fuscous connecting the crescent with the band in front. In dark specimens these bands become confluent and the yellow reduced to elongate spots be- tween them. Pronotum thickly and irregularly marked with fuscous omit- ting an elongate spot on the anterior margin. Scutellum dark, usually the margins, a spot on apex, and a pair of elongate tri-lobed ones on disc, pale yellow, Elytra light the inner apical cells smoky, nervures milky white, the cross nervures very broadly so, nervures broadly, heavily margined with fus- cous. In dark specimens often filling up all but a small milk white spot in the center of each cell. Face light with the sutures, arcs on front and a spot on apex of clypeus, black ; or black with small spots in the middle of the facial pieces and narrow arcs light. Below dark, anterior and middle femora with two pale yellow bands. Genitalia : resembling vaccinii, female segment slightly less arcuate, its lateral margins and the pygofers pale yellow ; male valve rounding, plates tri- angular, a spot on each side of the disc and stout hairs on the margin, yellow. Habitat : (Europe) N. Y., Mich, and Colo. Doubtless widely distributed in a northern range. Specimens of striaiidiisixon\ Europe (Dr. Melichar) agree with our specimens in every respect, except that in them the central anteapical cell is often divided while in our material this is rarely the case. The fact that this is variable in both series, however, proves it of no value. This and the preceding species, while unquestionably distinct, are still closely related and it is little wonder that Van Duzee con- fused the two forms. He first found vaccinii and described it as striatuhis f at the same time suggesting vaccinii for it if it proved to be distinct, then later finding the real striahdus, but as he re- garded the other as being striatulus, this he named instabilis. Besides the more definite black and white appearance of the elytra in this species, the two pale bands on the anterior femora will most readily separate it from vaccinii. ATHYSANUS ARCTOSTAPHYLI BALL. (Plate 16, fig. 5.) AlliysaiiHS aictostaphyli BaW. Ent. News, p. 173, 1S99. Resembling vaccinii and striatulus in form and color pattern. Shorter and stouter with a more angular vertex. General color deep, testaceous brown. Length, 9 nearly 4mm, $ 3.5mm ; width 1.25mm. Vertex slightly obtusely angulale, the apex produced, conical, twice wider than long, over half longer on middle than against eye, three-fourths the length of the pronotum. Front broad, convex in both diameters, wedge- shaped, narrowing directly to the parallel-margined clypeus. Elytra broad and short, usually flaring in the female, venation as in the three preceding species the apical cells shorter and the central anteapical not as strongly constricted. 244 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 6, Color : vertex tawny yellow, a line between the fulvous ocelli broken for- ward in the middle, a transverse band between the anterior portion of the eyes and a spot in each basal angle usually connected by a bracket-shaped mark hung from the middle of the band in front, fuscous. Pronotum irreg- ularly fuscous marked, usually a fairly definite band of spots on the anterior submargin. Elytral nervures pale testaceous, margined with fuscous, the cross nervures broader and lighter. Face with the sutures, arcs on front and a spot on apex of clypeus fuscous. Below dark ; legs dark or sometimes annulate with pale. Genitalia : female segment half longer than the penultimate, posterior margin weakly produced in the middle and at the lateral angles ; male valve semicircular, plates triangular, two and one-half times as long as the valve, the margins with coarse hairs. Habitat : mountains of Colorado and Mt. Washington, N. H. This and the three preceding species form a little grotip of closely related forms in which the genitalia are of little value. In fact, this and the five preceding species are much alike in genital char- acters and it is only on the shape of the head, elytra and color pattern that they are readily separated. The shorter and more compact form, longer head and deep chestnut color will readily distinguish this species. ATHYSANUS DENTATUS OSB. AND BALL. (Plate 17, fig. 5.) AlhysiDius di'iitafiii Osb and Ball. Proc. Dav. Acad. Nat. Sci. VII, p. 95, 1898. Smaller and lighter colored than ardostaphyli, which it somewhat resem- bles. Pale testaceous, faint lines or spots on front margin of vertex and a wavy line on the disc forming an X-shaped figure. Length, 3mm ; width, I mm or le.ss. Vertex narrow, but little wider than long, roundingly angled before, nearly flat, the apex but very slightly conically produced. Face narrow, but almost parallel-margined. Elytra about as long as the body, inclined to be flaring, venation often indistinct, as in ardostapliyli, the central anteapical cell not as strongly constricted. Color : vertex pale yellow, six indistinct spots on the anterior margin some- times united into an irregular broken line ; the posterior disc with a median pale X-shaped figure and a pale spot on either side at the base, the whole margined with a continuous brown line. Pronotum brownish or olive, the anterior margin yellowish, set off by a row of fuscous spots of which the median pair are the most distinct. Scutellum dirty yellow with a pair of brown spots on di.sc in line with those on pronotum and vertex. Elytra pale testaceous subhyaline, the nervures slightly lighter, sometimes a cross nervure on clavus and the one between the sectors are distinctly lighter and set ofT by a fuscous spot. Front testaceous with short, light arcs and a light spot below, rest of face pale yellow with sutures and spots on the apices of lorae and clypeus brownish fuscous. Genitalia : female segment abruptly narrowed one-third the distance from the base, exposing a pair of light colored membranes, the lateral angles of April, 1902.] North American Species of Athysanus. 245 segment produced into long, blunt tipped, slightly divergent teeth, between these teeth the margin is produced into two small, rounding lobes separated by a slight notch. Male valve very large, triangular, the apex slightly pro- duced, plates much enlarged, broad at base where they are convex, extending beyond the valve about half its length without narrowing, their truncate tips standing nearly perpendicular to the plane of the valve and together with the short pygofers forming an enclosed cavity. Habitat : Colorado. SUBGENUS COMMELLUS NOV. Head as wide as the pronotum ; vertex angled before, flat or nearly so, angled with front and with a definite margin, not in the form of a conical point ; front broad, nearly flat in both diameters, margins straight and narrowing directly to the clypeus. Elytra in two forms, slightly shorter than the abdomen and inclined to be flaring, or long and parallel-margined ; venation irregular, often obscured by longitudinal stripes. Sometimes the inner fork of first sector not forking again or onlj' at extreme apex, forming a small, triangular cell ;. sometimes forking as usual and the second cross nervure present. Type of the subgenus /I. comma \'an Duzee, no European rep- resentative known. Key to the Subgenus. A. Ocelli and frontal suture distant from the e3e-suture, several times the width of the ocelli ; spots on anterior margin of vertex extending down equally onto front and visible from below. B. Two pair of spots common to vertex and front ; stripes on pro- notum black. Elytra with the venation obscured by brown stripes ; but one anteapical cell. C. Four separate stripes on each elytron ; anteapical cells wanting or a single minute one, comma Van D. CC. Eight separate oblique stripes on each elytron ; one large anteapical cell, colou O. and B. BB. A single pair of spots common to vertex and front. Pronotal stripes irregular, brownish ; venation distinct, nervures light, two or three anteapical cells, sexvittatiis Van D. AA. Front above the antennae approximating the eye. Ocelli scarcely their own width from the eye-sutures (not the color line). Spots on vertex back of the margin, not visible from below. B. Vertex margin sharp ; a pair of longitudinal, red stripes across vertex, pronotum and scutellum. Venation obscured by oblique, red stripes, texanus Osb. and Ball. BB. Vertex with the margin blunt ; no red stripes ; venation distinct two cross nervures between sectors, a divided central anteapi- cal cell. C. Straw-colored, spots on vertex small, in a row between the ocelli. Front and clypeus without apparent suture, osborni Van D. CC. Greenish yellow, spots on vertex large, the apical pair in front of the others ; front inflated, with a distinct suture below, si)iiplari!is nov. nom. 246 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 6, ATHYSANUS COMMA VAN DUZEE. (Plate 17, Fig. i.) Athysanus comma Van D. Can. Ent., XXIV, p, 114, 1892. Alhysanus comma Osborn and Ball. la. Acad. Sc , IV, p. 223. 1897. Form broad and stout ; vertex flat, roundingly right-angled, the anterior margin thick. Elytra long and parallel-margined or short and flaring. Color creamywhite, four spots on the anterior margin of vertex, two at the base and four stripes on pronotum, black. Elytra with a falvous brown band inside the broad, light margins on each side. Length 9 5 nim, $ 4 mm.; width, 2 mm. Vertex flat, anterior angle a trifle obtuse, anterior margin thick, nearly twice wider than long, three-fourths the length of the pronotum ; profile acutely angled ; front and clypeus almost straight ; front moderately broad above, distant from eyes, scarcely convex, lateral margins almost straight to clypeus. Elytra longer than abdomen, parallel-margined, venation usually obscure except near apex, the inner fork of first sector not forking again or onh' to form a minute cell, apical cells large. Color : pale creamy, four quadrate spots shared equally by face and ver- tex, a pair of round ones on base of vertex and four parallel stripes on pro- notum and scutellum, black. Elytra pale with the claval suture, a band just before the apex and a line on the inner branch of first sector, black ; a broad, fulvous, brown band extends around within the margins, broadest behind, its inner limb is divided anteriorly to connect with the stripes on pronotum. Face and below pale, a pair of quadrate spots below the antennae, another pair below the lateral margins of pronotum and a stripe on outer half of the connexivum, black. Legs pale, narrow, dark stripes on anterior sides of all the femora and a pair of broader ones on the inner margin of the posterior tibiae. Brachypterous form, elytra shorter than abdomen, obliquel}- truncate, flaring behind, the apical cells reduced to mere rudiments almost in line with the apex of clavus. Color pattern the same except that the transverse bands at the apex are narrower. The last two abdominal segments have four longitudinal, black stripes, and the pygofers have on each side a round, black spot which is connected anteriorly with a stripe forming a comma. The males have another pair of black spots on the lower corners of the pygofers. Genitalia : female segment a little longer than penultimate ; the posterior margin roundingly emarginate, with a narrow, black-margined, median .slit, the lateral angles inclined to be produced ; a rounding or bilobed membrane at the apex of emargination. Pygofers short and stout ; male valve large, triangular, apex rounding, sides indented, plates slightly wider than valve at base, narrowing to the middle, then parallel-margined to the nearly truncate apices, twice the length of the valve, equaling the pygofers. Habitat : It has been found in Iowa, Neb. , Kans. and in Colorado as far west as the mountains, and also in the mountains of New Hampshire. April, 1902.] North American Species of Athysanus. 247 ATHYSANUS COLON OSB. AND BALL. (Plate 17, Fig. 2.) A///vsa>ins colon Osb. and Ball. Proc. la. Acad. Sc , IV, p. 223, PI. XXVI, Fig. 3, 1897. Form and general appearance of cot/una, but with the inner fork of the first sector again forking to form an anteapical cell. Color pattern similar,, but the bands on the elytra broken up into seven or eight stripes, and often a pair of black spots on the middle of the vertex. Length, 9 5 mni., i 4.25 mm.; width, 2 mm. Vertex slightly shorter than that of cot?i7/ia, face and profile similar ; elytra similar except that the inner branch of the first sector forks again near the middle, forming a loug, wedge-shaped cell, broadest behind where it touches three or four apical cells. Color : clear, creamy white, with black spots and stripes as in comma, an additional pair of smaller spots on the disc of the vertex in line with the basal and apical pairs. Elytra with eight fulvous brown stripes as follows : a complete longitudinal stripe just outside the first sector and another next the claval suture, a narrow stripe between the branches of the first sector, a shorter one between the branches of its inner fork, a broadly interrupted one between the first and second sectors, a complete median stripe on the clavus, one on the outer apical half and another on the inner basal half. The apical cells and the apices of the anteapical fuscous margined. Brachypterous form, elytra shorter than the abdomen, obliquely truncate, flaring, the apical cells minute or partly wanting ; tergum and pygofers marked as in comma. Genitalia : female segment slightly more emarginate than in comma, exposing more of the membrane beneath ; male valve slightly broader, plates with the outer angles strictly rectangular. Habitat : Only known from Iowa and Minnesota, where it is- common. Readily separated from comma by the color and vena- tion of the elytra. In all other points they are almost identical.- ATHYSANUS SEXVITTATUS VAN DUZEE. (Plate 17, Fig. 3.) Athysanui sexvittatus Van Duzee. Can. IJnt., XXVI, p. 93, 1894. Resembling comma and colon in form and structure. Smaller and with longer vertex, resembling extriisus in color and elytral venation. Vertex fiat, right-angled in front, a pair of black spots near the apex and two pairs of quadrate, brown spots behind them. Length, 9 4-5 nim., $ 3.5 mm.; width, 1.75 mm. Brachypterous form, vertex fiat, the anterior margin thick, slightly wider than long, as long as the pronotum. Profile acutely angled, the face nearly straight ; front as in comma, distant from the eye at the base. Elytra short, obliquely truncate, exposing the pygofers, the last segment and part of the next in the female ; rounding, exposing the pygofers and part of the last segment in the male. Venation distinct, irregular, two and sometimes more cross nervures between the sectors, the outer anteapical cell often minute or wanting, in which case the venation approaches that of colon. -248 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 6, Color : dirty straw, marked with rusty brown and olive ; vertex with a shining black spot either side at the apex, extending equally on to the front, a pair of small, round spots midway to the ocelli just back of the margin and two pairs of widely separated, quadrate, rusty brown spots on the disc. Pronotum with six more or less irregular, brownish stripes ; scutellum with a pair of large spots at base and a pair of dots on disc. Elytra with the nervures broadly pale, narrowly margined with rusty brown in irregular bands ; usually a rather distinct, oblique one from before the middle of ■clavus to the outer apical margin. Abdomen above with four longitudinal stripes emphasized on their margins ; pygofers with a pair of black spots, larger in the male. Face pale, the sutures dark-lined and distinct, front irrorate or lined with olive fuscous ; legs pale, anterior and middle femora twice annulate, posterior femora lined with brown. - Genitalia: female segment sfmilar to co/on, twice as long as the penulti- mate, the lateral angles acute, posterior margin slightly, angularly emargi- nate, the di.sc elevated so as to appear still more deeply notched. This emargination discloses a pointed lobe of another membrane which nearly equals the lateral angles ; pygofers short and stout ; male genitalia as in -comma and in colon. Habitat : Colorado, where it is fairly common, locally, in the short-winged form. No long- winged specimens have been found. ATHYSANUS TEXANUS OSB. AND BAIvL. Atliysanus le.ratiiis Osb. and Ball. Proc. Dav. Acad. Nat. Sc. VII, p. 92, 1898. Form elongate, parallel-margined ; vertex flat, less angled than in comma, -anterior margin sharp. Color pale yellow, a pair of broad, parallel, red stripes extending from the anterior margin of vertex across the scutellum and three pairs of oblique ones on the elytra ; face dark. Length, 9 5 mm.; width, 1.75 mm. Vertex flat, but a trifle longer on middle than at eye, narrower than in comma, a transverse depression just before the sharp anterior margin ; face in profile sharply angled with vertex, in one broad, slight curve to apex of clypeus ; front moderately broad, its margin at base approaching the eye, gradually narrowing to the straight clypeus, but .slightly transversely con- vex. Pronotum strongly produced anteriorly between the eyes. Elytra -long and narrow, venation distinct towards apex, somewhat similar to colon in pattern, the outer anteapical cell closed, long and curved, central ante- apical long, constricted, sometimes divided. Color : pale yellow above, a narrow line on anterior margin of vertex, a small spot either side of the tip, a curved mark on the costal margin of elytra behind the middle, a spot on second apical and the posterior margin of the central anteapical cell, black ; two broad stripes parallel across vertex, pronotum and scutellum and three pairs on the elytra parallel with the claval suture, the inner pair continuous with those from the scutellum, bright red. Face dark brown, shining. April, 1902.] North American Species of Athysanus. 2 49 Genitalia : female segment one-third longer than penultimate, with the lateral margin suddenly narrowed from near the base, then roundingly pro- duced, the posterior margin with three faint lobes, produced part of nearly equal length and breadth. From under the emarginate side of the segment appears the acutely produced lateral angles of another membrane. Habitat : Females from Texas and La. The male is, as yet, unknown. ATHYSANUS OSBORNI VAN DUZEE. (Plate 17, Fig. 4.) Bel/oiepha/iis osboriii Van D. Trans Am. Eiit. Sc. XIX. p. 30.). 1S92. Bright straw yellow, sometimes tawny, four black spots back of the ver- tex margin. Size of obsoletus, but with a flatter vertex and more flaring elytra, venation Deltocephaloid, the central anteapical cell divided. Larger and lighter colored than sexvittatus. Length, 9 5.5 mm., $ 5 mm.; width, 2 mm. Vertex flat, a trifle rounded on the margin next to eye, obtusely, round- ingly angled, over two-thirds the length of the pronotum. Face nearly flat ; front broad above, approaching the eyes, rounding below to the straight clypeus, without a visible suture. Pronotum with the lateral margins very short, the humeral ones long and straight. Elytra long, narrow, flaring, two cross nervures between the sectors, three anteapical cells, the central one divided, often other cross nervures present, especially on the clavus. Color : straw yellow, washed with golden or tawny ; vertex with four black spots just back of the anterior margin, the inner pair the larger ; five pale lines on pronotum. Elytra with the nervures milk white, sometimes slightly and interruptedly fuscous-lined. Face pale, front with pale olive arcs, sutures around lorae, fuscous ; femora twice annulate with fuscous, tibiae spotted. Genitalia : female segment scarcely as long as the penultimate, lateral margins abruptly narrowed from near the base, exposing a rounding lobe of the membrane beneath, posterior margin of the narrowed segment round- ingly emarginate, with a blunt median tooth, pygofers rather narrow ; male ^alve very small, transverse ; plates triangular, their tips acute, slightly longer than the ultimate segment. Habitat: N. Y., Ind., Iowa, Neb. and Colorado. Only the long- winged form is known. ATHYSANUS SIMPLARIUS NOV. NOM. Delloccphahis si)iiplex Van Dnzee. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XIX, p. 304. 1892. Stout, head large, form cylindrical. Venation and genitalia as in osdor/it. Greenish yellow, sometimes quite green on the elytra. Vertex with four large, black spots back of the anterior margin. Length, 4.75 mm.; width, 1.75 mm. Vertex large, sharply right-angled, as long as the pronotum, nearly twice as long on middle as against eye ; front very broad above, almost touching the eyes, a little inflated, angularly narrowing from the antennae to the •clypeus. Pronotum long, pushed forward between the eyes, posterior 25° The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 6, margin straight, lateral margin very short. Elytra longer than abdomen in both sexes, almost parallel-margined ; venation as in osborni, two cross nervures between the sectors and the central anteapical cell, divided. Color : vertex straw yellow, slightly greenish cast, a pair of approximate, triangular spots just behind the apex and a large pair of oval ones inside and behind the ocelli. A line across the base of the apical spots would fall in front of the oval ones. Scutellum pale yellow, pronotum and elytra pale green, the nervures lighter. Front brownish, with pale arcs. Genitalia : female segment a little longer than penultimate, suddenly narrowed from near the base, the lateral angles rounding, exposing the rounding angles of another membrane, posterior margin roundingly emargi- nate, with a triangular median tooth ; male valve transverse, very small ; plates together, semicircular, with their apices produced, half longer than the ultimate segment, their margins fringed with course hairs. Habitat : N. Y., Md. and N, J. Strikiugl}' distinct from any- other described species. The characters of this and the two pre- ceding species are very puzzling and contradictory ; in some points they appear closely related, in others not at all. The}' are not very closely related to the others in this group and are only- placed here for convenience until their larval forms and life- histories are known. The name simplex is preoccupied in this genus by simplex Sahib., of Europe. SUBGENUS STIRELLUS NOV. Head about as wide as pronotum, vertex narrow, rarely as wide as the long diameter of an eye, usually longer than its basal width. Front inflated, almost touching eyes above ; vertex and front produced into a long, conical point, their margins.indistinct. Elytra narrow, about as long as the abdomen ; venation as in Athysanus, regular ; ovipositor long and narrow, extending beyond the elytra except in cin'tisii. Type of subgenus A. bicolor Van Duzee. Key to the Subgemis. A. Female ovipositor but little, if at all, exserted, rarely extending beyond elytra ; face pale yellow with a fuscous " Y " resting on clypeus and its arms extending to the eyes, ciirtisii Fitch. A A. Female ovipositor long and narrow, extending beyond pygofers often one-fourth its length, usually extending bej'ond elytra ; face without the " Y." B. Face with a transverse, white band below eyes, occup3'ing all the lower half except the apex of clypeus. Anterior margin of pronotum and scutellum, black, bicolor Van Duzee. BB. Face unicolorus or with scattered fuscous markings ; pronotum unicolorous or with a row of submarginal spots. C. Vertex right-angled, produced in front of eyes and coni- cally pointed ; four round, black spots in a square be- tween the eyes, obliitus Van Duzee. CC. Vertex obtusely rounding, extending but little in front of eyes, two large, black spots on anterior margin in female,, male entirely dark, mexicanus n. sp. April, 1902.] North American Species of Athysanus. 251 ATHYSANUS CURTISII, FITCH. Aniblyccplialns cu) tiiii Fitch, Homop. N. Y. State Cab. p. 6r. iS.st. Jassus nervatus Prov. Nat. Can. IV, p. 373, 1872. Dcltocephalus curlisii Prov. Pet. Faune Ent. Can. Ill, p. 278. 18S9. Athysanus cuitisii Osb. and Ball, Proc. la. Acad. ,Sc. IV. p. 221. i897--Proc. Dav. Acad. Nat. Sc. VII, p. 91, pi. V. fig. I. 1898. Short and stout, greenish yellow, two large round black spots on vertex. Elytra fuscous with the nervures green. Length 3.5nim, width i.2nim. Vertex but little broader than a right angle, nearly twice as long on middle as against eye ; front very broad above, triangularl)- narrowing to the parallel clypeus. Elj'tra broad and short, appendix small ; venation simple, slightly variable, central anteapical cell short, straight-margined. Color : vertex pale yellow with two large round black spots before the middle ; pronotum with the anterior half shiny black, the posterior half greenish yellow, sometimes narrowly margined with fuscous behind. Scu- tellum pale yellow, two fuscous points on the disc. Elytra fuscous, the mar- gins and all the nervures before the apical cells greenish yellow ; face pale yellow a branching spot on the apex, the margin of front below the e}'es and a median stripe down the clypeus fuscous, the two latter unite to form a Y-shaped figure. Below fuscous. Genitalia : female segment half longer than penultimate, the posterior margin slightly, roundingly emarginate either side a small, rounding median lobe ; male valve roundingly triangular, as long as the ultimate segment ; plates together equilolerally triangular, their apices acute, margins sparsely fringed with hair. Habitat : Ontario Can., N. H., Vt., N. Y., Pa., Ohio, Mich, and Iowa. The color pattern i.s quite constant and very distinct in our fauna, making this one of the easiest species to accurately deter- mine. ATHYSANUS BICOLOR VAN DUZEE. Alliysaiius bicolor Van D. Can. Ent. XXIV, p. 114. 1892. Deltocephahis virgulatus Uhl. Proc. Zoo. Soc, Lon. p. 78. 1S9.5. Athysanus bicolor O.sb. and Ball, Proc. la. Acad. Sci. IV. p. 222. 1897 — Proc. Dav. Acad. Nat. Sc. VII, p. 91, pi. V, fig. 2, 189S. Somewhat resembling ciirtisii the head narrower ; female with two black spots on vertex and two stripes on eh'tra ; male with the apex of vertex all black and the apex of elytra black with an oblique light dash. Length, 9 3.5mm, $ 3mm ; width, imm. Vertex about as long as its basal width, slightly acutely conical, not quite twice as long on middle as against eye ; front inflated above, but little nar- rowing to the long clypeus ; pronotum strongh' rounding in front with more than half of its length included within the long narrow eyes. Elytra rather short and broad, rounding behind with a very feeble appendix ; venation obscured, similar to curtisii. Color : vertex pale yellow, a pair of round black spots on anterior half, rarely confluent in female, coufluent and covering anterior half of vertex in 2 52 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 6, the male. Pronotum greenish yellow, a black band on anterior third, another narrower band margining the pronotum behind and covering about half of the scutellum. Elytra greenish yellow, the sutural margin, claval suture and apical margins narrowl}' fuscous in the female, a subhyaline area extends, obliquely l)ackwards from the costal margins. In the male, and sometimes, in the female also, these markings are all much broader and there is a fuscous patch in front of the subhj-aline area connected internall}' with the apical margin by two oblique fuscous lines. Face with upper half smoky in female, black in the male, the lower half pale yellow, sometimes a narrow black margin below in male. Sometimes females are found marked like the males, throughout. Genitalia : lemale segment the length of preceding, posterior margin straight or ver}- slightl}- emarginate ; pygofers rather long, constricted behind, and much exceeded by the slender ovipositor ; male valve equilaterally tri- angular, not quite as long as the ultimate segment and one-third as wide ; plates but little longer than the valve, together nearly semicircular, their margins clothed with long hairs which are slightly exceeded by the light margined pygofers. Habitat: D. C, N. J., Md, Va., N. C, Fla., 111., Iowa, Neb., Kans., Mis.s., Cuba, Hayti, St. Vincent, Vera Cruz, Mex., and Para, Brazil. This is a very widely distributed species and as is. usually the case varies much in size and color in different locali- ties. Specimens are at hand from Hayti that average much smaller and paler than ours and on the other hand specimens, from Vera Cruz are very large and most of the females have the black marking of the male type. ATHYSANUS OBTUTUvS VAN DUZEE. Alhysaniis obtitlus Van Diizee. Can. Ent., XXIV, p. 115 and 156, 1S92. Af/inanus ubtuliis Osb. and Ball. Proc. la. Acad. Sc, IV. p. 222, PI. XXI, Fig. 2, 1897. Size and form of bicolor ; testaceous, four black spots on vertex, a sub- marginal row on pronotum and the apical veins black. Length, 9 3 5 nun-, $ 3 mm.; width, i mm. Vertex very slightly longer and narrower than in bicolor, distinctly longer than its basal width. Head with the eyes inclo.sing more than half of the pronotum. Elytra narrower than in bicolor, apex narrowly rounding, not reaching to the apex of the ovipositor in the female. Color : vertex pale testaceous, a pair of round spots on a line with the anterior margin of eye and another smaller pair behind them. Pronotum testaceous, a row of irregular spots on the anterior submargin ; scutellum with a pair of .spots within the basal angles. Elytra testaceous, subhyaline towards the apex, with the nervures bounding the apical cells fuscous. Face testaceous, the apex of clypeus fuscous, Sometimes in pale specimens the- fuscous spots are nearly all wanting, while in dark ones the anterior pair o\x. vertex are much enlarged and the face may be darkened above. April, 1902.] North American Species of Athysanus. 253- Ohio Naturalist. P/a/e 16. ^%\^^% CSBORN AND BALL ON ATHYSANUS. 2 54 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 6, Genitalia : female segment very short, scarcely as long as the penulti- mate, posterior margin truncate or very slightly emarginate ; pygofers as in hicolor, much exceeded by the oviduct ; male valve small, equilaterally tri- angular, but little exceeded by the bluntly rounding, bristle-margined plates. Habitat: D. C, Md., Iowa, Kans., and Miss. This species and the preceding very closely resemble each other in structural characters ; obtutiis however has a narrower vertex and face and more sharply angled elytra. The color pattern is quite distinct and it is only very pale females of bicolor that could be confused with this species and even these may be separated by the lack of fuscous marking on the apical veinlets. ATHYSANUS MEXICANUS N. SP. Form of obtiihis and bicolor, but with a blunter head and still longer ovipositor in the female. Color, female greenish or brownish, vertex yellow with two black spots on the anterior margin ; male all dusky brown or black. Length, 9 3-75 mni., $ 2.75 mm.; width, i mm. Vertex narrow, subquadrate, a trifle longer than its basal width, a fifth longer on middle than against eye, two-thirds as wide as the long diameter of eye, evenly rounding in front, the margin rounding to the face. Front narrow and almost parallel-margined until just before the apex, where it rounds off to the long, straight-margined clypeus. Elytra as in bicolor, not as long as the ovipositor in the female, the apical cells short. Color : female, vertex pale j-ellow, a pair of large, quadrate, black spots occupying all of the anterior margin except a median line and a narrower one next eye, usually a much smaller pair near the base behind these. Pro- notum greenish, or brownish with a few impressed fuscous spots in the middle of the anterior submargin. Elytra greenish subhyaline, brownish subhyaline with greenish nervures, or entirely smoky brownish ; ovipositor testaceous as seen from above. Face pale j'ellow, arcs on front, sutures and a spot on middle of clypeus fuscous. The upper pair of frontal arcs broad, spot-like, separated from each other by a line which is a continuation of the line on vertex, and from the spots on vertex by a line but little broader than the median one. Male, vertex with the spots like female, but so large that they are only separated by narrow lines or are confluent and uniformly fuscous, darker than the eyes ; pronotum brownish fuscous, shiny. Eh'tra brownish or fuscous, the apical margin and rarely the claval areas milky. Front black with yellow margins and ver}- short, yellow arcs, rest of face brownish, light on genae. Genitalia : female segment about half longer than penultimate, margins parallel, ovipositor very long and narrow, longer than in bicolor or obtutiis, exceeding the pygofers by more than the length of the segment ; male valve right angled, the apex acute ; plates roundingly triangular, the apex round- ing, over twice as long as the valve, submargins with a few, stout, white spines. Described from numerous specimens from Orizaba, V. C. Mex. collected in Feb. 1892. (H. Osborn.) April, 1902.] North American Species oj Athysanus. 255 Ohio Naturai^tst. P/afe 17. 'i^%\\\\&- OSBORN AND BAIvI, ON ATHYSANUS. 256 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 6, SPECIES NOT INCLUDED. Athysaniis acuniinatus Bak. This species is only known by the single, faded, male type and while it without doubt belongs to the Subgenus Coiiosanus its character could not be made out with sufficient certainty to war- rant including in the synopsis. Athysanics ornatus Gill. This species belongs to the genus Driotura O. and B. of which A. gammaroides is the type. Athysaniis artemisiae G. and B. Both the specific value and generic position of this species are still in doubt. It does not belong to any of the groups enumer- ated above and probabl}^ should not be included in the genus at all. Athysaniis litigiosiis Ball This species was only doubtfully referred here in the original description and does not fall readily into any of the above groups. When more material can be studied it will probabh^ be possible to refer it to another genus. EXPr^A.NATIOX OF PI.ATES. Plate i6. Fig. I. Atliymnusfi igidus Ball. h, female, genitalia ; c. male, genitalia ; d. face ; k. side view. Fig. 2. Athysaniis exiliosus. Uhl. a. elytron ; b. female, genitalia ; c. male, genitalia ; d. face. Fig. 3. A/hysaiiiis (Coiiosaiiiis) p/ii/oniiis Uhl. a. elytron : b. female, genitalia ; c. male, genitalia. Fig. 4. Alhysa)iits (Coitosaiiiis) symphoiicai pac Ball. a. elytron ; b. female, genitalia ; d. face. Fig. 5. Athysaniis (Conosanits) aictostaphyli Ball. a. elytron ; b. female, genitalia ; c. male, genitalia. Platk 17. Fig. I. Athysanus (Cuinmtlliis) coiiiiiia Van D. a. elytron ; b. female, genitalia ; c. male, genitalia ; (/. face ; k. profile. Fig. 2. a. elytron; b. female, genitalia; c. male, genitalia of A///ysa>iiis (Coinmi'llusy colon (J.sb. and Ball. Fig. 3. Alhysainis (CoiiniicllKs) scrvit/a/tis Van I). a. elytron ; b. female, genitalia ; c. male, genitalia ; d. face. Fi.g. 4. Athysaniis {Coninuiliis) osboi iii Van D. a. elytron ; b. female, genitalia ; c. male, genitalia ; d. face. Fig. 5. b. female, genitalia of .l/livsaniis {Oniosanus) drntatiis Osb. and Ball. The fignres have been drawn bv Mr. Ball and finished in ink by Mrs, Ball April, 1902.] .4 Possible Cause of Osars. 257 A POSSIBLE CAUSE OF OSARS. Geo. H. C01.TON. On the 20th of April, 1901, there fell in north-eastern Ohio an unusually heavy snow covering the ground to a depth of from twenty inches on a level to seven feet in drifts. The snow came very rapidly and went very rapidl3\ During the period of rapid melting strong currents of w^ater ilowed beneath the .snow which in some cases carried along much sediment. It was my good fortune to observe a point near the borders of a gently sloping plowed field where one of these streams, becoming clogged, rose to the surface and flowed for a short distance over the dense snow, spreading the abundant sediment, which it carried in a sinuous belt along its channel. After a time the stream deserted this surface channel and found a new one beneath the .snow. As the snow melted the belt of sediment which had accumulated in the channel on its surface gradually settled, and when the snow had disappeared it rested upon the turf that bordered the plowed field as a minature osar. While it is rightly assumed that the surface of the glacial ice- sheet was for the most part clean and free from earth}- deposits, 5^et near its southern margin there may have been much sediment on its surface. Streams of great force and volume, heavily laden with glacial detritus, flowed beneath the ice, and it is possible, and even probable, that the shifting of the melting ice, under- mined by the flowing waters, and the displacement of the loose material of the deep moraine as the ice reacted upon it, would occasionally clog the channels of these streams and compel them to find new ones. In most cases the new courses would be beneath the ice as before, but it is reasonable to assume that sometimes the obstructed stream, like the rill in the snow-field described above, would rise through some crevasse and flow for a time over the surface of the ice. Such a stream w^ould have its rapids swept clean of sediment, and its stretches of deep and sluggish water in which would accumulate belts of sand and gravel. When the stream deserted its ice channel, as it surely would in time, these sinuous belts of sediment would lie almost undisturbed upon the surface of the glacier, and they would be left finally, when the ice had disappeared, as ridges over the surface of the land, forming what glacialists call osars, or serpent kames. Indeed, such surface accumulations would be far less likely to be disturbed and obliterated by subsequent changes than would those gravel belts which, in spite of the many difficulties involved, it has been assumed, might be formed beneath the ice by sub- glacial streams. Hiram College, Hiram, O. •258 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 6, SMUT INFECTION EXPERIMENTS. W. A. Kellerman and O. E. Jennings. Experiments were undertaken during the summer of 1901 to test the comparative susceptibility of maize (dent corn, pop corn, and sweet corn) and sorghum (Saccharins sorghum, Kaffir corn, and broom corn) to the same species of smut found on different hosts. Both the sorghum seed-smut ( Cintractia sorghi) and the head-smut (Cintractia reiHanaj were used. Three rows each of dent corn, pop corn, sweet corn, Kaffir corn, sorghum and broom corn were planted. One row of each set of three was planted with untreated seed as a check row. Another row of each set was planted with seed rolled wet in sor- ghum head-smut (Cintractia reiliana) obtained from sorghum. The remaining row of each set was planted with seed rolled in the same species of smut obtained from maize. In the same manner Kaffir corn, sorghum and broom corn were used, being treated with the sorghum head-smut (Cintractia sorghi) grown on the two hosts sorghum and broom corn. Thorough precautions were taken in treating the .seed and interesting results were expected. Unfortunatel}' severe drouth and abundant chinch-bugs blasted hopes and experiments alike. Only one specimen of Cintractia reiliana was obtained, namely, on pop corn. vSo few stalks infected with Cintractia sorghi were obtained that no conclusions can be drawn. Experiments along these lines are now being carried on in the botanical greenhouse from which some satisfactory results are being obtained and wdiich will be reported later. A few stalks of sorghum artificially infected two to three years ago, and still growing, continuously produce infected panicles. An illustration of one of the .specimens planted January ist, 1899, is here given. This illustrates the fact that infection takes place through the seed, first .shown in 1891.* It also demon- strates that the mycelium, permeating throughout the entire plant, is perennial or at least is coexistent in duration with the host — the latter grown as an annual in our climate, but when protected, as has been the greenhouse specimen, it may continue to live a long while. The other ex])eriments, which are enumerated below, relate to corn smut ( Ustilago zeae); the primary object being to determine the effect of mutiJation of the host upon the prevalency of the smut. Work of this kind has been reported by Hitchcock, f Clinton^ and others. * Kfllerinan, W, A., Bulktiii Karis. Rxp. Sta. No. 23. t Bot. Gaz. 2S, 429, 1.S99, X 111. Exp. Sta. Dull 57. March, isoo. April, 1902.] Smut Infection Experiments. 259 The corn selected for the experiment was growing on the Ohio State University farm and was in good healthy condition. At the beginning of the experiment, July 30, it averaged about six feet in height and was partly in tassel. In order to keep the different parts of the experiment as distinctly separate as possible every twentieth row was chosen and the second row west of this was taken as a check- row. Rozu No. I. Each stalk in this row (972 stalks in all) was mutilated on east side, but at no given height, by being scraped with a piece of broken hack-saw blade. The work was done in late afternoon, between 6 and 8 p. m. A fairly heavy dew fol- lowed but no rain for several da^'s. Results : 15 per cent, of the stalks were smut- ted while the correspond- ing check-row showed but 9.7 per cent affected. The percentage of smut on the ear, as compared to the total smut on the whole plant, showed that of the total smut on the mutilated row only 29.2 per cent, was on the ear, while the check- row on the other hand showed 32.9 per cent. The dif- ference is probably due to the fact that the ears Fig', r. Sorghum, 3 years old, artificially infected throusli the seed. were not developed sufficiently to be affected by the mutilation ; /. e., the stalks were mutilated while the ears were not. The position of the smut balls in relation to the wounds was quite 2 6o The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 6, significant. 34.2 per cent, of the smut balls were either^;/ or ivithin six incha, of the wound but within the next six inches above and below the wound only 13.6 per cent were to be found. Row No. 2. Each stalk (842 in all) was mutilated as in No. i and then smut spores immediately brushed on or painted over the wound. The smut used had been kept dry in a tight box since the fall of 1900. The work was done after 5 p. m. and was followed by a good dew but no rain soon. Results: 1 1.5 per cent, of these stalks were smutted against but 8.5 per cent, in the check. The relative position of the smut in this part of the experiment was, however, quite significant. 59.8 per cent, of the diseased stalks were infected within six inches or upon the wound, while, in the next six inches above and below the wound, only 17.5 per cent, of the bolls were to be found. Rozc No. 3. Each of these 806 stalks was painted at some place with spores as in No. 2 but none were mutilated. This was done in early evening and although followed by no dew, a fine mist fell the next morning. Results : 10.4 per cent, of the stalks were smutted against a check of 8.6 per cent. Also the percentage of smutted ears to total diseased stalk was again significant ; in the check-row 20.9 per cent, while in the infected row it was but 16.6 per cent. Roic No. /. This row was detasseled during the partly cloudy forenoon of August 3. Results : 1 1.5 per cent, of the stalks were diseased against a check of 9.5 per cent. The percentage of the total diseased stalks having the ear as the affected part was 22.3 per cent, in this row and 28.6 per cent, in the check- row. Stated very briefly the results are in accord with those obtained at the Indiana and Illinois P^xperiment Stations in recent years. At the stage of growth when the tassels are just appearing, detas- seling, mutilation of the stalks lower down, and the application of spores without wounding the stalk all cause an increase of smut ; and mutilation and the application of spores to the wound thus made results in a still larger per cent, of smut. April, 1902.] Trailing and Creeping Plants of Ohio. 261 Following is a tabulation of the results obtained • Number of row I X 2, X 3 X 4 X Total number of stalks 972 1,026 842 841 806 777 737 8S4 Percentage of stalks smutted, 15 9-7 II-5 8.5 10.4 8.6 11-5 9.5 Percentage of diseased stalks having diseased ears 29.2 32.6 18.6 18.1 16 6 20.9 223 28.6 Percentage of smut above ear, 7-5 8 8.2 8.3 8.3 7-5 2-3 7-1 Percentage of smut below ear, 63-3 60 73-2 73.6 75 71.6 75.3 64.3 Percentage of smut on or with- in ci'v inplip^ of woimn 34-2 13.6 59-8 17-5 Percentage of smut over six but less than twelve inches from wound X, check row. TRAILING AND CREEPING PLANTS OF OHIO. Alice Dufour. Lines of demarcation between creeping forms and climbing forms and also between creeping forms and those that are nearly decumbent do not exist. Creeping plants do not include those with special runners like the strawberr}-, or those with deep underground root-stalks like some lilies, or those forming mats like some of the spurges. Under the term creeping plants are included such forms as are prostrate and spread as do the melons, or such as spread b}^ the stems striking root as does the winter- green. There are about 42 creepers in Ohio. Of these 8 are annuals, 34 are perennials ; 9 wood}-, 33 herbaceous ; 26 native, and 16 introduced. These are : Ranunculus repens, herbaceous perennial from Europe. Rubus hispidus, villosus, woody plants. Dalibarda repens, herbaceous perennial. Potentilla canadensis, herbaceous jierennial. Trifolium repens, herbaceous perennial. Lespedeza repens, procumbens, herbaceous perennials. Lathyrus maritimus, palustrus, myrtifolius, herbaceous perennials. Vicia hirsuta, annual from Europe. 2 62 The Ohio Xaiuralist. [Vol. II, No. 6, Oxalis corniculata, introduced herbaceous perennial. Hydrocotyle umbellata, aniericana, herbaceous perennials. Epigaea repens, woody. Galtheria procumbens, woody. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, wocdy. Chiogenes, hispidula, woody. Oxycoccus oxycoccus, macrocarpus, wood}- plants. Lysimachia numniularia, herbaceous perennial. Vinca minor, herbaceous perennial, Europe. Convolvulus arvensis, herbaceous perennial, Europe. repens, herbaceous perennial. Ajuga reptans, herbaceous perennial, Europe and Asia. Glechoma hederacea, herbaceous perennial, Europe. Kickxia spuria, annual from Europe. Gratiola aurea, herbaceous perennial. Veronica agrestis, annual from Europe. officinalis, serpylli'olia, herbaceous perennials. Cj^mbalaria cymbalaria, herbaceous perennial, Europe. Mitchella repens, herbaceous perennial. Evionymus obovatus, woody. Myosotus palustris, herbaceous perennial, Europe. Lippia lanceolata, herbaceous perennial. Cucurbita pepo, maxima, annuals, introduced. Citrullus citrullus, annual, Asia. Cucuni's melo, sativus, annuals, Asia. New York City. CORRECTED DESCRIPTION OF PHYLLOSTICTA ALCIDES. Through some unaccountable mistake the description of this species was not given correctly on p. 223 of the preceding No. of the Ohio Naturalist. It should have been as follows : Phyllosticta ALCIDES EH. & Kellemi. — Spots cinereous, epiyhyllous, subiudefiuite, 2-4 mm, Perithecia scattered on the spots, punctiform, 100-120 /w. diam., raising and pimcturing the epidermis, soon perforated above. Sporules short-f usoid or oblong, yellowish, 2 — 3-nucleate, 7-15 (mo.stly 7-10) x 3-3}^ ^u.. Found associated with Leptosphaeria alcides Sacc. , of which it is appar- ently the spermogonial stage. MEETING OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB. Orton Hall, March 3, 1902. The Club was called to order by the President and the minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. The paper of the evening was by Mr. Miller, who .spoke of the work that is being done by the Division of Soil Physics, U. S. Department of Agriculture. F. J. Tyler, Secretary. SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION OF Minerals, Rocks, Fossils Birds and Mammals, Shells and Echinoderms, AlsQ Human Skeletons, and Anatomical Modelg, Relief Modolp by Messrs. Shaler, Davis and Harris, illustrating Physical Geology and Physiography WRITE FOR CIRCULARS, AJ(/^ards' N^t^^^^ Science Establishment, ROCHESTER. N. Y. liiiKtR'^ m (jMii "•Hr" DAK K ) AK UA K ; r;:i., made at the ^ be pleased ^^^^^^^ State and High Sts., COLUMBUS, OHIO. OUR LIST OF AWARDS FOR THE LAST YEAR ARE: The Gold Medal at Paris Exposition. Highest Award at the Pan-American Exposition. Six First Premiums out of seven at Ohio State Exposition. DIE STAMPING. PLATE AND LETTER PRESS PRINTING. SPAHTj & GLENN, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS, 50 EAST BROAD STREET. COLUMBUS, OHIO. Buchet Engtaving Co. Process and Wood Engraving, Electro= typers and Manufacturers of Stereotyping and Engraving Machinery. %. \ X ^ X 80/2 North High Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO, ded vers Lepidoptera Price List No. 3. — Price 5 cents fo^'su, Issued November 15th, 1901. E^^„S^^V."'" ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES. a^d"Siebmed°^/''.' ^'i''"'' SCHMITT INSECT BOXES. 'Builders of INSECT CABINETS, Etc. American Entomological Company 1040 DE KALB AVENUE, BROOKLYN, N. Y. NEW EDITION WEBSTER'S INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY New Pjlates Throughout, 25,000 ADDITIONAL WORDS Phraaea and Definitions Prepared under the direct supervision of W. t. HARRIS, Ph.D., LL.D.i Unltecl States Commissioner of Education) assisted by a large corps of com« petent specialists and editors. Rich Bindihga. 2364 Paiges. 5000 Illuatfationa. .^'The International was first issued in iSqo, succeeding thi " Unabridged." The New Edition fif the International was issued in Oet.,TQ00, Getlatesianabest, Also Webster's Collegiate Dictionary with Glos- sary of Scottish Words and Phrases. " First class in quality, second class in size." Nicholas M urray Butler. DICTIONARY / Specimen pages, etc. , of both books sent on application. G.£iC. Merriam Co. Springfield, Mass. WEBSTER'S 1 COLLEGIATE Ohio State Uimetsity. Six Colleges well equipped and prepared to present the best methods in modern education. The advantages are offered to both sexes alike. The following list of departments will suggest the organization of the institution: Agriculture, Agricultural Chemistry, American History and Political Science, Anatomy and Physiology, Architecture and Drawing, Astronomy. Botany, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Clay Working and Ceramics, Domestic Science, Economics and Sociology, Educa- tion, Electrical Engineering, English Literature, European History, Geology, Germanic Languages and Literatures, Greek, Horticulture and Forestry, Industrial Arts, Latin, Law, Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Metallurgy and Mineralogy, Military Science, Mine Engineering, Pharmacy, Philosophy, Physical Educalion, Physics, Rhetoric and English Language, Romance Languages, Veterinary INIedicine and Zoology and Entomology. Catalogues will be sent upon application. After examining the catalogue write for specific information to the President Dr. W. O. THOMPSON, Columbus, Ohio. SPECIMENS DESIRED FOR BOTANICAL The large mushrooms, Puffballs and other Fungi; Abnormal MUSEUM. growths and interesting specimens of shrubs and trees. Also herbarium specimens of Algae, Fungi, Mosses and Ferns as well as flowering plants. Address Prof. W. A. KellERMAN, Department of Botany, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. GEOLOGICAL Will exchange Hudson, Corniferous and Carboniferous MUSEUM. fossils. Address Prof. J. A. BoWNOCKER, Curator, Geological Museum, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, ZOOLOGICAL Birds, Insects, Reptiles, etc. We wish to make our collec- MUSEUM. tions representative for the fauna of the state and will greatly appreciate all contributions to that end. Address, Prof. HERBERT Osborn, Department Zoologj' and Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Ohio State University, Lake Laboratory. Located at Sandusky on Lake Erie. Open to Investigators June 15 to September 15. Laboratory courses of six and eight weeks beginning July 7, 1902. Write for special circular. Ohio Medical University- DEPARTMENTS OF MEDICINE, DENTISTRY AND PHARMACY. Four years graded course in Medicine, three in Dentistry, and two in Phar- macy. Annual Sessions, seven months. All Instruction, except Clinical, by the Recitation Plan. Students graded on their daily recitations and term examinations. Large class rooms designed for the recitation system. Laboratories are large, well lighted and equipped with modern apparatus. Abundant clinical facilities in both Medical and Dental Departments. CONSIDERING SUPERIOR ADVANTAGES FEES ARE LOW. For Catalogue and Other Information, Address: George M. Waters, a. M., M. D., Dean, Medical Department. L. P. Bethel, D. D. S., Dean, Dental Department. Geo. H. Matson, Jr., G. Ph., Dean, Pharmacy Department. OHIO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, 700-7J6 North Park Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO. Starling Medical College^ Corner Stale and 6th Streets, COLUMBUS, OHIO. .^ ^ MEDICAL AND SURGICAL CLINICS AT FOUR EXCELLENT HOSPITALS. ^ ^ ^ ^ WELL EQIIPPED AND THOROIGH IN EVERY DETAIL. EXCEPTIONAL CLINICAL ADVANTAGES. CURTIS C. HOWARD, M. Sc, Registrar. STARLING LOVING, M. D., LL. D., Dean. Ohio Naturalist Volume II. Number 7. Annual Subscription. 50 cts. Single Number, 10 cts. "The Best of Everything Laboratorial." For every division of Natural Science. Microscopes and Accessories. Slides and Cover Glasses. Pocket Magnifiers. Field Glasses. Dissecting Instruments. Insect Pins. Glassware, Chemicals, kmA Upparatus ^ (liemkal (ompif Cleveland, Ohio, 262 Prospect St. Branch : Berlin, Germany. TTTTT¥¥-lTTTy Entered at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, as second class matter. .... LEARN .... Bookkeeping, Shorthand and Typewriting at the Of^io Business nstitute Y. M. C. n. Blclg. ColuinDii:s, Ohio Bookkeeping taught here as books are kept. All entries made from vouchers, bills, notes checks, drafts, etc. The student learns by doing. Thorough, interesting and practical. We are pioneer teachers of Gregg's Light-Line Shorthand, a simple, sensible, legible, rapid system. Learned in half the time required by other sj^stems. Send postal for first lesson. If you are at p re s e n t e m - ployed, write us regarding our Home Study work. Same thorough instruction as given in the class-room. I. xo. KILER'S PHARMACY A Complete Line of ' J^ DRUGS, CHOICE CANDIES, FINE STATIONERY Cor. Eighth Avenue and High Street. Telephone 883. Columbus, Ohio. Reports of the Geological Survey of Ohio FOR SALE. Complete Sets ivHh Maps, or any of the Volumes Separately. Address THE OHIO NATURALIST, Columbus, 0, The Ohio ^A(^atiiraUst, PUBLISHED BY The Biological Club of the Ohio State Uni'versity, Volume II. MAY. 1902. No. 7. GALLS AND INSECTS PRODUCING THEM. Melville Thurston Cook. Part i. The Morphology of IvEaf Galls. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the knowledge of cellular activity of the plant under peculiar animal stimulus ; to compare the effects of the two sets of insect organs, mouth parts and ovipositors, and to throw additional light on the classi- fication. The statements made in this paper are based on a large number of collections. The collection of stem galls was too incomplete to draw conclusions and is therefore reserved for a future paper. No attempt was made to follow the development of the galls but rather to make a comparison of the structure of the various forms of galls. My paper was practically complete before I received the papers of H. Fockeu. After receiving his paper I reviewed ni}' own to determine wherein my results agreed with or varied from his conclusions. Experiments such as are described by H. Fockeu to ascertain the cause of the gall formation were not attempted. Fockeu' s studies were grouped according to the plants affected ; my own studies werfe grouped with reference to the insect pro- ducing the galls. methods. For the killing and fixing, several fluids were used, but the most successful were Chromo-acetic and Picric-alcohol. A num- ber of different stains were used, but Delafields-Haemotoxylon, proved very satisfactory for most work. For the drawings a Bausch & Lomb microscope and camera lucida were used ; for the normal leaf, a i-inch ocular and a i-inch objective, and for the galls a i-inch ocular and a 23-inch objective. Since it was unnecessary to make drawings of the entire galls, drawings were made from one or more parts to show the characteristic structure, and this part is indicated on the small diagrammatic drawings. Since the galls were so variable in size, it was practically impossible to make the diagrammatic drawings on a definite scale. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION. As a matter of convenience the following temporary classifica- tion, based on location of the galls was adopted for this and other 264 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 7, papers now iu preparation: A. Stem galls; B. Leaf galls; C. Bud galls, a. Terminal buds, d. Lateral buds ; D. Root galls. Leaf galls may in many cases be classed as bud galls if we con- sider that the egg in some orders of insects is deposited while the leaf is in the bud, but in the above classification the term applies to the developed gall, and the ' bud gall ' applies to a distortion of the entire bud. 1. The Normal Leaf Structure and Its Variations. The normal leaf structure may be said to consist of a single layer of epidermis on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf ; next to the upper epidermis is the usually single layer of palisade or columnar cells, placed with their long axis at right angles to the surface of the leaf ; between the palisade cells and the lower epi- dermis is the mesophyll, made up of many la3'ers of irregular cells, between which are the large air spaces connected with -the outside by the stomata in the lower epidermis ; running through the leaf are the fibro-vascular bundles noticable to the naked eye as the venation. Although the above may be said to be a description of a typical leaf, it must be kept in mind that leaves are subject to great variation and this must be taken into consideration in a discus- sion of the variation of the gall structure from the normal leaf. The structure of the gall must be compared with the structure of the normal leaf of the plant on which the gall is found, not with the typical leaf. A brief study of the normal leaves of the plant will serve to emphasize the preceding points. Hicoria ovata ( Mill. ) Britton (Fig. i), Ubmts avicricana L. ^'^g- 4), and Tilia amcricana L. (Fig. 6) may be considered as t3'pical and yet in themselves show minor differences. In Vitis zndpina Xi- (Fig- 3) the palisade is not so pronounced as in the preceding and the mesophyll is more compact. In Qiierais alba L. (Fig. 7) and in Acer saccharhiiivi L. (Fig. 5) the palisade is typical, but the mesophyll is very compact. In Salix cordata Muhl, (Fig. 2 ) the mesophyll while distinct from the palisade has assumed palisade characters. The differences in structure between the normal leaves of Hicoria ovata (Fig. i) and Salix cordata (Fig. 2), members of two related families, are as great as those differences frequentl}' found between a normal leaf and the galls occurring upon it, e. g., H. ■ovata (Fig. i) and the simpler Phylloxera galls (Figs. 16-20). 2. Phytoptus Galls. This discussion is based not only on the four galls described below, but from observations of several others. However, the following will illustrate all the points observed : The Phytoptus galls are small and may extend on cither or both sides of the leaf. The outer surface of the galls show the normal epidermis and below this cells which are not palisade but May, 1902.] Galls and Insects Producing Them. 265 which are elongated with the surface of the gall, z, e., the direc- tion of growth (Figs. 8, 9, 11). Projecting into the gall cavity are masses of irregular shaped cells (Figs. 8-1 1 ). In young galls these cells show a nucleus, take the stain readily and show indications of maturity (Figs. 9, 11). Trichomes are always found extending from the walls of the cavity (Figs. 8-1 1) of young galls, but disappear as the galls approach maturity. In these galls we evidently have a repeated puncturing of cells by the animal and an increased activity on the part of the plant in its effort to recover from the wound, the wound never being suf- ficient to cause the death of that part of the plant. My results on the Phytoptus galls agree with those of H. Fockeu, except in minor points. 3. The Aphididae Galls. In this family we find the simplest form of galls discussed in this paper, of which Schizone- ura america7ia Riley (Fig. 12) may be taken as a type. In fact it is a mere curling of the leaf and not what is usually considered a gall. According to E. Perris it would be classed as a galloide. However, the structure is very similar to that of a typical gall of this family of insects and I see no reason why it should not be -considered a true gall. When compared with the normal leaf of U. americana L. (Fig. i\) the palisade cells are observed to have lost their identity and to have assumed mesophyll characters and the mesophyll has become more compact, both distortions being characteristic of true galls of this famil}^ (Figs. 13-21). In Colopha tdmicola Fitch (Fig. 13 a. b. ) and Pemphigus iilvii- fusus (Walsh.) Oestlund (Fig. 14 a. b.) both of which are also characteristic galls on the elm, we find practically the same structure as in S. americana. In both the outer (upper) epi- dermis is much elongated ; the same being true of the inner (lower) epidermis of C. ulmicola, but not in P, ulmi-fusus. The identity of the palisade cells is entirely lost, the cells now being slightly elongated parallel to the surface of the gall. The mesophyll cells are more compact than in S. americana and far more compact than in a normal leaf (Fig. 4). A granular, dark brown, often black substance in the cells was characteristic of the elm and other galls of this group. This was probably tannin, and its presence seemed to depend on the host plant rather than on an insect producing the gall. The Hormaphis hamamelis Fitch ( Fig. 15 a. b. ) on the Hamamelis virginiana Iv. showed the same general structure as the preceding galls of this order, except that the epidermal cells were not so much elongated and in the inner (lower) epidermis the cells were much smaller and showed thicker walls, and the dark granular contents of certain cells was restricted to layers near the outer (upper) surface. 2 66 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 7, The Phj'Uoxera galls show considerable variation from each other. P. c. avenae Fitch, P. c. fallax Riley, and P. c. g/obuli Walsh. (Figs. 16-18), of Hicoria ovata may be taken as forming a rather well defined group and as showing greatest resemblance to the preceding galls of this family. When compared with the normal leaf (Fig. i ) of the host, H. ovata, they show a reduc- tion in size of the epidermal cells, the palisade cells losing their identity, and the mesophyll becoming very compact. Very little of the dark cell contents characteristic of the preceding galls of this family was present, the greatest amount being formed in P. c. avenae (Fig. 16 ) where it is restricted to the epidermis and to the cells just below it. The cells are even less elongated and more irregular than in the preceding galls. In general it may be said that in this group the largest cells are midway between the two layers of the epidermis and gradually decrease as we approach the surfaces. This is especiallj- true of P. c. globuli (Fig. 18). P. c spinosa Shimer (Fig. 19 a. b. ) is a very large gall occur- ring on leaf, petiole, or young, green twigs of Hicoria ovata and shows considerable variation from the preceding. Two zones are very distinct ; the outer is composed of large cells which do not take the stain readil}- , the inner zone of small cells stained very readil)' and show great activity. This may, however, have been due to the fact that my specimens of this gall were much younger than of the preceding Phylloxera galls. A long tube for the exit of the insect is formed. In P. c. depressa Shimer (Fig. 20 a. b. ) of H. ovata and P. vastatrix Planchon (Fig. 21 a. b.) of V^itis vulpina we have still other and more marked variation. The cavity is much smaller, the walls much thicker than in the preceding, and a long tube, especially in P. c. depressa is formed for the exit of the insect. In both cases the size of the epidermal cells is much reduced when compared with the normal (Fig. 1,3), the palisade cells have not so completely lost their identity as in the preceding and there appears to be a general elongation of the cells with their long axis perpendicular and not parallel to the surface of the gall. A small but definite, deeply staining zone of cells surrounds the cavity in P. c. depressa. Many cells show dark contents similar to that found in the galls on Ulmus and Hamamelis ( Fig. 12-15). P. vastatrix shows a comparatively large number of trichomes, especially near the opening, but this is probably a characteristic of the host plant rather than of the gall. The presence of the two well defined zones, which may be con- sidered protective and nutritive in P. c. spinosa and P. c de- pressa, show a very marked resemblance to the Cynipidae galls (Figs. 25-30). It may be that all young galls show this arrangement into two or three zones. May, 1902.] Galls and Insects Producing Them. 267 In P. c. depressa (Fig. 20) and in P. vastatrix (Fig. 21) the small larval chamber and general arrangement of the cells is very- similar to the leaf galls produced by Cecidomyia verrucola (Fig. 2.) 4. The Cecidomyia Galls. This group of galls shows con- siderable variation. C. gleditsiae O. S. (Fig. 22 a. b. c. d.) of Gleditschia triacanthos may be taken as a type of one of the simplest. In this the margins of the leaflets are in contact so as to form a more or less sperical body. To the naked eye it pre- stnts no other distortion. Under the microscope the cells show an elongation from midrib to margin, /. e., parallel to the surface of the gall except near the margin, where they are irregular. C. qncrciis-pihdae Walsh. (Fig. 23 a. b. ) shows a more highly developed gall structure. The epidermal layers are made up of smaller cells than the norrrxal leaf. The mesophyll has lost its identity and assumed the palisade structure, the long axis being perpendicular to the surface of the gall. The larv^al chamber is large and rather irregular and indefinite, and resembles a large inter-cellular space. C. verrucola O. S. (Fig. 24 a. b. ) on Tilia americana shows a much higher complexity than either of the preceding. The epi- dermis is made up of small cubical cells. The differentiation into palisade and mesophyll is entirely lost, the cells are very irregu- lar, but show a tendency to elongation at right angles to the surface of the gall. The larval chamber is small and well defined. C. q.-pilulae (Fig. 23) and C. verrucola (Fig. 24), especially the latter show a striking resemblance to the more highly devel- oped Phylloxera galls such as P. c. -depressa (Fig. 20) and P. vastatrix (Fig. 21 ). 5. The Cynipidae Galls. This family presents the most striking series of evolutionary development of any family studied and is also apparently the most highly developed. The general characters presented by these galls are small, cubical epidermal cells ; loss of differentiation between palisade and mesophyll cells, all having assumed an irregular character ; a differentiation into two well defined zones of cells, the outer made up of large, non-staining cells, the inner made up of smaller, deeply staining cells and surrounding the larval chamber. Fockeu divides these into four zones, which he designates as follows: I. Epidermis; 2. Parenchyma; 3. Protective; 4. Nutritive ("Masse alimentaire "). These four zones may be easily traced in most of our American forms, but in some they show very indistinctly. Neiiroteriis irregularis O. S. (Fig. 25 a. b. ) is a small, fleshy, solid, irregular gall projecting from both sides of the leaf. It is covered with dense growth of trichomes and contains several larval chambers. In structure it does not correspond to the pre- ceding description, as well as the galls described in the latter part 268 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 7, of this paper. The parenchyma is divided into two very distinct zones, the larval chamber occupying the lower part of the inner zone. The inner zone cells have much thinner walls than those of the outer cells. Surrounding the larval chamber is a zone of cells which stain very deeply and probably furnish nourishment to the larva. The epidermal cells are small. Callirhytis tumijica O. S. (Fig. 26 a. b.) is a small, fleshy, solid gall projecting on both sides of the leaf and resembles N. irregu- laris (Fig. 25), except that it is a little larger, does not have so many larval chambers and is smooth. Lt presents the simplest characters studied, showing the characteristic small, more or less cubical epithelial cells, the lack of differentiation into palisade and mesophyll, and the two zones. The outer zone is very thick and is in contact with the inner zone. The inner zone is narrow and lies near the large larval chamber. At the point of union of the two zones the cells are very small. The outer zone can be readily subdivided into epidermis and parenchyma, but the inner zone cannot be subdivided into two sub- zones unless we consider the layer of small cells as the protective sub-zone. However, this sub-zone of small cells does not possess the sclerenchyma character described by Fockeu for the Cynipidae galls. Holcaspis centricola O. S. (Fig. 27 a. b. c. ) is a large, spherical gall projecting both above and below the leaf. In this we have the two zones, but each retaining the characters previously described ; the cells of the inner zone, however, being smaller than in C. tumifica. The epidermal cells have thicker walls than in any other Cynipidae gall examined. The two zones are con- nected by fibro-vascular bundles. In this the four zones of Fockeu are quite well defined : The outer zone forming the very distinct epidermis and parenchyma ; the inner zone showing a fairly well defined protective and nutritive part. Auipliibolips ina)iis O. S. (Fig. 28 a. b. ) shows a very striking resemblance to H. centricola (Fig. 27), except that it is much larger. The epidermal cells do not have such thick walls as in H. centricola and are much longer and narrower. The inner zone is readily subdivided into the protective and nutritive sub-zones described by Fockeu. The inner or nutritive sub-zone is made up of thin-walled cells with prominent nuclei, the outer or pro- tective sub-zone of sclerenchyma cells. The connection between the two main zones is by means of fibro-vascular bundles, the same as in H, centricola. Dryophanta palustris O. S. (Fig. 29 a. b. c. ) presents a condi- tion very similar to the two preceding galls, H. centricola (Fig. 27) and A. inanis (Fig. 28), except that the fibro-vascular bundle connection between the two zones is not present ; the inner zone containing the larva forms a sphere which is free in the large chamber formed by the outer zone. May, 1902.] Galls and Insects Producing Them. 269 The inner zone shows a marked resemblance to H. ceutricola (Fig. 27). The subdivision into protective and nutritive parts in my specimens was not like the characteristic zones described by Fockeu ; the inner cells were apparently much thicker walled and more indefinite. However, I believe that younger galls would have shown the typical characters. The outer zone is thicker than in either H. ceutricola (Fig. 27) or A. inanis (Fig. 28), but not so thick as in C. tumifica (Fig. 26). It can be readily sub- divided into epidermis and parenchyma and it also shows a fairly well defined endodermis, and in that respect differs from either H. ceutricola or A. inanis. Callirhytis papillatus O. S. (Fig. 30 a. b. c), which is similar to the preceding Cynipidae galls, but shows considerable varia- tion from them. It is smaller than any of the preceding and is embedded in the leaf very similar to C. tumifica (Fig. 26). The two zones are separated, the outer being similar to A. inanis (Fig. 28), the inner zone surrounding two or three larval cham- bers instead of one. Next to the larva the cells are very large and thin and may be considered nutritive ; outside these we have well defined parenchyma or protective cells, and outside these we have two or three layers of cells well filled with protoplasm. The connection between the outer and inner zones is by single elon- gated cells, which are very rich in protoplasm. The evolutionary development of the preceding Cynipidae galls is evident. All show the two well defined zones, the outer non- staining made up of epidermis and parenchyma and the inner which takes the stain readily and is made up of two subdivisions, protective (or sclerenchyma cells) and nutritive (or parenchyma cells). In C. tumifica (Fig. 26) we have the two zones in con- tact ; in H. ceutricola (Fig. 27) and in A. inanis (Fig. 28) we have a separation of the two zones which are now connected by fibro-vascular bundles ; in C. papillatus (Fig. 30) the two zones are connected b}- long, undivided cells ; in D. palustris (Fig. 29) we have a complete separation of the two zones. With the exception of N. irregularis (Fig. 25) and C. tumifica ( Fig. 26) they all show a division into four zones as described by Fockeu. However, Fockeu does not describe a separation between the parenchyma and protective zones which is so charac- teristic of some of our American galls. I am inclined to consider our American Cynipidae galls as having reached a higher stage of development than the European forms. The larva in all species evidently draws its nourishment directly from the inner zone. In H. ceutricola (Fig. 27 ) and A. inanis (Fig. 28) the inner zone evidently gets its nourishment through the fibro-vascular bundles ; in C. papillatus (Fig. 30) the supply of nourishment comes through the long filamentous cells ; in D. palustris (Fig. 29) it is probable that the larva is far advanced 2 70 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 7, in its development before the separation of the two zones and the nourishment remaining in the inner zone at the time of the separ- ation is sufficient to complete its development. Adler and Stratton after describing similar modifications in the European Cynipidae galls, say: "Besides these histological differences, the outward characters are also of varying complex- ity ; each infinitesimal improvement, which has been of service as a protection against parasites, or has been successful in secur- ing natural conditions favorable to the life and growth of the larva, has been preserved, and has formed the starting point of further beneficial variation. It is always that larva which has been able to induce successful morphological abnormalition, which is reproduced to continue the race ; the unsuccessful perish. The ruling force is natural selection ; it is impossible that intelligence or memory' can be of any use in guiding the Cynipidae ; no Cynips ever sees its young, and none ever pricks a bud the sec- ond season, or lives to know the results that follow the act. Natural selection alone has preserved an impulse which is released by seasonally recurring feelings, sights, or smells,"'- and by the simultaneus ripening of the eggs within the fly. These set the whole physiological apparatus in motion, and secure the insertion of eggs at the right time and in the right place. The number of eggs is instinctivel}^ proportionate to the space suitable for ovipo- sition, to the size of the full}' grown galls, and to the food sup- plies available for their nutrition." CONCLUSIONS. 1. Galls may be classified into two general groups, viz., those produced by mouth parts and those produced bj' oviposition. Those produced by oviposition may be considered the more highly developed. 2. The family Cynipidae shows by far the highest develop- ment of gall structures. 3. The morphological character of the gall depends upon the genus of the insect producing it rather than upon the plant on which it is produced ; i. e. , galls produced by insects of a partic- ular genus show great similarity of structure even though on plants widely separated ; while galls on a particular genus of plants and produced by insects of different genera show great differences. This seems to indicate that the stimulus of a partic- ular genus of insect is given to a particular part of the host plant or is of a peculiar kind, characttristic of that genus. However, if the stimulus of two different genera of insects be applied to the same part of the plant the results may be similar. (See Part II. ) 4. Within each family we find certain morphological resem- blances ; e.£-., Aphididae. * Weismann, Essays on Heredity, Vol. I, p. 95. Ohio Naturalist. Plate i8. Cook on Gai,i^s. 272 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 7^ 5. The families show parallel lines of development from a low- form of gall structure up to a high form . e.g., Aphididae and Cynipidae. 6. I am inclined to believe that the modification of the plant tissue is purely mechanical. The loss of differentiation between palisade and mesophyll and the closing up of the intercellular spaces would be a natural result of rapid cell division. The elongation of cells in certain directions would be a natural result of mechanical tension arising from rapid growth. In the famil}^ Aphididae where the gall is primarily a folding of the leaf the elongation of the cells is parallel with the surface of the gall. In those galls where the formation is a thickening of the leaf the long axis of the cells is perpendicular to surface of the formation. 7. The presence of at least two zones, of which the inner may be considered nutritive, is very common. 8. The formation of the gall is probably an effort on the part of the plant to protect itself from an injury which is not sufficient to cause death. Both Adler and Fockeu consider that after the first stages of formation the gall becomes an independent organ- ism growing upon the host plant. 9. Trichomes are far more prominent in galls produced by mouth parts than in those produced by oviposition. 10. It appears from these studies that the histological charac- ters of the gall will prove very important in determining the characters of the species. Part II. Apicai. Bud Galls. In my third conclusion in the preceding paper I have expressed a belief that galls produced by the same genus of insects show a cided resemblance even though produced on widely different J. nts. Furthermore, this similarity seemed to be due to the par- ticular part of the host plant to which the stimulus was applied. The following study of the apical bud galls seem to indicate that when corresponding parts of different plants are stimulated: W insects of different genera that the galls produced have char- acters in common. The gall produced by Cecidomyia solidaginis Lw. (Fig. 31) is merely a large bunch of leaves at the end of the stem of Solidago. The cone-shaped gall of Cecidoviyia salicis-strobiloidcsO . S. (Fig. 32) • at the tip of the twigs of Salix is a bunch of leaves reduced in size and so compactly arranged as to produce the peculiar cone effect. A further examination of these two galls shows that the tips of the stems are enlarged and that the larval chamber is in the apex. A superficial examination of the gall of Callirhytis clavula Fitch TFig. 33 a. b. c. d.) shows no resemblance to the preceding galls- except in location at the tip of the stem. The gall is apparently Ohio Naturalist. Plate ig. MUM^ Cook on Galls. 2 74 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 7, a mere enlargement of the tip of the stem, and containing one or more larval chambers. Examination of section under a compound microscope, however, reveals a condition similar to that described for C. solidaginis and C. s.-strobiloides. Each larval chamber is in reality the apex of a bud. The 3'oung leaves of the bud are closely applied to each other and their structure unaffected b}^ the insect. As the gall developes the leaves do not unfold but assume a corky texture and in the full)^ mature gall their identity is almost lost. It is very evident that the larval chamber occupies a correspond- ing position in each of these galls. The insect prevents the elongation of the stem, thus causing the leaves of the apical bud to be bunched and reduced in size. The fact that the leaves of the Solidago reach the greatest development and those of the Quercus the least development is probably due to the char- acter of the plants. Of these three plants the growth of the Solidago is the most rapid while that of the Quercus is the slow- est. In Solidago the rapid growth may be sufficient to overcome the injury and cause the bunch of leaves ; in the Salix where the growth is not so rapid the leaves are smaller and more compact ; in the Quercus where the growth is slowest the bud never opens but becomes corky and the leaves gradually lose their identity. This work was pursued during the year i go 1-2 in the Zoolog- ical Laboratory of the Ohio State University under the direction of Professor Herbert Osborn to whom I am indebted for many valuable suggestions. LITERATURE. Only those references which were especially useful in preparing this paper are cited. 1. Adler, Hermann, M. D., " Ueber den Generations — w^ech- sel der Eichen Gallwespen" Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie. Bd. ^,s- Leipzig "Alternating Generations, a Study of Oak Gafls and Gall Flies," translated by C. R. Stratton. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 2. Ashmead, W. H. "A Bibliographical and Synon3nnical Catalogue of the North American Cynipidae with descriptions of new species." Transactions American Ent. Soc. Vol. XII, pp. 291-304. 3. Ashmead, W. H. " Synopsis of the North American Sub- families and Genera of Cynipidae." Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol. XIII, pp. 59-64. 4. Ashmead, W. H. " On the Cynipidous Galls of Florida with descriptions of new species and Synopsis of the described species of North America." Trans. Amer. Ent. vSoc. Vol. XIV, pp. 125-158. 5. Bassett, H. F. "Description of several supposed new species of Cynips, with remarks on the formation of certain Galls." Proc. Ent. Soe. of Phil. Vol. II. No. 3, pp. 323-333- Ohio Naturai^ist. Plate 20. Cook on Gali^s. 2 76 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 7, 6. Bassett, H. F. "Descriptions of several new species of Cynips, and a new species of Diastrophus. " Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Vol. Ill, pp. 679-691. 7. Beutenmueller, William. "Catalogue of Gall-producing Insects found within Fifty Miles of New York City, with Descrip- tions of their Galls, and of some new species." Am. Mu. of Nat. Hist. Vol. IV. No. I. Art. XV. pp. 245-268. 8. Fockeu, H. " Contributions a I'Histoire des Galls, Etude Anatomique de quelques especes." Imprimerie & Librarie Ca- mille Robbe. EiHe. 1889. 9. Fockeu, H. " Recherches anatomiques sur les Galls." Etude de quelques Dipterocecidies et Acarocecides." Imprimerie Typographique & Eithographiqua le Bigot Freres. 1896. 10. Garman, H. " The Phytopti and other Injurious Plant Mites." Twelfth Rep. of State Ent. on Noxious and Beneficial Insects of the State of Illinois, pp. 123-143. 1 1 . Osten-Sacken, Baron R. ' ' On the Cynipidae of the N. A. Oaks and their Galls." Proc. Ent. Soc. of Phil. Vol. I. No. 3. pp. 47-72. 12. Osten-Sacken, Baron R. " Additions and Corrections to title II." Proc. Ent. Soc. of Phil. Vol. I. No. 8. pp. 241-259. 13. Osten-Sacken, Baron R. " Contributions to the Natural History of the Cynipidae of the U. S. and of their Galls." Proc. Ent. Soc. of Phil. Vol. II. No. i. pp. 33-49- id. Vol. IV. pp. 331-380. 14. Osten-Sacken, Baron R. "Two New North American Cecidomyia." Proc. Ent. Soc. of Phil. Vol. VI. pp. 219-220. 15. Osten-Sacken, Baron R. "Biological Notes on Diptera (Galls on SolidagoJ." Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. II. pp. 299-303- 16. Packard, A. S. "Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees." Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Com. 1890. 17. Pergande, Theo. "The Life History of Two Species of Plant-Eice Inhabiting both Witch Hazel and Birch. ' ' Tech. Series. No. 9. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. of Ent., 1901. 18. Perris, E. " Galloides des Cecidomyies." Ann. de la Entom. de France, 4*^ series, t. X. 1870. 19. Riley, C. V. "The Grape Phylloxera, Phylloxera vas- tatrix, Planchon." 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th Annual Reports of the Noxious and Beneficial and other Insects of the State of Missouri. 20. Thomas, Cyrus. 8th Report of the State Ent. on the Noxious and Beneficial Insects of the State of Illinois. 1879. 21. Walsh, B. D. "On the Genera of Aphididae found in the U. S." Proc. Ent. Soc. of Phil. Vol. I. No. 9. pp. 294. 22. Walsh, B. D. " On Dimorphism of the Hymenopterous genus, Cynips, wdth an Appendix, containing hints for a new classification of Cynipidae and a list of Cynipidae, including Ohio Naturaust. Plate 2r. Cook on Gali) O o ^ ""• ' ' WRITE BY GOIJND: „ me — =— meek - — jr- get ^"^ day .^ cat -"— near ^meet — cr- make '•^-^ tray ^-sr~i - cake — cs mv "^ > keg TO BE memorized: A, an • — Can- -Good— In ■> He ^ The -Will n Period write: The lad will meet mc read: the lane. CircLilar.s (ii¥l l5ooklcKs free k) those cle.siriiv) particuiar.s coiu'ernlao i\\\ up-to-date School of I5iksiiu\s.s. IX)WU\Mr) c\l P()(.I:P5, Proprs., Coliiinlnis, 0. ^he "Ohio Naturali^t/H A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohfo. The official organ of The Biological Club of THE Ohio State University. Published monthly during the academic year, from November to June (S numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign countries, 75 cents. Single copies, 10 cents. Ediioi ■- ill - Ch ief, James S. Hine. Associate Editots. J. A. BowNOCKER, Geology, W. C. Mills, Archaeology, J. H. ScHAFFNER, Botany, Max Morse, Ornithology, F. L. Landacre, Zoology, F. J. Tyler, Ecology. Advisory Board. Prof. W. A. KellERMAN. Prof. HERBERT OSBORN. Prof. Charles S. Prosser. Address THE OHIO NATURALIST, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The Truth, The Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth. UNCONDITIONALLY THE BEST TYPEWRITER IS THE CHICAGO ^35:00 No typewriter is worth ^loo. We have made a mechanically excelling machine, and sell it for I35 We claim that it is the superior of any type- writer made. This is a broad but carefully weighed statement, and it is the truth. Awarded gold medal at the Paris Exposition, 1900, in open competition with all other makes of typewriters. Our descriptive matter tells an interesting story. Send for it and learn something about a high-grade typewriter sold at an honest price. CHICAGO WRITING MACHINE CO., 89 Wendell Street, ^ ^ ^ CHICAGO, U. S. A. BLANK BOOKS FOR FIELD NOTES ON BIRDS. AND DATA TO EGG COLLECTIONS. They arc going fast, for all Collectors find them Useful and Convenient. Nicely l)ound with imitation marble back. Field Notes in Ijooks 4x8 inches; Data Blanks in books of 100 sheets 3^x6^ inches. Satisfaction guaranteed. Write for sample sheets and prices. Address GEO. W. MORSE, Ashley, Indiana. ^uMOiit (5^m6ufatice ^erDtce. ^efcp^one 18- 1239 to 1241 (n. iiglj §ixut CofumBuB. (t)3to. KILER'S THARMACY A Complete Line of >»< DRUGS, CHOICE CANDIES, FINE STATIONERY Cor. Eighth Avenue and High Street. Telephone 553, Colurpbys, Ohio. Reports of the Geological Survey of Ohio FOR SALE. Complete Sets tuith Mips, or any of the Volumes SepArately. Address THE OHIO NATURALIST, Columbus, 0. The Ohio ^J^aturalist, PUBLISHED BY The Biological Club of the Ohio State University, Volume II, JUNE. 1902. No. 8. TABLE OF CONTENTS Kellerman and Tyler— Further Additions to the Catalogue of Ohio Plants 279 Jones— The Summer Birds of Lake Erie's Islands 281 Sanders — A New Phenacoccus on Phitanus Occidentalis 284 Sterki— Some Additions and Corrections to the List of Land and Fresh Water Mollusca of Tuscarawas Co., Ohio 286 Cockerell — A New Aspidiotus from Piniis Sylvestris 287 Dresbach— Moulds Injurious to Foods 288 Jones— An Addition to Ohio Birds 289 Tyler— Rosette Plants of Ohio 290 Tyler — Meetniir of the Biological Club 295 Table of Contents to Volume II 297 FURTHER ADDITIONS TO THE CATALOGUE OF OHIO PLANTS. W. A. Kellerman and F. J. Tyler. The species named below have not been reported before for the Ohio Flora. The first collector and locality are given for each species and a serial number prefixed to show the position of each in the Fourth State Catalogue. The Third Annual Supplement to the State Catalogue is issued simultaneously with the following list and contains a list of species reported since the second Supple- ment was published. An alphabetical list of all species reported since the publication of the Fourth State Catalogue is also in- cluded therein. Copies of the Supplement will be .sent gratis to those requesting the same. 66 a. Selaginella apus (L.) Spring. Creeping Selaginella. Perry, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 68 a. Pinus echinata Mill. Yellow Pine. Spruce Pine. Auglaize Co. A. Wetzstein. 84 a. Potamogeton heteropln-llus inj-riophyllus (Robbins) Morong. Many-leaf Pond weed. Stark Co. W. A. & K. F. Kellerman. 235 a. Poa nemoralis L. Wood Spear-grass. Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 680 a. Humulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. Japan Hop. Escaped. To- ledo, Lucas Co. F. H. Burglehaus. 715 a. Polygonum punctatum robustior Small. Water Smartweed. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 771 a. Silene antirrhina divaricata Robinson. Spreading Catchfly. Gallia Co. W. A. Kellerman. 2 So The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 8, S03 a. Scleranthus annuus L. Knawell. German Knotgrass. Paiues- ville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 887 a. Lepidium draba L. Hoary Cress. Lucas Co. F. H. Burglehaus. 898 a. Brassica oleracea L. Cabbage. Preble Co. W. A. Kellerman. 965 (7. Ribes uva-crispa L. Garden Gooseberry. Escaped. Ironton, Lawrence Co. and Columbus, Franklin Co. W. C. Werner. 988a. Rubus canadensis L. (R. millspaughii Britt.) Millspaugh's Black- berry. Ash Cave, Hocking Co. W. A. and K. F. Kellerman. 1014 a. Agrimonia pumila Muhl. Small Fruit Agrimony. Huron Co. Otto E. Jennings. 1015 a. Agrimonia brittoniana Bick. Britton's Agrimony. Farmer's Sta- tion, Clinton Co. C. P. Ingold. 1022 a. Rosa nitida Willd. Northeastern Rose. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1025 a. Rosa gallica L. French Rose. Escaped. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. ii4Sa. Liiium perenne L. Perennial Flax. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. ii62)b. Mercurialis annua L. Mercur}' Plant. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1260a. Viola palmata sororia (Willd.) Poll. Bowling Green, Wood Co. W. A. Kellerman. 1263 a. Viola emarginata (Nutt.) LeConte. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1344 a. Chaerophyllum procumbens shortii T. & G. Short's Chervil. Clermont and Butler Counties. J. F. James ; Hamilton Co. C. J. Herrick. 1431 a. Gentiana flavida A. Gr. Yellow Gentian. Lucas Co. F. H. Burglehaus. 1561 a. Monarda mollis L. Canescent Wild Bergamot. Erie Co. W. A. Kellerman and F. J. Tyler ; Cuyahoga Co. J. R. Watson. 1632 a. Veronica chamaedris L. Germander Speedwell. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 1756^. Hypochaeris radicata L. Long rooted Cat's Ear. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker. 18250. Solidago erecta Pursh. Slender Goldenrod. Ash Cave and Good- hope tp., Hocking Co., Pomeroy, Meigs Co. \V. A. Kellerman. 1926a. Crassina elegans ( Jacq. ) Kuntze. (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) Zinnia. E.scaped. Gallia Co. W. A. Kellerman. J973a. Galinsoga parviflora hispida DC. Hispid Galinsoga. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker, June, 1902.] Summer Birds of Lake Erie's Islands. 281 THE SUMMER BIRDS OF LAKE ERIE'S ISLANDS. LvNDs Jones. During the year several places in the state were visited in the interest of the ' Revised Catalog.' The first in April, to McCon- nelsville in ^Morgan county ; a second to Medina, in Medina county ; and a third to the islands of Lake Erie, not to mention several minor trips. It is of the third of these principal trips that I wish to speak, because it was planned with special reference to work on the ' Revised Catalog,' and was of more value as deter- mining the northern range of several sp:cies whose summer homes are supposed to lie much farther south. This field work was planned in conjunction with Rev. W. L. Dawson, of this cit}^ with whom the best of my ornithological work has been done. A kindred spirit with whom such work becomes recreation of the most satisfactory kind. Family, church and college duties prevented an earlier start than the 5th da}^ of August. True, that was pretty late to study the summer birds, many of which must be in the annual molt, but, as it proved, there were but few from farther north, and those among the water birds. We were most concerned about the land birds which regularly breed upon these islands. The landing on Middle Bass at six on the evening of the 5th left little time for study of the birds before going into camp. The best part of the next morning was given to a study of the birds swarming on the mud fiats of the lagoon back of the large wine cellars. Such a company of swamp loving birds as here greeted us it has never been my privilege to see elsewhere. Of the 15 species recorded the Least and Semipalmated Sandpipers, Semi- palmated Plovers and King Rails were the most interesting. Of the 42 species recorded for this island, there was nothing else of any special interest. A row boat proved the only available conveyance, and with the light airs usually prevailing, was very satisfactory. Twice the seas ran high, but that served only to add zest to our outing. A day spent on North Bass yielded little of interest among the 34 recorded species, except a Carolina Wren, in the hedge by the church, and a pair of hoary old Bald Eagles spooning in their nest near the west side. No Yellow Warblers were seen north of this island. The island commonly known as Big Chicken — the most south- erly of the group of the Hen and Chickens — proved second only in interest of all the islands visited. Apparently formed by the stones pushed up by the ice during late winter, it stands 15 or 20 feet clear of the water, the loose stones thrown into windrows bj' ice and waves. Two fair sized trees and a bed of nettles are the 282 The Ohio Xaturalist. [Vol. II, No. 8, only land vegetation. A small fish-house stands under the larger tree, and seems to furnish a shelter for the terns during violent storms. Here we found only Common and Black Terns and Spot- ted Sandpipers and a single Bronzed Gackle. No doubt the sand- pipers had reared their >oung here. Of the terns we estimated the Black at 20 and the Common at 2000 individuals, many of the latter young of the year. A careful count of the nests and eggs and squabs resulted as follows : Nests with eggs 232, without eggs 94 ; eggs 370 ; squabs 26 ; very young 25. Of the eggs by far the larger proportion were cracked and dry. Perhaps a quar- ter of them were pipped or almost ready to hatch. A few were rotten without being dry. The Chick island lies about a quarter of a mile a little east of due north from Big Chicken. It is a narrow rock reef, which the waves would easily wash over in storms were there water of more than a foot in depth within several rods of it. Smart weeds (Polygonum) grow in abundance along its eastern side. Here w'e saw some 1500 Common and 500 Black Terns, 20 American Herring Gulls, which were knee deep in the water on the north west extending reef, two Black Ducks and two Spotted Sandpipers. Fifty-one nests of the Common Tern were counted here, with the proportion of eggs and young as on Big Chicken. If the first island be called Big Chicken, and the smallest one Chick, why not call the middle sized one just Chicken? Anyway it is another rock reef with relatively little drift rock anywhere upon it. It lies well above storm waves because the water about it is so shallow. There is an abundant growth of smart weed, even to the water's edge, with a bunch of willows, each of which is about 6 inches in diameter, besides a considerable growth of smaller willows along the north side. The back-bone of this reef is without any sort of vegetation. Here the Common and Black Terns, the same two Black Ducks, and three Spotted Sandpipers greeted our arrival. There were 71 nests of the Common Tern on this rock. The Black Terns numbered about 200 individuals, and the Common perhaps 1700. The Black Terns were clearly not breeding on any of these islands, nor were the American Her- ring Gulls. The heat upon the rocks was so excessive that it seemed extremely doubtful if any of the very young terns could survive. The nests were fairly well made of grass and drift ma- terial, but were exposed to the weather. I noticed one nest which was nothing but a dry fish. We were a little surprised to find Red-winged Blackbirds and Bronzed Grackles evidently breeding on the high and dry Hen island. Here, too, the House Wren had found a domicil. The seven acres of this loam-covered rock are covered by a considera- ble growth of hackberry trees, with a few rock maples interspersed, and a liberal fringe of willows. A fine peach orchard is an acqui- June, 1902,] Summer Birds of Lake Erie's Islands. 283 sitiou. Also a few plum trees. The club and dwelling house have driven the gulls and terns away. The row to North Harbor in the gloaming discovered to us converging lines of Purple Martins. A near approach to the island revealed the point of convergence to be the largest tree on the island, at its southernmost point. It was not possible to even estimate approximately the numbers forming this roost, but the tree was clearly well filled. There must have been 2000 birds among its branches. We thought we had heard and seen terns be- fore. Camp had to be pitched right in the midst of them. Here we had the first sight of terns roosting perched upon the trees. They were a little awkward in getting settled, but seemed per- fectly at home once the wings were safely folded. The dense growth of trees and brush, over the largest part of the island, made a count of the nests impossible. It is safe to say, however, that the population exceeded all that we had thus far seen. Here, too, we found nests and dry eggs of Red-winged Blackbirds and Bronzed Grackles. Here, on this most northern outlier of the group, were Wood Pewee, Kingbird, Cedar Wax- wing, Goldfinch, and even Carolina Wren, and a probable Red- e^-ed Vireo. On the sunny eastern side we saw the most very young terns, and several well fed black snakes. The birds and snakes seemed to be the only land vertebrates. The island itself is interesting, and but for the terns would be a delightful place to spend the summer months were it not so far frnm any base of supplies. Where the rocks are exposed they are deeply furrowed by glacial scratches. A few hours spent on East Sister island was fruitful in the dis- covery of species not seen hitherto. Here, again, were the Caro- lina Wrens and the others seen on North Harbor, and besides them the Cardinal, the Marsh Hawk, Crow, Indigo Bunting, Song Sparrow, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Redstart and Robin. East Sister is an island so large in extent and so varied in physical features and vegetation that one is not surprised to find a large and varied bird population. Of course these six islands : the Hen and three Chickens, North Harbor and East Sister, do not belong to Ohio, being in the Canadian possessions, but they lie so directly in con- tinuation with the Bass group that a study of their population is necessary to understand fully the more southern islands. This brief study of this really large group of islands proved what I had every reason to expect, that it is by this route that many of our migratory species reach Canada. It forms a natural highway for the birds of weaker wing who wander westward along the shore of the lake to find here an easy crossing place. And it is this stream of migration whose strong current sweeps along with it such usually southern species as the Cardinal and Carolina Wren until they find congenial quarters upon the islands well to 284 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 8, the north where the rigor of winter and the heat of summer are both ahke tempered by the surrounding lake. The islands visited were : Middle and North Bass, Sugar, the Hen and three chickens, North Harbor, East Sister-^nine in all. Fifty-eight species were recorded for the whole archipelago, 42 of which were found on Middle Bass. Of these 58 species there were possibly six which were from further north, having already started on their southward journe}-. During the spring migrations this chain of islands should be a Mecca for the bird student. There can be but little doubt that it is the highway for many rare species. Oberlin, Ohio. A NEW PHENACOCCUS ON PLATANUS OCCIDEN- TALIS. J. G. vSanders. Plienacocciis [Paroudablis) osborni, n. sp. : — Female (adult) is 2 to 2 ■'aiiim. in length, and i to ij4mm. in breadth, is flesh-colored and covered with a slight, white powdery secretion. There are seventeen very short, inconspic- uous, lateral filaments on each side. Although the filaments are short, spin- nerets and numerous hairs are scattered over the surface of the bod}', being especially numerous in the cephalic region. On the anterior ventral margins of the second and third segment, are two large spiracles. The anal lobes, bear each, two long hairs and three short ones, besides the spines. The large, retracted anal ring bears the customary six long hairs, and is conspicuously dotted. The eyes are prominent, though not large. The antennae are eight jointed, the eighth joint, in many specimens, having a tendency to divide. The formula is as follows : 8, 3, 2 (4, 5,) i (6, 7). The legs are well devel- oped and darker in color than the body ; the tibia being nearly three times the length of the tarsi, and bearing a pair of strong spines on the distal end. Numerous hairs are borne by the tarsi but no noticeable digitules. A pair of knobbed digitules is borne by the long single-toothed claws. The eggs are long-elliptical, golden-brown, rather firm, measuring .3mni. x.ismm. Male (adult) is an active, well-constructed insect ; the thorax constituting one-half the length of the individual. Measurements : From tip of head to tip of abdomen, .85mm. ; wing expanse, 2.8nmi. From tip of head to tip of folded wings along dorso-median line, i.smni. ; length of wing, i.25mni. ; width of wing, .55mm. ; length of balancers, .imm. Caudal filaments, two about 1.25mm., and two about mini, in length. Front legs ; femur .25nim., tibia .35111111., tarsus, .12mm., claw .03mm. in length. Hind legs; femur .3miii., tibia .4mni., tarsus .13mm., claw .03111111. in length. Antennae are imm. in length, the joints measuring ; ist, 45mmni., 2nd 60, 3rd, 160, 4th, 150, 5th, 135, 6th, 120, 7th, 96, Sth, 75, 9th, 63, loth, 90. Formula : 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 8(9, 2,) I. June, 1902.] New Phenacoccus on Platanus Occidentalis. 285 Color : Head, dark reddish-brown ; eyes, blackish ; thorax, reddish-brown except dark, chitinous parts ; abdomen light-brown tinged with yellow. An- tennae,, reddish-brown ; legs, brown to olivaceous with dark-brown tarsi. Caudal filaments, white ; wings, semi-transparent with iridescent rose-tint in strong light. Balancers, darker, slighth- chitinous on costal margin, bearing one long, hooked claw which fits into a pocket in the wing. Although the head is very small and much reduced, and bears four reddish ocelli, the thorax is very large and well developed and bears a black, shield- shaped chitinous plate on the meso-scutum, from which three dark, chitinous bands extend to the anterior margin of the thorax. The legs are long and hairy for their entire length ; the tibia bear a pair of strong spines on their distal extremity ; the tarsi are armed with numerous spines ; the claws are long and curved, and bear a sharp denticle on the ven- tral margin, near the tip. Two knobbed digitules are present, extending beyond the tip of the claw. EXPI,.A.NATlON OF PLATE. Fig. I — Adult male. Fig. 2— Balancer with hook fitting into pocket in wing. Fig. 3 — Posterior tarsus of male. Fig. 4 — .\dult female. Fig. 5 — Pos- terior tarsus of female. Fig. 6 — Lateral lobe of abdominal extremity of female. Fig. 7a— Left antenna of female. Fig. 7ii> — Right antenna of female. The males were foiitid emerging from the piipa-case.s from April 13 to iS, and taking wing readil)'. The females were found, during the winter, under loose bark on the trunks and larger limbs of Platanus occidentalis on the campus of Ohio State Ihiiversity at Coltimbus. Not abundant. A Chalcid parasite was reared from specimens collected in Feb- ruary. The above description and drawings were submitted to Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, to whom the author is greatly indebted for 2 86 The Ohio Naturalist [Vol. II, No. 8, his expert opinion and valuable suggestions. Prof. Cockerell says, " It appears to be a perfectly good species," and adds, " There is a Phe7iacocciis plataiiiow Platanus in Europe. This differs from 3'our insect as follows: (i) It (female) is larger ; nearly 4mm. long. (2) It has a donsal band. (3) It has the second antennal joint longer than the third (which is also the case in P. Iuiia)if/ii, P, soloiopsis, P. 7viiiua{tae, etc. " P/ic7iacocais piceae has X.\\& ss.\\\Q size as your species, but it also has the long second joint ; its color is orange or pink, and the male is pink or flesh color, with the apodema and scutellum red. It lives on Abies in Austria." SOME ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF TUSCARAWAS CO., OHIO.* Dr. V. Sterki. After 53 add : Conulus chersinus Gld. Common. It seems to be distinct from fulvus. 64 is Limnaea kirtlandiana Lea, near reflexa Say. After 66 add : Limnaea umbilicata Ad. Pools and ditches, scarce. 67 is Limnaea caperata Say. It is ver}- common in Summit and Portage Counties. 82 and 86 are good species, according to Walker, but are not 3'et published. 88 Physa gyrina Say is regarded as a distinct species by lead- ing conchologists ; 89 may be a small local form of it. After 88 add : Physa elliptica Lea, according to Walker. Pools and ditches ; not common. 90 is Physa integra Say. 91 may be glabra DeKay ; equals elongatina Lewis. So writes Mr. Bryant Walker, who is examining it. 92a. Campeloma rufa Hald. Not common ; ditches. A rather elevated form. 105 to 145. Since the list was written, C. T. Simpson's Syn- op.sis of the Naiades (Unionidae) has been publi.shed. In this a number of additional genera are recognized, and some specific names changed. It would take too much space here to enumer- ate the changes in detail ; the species in the list in themselves are correct except 143 and 144, which are mere forms of Anodonta grand is. After 146 add : Sphaerium solidulum Pr. Tuscarawas River and races. •■'Eighth Annual Rcp( rt of the Ohio State Academy of Science, p. "o. June, 1902.] New Aspidiotus from Pinus Sylvestris. 28' After 153 add : Calyculina truncata Linsley. Pools and ditches ; common. It is distinct from C. partumeia and securis. After 163 add : Pisidium trapezoideum Sterki. Spring brook- let in Stone Creek Valley and ditches. The .species is known from Pennsylvania to North Carolina and Michigan. In the printed list there is a large number of typographical errors. A few of them may be corrected here : No. 28 should be curvidens ; 44, exiguus ; 70, bicarinatus ; 98, Pomatiopsis : 100, Pleurocera ; loi, lithasioides ; 108, subo- vatus : 117, verrucosus; 145, hermaphroditic; 157, cruciatum. A NEW ASPIDIOTUS FROM PINUS SYLVESTRIS. T. D. A. COCKERELI.. Aspidiotus {Diaspidiohis) glandidiferiis n. sp. Female scale larare, 2 mm. diameter, slightlv convex, blackish fthe color of the bark), with large subcentral to sublateral orange-ferruginous or almost vermillion exuviae, readily exposed by rubbing. Re- moved from the bark, the scale leaves a conspicuous white patch. Male scale oval, broad, with covered exuviae and a white dot and ring. Female, broad oval, with a deep constriction between head and thorax; the thoracic segments also strongl_v marked by lateral constrictions. Color bright orancre ; candal margin stained with dark red brown. Anal orifice extremely small, level «-itli second dorsal gland of first row. Five groups of circumgenital glands ; median 4, anterior laterals 16 to 17, posterior laterals 7 to 8, Dorsal pores very numerous, in four series; the first (below first interlobular incision) of three in a row ; the second of 17, and then altera short break, 9 more ; the third of over 30 ; the fourth (in an irregular line commencing near the margin ) of about 11. Median lobes very large but broad and low, hardly at all produced ; second lobes similar but smaller and more or less serrulate on the margin; third lobes represented by a small angular prominence ; plates spine-like, the larger one of the first in- terlobular interval slightly branched ; spines quite large, chiti- nous thickenings of the first interlobular interval rather short and thick, straight, subequal, but the inner the larger. Habitat : Abundant on small branches of Piiius sylvestris on the campus of the Ohio State University, Columbus, O., collected by Mr. J. G. Sanders. On the leaves of the same tree are some CInonaspis pinifoliae Fitch. o Dorsal view, posterior end ot abdomen of A. glanduliferus. 2 88 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 8, A. glanduUferus is related to A. ostreaforin/s, and has, I sus- pect, been introduced from Europe, although not yet known there. It is very easily distinguished from ostrcaformis hy the much more numerous dorsal glands, the form of the second lobe, and the position of the anal orifice ; the shape of the female is also different. It is also closely allied to .4. fernaldi Ckll., but that, while similar in the shape of the insect and the form of the lobes, differs by the very unequal processes of the first interlobular interval, the much smaller anterior lateral groups of circumgenital glands, and the fewer dorsal glands, which are in fernaldi about as fol- lows : First series of 3, .second of 9, third of 13, fourth of S. It is also close to A. fernaldi albiventer Hunter, but that has not enough dorsal glands ; the form of the median lobes is dif- ferent, and the anterior lateral group of glands does not exceed 12. {A. fernaldi albiventer \s the same as A. fernaldi cockerelli; the Canadian Entomologist containing the latter was published before the Kansas Universit}' Quarterly containing the former, but Prof. Hunter privately distributed separates in December, before the Can. Entomologist appeared. Mr. Parrot's designa- tion was the first in Mss. ) A. glanduUferus differs from A. erhorni Coleman M.ss. (on Abies in California) by the much smaller anal orifice, more numerous dorsal glands, well developed second lobe, shape of insect, etc. MOULDS INJURIOUS TO FOODS. M.\RV DrESB.'VCH. The moulds include a number of exceedingly common sapro- phytes which make their appearance on various kinds of organic matter. They differ greatly in form, size and color and belong to widely separated orders. As a rule the vegetative state con- sists of filaments or hyphae which intertwine or interlace, giving rise to an aracnoid or felt-like m5'celiuni. Many of these organ- isms, especially the common moulds, occasionall}^ pass through a .sexual reproductive stage, though more conunonly reproduction is accomplished by means of nonsexual spores or conidia. The various groups of moulds are widely distributed and grow very easily. When the spores are set free they are caught in currents of air and held suspended in the atmosphere to such an extent that in most living rooms hundreds of spores are floating around. The nonsexual spores are produced in such enormous numbers that whenever a proper food supply and proper environ- ment are at hand an abundant crop of mould is developed. June, 1902.] Moulds Injurious to Foods. 289- Proper methods of checking or preventing the growth of moulds should receive serious attention, since these fungi form an impor- tant problem in the household, and also in the army where the preservation of bread and other articles of food for considerable periods of time is necessary' . The following are orders and families of fungi which contain species injurious in the household : Bacteriat^ES— Coccaceae, Bacillaceae, Spirillaceae. MucoRAEES— Mucoraceae. SaccharomycetaeES— Saccharoniycetaceae. ASPERGILLAEES — Gvmnoascaceae, Aspergillaceae. MoNiEiAEES — Mncedinaceae, Denialiaceae, Tuberculariaceae. The following is a list of the more important moulds : J//u'orac'eae. Mucor stoloiiifer. Common bread mould. Grows on bread, cake, decay- ing fruit and vegetables. ]VIucor mucedo. On fruits, bread, etc. Mucor racemo.sus. On decaj-ing vegetables, fruit, and bread. Mucor spinosus. On moist bread and decaj-ing vegetables. Mucor rhizopodiformis. Not uncommon on moist bread. Thanuiidium elegans. On various articles, as bread, paste, etc. Aspergillaceae. Penicillum crustaceum. The most universal mould in the world. On decaying or preserved fruits, bread, pie, milk, potatoes, chocolate, etc. Aspergillus herbariorum. A imiversal mould on bread, cheese, peach preserves, plum butter, mince meat, etc. Aspergillus repens. Grows in the same substrata as A. herbariorum. Aspergillus niger. On moist vegetables. Mucedinaceae. Oospora lactis. On milk and cheese. Oospora fasciculata. On oranges. Monilia fructigena. On peaches, plums, and cherries. Trichothecium roseum. On various plant and animal products, fruits,, vegetables, sweet potatoes, etc. AN ADDITION TO OHIO BIRDS. Mr. Irving A. Field, of Dennison University, Oranville, an- nounces the capture of a European Widgeon ( Mareca penelope) on the picking Reservoir, Saturday morning, March 29, 1902, by Mr. Peter Haydeu of Columbus. This European species has been found in the eastern parts of the United vStates several times, but this is the first one on record for Ohio. It is the more interesting as coming from near the center of the state. Ohio's artificial bodies of water have proved great attractions to more than one rare species of birds. Lvnds Jones. 290 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 8, ROSETTE PLANTS OF OHIO. Frederick J. Tvlkr. Among the many forms of vegetation represented in Ohio, the rosette is not the least interesting and remarkable. There are about 155 species and varieties of plants in the State which ex- hibit this habit during some period of their life history and since many of them are very abundant and some are classed as bad weeds, they form a conspicuous and important part of the flora. Rosette plants are characterized by a basal tuft or whorl of leaves which may be persistent ( perpetual rosettes, as the com- mon Dandelion) or may disappear as the plant reaches maturity (temporary rosettes, as the Mulleins and most other rosette- biennials). This basal tuft of leaves is due to a shortening (non-development ) of the interuodes of the stem, thus bringing the leaves close together. The amount of stem reduction may be approximated by counting the number of leaves in a rosette and comparing with the number of leaves on a flowering stem of the same plant. The stem forming the central axis of the rosette of Onagra biennis, the common Evening Primrose, will be found to bear 50 to 70 times as many leaves as the .same space of flow- ering stem. In other words a stem length of 13 to 17 in. has been shortened to )/( in. The advantage of the rosette habit is chiefly in the protection which it affords from extremes of temperature and from drying winds, browsing animals, etc. The typical rosette rarely projects more than an inch or so above the ground and the leaves are usually spread out flat upon the surface. In Winter the rosette is well protected by even a light blanket of .snow and is often partially covered by the debris of higher vegetation which has been cut down b}^ frost. In this latitude the majority of rosette plants are biennials, that is, plants which complete their life cycle in two years, spending the first year in getting a foothold, tstablishing a strong root system, and usually in storing up some reserve food material. The next year they start out vigorously on their lifework of pro- ducing seed. It is easily seen that the ro.sette habit is peculiarly adapted to the needs of a biennial during its first year's growth. It is compact, well protected for the Winter and the preservation of reserve food material is made ea.sy. But for the all important work of the second year the rosette is not at all adapted. Now it is too compact, only a limited amoinit of foliage can be borne by the short stem, and not enough space can be given to the pro- duction of flowers and fruit. So the biennial abandons the rosette habit at the beginning of the second growing sea.son and grows up into a tall, branching herb. Familiar examples are the Turnip, June, 1902.] Rosette Plants of Ohio. 291 Salsif}', and Parsnip of the garden. The natural tendency of the rosette plant, in these cases, to store up food for the second 3-ear's growth is taken advantage of by gardeners and a valuable food plant results. In the temperate zone, under the favorable conditions for plant growth that obtain in our State, not many perennials find it advan- tageous to retain the rosette habit beyond the critical period in their life history which lies between the sprouting of the seed and the establishment of a strong, underground stem or root system. At this period the rosette is replaced by an aerial, flowering stem as, for example, with the Canada Thistle, Carduus arvensis. This fact is noted by Prof. Lyster H. Dewey in Bulletin 27, Div. of Bot., U. S. Dept. of Agr. He says : " Canada Thistle is usually first introduced into new localities by the seed. The seed germi- nates and a rosette of leaves lying almost flat on the ground is first formed. * * The following year a flowering stalk branching at the top grows up to a height from one to three feet (20 to loocm. ) rarely higher." Fig. I. tr, close rosette of Oiiagra biennis ; d, open rosette of Geranium carolinianum ; c, perpetual rosette of Tetraneuris acaulis. The perennials which retain the rosette habit throughout their life histor}' may be termed perpetual rosettes. In Ohio they are few in number and are mostly scapose or acaulescent plants as the Dandelion, Taraxacum taraxacum ; English Daisy, Bellis peren- nis ; lyakeside Daisy, Tetraneuris acaulis ; and Plantain, Plantago sp. One group of perpetual rosettes, however, is not acaulescent, having solved the problem of being low rosette plants and at the same time having aerial flowering stems. This is accomplished by the plant sending out lateral branches from the axils of its rosette leaves. These lateral branches grow outwards and up- ^vards, flowering and fruiting freely but not enough to exhaust 292 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 8, the plant. Examples are the early Avens, Geum vermin ; and Tooth-leaved Cress, Arabis deutata. Under less favorable conditions the perpetual rosette is more abundant. In dry, tropical deserts, for instance, a certain special- ized form of the rosette is very common. This is the succulent leaf type (Agave, Echeveria, Sempervivum, etc. ) Also in Alpine and Polar regions the perpetual rosettes occur in great numbers. A few annuals form a small and imperfect rosette soon after sprouting from the seed and before they send up an aerial stem, and at least two annuals in our Flora are acaulescent. The.se are Plantago aristata and Plantago virginica. Most of the advantages of a ro.sette habit are lost to an annual so that one may well believe that an annual ro.sette plant was once longer lived than it is now. Rosettes may be termed open or close when the leaves are loosely arranged, as with the Cranesbill, Geranium molle ; or crowded, as with the Evening Primrose, Onagra biennis. In a few cases the rosette is not basal but is located at the end of a leaf}- stem of some length as with the common sedum, Sedum terna- tum. Rosettes of leaves are formed three or four feet above the ground, on the end of .stems of Polymnia canadensis, and are brought down close to the surface in Autumn by the reclining stems. In this latitude, however, they do not survive th^ Winter. Rosette plants exhibit .some interesting adaptations for pro- tection from cold, such as the geotropic curvature of the leaves and the development of red color. If a leaf of a rosette of Smooth Mullein, Verbascum blattaria, or of the common Tea.sel, Dip.sacus sylvestris, be examined late in October it will be seen that it is pre-s.sed tightly against the surface of the ground, and if the entire plant is dug up and placed in a collecting case for a few hours the leaves will be found turned downwards so far that they are parallel with the tap root and form a cup around it. During the same season of the year the leaves of many rosette plants are quite red or purple. This is due to a sul)stance ki:own as antho- cyan. It is the same red coloring matter that is present in the unfolding leaves and twigs of Red Maple, Acer rubrum, and Soft Maple, Acer saccharinum. Anthocyan changes some of the rays of light, which pass through it, into heat and is of much impor- tance in the economy of the plant during the cold days of Autunni and Spring. The leaves of a clo.se rosette are often arranged very nicely to prevent the lower being shaded. This is accomplished by a spiral arrangement and by the elongation of petioles of lower leaves. It might be expected, in case of perpetual rosettes, that the plant would gradually grow out of the ground but this is coun- teracted by a .shortening of the roots which pulls the plant back. vSometimes the rosette is pulled down so as to form a small pit, at June, 1902.] Rosette Plants of Ohio. 29: the bottom of which is the terminal bud. This can be well seen in case of the Dandelion in Autumn. Probably this serves to protect the plant from cold as well. In making up a list, such as follows, one soon finds that a line must be drawn where none exists and that plants must be excluded that are ver}- little different from some that are included. In au}^ such group a series of gradations may be found that lead to one or more other groups. In these lists only those plants have been included in whose life history the rosette plays quite an important part. LIST OF BIENNIAL ROSETTE PLANTS. AUiaria alliaria Arabis canadensis Araliis brachycarpa Arabis glabra Arabis lyrata Arabis laevigata Arabis hirsuta Arabis patens Arabis virginica Arctium lappa Arctium majus Arctium minus Barbarea barbarea Bursa bursa-pastoris Cardamine hirsuta Carduus altissimus Carduus discolor Carduus lanceolatus Carduus muticus Carduus odoratus Carduus virginianus Carum carui Cichorium intybus Cynoglossum officinale Daucus carota Digitalis lutea Digitalis purpurea Dipsacus SA'lvestris Erysimum cheiranthoides Erysimum asperum Frasera carolinensis Gaura biennis Gaura parviflora Gnaphalium decurrens Gnaphalium purpureum Lactuca canadensis Dactuca floridana Lactuca hirsuta Lactuca sagittaefolia Ivactuca saligna lyactuca scariola Lactuca spicata Lactuca spicata integrifolia Lactuca virosa Lappula virginiana Lepidium apetalum Lepidium campestre Lepidium virginicum Linaria canadensis Lithospermum arvense Lobelia leptostachys Lobelia spicata Ljchnis coronaria Mariana mariana Oenothera lacinata Oenothera rhombipetata Onagra biennis Onagra biennis grandiflora Onagra oakesiana Onopordon acanthium Pastinaca sativa Potentida argentea Potentilla canadensis Potentilla monspeliensis Potentilla paradoxa Potentilla puniila Ranunculus abortivus Ranunculus micranthus Ranunculus sceleratus Raphanus raphanistrum Raphanus sativus Roripa palustris Rudbeckia hirta Salvia lyrata Sisymbrium altissimum Sisymbrium officinale Sophia pinnata Tragopogon porrifolius Tragopogon pratensis Verbascum blattaria Verbascum thapsus. 294 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 8, ANNUAL rosette; PLANTS. Adopogon carolinianuni Bursa bursa-pastoris Camelina saliva Crepis tectorum Crepis virens Draba Carolinian a Draba verna Echiuui vulgare Erigeron annnus Erigeron raniosus Erodium cicutarium Geranium carolinianuni Geranium columbinum Geranium molle Geranium pusillum Gnaphalium obtusifolium Leplilon canadense Planlago aristata Plantago virginica Stenophragma thaliana Thlaspi arvense. PERPETUAL ROSETTE PLANTS. Adopogon virginicum Arnoseris minima Bellis perennis Geum vernum Hieracium pilosella Houstonia coerulea Hypochaeris glabra H^-pochaeris radicata Lavauxia triloba Leontodon autumnale Leontodon haslilis Plantago cordata Plantago lanceolata Plantago major Plantago rugellii Taraxacum erythrospermum Taraxacum taraxacum Tetraneuris acaulis. PERENNIAL PLANTS WHICH FORM TEMPORARY ROSETTES. Achillea millefolium Antennaria fallax Antennaria neglecta Antennaria plantaginifolia Antennaria parlenii Antennaria parlenii ambigens Antennaria parlenii arnoglossa Campanula rapunculoides Campanula rotundifolia Carduus arvensis Chr\santliemum leucanthemum Erigeron philadelphicus Erigeron pulchellus Geum rivale Geum striclum Geum virginianum Hieracium gronovii Hieracium scabrum Hieracium paniculatum Houstonia ciliolata Houstonia longifolia Houstonia purpurea Houstonia tenuifolia Lobelia kalmii Polemonium reptans Rumex acetosella Samolus floribundus Saxifraga pennsjdvanica Saxifraga virginiensis Sedum ternatum Senecio aureus Senecio balsamitae Senecio obovatus Valeriana edulis Valeriana panciflora Valeriana sylvatica. Imperfect rosettes are formed by members of the following genera : Viola Aletris Hottonia Clintonia Sarracenia Spathyema Drosera Peramium Rumex P^■rola Osmunda Parnassia Dryopteris Alisma. June, 1902.] Meeting of the Biological Club. 295 MEETING OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB. TowxsHEND Hall, April Sth, 1902. The Club was called to order by the president and the minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. The paper of the evening was given by Prof. Cook, who described the various marine biological laboratories of the United States, and illustrated by means of lantern slides from views taken at the laboratories and in their vicinities. The first laboratory of this kind was established on Penekese Island by Prof. Agassiz in 1873. It closed in 1875. Next a laboratory was opened at Annis- quan, Massachusetts, by Dr. Hyatt. This is supported by the Woman's Educational >Society of Boston and the Boston Society of Natural History. The marine biological laboratory at Wood's Holl was estab- lished in 1 888. The first 3'ear there were nine investigators and eight students. Now the attendance is about a hundred and fifty each year. The U. S. Fish Commission station is also located at Wood's Holl and Penekese Island is about 13 miles distant. Two other laboratories are situated on the Atlantic Coast, one at Casco Bay, Me., under the direction of Prof. Kingsley, and the other at Cold Springs Harbor, Long Island. On the Pacific Coast there are two laboratories, one of which is controlled by Leland Stan- ford Jr. University. This is at Pacific Grove, California, and was established in 1892. The LTniversity of Minnesota started a lab- oratory on Vancouver Island in 1901. Orton Hall, May 5, 1902. President Mills being absent, the meeting was called to order by the Vice-President, Mr. Morse. The first paper w^as by Mr. Davis, and was a review of experiments performed by students in horticulture on the absorption of w^ater by seeds. Prof. Hine gave notes on the life histories of some of the Tabanidae, and mentioned some means of combatting them, which have been tried with more or less success. Prof. Schaffner spoke of the conjugation of Spirogyra and of the development of sex in the lower algae. The Club adjourned to meet the first IMonday evening in June. Orton Hall. June 2, 1902. Under the head of "Personal Observations," Prof. Schaffner mentioned some woody plants which he has lately found to self- prune. He also gave some notes on the anatomy of flowers of Castalia and Nymphaea. Prof. Cook explained the formation of 296 The Ohio Xaturalist. [Vol. II, No. 8, certain bud-galls on oak which have usually been termed stem- galls. The occurrence and habits of the seventeen-year Cicada were discussed by several members of the Club. A committee of three was appointed b}^ the President to nom- inate members for the editorial staff of the Ohio Naturalist for the coming year. The committee reported, but action on the report was deferred to an adjourned meeting to be held Thursday, June 5, at four o'clock. F. J. Tyler, Secretary. DONATIONS TO THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. State and General Herbariums — From Prof. Sargent, 115 speci- mens of woody plants. From Mr. F. H. Burglehaus, Toledo, Ohio, 25 specimens of fungi, 20 mosses, 25 ferns and 135 flower- ing plants. Botanic Garden — From Mr. Otto Hacker, Painesville, Ohio, 30 species of living plants. Zoological Museum — Mr. James Judge, Seal Islands, Alaska, an adult male specimen of the fur seal, Callorhinus alascanus, which has been mounted and is now in place in the museum. Pages 279-298 mailed June 10. June, 1902.] Table of Contents. 297 Table of Contents for Volume II., Nov. 1901, to June, 1902. Algological Surve}- of Ohio, Proposed. Kellerman. 219. Announcements. 131. Aspidiotus, A New Species From Pinus silvestris. Cockerell. 287. Athysanus, A Review of the North American Species of. Osborn and Ball. 231. Biological Club, Meeting of. Hine. 145. Biological Club, Meeting of. Tyler. 147, 192, 214, 230, 262, 295. Birds of Cedar Point, Sandusky. Baird. 143. Birds of Lake Erie's Islands, The Summer. Jones. 281. Birds, An Addition to Ohio. Jones. 289. Botanical Correspondence. Kellerman. 159, 1S8, 213. Botanical Terms, On the Use of some Common. Schaffner. 215. Coleoptera of Cu3'ahoga Count}-, Ohio. Bubna. 193. Diptera, New or Little Known. Hine. 22S. Entomological Study, Helps in. Osborn. 140. Fishes Taken Near Salem, Ohio. Williamson. 165. Fungi, Ohio. Kellerman. 135, 205. Fungi, Note and Correction to Ohio. Kellerman. 161. Galls and Insects Producing Them. Cook. 263. Geophilous Plants of Ohio. Tyler. 132. Insects, Note on Neuroptoid. Hine. 190. Insects, Observations on. Hine. 169. Leaf Hoppers, Remarks on the Study of. Osborn. 224. Mallophagan Records and Descriptions. Osborn, 175, 2or. Myriopods from Vinton, Ohio. Morse. 187. Moulds Injurious to Foods. Dresbach. 28S. Mollusca, Some Additions and Corrections to the Tuscarawas County List. Sterki. 286. Ohio State x\cademy of Science, Meeting of. 156. Osars, A Possible Cause of. Colton. 257. Phyllosticta, A New Species of. Ellis and Kellerman. 223. Phj'llosticta alcides, A Corrected Description of. 262. Poison Ivy and Ivy Poisoning. Kellerman. 227. Plant Notes, Minor. Kellerman. 179. Plants, Climbing of Ohio. Dufour. 197. Plants, Fifty Additions to the Catalogue of Ohio. Kellerman. 157. Plants, Further Additions to the Catalogue of Ohio. Kellerman and Tyler. 279. Plants, Trailing and Creeping of Ohio. Dufour. 261. Plants, The Maximum Height of. Schaifner. 142. Phenacoccus, A New Species on Platanus occidentalis. Sanders. 2S4. Rosette Plants of Ohio. Tyler. 290. 314^ ) 298 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. II, No. 8, Salamander, An Abnormal. Williamson. 141. Salamanders Taken at Sugar Grove. Morse. 164. Self-Pruning of Woody Plants. Schaffner. 171. Smut Infection Experiments. Kellerman and Jennings. 258. Summer's Work at Sandusky. 141. Tabanidae, Collecting. Hine. 167. Travel in Porto Rico, Notes on. Griggs. 162. Water-Snake, Variations in the. Morse. 1S3. Warblers Nesting Near Cincinnati. Dury. 182. Warblers, Notes on Nesting at Fort Ancient. Densmore. 134. Woody Plants, Self Pruning of. Schaffner. 171. INDEX TO AUTHORS. Baird, R. L. 143. Ball, E. D. 231. Bubna, Mat. 193. Cockerell, T. D. A. 287. Colton. Geo. H. 257. Cook, Melville T. 263. Densmore, Ray. 134. Dresbach, Miss Mary. 288. Dufour, Miss Alice. 197, 261. Dury, Charles. 182. Ellis, J. B. 223. Griggs, Robert F. 162. Hine, J. S. 145, 167, 169, 190, 228. Jones, Lj'uds. 2S1, 289. Jennings, O. E. 258. Kellerman, W. A. 135, 157, 159, 161, 179, 188, 205, 213, 219, 223, 227, 258, 279. ]\Iorse, INIax. 164, 183, 187. Osborn, Herbert. 175, 201, 224, 231. Sanders, J. G. 284. Schaffner, J. H. 142, 171, 215. Sterki, Dr. V. 286. Tyler, F. J. 132, 147, 192, 214, 230, 262, 279, 290. 295. Williamson, E. B. 141, 165. SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION OF Minerals, Rocks, Fossils Birds and Mammals, Shells and Echinoderms. Also Human Skeletons, and Anatomical Models. Relief Models by Messrs. Shaler, Davis and Harris, illustrating Physical Geology and Physiography WRITE FOR CIRCULARS. AJ^ards' Natural Science Establishment, ROCHESTER. N. Y. BAKfB'J m (JMltRI. r£HrDSIl[l))AKiaAlL[KI,"-™ — State and High Sts., COLUMBUS, OHIO. ■ OUR LIST OF AWARDS FOR THE LAST YEAR ARE: The Gold Medal at Paris Exposition. Highest Award at the Pan-American Exposition. Six First Premiums out of seven at Ohio State Exposition. DIE STAMPING. PLATE AND LETTER PRESS PRINTING, SPAHIj & GLENN, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS. 50 EAST BROAD STREET. COLUMBUS, OHIO. Biichet Engtamig Co. Process and Wood Engraving, Electro= typers and Manufacturers of Stereotyping and Engraving Machinery. 5a S^ 5^ S* §»> 80y2 North High Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO. Refunded ers Lepidoptera Price List No. 3.— Price 5 cents f^'K Issued November 15tli. 1901. Pinds'oV"/!'! ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES. Manufacturers of the Original SCHMITT INSECT BOXES. and Celebrated •Builders of INSECT CABINETS. Etc. American Entomological Company 1040 DE KALB AVENUE, BROOKLYN, N. Y. THE WILSON BULLETIN. A Quarterly Journal ^ ^ ^ Devoted to The Study of Living Birds* The Official Organ of the Wilson Ornithological Chapter of the Agasstz Association. Us aim is to stimulate the study of living l)irds by the publica- tion of field work done by members of the Chapter. This work is planned to contribute to one end and is therefore cumulative. The June number will contain a winter census of the birds of Lorain County, Ohio, besides other matter of general interest and value, h^ach number contains not less than forty pages of matter of interest to the student of birds. If you are interested in bird study at first hand, and wish to learn how others are studying, you will not miss seeing a copy of this up-to-date bird magazine. Write for a Free Sample Copy to LYNDS JONES, Oberlin, Ohio. Ohio State Unwetsitv. Six Colleges well equipped and prepared to present the best methods iu modern education. The advantages are offered to both sexes alike. The following list of departments will suggest the organization of the institution : Agriculture, Agricultural Chemistr}-, American History and Political Science, Anatomy and Phj'siology, Architecture and Drawing, Astronomy. Botany, Chemistry, Civil P^ngineering, Cla}' Working and Ceramics, Domestic Science, Economics and vSociolog}-, Educa- tion, Electrical Engineering, English Literature, P^uropean History, Geolog}^ Germanic Languages and Literatures, Greek, Horticulture and Forestry, Industrial Arts, Latin, Law, Mathematics, ^lechanical P^ngineering, ^Metallurgy and Mineralogy, Military Science, Mine Engineering, Pharmacy, Philosophy, Physical Educalion, Physics, Rhetoric and English Language, Romance Languages, Veterinary JMedicine and Zoology and Entomology. Catalogues will be .sent upon application. After examining the catalogue write for specific information to the President Dr. W. O. THOMPSON, Columbus, Ohio. SPECIMENS DESIRED FOR BOTANICAL The large mushrooms, Puffballs and other Fungi; Aljnormal MUSEUM. growths and interesting si^ecimens of shrubs and trees. Also herbarium specimens of Algae, Fungi, Mosses and P'erns as well as flowering plants. Address Prof. W. A. Kellerman, Department of Botany, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. GEOLOGICAL Will exchange Hudson, Corniferous and Carboniferous MUSEUM. fossils. Address Prof. J. A. BowNOCKER, Curator, Geological Museum, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, ZOOLOGICAL Birds, Insects, Reptiles, etc. We wish to make our collec- MUSEUM. tions representative for the fauna of the .state and will greatly appreciate all contribiitions to that end. Address, Prof. Herbert Osborn, Department Zoology and Entomolog)-, Ohio State Universit}^, Columl)us, Ohio. Ohio State University, Lake Laboratory. Located at Sandusky on Lake Erie. Open to Investigators June 15 to September 15. Laboratory courses of six and eight weeks beginning July 7, 1902. ^55'^rite for special circular. Ohio Medical University- DEPARTMENTS OF MEDICINE, DENTISTRY AND PHARMACY. Four years graded course in Medicine, three in Dentistry, and two in Phar- macy. Annual Sessions, seven months. All Instruction, except Clinical, by the Recitation Plan. Students graded on their daily recitations and term examinations. Large class rooms designed for the recitation system. Laboratories are large, well lighted and equipped with modern apparatus. Abundant clinical facilities in both Medical and Dental Departments. CONSIDERING SUPERIOR ADVANTAGES FEES ARE LOW. For Catalogue and Other Information, Address: Gkorge M. Waters, a. M., M. D., Dean, Medical Department. L. P. BetheIv, D. D. S., Dean, Dental Department. Geo. H. Matson, Jr., G. Ph., Dean, Pharmacy Department. OHIO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, 700-7J6 North Park Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO. Starling Medical College, Corner State and 6th Streets, COLUMBUS, OHIO. Jt ^ MEDICAL AND SURGICAL CLINICS AT FOUR EXCELLENT HOSPITALS. ^ ^ ^ ^ WELL EQUIPPED AND THOROIGH IN EVERY DETAIL. EXCEPTIONAL CLINICAL ADVANTAGES. CLRTIS C. HOWARD, M. Sc, Registrar. STARLING LOVING, M. D., LL. D., Dean. LONG & KILER Universiti' Supply Store Corner Eleventh Avenue and High Street, Removed from Main Building, Ohio Slate University. Books, Drawing Material, Fine Stationery, Etc. Special Orders for Books solicited. A fine line of FOUNTAIN PENS and COLLEGE FINS. ^rit)afe (^mBufatxcc §>cvmct. ^cfe^j^onc 18- 1239 to 1241 (n. §ig6 ^frecf. CofumBue, (b^io. KILER'S THARMACY A Comp'ete Line of- <^ DRUGS, CHOICE CANDIES, FINE STATIONERY Cor. Eighth Avenue and High Street. Telephone 883. Columbus, Ohio. Reports of the Geological Survey of Ohio FOR SALE. Complete Sets ivtth Ma.ps, or any of the Volumes Separately. Address THE OHIO NATURALIST, Columbus, 0. The Ohio T^atiiralist, PUBLISHED BY The Biological Club of the Ohio State Uni'versity, Volume MI, NOVEMBER, 1902. No. 1, TABLE OF CONTENTS Landacre— Muscular and Skeletal Elements of Pii'.sahis Cornutns 299 Burr— Ohio Plants witli Dissected Leaves 314 Riddle— Algae from Sandusky Bay 317 SCHAFFNER— The Maximum Height of Plants 319 Landacre— On a Visual Area in Lampsida Ventricosus 320 Jennings— Meeting of Biological Club 322 MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL ELEMENTS OF PASSALUS CORNUTUS. F. L. Landacre. The present paper, on the muscnlar and skeletal elements of Passalus cornntus was begun with a view to determining what changes had arisen in the muscular system in connection with the burrowing habits of the animal. It was found in the course of the study that there was an almost complete atrophy of the mus- cles concerned in flight and a marked hypertrophy of the muscles of the legs ; and that with these changes had arisen certain modi- fijcations in the hard parts to which these muscles are attached. These changes in the hard parts were not so numerous or so radical as to justify the rather extended description of the skele- ton, which had been given, if it were not for the fact that the two systems are so intimatelv related and the changes in the one so dependent upon those in the other that constant reference would have to be made to the skeleton. This would be confusing to a reader not entirely familiar with the hard parts. The study of these two s}stems led to an investigation of the habits of the insect, especialh- those concerned in distribution and reproduction. Passalus is a large black beetle of common occurrence m de- caying logs and stumps which it assists materially in destroying. It can easily be identified by its large size, great strength, sluggish movements and longitudinally striated wing covers. It has a pe- culiar habit of stridulating wdien disturbed. It can be secured in great abundance at all times of the year and is easily kept in the laboratory for observation if it is supplied with an abundance of decaying wood. Specimens for dissection 300 The Ohio Xaturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. U should be harckiicd in live per cent, formalin. It is an excellent type for class work so far as its hard ])arts are concerned, but its muscular system is too hioiily modified to serve as a tvpe for the group. It is the only representative of its i^^enus in America, and is quite widely distributed. Its larva is characterized by havings its third pair of legs rudimentary and is supposed to have a very long larval stage. THE EXTERNAL SKELETAL SVeTEM. The body, as in all insects, is divided into a head, thorax, and abdomen. The head contains seven segments and bears a curved spine on its median dorsal surface, and is articulated posteriorly W'ith the prothorax. This segment bears the first pair of legs and presents a smooth expanded surface dorsally. It is articulated posteriorly with the meso-meta-thorax by a narrow area. This constricted area is part of the meso-thorax, which bears ventrally the second pair of legs. On its dorsal surface are borne the elytra or wing covers. Fused with the meso-thorax is the meta-tliorax, which bears dorsally the true v>"ings covered by the elytra an 1 ven- trally the third pair of legs. The last region (^f the body is the aladomen, composed of eight segments, six of which are visible ventrally, but bear no appendages. FIXED PART,S OF THE HEAD. These are first the epicranium. This term is applied in a general way to the dorsal and lateral regions of the head. The portion of the epicranium lying posterior to the spine is the vertex (i) and the region lying anterior to and including the spine and extending down to a transverse depression near the anterior end of the head is the frons (2). On either side of the spine on the lateral margins of the head lie the frontal ridges ( 3 ) which mark the lateral boundaries of the frons. Below the frontal ridees on the sides of the head lie the eyes (4). The epicranium extends posterior to the eye and ventral to it as the gena (5). Running- back and in from the posterior ventral border of the eye is a slight elevation forming the outer wall of a groove into which the an- tenna fits when retracted under the head. This is called the an- tennal groove (6). The inner border of this antennal groove is the genal ridge (7). It is a well marked elevation with its pointed anterior extremities free and it forms the outer wall of the deep genal emargination (4') into which the maxilla can be retracted. This sclerite (a small chitinized area) surrounding the foramen at the posterior surface of the head is called the occiput, but is not separated by a definite suture frotu the remainder of the epi- craniuiu. The clypeus (8) or epistoma lies on the clorsal sm'face Nov., 1902.] Passalus Cornutus. 301 anterior to the frons ,and is separated from it by a transverse de- pression which does not extend completely across the head. The clypeus is called epistoma when reduced in size. The gula (9) occupies the posterior half of the median ventral portion of the liead and is largely taken up with a rounded elevation which articu- lates with the prosternum. Anterior to this elevation there is a median depression with lateral elevations. The suture which sepa- rates the gula from the sclerite lying in front of it is situated on the anterior portion of this median depression and extends laterally over the elevations on its sides. It is a well marked suture and is called the gular suture (10). The submentum (11) lies in front of the gula and is separated from it by the gular suture. It is usually called the mentum. but since it is in contact with the gula it is probably the submentum. It is deeply emarginated on its an- terior border and free on its laterial borders. The posterior por- tion of this free lateral border forms the inner botnidary of the genal emagination into which the maxilla can be retracted. The anterior emargination is occupied by the labrum (8'9'). The compound eyes (4) lie on the sides of the head under the frontal ridges and are divided into two nearly equal portions on their anterior border by a posterior projection of the frontal ridge. THE MOVABLE PARTS OF THE HEAD. The antenna (2') lies just in front of the eyes under the an- terior border of the frontal ridge. It has ten segments of which the first is large and concealed by the frontal ridge. The follow- ing six are almost equal in size, number 2, 3 and 4 being somewhat smaller and all are slightly elongated anteriorly. The last three are much larger and prolonged anteriorly, forming a pectinate club. These three are not in contact with each other. The labrum ( i') lies anteriorly to the clypeus between the mandibles. It is bilobed and covered with stiff short bristles. It can be easily re- moved for study. The mandible (3') should be removed for ex- amination. It is flattened laterally and examined from the under surface will be seen to bear a number of cutting spines. One of these on the ventral border near the proximal end is articulated. The maxilla (4' -7') can be removed easily for study by inserting a pin into the posterior border of the genal emargination into which the maxilla is retracted and pushing it out forward. It should be examined from the dorsal surface. It consists of a long, slender basal piece, the cardo (4') ; following this is a large median piece divided longitudinally into an inner and an outer portion. The outer piece is spindle shaped and is called the stipes (5'). It bears on its anterior end a four-jointed palp (10'). On the inner border of the stipes and extending beyond its anterior end is the lacinia (6'). It bears many bristles on its free inner border and 3° 2 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 1, two prominent curved spines on its anterior end. ( )n the tip of tlie stipes and between the palp and the lacinia is the galea ( 7' ) covered with bristles and ending- in an incurved si)ine. It is some- what shorter than the palp and longer than the lacinia. The labium (8'-9') lies on the median ventral surface and is attached pos- teriorly to the anterior margin of thesubmentum, and lies between the lateral projections of the submentum and under the labrum. The parts which are separate in other beetles seem to be fused in this. The labium seems to be composed of mentum ( 8' ) ligula (9') and paraglossa fused. The palp is as in other forms. The proximal portion ( 8' ) probably corresponds to the mentum, the median anterior spine to the ligula ( 9' ) and the rounded lateral elevations lying on either side of the spine to the paraglossa ; the palp is three-jointed. THE PRO-THORAX. The following definitions should be kej^t in mind : A typical body segment of an insect is composed of four main pieces or sclc rites. The dorsal portion is called the tergum. The side pieces are called pleura and bear spiracles when present. The pleuron is divided into two smaller sclerites, the anterior or episternum and posterior or epimeron : owing to the flattening of the body dorso- A'CUl rally in beetles the sclerites of the pleura lie on the ventral surir.ce. The ventral portion of the segment is called the sternum and is usually modified according to the size and method of articu- lation of the limb. The dorsal portion or tergum is also similarly modified by the attachment of the wing. The pro-notum (4-7) or pro-thoracic tergum, is a smooth rectangular sclerite covering the dorsal surface of the pro-thorax. It is divided into right and left halves by a longitudinal suture. Anteriorly it ends in a sharp border, Init laterally and posteriorly it is inflexed to unite with the sclerite forming the ventral wall of tlie body. The prosteinum ( 1 ) occupies tlie median ventral porti ;n of tl-ic pro-thorax. It is compressed in the middle region between the l^rc-thoracic coxae and expands posteriorly into a small diamond- shaped piece. .Anteriorly it expands almost to theMateral border of the coxal cavities. The suture limiting the lateral area of the anterior end of the pro-sternum is A'-sha])ed, the apex of the Y pointing toward the median line. The transverse depression on the median anterior portion is not a suture but is the remnant of tVe fold where tlie articular portion of the ])ro-stemu;n was ■doubled under in the ])upa. The pleuron is usually composed of two sclerites. the anter- iorly located e])isternum, the posteriorly located epimeron. and sometimes a third dorsally located epipleuron. In I'assalus they Nov., 1902.] Passalus Cornutus. 305 arc completely fused in the pro-thorax. This fused sclerite bet^ins at the \*-shaped suture mentioned as forming the lateral boundary of the anterior portion of the prosternum anci extends around the coxal cavity and forms a suture with the posterior portion of the sternum. The region in front of the coxal cavity probably corre- sponds to episternum (2) ; that behind the coxal cavity to the epi- meron (3). and that lateral to the coxal cavity and fused with the pro-notum to the epipleuron. Its anterior and posterior boundar- ies are free : its lateral fused with the pro-notum and its median forms the lateral and posterior wall of the coxal cavity and unites by a suture with the anterior and posterior portions of the sternum. The fused condition of these parts is probably related to the bur- rowing habit of the beetle, the solid piece giving greater strength both in forming an attachment for muscles and articulations for the fore-legs. The pro-thoracic leg consists of the usual number of seg- ments. They are named as follows, beginning at the body or proximal end : coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. The coxa ( 8 ) is the very large sclerite placed transversely in the coxal cavity and reaching three- fourths of the distance from the median line to the lateral border of the pro-thorax. It can be rotated for- ward and backward on its long axis. It is articulated on the median extremity with the large femur ( 10) and the small tro- chanter ( 9 ) l)ing on its anterior proximal surface. The coxa. sends a small projection between these parts on the ventral surface resembling a ball-and-socket joint, and on the dorsal surface sends forward a broad flat piece. Between these ventral and dorsal pieces the femur and its fused trochanter articulate. The trochanter (9) is a small segment lying on the anterior surface of the proximal end of the femur. It is about one-fourth the length of the femur. The femur (10) is the largest segment of the leg and is flat- tened dorso-ventrally. On the anterior border of the distal por- tion there is a cavity into which the tibial spur fits when the tibia is flexed. The dorsal surface of the dorsal wall of this depression bears a bundle of bristles in a slight depression just back of the distal extremity. This distal wall of the depression serves as a brace against which the tibial spine works. The tibia (11) is nearly as long as the femur and is flattened also dorso-ventrally. On its posterior border it bears eight blunt spines, and on its anterior border a single articulated spine near the distal end called the tibial spine. There is a circlet of bristles around the base of the spine. The tarsus (12) consists of five segments of which the first and third are the longest ; the remaining three small and similar in shape ; the fifth bears a pair of claws, two short bristles are 304 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 1, borne between the claws, and also a prolongation of the last seg- ment called the pulvilliis. The tibial joint opens forward in the first pair of legs and backward in the second and third pairs. The trochanter lies on the anterior surface of the first pair, but on the posterior surface of the last two pairs. By comparing this leg with the last two it will be seen to be rotated forward, that is, structures on the posterior surface of the first leg are on the an- terior surface of the last two pairs. The trochantin is situated on the outer end of the coxa. It is convex and presents three faces, an outer or lateral, which is smooth ; an inner or dorsal, which furnishes attachment for the dorsal muscles, and a ventral face, which furnishes attachment for the ventral muscles. It is articulated by its posterior border with the coxa and lies in a depression of the anterior arm of the coxa below and in front of the point of articulation of the coxa with the body wall. The jugular sclerites (13) are small pieces lying between the posterior ventral portions of the head and the anterior portion of the pro-thorax. The anterior surface is concave and smooth. It articulates with the head and is attached to it on its ventral inner border by a strong ligament. The ventral portion of the posterior surface is smooth and protrudes from under the pro-thoracic ster- num. The dorsal two-thirds of the posterior surface is rough and bears a posteriorly directed process which gives off a ventral keel and a lateral one which runs to near the inner border. The meso-thoracic spiracle lies on the hinder border of the coxa in the membrane connecting the coxa to the posterior border of the pro-sternum and epimeron. It is not visible from the ex- terior but can be seen by removing the coxa. It is very large, being about four millimeters in length. THE MESO THORAX. This segment articulates anteriorly with the pro-lhorax and is fused posteriorly with the meta-thorax. It is much narrower than either of these segments and bears on its dorsal surface a strongly chitinized elytra or wing cover, and on its ventral sur- face the second pair of walking legs. The meso-thoracic tergum of some beetles contains four sclerites, the prescutum, scutum, scutellum, and postscutellum. Tlic prescutum and postscutellum are frequently wanting. The scutellum (6) lies on tlie mid-dorsal line of the meso- thorax. It is triangular with the base of the triangle directed forward. It is free in front, and laterally is continued under the triangular base of the elytra in a less chitinizctl area which finally is continuous with the articular meml)rane of the elytron. Pos- teriorly it is fused with the postscutellum. Tlie postscutellum (7) Nov., 1902.] Passalus Cornulus. 305 is a long rod-like sclcrite and is fused with the posterior border of the scutellum by which it is partly concealed. From the pos- terior apex of the scutellum it extends laterally and anteriorly. Its total length is about ecjual to the scutellum. Its lateral ex- tremity articulates with the metathoracic prescutum. The scutum is not well detined in Passalus and seems to be divided into two portions, which are located on the anterior and lateral extremities of the scutellum. These small pieces are elon- gated and intlexed anteriorly, and laterally, come into contact with the episternum. Posteriorly" they pass into the articular membrane of the elytra. The elytra (15) are articulated to the body by a triangular base which tits between the scutellum and episternum. In study- ing the elytron it should be extended at right angles to the body as in flight. When thus extended there caii be seen in the articu- lar membrane which connects the inner surface of the basal tri- angle with the body a small sclerite called the paraptara ( 14). The elytron bears ten longitudinal grooves and is inflexed slightly on the lateral margin to form the epipleuron. The inner margins are bevelled so that the edges fit closely when the wing covers are at rest. There is in addition to this a clasp which fits in between the lateral margins of the scutellum and the postscutellum. This clasp lies on the inner border of the triangular base of the elytron and can be demonstrated by slowly separating the wing covers and observing the manner in which the clasp slips from under the edge of the scutellum. The mesothoracic sternum ( i ) lies on the median ventral portion of the mesothorax anterior to the mesothoracic leg and is kite-shaped. It is truncated at the anterior end and on its anterior lateral border is in contact with the episternum (2). Its lateral tip touches the epimeron and its hinder border is in contact wnth the meta thoracic epimeron and the coxal cavities. It ends pos- teriorly in a narrow neck between the coxal cavities. Just in front of the outer half of the coxal cavity is a crescent-shaped area separated from the sternum by a slight depression. The episternum (2) forms the side wall of the constricted region of the meso-thorax. It is triangular in shape, its base being anterior and free. On its ventral surface it is in contact with the sternum. On its dorsal surface it is in contact in front with the articular region of the elytron and posteriorly with the small epi- meron (3) throughout about half of its length. The epimeron (3) is a small sclerite lying at the posterior angle of the episternum and is visible at the anterior ventral bor- der of the wing cover when it is closed. It is roughly triangular with the apex directed up and forward. It is in contact anteriorly throughout its whole length with the episternum, ventrally with 3o6 The Ohio Naturalist [Vol. Ill, No. 1,. the sternum, posteriorly with the metathoracic sternum and epis- ternuni and dorsally with the metathoracic scutum. The coxa (8) of the mesothoracic leg appears orlobular on its surface, but is really as long as the prothoracic coxa, as will be seen by examining its internal surface. The coxal cavity is much smaller, however, and not circular. The coxa is dovetailed be- tween the trochanter and femur on the ventral surface and articu- lates over them on the dorsal surface. The trochanter (9) is fused to the posterior surface of the femur at its proximal end. The femur (10) is flattened dorso- ventrally "and hollowed on its posterior surface from the distal end of the trochanter to the tibial joint. The mesothoracic tibia (11) bears no spine at its proximal end. The articulation should be examined from the inner surface. ( )n its dorsal surface it bears a dense row of bristles and at its articulation with the tarsus, four spines, two ventral and two lateral. The tarsus (12) re- sembles the prothoracic tarsus closely, having first and last seg- ments long and the intermediate ones short. By comparing the mesothoracic legs with the prothoracic these latter will be seen to be rotated through 90 degrees on their coxae so that posterior, anterior, dorsal and ventral are reversed. The metathoracic spiracle is situated on the hinder and upper border of the epimeron in the membrane connecting this .sclerite with the wing articulations. It is usually tucked under the border of the epimeron. THE META-THORAX. The metathoracic sternum ( 1 ) forms the floor of this seg- ment between the second and third pairs of legs. Anteriorly it begins on the median line by a narow neck extending between the meso-coxae. The anterior boundary then curves around in front of the coxal cavity and comes into contact with the meso-sternum and ends antero-laterally in contact with the meso-thoracic epi- meron. Beginnnig with the hinder border (jf the coxal cavity and extending to the epimeron is a shallow groove marking ofif a nar- row strip from the anterior border to this sclerite. This is usually described as the mesothoracic epimeron, but is attached to the meta-sternum and cannot be separated from it. The lateral boun- daries of the meta-thoracic sternum are straight and begin at the mesothoracic epimeron and end at the metathoracic coxal cavities. The lateral border bears a shallow groove and the center elevated wall of this groove is in contact with the metathoracic episternum (2) throughout its whole length. Posteriorly the metastermnn forms the anterior boundary of the metathoracic coxal cavity. The metathoracic episternum (2) is a long, narrow sclerite lying on the lateral border of the sternum from which it is sepa- Nov., 1902,] Passalus Cornulus. 307 rated by a sharply defined groove except at the posterior end. At this point it is fused with both the sternum and epimeron to form the lateral articulation for the metathoracic coxa. Anteriorly it gives off a dorsal process which forms part of the wing articula- tion and lies between similar processes on the scutum (5) and epimeron (3). On its dorsal surface it is in contact throughout its wdiole length with the epimeron. The suture separating the episternum from the epimeron is best seen on the dorsal process and on the anterior half of the dorsal surface. Its boundaries are ventrally the sternum, anteriorly the scutum, and dorsally the epimeron. The epimeron (3) is a somewhat ill-defined sclerite lying dorsally to the episternum with which it is in contract throughout its whole ventral border. It consists of a strong narrow, chitin- ized bar with an anterior dorsal process which with similar pro- cesses from the episternum and the scutum form the ventral articu- lation for the Vs'ing. This sclerite can be easily separated from the episternum on its anterior half. Its posterior half is fused with the episternum. The dorsal boundaries of this sclerite are less definite. The anterior half bears a large, slightly chitinized triangular area, the posterior end of which articulates with a lateral process from the postscutellum. Excepting this triangular area the dorsal boundaries of this sclerite seem to be membraneous. The first abdominal spiracle (25) Hes above the posterior border of the epimeron in a membranous area and is over two mil- limeters in length. It is placed in a slightly more oblique posi- tion than the mesothoracic spiracle, and its hinder border lies di- rectly under the second abdominal spiracle. The metanotum (4-7) forms the dorsal wall of the meta- thorax extending from between the wings as far back as the first segment of the abdomen. It is variously marked with chitinized bars and membranous areas so that the boundaries of its separate sclerites are hard to locate. In attempting to determine these dry specimens should be used to determine the sutures and moist ones to determine the articulations. The prescutum (4) lies just back of the meso-scutellum, its median rod-like portion being concealed by the meso-scutellum. It is dumb-bell-shaped and its enlarged ends form part of the anterior squarish end of the metanotum. It extends on either side of the median line to points even with the lateral edges of the meso-scutellum. It is bounded posteriorly by the chitinized bar extending across the body between the articula- tion of the wings. The scutum (5) is a small sclerite lying directly beneath and in front of the articulation of the wings. Its ventral border rests on the meso-epimeron (3). Its posterior border rests on the anterior bar of the met-episternum (2) : dorsally it assists in forming an articulation for the wing, and on the median border 3o8 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 1, is connected with an articular cartilage. On its anterior face it bears a circular depression limited internally by a drum-like mem- brane. Tn the body this drum-like membrane is borne on the small end of a funnel-shaped piece whose large end extends freely into the body cavit}-. This cone furnishes attachment for muscles. Between this sclerite and the end of the prescutum lies a circular chitinized area. The scutellum (6) is a large sclerite form'ng the greater part of the dorsal surface of the metathorax. It is limited in front bv a chitinized bar extending between the articulation of the wings and forming the squarish front to the metanotiun. Laterally it is bounded b}' a membrane lying below and behind the articulation of the "wing with the dorsal surface of the epimeron. The postscutellum (7) is not well separated from the scutellum except at its lateral margins. Posteriorly the scutellum is fused with the postscutellum. The boundaries of the postscutellum (7) are very difficult to make out. In the median line it is a very narrow bar lying between the posterior ends of the median rectangular area of the scutellum. This narrow bar fades out as it passes to the side of the body, but again becomes chitinized and enlarging forms an articulation with the median dorsally projecting bar of the epi- sternum. Its boundaries are posteriorly the thin membrane of the first abdomnial segment, laterally the meta-sternum, and an- teriorly it is fused with the scutellum. On the posterior border is a thin membrane stretching from the second abdomnial spiracle of one side to that of the other. It is about as l)road as an abdomnial tergum and probably belongs to the first abdominal segment. It appears to be simply a broad- ened articular membrane, but may include a portion of the post- scutellum. THE WING. The articular membranes at the base of the wings bear sev- eral small sclerites which can be located more easily after the wing- veins have been described. In identifying the wing veins the wings should be extended at right angles to the body. The mar- gin which lies anteriorly when the wing is extended is called the anterior margin and the hinder border the posterior or anal mar- gin. The homology of the wing veins is somewhat doubtful and the transverse folding of the hinder third of the wing in beetles to enable the wing to be withdrawn imder the elytron renders the identification of the small veins in that region still more difficult. The cosla ( 13) is a short vein l}'ing on the anterior proximal border of the wing and is nowhere coiupletely separate from the vein Iving next to it except for a short distance at about one-fourth the distance from the proximal end of the wing to the tip. Here Nov., 1902.] Passalus Cornulus. 309 there is a spindle-shaped area where the veins are separate. The proximal portion of this vein is connected by a transverse chitin- ized bar with the next vein, and from this point is continued as a strongly chitinized bar to the end of which the articular mem- brane lying in front of the wing is attached. The subcosta (14) lies just posterior to the costa and is closely fused to it except at the point mentioned above and also at the proximal end where after fusing with the transverse bar connecting it with the costa it projects toward the median line and articulates with a large movable sclerite. The fused costa and subcosta can be traced as far as a transverse articulation of the outer third of the wing. The radius (15) is a large vein lying posterior to the sub- costa and extending from the base of the wing to the transverse articulation. At its proximal end it is interrupted by an oval membranous area over which it extends as a narrow bar, and be- yond this enlarges and fuses with the enlarged end of the sub- costa. It also sends posteriorly a small process which articulates with one of the free sclerites. Distally beyond the tranverse articu- lation of the wing these veins are continued as a broad slightly chitinized area. Just posterior to this broad area wdiich forms the anterior margin of the outer third of the wing is a short vein extending from the articulation of the wing. It is the posterior division of the radius. The next three veins arise together from an irregular plate formed by the fused and enlarged ends of the veins. The plate articulates with the movable sclerite by a well defined process ex- tending between two non-chitinized areas. The media ( 16.) is the most anterior and the largest of the three. At its base it is in contact on its anterior border with the radius. Distally it separates from the radius and at the transverse articulation turns poster- iorly and reaches the margin of the wing. There is a second short vein lying anterior to the distal end of the medius and reaching from the transverse articulation to the tip of the wing. This is media No. i, the main vein beyond the articulation being media Xo. 2. Posterior to the main branch of the media and within the transverse articulation is a small vein which is probably media No. 3. It does not come quite into contact with the media but arises near it. The cubitus (17) is the second of this group and arises pos- terior to the medius and is in contact with it for some distance after which it turns by a gentle curve to the anal margin of the wing. It forms a large triangle in which the third division of the media lies. The third (18) and most posterior vein arising from this plate is the first division of the anal vein. It is not in contact with the 310 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 1, cubitus after leaving- the plate, but bending forward comes almost into contact and then turns sharply to the anal margin of the wing. The second (i8) and third (i8) divisions of the anal veins are separated from the first by the articulation by which the anal margin of the wing is doubled under when the wing is at rest. There are two of these, the anterior being a well defined vein, while the posterior is simply a broad chitinized area. The bases of these veins articulate with one of the movable sclerites at the base of the wing. THE DETACHED SCLERITES AT THE BASE OF THE WING. The most prominent of these detached sclerites is a strongly chitinized V-shaped (19) piece which is directed in and forward. The base of the V articulates with the antero-lateral edge of the scutellum. The anterior arm of the vein articulates at its ex- tremity with the end of the subcostal vein. The posterior arm articulates by its anterior border and its extremity with a large ir- regular slightly chitinized sclerite to be described next. This V- shaped sclerite consists of a narrow piece projecting from the lateral chitinized border of the scutum and scutellum. In moving the wing the V rolls foward and over the spine ; so that, if the spine is depressed and the V is pulled as described, the wing is elevated. The second large sclerite (20) lies between the posterior arm of the first and the end of the wing veins. The anterior half which articulates with the posterior arm of the first is depressed below the level of the posterior half which articulates with the anal vein. The anterior depressed portion articulates with the projec- tion from the plate which serves as the origin for the media and cubitus. A third small sclerite (21) lies in the membrane just pos- terior to the posterior arm of the V-shaped sclerite. It is well chitinized and triangular in shape. There is a fourth sclerite (22) lying ventral to the base of the wing in the membrane which connects the base of the wing with the dorsal surface of the epimeron. It is oval and slightly chitinized. A fifth sclerite (23) similar in shape to the fourth, lies just anterior to the base of the wing in the triangular membrane lying under the outer border of the metathoracic scutellum. THE ABDOMEN. There are seven sterna (1-7) in the abdomen, six of which are visible. The first (2) can be seen at the outer angle of the metathoracic coxal cavity as a small triangle ; but if tlie coxa be removed it will be seen to extend across the body as a narrow Nov., 1902,] Passalus Cornulus. 311 bar and to unite in the middle line in a slight elevation between the inner ends of the coxa. It is separated on the median line from the second sternum by a decided notch. The second sternum is indented by the coxa and presents a median elevation between the coxae which is visible on the surface. The median elevation on the first segment cannot be seen from the surface. The second and third sterna articulate; the remainder are imovably fused. The third, fourth, fifth and sixth sterna are fused and, like the first and second, are inflexed at the sides of the body and end in a well-defined suture just beyond the point of inflexion except the surface. The seventh sternum is not visible on the ventral surface of the body, but can be seen on the posterior end of the body forming- the ventral wall of the anal opening. It is crescent- shaped and bears a number of short hairs. It cannot be divided into sternum and tergum. There are seven pleura corresponding to the seven sterna. The first six are distinctly separated from the sterna by a well defined longitudinal suture. The seventh is fused with its sternum to form the ventral wall of the anal opening. Each sternum is fused to its corresponding tergum. The abdominal spiracles are situated on the dorsal anterior borders of their respective pleura, excepting the second, which lies anterior to its pleuron and directly over the end of the large first abdominal spiracle. The first abdominal spiracle is the large one described in connection with the meta-thorax. The seventh spiracle is much reduced in size and difficult to see from the sur- face. There are seven abdominal terga (2'-'/') corresponding to the seven pleura, but there are eight in all. The first is the broad membrane lying in contact with the metathoracic postscutellum. The second, third, fourth and fifth are similar and membranous. The sixth, seventh and eighth are chitinized more or less, and the seventh is called the propygidium, and the eighth the pygidium. The eighth forms the dorsal wall of the anal opening. 312 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 1. Ohio Naturalist. P/a/e I. > ^S£i3=3^ I/ANDACRE ON PaSSAI.US. Nov., 1902.] Passalus Cornulus. 3^3 ExPI,ANATION OF PlATES. T/ie Head Th^ Mesothorax I Vertex I Mesosternum 2 Frons 2 Episternuni 3 Frontal ridges 3 Epimeron 4 Eyes 4- -5 Apparently absent ,S Gena 6 Scutellum 6 Antennal j^roove 7 Postsculellum 7 Genal ridge 8 Coxa (4') Genal emargination con- 9 Trochanter taining cardo 10 Femur (8) Clypeus II Tibia 9 Gula 12 Tarsus lo Gular suture 13 Not represented 1 r Sub-mentum 14 Paraptera 15 Elytra r Labruni The Metathorax 2' Antenna 3' Mandible I Sternum 4' Cardo 2 Episternum 5" Stipes 3 Epimeron 6' Lacinia 4-7 Metanotum 7' Galea 4 Prescutum 8' Mentuni 5 Scutum 9' L/igula 6 Scutellum to' Palp 7 Postscutellum ■ 8- 12 Metathoracic Leg 13 Costa T/ie Prothorax 14 Subcosta 15 Radius I Prosternum 16 Media 2 Episternuni 17 Cubitus 3 Epimeron 18 Anal 4-7 Pronotum 19-23 Detached sclerites 8 Coxa 9 Trochanter 25 First Abdominal Spiracle ro Femur The Abdomen [ I Tibia 1 2 Tarsus I- 7 Abdominal Sterna ^3 Jugular sclerites I'- -8' Abdominal terga 314 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 1, OHIO PLANTS WITH DISSECTED LEAVES. Harriet G. Burr. An ordinary ])lant is dependent upon light for its nutrition ; and, since the leaf is the organ in which the food is mainly manu- factured, it follows that the leaves are arranged in such a way as to give them as much light as possihle without causing injury to their structure. Under ordinary circumstances they have an ex- panded blade which presents a large amount of surface in propor- tion to the mass. Whenever this is not the case we look for some- thing in the environment to explain the departure from the usual condition. There are plants which, typically, have leaves oi a certain form, but which, when grown in a different situation, produce leaves of an entirely different character. Plants which grow in very dry regions and also in moister regions have a typical form of leaf for each condition. The same is true of those plants which grow sometimes submerged in water and sometimes on dry land. In the case of many plants which grow with a part submerged and a part above water, each will have its own form of leaf. Sub- merged plants invariably produce the most finely dissected leaves ; plants which grow in crowded or in very dry situations also usually produce much-divided leaves. Below are shown lists of the more typical Ohio i)lants which have leaves of this kind. The first list comprises those which grow in water ; the second, those which grow in dry land, whether in dry or moist soil. One of the most striking of the water plants is Bidciis Bcckii or Water Marifjold. The submerged leaves are verv finelv dis- sected, the plant blooms above water, and the upper leaves are above water ; all these latter leaves are simple and undivided. The second list is necessarilv more heterogeneous than the first, in- cluding plants found in moist, rich woods, in waste places, and on roadsides, in dry, hot situations, and so forth. The cause ordinarily given for the dissected leaf under these conditions is the adaptation to secure as much light as possible for those which grow in crowded situations, and to reduce trans- piration as much as possible for those in dry conditions. Where ])lants are crowded together, as they are sometimes along our roadsides, a simple entire leaf would shade those beneath it, whereas compound and dissected leaves alk)\v the light to sift through them and so reach those below. Finely dissected leaves are much better adapted to a water medium than leaves with undivided or with large blades would be ; and it is this adaptation, together with the response to diminished Nov., 1902.] Ohio Plants with Dissected Leaves. 315. light, differences in nutrition, temperature, and so forth, which is the commonly accepted explanation for the form of submerged leaves. This explanation, liowever, is too general to be entirely satisfactory. In this connection, McCallum* has been conducting experiment with Proscrpiiiaca paliistris, at the Hull Botanical Laboratory. These experiments seem to indicate that the hereto- fore accepted explanation based upon diminished light, nutrition^ and so forth, will not hold good. It appears that the only constant factor in all cases where the water form develops is the checking of transpiration and the increased amount of water in the proto- plasm. Whatever the inciting cause may be, it seems that this condition brings out a certain set of hereditary characters while the absence of it produces a dift'erent set ; just as a root in the soil is a typical root, but when growing above the ground may some- times produce buds and leaves. IN WATER. Ceratophyllvini demersuiii — in ponds and slow streams. Ranunculus delphinifolius — in ponds. Batrachium tricophylluni— in ponds and streams. Batrachium divancatum — in streams. Roripa Americana — in lakes and slow streams. Podostemon ceratophj-llum— in shallow streams. Floerkea proserpinacoides— in marshes and along rivers. Proserpinaca palustris — in swamps. IMyriophyllum spicatum— in deep water. Myriophyllum verticillatum — in both deep and shallow water. Myriophyllum tenellum — on sandy bottoms of ponds and streams. Myriophyllum heterophyllum — in ponds. Conioselinum Chinense— in cold swamps. Hottonia inflata — in shallow stagnant ponds. Utricularia vulgaris — in brooks and ponds. Utricularia intermedia — in shallow water along margins of pools and ponds. Utricularia minor — in shallow ponds and bogs. Utricularia gibba — in shallow water or in mud on borders of ponds and pools. Bidens Beckii — in ponds and streams. ON DRY LAND. Delphinium consolida — in waste places. Delphinium Carolinianum — on prairies and open grounds. Bicuculla cucullaria — in woods. Bicuculla Canadensis — in rich woods. Capnoides flavulum— in rocky woods. -W. B. McCallum. On the Nature of the Stimulus causing the Change of Form and! Structure in Piosei piiiaca palnsliis. Bot. Gaz.j^: 93-108, 1902. 3i6 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 1, Funiaria officinalis — in waste places and on ballast. Sophia pinnata — in dr}- soil. Potentilla argentea — in dry soil. Kuhnistera purpurea — on prairies. Geranium columbinuin— in fields and along road-sides. Geranium dissectum — in waste places. Erodium cicutarium — in waste places and fields. Viola pedatifida — on prairies. "Viola pedata— in dry fields and on hillsides. Daucus carota — in fields and waste places. Caucalis anthriscus — in waste places. Foeniculuni foeniculum — in waste places. Eulophus Americanus — in dry soil. Chaerophyllum procumbeus— in moist ground. Carum carui — occasionally in waste places. Ptilininium capillacea — in wet soil. Erigenia bulbosa — in woods. Quamoclit quamoclit — in waste and cultivaled ground. Conobea multifida — along streams and rivers. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia — in dr)' soil. Coreopsis tinctoria — in moist soil. , Coreopsis verticillata — in dry soil. DN'sodia papposa — along streams and roadsides. Achillea millefolium — in various situations. Anthemis cotula — in fields, waste places and along roadsides. Anthemis arvensis - in fields and waste places. Matricaria inodora — in waste places. Matricaria chamomilla— in wast places and on ballast. Matricaria matricaroides— in waste places, on ballast, and along railroads Tanacetum vulgare -along roadsides. Artemisia caudata — in dry sandy soil. Artemisia canadensis— in rocky soil. Artemisia abrotanum— in waste places. Artemisia annua — in waste places. Nov., 1902.] Algae from Sandusky Bay. 317 ALGAE FROM SANDUSKY BAY. LuMiNA C. Riddle. During a six weeks stay at the Lake Laboratory the writer kept a careful list of all the algae found in water from Sandusky Bay and vicinit^^ Those not found in the Bay have the name of the locality following that of the plant. Those names not included in Dr. Kellerman's preliminary check lis of Ohio Algae, in The Naturalist nor in " The Plants of Western Lake Erie" by A. J. Pieters are marked by the letter n. The nomenclature is that used in De Toni-Sylloge Algarum. C/iJ-oorocrai'eae. Coelosphaeriuin kuetzengeanuni Naeg. n. Merismopedia glauca (Ehrenb) Naeg. 11. " convoluta Brel). n. Oscillator iaceae. ■ Arthrospira jenneri (Hassel) Stiz. n. Noslocaceae. Aphasrizomenon flos-aquae (L) Ralfs. 11. Beggiatoaceae. Beggiatoa alba ( Vaucher) Trevisson. n. Pleurococcaceae. Dimorphococcus cordatus Wolle. n. Rhaphidium polyniorphum Fresen. " aciculare (A Br) Rabenh. 11. " falcatum (Corda) Rabenh. n. " convolutuin (Corda) Rabenh. n. Staurogenia cruciata Wolle. n. Scenedesnius bijugatus (Turp) Kiietz. n. (S. oblusus.) " quadracauda (Turp) Breb. " obliquus (Turp) Kuetz. n. (S. denial plitts.) Tetraedron trigonum minus Reinsh. n. i^Polyedriuvi. ) " " bifurcatum Wolle. n. " tetragon uni (Naeg) Hansg. n. " minimum (A Br) Hansg. n. " enorme (Ralfs) Hansg. • n. Soeastraceae . Coelastrum microporuni Naeg. n. " cambricum, Archer, n. Sorastrum spinulosum Naeg. n. 3i8 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 1, //ydrodiciyaceae. Pedeastrum borj-anum (Turp) Menegh. " duplex Meyen. {P. pertusnm.) " tetras (Ehrenb) Ralfs. {P. ehrenbergii. ) Hydrodictj-on reticulatuni (L) Lagerh. Desuiidaceae. Closterium strigosum Breb. n. " lunula (Muell) Nitzscli. n. " cucumis Ehrenb. n. " acuminatum Kuetz. n. " leibleinii elalius Lewen. Pleurotaenium trabecula (Ehrenb) Naeg. {Docidiiini.) Disphinctum notabile (Breb) Hansg. n. {Cosniariu>n.\ Cosmarium leve septentrionalis Wille. n. " contractum Kirchn. " granalum Breb. " orbiculatum Ralfs. " margaretiferum (Turp) Menegh. botrytes (Bory) Menegh. " portianum Archer. " intermedium Delp. " suborbiculare Wood. n. " coelatum Ralfs. n. " subcrenatum Hautzsch. n. blytii Wille. n. " biretum florideuse Wolle. n. " ornatum Ralfs. " broomei Thwaites. " pardalis Cohn. n. Euastrum elegans (Breb) Kuetz. Staurastrum muticum depressum (Naeg) Boldt. n. {S. muticum minus.) " aversum Lind. n. (5". brevispina) " polymorphum Breb. " peiitacladium W^olle. . n. '• aspinosum Wolle. n. " grallatorium Nordst. n. Desmidium aptognium (Kuetz) Lagerh. Hyalotheca dessiliens (Smith) Breb. Nov., 1902.] The Maximum Height of Plants. 319 I'olrocaceae. Gloeocystes gigas (Kuetz) Lagerh. (Protococcus.) Haematococcus lacustris Girod. [Sphaere/la pluviales. ) Spondylonioruni quaternarium Ehrenb. n. Pandorina morum (Muell) Bory. Endorena elegans Ehrenb. n. Volvor globator (L) Ehrenb. Cladophoraceae. Cladophora declinata fluitans (Kuetz) Hansg. n. Castalia. Ulolh rich aceae. Microspora vulgaris farlowii Wolle. n. Castalia. [Conferva A " fugacissima (Roth) Rabenh. n. Oedogoniaceae. Bulbochaete rhadinospora Wittr. n. Hehninthocladiaceae. Chantransia pygmala Kuetz. Castalia. THE MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF PLANTS IV. John H. Schaffner. During the past summer a few measurements on the height of various plants were taken and those which are con.siderably above the size given in our manuals are recorded below. All of the plants in the list are from central and western Kansas, except three, which were measured in Ohio. Syntherisma s mguinalis (L.) Dull. Panicum capillare L. ... Panicum proliferuni Lain. Chaetochloa viridis ( L. ) Scrib. Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. Atheropogon curtipendulus (Mx.) Fourn. Eragrostis major Host. Viola rafinesquii Greene — Ohio, Teucriuni canadense L. ... Salvia lanceolata Willd. Solan uni nigrum L. Solanum rostratum Dunal. Linaria linaria (L.) Karst , Ohio, Iva xanthiifolia (Fres.) Nutt. Xanthium speciosum Kear. Boebera papposa (Vent.) Rydb. Erechtites hieracifolia (L.)'Raf., Ohio, 5 feet 5% 5Vi 2% 4'^ 4 154 2>% 4 5 4 A% 13 8 2^ loVz 320 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 1, *ON A VISUAL AREA IN LAMPSIDA VENTRICOSUS F. L. Landacre. The following observations were made on Lampsida Veyitri- cosus {^Unio subovatns ), with a view to determining the exact nature of what a})pears to be a \-isnal area on the posterior mantle lobe. This particular clam attracted the writer's notice during several years while collecting material for laboratory use. The females while carrying the young glochidia, in the fall, frequent the ripples rather than the quiet portions of the stream as most clams do: and always lie in the gravel with the long axis hori- zontal. In addition to these two peculiarities, \entricosus almost always has two large frill like appendages on the hinder edge of the mantle lobe, and these are usualh- found moving in the run- ing water. These frills are from one inch to an inch and a half long, and l)ear a prominent eye like spot on the dorsal portion. The frill is widest on the ventral portion and gradualh' merges into the mantle on its dorsal surface. The free edge of this frill bears tentacles which are well pigmented. The dark spot on the dorsal portion is borne on a light field. The waving of the frill, which at first appears to be due to the current, was found, after specimens were kept under obser- vation in the laboratory, to be quite regular in quiet water, and to occur at the rate of from thirt>- to fifty contractions per minute. The purpose of these movements seems to be to furnish fresh water to the yovuig in the gills. These are frequently so distended with young that the clam cannot clo.se its shell at all. It can hardly serve the purpose of distributing the young as they are carried until spring. The animal, while moving its mantel lobes in the water, bears a striking resemblance to a bit of grass attached to a half submerged stone. This protective resemblance can hardly account for the peculiarity-, and, as suggested above, it is probably respir- atory in function. The animal is nuich more active on bright days, and was ob.served to retract its mantle when a shadow was thrown on it. This suggested that there nmst be a \-isual epithelum somewhere on the mantle lobe. The attempt to demonstrate the connection of the nerves running to the posterior mantle region with the epithelial cells was not successful, although l)oth Golgi, and \V)ni Rath methods were used. The histology of the pigmented area, especially the eye like spot was carefully worked out, and while the actual con- * Read before the Ohio .Academy of Science, Columbus, Ohio, 1897. Nov., 1902.] Visual Area in Lampsida Ventricosus. 321 tact between nerve and epithelial cell would be needed for a demonstration, this spot has every appearance of being visual and the writer believes it to be such. The mantle was found by repeated experiment to be sensitive to both concentrated rays of light and to shadows. It was not determined whether the visual area was confined to one .spot or generally distributed. A section through the eye like .spot shows the epithlinm to be greatly thickened, and nuich more pigmented than the ordin- ar}' epithelial cells. The slightly pigmented epithelium is about 15 micromillimeters thick while the eye spot is 60. The ordinary epithelium is pigmented throughout about half its length, the remaining basal portion of the cell being taken up with the nucleus, while in the visual cell the nucleus is 15 mm. long and the pigmented area 45 mm. long. The outer exposed end of the visual cell bears a well marked corneous like coat while this is almost absent from the surround- ing epithelium. In addition to these marked differentations, the basal ends of the visual cells are drawn out into branched processes which are about 15 mm. long. These extend down into the subjacent tissue and supply the place of a rather well defined membrane which exists between the ordinary epithelime and underh-ing tis- sue. While these processes have not been proven to be in con- tact with nerves, yet there is an undoubted visual area here. The modification of the ordinary epithelium into a heavily pigmented epithelinn and this finally into a \isual area as in this form does not involve nearly so radical a change as has gone on in the devel- opement of the pallial e>'es of peden. The corneous lens like body is only a modified cuticle and any cell bearing pigment may be .sensitive to light. The presence of .so well defined visual area in one of our fresh water clam is a striking fact since the group as a whole seems to be entirelv insensitive to light. 32 2 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 1, MEETING OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB. The Biological Club met in Ortoii Hall, Oct. 5 ; the program consisted of reports of work done b}- the different members during the summer. Mr. Mills reported that the Baum Village was divided into clans and stated that copper, obsidian and pottery had been discovered in the mound. Explorations at Kinnickinnick showed that the implements etc. used were the same as those in the Hopewell collection. The .structure of this mound is somewhat peculiar : at its base is a low platform of hard tamped clay and below this is an older village site. He also reported the discovery of the skull and lower jaw of a mastadon at Grove City. They were imbedded in boulder clay about 9 feet below the surface. Prof. Osborne reported an increased attendance at the Lake Laboratory. His work was esp cially with the Hemiptero. He reported that the attendance at the Zoological Section of the A. A. A. S. was large and the papers good. He mentioned especially some on the cicada which showed that it took food in its adult state and that there are according to measurements of sj^ecimens .several distinct species previously suppo.sed to be varieties. Prof. Prosser reported work on the Columbus quadrangle of the Topographical survey which showed some very interesting features and gave the results of some of his work on the correla- tion of various formations. Prof. Schaffner reported Klymus hirsutiglumis as new to the state list and gave some notes and photographs of the Ecology of the prairies, showing striking!}- the effect of water. Miss Riddle reported finding some of the more unusual flower- ing plants at Sandu.sk y and collecting numerous algae from the bay. Dr. Killerman reported three weeks of very profitable collecting along the Greenbrier River in south-eastern West X'irginia. He stated that his results were not ready for a full report as yet. Mr, Griggs gave some account of a trip to Guatumala, empV.a- sisiug the opportunities for investigation of tropical forms and the relative ease with which one could take advantage of them. A committee consisting of Prof. Osborne, Prof. Killerman and Miss Flynn was appointed to nominate officers for the ensuing year. Otto E. Jennings, Secretary, pro tcm . SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION OF Minerals, Rocks, Fossils Birds and Mammals, Shells and Echinoderms. Also Human Skeletons, and Anatomical Models. Relief Models by Messrs. Shaler, Davis and Harris, illustrating Physical Geology X^l^l]> and Physiography [uj library WRITE FOR CIRCULARS, X>^^»^^^v^ >X/^ards' N^t"^^^ Science Establishment, ROCHESTER, N. Y. :f ™- DAB K ) A« BA « ;" ;x.. made at the be pleased State and High Sts., COLUMBUS, OHIO, OUR LIST OF AWARDS FOR THE LAST YEAR ARE: The Gold Medal at Paris Exposition. Highest Award at the Pan-American Exposition. Six First Premiums out of seven at Ohio State Exposition. DIE STAMPING. PLATE AND LETTER PRESS PRINTING. SPAHIj & GLENN, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS. 50 EAST BROAD STREET. COLUMBUS, OHIO. Buchet Engtamig Co. Process and Wood Engraving, Electro= typers and Manufacturers of Stereotyping and Engraving Machinery. 5=> S=« 5i> 5=^ &. 80y2 North High Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO. American Entomological Co. 1040 De Kalb Avenue, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Dealers in Insect:i, Entomological Supplies and manufacturers of the only genuine and original Schmitt Insect Boxes, BUILDERS of CASES and CABINET5 in CORRECT STYLES New Price List of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera and illustrated Catalogue of Entomological Supplies. No. 4, li>02, lOO:;. Dec. 1 , H)02. Price, 5 cts. THE WILSON BULLETIN. A Quarterly Journal ^ ^ ^ Devoted to The Study of Living Birds* The Official Organ of the Wilson Ornithological Chapter of the Agassiz Association. Its aim is to stimulate the study of living birds by the publica- tion of field work done by members of the Chapter. This work is planned to contribute to one end and is therefore cumulative. The June number will contain a winter census of the birds of lyorain County, Ohio, besides other matter of general interest and value. Each number contains not less than forty pages of matter of interest to the student of birds. If you are interested in bird .study at first hand, and wish to learn how others are studying, you will not miss seeing a copy of this up-to-date bird magazine. Write for a Free Sample Copy to LYNDS JONES, Oberlin, Ohio. ^The "Ohio Naturali^t/^ A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohio. The official organ of The Biological Club of THE Ohio State University. Published monthly during the academic year, from November to June (8 numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign countries, 75 cents. Single copies, 10 cents. Editor-in-Chief, F. L. Landacre. Associate Editots. J. A. Bownocker, Geology, W. C. Mills, Archaeology, J. H. SCHAFFNER, Botany, Max Morse, Ornithology, J. S. HiNE, Zoology, F. J. TylER, Ecology. Advisory Board. Prof. W. A. KELLERMAN. Prof. HERBERT OSBORN. Prof. Charles S. Prosser. Address THE OHIO NATURALIST. Ohio State University, Columbus. Ohio. IWedieal and Seientifie Books The Second Liapgest Stock in Ohio. The most libefal discounts given Public and Private Liibfaries. Sold at Wholesale Prices. li. S. WELiLiS, 665 North High Street, C01iU|VIBUS, OHIO. Both Telephones. {Reduced l^ates to Teachers. LONG & KILER Unwersity Supply Store Corner Eleventh Avenue and High Street, Removed from Main Building, Ohio State University. Books. Drawing Material, Fine Stationery, Etc. Special Orders for Books solicited. A fine line of FOUNTAIN FENS and COLLEGE FINS. (pvimic ^mBufatice ^ertjice. ^efe|)6one 18- Jiineraf ©irecfota* 1239 to 1241 (n. §10(5 ^frecf. CofumBuB, (D^to. KILER' S THARMACY A Complete Line of >^ DRUGS, CHOICE CANDIES, FINE STATIONERY Cor. Eighth Avenue and High Street. Telephone 883. Columbus, Ohio. Reports of the Geological Survey of Ohio FOR SALE. Complete Sets nuith Maps, or a.ny of the Volumes Separately. Address THE OHIO NATURALIST, Columbus, 0, The Ohio iJSCaturalist, PUBLISHED BY The Biological Club of the Ohio State Uni'versily. Volume III, DECEMBER, 1902. No. 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS OSBORX— A Statistical Study of Variations in tlie Periodical Cicada 323 SCHAFFNER— Oijservations on Self-Pruning and tlic Formation of Cleavage Planes 327 OsBORN— Note on the Occnrence of the Cigarette Beetle in Columbus 3:!0 SCHAFFNER— The Flora of Little Chicken Island 331 Burr— Compass Plants of Ohio 333 SiMKiNS — A Record of 0))servatious on the Dandelion 334 Mills— Prehistoric Anthropology 336 A STATISTICAL STUDY OF VARIATIONS IN THE PERIODICAL CICADA.* Herbert Osborn. One principal variation from the normal type of Tibicen septeiii decern has been recognized at least since 1829. It VA^as described as a distinct species in 1857, but later Rileyf and other authors have given it varietal rank only, and jNIarlatt in iSqSJ' terms it a "dimorphic variety." In the occurrence of the present 3'ear this form has been very abundant at Columbus and elsewhere, and I have thought it niisfht be worth while to secure some statistical data as to it and to review briefly the question of its relation to the typical form. Material has been collected from the University grounds and timber near b3^, from Arlington to the west and Franklin Park to the east of the oxiy , representing points about eight miles apart, and other lots in Cincinnati and at Brush Lake. Observa- tions have been reported to me b}- Mr. Dury and Professor Geyer, of Cincinnati, and from Prof. Cook, of DePauw University, Green- castle, Ind. These specimens and observations have been cor- roborative of my own and need not be further mentioned, except when included with precise measurements. The cassini form is smaller than the normal and the abdomen beneath is entireh^ black, only rare specimens showing a narrow hind ])order of yellowish or orange 3^ellow. The cross \-eins of the wing forming the "W" mark are commonly less oblique and the "W" therefore shortened. This point, however, as in the * Read before Section F, Am. Assoc. Adv. Science, Pittsburg, July i, IQ02. t Inj. & Ben. Ins., Rep. Mo, i, p. 20. 1 Bull. 14, Div. Ent., p. 17. 324 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 2, Ohio Naturalist. Plafe 2. /Jo- 'Xq ■ III - m- ?'- S-c- bo- S-c. fD- 3o- (' % 5- 0 i 6 J ^j {^^ CA /jy f % ^ l/i- ^ A ^ ^ \ * ^ i 1 \ 3 J \ V \ < \ 3 / \ ' \ y f \ \ / 1 \ \ ( , / 1 \ J \ A \ \ I \ \ \ 1 \ / / \ \ 1 V \ / / \ y ' f ii IZ '. ) J V / i- / 0 / / 2 /. / / y / i ^1 ? / C "i- c / \ .\ ^ i J t / r^ > ? ^ r /^ i / 1 i 1 \ i r; >^ i/t < «/ ^ 1 3"* 7 \ ?/' ,■"- '/ ' \ r / N ?ci y /\ « ?/ \ t 5o / / \ /\ / 1 \ / 1 X' \ .... ' A < ^ \ -. li 3 J V i W^ '^ J 7 ■* I 1 f 3 o i / s? ^ -* J J i' j' y- ^ i 3 ;> ^-^ !^ iit- iy St> S/ i'ji 33 3i\ OSBORN ON "Variations in thk Periodical Cicada. "^ Dec, 1902.] Variations in the Periodical Cicada, 325 normal forms, seems subject to wider variation than the other structures. Measurements ha\-e been made of eight hundred specimens taken at random from various localities, the only point of selec- tion being to get an equal number of both forms (in each sex ) in order that the frequencies for each form should be fairl}- repre- sented. All intermediate forms are represented in due proportion to their occurrence in the lots examined. Results of the measurements show a very decided constancy for each variety and for each sex of each variety, the wing length of cassifii -moles averaging 27.4 mm., width 10.9 nun. and body length 22.9 mm.; while for normal form the wing length is 33.1 m., width 12.5 mm. and body length 28 mm. For the females, cassini ioxm, wing length 30 mm., width 11.3 mm., body length 24.1 mm., while normal 17-decem are wing length 34, width 12.8, bod}' length 29.3 mm. The constancy of each can best be shown by curves of frequency for certain measurements, and this is shown in accompanying plate. Taken b}- constancy of each form and it must be recognized that their forms are well established. I may add that measurements, so far as made, indicate same proportion in length of beak and ovipositor and in width of thorax. It is believed that the wing length and width is as good a criterion of variation for the species as any other measurement that could be selected. The length of the entire bod}- varies somewhat with degree of contraction, and for females with con- dition of ovaries, but in the measurements given this was elimi- nated, as far as possible, by taking the specimens in same condition of maturity ; most of them were dr}-, but some were killed iu formalin. Color variation is also very constant. In rare instances certain forms showed a narrow orange border to abdominal segments. There is a difference in genitalia, but apparent!}- not enough to exclude the idea of crossing, and Riley says the difference is not constant. I have not examined a sufficient number to pronounce upon the constancy, but from the method of coition I should think a pairing of opposite varieties, while not impossible, would be difficult. There is a very decided difference in note — , a fact recorded as early as 1830 — and this, if the note is a mating call, would certainly have an influence in maintaining this isolation. A special effort was made to note copulations and determine whether in any case the varieties crossed, or an}- efforts were made toward crossing, but out of seventy pairs taken in antjc not a single instance of cassini paired with normal 17-decem form has been seen. There is here, then, a very evident case of isola- tion due to sexual selection, and it would appear on this basis, every opportunity for perpetuation of the ^-ariety. 326 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 2, There is. so far as I can learn, uo positive evidence that the variety is a dimorph, which may reproduce the normal type, or that alternates with it. It is certainly not a sexual dimorph, as both sexes are represented in each form, and, as shown, else- where, pair by themselves ; seasonal dimorphism is evidently not to be considered, so that I see no reason to use the term "dimorphic" as applied to this species. The fact that the two forms appear simultaneously in the seventeen-}-ear period and have so many characters in common is certainl_y good evidence of a very close relationship, and it would .seem safe to sa^- that they have sprung from a connnon stock, or verj' likely that one is a derivative from the other, which still represents the ancestral form. While not yet determined, it would seem pretty evident that cass//i/ is the derived form, since it appears less commonly than the other and has probabh- a more restricted range. If, possibly, a depauperate variet}', it seems now to be full}' established as a distinct form. It pertains espe- cially to the brood XXII having such wide range the present .season (1902), and was noted especially b}- Riley for the same brood in 1868. In m}' own experience it has been very rare in broods V and XIII, which I have had good opportunities to observe in Iowa in the occurrences of 1878, 1888 and 1895, Summarizing : ( i.) There is a ver\' constant color difference. (2.) Measurements show very close adherence to two entirel}^ different a\-erages for length of bod}-, length of wing and width of wing. This is best shown by curves. (3.) There is a totally different note characteristic of each form, which nuist l)e consid- ered as representing different mor2:)hology of sovuid-producing organs as well as basis for .selection of mates. (4.) No rassmi forms have been found paired with normal forms and none have been recorded or reported by other observers. (5.) There is a difference in genitalia, though perhaps not enough to exclude the possibl}- of mating, and Riley says the differences are not con- stant. Whether this form be called a variety, sub-species or .species, is, it seems to me, of less importance than a recognition of its distinctness, and a determination, if possible, of its phylogenetic relationship. For purposes of designation it may conveniently be called Tibiccn cassini Fisher. A variation of a quite different type was noted, but was repre- sented In' only two specimens. I am under obligation to Max W. Morse for assistance in making the. measurements. Dec, 1902.] Observations on Self-Pruning. 327 OBSERVATIONS ON SELF=PRUNING AND THE FORMATION OF CLEAVAGE PLANES. John H. Schaffne;r, Plants form separation layers and brittle zones for a variety of purposes, and the process is one of great importance in the life of many species, especially in those of a woody nature. The most familiar example is the annual phenomenon of the shedding of leaves and leaflets in our deciduous trees and shrubs. By this means the plant gets rid of useless members or of stich as would be injured by long periods of dry or cold weather. When fruit or seed is developed there is again the necessity for some means by which these bodies may be separated from the parent. In many cases, both in perennials and annuals, the parts are pruned off by the formation of cleavage planes. The most interesting examples of the development of separa- tion layers and brittle zones are tho.se b}' which ordinary buds, twigs and branches are cut off or self- pruned. This may be an adaptation for getting rid of leaves which do not themselves have the deciduous habit ; for vegetative propagation ; for the cutting off of herbaceous stems near the ground, as in certain perennial tumble-weeds and other geophilotis plants ; or it may be a pro- cess whose primary object is simply to rid the plant of surplus branches, thus preventing decay and allowing for the production of more new twigs and leaves the following season. Whether separation layers are ever produced in roots or under- ground stems is not known to the writer. But it seems that this Avould make an interesting though difficult subject for research. The process of self-prtming has been studied by the writer for several years, and during the past summer further observations were made to supplement previous work on this subject. A ntnnber of species were added to my former lists, including members of such widely .separated families as M^-ricaceae, Acer- aceae and Vacciniaceae. A number of trees were found to prtuie abtuidantly in the spring. The soft maple (Acer saccharinum L. ) was self-pruning abundantly from the first of May to the first of July. From some trees hundreds and even thousands of twigs from one to ten years old were shed dtiring this period. The formation of the joint and cleavage plane is much the same as in the poplars, and most of the twigs had leaf buds with partly developed leaves. Acer rubrtun L. also self -prunes in the spring and shed twigs from one to ten jxars old were collected on May 12th. No evidence of self-prtming was discovered in Acer sac- charum Marsh, or Acer negundo L. Ulmtis americana L. also sheds twigs in the spring, althottgh autumn is the more tisual time for this tree to self-prune. On Ma\' i6th a large tree was 328 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 2, seen shedding twigs by the thousands. Sometimes a twig would drop every few seconds. On Ma}- 19th the ground beneath this tree was covered with twigs and parts of twigs from one to six years old on an average of about ninety per square yard. When it is stated that the area thus covered was over ten yards in diameter some idea can be obtained as to the number of twigs pruned off in a few weeks. This tree was still self-pruning on June 3d. Many other trees were pruning at this time. The weather was very drN'and it is the writer's belief that dry weather accelerates the process of self-pruning. W. E. Britton'-i^ reports that when the fruit of the elm is ripe gray squirrels j^rune off considerable numbers of branches, and suggests that injury might be done to trees in this way. It would appear, however, that an elm tree which naturall)' prunes off hundreds of branches a year could not be injured materially by losing a few twigs which squirrels might bite off while feeding. The slippery elm (Ulmus fulva Mx.) does not self- prune branches, but it sheds large numbers of lateral buds every year, and has therefore no need of pruning off surplus branches. Foerstef has observed such a process in a number of trees. The Cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marsh.) was found to self- prune occasional!}' from the time leaves appear in the spring until they are shed in the fall, although the main period of self-pruning is at the time of the shedding of the leaves. In a previous article, the black oak ( Quercus velutina L,am. ) was given in the list of oaks which are supposed not to self -prune. During the past summer, however, the writer found trees, on Cedar Point, Sandusky, Ohio, which were shedding a few small twigs by forming cleavage planes in basal joints. In late autumn the hackberry ( Celtis occidentalis Mx. ) sheds considerable numbers of leafy twigs of the season by means of the formation of a brittle zone in the same manner as was described in a jDrevious article for the fruiting twigs. The following plants, not mentioned in previous papers by the writer, self-prune by the formation of cleavage planes in basal joints : Juniperus virginiana L. Populus balsatnifera L. Populus tremuloides Mx. Comptouia peregrina (L.) Coult. Mostly twigs of the seasou are pruned off. Quercus velutina Lam. iQuercus imbricaria Mx. Self-prunes small twigs, biit not abundantly. Euonymus eurojxieus L. Twigs from one to eight years old are self- pruned. * W. E. Britton. The Gray Squirrel as a Twig-pruner. Science ^5.- 950. 1902. t Aug. K. Foerste. The Identification of Trees in Winter. Bot. Gaz. /;.■ 180-1S9. 1892. Dec, 1902.] Observations on Self-Pruning. 329 Euonymus atropurpureiis Jacq. Shed twigs from one to four years old were collected. Acer saccharinum L. Acer rubrum L. Polycodiutn stameneum (L,.) Greene. Self-prunes twigs abundantly. Vacciniutn vacillans Kalin. The following two grapes were studied and found to prune in the normal way for such plants by the formation of cleavage planes corresponding to leaf nodes in twigs of the season : Vitis labrusca L. Wild variety.! Vitis bicolor L,e C. As stated in the beginning of this paper cleavage planes are often formed to separate the fruit from the parent plant. It is interesting to note some of the ways in which this is accom- plished. In the simplest cases a cleavage plane is formed at the basae of the fruit, which falls off while the peduncle dries and decays awa}-. This is the case in Rhus glabra L,. In others the Separation laj'er is formed at or near the base of the peduncle, as for example in the ground cherr}-, Physalis pruinosa L,. In this herb a very perfect cleavage plane is formed in the peduncle. In the apple and pear the separation of the frtiit from the tree is accomplished in the same wa}^ by the development of a rather imperfect cleavage plane or separation layer. In some plants, as in Primus americana Marsh., or in Benzoin benzoin (ly. ) Coult., the fruit first falls off and afterwards a cleavage plane is formed at the base of the peduncle. In the plum the peduncle sometimes dries off and is not immediately shed, even though the separation laj^er is formed. When the fruit is produced on panicles or cymes there are also several methods of procedure. In the dog- woods, as in Cornus asperifolia Mx., the berries drop off singly, and later the fruiting cyme is closely excised by a smooth cleav- age plane ; while in the smooth sumac, as stated before, the berries drop off in the same way, but the much branched panicle remains to decay gradually. In the chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.), the stems which bear the burs become quite woody, but a cleavage plane is formed and the entire fruiting branch is thus pruned off. The writer has had some difficulty in looking up the literature on the subject of self-pruning. This may be because no dis- tinctive term has come into use for this common and most interesting phenomenon of our shrubs and trees. The following is a list of recent American papers bearing upon this subject : 1885. Trele.'VSE, Wm. When the Leaves Appear and Fall. Second Ann. Rept. Agr. Exp. Sta., Univ. of Wisconsin, for 1884. p. 59. 1892. FoERSTE, Aug. F. On the Casting-off of the Tips of Branches of Certain Trees. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, /p.- 267-269. 33° The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 2, 1893. FoERSTE, Aug. F. On the Casting-oflf of the Tips of Branches of Certain Trees— Part II. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 20 : 157-168. i90<.). Bessev, C. E. Botannical Note.s — The Annual Shedding of Cottonwood Twigs. Science. /2 : 650. 1901. SCHAFFNER, JoHN H., and Tyler, Fred. J. Notes on the Self- Pruning of Trees. Ohio Nat. / .• 29-32. 1902. Schaffner, John H. The Self-Pruning of Woody Plants, Ohio Nat. 2: 171-174. NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE CIGARETTE BEETLE IN COLUMBUS.- i;y Herbert Osborn. The injuries of this insect have been reported from different points in the United States during the last eight or ten years but .so far as I am aware no definite record of its appearance in this city has been pubhshed. It ma}- be of interest, therefore, to note its occurrence and the conditions under which it has proven troublesome. It was first brought to my attention by one of the furnittire firms of the city who reported the damage of certain plush upholstered furnittire and desired information as to the insect and especially in reference to the probability of its having gained entrance into the articles while in their possession. An examination of the furnittire showed the plush covering penetrated at points and the insect occurring in considerable numbers in the cotton innnediately beneath the plush and in many cases, frag- ments of the plush covering mingled with the cotton. Under- neath the cotton in the filling, no specimens were observed. This evidence seems to show quite conclusively that the insect had entered after the covering had been put in place and was not due to the presence of beetles or their eggs or larvse in the material used for filling. It seems that the furniture had been sent to this firm for recovering ; kept in their shops but a few days, and returned to the owner, and that the injur}- of the insect had not been discovered until .some eighteen months after being in the shops ; and that in the meantime the house had been closed and unused for a period of some six weeks. The conclusion seems evident that the attack originated in an infestation occurring, very likely, during the time that the house remained unused, the beetles gaining access b}' means of cigarette packages or some infested article of furniture, and the fact that the articles were uniLsed permitted the insect to become fairly well established. It may be remarked that this insect is likel\' to become prevalent in many of the cities of the State, and that prompt attention to its destruction, wherever it is noticed, is very important. Where *Read before the Ohio State Academy of Science, Nov. 2S, 1902, Dec, 1902.] Occurance of the Cigarette Beetle. 331 occurring in upholstery the most convenient treatment is to apply benzine and gasoline, but of course due precaution against the possibility of any flame coming in contact with the fumes must be taken. The firm in question are to be commended for their attitude in the matter, as they were anxious to make good any injury that could be traced to their own factories or to negligence on their part. The fact that no furniture in their establisnment has shown injury from this insect, along with the fact that the furniture was in their possession for so short a time, makes the conclusion very certain that the infection was not due to their rooms or factory being infested. The insect as recognized in the larval stage is a small, coiled grub, nearh* white in color, the head marked with brown patches, cspecialh- on the lower por- tions. The adult is a minute hairy beetle, about one-eighth inch in length. Specimens in the department collection have been received from Prof. J. C. Hambleton, who found them at West Jefferson. Mr. Dury reports them in Cincinnati, and a recent Bulletin from the division of Entomology, Department of Agriculture, reports them as destructive in cigarette packages and other tobacco pro- ducts in Cincinnati. The fact that this insect occurs in a great variet}' of materials renders it of great importance. Its first destructive appearance being noted in packages of cigarettes gave it its name ; but it has been observed in a great many different articles, such as starchy foods, cotton goods, silk, plush, upholstery, etc. THE FLORA OF LITTLE CHICKEN ISLAND. John H. Schaffner. On the 22nd of last June, I paid a visit to the Hen and Chicken Islands which lie in Canadian waters beyond North Bass Island. After landing on the Hen Island there was time enough to visit only one of the three " Chickens " which accompany the " Hen." This was the one farthest south-east, known as Little Chicken Island, the other two being called Big Chicken and Chick Island. Little Chicken Island is a nestling place for the common tern, and the higher part of the surface was covered with tern nests, a few of which contained young birds. The island is a rocky reef covered with coarse drift pebbles. The central part is simply a ridge of large, loose pebbles, without vegetation of any kind, and around this is a zone of herbs reaching to the water's edge, with a good- sized bunch of willow^s on one side, none of which are much over six inches in diameter. 332 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 2, I made a careful search for all the species of plants growing on the island, and since such a flora must be quite transient, it is here recorded. Aside from a few of the lower algae and fungi on the rocks and dead organic matter, Marchantia polymorpha and several mosses were the only lower forms present. Fifteen species of seed plants were determined, and there may have been several more species of Polygonum, but they were not mature enough for satisfactory determination. Following is the list of species : Ecliinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Agrostis alba L. Avena saliva L. Salix ainygdaloides Andr. Ulinus aniericana L,. rolygonimi lapathifoliuni L- Polygonum persicaria L. Atriplex hastata L. Scutellaria lateriflora L. Lycopus americauus Muhl. Cephalanthus occideutalis L. Leptilon canadense (L,.) Britt. ^ Bidens frondosa L. Bideiis connata Muhl. Carduns sp. Of these the Avena, Ulmus, Lycopus, Cephalanthus and Carduns were leading a very precarious life. It will be seen from the list that there are only two plants which have barbed fruits. Four have adaptations for wind distribution and may have been <:arried in this way. The other nine have small seeds which may have floated over from neighboring islands or they may have been carried in the nuid sticking to the feet and feathers of birds. An apple was found washed ashore, l)ut there would be little chance for such a plant to gain a foothold on the island. It is probable that most of the seeds which arrive find it impossible to establish themselves, becau.se of the limited amount of soil and other adverse conditions. Dec, 1902.] Compass Plants of Ohio. 333 COMPASS PLANTS OF OHIO. Harriet G. Burr. The name ' ' compass plant ' ' was first given to Silphhc^n Jaciniatiim, commonly called Compass plant or Rosin-weed, one of the famil}- Compositae and found on the prairies of North America. It is the best known of this class of plants and affords perhaps the best illustration of them. The name originated with the hunters on the prairies who observed that the leaves had a peculiar vertical position with the edges pointing north and south. Even under cloud}- skies they were able to make use of this pecu- liarity as a guide to directions. The vertical position of the leaves is due to the twisting of the leaf-blades ; this seems to be confined to those plants which prefer open, sunny places and which grow in the warmest parts of the year, and to this we may look for an explanation of the phenomenon. The full effect of the sun's rays upon the leaf during the hottest part of the day, especially on the prairies where the temperature sometimes rises very high, would cause an -over-heating and an excessive amount of transpiration which would be exceedingl}" injurious to the plant and might cause its death. To avoid this the leaves twist so that they have what is called the "profile position," the sun's rays falling directly upon the edges at mid-day and upon the surfaces only at morning and evening. It is interesting to note that when compass plants are found growing in damp, shady places, the leaves have the ordin- ary position, i. e., not vertical or twisted. This placing of the leaves horizontally in the shade and vertically in dry, sunny places may be seen in many plants, including shrubs and trees, though in only a few of them do the leaves have a north and south position. The name "compass plant," however, is not restricted these last. The following is a list of our Ohio compass plants : Lactuca Scariola L. Prickly Lettuce. Lactuca virosa L. Strong-scented Lettuce. Silphium laciniatuni L. Compass-plant, Rosin-weed. Erigeron Philadelphicus L. Philadelphia Fleabane. Lacinaria scariosa (L.) Hill, Button Snakeroot. Grindelia squarrosa (Ph.) Duval. Broad-Leaved Gum-plant. Of these, Lactuca virosa (formerly confused with L. Scariola) and Erigeron Philadelphiacus are very conunon. In the latter the twisting of the leaves is especially noticeable in the spring, although they do not have a north and south position. Silphium laciniatuni is foimd on the prairies in the northwestern part of the State. 334 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 2^ A RECORD OF OBSERVATIONS ON THE DANDELION. J. D. SiMKINS. The following observations were made by my son, Don C. Simkins, upon two dandelion heads. One was studied from ]\Iay lo to June 4, 1901 ; the other from May 12 to June 4, 1902. Observations were recorded three times a day — morning, noon and night. In the notes below "No. One" refers to the first head and its scape; " No. Two" to the second head and its scape. No. Two was the more typical specimen. The dandelion grows in a funnel-shaped opening which it makes at the surface of the ground. No. One remained in this funnel for two days after being discovered, without lengthening its scape ; No. Two did the same. It was five days after No. One was discovered before it bloomed ; after No. Two, eight. Beginning at seven o'clock in the morning, it took one hour for the head of No. One to open the first morning it bloomed, and in about five hours it began to close. It took one hour to fully close. Only the outer half of the flowers bloomed the first day. In opening and closing, this head made the same record the second day, except that the inner half of the flowers were also in bloom. On the third day the head opened a short time. No. Two made the same record. On some days the dandelion remains in bloom until later in the afternoon. After flowering No. One required fifteen days to ripen its seed ; No. Two, nine. The cold rainy weather delayed No. One. When the fruit on No. One was ripe it took forty minutes for the head of pappus to open. The plant made a mistake, for it rained and washed a part of the seed off, while a part hung on for three days ; but possibly it could not wait any longer, for it had been delayed by four days of rainy weather, except the day before the head opened. No. Two opened in the same time, the wind rose and the parachutes were carried away — all ou the same day. In fine weather you will see many pappus heads in the forenoon and Imt very few in the evening. All the seeds in Nos. One and Two seemed to mature. This plant is so very numerous that many insects are induced to aid in pollination. During some days, as well as some nights, the scape does not grow. In No. One it grew during ten nights ; in No. Two, during thirteen. In No. One it grew during seven day-times ; in No. Two, during nine. At certain times the scape makes a rapid growth. No. One, on each of two non-successive nights, grew one and one-half inches, and during another night two inches. No. Two lengthened one inch on each of two non -successive nights, two inches on one night, and four and one- third inches Dec, 1902,] Observations on the Dandelion, 335 during another. No. One never grew one inch during any day- time except once ; No. Two lengthened one inch in one daytime and two inches in one other. No. One lengthened rapidly during the last three days and nights just before it completed its growth. No. Two did the same, except that it grew^ an eighth of an inch after the seed had been scattered, probably owing to a shower. No. One did not grow any for three days and nights just before opening the head of pappus, but the weather was cold and rainy ; No. Two lengthened very rapidl}- during the three days and nights just before scattering the seed, probably because the weather was warm and windy, with a slight shower the night before the head opened. No. One did not grow any during the three days and nights just after blooming, probably because its strength had been exhausted in flowering ; No. Two did the same. This was the longest period of rest from growth that either plant took. The scape of No. One grew over an inch during the days and nights the head was in bloom ; No. Two, two inches. No. One grew one inch during the day and night just before blooming ; No. Two, four and one-third inches the night previous to blooming — its most rapid growth. In No. One, previous to blooming, the scape bent over to lower and protect the head, but became erect the night before the head opened. By this process the head was elevated over an inch. No. Two did the same. Along the roadside this process often makes a difference in elevation of the head of four inches, especially if the neighboring vegetation is growing. After blooming the scape of No. One again flexed to lower and protect the head while the seed should ripen. By the scape's assuming a compound curve the head stood erect. The scape became straight and vertical two days before the .seeds were to be scattered, thus raising the head an inch more than it otherwise would be. Along the roadside this change in the direction of the scape often elevates the head as much as six inches. The record for No. Two was the same as for No. One. In No. One the corollas died and dried in about five da^-s after blooming, and at the end of three more the growing jDappus stalks pu.shed them off ; for No. Two no record was made. In No. One the plant was five da5'S in reflexing the scales of the outer involucre ; but after they were once down they never again became erect. The same was true of No. Two. In No. One the scales of the inner involucre curved outward near their middle to permit the flowers to bloom, but became erect in the e\-ening and at night to close the flower. They also remained erect while the seed was ripening. When the head of pappus was ready to come out this was accomplished by the receptacle's changing from a concave disk to a convex one. This mechanical device not only opened up the head of pappus, but reflexed the involucres at 336 The Ohio Naturalist [Vol. Ill, No. 2^ their base. They never again left this position. No. Two made the same record. The pappus disk is also concave until it be- comes con vexed to help open the pappus head. While it is concave the pappus hairs stand erect and parallel ; but by becom- ing convex the disk forces the hairs to radiate like the stays of an open umbrella. In No. One, the head faced the sun from morning until noon while in bloom ; No. Two did the same. But this seems to be a rule to which there are exceptions. After the seed is scattered the scapes soon wilted and fell to the ground. In No. One the full length of the scape was twelve inches ; in No. Two, nineteen inches. The grass was taller around No. Two. In tall grass or in a pile of rails, the scape may reach a yard in length and stand erect most of the time, while on lawns that are frequently mowed they are usually short. No. One grew in the back yard, on the northwest side of its bunch, and when the scape flexed it always bent in that direction. No. Two grew near the same place, on the south side of its bunch, and when the .scape bent it was always in that direction. Of the 76 records made of No. One, 28 were marked "rainy" and 18 " cold " ; in the 68 made for No. Two, 11 were marked " rainy " and 8 "cold." PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. [aestiiact.] Address of the Retiring President, Mr. Mills. Delivered at the November Meeting of the Biological Club, at Orton Hall. ]\Ir. Mills gave a review of prehistoric Anthropology, which is accredited to the scientists of Denmark, who had stamped the meaning upon the word Anthropology, designating it as a science well recognized and as definite as the science of Botany, Chemistry, Zoology or Geology. He also reviewed the obstacles encountered by the investigators in the study of prehistoric Anthropology. A great many of the discoveries were due to the persistence of Pro- fessor Steenstrup, one of the Commissioners of Denmark, who first discovered that prehistoric man had the domesticated dog by finding bones that had the appearance of being gnawed. By applying these observations to the village sites of Ohio, Mr. INIills was able to discover at the Baum village site along Paint creek, and the Gartner Moiuid along the Scioto, a number of bones that had the appearance of being gnawed, and this led to the discovery of the domesticated dog at this place. These bones were after- ward sent to the National Mu.seum, and there identified and Dec, 1902,] Prehistoric Anthropology. 337 • described by Professor F. A. Lucas as a species much the size and proportion of the bull terrier, and resembling very much the dogs found in the old village sites in Texas and the old Pueblos. Mr. Mills also stated that at the present time in all Europe every dolman and village site is known to the scientist ; the borders of all the inland lakes have been studied with care, for it was thought that man}- of them w^ere sites of sunken forests, and many of these sunken trees could easily be detected in time of low water. But as investigations went forward it was soon shown, after lifting one of those trees from its bed, that it was a sharp- ened pile, bearing evidence of human workmanship ; that these had been driven into the ground and the tops of these piles in the remote past served as the sites of the homes of these early paople. At the same time a study of the various implements found in the shell heaps of Denmark and in the inland lakes of Switzerland and dolmans of various parts of Europe, brought out the fact of the similarity of the implements of these different countries. Therefore, by reason of this similarity, the scientists of that time were able to determine the prehistoric ages by comparing the dif- ferent implements of these various countries and the recognition of the resemblance between them, and by so doing they were able to correlate and identify the culture of early man. It was also found in later 3'ears, as the knowledge of prehistoric world increased, that this great similarity of European implements was found to extend to the Western Hemisphere ; that practically all of the implements and ornaments made of stone, bone and shell found in Europe could be readily duplicated in the United States. Ever since the establishment of the science of Anthropology the question that has been uppermost in the mind of the anthropolo- gist is to find out the orgin of the people that inhabited this country. In relation to their unity or diversity' the scientists of this country have been accepting the evidence furnished b}' crane- ology, by language and by social institutions of the American tsibes and their predecessors. Dr. Morton, in 1S39, brought out the idea of the homogeneous physical characteristics of the aboriginees of America, extending from Terra del Fuegoto the Arctic circle, and it has been accepted without question, and has more recently been made the basis of a wideh' comprehensive deduction. Other scientists believe that the American Indian is essentially separate and peculiar, a race distinct from all others. A review of all the theories advanced on both sides was extens- ively discussed, but the speaker could not bring out all the points that may be produced to show the unity or the diversity of the human race, but was sure that the student of anthropology, with the wealth of material and opportunities now afforded, will be able in time to solve the problem which for the last three- fourths 338 The Ohio Naturalist [Vol. Ill, No. 2, of a century lias been troubling us, namely, the problem of the unity or the diversity oi prehistoric man in America. Mr. Mills also reviewed the work of the Ohio State Archaeo- logical and Historical Societ)' at the Baiim village site along Paint creek and at the Gartner Mound along the Scioto. At the Batnn village the work this year fully demonstrated that the people lived in small clans or famih- groups ; that these clans had their own burial grounds, refuse pits, etc. Explorations carried on in previous years developed no burials having earthen jars placed with them. However, during the past year's work burials were found with earthen jars placed at the head. These jars invaria- bly contained a spoon made of ocean shell or the back of the common land turtle, cut in form to be used for the same purpose. In other jars large awls were found, which were no doubt used for conveying food to the mouth. * The light that is thrown upon one brief period of the past by the sttidy of these village sites, surrounded as they are by the mounds and earthworks of that by-gone people, testifies that they were agriculturists as well as hunters ; that they lived in the family group or clan ; that each clan was versed in the manufac- ture of potter}', ornaments and implements ; that they had the domesticated dog, and that this dog resembles very much the dogs found in the Southwest and even in Mexico. Moreover, these people had communication with the world other than their own habitation, as is evidenced b}' the intercourse with 'which they obtained mica, copper, obsidion and ocean shell. The latter part of the summer was devoted to mound work, and the Gartner mound, situated about six miles north of Chilli- cothe, was thoroiighly examined. Here very man}' new and interesting things were discovered. Large pieces of perfect pottery were found with burials, and in some cases the material ready to be made into pottery was placed with the burial. A large platform was uncovered, extending thirty-four feet east and west and twenty-three feet north and south. The platform was made of tamped clay and covered over the top with ashes ranging in thickness from six inches to two and one-half feet : these ashes were filled with animal bones, implements and ornaments of these people. In all f or t}-- four skeletons were removed from this mound. Seventy-five per cent, of these skeletons had imple- ments and ornaments placed with them. C^reat quantities of the canine teeth of the mountain lion and wolf were found, also large shell gorgets set with pearls. Taking it all in all this is one of the most interesting mounds examined in this section. SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION OF Minerals, Rocks, Fossils Birds and Mammals, Shells and Echinoderms. Also Human Skeletons, and Anatomical Models. Relief Models by Messrs. Shaler, Davis and Harris, illustrating Physical Geology and Physiography WRITE FOR CIRCULARS, Vt^ards' Natural Science Establishment, ROCHESTER, N. Y. oifii'j m mm. SrDAIllDAKiaMllKI.'"™. State and High Sts., COLUMBUS, OHIO. OUR LIST OF AWARDS FOR THE LAST YEAR ARE: The Gold Medal at Paris Exposition. Highest Award at the Pan-American Exposition. Six First Premiums out of seven at Ohio State Exposition. DIE STAMPING. PLATE AND LETTER PRESS PRINTING. SPAH% & GLENN, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS, 50 EAST BROAD STREET. COLUMBUS, OHIO. Biichet Engtaving Co. Process and Wood Engraving, Electro= typers and Manufacturers of Stereotyping and Engraving Machinery. 5=. .«»=> ft> A. .\ 80'A North High Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO. American Entomological Co* 1040 De Kalb Avenue, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Dealers in Insects, Entomological Supplies and manufacturers of the only genuine and original Schmitt Insect Boxes. BUILDERS of CASES and CABINETS in CORRECT STYLES New Price List of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera and Illustrated Catalogue of Entomological Supplies. No. 4, li»02, IHO:]. Dec. 1, 1902. Price, 5 cts. THE WILSON BULLETIN. A Quarterly Journal ^ ^ ^ Devoted to The Study of Living Birds* The Official Organ of the Wikon Ornithological Chapter of the Agassiz Association. Its aim is to stimulate the study of living birds by the publica- tion of field work done by members of the Chapter. This work is planned to contribute to one end and is therefore cumulative. The June number will contain a winter census of the birds of Lorain County, Ohio, besides other matter of general interest and value. Each number contains not less than forty pages of matter of interest to the student of birds. If you are interested in bird .study at first hand, and wish to learn how others are studying, you will not miss .seeing a copy of this up-to-date bird magazine. Write for a Free Sample Copy to LYNDS JONES, Oberlin, Ohio. "Dawson's Biids of Ohio" SCIENTIFIC! WILL ILLUSTRATE AND DESCRIBE THE 322 SPECIES OF OHIO BIRDS. POPULAR! A BOOK FOR BIRD LOVERS. NATURE STUDENTS AND THOSE WHO VALUE GOOD READIN6, It will contain a com = plete account of plum- ages, range, nesting, etc., together with piquant sketches and condensed life-histories of the birds themselves. The text is by Rev. W. Leon Dawson, of Columbus ; the intro- duction and analytical keys by Lynas Jones, S. M., of Oberlin, both well- known ornithologists. Song Sparrows. — A Brooding- Female Being Fed by Mate. .Specimen illustration from "Dawson's Birds of Ohio." Photo by J. B. Parker. MAGNIFICENTLY ILLUSTRATED BY 80 SELECTED PLATES IN COLOR and ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 200 ORIGINAL HALF-TONES From Photographs Taken in Ohio, SHOWING THE WILD BIRDS AND THEIR HAUNTS. No expense is being spared to make of this work a sumptuous volume, complete in every detail, the BEST OF ITS CLASS, yet well within the reach of all. PRICES RANGE FROM $5.75 to $7.50 ACCORDING TO BINDING. IBiQVIRV COITPOIS. SPECIAL TERMS TO ADVANCE THE WHEATON PUBLISHING CO. 1216 The Hayden, Columbus, O. Pk'ase send me s]ieeimeii pages of your fortheiiiniiii; work, "Dawson's Birds of Ohio," also s lecial terms l>y wliieh 1 may secure a numbered copy of the Ant lor'-- .Vutograpli ICdition. Name ■ SUBSCRIBERS. Tiie Author's Autograph Edition of 1,000 copies, limi- ted, is being rapidly sub- scribetl for. Sign ' ' Inquiry Coupon." Address ORDER NOW. THE WHEATON PUBLISHING CO., I2I6 The Hayden, COLUMBUS. OHIO, THE "OHIO NATURALIST" A journal ilcvdlcil niori' csiicciiilly lo llic nadiial history of ( >liio. Tlio oflicial orjran of TiiK r.ioi.oi;icAi, ci.ri! of thk Ohio Statk 1'ni\i:i;sity. Published monthlx iluriuj:- thr iicaiU'Uiic year, from Xovi'iiihcv to .luuc (S numbers.) Priee oO cents pel- year, ]iayal)le in advance. To foreign countries, 7ft cents. Siu,i;le copies, 10 cents. EdUor-iU'Chicf, . . . . . . . . F. L. Landacrk. Associate Ed i tots. J. A. BowNOCKER, Geology, W. C. MiLi.S, Archaeology, J. H. SCHAFFNER, Botaii}-, Max Morse, Ornithology, J. S. HiNE, Zoology, O. E. Jennings, Ecology. Advisory Board. Prof. \V. A. Kei.i,ERMAN. Prof. HERBERT OSBORN. Prof. Charles S. Prosser. Address THE OHIO NATURALIST. g^TuMBus.'oHyS LONG & KILER Unk^ersitY Supply Store Corner Eleventh Avenue and High Street, Removed from Main Building, Ohio State University. Books, Drawing Material, Fine Stationery, Etc. Special Orders for Books solicited. A fine line of FOUNTAIN PENS and COLLEGE FINS. (!lpnt)afe (^mBufaticc ^ertttce. (Jcfe^Botic 18- 1239 to 1241 (U. J5igl5 ^ixtci. CofttmBufi, - some of the stations named, it is believed, in view of the uniformity- with which the stations having the shorter records have checked up with those having longer records, and in view of the fact that in cases of doubt records of neighboring stations were in several cases consulted, that very fair general averages have been obtained and that longer records will not materiall}- alter our charts. Precipitation, Total. (Plate III Map II.) Taking up first the sul:)ject of precipitation we find no very great range in the normal animal amount. The valleys of the Ohio and Miami Rivers have the greatest ])recipitation, al)out forty inches per year, while the valley of the Maumee River has the least, — below thirt}--five in.ches. Snowfall. (Plate III Map I.) Precipitation in the form of snow shows an entirely different set of averages from that of the total ])recipitation. The northern part of the state shows some very striking extremes. In less than one hundred miles along the shore of Lake Erie, — from Sandusky to Ashtabula, — the annual snowfall rises from thirty to sixtv inches. vSouth from Ashtabula the snowfall decreases to twent>- inches in 150 miles, while a line drawn through the cen- tral part of the stale from north to south would cover in 200 miles a range of but ten inches of snowfall. Jan., 1903.] Some Climatic Conditions of Ohio. 341 Maximum Monthi^y Precipitation. Another phase of the subject of precipitation which is of some importance ecologically is that of the maximum and mininuuu nionthl}- precipitation. The records here again indicate very interesting differences in the state. Throughout the southwestern part of Ohio March is the wettest month of the year. The range was from 5.69 in. at Cincinnati to 9.02 in. at Portsmouth for the region having the maximum precipitation in March. With the exception of Milligan, with a maximum of 6.64 inches in June, the remainder of the state has its rainiest season in July with maxima ranging from 4.63 inches at Cleveland to 6.95 inches at Ashtabula. Minimum Monthly Precipitation. For the minimum monthh- precipitation fourteen of the fifteen stations report October, the range being from 0.85 inches at Clark.sville to 1.29 inches at Ashtabula. The one station not agreeing with the above was Sandusk}' with a minimum of 0.95 inches in December. Rainy Days. (Plate III Map III.) The region bordering Lake Erie, as might be suspected, leads the state in the total number of rainy (or snowy ) days per year. Cleveland has precipitation 150 da3\s in the year, while in the extreme northwestern and in the southeastern part of the state the number falls to below 100. Clear Days Per Year. (Plate III Map IV.) Sandusky reports the least number of clear days ( 69 ) while Ashtabula reports the greatest number, — over 160. Just why this should be is rather difficult to say. It was thought that perhaps some of the difference might be due to the shortness of record at Ashtabula (6 years) or to a lack of uniformity in sky observations at different stations, but the examination of the records of neighboring stations seemed to confirm the reliability of A.shtabula's records as averages of that locality-. Cloudy Days. The number of cloudy days follows about the same order as the rainy days. A strip running south and west from Sandusk\- to Cincinnati through the central part of the state, includes the region having the greatest number of cloudy days. Sandusky leads with 169 per year. 342 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 3, The following' table gives the above data in tal)ular form, complete for each station : Precipitation (inches). Ashtabula 38.8 Cincinnati 38.5 Clarksville 40 o Cleveland 36.5 Columbus •^81 Findlay ■ 36.8 Greenville 38.4 Marietta 42.6 :AIinigan 36.9 Montpelier 37 3 New Alexandria 43 . i Portsmouth 4-? . 2 Sandusky 33 .6 Toledo 30.9 Wooster 37 9 o 6 95 3-69 6.60 463 6.22 Month, July . . . March. March . July . . . Jnly . . . Jn'y March . July , June . . |ulv . . , July March . July . July I 29 .90 85 : 06 .81 I 15 .88 1. 12 .87 ■99 1 . 1 1 I 03 _ . , -95 July ' 1 .02 .96 Month. October.. . October. . . October. October. October.. . October . . Octolier . . October. . . October. . . October. . October. . . Octol er. . . December October. October.. . o ■7, 64.2 18.6 IS. 5 3S . 8 20.3 33 J^ 2^.0 17 6 26. 3 36.6 26 6 19 9 26 9 32. 8 31 5 Sky (No. days) 114 !• 0 1 '39 122 133 IlS "59 139 M9 131 106 113 III 98 121 132 99 76 84 97 9b 135 122 107 140 169 '38 135 129 122 D U 166 118 149 102 104 "5 91 97 121 106 132 129 69 108 121 Mean Temperaturk. (Plate IV Map V.) Taking up now the temperature of the state, we find a normal range of 6° F., — from 49° F. in the extreme north to above 55° F*. in the south. The annual isotherms vary quite regularly with the latitude excepting in the north-central part of the state as the map will show. Extreme Maximum Temperature. (Plate IV Map VI.) The highest temperature is normalh' reached in the latter part of July. The only station differing from this was Milligan with a maximum of 100° F. on August 11. The other fourteen stations ranged in extreme maxima from 100° at Portsmouth down to 92° at Greenville and 93° at Ashtabula. FZxTREME Minimum Temperature. (Plate IV Map VII.) The extreme minimum temperatures \-ary b>- twice as many degrees as do the extreme maxinuun. At Portsmouth the aver- age of lowest records is one degree below zero, while Montpelier averages thirteen below and Milligan eighteen l.'elow zero. The time of the coldest averages is about January 24 at Columbus, this l)eing the earliest, and PVbruary 7, at Ashtaljula. As has been ]ire\-iously shown l)y Prof. Mosele\- in his " Sandusk\- P'lora," ice drifting eastward in Lake Erie ma>' prolong the cold season at i)()ints toward the eastern end of the Lake. This prolv abl\- explains the lateness of the records of extremes al Ashta- Jan., 1903.] Some Clbnafic Conditions of Ohio. 343 bula. The average for Milligan just given I think is probaljl\- too low. The records have been kept for only eight years and during this time has occurred the exceptionally low temperature of 1899 which must necessarily have unduly influenced the aver- age. Yet it must be acknowledged that the region about Perr}- Count>- and northwestward shows very low maxima; throwing out altogether its two lowest records, Milligan would still hold the lowest minima among the fifteen stations, — or, even leaving Milligan out altogether, the map will still remain practically unchanged. Average Extreme Range of Tempeature. (Plate IV Map VIII. ) By average extreme range of temperature is here meant the difference between the average of extreme mininuun temperatures and the average of extreme maximum temperatures. Considered thus the .smallest range (The most equable temper- ature) is to be found along the shore of Lake Erie and in the immediate vicinity of the Ohio River, while the region of greatest extremes occurs in a strip commencing at the northwest corner of the state and continuing southeastward reaching its culminating point in Perry Count>', not more than fifty miles from the Ohio River, where the range is as small as an} where in the state, — (Milligan 115° range and Marietta roo°j. The greatest ranges among the fifteen stations for an\' individ- ual year were, as far as the records showed, at Milligan in 1899, 140° F. (39° to 101°) and at Findla}- the same winter, 121° F. (22° to 99°). Temperature Tables. A.shtabiila Ciiicinnaii .... Clarksville Cleveland Columbus . Findlay Greenville .... Marietta Milligan :Montpelier New Alexandria Port.smouth Sandu.sky Toledo Wooster o o Pi £ 5 31 13 31 23 10 13 18 7 9 15 15 24 31 16 Av'ge Maximum. i.\v'ge Mininuun, (Extremes.) (Extremes.) V '- Date. 9i 97 97 94 97 99 95 100 96 95 100 96 95 95 July 20 July 22. July 29 July 34. Jnlj- 2'', July 2S July 31- July 31 Aug. II July 23 July 21. July 9 July iS. July 21. July 27. X HI u u „ — 3 — 6 — 6 — 6 — 10 9 1 _ 4 — IS — 13 — 6 — I — 5 — 6 — 9 Date. Feb. 7 Jan. 27 Jan. 27 Jan. 31 Jan. 24 Jan. 2S Jan 31 Jan. Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb Feb. Jan. Jan. 27 27 2.S. I . 4 .\verage Range Between E.xtremcs (ireate.st Range Recorded in any One Year. 100 100 103 100 113 loy lul 99 ilS 109 101 loi loi 101 104 Fahr. Degrees I'ahr. 1^5' 116 121 112 118 121 II I 116 140 uS T16 119 115 114 118 Fahr. 1899 1S99 1899 1897 1899 1897 I 1899 1,1901 1899 1S99 I 1892 I 1S97 1899 1899 1S97 1897 1892: 344 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 3, Ohio Naturalist Map I is.i- 100 I2S /6~0 J:'':APE '^^ MapN /54- jKNNiNns on " vSome Climatic Coiidilioiis of Ohio." Explanation of Maps. Map I. Mean .\nnual Snowfall, in inches of snow. Map II. Mean Annnal Precipitation, in inches. The blank space denotes areas of less than 35 inches of precipitation, the niedinni dotted 35 to 40 inches, and the heavy dotted over 40 inches. I\Iap III. Average Nnniberof Days per year in which Precipitation Occnrs. The blank space represents areas of less than loo days and the sncces- sively darker areas respectively, 100 to 125, 125 to 150, and the darkest 150 or more days. M.\p I\'. Average Number of Clear Days per year. The clear days increase from darkest area, less than 75, through the .successively lighter portions u]) to 150 i)r more in the l)lank space. Jan., 1903.] Some Climatic Conditions of Ohio. 345 Ohio Naturaijst. Plate 4. f^hPl MapW MapyH' Jennings on" Some Climatic Conditions of ()hio." Explanation of Maps. I\Iap W Mean Annual Temperature. Lines denote mean temperature for the year rangint^ from 49 to 55 degrees Fahrenheit. INIap VI. Mean Maximum Temperature. Lines pass through points having the same average of maximum tem- peratures. Lines differ from each other by 2 '^ degrees Fahrenheit. i\L\p \'n. Mean Minimum Temperature. Lines pass through points having the same average of extreme mini- imum temperature. The lines differ from each other by five degrees Fahrenheit. M.\p VIIL Mean Annual Range of Temperature. Lines pa.ss through points having the same average range between the extreme minimum and extreme maxinuim temperature of the year. 346 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 3, FASCIATION. I^UMINA C. RiDDI.E. The phenomena of fasciation are sufficiently strikino^ to attract the attention of the most casual observer, and the malformation occurs so frequent!}' that nearly ever}- person has seen one or more cases of it. It manifests itself usually by a remarkable broadening' and flattening of the stem, crowded phyllotaxy and often spiral twisting and splitting of this broadened axis, although the portion of the plant affected and the exact character of the growth varies with the nature of the plant. Those having the rosette hal)it throughout their entire life, as the common dande- lion, .show fasciation in the peduncle of the inflorescence. In the thistle (\Ffg'. 2,) which has the rosette habit during the first year Fig. I. (J. . li/aii/liiis i^laiidii/osiis. />. Kainiiiru/iisabof/ii'iis. and is stemmed during the .second year, it has only been observed in the second year's growth and affected the entire stalk. In the herbaceous hollow-stenuned plai;t of Ramincjihis abortiviis, {Fig. /, b,) the entire stem was found fa.sciated and inside was found a reversed cylinder ha\-ing the delicate epidermal layer within and a well develo])ed ring of fibro-\-a.scular tissue surround- ing it. In Rrigeron philadclphicKS the leaves were so clo.sely Jan., 1903.] Fasciation. 347 compacted that the stem was entirel}- concealed while the top of the stalk was twisted down. In woody plants fasciated stems are nearly always split or twisted, often both, as shown in Ailanthus glaudulosus {Fig. /, a.) Fasciation is found frequently occurring in many cultivated plants; the flowers, hyacinths, gladioli, narcissus, violets, gerani- u m s , nasturtiums ( Tropoeohcm) ; the garden vegetables, cabbage or Brasska olcracea, and beets, Beta vulgaris ; and trees, Pinus, Thuya, Taxus, Salix, Alnus,Ulmus, Prunus and Populus. Several plants are cultivated only in their fasciated form, the most familiar one being the coxcomb, Cefosia cristata, L. , and to this peculiar distortion is due the wide crest so greath- desired by the florist. That it is possible to transmit the tendency to fasciate we have as proof not only the coxcomb but the results of experiments carried out by De- \'ries. with eight different plants in all of which fasciation proved to be hereditary. The percentage of fas- ciated seedlings in the fourth gen- eration was 40 ; while in the fifth, 2 \ per cent, showed marked fascia- tion. Wherever there was a tend- ency to revert to the normal it seem- ed to result from scanty nutrition, while where abundance was sup- plied the number of fasciated plants was in great predominance. Goebel in his ' ' Organography of Plants," states that it is difficult to answer the question as to the cause of fasciation. He classes it under malformations which appear spon- taneously and are not caused by external conditions although these may call the deformity forth. Other authors suggest various causes which are many times wholly contradictory. Union of several stems, flattening of one growing point, over nutrition, lack of nutrition, decline of vital energy, Fig. 2. Fns(/iiilt'. " 6. 8. o. 10. II. 12. !4. I.S. 16. 17 iS. 19- 21. 22. '• with longitudinal wall in first suspensor cell, and persistent synergid. .\lso endosperm. .\ntipodalendof sac. showing massingofendosiierm labont .sameageas Spherical embryo and persistent synergid : c, cotyledon ; p. i>lumule. l-;mbryo showing suspensor ; c, cotyledons (one largeand one small i; p atid formation of calvptrogen a) above suspensor. liase of large embryo .showing plumule (p , rudimentary cotyledon ici ca p ( r I . Part of embrvo showing rudimentary cotvledon (c1 and plumule (p). Entire ovule' showing mature embrvo, with large cotyledon curved around a central mass of nucellus cells, which are rich in starch; a, outer integument; b, inner integument; end., endosperm. in I-'ig.i6). , iihnniile: , and root- 354 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 3, LIFE-HISTORY NOTES ON TWO FULGORID/E. (^TTO H. SWEZEY. I. Amphiscepa bivittata Sa}-. August I, 1902, while sweeping \vith the insect net amongst tall grass, wild balsam and other weeds, at Cedar Point, Sandusky, Ohio, several innnature insects were secured, that later proved to be the larvae of Amphiscepa bi\-ittata Say. One adult was dis- covered upon a grass blade within one-fourth inch of the exuvia' of one of the larvae, and it looked fresh, as though it had but recently assumed its mature form. Several larvae were taken home alive and placed upon grass in a bell-jar ; and within a week they had all transformed to the adult stage, thus proving the identity of the larvae ; in fact, I was so fortunate as to observe one specimen in the act of moulting, on the morning of August 4th. August 2d and August 8th larva were taken from golden rod and other weeds along a hedge fence enclosing a clover field, about three miles southeast of Sandusky ; but none were taken later than that date ; adults were taken in considerable numbers, however. Few specimens were found at rest on the plants, but from the ones that were found, it would seem that they habitually perch upon a stem just below the base of a petiole (VI 5), and there puncture the stem to secure the sap for food. In this position they have some resemblance to the tufts of hairs often found at base of petiole or in the axil. They are very active when dis- turbed, leaping about as suddenly as the adults do, but may often be secured by quickly putting the mouth of the killing bottle over them before they leap. DESCRIPTION OF LARVA. Leiii^th 4 mm.; breadth 2!/^ mm.; back very convex, so that height nearly equals lireadth ; general color whitish with brown niarkin,y,s ; head broad, nearly straight across in front, slightly incurved in middle, prominent marginal carina in front of eyes ; vertex twice as broad as long, whitish, with a median darker stripe ; frons darker at base, some white dots in this darker area, a row of dark-centered pustules near each margin ; clypeus and beak dark brown ; eyes pale brown with a few lighter areas ; first segment of antenna very short, second segment subglobose, bristle black, enlarged at l)ase ; peronotum slightly shorter than vertex, broader behind the eyes, white med'an carina, bordered on each side with a darker stripe, which is a continuation of the median stri])e of vertex, and extends the whole lengtli of thorax and al)domen ; a dark brown spot on pronotum behiml the eye, remainder of ])ronotum whitish, nearly covered with black- centered pustules ; mesonotum twice as long as pronotum, whitish, dotted with black , a dark brown area at base of wing pads, at each outer anterior Jan., 1903.] Life History Notes on Two Fulgoridae. 355 part is a rouuded elevation covered with black-centered pustules, a similar elevation on the outer posterior part of the nietanotum ; nietanotuni slij^htly shorter than mesonotuni ; wing pads greenish, with some traces of veining and some brownish markings, projecting slightly beyond the metanotum ; abdomen short and thick, seven segments, whitish, with light brown mark- ings, the brown areas dotted with white, a dark-centered pustule on each side and somewhat removed from median line in segments 3, 4 and 5, similar pustules on the ^ides of segments 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, four on the end, four on the 3rd, three on the 4th, two on the 5th, and one on the 6th, a brownish area in the region of these lateral pustules ; segments 3, 4, 5 and 6 have a vellow spot on the tergum on each side, about midway between median line and margin, somewhat nearer to the margin; venti-al side of abdomen while ; first and second femora and tibiae banded, brown and white ; posterior femora brown, white at knee ; posterior tibite brown, with lighter stripes, three spines on outer edge (wanting in the adult), one large and six smaller spines at apex, some green in tibite and tarsi ; hind tarsus three- jointed, first joint wide, with four spines at apex, third joint with two hooks. The coloration varies, some specimens with more brown than others, and in some the wing pads are greener. Abdomen covei-ed with a white, thread-like, cottony secretion, which at the tip of abdomen is formed into a tuft ; a pair of similar tufts on meta- thorax, and another pair on mesothorax. This material is very easily rubbed off in the insect's movements, or in being handled. It gives to the insect a protective resemblance to tufts of hairs on leaves or in the axils of petioles. II. Onnoiis scptoitrionalis Spin. Four larvae of this species were collected, Attgttst 4, 1902, from a hedge fence coiiipo.sed of variotis kinds of .shrtibs, and bordering one side of a clover field, in the vicinity of Sandusky, Ohio They were on the underside of crumpled leaves of the dogwood ( Cornus asperifolia). Each one was on a separate leaf, situated in a depression between crumpled folds, and was cov- ered, over so as to be almost hidden by the white cottony secretion of wax from its abdomeij^ (Fig. \oa) . Some of this sttbstance was also spread around on the leaf, upon an area having a raditts of one-half inch to one inch from the insect. It is probable that the crumpled tiature of the leaf was the resttlt of its being ptmc- tttred by the insect in feeding. It .seems evident that, tmless dis- ttirbed, they remain upon the same leaf throughout the larv^al period, for leaves were found which had two and sometimes three exuviae .situated on the places where the insects had been feeding, as shown by the presence of the cottony stibstance. A dozen or more adttlts were taken from the bttshes in this same locality. One .specimen, still soft and fresh, was found on a leaf near the exuviae of a larva amidst its cottony .surroundings. About two dozen leaves were found having the cottony substance and the exuviae of larvae. These were mostly dogwood leaves, only one being red oak, one hawthorne, and two were prickly ash leaves. On the following day, however, examining a different part of the same hedge, extiviaewere found more abundantly on leaves of .356 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 3, the climbing bittersweet ( Celastrus scandens). A few larvae were taken on bittersweet leaves, also. As before stated, the larvae evidently remain in one location ; that is, upon the same leaf for quite a period of time ; but when disturbed they move about, and frequently in attempting to capture them they would make a sudden leap, as all of this family of insects are in the lia1)it of doing. August 7th, exuvicC were found abundantly upon wild jilum leaves, and a few on leaves of wild grape. From these observa- tions it is e\-ident that this species has quite a \-ariety of food plants, the larvcC and exuviae having been found on climbing bittersweet, dogwood, plum, grape, prickly ash, red oak and hawthorne, most abundantly on the first mentioned and in less numbers on the others, in the order named. Several visits were made to this particular hedge, and I was always rewarded by the capture of several adults and an occa- sional larva ; but search upon other similar hedges of the vicinity failed to 3'ield a single larva or show evidences of their having Ijeen there, although an occasional adult was taken. DESCRIPTIOX OF LARVA. Length 4 5 nmi.; width, 2.5 mm.; somewhat depres.sed, only aljout one- third as thiik dor.so-ventrally as 1 Icrally ; a very pale green, even to whitish ; head narrow, projecting slightly beyond eyes, ronnded in front, above covered by the pronotinn ; frons broad, three carinie, margin extend- ing laterally slightly in front of eyes ; eyes pinkish brown ; ocelli wanting; antennae cylindrical, iir.st .segment shorter than the second, bristle brown, enlarged at base ; pronotum produced forward, covering the head, deeply emarginate behind, the angle ronnded ; whole pronotum covered with l)lack pustules having lighter centers, or many entirely black ; mesonotum has two convex pustule covered areas, one on each side between median line and wing pads ; a median groove extends the length of thorax, most pronounced on the mesothorax ; wing pads extending to tlie third abdominal segment ; each fore wing pad has two triangidar black patches near base and a rounded black patch near apex ; a large black patch on hind wing pad ; these black patches are not always prominent, and vary in size, shape and position ; legs pale green ; posterior tibite with three spines on outer edge and a large one at apex, also six smaller apical spines ; tar.si three-jointed ; feet brownish, and the tibial spines tipped with brown ; abdomen covered with a white filamentous waxy secretion, which at the tip of alxlomen is in tufts ; this .secretion is produced in such abundance as to entirely cover the insect when feeding upon the surface of a leaf, and thus serves as a protection on account of its re.semblance to a bunch of spider web or a tuft of cottonv hairs upon the leaf. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Figs. 1-5 Amphiscepa bivittata. Fig. i — Adult on stem, natural size. Fig. 2— Adult, X U). Fig. 3— Larva, dorsal view, x 10. Fig. 4~Larva, lateral view, x lu. Fig. 5 — Larva on stem, natural size. Figs. 6-10 — Ormenis septentrionalis. Fig. 6— Adult, x 10. Fig. 7 — Adult on stem, natural size. Fig. 8 — Larva, dorsal view, x 10. Fig. 9— Larva, lateral view, X 10. Fig. 10 — <7, Larva on leaf, natural size ; b. Cocoon of a ]iarasite that infests the larva of this species. Jan., 1903.] Life-History Xotes un Two Falgoridat. Ohio Naturalist. 357 Plate 6. SwEZEY on •' IJfe-History Notes on Two Fulgoridie. 358 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 3. ADAPTABILITY IN FERNS. \V. E. Whi.i.s. A few years ago while making a collection of Licking Counl\-, Ohio, ferns, the idea of starting a fernery suggested itself. A few of the common species had already been planted on the north side of the house. To these more were added until a large num- ber of the ferns of the country and some from distant localities were making themselves at home in the door-yard. The house mentioned is at Granville, being built on the hill-side and standing upon a terrace. The north side of the house faces the bank which was made in cutting down to the terrace. There is a space from six to eight feet wide between the liou.se and bank. The rain-wash is carried off by a ditch at the base of the bank. Only a few inches of the foundation of the house show above the ground. The kitchen lieing narrower than the main part of the house, an angle is formed. In this angle and all along the entire length of the building the ferns are planted. The excavated bank, the north exposure and the angle in the house, combine to furnish the conditions favorable for ordinary fern growth. Shady conditions do not, however, prevail throughout the entire da>-. For during most of the year the morning and afternoon sun shines along the north .side of the house, from one to four hours a day ; the remainder of the time it is quite shady, and yet there is no noticeable moisture. The method used in planting was to put the large, tall species next to the house, and the smaller ones further forward. The .soil was enriched occasionally and a little sand was also added. In the driest summer months the ferns were watered occasionall>", but beyond this they have received but little attention. At pres- ent they are all in flouri.shing condition. Only one has 1)een lost, Polypodium vulgare. It did well at first but died about six months after it was transplanted. Propagation has been very active in man>- of the species. In fact some have spread so rapidly as to endanger their less thrifty neighbors. In such cases a weeding-out process became necessar\-. A few of the members of this unique colony deserve special mention. Asplenium ruta-muraria was transplanted from the top of an isolated limestone rock in Clifton Gorge, Greene Counl\-, and is growing well in the totally different .soil and surroundings. Osnuuida regalis was taken from a pond situated in a dense wood. The roots and stems formed a large hunnnock in the center of the pond. About a cubic foot of the root mass was taken with the fronds for transplanting. In its new environment it has had com])aratively little moisture, yet it grows (piite vigorously. Ptllaea was taken from a crevice in the rocks, where there seemed Jan., 1903.] Adaptability in Ferns. 359 to be no soil whatever, now it lives in the drift soil with apparent ease. Camptosorus was taken from the face of a cliff where it invariably grows. Now it is growing flat on the ground and has spread considerably by its peculiar method of leaf-rooting. The fact that these ferns, many of which live under peculiar conditions, should flourish under one and the same environment with but little of human control, certiinly shows a remarkable power of adaption. The question might well be asked : What would become of these ferns if left entirely to themselves ? From what has already been stated with regard to the rapidity- of propagation in some of the sj^ecies, it would seem that those that find here their normal habitat and those that can most readily adapt themselves to the new conditions, would eventually choke out the weaker species. It is interesting to note in this connection that among those which have shown a decided tendency to spread, Cystopteris bulbifera, Dryopteris thelypteris, and Phegopteris dryopteris have been troublesome. A list of ferns which were transplanted is given below. A few of these were brought from a distance. In such cases the locali- ties are given opposite the names. i.» Botrychiuin viri^ianiaiium. 2. Botrychiuin lunaria. 3. Osniunda regalis. 4. Osmunda ciniiamomea. 5. Osmunda claytoniana. 6. Onoclea sensibilis. 7. Onoclea struthiopteris — Brevoort Lake, I\Iich. 8. Cystopteris bulljifera. 9. Cystopteris fragilis. 10. Dryopteris acrostichoides. 11. Dryopteris thelypteris. 12. Dr\-opteris crislata— Brevoort Lake, Mich. 13. Dryopteris niargiualis. 14. Dryopteris .spinulosa, var. — Walter's Park, Pa. 15. Dryopteris spinulosa, var. — Walter's Park, Pa. 16. Phegopteris hexagonoptera, 17. Phegopteris dryopteris — Brevoort Lake, Mich. 18. Camptosorus riiizophyllus. 19. Asplenium pinnatifidum. 20. Asplenium platyneuron — Walter's Park, Pa. 21. Asplenium trichomanes, 22. Asplenium angustifolium. 23. Asplenium nita-muraria- Clifton Gorge, O. 24. Asplenium acrostichoides. 25. Adiantum pedatum. 26. Pteris aquilina. 27. Pellaea atropurpurea — Clifton Gorge, O. 28. Polvpodimn vulgare. Aniioch College. 36o The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 3, OHIO REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS.- ;\iax :morse. The group of reptiles and batrachians offers a striking example of a case where "a little learning is a dangerous thing." Xo dependence can be placed in the records of the casual observer — not that he is always willfully erroneous, but there are so nianv ways in which one can make mistakes in identification of these forms that he, only, is to be trusted to a degree of certainty who has given some attention to the technicahties of the subject. The ordinary observer groups all snakes into either poLsonous or non- poisonous, and to the latter he gives the name of nuisances, never thinking that this group of non- poisonous reptiles can be divided into beneficial and non-beneficial. To the farmer, who, of all of us comes into closest contact with the reptiles and batrachians, a knowledge of their good or evil is an important thing. To mj- mind, the economical importance of these two groups is not to be ranked below that of birds. For such reasons, I consider that a systematic survey of the reptiles and batiachians of the State should be made. In other States this need is being recognized, and in New York, Edwin C. Eckel, late of the University of the State of New York, has pub- lished an excellent State list, which places the knowledge of these forms on a par with that of birds. In Ohio the fishes are already in most excellent condition, and soon the birds will be likewise. The remaining three groups— batrachians, reptiles and manunals — are still to be worked up. The first attempt at a State list was that of Dr Jarred Potter Kirtland, in the First Geological Survey of the vState, published in 1833. In it he includes twenty-seven species of reptiles and twenty-one of batrachians. In the introduction he makes the remark that " no important additions to the class of reptiles can be made." No list was published after this one of Dr. Kirtland' s until 1879, when Dr. Smith, of Ann Arbor, Mich., gave the list in the fourth volume of the Survey under Dr. Newberry. In this list he enumerates thirtj'-seven species and sub-species of reptiles and twent3--five of batrachians — this making an addition of ten species of reptiles and four batrachians to Dr. Kirtland' s list. This list — the last general list for the State - was written by a man who had to obtain his information from the list of Dr. Kirtland and what reports were furnished him 1)\- residents of Ohio. No exact records are given as to the occurrence and distribution of the forms except in a few cases. Mr. \\. X . Wilcox, then assistant in the Ohio Experimental Station, ])ublished a list of the batrachia of Ohio in the Oftcrbcin =-'Rea(l liefoir llie oliioStatf Academy of Science, Nov . jyo?, Cohimlnis, O. Jan., 1903.] Ohio Reptiles and Batrachians. 361 A rgzs ior April, 1891. The paper is based on personal work in several parts of the State and on the material in the museums of the State University and the State Experimental Station. Several species of which Mr. Wilcox was uncertain as to identification were submitted to the late E. D. Cope, and hence bear the stamp of high authority. This Exerimental Station collection is at present in the State University Museum. Those in charge of several of the museums of the State have been so kind as to furnish me lists of the specimens in these museums bearing Ohio labels. I have gone over the two mono- graphs of E. D. Cope, "The Crocodiles, Lizards and Snakes of North America," published in the Annual Report of the United States National Museum for 1898, and " The Batrachia of North America," being Bulletin 34 of the same institution. Several records are given there of the occurrence of these forms that are additions to the other lists. From all sources I have found thirt^'-four batrachians and fifty- one reptiles recorded for the State. Several more could be in- cluded from less certain sources, but this number includes only tho.se that have been published or are in the several museums of the State. There are many doubtful species which are said to occur in certain localities, and only collections made in such regions can settle the questions at issue. The true moccasin of the South has been reported from the southern part of Ohio. Such is possible, but it is very easy to confuse this poisonous reptile with Natrix faciata sipedon. ON DISCELIUM NUDUM Bridel. F.DO. Cr.AASSEN. This moss, which is suppo.sed to be ver}- rare in the United States, was found by me in six localities in Cuyahoga county, always on the north side of ditches, river-banks or steep moist embankments adjoining country roads or railroads. Although ot a very .small size (barel>' that of a pin), its presence on the clayey soil may be easily ascertained, in the fall of the year, by its yel- lowish-green protonema. Many thousands of inciividuals were ob.served in several localities, the protonema covering many square feet, often with no less than 300 specimens to the square inch. In October the moss-plants have several small .scales and a short wire-like setae, with here and there the beginning of the capsule. In April the plants are about an inch long and the capsules are nearly full grown, while there may be no ripe capsules before June. Cleveland, Ohio. 362 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 3, AN ENUMERATION OF THE PLANTS GROWING ON A BIG ERRATIC BOULDER. Kdo Cr.AASSKX. The valley of the Rock}- river abounds in erratic boulders, a small numiier of which represent the limestone of the Lake Erie islands, and the balance the granite, etc., of the Canadian high- lands. The largest among the latter is found on the bottom of a creek, flowing into a river which empties into Lake Erie. The boulder in question is of the granite type, almost spherical in shape, and has a diameter of seven feet. While a large jDor- tion of its surface is vertical or too smooth to allow any vegeta- tion to grow, there are many places that furnish the necessary substratum for the spores or cells of various cryptogams to ger- minate and develop. Sufficient moisttire during the greater part of the year and a shady locality, now and then penetrated by the sun's rays, have, no doubt, exercised no small influence on the growth of this boulder flora. All plants occuring on the boulder are cryptogams. Besides one alga they represent the following species, of which only those marked with an X were found in a fruiting condition : I^ICHENS. LIVERWORTS. 1. Cladonia ]nxidata (L.) Fr. 7. Lophocolea heterophylla Nees. 2. LecideaalbocLerulescenslWulf.) •'^- Metz^eria iiiyriopoda Lindb. Srhaer X 9 Porella platyphyl'a Liiidb. ,, . , ,T \ T^ I'-'. Radula coniijlanata Duniort. X 3. Leptotiiuni treiiielloides (1^.) Fr. ' 4. Pariiicliu caperata ( Jv. ) Ach. MOSSES. 5. Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Fr. u. Dicrainim fulvum Hook 6. Pelti_yera caiiina (L.) Hoffiii. 12. Hedwigia ciliala Ehrli. X TowNSHEND Hall. The Club met in Townshend Hall in order to avail itself of the lantern. Prof. Osborn gave the address of the evening on " The Achievements of Economic Entomolog)-." He outlined the methods, based on superstition, which were formerly used to free a country from insect pe.sts. The losses due to insects are extreiueh' large but probabh' underestimated. He gave then brief descriptions, illustrated by lantern slides, of many of the most destructive insects, and gave accoinits of methods of dealing with them. He then spoke of the beneficial insects, the domesti- cated forms, the bee and the silk worm. He concluded by em- phasizing the dependence of economic Entomology on other sciences. Mr. Sweezy was elected to membership. Robert F. Griggs, Secretary. SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION OF Minerals, Rocks, Fossils Birds and Mammals, Shells and Echinoderms. Also Human Skeletons, and Anatomical Models. Relief Models by Messrs. Shaler, Davis and Harris, illustrating ^^ ^^ Physical Geology /<:^o''^^%^ and Physiography \^\''Lll^7 WRITE FOR CIRCULARS. X^ ^ )v, \X/^ards' N^t^i^^^ Science Establishment, ROCHESTER, N. Y. mintii'j m mm. made at the ^ be pleased State and High Sts., COLUMBUS, OHIO. — — — OUR LIST OF AWARDS FOR THE LAST YEAR ARE The Gold Medal at Paris Exposition. Highest Award at the Pan-American Exposition. Six First Premiums out of seven at Ohio State Exposition. DIE STAMPING. PLATE AND LETTER PRESS PRINTING. SPAHIj & GLENN, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS. 50 EAST BROAD STREET. COLUMBUS, OHIO, Biichet Engtaiing Co. Process and Wood Engraving, Electro^ typers and Manufacturers of Stereotyping and Engraving Machinery. 5=. 5^ Jk 5=. ?a 80 /2 North High Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO. American Entomological Co. J040 De Kalb Avenue, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Dealers in Insects, Entomological Supplies and manufacturers of the only genuine and original Schmitt Insect Boxes. BUILDERS of CASES and CABINETS in CORRECT STYLES New Price List of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera and illustrated Catalogue of Entomological Supplies. No. 4. \W1, IStO:;. Dec. 1, Ul02. Price, ."> cts. IVledieal and Seientifie Books (5) The Second liargest Stock in Ohio. The most liberal discounts given Public and Private Liibraries. Sold at Wholesale Prices. CATALiOGUE pi^EE. •^l-I^ li. S. WELihS, 665 North High Street, COLiUjVIBUS, OHIO. Both Telephones. Reduced Rates to Teachers. /^ ife ^1 'i^' Dawson's Bitds of Ohio" POPULAR! WILL ILLUSTRATE AND DESCRIBE IIENTIFIC! II THE 322 SPECIES =— II OF OHIO BIRDS. [BOOK FOR BIRD LOVERS, NATURE STUDENTS AND THOSE WHO VALUE GOOD READING. lit will contain a com = account of plum- range, nesting, '., together with fquant sketches and londensed life- histories of the birds themselves. The text is by Rev. W. Leon Dawson, of Columbus ; the intro- duction and analytical keys by Lynas Jones, S. M., of Oberlin, both well- known ornithologists. Soug Sparrows.— A Brooding Female Being Fed by Mate. Specimen illustration from "Dawson's Birds of Oliio." Photo by J. B. Parker. MAGNIFICENTLY ILLUSTRATED BY 80 SELECTED PLATES IN COLOR and s* * *. * * 200 ORIGINAL HALF-TONES From Photographs Taken in Ohio, SHOWING THE WILD BIRDS AND THEIR HAUNTS. No expense is being spared to make of this work a sumptuous volume, complete in every detail, the BEST OF ITS CLASS, yet well within the reach of all. PRICES RANGE FROM $5.75 to $7.50 ACCORDING TO BINDING. IP(QI7IR.V COITPOPI. THE WHEATON PUBLISHING CO. 1216 The Hayden, Columbus. O. Please send me specimen pages of your forthcoming work, 'Dawson's Birds of Ohio," also special terms Ijy which I may 'secure a numbered copy of the Author's Autograph Edition. Name . . . Addre.ss , SPECIAL TERMS TO ADVANCE SUBSCRIBERS. The Author's Autograph Edition of 1,000 copies, liini- ted, is being rapidly sub- scribed for. Sign ' ' Inquiry Coupon." ORDER NOW. ;iE WHEATON PUBLISHING CO.. 1216 The Hayden, COLUMBUS, OHIO. THE "OHIO NATURALIST" A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohio. The official organ of The Biological Club of the Ohio State rNivERSiTV. Published monthly (luriui; the academic year, from November to June (8 numbers.) Price nO cents per year, payable in iulvauce. To foreign countries, 75 cents. Single copies, 10 cents. Editor-hi-Chief, F. L. Landacre. Associate Editots. J. A. BowNOCKER, Geology, W. C. Mii-i.S, Archaeology, J. H. SCHAFF^fER, Botany, Max Morse, Ornithology, J. S. HiNE, Zoology, ' O. E. JENNINGS, Ecology. Advisory Board. Prof. W. A. KEI.LERMAN. Prof. HERBERT OSBORN. Prof. Chari.ES S. Prosser. Address THE OHIO NATURALIST. Ohio State Universiiy, COLUMBUS. OHIO LONG & KILER University Supply Store Corner Eleventh Avenue and High Street, Removed from Main Building, Ohio State University. Books, Drawing Material, Fine Stationery, Etc. Special Orders for Books solicited. A fine line of FOUNTAIN FENS and COLLEGE FINS. ^riDafe (^mBufance ^ertjice, ^cfc:p^one 18- 1239 fo 1241 (U. itga ^itcd. Cofum6u0, (£)3io. KILER'S PHARMACY A Complete Line of c^ DRUGS, CHOICE CANDIES, FINE STATIONERY. , . , . Cor. Eighth Avenue and High Street. Telephone 883, Columbus, Ohio. The Ohio ^JSicttiiralist, PUBIvISHED BY The Biological Club of the Ohio State Uni'versity. Volume III, FEBRUARY, 1903. No. 4. TABLE OF CONTENTS OSBORN— Opportunities for Faunal Studies at the Lake Laboratory, Sandusky. . .363 Cook— The Development of the Embryo-sac and Embryo of Agrostemma githago 365 SCHAFFNER — Atavisni in the Watermelon 370 Smith— A Hermit Thrush Song 371 Derby— Earliest Observed Bird Migrations for Columbus 374 H. O.— Entomological Notes 377 Griggs— Meeting of the Biological Club 378 OPPORTUNITIES FOR FAUNAL STUDIES AT THE LAKE LABORATORY AT SANDUSKY.- Hhrbert Osborn. It is my desire to call attention to the rather exceptional oppor- tunities for pursuing faunal studies in the vicinity of Sandusk}^ which are made much more available b}- the location of a summer laboratory or biological station at that point. The labor- atory was located there by Professor Kellicott some years ago and the wisdom of this selection has been amply demonstrated by the wonderfully rich fauna which is found in the water and upon the various areas of land in that vicinity. So far the work has not been carried on so exhaustive!}^ as to complete the study of any- one group of animals, although considerable progress has been made in certain lines. Professor Kellicott' s studies were particu- larly devoted to Rotifera, and in two or three papers on the ' ' Rotifera of Sandusky Bay ' ' he presents the result of his col- lecting in that group. The Protozoa have been studied during the past year by Professor F. L. Landacre and his preliminary report upon this group, showing 125 species, will indicate the richness of the Protozoan fauna. The fishes have been collected and probably most of the species are already recognized. The study of the birds is considered as having been fairh- com- plete. For U^e reptiles some work is being done and this group will doubtless be worked up within a few years. Many insects have been listed, over sixty species of Odonata having been recognized so far, but doubtless other forms are to be found, •■■Presented before the Ohio Academy of Science, Nov. zSth, 1902. 364 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 4, especially if the collections were extended over other months of the year. Some records of Hemiptera have been made, but they cannot be considered as in any way exhaustive at the present time. Extensive collections have been made of the Diptera by Prof. J. S. Hine, but no record as ^-et is published. It will be seen from this that scarcely anything has been done in the way of exhaustive study of an^^ one of the groups of worms, crustaceans, mollusks, and a great majority of the groups of insects, in all of which we ma}- be sure that there is an enor- mous aggregate of species represented. It appears to me that a systematic surve}' of the locality is not only possible but that with the large number of students visiting the locality each year we may hope for rapid progress, provided there is definite cooperation to that end. With regard to the value of such studies, we ma}- say that the localitj^ possesses some ver}- unique features and is an exceptionally fine locality for flora, as has been shown b}^ Professors Moseley, Kellerman and others. Man}^ peculiar occurrences of animal groups have been noted that will greatly extend the main distribution of many of the species. To those familiar with the region it is unnecessary to speak of the peculiar and varied conditions presented, but for those who have never visited the locality it will be proper to state that the remarkable conditions are due largely to the presence of an extended stretch of sand — Cedar Point, which extends from six to seven miles and encloses the east arm of Sandusky Bay. This Point is virtually an extended sand dune, or series of dunes, with a flora entireh' characteristic of sand dune formations ; that the arm of the Bay it encloses is to a considerable part an extended marsh so closelj" enclosed by islands, points and vegetable growth that the waters are very largely undisturbed. Within the other arm of the Bay we have the outflow of San- dusky River and a more or less rocky shore with limestone soil, which contrasts strikingly with the sand formations of Cedar Point. Another striking condition is offered in the level prairies in the vicinity of Castalia. On the whole there is, within a radi- us of five miles of the city of Sandusky, a variety of condi- tions which it would be hardly possible to duplicate anywhere in the interior of the United States, and which makes possible a great variety of biological studies. I may add that it is the purpose of the University to develop the biological station, and to this end it desires to make the sta- tion accessible and useful to every biological student and espe- ciallv tho.se who are connected with the colleges and schools of Ohio. The members of this academy particularly .should feel a sense of proprietorship in the station and are most cordially invited to take ad\-antage of its opportunity. Feb., 1903.] Agrostemma githago. 365 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO-SAC AND EMBRYO OF AGROSTEMMA GITHAGO.^^ MELviiviade during the years 1897 to 1902, and were all by members of the Wheaton Ornithological Club of the State Universit}-. A comparison of the data of spring migra- tions made by Mr. Frank M. Chapman at Englewood, New Jersej', which is about sixt}- miles farther north than Columbus, with this list shows that the arrival of northward-bound species here is from a week to ten days earlier on the average, though some of the dates coincide very closely and some of the records are from two to three weeks earlier. This difference is especially marked in the case of the Warbler migration which here reaches its height in the last week or ten da^-s in April and the first week of May, while there the greatest flight occurs in the second and third weeks of May. The situation of Columbus is quite favor- able, for lying on a north and south river it is in the track of the northward moving migrants, and is favorably located for earl}' records. An effort was made to see whether or not the data in this table would bear out the conclusions reached by Dr. C. C. Trowbridge in his article in the September number of the American Naturalist on " Bird Migrations." He was led by the results of a series of long and careful observations to the conclu- sion that wind and not temperature was the cause of bird flights. Since, however, the data in the possession of the writer do not take sj'stematic account of the volume of migration, the only recourse is to periods giving especially early records or an abun- dance of them. Another handicap to any attempts to differenti- ate the effects of wind direction and temperature lies in the fact that in this locality high temperature is usually coincident with southerly and south-westerly winds, and low temperature with north-west and north winds. By the courteous assistance of the local United States Weather Bureau, statistics were obtained for wind direction and mean dail}' temperature covering the months of April and May, from 1898 until 1902 inclusive. An examination of the list of records shows a noticeable scarcit}^ of records in the first two weeks of April, although both the pre- ceding and following weeks show several records. Comparison with the meteorological table shows during each year, without exception prevailing northerly winds and low temperature. This Feb., 1903.] Bird Migrations for Columbus. 375 however being merely negative and possibly due to other causes can hardly be cited as strong proof. Attempts to correlate the wave of migration, extending through the latter part of April with the wind direction, can not be called successful except in one instance, that of 1902. In this year the records show a period of cold weather (Temp. 30 to 45 deg.) and prevailing northerly winds extending from the beginning of the second week in April to the middle of the third, with scarcely any records of migration. During the time from the i8th to the 2 2d of the month however, the wind direction shifted to the south and south-west, and the temperature rose to 60 deg. The records of the Ornithological Club for that period contain many records of migrating species, most of them for the 22d and 23d, with the statement that they are about a week early. This is the only good instance of positive evidence in the records, it seeming impossible to establish any clear connection in other instances. In the appended list the date is given, being the earliest record of its appearance by members of the Club and the name of the observer is i^laced after the species. Species not followed b}- names have been recorded b}- se\-eral members for the same time. The records for the Robin, Bluebird and Meadow-lark are not given, as some of these species winter here and of course it is impossible to dis- tinguish the arrivals from the South from those wintering here. Feb. 13. Feb. 17. Feb. 19. Mcli. 2. Mch. 3. Mch. 6. Mch. S. Mch. 9. Mch. 12. Mch. 13. Mch. 14. Mch. 16. Mch. 17. Mch. iS. Mch. 19. Mch. 23. Mch. 24. Mch. 25 Mch. 28 Mch. 29 Mch. 30 Mch. 31 April 3 April 5 Clangula hyenialis (Linn. ) Old Squaw. Parker. Branta canadensis, Canada Goose. Henderson. Ouiscalus quiscala aeneus, Bronzed Grackle. Kellicott. Aegialitis vocifera, Killdeer. Smith. Zenaidura niacroura, Mourning Dove. Smith. Agelaius phoeniceus. Red-winged Blackbird. Tyler. Spizella socialis, Chipping Sparrow. Smith and Cole. Gallinago delicata, Wilson's Snipe. Morse. Anas boschas. Mallard. Tyler. Passerella iliaca. Fox Sparrow. Smith and Cole. Zonotrichia albicollis. White-throated Sparrow. Smith and Cole. Pipilo erythrophthahnus. Towhee. Morse. Cathartes aura, Turkey Buzzard. Griggs. Spizella pusilla, Field Sparrow. Smith and Cole. Turdus fuscescens, Wilson's Thrush. Parker. Sayornis plioebe, Phoebe. Griggs. Contopus virens, Wood Pewee. Parker. Vireo flavifrons, Yellow-throated Vireo. Hine. Progne subis, Purple Martin. Morse. Poocaetes gramineus. Vesper Sparrow. Smith and Cole. Tyrannus tyrannus, King Bird. Smith and Cole. Spiza americana, Dickcissel. Smith and Cole. Chondestes grammacus. Lark Sparrow. Hine. Dendroica virens, Black -throated Green Warbler. Henderson. Empidonax minimus. Least Fly-catcher. Smith and Cole. Scolecophagus carolinus. Rusty Blackbird. Smith and Cole. Larus argentatus, Herring Gull. INIorse. Anas americana, Baldpate. Taylor. Chaetura pelagica. Chimney Swift. Parker. 376 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 4, April ID. Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii, Hermit Thrush. Williamson. April 15. Turdus mustelinus, Wood Thrush. Mills. Chelidon erythrogaster, Barn vSwallow. Jennings. Actitis macularia, Spotted Sandpiper. Hine. April 17. Harporliynchus rufus, Brown Thrasher. Morse. April 18. Helmitherus vermivorus, Worm-eating Warbler. Hine. Mniotilta varia, Black and White Warbler. Hine. Helminthophila pinus, Blue-winged Warbler. Hine. Dendroica aestiva, Yellow Warbler. Hine. Polioptila caerulea, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Hine. April 19. Piranga erythromelas, Scarlet Tanager. Parker. April 20. Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Catbird. Anmiodramus savannarum passerinus, (irasshopper Sparrow. Hine. April 22. Helminthophila chrysoptera, Golden -winged Warbler. Dendroica virens, Black-throated Green Warbler. Williamson. Dendroica blackburniae, Black1)urnian Warbler. Dendroica maculosa, Magnolia Warbler. April 23. Clivicola riparia, Barn Swallow. Seiurus noveboracensis, Water Thrush. Parker. Ardea virescens. Little Green Heron. Icterus galbula, Baltimore (Oriole. Parker. April 24. Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Bobolink. Habia ludoviciana, Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Williamson. Passerina cyanea, Indigo Bunting. Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed \'ireo. Parker. April 25. Helminthophila celata, Orange-crowned Warbler. Hine. Setophaga ruticilla, Redstart. Parker. Geothlypis trichas, Mar^dand Yellow-throat. April 26. Icterus spurius, Orchard Oriole. Helminthophila peregrina, Tennessee Warbler. Hine. Icteria virens, Yellow-breasted Chat. April 27. Petrochelidon lunifrons, Eave Swallow. Griggs. April 28. Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Rough-winged Swallow. Taylor. Turdus ustulatus swainsonii, Olive-backed Thriish. Hine. Yireo gilvus, Warbling vireo. Taylor. April 29. Zonotrichia leucophrys, White-crowned Sparrow. Hine. Dendroica caerulescens, Black-throated Blue Warbler. Hine and Henderson. Mav T. Antrostomus vociferus, \\'hip-poor-will. Dendroica coronata, INIyrtle Warbler. Seiurus aurocapillus, Oven-ljird. Williamson. Sylvania mitrata, Hooded Warljler. Parker. Geothlypis formosa, Kentucky Warbler. Parker. May 2. Dendroica palmarvim, Palm Warbler. Hine. Melospiza lincolni, Lincoln's Finch. Osborn. May 5. Myiarchus crinitus, Great-crested l'13'catcher. Teter. May 7. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, Black-billed Cuckoo. Dendroica pennsj'lvanica, Chestnut-sided Warbler. Hine. May • 8. Vireo solitarins, Blue-headed Vireo. Parker. Trochilus colu1)ris, Hunnuing Bird. Osborn. May 12. Compsothlyjiis americanus, Parula Warbler. Parker. May 13. Protonotaria citrea, Prothonotary Warbler. Hine. Coccyzus americanus, Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Mills. Ma)- 16. Dendroica castanea, Bay-breasted Warbler. Parker. Feb., 1903.] Entomological Notes. 377 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES. Some very practical results in the line of Mosquito warfare are presented in the " Reports on Plans for the Extermination of Mosquitoes on the North Shore of lyOng Island," published by the North Shore Improvement Association, -'^ and accompanied by detailed map on large scale. Work during the summer of 1901 is reported in detail in a carefully prepared volume, while a supplementary report is given in pamphlet form issued in the latter part of 1902. Prof. C. B. Davenport and Mr. Frank Lutz, who have been responsible for the most of the entomological work, have collected a large amount of interesting and very valuable matter relating to the habits, distribution, breeding places, migration, etc., of the mo.squitoes of that region. These observations show, perhaps, as the most important result, that the greater part of the mosquitoes infesting an}' localit}- are reared in the immediate vicinity of the hou.ses where they become troublesome ; that it is the smaller and quiet pools and the minute bodies of water that may occur in old tin cans, broken bottles, stumps, etc., rather than the larger bodies, that give them the condition to develop, and that while possible for some to be brought b}' winds from other parts of the island, this source of supply is of very little importance from the stand- point of health or even of annoj-ance. As stated by Mr. L,utz in his last paragraph, " Finally let us bear in mind that as a rule every vian is breeding his ozcn mosquitoes, and evefy man sJiould take care of his oivyi property . But, with it all, in a thickly popu- lated district, many careful people can be made to suffer by the carelssness of one. Here the community, as a whole, should take a hand, and through the ofhcers compel the proper precautions on the part of those who will not otherwise take them." Prof. S. J. Hunter has recently issued a work on " Elementary Studies in Insect Life" from the Publishing House of Crane and Co., of Topeka, which is intended for beginning students in Entomology. It is arranged in very attractive form and should prove very stimulating to all young people who may have the opportunity- to work with it. The plan is to present in detail the life-histories of two common species, species that may easily be obtained and development followed by almost an\- boy or girl, these followed by chapters on the habits, senses, instincts and relations of insects. There is a short summary of the insect groups and instruction in the simple methods of laborator}- work. While the work is profusely illustrated and many of the figures of superior character, there are some which are decidedly inferior, '■' Distributed by Mr. Wilmot T. Cox, Sec'y North Shore Improvenient Assoc, No. 49 Wall St.. N. Y. 378 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 4, those of the cabbage butterfly and the canker worm moth for ex- ample, while entomologists will be likely to puzzle over the pho- tograph from life of a " Woodboriug beetle at work in yellow pine board." H. O. MEETING OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB. Orton Hall, January 12, 1903. The club was called to order by the president, Mr. Morse. The paper of the evening was given by Dr. Kellerman, who spoke upon his last summer's trip to West Virginia. He pointed out our interest in all the floras near our own. But that of West Virginia is especially interesting because so closely allied to that of Southeastern Ohio. The flora of the State has been in the main neglected. Dr. Millspaugh and Mr. Nuttall have done practically all the work that has been published, but their lists include only 1366 embrj^ophytes. The portion of the State along the Ohio River has a flora very much the same as that of the river counties in this State ; but higher up along the Gauley River the flora is different and very interesting. He exhibited specimens of a number of the most interesting plants. He then spoke of his work on the Greenbrier River and the differences of the flora there from that of the Gauley. He spoke of the deso- lating effect of the destructive lumbering in the region, especially that now being perpetrated on the Cheat Mountain. Under personal observation Mr. Sweze}- reported strawberries blossoming during Christmas week in Illinois, and that a few berries ripened as late as Thanksgiving day. Mr. Jennings reported Epilobium adenocauluvi from West Virginia, which is considerably out of its range. He reported Paspalum pubescens from Sandusky. Mr. J. G. Sanders spoke of an abnormal Podosphaera described by him in the current number of the Journal of Mycology. Dr. Kellerman spoke of an abnormal beet six feet tall which flowered the first 3'ear. He showed pictures of an abnormal buckeye with very peculiar almost pinnate leaves. He spoke of three new species named for himself b}- a German botanist, to be described in the Journal of Mj'cology. He reported a large number of successful experiments in tracing the connection of different forms of rusts with each other. He spoke of the three forms of prickly lettuce in Ohio, and of the disagreement of the eastern botanists in regard to them. Miss Safer, Miss Brace, Mr. Whetstone, Mr. E. A. Sanders, Mr. Whetsel, Mr. Arundel, Miss Stewart, Miss Hite, Mr. Dyer and Mi.ss Mark were elected to membership. R. F. GRIGG.S, Sec'y. SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION OF Minerals, Rocks, Fossils Birds and Mammals, Shells and Echinoderms. Also Human Skeletons, and Anatomical Models. Relief Models by Messrs. Shaler, Davis and Harris, illustrating Physical Geology and Physiography WRITE FOR CIRCULARS, AJ^^ards' ]f^atural ^cience Establishment, ROCHESTER, N. Y. • — - State and High Sts., COLUMBUS, OHIO. ^ OUR LIST OF AWARDS FOR THE LAST YEAR ARE The Gold Medal at Paris Exposition. Highest Award at the Pan » American Exposition. Six First Premiums out of seven at Ohio State Exposition. DIE STAMPING. PLATE AND LETTER PRESS PRINTING. SPAHIj 8 GLENN, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS, 50 EAST BROAD STREET. COLUMBUS, OHIO. Biichet Engtaiing Co. Process and Wood Engraving, Electro= typers and Manufacturers of Stereotyping and Engraving Machinery. 5* 5w 5=. S=> 5* 80' '^ North High Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO. American Entomological Co* 1040 De Kalb Avenue, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Dealers in Insects, Entomological Supplies and manufacturers of the only genuine and original Schmitt Insect Boxes. BUILDER 3 of CASES and CABINETS in CORRECT STYLES New Price List of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera and Illustrated Catalogue of Entomological Supplies. No. 4, 1902, 1<)0;;. Dec. 1, 1902. Price, 5 cts. IVIedieal and Seientifie Books The Second Liargest Stock in Ohio. The n^ost liberal discounts given Public and Private Liibfapies. Sold at Wholesale Priecs. CfiTAliOGUE FREe^_ -^I-I^ b. S. WELiLiS, 665 r^opth HigVi Street, COUU|VIBUS, OHIO. Both Telephones. f^educed l^ates to Teaehefs. ''Dawson's Bitds of Ohio" WILL ILLUSTRATE AND DESCRIBE SCIENTIFIC! II THE 322 SPECIES || POPULAR! OF OHIO BIRDS. A BOOK FOR BIRD LOVERS, NATURE STUDENTS AND THOSE WHO VALUE GOOD READING. It will contain a com = plete account of plum = ages, range, nesting, etc., togetlier with piquant sketches and condensed life-histories of the birds themselves. le text is by Rev. eon Dawson, of lumbus ; the intro- jB^ction and analytical keys by (,ynas Jones, S. M., of Jberlin, both well- mown ornithologists. Song Sparrows.— A Brooding Female Being Fed by Mate. Specimen illustrnlion from "Dawson's Birds of Oliio." Photo by J. B. Parker. MAGNIFICENTLY ILLUSTRATED BY ' ' 80 SELECTED PLATES IN COLOR and ^ ,, ^ ^ ^ 200 ORIGINAL HALF-TONES From Photographs Taken in Ohio, SHOWING THE WILD BIRDS AND THEIR HAUNTS. No expense is being: spared to make of this work a sumptuous volume, complete in every detail, the BEST OF ITS CLASS, yet well within the reach of all. PRICES RANGE FROM $5.75 to $7.50 ACCORDING TO BINDING. INQUIRV COUPOIXI. THE WHEATON PUBLISHING CO. 1216 The Hayden, Columbus, O. Please send me sporimeii pages of your fortlicoming work, "Dawson's Birds of Ohio," iilso special terms by which 1 may secure a numbered copy of tlie Author's Autograph Edition. Name Addre.ss SPECIAL TERMS TO ADVANCE SUBSCRIBERS. Tlie Author's Autograph Edition of 1,000 copies, Hmi- ted, is being- rapidly sub- scribed for. Sign "Inquiry Coupon." ORDER NOW. THE WHEATON PUBLISHING CO., I2I6 The Hayden. COLUMBUS. OHIO. THE "OHIO NATURALIST" A journal Jevotod more especiaJly to the natural history of Ohio. The oflficial organ of The Biologicai> Ci.rB of the Ohio State 1"nivei:sitv. Publisheii monthly d\irinK the academic year, from Xovcml)cr to Jnne (^8 nuniliers.) Price 'lO cent> jier year, payable in advance. To foreign countries, 75 ci'nts. Single copies, 11) ( (.nts. Ediior-in-Chief, F. L. Landacre. Associate Editots. J. A. BowNOCKER, Geology, W. C. Mms, Archaeology, J. H. SCHAFFNER, Botany, Max Morse, Ornithology, J. S. Hine, Zoology, O. E. Jennings, Ecology. Advisory Board. Prof. W. A. KeIvEERMan. Prof. HERBERT Osborn. Prof. Charles S. Prosser. Addres. THE OHIO NATURALIST, 8E,'£5mIu"s'oh'/6 LONG S KILER UniversitY Supply Store Corner Eleventh Avenue and High Street, Removed from Main Building, Ohio State University. Books, Drawing Material, Fine Stationery, Etc. Special Orders for Books solicited. A fine line of FOUNTAIN PENS and COLLEGE FINS. 1239 fo 1241 (n. §is3 #freef. Co^umBuB, <£>3io. KILER'S "PHARMACY A Complete Line of i^ DRUGS, CHOICE CANDIES, FINE STATIONERY Cor. Eighth Avenue and High Street. Telephone 883. Columbus, Ohio. The Ohio IAC<^/«/^<^//5/, PUBLISHED BY The Biological Club of the Ohio State Uni'versity, Volume III. MARCH, 1903. No. 5. TABLE OF CONTENTS. HoumiToN— Muscular aud Skeletal Elements in Spelerpes longicaudus 379 Taylor— On the Autumnal Songseasou 394 Ball— Food Plauts of Some Bythoscopidae 397 The American Association ....". 400 O. M. B.— Ohio Mycological Club 400 Derby— :Meeting of the Wheaton Club 401 GRiGi.iS— Meeting of the Biological Club 402 MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL ELEMENTS IN SPELERPES LONGICAUDUS.* Henry Spencer Houghton. The development of one of our commonest species of Salamander affords an opportunit}- for the study of many interesting prob- lems. The author was influenced, however, in taking up a study of the skeletal and muscular elements in Spelerpes longicaudus, by several considerations. In the first place, there is a surprising lack of literature, especially on the latter subject. The question of the origination and development of adult muscles and of the number and function of transitory larval muscles, and of the rela- tion of the two, seems to have been entireh^ neglected. The skeletal elements have been thoroughlj- worked for the adult form, but there are some modifications in the larval skull that have not been touched upon. Secondly, this form is abundant, of wide distribution, and readilj^ obtainable, and this fact together with the facility with which it may be prepared, renders it valuable material for laboratory purposes. The work was done in the Embrj'ological Laboratory of the Ohio State Universit}', under the direction of Professor F. L. Landacre, and was offered as a thesis for the Baccalaureate degree. This paper will attempt to cover merely a discussion of the skeletal aud muscular elements of a 12 ram. larva, and will be for the most part descriptive, a few comparisons only being drawn with Rana and Cryptobranchus. Spelerpes longicaudus is one of the commonest and most widely distributed species of the Plethodontidae. Its general appearance and markings are similar to Sp. bilineatus, and they are commonly found associated together in nature. Their habits, larval devel- opment and the noticeably longer tail of Spelerpes longicaudus form, however, distinguishing marks. The larval development of vSp. bilineatus is much more rapid than that of its relative ; a 9 mm. specimen which I observed had both fore and hind limbs ■'■Contribution from the Department of Zoology and Entomology, IX. 38o The Ohio Noturalid. [Vol. Ill, No. 5, full}' formed, while a 12 mm. Sp. longicaudus has merelj' limb buds, scarcely distinguishable lo the naked eye. Of its habitat, Cope .says: "This beautiful animal is not very active in its habits and is almost always found in rocky ground and in fissures and caves in cliffs." (Batrachia of N. A., p. 154.) This species is .scarcely ever found in water save in the breeding season, while Spelerpes bilineatus abounds in rocky brooks. The larvae may be found in open water, but at an carl)' age they sliow an instinct for concealment, and are more readily found under leaves and pebbles lying in the pool. Eggs. — The eggs of Spelerpes may be found most abundantly in Ma)' and June. " They are deposited in a single layer upon the lower side of submerged stones, each batch containing from thirty to fifty eggs. The stones which are suitable for this purpose must be in the form of an arch allowing the water to flow beneath. They are generally in the more rapidly flowing portions of the brook, but the depth of the water must be such that the eggs are at all times entirely submerged, as otherwise the dash of the ripples striking against them would subject them to mechanical injury." (H. H. Wilder. " x\merican Naturalist " Vol. XXXIII, p. 231.) The eggs are attached to the under surface of the rock by means of a gelatinous envelope in w^hich they are encased; the same envelope keeps the eggs separated from each other much as in the case of frog's eggs. L.VRVA. — The larvae of Spelerpes longicaudus are hatched somewhat early and continue for some time in the larval form. The larva at 12 mm. has the gills well de\eloped, partially cov- ered by an opercular fold. The tail is long and tapering, with a broad, delicate and rounded fin. The pigment is well distrib- uted over the upper surface of the tadpole, but is lacking on the under surface, except for a few cells on the fin. The pigmenta- tion is continuous over the anterior part of the head, but under a lens shows a double row of unpigmented areas along the dorsum, beginning behind the eye and running clo.se to the fin. There is very little change in pigmentation at metamorphosis, as the fol- lowing description of the pigmentation of the adult will show : " ^; * * generally ^i^ ^- * more thickly crowded along the sides, sometimes forming a di.stinct spotted baud along the sides of the tail ; the.se black bands are generally aggregated into a series of vertical bands. In younger specimens * * * the spots above are arranged in three irregular lines, one median, and two lateral larger ones. The muzzle and entire under parts are immaculate." (Cope, Batrachia of N. A., p. 154.) The pig- ment spots appear as brown or grayish blotches of irregular con- tour. The anterior and posterior limbs may be noticed as small buds, just posterior to the gills and anterior to the anus, respec- tively. Mar., 1903.] Spelerpes longicaudus. 381 Technique. — The specimens were killed and hardened for four weeks in 4 per cent. Formalin. After taking the two grades of paraffin, they were cut (.03") and lightly stained in a Delafields"" Haematoxylin, after which they were washed and ripened in water for 48 hours. This process gives a thorough Ij^ discrimina- tive and brilliant stain, which is admirably adapted for all classes of such material for general purposes. Three series were made, one being the stage studied, and the other two serving as checks on the first. The reconstructions of the skull were plotted in the following manner : a micrometer eyepiece was calibrated, arbi- trarily, to co-ordinate paper ; then the lens of the eye of the spec- imen, which is practically spherical, was measured vertically and the distance marked on the co-ordinate sheet. The number of sections in which the lens appears was next carefully noted, and thus the ratio of longitudinal to vertical measurements on the co-ordinate paper was obtained. This ratio was found to be 15 horizontal to 22 vertical. By calling the ratio 5.7, therefore, and adding one section to every 2 1 read, accurate results were obtained, and a perfectly proportioned plot drawn. Plates 8, 9, 10 were outlined with a camera and filled in by freehand. Osteology. — The skull of the 12 mm. tadpole of Spelerpes longicaudus differs radically from the adult skull, and shows close resemblance to the adult skulls of some lower forms. Wiedersheim lays down the general characteristic visceral skeleton of Urodeles as follows : " We may consider the ground form, as present in the larva, to consist of five pairs of bars. The anterior pair, or hyoid, consists of two pieces, as do also the first two branchial arches. The third and fourth branchial arches are much smaller and are connected with their fellows of the opposite side by a single or double basal piece. At the close of larval life, when the lungs come into use, the two hinder pair of arches disappear entirely '^ * * In the genus Spelerpes, which possesses a sling-like tongue, the lateral (dorsal) segment of the first true gill-arch grows out into a long cartilaginous filament which extends far back under the skin of the back." (Comparative Anat. of Vertebr., p. 74.) In general, the hypobranchial apparatus of the 12 mm. larva corresponds very closely to the above description, but there are some minor points of difference. The hyoid is a single bar, the cerato-hyal, and shows no trace of a hypohyal, and the third and fourth branchial arches are not much smaller than the other two. The singular spatula-shaped urohyal is completely lost at the close of larval life. (See Plate 9.) In Spelerpes, the protective capsule of the eye is not formed from the quadrate as in Rana, but by a slight process from the trabecular cartilages, and while in Rana (at 12 mm.), the auditory apparatus is merely a process arising from the trabeculae, in Spelerpes there 382 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 5, is a fully formed capsule. It is possible that the diverse habits of the two forms may account for this reversion of development. "Spelerpes, which spends its larval existence for the most part hidden under rocks and in the dark, needs an acuteness of hear- ing and a sensitiveness to vibration for which its cousin compen- sates by an early developed and well protected eye. Trabeculae. — (Plate 10.) The trabeculae cranii appear as two longitudinal bars supporting the anterior end of the brain and the nasal sacs. Just behind the superior labial cartilages, they are flattened out into a pair of disk- like, slightly concave projec- tions serving to support and protect the nasal sacs. There is no juncture of the trabecular bars here as is the case in the frog. Just behind the nasal capsule, the trabeculae resume their rod-like form, presentl}- becoming compressed to form a sort of triangle, concave on the outside. This is the optic capsule before mentioned. Back of this point, the trabeculae are pierced by the optic foramena (Plate 8), and again, still further back, by another and larger foramen, which admits some of the larger ves- sels to the brain. Just above this latter foramen, the quadrate separates from the trabecula. This is given off from the upper half of the trabecular bar (Plate 8) and curves down to meet and articulate with the lower jaw (Meckel's cartilage), while the lower half curves in to meet its fellow just in front of the noto- chord (Plate 10. bp.), forming a support for the main part of the brain. The auditory capsule is continuous with the quadrate above and trabeculae below. PVom the point of their juncture, the trabecular bars continue as a pair of flattened rods — the para- chordals (Plate 10), which together with the notochord form the .floor of the brain case. Just behind the auditory capsule, the parachordals show a leaf- like process, which serves as a protective case for the medulla and upper cord. Upper IvABiALS. — Plates 8, 9, 10, la.) The.se labials are a pair of rounded caps which fit over the ends of the trabeculae. They are pointed above and blunt below. It seems that these labials should be used, governed by suitable muscles, in sucking, in case the larva uses that means of obtaining food, but a diligent search failed to re\'eal any muscles which might l^e used in that way. The superior labials are, like the traliecular cartilages, entirely separate from one another. They are so freely and loosely articulated, moreover, as to permit of the possibility of considerable movement. Lower Labials. — (Plates 8, 9, lb.) The inferior labials, on the other hand, are so fused as to present the aspect of a single, compact cap, which fits over the rounded anterior part of the lower jaw. They are comparable in a general way, to the labials of Rana. The upper and lower labials are apparently among the first cartilages to appear, since at this stage they are very com- Mar,, 1903.] Spelerpes longicaudus. 383 pact and dense cartilaginous tissue, from which all trace of car- tilage cells has disappeared. Meckel's Cartilage —(Plates 8, 9, mc. ) Meckel's Cartil- age forms the basis and largest part of the lower jaw. It articu- lates in front with the bar of the lower labial, and fuses there, more or less completely, with its fellow of the opposite side. Behind, it articulates strongly with the quadrate ( Plate 8, qd. ). The cartilages are slender and rounded anteriorly, but become much heavier and more ovoid as they near their articulation with the quadrate. The coronary process is plainly marked, just in front of the posterior articulation, and directly under the optic foramen. The massive temporal and masseter muscles, which have their attachments on this process, together with the heavy pillar of the quadrate, form a bulging prominence which is readily discernible with the unaided eye. The Quadrate. — (Plate 8, qd.). The quadrate is fused com- pletel}^ above with the trabecula, at a point dorsal to the second foramen, as before stated. Above and behind it fuses with the auditory capsule, while lielow it sends a heavy vertical bar to articulate with Meckel's cartilage. The quadrate is the heaviest solid cartilage in the skull at this period, and helps to form the rim of a deep protective socket within which the eyeball rests. The fusion of the quadrate with the capsule of the ear is only slight at this stage, but the mesoderm between the two parts is seen to be rapidly chondrifying, and indicates an extensive fusion later. Auditory Capsule. — The auditory capsule, although not com- pletely chondrified, can be traced ver}- readily. The two capsules form the side wall of the skull, and indications of their juncture over the top of the brain can be detected. They are fused with the quadrates in front and with the trabeculae cranii below, but their posterior extremity is a free rounded surface. At the 12 mm. stage, therefore, the brain lies exposed above, but is pro- tected laterally by the heavy auditory capsules and ventrally b}^ the broad trabecular plate, and by the parachordals. The semi- circular canals in the ear are fully formed, and there is full nerv- ous connection with the brain. The circular (fibrous) patch so prominent in the frog at a similar stage can be detected, but with dilhculty. It is the foreshadowing of the future stapes. Teeth. — Teeth appear on the upper and lower labials and on both the trabeculae cranii and Meckel's cartilage. They are well along in development, and can Ije seen pushing their way through the skin of the mouth. They are beginning to appear on the branchial arches and ceratohyals as well. Branchial Apparatus. — (Plate 9.) The branchial appa- ratus of Spelerpes shows a marked difference from that of both Crytobranchus and Rana. The most noticeatJe features of the branchial cartilages of Spelerpes longicaudus are (^a ) the absence 384 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 5, of a basi-branchial plate, (d) the large size and peculiar contour of the urohyal, (c) the ceratohyals, which hang free from the basihyal, and do not articulate with the quadrate as they do in Rana and Cryptobranchus, and (//) the absence of any "free" branchials, that is, any branchials unattached to the basihyal cartilage. Basihyal. — (Plates 8, 9, bh. ) The basihyal is a rounded and slender rod of cartilage projecting well forward into the tongue and prolonged posteriorly into the slender urohyal. Just behind the rounded anterior extremity is found the articulation of the ceratohyals. This articulation is not close, but the ceratohyals seem to be rather loosely swung from the front of the basal cart- ilages. From the posterior portion of the cartilage, the first and second cerato-branchials are given off in close succession, and from this point the cartilage continues as the urohyal. In the specimen prepared, the basihyal and branchial cartilages were probably somewhat distorted, on account of the unnatural posi- tion of the tongue, so that in the drawing (Plate 8) they are higher in relation to the rest of the skull than they should be ; the measurements, however, and relative sizes are accurate. Urohyal. — (Plate 9, uh. j The urohyal bar is much longer in Spelerpes longicaudus than in the same stage of the frog. It is median and basal, and forms simply an elongation of the basihyal. The urohyal terminates, however, in a flattened spatula, which affords a place of insertion for two heavy muscles. Ceratohyals. — (Plates 8, 9, ch.) The ceratohyals are a pair of curving bars of cartilage, swinging freely from a loose articu- lation with the anterior part of the basihyal. Their direction is dorso-caudal, and they terminate freely in the mesoderm a short distance behind the quadrate and external to the auditory capsule. Branchial Arches. — (Plate 9.) The branchial cartilages at the given stage of this specimen are all in junction ; that is, none of them hang free at either extremity. They maj' be classified into three pairs of ceratobrauchials and four pairs of epibranchials. The first ceratobranchial is the largest of all the branchial bars (Plate 9, bra.). It is given off from the anterior extremity of the basihyal. It curves slightly down and out and shortly gives rise to the first epibranchial and joins with the second cerato- branchial in originating the second epibranchial arch. The sec- ond ceratobrauchials (Plate 9, brb.) are at their beginning notice- ably smaller than the first ceratobrauchials, but soon increase in size. This ceratobranchial gives rise to the .second epibranchials (in conjunction with the first ceratobranchial bar) and to the third ceratobranchial (Plate 9, brc). The third ceratobranchial soon divides into the third and fourth epibranchial cartilages (Plate 9, be, bd.). The four epibranchials run free for some distance and at their posterior extremity are again united to one- another by a curving bar of cartilage. Mar., 1903.] Spelerpes longicaudus. 3^5 Musculature. — A careful comparison of the muscles of this stage of Spelerpes longicaudus with the musculature of Rana and Cr\ptobranchus seems to show a close resemblance to Crypto- branchus, especially in the muscles of the branchial apparatus. Of course, no homologues of these muscles appear in the adult Rana, but even the larger head muscles correspond much more closely with those of Cryptobranchus. There appears to be no special modification for sucking, or any special muscles for that purpose. All of the muscles described are those of the adult Salamander in various stages of development. In the nomencla- ture of the muscles of the branchial apparatus, the analogies of Cryptobranchus have been very closely followed out. MUSCLES OF THE HEAD. M. Temporalis. — (Plate ii. Fig. i, mtm.) The temporalis is the most prominent of the muscles of the head. It arises on the quadrate cartilage, just posterior to the second foramen, and is inserted on the inner side of the coronary process. It is a broad, heavy .sheet of fibres, broader at the insertion than at the origin. Its direction is ventral and slightly caudal. In reality, M. temporalis is made up of two parts, the one just described above, and a second, which I .shall describe as — M. Pterygoideus. — This is a thin strand of fibres arising on the quadrate bar, just below the origin of M. temporalis, and sending its fibres ventrally to unite with those of the temporalis. It corresponds very closely to the similar muscle in Cryptobranchus, which is described as follows: "This is a very insignificant muscle * * * and might almost be considered a fasciculus of M. temporalis. (Thesis, J. H. McGregor.) The muscle is entirely covered dorsally by M. temporalis, and acts with the temporalis in lifting the mandible, in opposition to the action of M. depressor maxillae inferioris. M. Masseter. — (Plate ii, Fig. i, mm.) The ma.sseter is a heavy, bulging muscle, partly covering M. temporalis. It arises on the anterior third of the auditory capsule, and, running down- ward and forward, is inserted on the outside of the mandibular bar (Meckel's cartilage), a short distance in front of the coronary process. The insertion of this muscle is comparatively very broad, though it is thick-bellied and rounded in the center. M. Depressor maxillae inferioris. — (Plates ii. Fig. i, mdm.). This is a large and powerful muscle, which, using the base of the lower mandible as a lever, depresses the jaws. It has two origins ; the first in the middle of the optic capsule, just posterior to the origin of M. mas.seter, and a second, which is lower and posterior to the first. The fibres from the two origins, however, soon intermingle, and evidence of the double origina- tion is lost. The muscle extends down and forward, parallel to 386 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 5, M. masseter, and is inserted on the rounded base of the lower mandible (Meckel's cartilage). Turning now to the ventral sur- face, we find the — M. SuBMAXiLLARis.— (Plate II, Fig. 2, msb.) This muscle is a broad, thin sheet of fibres covering in the space between the mandibles almost completely. It extends between the two rami throughout their extent, save for a small space at their anterior extremity. The muscle is a very delicate one, and the fibres are loosely conjoined, seeming to indicate a tardy development as compared with the other muscles. The function of the submax- illaris is still a matter of doubt, but that it is closely connected with- the respiratory function seems fairly certain. M. SuBMENTALiS. — (Plate II, Fig. 2, m.sm.). This small and insignificant muscle appears as a tendinous band at the extreme anterior portion of lower jaw. Its function is to approximate the rami of the jaw, but it appears to be of small practical consequence. MUSCLES OF THE BRANCHIAL APPARATUS. The branchial muscles of the 12 mm. Spelerpes longicaudus show a very marked similarity to those of the adult Crypto- branchus, although they are not quite so numerous, or so com- plex. The group consists of a paired sternohyoid, a hypobranchial, a constrictor, levator and depressor of the arches, a geniohyoid, a well-defined cerato-branchialis and a small omoh^-oideus. M. Sterno-hyoideus. — (Plate 11, Figs. 2, 3, msh. j This mu.scle is a direct continuation of the fibres of M. rectus abdominis. The recti abdomini, as they pass forward from the posterior part of the body, alter both in contour and in position. In the body proper, they are seen as two thin vertical sheets of muscle, bound- ing the body cavit}'. As they pass into the head region, how- ever, they gradually assume a median position and become thick- ened to form a pair of round, heavy muscles, which fuse in the region of M. temporalis, and have their common insertion on the basihj-al at the point of union of the first ceratobranchial. The muscle is superimposed on the urohyal cartilage. M. Geniohyoideus. — (Plate 11, Figs. 2, 3, mgh.) This muscle arises on the lower mandible, just posterior to the inser- tion of M. submentalis. From this point it extends directh* backward, as a small rope-like mu.scle, to its insertion on the .spatular end plate of the urohyal cartilage. Its function is to draw the branchial apparatus forward. M. Hypobranchialis. — ( Plate 1 1 , Fig. 3, mhb. ) This muscle arises on the ventral surface of the ceratoh3'al cartilage, inside of the origin of the following muscle. Its fibres run posteriori}' and obliquely inward, and are inserted along the course of the posterior two-thirds of the first epibranchial, except at the posterior end of the branchial. M. Ceratobranchialis.— (Plate 11, Fig. 3, mcb. ) This mu.scle is a thin .sheet of fibres arising on the ventral surface of Mar., 1903.] Spelerpes longkaudus. 387 the ceratoliyal cartilage, just outside of the origin of M. hypo- branchiahs, and sending its fibres inward to the extremity of the opercuhnn. The function of the muscle is to raise the opercular fold and to create thus a suction through the gill slits. There is, of course, no homologue of this muscle either in Rana or in Cryptobranchus. M. Levator arcuum branchialium. — (Plate 11, Fig. i, mla. ) This slender and insignificant muscle arises as a fasciculus of M. longissimus dorsi. It is given off from that muscle at the extreme posterior end of the otic capsule and extends posteriorly and obliquel}^ downward to an insertion on the first epibranchial bar. It serves to raise the branchial apparatus. M. Constrictor arcuum branchialium. — Plate 11, Fig. 3, mca., nice., mci.) This muscle is divided into three equal parts, which, from a common origin, separate and run to three distinct and different insertions. The mu.scle itself is a continuation or prolongation of the fibres of M. hypobranchialis, and takes its course along the inner or body side of the arches. Its first fasci- culus is inserted on the course of the second epibranchial cartil- age, its second fasciculus on the the third epibranchia and its third part along the course of the last arch. Its evident function is the closing of the branchial clefts, acting with M. cerato- branchialis to create a suction of water through the clefts. M. Depressor arcuum branchialium. — (Plate 11, Fig. 2, mdb.; Fig. 3, mab.) This muscle is a sheet of fibres arising on the inner side of the last branchia and sending its fibres inward to mingle in the middle line. The main part of the muscle is just anterior to the tracheal opening, and .some of its fibres even mingle with those of the following muscle. The name of the muscle indicates its function. INI. Omohvoideus. — This is a rather small and insignificant muscle at this stage. It arises in the region of the future scapula and sends its fibres downward to mingle around the trachea. This muscle does not function before the metamorphosis, and as no sign of a scapula appears, it cannot now be traced to a definite origin. BODY muscles. The two body muscles which appear at the present stage are the M. longissimus dorsi, and M. rectus abdominis. M. Longissimus DORSI. — (Plate 11, Fig. i, mid., mli.) This large and important muscle has a double origin. The first is on the auditory capsule, on the dorsal side next to the surface, and in the region of the articulation of the jaw and of the eighth nerve. The second origin is considerably posterior to the first and is at the ba.se of the brain, on the parachordal cartilages. From their origins, both fasciculi run directly tailwards, uniting in the region of the tenth nerve, to form a dumb-bell-shaped muscle which partially surrounds the medulla. After this point, the muscle rapidly increases in size, as it runs on back toward the tail. 388 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 5. M. Rectus Abdominis. — (Plate ii, Fig. i, mra. ) The sternohyoideiis muscle, already described, is a continuation of M. rectus abdominis. As the muscle runs back, it becomes more and more flattened, until it presents the typical aspect of a thin sheet of tissue lining the ventral body wall. In this specimen it pre- sents no unusual characteristics. MUSCLES OF THE EYE. No well defined musculature for the eye was found, Init two recti muscles, or traces of them, could be distinguished. They are very small, and while their insertion on the eyeball can be seen plainly, their origin is lost in the surrounding mesoderm. bibeiography. Journal of Comparative Neurology — Volume IV, page 7 — " Glands and Nerve-endings in the Skin of the Tad- pole."—/. //. Massic. Volume IV, page 117 — "The Nose and Jacobson's Organ with especial reference to Amphibia." — H. H. Boivdcn. Volume IV, page 193 — " The Cranial Nerves of Amblystomapunctatuni." — C. Judson Herri ck. Volume VI, page 45 — "Preliminary Notes on the Cranial Nerves of Cryptobranchus allegheniensis."— y. H. McCirci^or. Volume VI, page 54 — " On Three Points in the Nervous Anatomy of Amphibia."—/. .S". Kiiigslcv. Volume VII, page 146 — " Preliminary Notice upon the Cytology of the Brains of some Amphibians." — S. E. Jcllijfc. Volume VIII, page 314 — "On the Weight and Length of the Central Nervous System in Bull-frogs of different Sizes. ' ' — //. //. Doua/iisoii . Volume IX, page 53 — "Nerve Termini in the Skin of the Common Frog."— 6". E. Coo/n7/. American Naturalist — Volume XXXIII, page 231 — " Desmognathous fusca and Spelerpes bilineatus. — Harris H. M'ildcr. Thesis, Ohio State University — "Osteology and Myology of Crypto- branchus allegheniensis."^/. H. McCircgor. (Unpublished.) Journal of Morphology — Volume II, page 297 — "On the Relations of the Hyoid and Otic Ele- ments of the Skeleton in the Batrachia." — /:. D. Cope. Volume VII, page 189 — "The Development of the Optic Vesicles in Amphibia." — A. C. Eeleshymer. Volume VII, page 23 — " Studies on the Development of the Ear in Amblystoma." — H. IT. \o/yis. Volume X, page loi — "The Cranial Nerves of Amphibia." — O. S. S/roz/g. Volume X, page 231 — "The Central Nervous System of Desmognathous fusca." — Pierre A. I'ish. " The Frog." — Ecker. " Verte1)rate Embryology." — .lAr/.v/zfc//. " Manual of Vertebrates."— /wcA?;/. Journal of the Philadelphia Ac.\dkmy -Volume I, page 2S7. — /laird. Volume IV, page 345. — HaUoivell. Proceedings Academy Philadelphia. 1S69— Page 107. — Cope. " Salaniandridae," page 82 — Straiieh. " Batrachia of North America."— Cc^/t'. Mar., 1903,] Spelerpes longicaudus. 3S9 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Kky to Plate 8. A reconstruction of the skeletal elements of the head. SIDE VIEW. la. Upper labials. pc. tr. Trabecula. pf. lb. Lower labials. pn. qd. Quadrate cartilage. au. inc. Meckel's cartilage. ba. bh. Basiln-al cartilage. bb. ch. Ceratohyal cartilage. be. nb. Nasal capsule. bd. op. Optic foramen. Parachordal cartilages. Posterior foramen. Coronoid process. Auditory capsule. Eirst Ijranchial arch. Second branchial arch. Third branchial arch. Fourth branchial arch. Key to Plate 9. A reconstruction of the skeletal elements of the head. VIEW OF THE BRANCHIAL APPARATUS. bh. Basilival cartilage. ba. First epibranchial cartilage, idi. Trohyal cartilage. bb. Second epibranchial cartilage, bra. First ceratobranchial cartilage. be. Third epibranchial cartilage, brb. Second " " bd. Fourth epibranchial cartilage, brc. Third " " ch. Ceratohyal cartilage. Key to Pirate 10. A reconstruction of the skeletal elements of the head. VIEWED FROM AliOVE. tr. Trabeculae. pc. Parachordal cartilages. l)p. Basal plate of the trabeculae. au. Auditory capsule, la. Upper lal)ials. ch. Notochord. nb. Nasal pi^ocess. Key to Plate ir. Reconstruction of muscles. Figure /. — Lateral view MtuL M. temporalis. Mra. M. rectus abdominis. Mia. M. levator arcuum l)ranchi- Mcb. M. cerato-branchialis. alium. I\Idm. M. depressor maxillae infer- Mld. M. longissinms dorsi. ioris. Mli. M. longissinms dorsi, inferior Mm. M. masseter. fasciculus. Figure 2. — Ventral view. Msm. M. submentalis. Mdb. M. depressor arcuum branch- Msb. M. submaxillaris. ialium. Mcb. :M. cerato-brenchialis. Mgh. M. genio-hyoideus. Msh. M. sternohyoideus. Figure j. Reconstruction of branchial musculature. Msm. M. submentalis. Msh. M. sternohyoideus. Mgh. M. geniohvoidetts. Mca. M. constrictor arcuum bran- ]Msb. :\I. suljinaxillaris. chiahum, first fasciculus. I\Icb. M. cerato-branchialis. Mce. M. constrictor arcuum bran- Mhb. I\L hypobranchialis. chialium. 2nd fasciculus. Mab. M. depressor arcuum branch- Mci. M. constrictor arcuum bran- ialitim. chialium, third fasciculus. In the reconstruction, the ceratobranchial muscles are removed, the sternohyoideus muscles are cut out so as to show the M. depressor arc-lirauchialium, and one of the geniohj'oideus muscles has been cut to show the origin of IM. sternohyoideus. The sub- maxillaris has been represented as slit, and the flaps turned back. 39° Ohio Naturaijst. The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 5, P/(i/e S. Houghton on " Spelerpcs longicaudus." Mar., 1903.] Ohio Naturalist. Spelerpes longicaudus. 391 Plafe g. H0UC7HTON on "Spelerpes longicaudus." 392 Ohio Naturalist. The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 5, Plate JO. HorcHToN on " Spelerpes longicaudus.'' Mar., 1903.] Ohio Naturalist. Spelerpes longicaudus. 393 P/a/e II. In 'f^ /^S/T? Houghton on "Spelerpes longicaudus 394 The Ohio Naturalist [Vol. Ill, No. 5, ON THE AUTUMNAL SONGSEASON.* J. R. Taylor. What I have to .sa}- is so patently unscientific that my first word must be a disclaimer of any such intention. Subjective method like mine is, I know, amthema in science. From an objective standpoint there is no music in the Brown Creeper's note ; it is a creaking, a filing, an old chair is as musical ; yet I have followed it as Ferdinand followed Ariel. It is courage come to share our winter, a conclusion not necessarily unscientific. Imagination, witness the di.scovery of Neptune or the setting up of the mastodon from fragments of bones, is as great a force in science as in the arts ; and there is no great gulf fixed between science and art, the mind working not differently in the two fields. We of the opposite camp follow beauty, you truth ; the Cardinal in the snow means as much by one method as by the other. Therefore if we learn gladl}^ of the scientists, the reverse is true also ; and because I have learned birds chiefly b}^ their songs, I •find I have to ornithologists, and however small it may be, inter- esting and supplementary information. Even scientists know that there is a definite songseason, in a way synchronous with the breeding season, from March to June. It is also well known that birds sing beyond this period, the only absolute lulls seeming to fall in August and in December. I have heard the Bluebirds singing in the snow at Christmas, the Robin on New Year's Day ; and the Carolina Wren, in the words of Mr. Riley, sings when he durn pleases. But the spring songseason remains fixed and unapproachable for its continuit}' and multi- tude of song. What has been more neglected is the autumnal songseason , which seems to me also a definite period , more or less immediately preceding the departure of the birds for the south. At the end of August, this summer, the Orioles and the Warbling Vireos, after many weeks of silence, were all singing again on the campus, and soon after, of course, were gone. This, I think, is a habit which may be found to be universal. I cannot be sure of certain birds. The Whippoorwills sing on into September appar- ently without a break. In the Adirondacks a few years ago the Barred and the Great Horned Owls were silent in July and August, and hallooed over the lakes all night long in September; but in their ca.se this could liardl}^ precede a migration. I have heard the Bobolinks sing for a few moments in the dawn, at the end of August, after they must hav-e changed plumage, and after more than a month of silence; I have heard the Red-winged Blackbirds in October in a chorus unheard since early Jul}' ; and the list might be made a long one, in each case preceded by a *Read before the Wheatoti Club of the Ohio State University, October i<), 1901. Mar. 1903.] On the Autumnal Songseason. 395 long interval of silence, and heard at a certain date year after year. Not to mention the singing migrants, var^-ing widely from the Upland Plover to the Whitethroats, Solitary Vireos, Ruby- crowned Kinglets, the following will serve as examples. Both the Orioles sing in late August and earl}- September ; Field Spar- rows in September, Vesper Sparrows into October, Fox Sparrows into November ; the Warbling and the Red- eyed Vireos in Sep- tember ; the Maryland Yellowthroat in September, and in the same month the Catbird and the Brown Thrasher ; and more rarely I have heard the Woodthrush also, though he sang only the preludes without the flute-notes. I have never heard the Flj'catchers sing again after their sunnner silence, nor the Tana- gers, nor the Martins, nor man}- of the Warblers and Thrushes. In each case, the song seems an accompaniment or precursor of migration. The J unco's addition to his song, in April just before he departs for the north, is parallel. I cannot presume to offer an explanation. To me it seems several possible things ; memory of the spring's journey bringing a repetition of the song ; or rehearsal and education of the young birds, although it seems to me difficult to prove that only the young birds sing ; or, as it has been called, " false dawn " of sex, a mating without the nesting, wdiich I have seen the Mourning Doves do ; or, perhaps fantasti- cally, farewell to the land of the nests of northern summer. If it is true that the Grouse will drum on the old courting log even in October, a recognizably sentimental operation, none of the sug- gestions is preposterous. Why birds sing is hardly to be explained b}' anatomy. The general opinion of ornithologists seems to be that song is an expression of pleasure, and that birds do not sing in fear or sorrow. I have known a particularh^ gorgeous sunset to waken the Woodthrushes in midsummer, and it seemed to me not unlikeh' that the pleasure of the rich color sensation might partly account for it. It is probable that the autumnal songseason is a time of gayety and novelty, a recognition of old places, an anticipation of new, together with some associated memor}- of the choosing of the mates. The impression may be further explained by the character of the song in autumn. It is always difficult to hear and know the autumnal song- season, both because it is so much less in volume and continuity than in spring, and because it is not like that of April full- throated. The quality is changed, — if I were before a less formid- able atidience, I should say .sea-changed. For it is as if the birds were singing under water, underground. It is as if they sing without opening their beaks ; which indeed the)^ seem sometimes to do even in spring, for I ha\-e heard both the male and the female Thrasher sing so in the nesting, each with the twig or straw in mouth ; and I have never heard the Hermit Thrush in spring migration sing in any other way. This last instance may 396 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 5, illustrate my meaning. I have verified the experience through several Aprils. The first hearing was in this manner. For a long time I had been sitting still to watch the Hermit flitting and returning among the naked cop.ses by the old river-bed ; and what with his nearness and the fresh April song about me, the memory of his song came to me clear and clearer. Let not Science reproach me for this ! — I was fancying what old law, what jealous traveler's silence on the way to the happier north his home, kept unuttered in the bird's white breast that high romance, the voice of our best dreamer, even the memory of which made sunset flash -across the mountain lakes to me. The memory, the fancy, grew so vividly upon me that I smiled to find my.self placing actually somewhere, across the Olentang}-, upstream, downstream, the phantom singing of my own creation. Then I woke to the reali- zation that it was an actual song, a Hermit Thrush really singing, but very far away. And last of all, I saw the dappled throat of my Thrush, which was always here and there about the leafless thickets, near me in the sun, saw his throat ruffling, and knew that he was the singer of the song that .seemed, across the river or across the j^ears, so far awa3\ I ask pardon for such unedifying rhapsody, but the quality thus suggested is characteristic of the autumnal songseason. Some birds apparently change the form as well as the qualit}' of their song, making of it an entirely new composition ; the Bob- white, for instance, and (I think) the Chickaclee ; and the Caro- lina Wren in September has often set me hunting down a new song, surprising me at length to find him, that piper of indomita- ble and far-ringing cheerfulness, now singing a secret bubbling continuous Goldfinch-like song. But most of our birds, without changing the form of their song, change the tone-color as I have described. So the Catbird sings, so the Brown Thrush ; at your shoulder, may be. but seeming a half mile away ; so sing our most frequent autumnal vocalists, the Meadowlarks, Cardinals, Song- sparrows, Robins ; half-song, a whisper-song, an echo, a ventril- oquism. It is, I suppose, simply that they sing with half- voice, as we might hum to ourselves a melody that haunts us through the day's work. But it is easier for me to deal with effects than with causes, and I shall not this time apologize, for these are my last words. The autumnal song seems to me not less beautiful than that of April ; not the same triumphant, liut memorial, charged with emotion, an art wrecked by its own beautiful joy ; autumn's fit utterance, when even Anosia, the red monarch of all the butterflies, migrates among the departing birds and the uiu'eturning leaves ; and when always across the sky, in October, in November, as long as the Witch-Hazel is in flower, the Bluebirds play their pipes of pa.ssage. Mar., 1903.] Food Plants of Some Bythoscopidae. 397 FOOD PLANTS OF SOME BYTHOSCOPIDAE. H. D. Ball, Utah Ag. College, Logan, I'tah. In giving food plant records it. seems desirable to distinguish those records that are the result of repeated observation, or made under circumstances that admit of slight chance for error, from those that are based on accidental occurrence of one or more specimens upon some given plant. The adults of most all of our leaf -hoppers fly very readily and are often found on plants adjacent to the one the}' feed upon, especially after a sweep net has been vigorously used in the neighborhood. And too often there is no means of knowing whether the record is the result of one accidental speci- men or the summation of a life-histor}- study. The longer the author studies the food plant relations of the Jassidae the more evidence he finds to support the idea that nearly every species has its particular food plant or group of closely related plants upon which it is almost absolutely dependent in part, at least, of its life cycle. In a large number of species the larvae rarely if ever leave the plant upon which they emerge from the eggs. So that the finding of the larvae in any number upon a plant is in a great many cases an almost absolute test of the <:orrectness of the food plant determination. The following notes are in many cases extracts from almost complete life-history studies and in every case are based on suffi- cient evidence to almost preclude the idea of an accidental occur- rence. GENUS MACROPSIS. The following notes complete the food plant list for our forms of this genus, with the exception of one species, and while the genus as a whole presents a remarkable variety of food plants each species seems to be very strictly confined to its particular plant or group of closely related forms. In fact I have even found the presence of a particular species of Macropsis one of the best guides to the determination of the many varieties of one plant species. 3/. lacta Uhl. — This species is found only on the bushy species of Sumac {Rims aroii/afica and ti ilobata), that occur so commonly on the sides of the foot hills and along the bluffs of the streams out on the plains in Colorado. The larvae appear early in July, hiding in the axils of the leaves and in the fruit clusters. They mature early in August, the adults remaining until the middle of September. They are of a bright, shining green color and thus resemble the petioles and new growth upon which they stay. Var. pacta Ball, — Is a pink variety of this species found only in the crimson fruit clusters of this Sumac, where it is well protected 398 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 3, b}^ its resemblance to the fruit steins and also by the sticky nature of the fruit. J/, huiiiilis Stal. — This species seems to be strictly confined to the ray less golden rod {BiQclovia doi/^i^/as/i group)' The female is of a pale green color, similar to that of the new growth upon which it stays. The male has a shining black stripe down the back and depends upon its agility in dodging around the stems for protection. The adults appear in July, the males having mostly disappeared by August ist. It is a common species in southwestern Colorado and occurs sparingly well up in the mountains west of Fort Collins, Colo., but has never been taken in the foot hills or on the plains, although the Bigelovia abounds there. J/, robusta Uhl. — This small pale green form is found abund- antly on the bushy Atriplex {A. canescens) throughout the south- ern half of Colorado and down into Arizona. The plant appears almost white, but the young shoots and stems where the insects rest are pale green. M. bisignata Ball. — This pretty brown-marked species occurs on Gidierrezia eifthamiac, a little yellow- flowered Compositae that grows in small clumps all over the plain region of Colorado and well up into the mountains. There appears to be two broods of this species, one appearing late in May and another in September. The difference in altitude affects the time of appearance so much that it is hard to determine the number of broods except where the same locality is under observation during the entire year. GENUS PEDIOPSIS. The food plants of a number of our species have already been definitely recorded and a few more are added here. The willow forms, as far as studied, seem to be as strictly confined to one species or group of willows as are the willow-inhabiting forms of Idiocerus. P. tristis Van D., and tr'uiiacnlata Fitch. — were both injuri- ously abundant on cultivated plums at Fort Collins, Colo , in 1902. The adults of the latter species appeared the first week in July and tho.se of tyistis a week or more later. P. siituralis O. and B. - seems to be strictly confined to the black willows {Salix amygdaloidcs and nigra), where it is fairly common locall>-. P. crythyoa'pliala G. and B. — An abundant species on the narrow-leaved willow (.S". longifolia). By an oversight the habitat of this species was omitted in 6sb. and Ball's review of this genus. It is known from Iowa, Nebraska, Kan.sas and Colorado. P. t)ivia/is Ball. — This species occurs abundantly on the black willows (.v. ai)iygda/oidcs) in Colorado. The adults appear by the first of July. Mar., 1903.] Food Plants of Some Bythoseopidae. 399 P. viridis Fitch. — This species appears to be strictly confined to the narrow-leaved willow ( .S". lojigifo/ia). The adults appear the middle of June. GENUS IDIOCERUS. The American forms of this group have been recorded from only three genera of plants and these all tree forms. The follow- ing notes add as many more genera to the list and introduces for the first time strictly bush forms as host plants. Wherever wil- low forms have been studied they have been found confined to one species or to a group of closely related species of willows and not general feeders as has been commonly supposed. /. dolosiis Ball. — Found only on the bushy Sumac (R/iits aro- ma fica) in the mountain region of Colorado. Adults have been taken from the middle of July until late in August. /. raiii€)itos2(s Uhl. — Common on Sa/ix kvigifolia, seeming to prefer the short, thick clumps and sheltered locations. Found in Iowa, Nebraska and Colorado. /. snoci'i G. and B. — found on S. longi folia. I. lachryiualis Fitch. — found only on the Quaking Asp {Popu- /iis troiiuloidcs). I. fcmoraUis Ball. — is a willow form, but has not been found in sufficient numbers to determine which species of willow it lives on. /. prodiidus G. and B. — is also a willow form. /. Diorosus Ball. — This was swept commonly from two species of Ribes growing in the foot hills and mountains west of Fort Collins, Colo. It was most frequently met with on the red cur- rant or squaw berry {R. crrcuiii. ) I. verrucosus Ball. — w^as also taken on currants at about the highest altitude at which they grow. /. ensiger Ball. — This is probably another currant form, though not enough specimens were taken at any one time to eliminate the possibility of it being an accidental capture. There were two very distinct kinds of larvae found together on the squaw berry — one, dark reddish brown that apparently belonged to this species, and a green form that was probably )iiorosus. I. aiiiocDius Van D. — This pretty species lives on the Juniper, where its rufous and green match well with its surroundings. /. jicrvatus Van D. — This species has been reported as occur- ring on willows, but in Colorado it seems to be an inhabitant of the Juniper. It is possible that there are still two species mixed under that name. The American Association. ' We have been interested in noticing the membership of the American Association for the Advancement of Science from the different Universities of the country, as shown by a Geographical list recently published b}' the Association. 400 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 5, In this list the Institution is given, although possibly not stated in all cases, but on the basis of this list and adding such as are known to belong to the University staff in each case, the numbers run as follows : Columbia, 52; Cornell, 34; Ohio State University, 28; Harvard, 27; Chicago, 24; Yale, 23; Johns Hopkins, 18; Stanford, 17; Wis- consin, 16; Michigan, 15; Minnesota, 15; Indiana, 14; Syracuse, 13; Illinois, 12; Kansas, 12; California, 12; Princeton, 12; Ne- braska, 11; Missouri, 10; Iowa, 8; West Virginia, 8; Western Reserve, 8; Case School, 8; Texas, 7; North Carolina, 7; Colora- do, 6; Washington at St. lyOuis, 6; Maine, 5; Tennessee, 5; \^an- derbilt, 5; Oberhn, 5; Purdue, 3; Virginia, 3; Cincinnati, i. We note the following for Ohio cities : Cleveland, 41; Colum- bus, 37 ; Cincinnati, 21; Oberlin, 6 ; Wooster, 6; Marietta, 5; Akron, 4; Westerville, Delaware, Athens, Alliance, 3 each; Ash- tabula, Covington, Hiram, Painesville, Springfield, Tiffin, Toledo, Wilmington, Youngstown, 2 each; Barnesville, Dayton, Defiance, Eb'ria, Fredericktown, Garrettsville, Gilmore, Granville, Green- ville, Hamilton, Mt. \^ernon, New Carlisle, North Baltimore, Oxford, Plainville, Rushsylvania, Salem, Sandusky, Signal, Urbana, Warren, West Milton, Wheelersburg, Wyoming and Zanesville, i each. OHIO MYCOLOGICAL CLUB. To the Botanical Department came ever more frequent inquir- ies as to the mushrooms and toadstools and other of the higher fungi. It was thought best to devise a plan of response that would be less burdensome and at the same time a better means of furnishing, as far as could be done, the information sought, and perhaps render assistance to people not now nor intending to be students in colleges. Accordingly it was decided to form a Mycological Club, unen- cumbered by constitution, b3'-laws, or officers, open to everybod)-, and with the sole object of mutual help in observing and study- ing the numerous mushrooms and toadstools — learning them so thoroughly that the different kinds, especially the commoner species, could be accurately identified with a view of using the ediljle and avoiding the poisonous kinds. It was determined to fix the fee at ten cents — low so as not to be burdensome to anyone — and strong hope was entertained that with the income so obtained several bulletins could be issued during the season. All who were consulted permitted their names to be entered as charter members, and the Ohio Mycological Bulletin^ No. i, was issued. The members now ninuberover 200 and the membership cards are still being received. It is interesting to observe that Mar., 1903.] Meeting of the Wheaton Club. 401- the list includes school pupils, college students, many amateurs, professional botanists (among these several eminent American Mycologists,) business and professional people— not confined to Ohio but from the whole country. The first four-page bulletin gave a few introductory and explana- torv paragraphs, nine figures illustrating the general appearance of the commoner groups of mushrooms, namely, the Gill-fungi, Pore-fungi, Spine-fungi, Coral-fungi, Carrion- fungi, Puffballs, Earthstars, Cup fungi, and Morels. Three illustrated books noticed, suggestions to teachers, a paragraph on the Gill-fungi, and the list of seventy-six charter members are the other contents - of the first number. Bulletin No. 2 has just appeared. Besides explaing the make- up of a botanical name, giving directions for sending specimens, and the second list of members, the Morels are discussed and illustrated by two full-page plates, showing the plants natural size. All the botanical names and the uncommon descriptive words used in the bulletin are divided into syllables, and the accented syllables marked. All matters are made as clear as possible. All who may be interested in the mushrooms or who desire the bulletin are invited to join the club, sending their names with fee to the Professor of Botany, O. S. U., Columbus, O. — O. M. B. Meeting of the Wheaton Club. The Club met Monday evening, March the i6th, in Biological; Hall. After a short business session the Club proceeded to an examination and discussion of the list of earliest spring migra- tions for Columbus, publi.shed in the February Nattrai^ist. Comparison with the migration dates of Dr. Wheaton showed in most cases a close connection, although there were several records- differing quite widely. The record of the kingbird, Tyranmis tvrannus, was found to be based on a mistake in the records of' the Club. Discussion brought out the fact that several of the dates given were antedated by observations of the members which had not been reported and were therefore not available w'hen the list was made up. The new records are given below : Barn Swallow, April 14. Whip-poor-will, April 29. Rose -breasted Grosbeak, April 22. Kentucky Warbler, April 30. Orange-crowned Warbler, April 22. Great-crested Flycatcher, April 29. Maryland Yellow-throat, April 20. Black-billed Cuckoo, May 5. Rough-winged Swallow, April 24. Blue-headed Vireo, April 30. Olive-backed Thrush, .\pril 26. Prothonoto'y Warbler, April 28. Warbling Vireo, April 20. Yellow-billed Cuckoo, April 27. After the discussion, reports of personal observations were made, Mr. Dawson reporting the Go.shawk for March 15th. The Club then adjourned to meet April 20th. Walter J. Derby, Scartary. 402 . The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 5, MEETING OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB. Ortox Hall, February 2, 1903. The first paper was given b}' Prof. Dresbach, on "Some Peculiar Variations in Blood Corpuscles." He reported finding a person whose blood corpuscles are elliptical. Their dimen- sions are as follows : Greatest width, 4.8/u. Greatest length, 10.3/M.. Average width, 4.1 /x. Average length, lo.jti. Average thickness through center, 1.3/x. Average thickness through edge, 2.7/x.. Ratio of width to length, from 1:2 to 1:3.1. The average human corpuscle is 7.2/x to 7.8/A in diameter. The scond paper of the evening consisted of a review of the life of Pasteur, Idv Mr. Landacre. After dealing with the main facts of his life, especial emphasis was laid on two phases of it ; first, the directness of his method in research. Almost ever}' great discovery Pasteur made was first undertaken as the result of influences brought to bear on him by others. The reasons for beginning researches with him were usually economic. His life seems to be a refutation of the current belief that the best scien- tific work can be done by allowing each man to follow his own inclination. Second, there was a remarkable sequence in his researches. Each one grew out of the preceding problem. And yet it was alwaN's the practical side of a problem that attracted his attention. Under personal observations. Dr. Kellerman spoke of the abundance of Chacrophylliiiu procuiubcns along the Olentangy. He noticed that almost every plant was ver}- badly infected with a black rust. They have a red rust in spring and later a black rust, but it is unusual to find them infected in winter. He also spoke of his inoculation experiments with rusts and gave a sum- mar}' of his paper, which is published as a University Bulletin, Series 7, No. 11. ( Botanical Series, No. 12.) Mr. Mead reported on the examination of the flora of a mound near Chillicothe. It had been reported that there were some peculiar plants growing near it. His investigations, which included the determination of the whole flora, showed, however, that there were no plants present the occurrence of which was at all unusual. Prof. Schaffner exhibited .some mangrove embryos from Florida and remarked upon the habits of the plant. Prof. Osborn gave a note on a report concerning the campaign against mosquitoes on Long Island. This is published on p. 377 of the February number of The Naturalist. Robert F. Griggs, Secretary. SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION OF Minerals, Rocks, Fossils Birds and Mammals, Shells and Echinoderms. Also Human Skeletons, and Anatomical Models. Relief Models by Messrs. Shaler, Davis and Harris, illustrating Physical Geology and Physiography WRITE FOR CIRCULARS, >X^ards' N^t'^^^^ Science Establishment, ROCHESTER. N. Y. oiiKfrj ART mm, ;T'-r MR « 3 AK DA K /"iix, made at the be pleased State and High Sts., COLUMBUS, OHIO. ^^^^^====^^ OUR LIST OF AWARDS FOR THE LAST YEAR ARE The Gold Medal at Paris Exposition. Highest Award at the Pan-American Exposition. Six First Premiums out of seven at Ohio State Exposition. DIE STAMPING. PLATE AND LETTER PRESS PRINTING. SPAHIj & GLENN, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS. 50 EAST BROAD STREET. COLUMBUS, OHIO. Bucket Engtaving Co. Process and Wood Engraving, Electro= typers and I ufacturers of Stereotyping and Engr:;ving Machinery. Su 5w S* 5=. S=> COLUMBUS, OHIO. 80 '/z North High Street r^^l^ American Entomological Co. 1040 De Kalb Avenue, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Dealers in Insects, Entomological Supplies and manufacturers of the only genuine and original Schmitt Insect Boxes. BUILDERS of CASES and CABINETS in CORRECT STYLES New Price List of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera and Illustrated Catalogue of Entomological Supplies. No. 4, 1902, 190:5. Dec. 1, 1902. Price, 5 cts. Jledieal and Seientifie Books The Second Liapgest Stoek in Ohio. The most libepal discounts given Publie and Private Iiibfafies. Sold at Wholesale Prices. CATAIiOOOB pf?EE. ■^1-1* li. S. WEliliS, 665 r^oPth Higti Street, COLiU|VIBUS, OHIO. Both Telephones. J^educcd f^atcs to Teachers. "Dawson s Bitds of Ohio" W!LL ILLUSTRATE AND DESCRIBE SCIENTIFIC! II THE 322 SPECIES || POPULAR! ==^= II OF OHIO BIRDS. II === A BOOK FOR BIRD LOVERS, NATURE STUDENTS AND THOSE WHO VALUE GOOD READING. It will contain a com- plete account of plum- ges, range, nesting, \etc., together with Liant sketches and ondensed life-histories fof the birds themselves. The text is by Rev. W. Leon Dawson, of Columbus ; the intro- duction and analytical keys by Lynas Jones, S. M., of Oberlin, both well- known ornithologists. Song Sparrows.— A Brooding Female Being Fed by Mate. Specimen illnstration from "Dawson's Birds of Ohio." Plioto by J. B. Parker. MAGNIFICENTLY ILLUSTRATED BY SELECTED PLATES IN COLOR and ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ORIGINAL HALF-TONES From Photographs Taken in Ohio. SHOWING THE WILD BIRDS AND THEIR HAUNTS. expense is being spared to make of this work a sumptuous volume, complete in every detail, >EST OF ITS CLASS, yet well within the reach of all. PRICES RANGE FROM $5.75 to $7.50 ACCORDING TO BINDING. IBiQlJIRV couropj. THE WHEATON PUBLISHING CO. 1216 The Hayden. Columbus, O. Please send me specimen pages of your forthcoming work, "Dawson's Birds of Ohio," also special terms by which I may secure a numbered copy of the Author's Autograph Edition. Name Address SPECIAL TERMS TO ADVANCE SUBSCRIBERS. The Author's Autograph Edition of 1,000 copies, liini- ted, is being rapidly sub- scribed for. Sign "Inquiry Coupon." ORDER NOW. THE WHEATON PUBLISHING CO., I2I6 The Hayden. COIyUMBUS, OHIO THE "OHIO NATURALIST" A .iournal devotcfl more.espec-iiilly to the natural liistory of Ohio. The official organ of The Hidlogical Cj.ub of thk Ohio State rNivERSixY. Published monthly duriuj; the aeailemie year, from November to June (8 numbers.) Price -"lO cents per year, payable in a— 1 se >> 3 >-> bo 3 < 4-t P. 0 u a s w n w n w se s w ne se se se se 8.7 9.2 9-3 8.4 7-1 6.3 6.4 5-7 6 2 6.4 8.2 8.3 s w w w n w s w s w s w s w n w se s w s w 90 98 9-9 9.2 7-5 6.9 6.5 6.0 6.6 7-1 8.6 9.8 s w s w w s e se se s e s e se s e se s w 15.6 15-4 152 13-4 12-5 II. 0 10 9 10.6 13 0 14. 1 16.8 i6"i w w w n w w w s w s w s w s w s w s w II. 1 II. 4 II 6 II. 4 9.8 S.3 8.7 7-7 8.7 9-3 II. I 10.9 n w n w n w n w n w n w n w n w 11 w n w n w n w 7.6 7.9 7-6 6.9 6.0 5.6 .■;-2 4 8 5-.S 67 71 7-1 s w w s w e s w s w s w ne s w s w s w s w 9-4 9.7 10.3 9 4 8.6 7-4 7.2 6.9 7.6 78 9.8 9.3 CO , 1/ v §5 s e 7 5 s w 8.1 s e 13-7 s w 10. o n w 6.S s w 8.6 KILLING FROST, — DATE OF FIRST AND LAST. The date of the last killing frost in the spring and the first one in the fall, is perhaps to be ranked as one of the most determina- tive factors in ecology, since upon it depends in a measure the length of the growing season. The data used in this compilation cover a period of ten years for most of the stations, although many of these have only partial records for the earlier ^-ears. Records from twenty-eight stations throughout the State were used, but the results are so conflicting that only a few general conclusions can now be stated. In a general way the immediate Ohio valley shows a longer growing season than the central part of the State, but about the same length of season as the region immediately adjoining the lake. Sandusk}', with a growing season of 201 days, and Mari- etta, with 186 days, stand at one extreme, while Hillhouse (Lake county), with 131 days, and Bowling Green and Defiance, each with 141 days, stand at the other extreme. April, 1903.] Some Climatic Conditions of Ohio. 405 FIRST AND LAST KILLING FROST. vST.^TIONS. Akron Ashland Ashtabula Bowling Green Canton Cincinnati. Clarksville Cleveland .... Columbus Dayton Defiance Elyria Findlay Granville ^ Last Fir.st «S= . Killing Killing a b 0 0 0 S Frost in Frost in Spring. Fall. o5l Apr. 23 Oct. 7 167 Apr. 27 Oct. 9 165 Apr. 23 Oct. 10 17U May 7 Sept. 25 141 Apr. 25 Sept. 30 158 Apr. 14 Oct. 18 187 Apr. 20 Oct. 2 165 Apr. 21 Oct. 21 183 Apr. i8 Sept. 21 156 Apr. 21 Oct. 8 170 May 5 Sept. 23 141 Apr. 24 Oct. 8 167 Apr. 30 Sept. 30 153 Apr. 21 Oct. I 163 Station.s. Greenville Hillhouse Marietta Milligan Montpelier New Alexandria Norwalk Pomeroy Portsmouth Sandusky Tiffin Toledo Van Wert Wooster Last First Killing Killing Frost in Frost in Spring. Fall. Apr. 24 Oct. 8 May 18 Sept. 26 Apr. 16 Oct. 19 May 5 Sept. 25 Apr. 28 Sept. 25 Apr. 27 Oct. 9 May 9 Oct. 2 Apr. 19 Oct. 5 Apr. 16 Oct. II Apr. It Oct. 29 Apr. 28 Sept. 18 Apr. 18 Oct. 13 Apr. 27 Oct. 2 May 5 Sept. 29 " be >..5 a ca > o . 2 rt 00^ 167 131 1 85 144 151 165 146 169 178 201 143 178 158 147 RKLATIVE HUMIDITY. Plate 12. Maps X, XI and XII. By the term relative humidity, is meant the relation (ratio ) of the amount of moisture actually present in the air — at anj^ given conditions of temperature and pressure— to the amount of moist- ure necessary to produce saturation under the given conditions. This ratio is usually expressed as a percentage. This is not to be confused with the absolute humidity, which is simplj^ a state- ment of the amount of water present without reference to the saturation point, and is usuallj^ expressed as so much weight or volume per unit of air. The observations for relative humiditj^ are taken at a few scat- tered stations only as compared to many other phases of the weather, and so the stations are farther apart than desirable for close work. The daily averages are derived from observations taken at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. seventy-fifth meridian time, and inasmuch as the relative humidity depends to a large extent upon the temperature of the air, it is evident that the relativ^e humiditv during the warmer hours of midday may be an altogether differ- ent thing than the averages given would indicate. The averages as derived from Ohio conditions probably fall short of giving the actual contrast between the Lake Erie stations and those in more central or southern portions of the State, so that it perhaps devolves upon us to make the most possible of any differences apparent. Just to what extent we must reckon with relative humidity as an ecological factor is pretty difficult to determine. In the case of plants it must be of some ecological importance even in winter. If the soil about the roots of some of the trees exposing much surface to the air — as the evergreens — be frozen or so cold that 4o6 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 6. root action is practically nothing, then evaporation into an air of low relative humidity may take place to such an extent as to prove injurious. No water is taken by the roots from the soil to take the place of that evaporated. During the growing sea.son the effect of a low relative humidit}', as in case of hot, dry winds, is too well known to need further comment. The relative humidity of the Northern and Western United States is from five to ten per cent, higher in winter than in .'■um- mer, but in the Gulf States and lower Atlantic States conditions are fairly constant the year through. The highest relative humid- ity is to be found along the northern Pacific coast and to the east and southeast of Lake Superior. The westerly air currents rising from the Pacific to the crest of the mountains are consid- erably cooled and saturation is produced to such an extent that much of the moisture is precipitated and never gets over the mountains. In this manner a high relative humidity is brought about along the coast. In the case of the Great Lakes we have another factor in opera- tion. The westerly air currents in drifting across the waters are often considerably cooled and also take up more or less moisture, so that a region of high relative humidil>- nuist re.^ult east of the lakes. Ohio presents some rather peculiar conditions with respect to humidity. As may be seen in the plate, the January map shows a streak coming down from the northwest and tra\-ersing the State diagonally in which the relative humidity is above eighty per cent. The air in that streak is just as "moist" as the air of Florida. From Map II of the January article referred to it may be seen that this streak includes that part of the State having the least total annual precipitation, and only a small part of those sections of the State having the greatest annual precipitation. The total annual precipitation and the relative humidity appear to have no connection whatever. Turning again to the January article, Map VII shows that during winter the least average minimum temperatures occur in the northwestern and central portions of the State, and are central in the region of high relative humidity. The inference to be drawn is that the higher relative humidity results from the lower temperature. It is not readily apparent, however, why this region should have its longer direction at right angles to the prevailingly southwestern direction of the winds, but perhaps this may be due in some measure to the difference in temperature of winds from different directions. The general direction of storms in our region is from we.st to east. Around the areas of low barometric pressure, usually the warm stormy areas, the winds revolve in a counter- clockwise direction, while around areas of high barometric pres- sure, those of clear cold weather, the revolution of the wind is u\ April, 1903.] Some Climatic Conditions of Ohi'\ 407 the same direction as that of the hands of a clock. Thus the winds in advance of a "Low," as the low-pressure areas are termed, are warmer, and with us in Ohio usually- southerly or southwesterl}', while the winds in advance of the high-pressure area following the rainy ' ' Low ' ' are from the north or northwest and colder. It is probably due to such cold northwest winds blowing over a region left moist and warm by the preceding storm that the areas of low temperatures can be traced in a northwest to southeast direction, and so likewise the area of high relative humidity, if determined iudirectl}- by the same cause, would follow the same direction. In July, which we ma}' take as being about the middle of the growing season, Ohio again presents some interesting problems in connection wath its relative humidity. The main body of the State has an average of between sixty-five and seventy per cent. (Map XI). The highest per cent, is in the southeast, while in the western part, and extending over southern Indiana as well, is a section with a relative humidity for July of less than sixty-five per cent. For July this is the driest region in the United States east of Kansas or Nebraska. The region is not in the right posi- tion, with prevailing southwest winds, to derive any benefit from the Great Lakes, and the atmosphere is apparently prett}- well dried out after its passage over the broad, level region to the west. The following tables were taken from the Report of the Chief of the U. S. Weather Bureau, 1901-1902, and include the period 1888 to 1901 : MONTHI^Y AND ANNUAL MKAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY. Stations. Toledo Sandusky . . Columbus . . . Cleveland Cincinnati .. Detroit Pittsburg. . . . Indianapolis Erie Average Per Cent, in Each Month. 77 73 80 77.2 76.2 82.4 < "5 -5 '69. 70.4169 73.866, 75 I 70.0 76.4 75-0 70.9 79-5 I 69. 69 (S7.9 71. 1 64.4 69.5 69.2 66.0 74-4 69.967 70.967 69 I 66. 70 6 68 . 64 . 8 64 69.666. 69.7 67. 66.562. 73- 0,69 be 4i8 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 6, INTERESTING SPECIMENS OF SPECULARIA PERFOLIATA. EDO CivAASSEN. Peculiar specimens of this plant were found on sandy soil, forming a thin layer on a horizontal sandstone at the Thompson Ledges, Geauga County, O. They are very unlike those usually found, their stems being often quite procumbent 20 to 100 mm. long, wiry, thread-like and somewhat hair5^ The lower leaves are rotmd, petioled and often opposite ; the upper are rotnidish or oval, decurrent into the short petiole ; the uppermost sessile roundish, cordate-clasping and alternate. All are more or less crenate and ciliate-hairy ; flowers i to 3 in the axils of the leaves ; calyx unequally 3-4 lobed ; corolla none or rudimentary (?); capsules opening from below the middle into two uplifted valves ; seeds lenticular. Some of the capsules furnished a few seeds, which were sown several years later in a more fertile soil in order to ascertain the shape and size of the plants when grown under more favorable conditions. Only a single seed germinated, pro- ducing a plant very different from those collected on the rock, having a stronger and larger upright stem. During its growth it was ascertained that, like those described above, it had the lower leaves petioled, btit not (as Gray's and Britton & Brown's Manuals say) all cordate-clasping. A number of measurements of the leaves and their petioles were taken, which showed that the six lower ones were petioled and the lowest two were almost round, while the next four were oval or even .spatulate. The following table shows the measurements taken : 1,EAVES. Length of L,eaf. width. Length of Petiole. 1st. =; mm 4 mm 2 mm 2nd. .... 14 mm 9 mm 9 mm iird . . 18 mm not measured 7 mm 4th 17 mm not measured 3 mm Sth II mm not measured 2 mm 6th lomm not measured . ... I mm 7th . ... 10 mm not measured onnn 8th and following ones not measured, all cordate-clasping and without petioles. SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION OF Minerals, Rocks, Fossils Birds and Mammals, Shells and Echinoderms. Also Human Skeletons, and Anatomical Models. Relief Models by Messrs. Shaler, Davis and Harris, illustrating Physical Geology and Physiography WRITE FOR CIRCULARS. \J(^ards' N^t^^^^ Science Establishment, ROCHESTER. N. Y. mm ART mm. "f »r DAK K ) AK QA K . - ;x.. made at the be pleased ^^^^^ State and High Sts., COLUMBUS, OHIO. OUR LIST OF AWARDS FOR THE LAST YEAR ARE The Gold Medal at Paris Exposition. Highest Award at the Pan-American Exposition. Six First Premiums out of seven at Ohio State Exposition. DIE STAMPING. PLATE AND LETTER PRESS PRINTING. SPAHIj & GLENN, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS. 50 EAST BROAD STREET. COLUMBUS, OHIO, Biichet Engtaviug Co. Process and Wood Engraving, Electro= typers and Manufacturers of Stereotyping and Engraving Machinery, 5* 5s> 5;> S* 5^ 80 y^ North High Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO, American Entomological Co. 1040 De Kalb Avenue, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Dealers in Insects, Entomological Supplies and manufacturers of the only genuine and original Schmitt Insect Boxes. BUILDERS of CASES and CABINET5 in CORRECT STYLES New Price List of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera and Illustrated Catalogue of Entomological Supplies. No. 4, 1902, 1903. Dec. 1, 1902. Price, 5 cts. IWedieal and Seientlfie Books The Seeond Liargest Stoek in Ohio. The most liberal discounts given Public and Private Liibpafies. Sold at Wholesale Prices. li. S. WELiliS, 665 r^orth High Street, COIiUlVIBUS, OHIO. Both Telephones. I^educed l^ates to Teachers. "Dawson's Bitds of Ohio" SCIENTIFIC! WILL ILLUSTRATE AND DESCRIBE THE 322 SPECIES OF OHIO BIRDS. POPULAR! A BOOK FOR BIRD LOVERS, NATURE STUDENTS AND THOSE WHO VALUE GOOD READING, It will contain a com- plete account of plum = ages, range, nesting, etc., together with piquant sketches and condensed life-histories of the birds themselves. The text is by Rev. W. Leon Dawson, of Columbus ; the intro- duction and analytical keys by Lynas Jones, S. M., of OberUn, both welU known ornithologists. Song Hparrows.— A Brooding Female Being Fed Ijy Mate. Sppciineu illustration from "Dawson's Birds of Ohio." Photo by J. B. Parker. MAGNIFICENTLY ILLUSTRATED BY 80 SELECTED PLATES IN COLOR and s< * !^ y * 200 ORIGINAL HALF-TONES From Photographs Taken in Ohio, SHOWING THE WILD BIRDS AND THEIR HAUNTS. Wo expense is being spared to make of this work a sumptuous volume, complete in every detail, the BEST OF ITS CLASS, yet well within the reach of all. PRICES RANGE FROM $5.75 to $7.50 ACCORDING TO BINDING, INQUIRY corropj. THE WHEATON PUBLISHING CO. 1216 The Hayden. Columbus, O. Please send me specimen page.s of your forthcoming work, "Dawson's Birds of Ohio," also special terms by which I may secure a numbered copy of the Author's Autograph Edition. Name Address SPECIAL TERMS TO ADVANCE SUBSCRIBERS. The Author's Autograph Edition of 1,000 copies, limi- ted, is being rapidly sub- scribed for. Sign "Inquiry Coupon." ORDER NOW. THE WHEATON PUBLISHING CO.. I2I6 The Hayden. COLUMBUS. OHIO THE "OHIO NATURALIST" A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohio. The official organ of The Biological Club of the Ohio State University. Published monthly duriui; the academic year, from November to June (8 numbers.) Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign countries, 75 cents. Single copies, 10 cents. Editor-in-Chief, F. L. Landacre. Associate Editots. J. A. BowNOCKER, Geology, W. C. MiivLS, Archaeology, J. H. SCHAFFNER, Botany, Max Morse, Ornithology, J. S. HiNE, Zoology, O. E. Jennings, Ecology. Advisory Board. Prof. W. A. KEI,I.ERMAN. Prof. HERBERT OSBORN. Prof. Chari^ES S. ProSSER. Addr^s THE OHIO NATURALIST, 8S£u'mbus.'oh';6 LONG & KILER UnwersiiY Supplv Store Corner Eleventh Avenue and High Street, Removed from Main Building, Ohio State University. Books, Drawing Material, Fine Stationery, Etc. Special Orders for Books solicited. A fine line of FOUNTAIN FENS and COLLEGE FINS. 1239 fo 1241 (U. §is3 ^ittei. CofumBue, (t)3io. KILER' S ^PHARMACY A Complete Line of <^ DRUGS, CHOICE CANDIES, FINE STATIONERY Cor. Eighth Avenue and High Street. Telephone 883. Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio ^ACaturalist, PUBLISHED BY The Biological Club of the Ohio State University, Volume III, MAY, 1903. No. 7. TABLE OF CONTENTS Cook— Galls and Insects Producing Them 419 Derby— Meeting of the Wheatou Club 437 Griggs— Meeting of the Biological Club 438 IjANuacre— Notice to Subscribers 438 GALLS AND INSECTS PRODUCING THEM. Melville Thurston Cook. Part III. Laterai, Bud Galls. In Part II of this series of papers I gave a discussion of apical bud galls. The lateral bud galls differ from the apical only in point of location ; therefore, this (Part III) may be considered a continuation of Part II. There is, however, considerable differ- ence in the galls dependent upon the order and genus to which the insect belongs and to the part of the plant which is attacked by the enemy. These differences may be summed up briefly as follows : ( 1 ) Affection of the tip of the stem causing it to remain in its incipient condition and the leaves to remain aborted, instead of lengthening. This is well illustrated by the apical bud galls of Cecidoniyia so/idagiuis Lw. on Solidago ; Cecidoniyia sa/his strobi- loidcs O. S. on Salix ; and Callirhytis clavida Fitch on Quercus alba. (Part II, Figs. 31, 32, 33.) In these cases we have two orders of insects represented but producing similar galls : this, as previously explained, is no doubt due to the fact that the insects affect corresponding parts of the host plant. (2) Affection of the tip of the bud causing it to remain short but to become large and globular. This is well illustrated by Holcaspis globulus Fitch (Fig. 34, a, b, c) By collecting speci- mens of this gall in April or early part of May it is easy to demonstrate that the gall is in reality an enlargement of the stem part of the bud. The insect evidently deposits the ^^'g in the apical part of the incipient stem. This causes the stem to enlarge, forming a globular body, but to remain so short as to form a sessile gall on the main stem. The bud scales are at first very prominent but gradually shrivel up and are lost, leaving a naked, 420 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 7, globular gall. At this late stage the only evidence that we have of its bud origin is its location at the node of the main stem. The transition from bud to gall occurs \er\ earh^, before there is any differentiation of the parenchyma tissue ; examination of the structure of the gall fails to show any stem characters but does show the Cynipidous gall character described in Part I of this series. (3) The third type of the bud gall is illustrated in .hidriais semvmtor Harris (Figs. 35, a, b, and 36, a, b.) Ashmead''- refers to this as a flower gall. It is not difficult to demonstate that this gall is a true, compound bud gall, but whether it is a flower or leaf gall is not so easily determined. The strongest evidence of its bud character is its location at the node of the stem and the presence of the leaf scales at its base. The writer gathered and dissected a large number of galls of various ages and is confident that this is a true compound bud gall. In Figure 35 a, we have a short twig with three buds, one of which was attacked by the insect ; the other two buds remained unaffected Around the base of the gall are four well-defined bud scales. In Figure 35 b, two buds were affected ; one of these has been removed show- ing the scar where it was attached and also exposing the back side of the compound gall formed from the other bud. A great man}' galls of various ages were dis.sected ; the j-ounger ones showing the bud scales and the older ones showing the well- defined scars by which it was easy to trace the number of buds affected. Careful observations were made in hopes of finding a gall which would show whether this w^asa leaf or flower bud, but without success. However, from a careful microscropic examin- ation of a number of galls I am inclined to consider it a leaf bud, in which each leaf becomes a single gall of the large cluster and in which the incipient stem remains short. Tiie microscopic examination of the single galls ( Fig. 36, a, b) shows that each gall contains at least one (and usually only one) fibro-vascular bundle which in most caises is very much atrophied and in some cases so much reduced as to be very indistinct. The writer considers the fibro-vascular bundle as the mid-rib of the modified leaf and the cottony part of the gall as the mesophyll part of the leaf. This gall does not show the four zones which are charac- teri.stic of the cynipodous galls as pronounced as other galls which we have examined, but this point will l^e discussed in a later paper. (4) The fourth type of gall is illustrated by a cecidomyid gall (Fig 37) found upon Acer negundo in which the bases of the petioles of a number of leaves from the same bud are enlarged. *Ashmead. Win. 11.: "On the Cynipidous (ialls of l<'k)ri(l;i, with descriptions of new species and synopses of the described species of ^orth .•America." Trans. .•Vnier. Hnt. Sec. Vol. .\IV, pp. I2,S-12.S. May, 1903.] Galls and Insects Producing Them. 421 thus forming a bulb-like compound gall. On the inner surface of the base of each petiole is a cavity containing the larva. The stem remains short but the outer leaves are fully developed in most cases. (5) Pachypsylla celtidis-gcmma Riley (Fig. 38) is evidently a bud gall very similar to the preceding. Only advanced stages of this gall were collected, and therefore its development could not be observed. From the specimens collected it appeared that each scale and undeveloped bud formed a pocket for the insect, there being a single insect under each scale. CONCLUSIONS. Bud galls are subject to considerable variation due to the fact that they are produced by insects of different orders and that these insects attack different parts of the buds and different tissues in these parts. In all cases except the fourth the demands of the insect are so great as to cause a very pronounced change in the bud. In the fourth the modifications are not so pronounced as in the other four types. Part IV. Stem Galls. Stem galls, according to my definition, include onh' those galls which cause a swelling of the stem and with the larva placed in or near the center, thus affecting the stelar and fibro- vascular parts of the stem. This definition may not be as broad as it should be, but I hesitate to make it include other forms luitil I hav^e had an opportunity to make a more careful examination of the questionable forms. The fact that such galls as H. globulus (Fig. 34, a, b, c), which is frequently mentioned as a stem gall, are in reality bud galls, leads me to be doubtful of the origin of galls which have similar locations. Many of the so-called stem galls may be in reality bud galls and this point can be determined onl}' by a study of their development and structure. Some galls occur on both leaves and stem, but in these cases the gall affects onh' the outer layers of the cells of very 3'oung twigs and these cells at this time resemble the leaf cells in both structure and functions. P/iy/loxeia carya-spinosa Shinier (Part I, Fig. 19) and Phylloxera caryac-caiiUs Fitch (referred to in Part V) are good examples of leaf galls affecting stems. The I,epidopterous galls are usually stem galls and may be either solid or hollow and are most common on Solidago. In studying such galls it is necessary to examine first a normal stem. The stem of Solidago (Fig. 39) shows the ordinary dicotyledo- nous character. The epidermal cells (e p) are firm and rather hard. Just below these cells is the parenchyma zone (pa) of closely-fitted cells and few intercellular spaces. Below the par- enchyma zone are the fibro- vascular bundles (p. v. b.), which 42 2 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 7, contain a large amount of woody, fibrous tissue. Inside the zone of fibro- vascular bundles and forming the axis of the stem, is the stelar (st) made up of large parenchyma cells. In Tiypcta solidao;i}iis (Fig. 40) a solid globular gall on the stem of Solidago, we find the w'alls of the outer parenchymatous cells much thickened and numerous large intercellular spaces which are not characteristic of the unaffected stem ( Fig. 39). The fibro-vascular bundles (f. v. b. ) are spread out and flattened, the sclerenchyma tissue and tracheary tissue being reduced and the fibrous tissue increased in amount. The parenchyma tissue of the stelar (st) part of the gall is increased in amount and the size of the cells reduced. This tissue is undoubtedly very active and well supplied with nutrition for the larva. Throughout the tissue are tubes (tu ) lined with cells smaller than the parenchyma cells, brown in color, and not affected by haematoxylin stain. These tubes are usually associated with small bundles of fibrous tissue and are probably important factors in the nutrition of the larva. They were not found in sections of normal stem of corre- sponding age. In Gelcchia gallac-soUdagiuis Fitch (Fig. 41) an elongated, hollow gall on Solidago, we find the parenchymatous tissue (pa) near the surface increased in amount, the cells larger and the walls thicker than in an unaffected stem, but no intercellular spaces such as are found in T. solidaginis. The fibro-vascular bundles (f. v. b. ) undergo comparatively little change, becoming slightly fiatteued and thinner and with a reduction of the firmer fibrous tissue. The larva chamber (1. c.) of the gall is lined with a few layers of small parenchymatous cells (st ) and is the stelar part of the stem. This parenchymatous tissue is udoubtedly used for food. In CccidoDiyia rigidac O. S. (Fig. 42) an elongated, hollow gall common on Salix discolor, usually near the tips of the twigs, we find considerable modification of the normal stem structure. From the examination of a number of specimens it is very clear that the enlargement of the stem is due to two factors : the formation of large intercellular spaces near the surface, similar to those in T. solidaginis (Fig. 40), and the formation of the larval chamber (1. c.) in the stelar part of the stem. The parenchymatous tissue lining the chamber is made up of cells ver}^ much smaller than those in an unaffected stem. The Lepidopterous galls on the young stems of Acer negundo and Coleopterous galls on Rubus villosus were examined but no new points presented. I was unal)le to secure satisfactor}- speci- mens of stem galls of Cynipidae. Although the study of stem galls was in many respects unsat- isfactory, I feel justified in giving the following brief conclusions : May, 1903.] Galls and Insects Producing Them. 423 CONCLUSIONS. 1. Stem galls show less variations than any other group of galls, although they may be produced by insects from widely different orders. This is undoubtedly due to the fact that the various insects attack corresponding parts of the host plants. In proof of this fact, it will be noticed that all these insects deposit the egg within the tissues of the host plant and not on the surface. 2. The galls in general show an increase of parenchyma below the epidermis, either a thickening of cell walls or a development of intercellular spaces, a flattening of the fibro- vascular bundles, an increase of parenchyma tissue in stelar part of stem and a decrease in size of same. Part V. Development of galls. A very large amount of material was collected for this paper and great difficulty was experienced in getting the extremely young stages because of the fact that young specimens were diffi- cult to recognize and identify. The material was carefully killed in either Fleming's solution or chromo- acetic, passed through the alcohols, imbedded in paraffin, sectioned on a Zimmerman micro- tone and stained in haematoxylin. The galls will be considered in the same order as in Part I of this series. A consideration of the leaf structure is unnecessary since that was considered in Part I. I. CxALLS of ACARINA. Young galls of Phytoptus quadripes (Fig. 43), P. alvuvDiis (Fig. 44), and P. acericola (Fig. 45) were studied, and all show the same developmental characters. The leaf becomes slightly pitted on one side (usually the lower) and a corresponding elevation is formed on the upper surface. This graduall}' enlarges until the more or less spherical gall is produced. In P. abnormis the spherical gall soon assumed an elongated form. The character- istic cell structure of the leaf is lost and the cells become very irregular in shape. The elongated character of the cells just beneath the outer epidermis appears at a later period of the devel- opment. At first the inner surface of the gall is perfectly smooth, but very soon masses of cells are formed and project into the cavity (Figs. 43 and 45). At about the same time trichomes begin to develop from the inner epidermis (Fig. 44) and project into the cavity. These trichomes grow very rapidly and almost fill the entire cavit}'. In the very young galls no fibro-vascular bundles are formed, but in the older galls small bundles of fibrous tissue are numerous. The first effect of the insect attack is undoubtedly to cause an increase in the number of cells, which is an effort on the part of the plant to heal the wound produced by the repeated puncturing 424 • The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 7, of the cells b}- the parasite. Since the parasite continues its attack upon different cells and the plant makes the repeated effort to heal the wound, we have the ver}- active production of cells. The parasite making its attack upon one side of the leaf, causes the unequal growth resulting in a cavity. The increase in size of the gall causes a different tension upon the inner and outer surfaces and results in the elongation of cells near the outer sur- face as described in Part I. When the galls first appear they are single, but in a very short time others are formed just outside the first, thus forming a cluster. In ErincuDi anoinoluni (Figs. 47, 48, a, b), occurring on leaves and petioles of walnut, we find a condition similar to that of the Phytoptus galls except that the parasite is on a free surface instead of in a partly closed cavity. I was able to secure a very complete series of this gall. The first indication of the gall on the petiole or rib of a leaf is the increase in the amount of parenchyma tissue between the epidermis and fibro-vascular bundles. The physiological character of this tissue is also changed to some degree, since the cells are not so easily stained with haematoxylin, have rather thick walls, and contain a considerable quantity of tannin. The epidermal cells now begin to form trichomes (Fig. 47). The parenchyma tissue and trichomes both increase in quan- tity, the walls of the cells become thinner (Fig. 48, a, b), and the deeper parenchyma tissue gradually loses its tannin, while the outer cells retain it in great quantities. These galls always occur over a fibro-vascular bundle and are . apparently closely associated with them. These bundles become modified to some extent. The origin and development of these galls is the same as in the Phytoptus galls except that the parasite works upon the exposed surface instead of in a cavity. The fact that one produces a cavity lined with trichomes while the other produces a protuber- ance covered with trichomes, is probabl}^ due to the fact that the latter is so closely associated with the fibro-vascular bundle which prevents the curvature but causes the rapidly-formed cells to swell outward into a protuberance. 2. GALLS OF THE APHIDIDAE. In the Aphididae galls we have a condition ver}- similar to that just described for the Acarina galls except that the shape of the galls are far more definite and they show a higher degree of development. Trichomes are not so numerous and masses of cells projecting into the larval chamber as described for Phytoptus galls are very rare. In the youngest galls the cell structure of the leaf is modified, resulting in the formation of a large number of small, irregular cells, the same as in the Acarina galls. As the May, 1903.] Galls and Insects Producing Them. 4? 5. galls grow older the cells near the outer epidermis become elon- gated as in the Phytoptus galls. In Pc))ipliigus iihiii/itsiis (Walsh) Oeslland (Fig. 49, a, b) on U. Americana, we have the gall originating first as a fold in the leaf which becomes developed into a conical structure. The struc- ture of the gall shows that the characteristic structure of the leaf is at first modified into a large number of small, irregular-shaped cells (Fig. 49, b). The tendency for the cells near the outer surface to elongate parallel to the surface begins with the further development of the gall. In the very young galls the tannin is in very small quantities, but increases as the gall grows older. In Colopha itlinicola Fitch (Fig. 50, a, b) we have a condition almost identical with P. ulmi-fusus. The gall first appears as a slight fold in the leaf and later develops into the characteristic cockscomb gall. The cell structure is the same as in P. ulmi- fusus. In Phylloxera carya-fallax Riley (Figs. 51, 52) on H. ovata, I secured the 5'oungest galls possible to detect and identify. These galls showed a slight projection from both surfaces of the leaf, but at first the gall was not so conical as at a later period of its development. However, the 5'oungest galls showed the charac- teristic structure described in Part I of this series. The first effect of the parasite attack appears to be the formation of a large number of irregular cells. The arrangement of these cells is the same in the young gall as in the more mature, but the fibro- vas- cular bundles of the older specimens were not observed in the young galls. I was not so successful in securing young specimens of P. c.-globuli Walsh (Fig. 53), but, so far as I was able to observe, the line of development coincided with P. c.-fallax. However, the upper wall of the gall is at first very thin and grows in thick- ness as the gall approaches maturity. Phylloxera eaiya-eaulis Fitch of Hickory ovata was studied very careful!}- from a very complete series of specimens. The material, especially the younger galls, did not cut well, and so was not satisfactory for drawings. However, the development and struc- ture were of the typical Phylloxera type corresponding very closely with that just described for P. c.-fallax. The onl}- marked peculiarity was the close association with fibro- vascular bundles, the galls always occurring on very young green twigs, on mid-rib or on prominent veins of the leaf. Pemphigus populi-transversus Riley (Figs. 55, a, b, and 56, a, b) and P. p.-caulis Fitch (Figs. 57, a, b, c, and 58, a, b, c ) of the Populus are galls growing on the petiole ; the former at some point between the blade and stem, the latter at the base of the leaf. In both cases the attack is made from the outside, the same as in other Aphididae galls and in the Acarina galls. A careful 426 The Ohio Naturalist [Vol. Ill, No. 7, study of an excellent series of both galls shows a cell structure and development very similar to other Aphididae galls ; i. e., a large number of small, irregular cells. In P. p.-transversus (Fig. 55, a, b) the gall originates as a swelling on the petiole and within this swelling is a large cavity opening to the outside through a slit. In the P. p.-caulis the same condition is true but the attack of the insect causes a one-sided growth, resulting in the petiole being twisted at right angles to the blade (Figs. 57, a, b, c, and 58, a, b, c). A careful examination of the cell structure of P. p.-transversus (Fig. 56, a, b) and a comparison with the unaffected petiole (Fig. 54, a, b) indicated a very rapid growth, resulting in the very large number of small, irregular cells. The character of the young and of the mature gall was practically the same, and not different, as in the more highly developed galls of other orders. The fibro-vascular bundles were very slightly affected. P. p.-caulis showed the same cell structure and development, and, judging from these points alone, one would be unable to separate these two galls. 3. GALLS OF PSYLLIDAE. In Pachypsylla ccUidis-mannua Riley (Figs. 59 and 60, a, b, c) of the Celtis occidentalis the j^oungest galls did not show a cavity, but showed a modification of the leaf by which there is formed a large number of small, irregular cells which can be readily sepa- rated into two zones ; the upper made up of small, and the lower of somewhat larger cells (Fig. 59). I was unable to secure speci- mens intermediate between this stage and a later stage, showing the true form of the gall (Fig. 60, a, b, c) The youngest galls, showing the true form, exhibited four well-defined zones: (i) epidermis, (2) zone of large, irregular-shaped cells, (3) zone of elongated cells, (4) zone of irregular-shaped cells next to the larval cavity. Adjacent to zone (3), but derived from zones (2) and (4), are cells which even in very young galls show schleren- chyma characteristics. As the gall approaches maturity this tissue increases until in the mature gall it may be found in great abundance. This gall is undoubtedly the most highly developed of any of the Hemiptera galls which I have studied. 4. GALLS OF CECIDOMYIA Although I have a large number of Cecidomyia leaf galls, I have succeeded in getting a series of only two species. Since the Cecidomyia show by far the greatest variation in structural char- acters and the smallest number of typical group characters, two species are not sufficient to draw a very definite conclusion. In Cecidomyia gleditsiac O. S. (Fig. 61, a, b) the two halves of the leaflet never have an opportunity to unfold, Init there is a May, 1903.] Galls and Insects Producing Them. 427 growth of cells allowing the leaflet to enlarge and form the larval chamber between the two halves. The cells are at first normal, but gradually lengthen in an axis at right angles to the mid-rib. This can be readily observed by comparing the section of the very 3'oung gall (Fig. 61, a, b) with the section of the mature gall (Part I, Fig. 22). In Cecidomyia verrucola O. S. (Figs. 62 and 63) the youngest showed a condition in which the mesophyll part of the leaf was reduced or entire!}^ removed by the larva. The upper epidermis and palisade cells, the lower epidermis and cells next to it, form the upper and lower walls of the larval chamber while the inter- mediate mesophyll is removed. The inner layers of cells, i. e., the cells next to the larval chamber, now grow and divide very rapidly, gradually filling almost the entire cavity and reducing the size of the chamber (Part I, Fig. 24). At the same time the gall is increasing rapidly in size. 5. GALLS OF THE CYNIPIDAE. Although a large amount of material was collected, onl}- three species were sufficiently complete to enable a satisfactory study. However, several mature galls of species not described in Part I of this series were examined, and all agreed with the statements made concerning the general structural character of this group of galls. Callirhytis papillafus O. S. (Fig. 64) w^as especially difficult to collect because of its ver}- small size and close resemblance in external appearance to other small Cynipidous galls. Examina- tion of young Cj-nipidous forms, which I am reasonably certain belong to this species, show all the zones in contact (Fig. 64). As the gall develops the protective zones and parenchyma zones separate but remain connected b}- elongated parenchymatous cells (Parti, Fig. 30). Dryophaiita palustria O. S. (Fig. 65, a, b) appears as the leaves unfold from the bud. The 3'oungest galls collected were not over two millimeters in diameter but showed the four zones well devel- oped, with the second and third zones in contact, thus verifying the views expressed in Part I. The cells of the innermost, or nutritive, zone were large and very granular. Evidently this zone was almost completely reduced by the larva in the specimen from which Fig. 29 of Part I was drawn. In the next, or protective, zone the cell walls were very thick. In the parenchyma zone the innermost cells were small and numerous and the walls were thin, and in both cases the long axis of the cells were at right angles to the surface of the gall. As the gall grows older the intercellu- lar spaces Vi\z.y become prominent among the cells of the paren- ch3'ma zone ( Fig. 65, b). Careful examination of a large number of specimens gave conclusive proof that the separation occurs 428, , The Ohio Naturalist [Vol. Ill, No. 7, between the protective and parerichyina zones, thus leaving the two inner zones as a small sphere rolling free within the larger sphere which is formed by the two outer zones. In Diastrop/iKS siiinnis Basset (Figs. 66, a, b; 67; 68, a, b, c, d; 69) we have a Cynipidous.gall occurring on Nepeta glechoma. I secured a very complete series of this gall and made a very careful stud)' of its development. In the youngest gall (Fig. 66, a, b) we have the cell character of the leaf transformed into a mass of small, irregular cells which can be readily divided into two zones, the outer of which has the larger cells. At this time the cells are very compact, but as the gall grows older intercellular spaces are developed, the entire structure becomes loose and spongy and the cells become larger. As the galls grow older a well-defined zone of flattened cells is developed in the parenchyma near the epidermis, and fibro-vas- cular bundles ( f . v. b. ) are developed at right angles to the sur- face (Fig. 67). Up to this time the cells are small, irregular and compact. The epidermis (ep) and parenchyma ( pa) zones are well defined, but the distinctiion between protective and nutritive zones cannot be made. As the gall grows older a cleavage plane is formed in the paren- chyma just inside the zone of flattened cells (Fig. 68, a). A careful examination of the parts thus cut off and surrounding the larval chamber (1. c. ) shows two well-defined zones which corre- spond to the nutritive and protective zones described in Part I. At this time there is no marked difference in the amount of food suppl}^ of the two zones. In the outer part formed by this cleav- age plane we have the parenchyma (pa) and epidermal (ep) zones (Fig. 68 c). Connecting the parenchyma and protective zones we find ribro- vascular bundles (f . v. b. ) surrounded by par- enchyma cells (Fig. 68, d). The character of these connecting strands is ver}- similar to that described for H. centricola (Part I, Fig. 27) and A. inanis (Part I, P'ig. 28), but contains more par- enchyma tissue than either. However, the parenchyma cells are not so elongated as in C. papillatus (Part I, Fig. 30). As the gall grows older the cells of the protective zone become clear and the cell walls of the nutritive zone gradually thicken (Fig. 69), many undergoing complete degeneration, while others assume the character of the sclerenchyma. CONCIvUSIONS. 1 . All conclusions given in Part I are emphasized by the study of the development of the galls. 2. In the formation of all leaf galls except the Cecidomyia galls, the normal cell structure of the leaf is first modified by the formation of a large number of small, compact, irregular-shaped cells. In the galls of Acarina and Aphididae this is followed by May, 1903.J Galls and Insects Producing Them. 4-9" a development of trichomes, especially the former. In all galls the mesophj'll is subject "to 'me greatest modification. Many small fibro vascular bundles are formed in this modified me.sophyll. 3. The Acarin may be considered the lowest group of galls, the Aphidid the next higher, the Cecidomyia galls the next higher, and the Cynipidous galls the highest. However, many of the Cecidomyia galls are lower than the Aphidid galls. 4. The galls of Acarina and Aphididae show the greatest resemblance. In these cases the method of attack is very similar and is first directed against the epidermal or adjacent layer of cells. 5. In some of the Cecidomyia galls (e. g. C. verrucola) the larva appears to make its entrance into the mesoph^dl before there is any pronounced modification of the cell structure. However, the Cecidomyia galls are too varied and the study too incomplete to make a positive conclusion. 6. Both Adler and Fockeu consider that after the first stages of formation, the gall becomes an independent organism growing upon the host plant. This is probably true in the highly devel- oped galls of Aphididae, Cecidomyia and Cynipidae, but the writer is very doubtful if this is true of the less complex galls of Acarina, Aphididae and Cecidomyia. This work was pursued during the year 1902-03, in the Biolog- ical I^aboratory of DePauw University, but was under the super- vision of Professor Herbert Osborn, of the Ohio State University, to whom I am indebted for many valuable suggestions. I am also indebted to two of my former students, Miss S. Emma Hick- man and Miss Margaretta vS. Nutt, for aid in preparing slides and making drawings. Drawings made b}- these two ladies are marked with their initials. I also wish to express my thanks to my many friends who have called my attention to, or have collected material for, these investigations. LITERATURE. New literature will not be cited at this time, but a more com- plete list will be given in connection with later papers upon this subject. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. In making the drawings a Bausch & Lomb microscope, with No. 2 ocular and ji objective, and a B. & L,. camera lucida were used. The drawings are, therefore, larger than tho.se used in Parts I and II, and the reduction not so great. The diagrams are not made upon a definite scale. Drawings 34, a, b, c ; 35, a,, b; 37. 38. 55, a, b ; 57, a, b, c, and 58, a, b, c, were made from nature, and are ver}' little smaller than the original. The num- bering of the drawings is continuous with Parts I and II. 43° The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 7, ABBREVIATIONS. ep. — epidermal zone. pa — parenchyma zone. pr. — protective zone. nu. — nutritive zone. f. V. b.—fibro- vascular bundles. Bud of Hicoria ovata. Holcaspis globulus on H. ovata. Andricus seminator gall and two buds on Q. alba. Andricus seminator gall and bud scar on Q. alba. Section of Andricus seminator gall on Q. alba. Cecidomyia gall on A. negundo. Pachsylla c -gemma on C. occidentalis. Cross section of .stem of Solidago. Trypeta solidaginis on Solidago. Gelechia gallae solidaginis on Solidago. Cecidomyia rigidae on Salix. Phytoptus quadripes on A. saccharinum. abnormis on T. Americanum. (Two larval chambers.) " acericola on A. saccharinum. Petiole of Juglans nigra. (Cross section.) Erineum anomalum on J. nigra. (Young gall.) Erineuni anomalum on J. nigra. (Mature gall.) Pemphigus ulmi-fusus on V. Americana. Colopha Ulniicola on U. Americana. Phylloxera carya-fallax on H. ovata. I. t 4 it t . " carya-globuli on H. ovata. Cross section of petiole of Populus monilifera. Pemphigus populi-transversus on petiole of P. monilifera. (Young gall.) Same in section P. p.-transversus. Part of gall near opening into larval chamber. P. p.-transversus. Section back of chamber and showing one fibro-vascular bundle of the petiole. P. p.-caulis. Young gall ; ventral surface. Young gall; dorsal suiface " Young gall ; open. " Ventral surface. " Dorsal surface. " Open. Pachypsylla celtidis-mamma on C. occidentalis. (Young gall.) P. c.-mamma. Diagram. Section of dorsal part. (2 and 3.) " Section of ventral part. I3 and 4.) Cecidomyia gleditsia; on G. triacanthos. verrucola on T. Americana. (Young gall.) Callirhytis papillatiis on (j. palustris. Dryophanta palustris on Q. palustris. Diastrophus siminis on N. glechoma. " " Diagram. " " Nutritive and protective zones. " " Epidermal and parenchyma zones. " " Strand connecting protective and parenchyma zones. '■ " Nutritive zone in gall almost mature. .34, a. 34. 35. b, a. c. 35, b. .36, a, b. 37. .38. 39- 40. .41. 42. 43- 44. 45- 46. 47- 48, a, b. 49. a. b. 50, a, b. 51- .52. 53- 54, a. b. 55. a. 55, b. 56, a. 56. b. -57, a. 57, b. 57, c. 58, a. 58, b. 58, c. 59- 60, a. 60, b. 60, c. 6r, a, b. 62. 63- 64. 65, a. b. 66, a, b. 67. •68, a. 68, b. 68, 1 c. ^8, d .69. May, 1903.] Galls and Insects Producing Them. 431 Ohio Naturalist. P/aie /J. Cook on "Galls and Insects Producing Them." 4-32. Ohio Naturalist. The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 7,: Plate 14. "-If Cook on "Galls and Insects Producing Them." May, 1903.] Galls and Insects Producing Them. 433 Ohio Naturalist. Plaie 15. Cook on "Galls and Insects Producing Them." 434 Ohio Naturalist. The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 7, Plaie i6. Cook on " Galls and Insects Producing Them." May. 1903.] Galls and Insects Producing Them. 435 Ohio Naturai^ist. P/afe If.. Cook on " Galls and Insects Producing Them.' 436 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 7, Ohio Naturai^ist. P/aie iS. ««i o Cook on "Galls and Insects Producing Them." May, 1903.] Meeting of the Wheat on Club. 437 MEETING OF THE WHEATON CLUB. The Club met in Biological Hall, Monday evening, April the twentieth. After the reading of the minutes there was a short business session in which, among other matters, the Club resolved to make eiTorts toward the better protection of birds in the University grounds. After the business session the Club spent most of the evening in a general discussion of the causes, routes and general phenomena of bird migration. Prof. Smith opened the discussion by a review of the articles publi.shed several years ajjo by Prof. W. W. Cooke upon " Bird Migrations in the Missis- sippi Valley." The investigations upon which this was based, could not, by reason of the ph3'sical features of the region studied, afford much light on the question of the existence or non-exist- ence of particular bird routes. At this point Prof. Smith took occasion to state the conflicting theories upon this subject which are held b}^ European ornithologists, some holding that birds migrate along special paths and others that they pass in a broad mare. The point covered to a fuller degree in the article reviewed was as to the effects of mind and temperature particularly the latter, upon migration flights and the author of the article seemed to consider the effect of temperature the more important. An article in the Aiiiericaii Naturalist iox Se^iemher , 1902, upon "Bird Migrations" by Dr. C. C. Trowbridge was then briefly reviewed by Mr. Derby. This article which based its conclusions upon the observations of hawk migrations upheld the influence of wind in migration as opposed to temperature. Mr. Mead then presented a paper upon "The Great Auk." He first described the distribution of the bird and commented upon the fact that it occupied formally in the North Polar regions the position held by the Penguin in the South. He next took up the appearance and habits of the birds, speaking of its awkward movements, habit of flocking in great numbers, the fact that only a single ^^g was laid and other interesting details. He then described graphically the former abundance of the Auks and their wholesale destruction for the sake of the eggs, flesh and feathers by the sailors. The last live birds found were captured in 1844. In closing mention was made of the specimens in existence and of the value assigned to them. Prof. Hine called the attention of the Club to two records, made some years ago, of birds very rare in the state, the Red-cockaded Woodpecker and the Red-tailed Black Hawk, both taken in this region. In the line of personal observations Mr. Dawson reported several early records, among which were Hermit Thrush, March 15 ; Barn Swallows, April 4, and Bobolink and Chimney Swift, April 12. Walter J. Derby, Secretary. 438 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 7, MEETING OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB. Orton Hall, March 2, 1903. Mr. Ouiroga gave a paper on his native countr}-, Argentina. It served to call the attention of those who heard it, to the fact that Argentina is not to be compared with such Latin- American countries as Venezuela and the Central American Republics. The facts given and the pictures exhibited showed very plainly that in prosperity and commercial advancement the country is on a level with the United States. The paper took up exhaustively the geographical relations, topography, geology, phj^sical geo- graphy, climate, agriculture, transportation, industries and edu- cation. Whenever practicable tables were given showing com- parisons with the United States. In some respects, for example in the animal industries, the comparison was decidedly in favor of Argentina. Prof. Osborn stated that as he read the census reports he made out a better case for the United States than did Mr. Quiroga. The second paper was by Prof. Schaffner on "Mendel's Law of Heredity. He gave a short history of Mendel's work and explained the meaning of the law. In order to get the characters of only one of the parents in the offspring, the sex cells from which it comes must have been pure. If we believe that in the reduction division of the sex cells the division is longitudinal, there is no possibility of an unequal distribution of hereditar}- tendencies. But in a transverse division, segregation of characters is possible. In cytology there is nothing to indicate the percentage of hj-brids being as Mendel found it. He thought that the ratio must be dependent rather on some balance of external conditions. He also questioned whether the statistical method was entirely reliable. RoBKRT F. Griggs, Scartan'. Notice to Subscribers. Beginning with the first issue of Volume IV the price of The Ohio Naturalist will be one dollar per volume instead of fifty cents as heretofore. At the present price the editors can not publish nearly all of the desirable material offered. \i the increased subscription the management hope not only to publish more papers but to be able to publish longer papers and thus make the Naturalist of more value to those interested in special subjects. The new price applies to subscribers not mem- bers of the Biological Club of the Ohio State Universit}-. F. L. Landacre. SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION OF Minerals, Rocks, Fossils Birds and Mammals, Shells and Echinoderms. Also Human Skeletons, and Anatomical Models. Relief Models by Messrs. Shaler, Davis and Harris, illustrating Physical Geology and Physiography WRITE FOR CIRCULARS. \^ards' N^t^i^^^ Science Establishment, ROCHESTER, N. Y. State and High Sts., COLUMBUS, OHIO. OUR LIST OF AWARDS FOR THE LAST YEAR ARE The Gold Medal at Paris Exposition. Highest Award at the Pan-American Exposition. Six First Premiums out of seven at Ohio State Exposition. DIE STAMPING. PLATE AND LETTER PRESS PRINTING. SPAHIj 8 GLENN, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS, 50 EAST BROAD STREET. COLUMBUS, OHIO. Buchet Engtaving Co. Process and Wood Engraving, Electro= typers and Manufacturers of Stereotyping and Engraving Machinery. S* Sa S» 5i> .\ 80y^ North High Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO, American Entomological Co. J040,De Kalb Avenue, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Dealers in Insects, Entomological Supplies and manufacturers of the only genuine and original Schmitt Insect Boxes. BUILDERS of CASES and CABINETS in CORRECT STYLES New Price List of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera ami llluslrated Catalogue of Entomological Supplies. No. 4, 1902, 1903. Dec. 1, 1902. Price, 5 cts. Jledieal and Seientif ie Books The Second liapgest Stoek in Ohio. The njost liberal discounts given Public and Private liibraries. Sold at lA/holesale Prices. CATAUOGUE pf^EE. -^l-l^ li. S. WELtliS, 665 r^orth Higt^ Street, COliUMBUS, OHIO. Both Telephones. I^educcd l^ates to Teachers. ''Dawson's Bitds of Ohio" SCIENTIFIC! WILL ILLUSTRATE AND DESCRIBE THE 322 SPECIES OF OHIO BIRDS. POPULAR! 4 BOOK FOR BIRD LOVERS, NATURE STUDENTS AND THOSE WHO VALUE GOOD READING. It will contain a com = plete account of plum- ages, range, nesting, etc., together with piquant sketches and condensed life-histories of the birds themselves. The text is by Rev. W. Leon Dawson, of Columbus ; the intro- duction and analytical keys by Lynas Jones, S. M., of Oberlin, both well- known ornithologists. Soug Sparrows.— A Brooding Female Being Fed by Mate. Specimen illustration from "Dawson'.s Bird.s of 01110/' Photo by J. B. Parker. MAGNIFICENTLY ILLUSTRATED BY 80 SELECTED PLATES IN COLOR and ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 200 ORIGINAL HALF-TONES From Photographs Taken in Ohio, SHOWING THE WILD BIRDS AND THEIR HAUNTS. No expense is being spared to make of this work a sumptuous volume, complete in every detail, the BEST OF ITS CLASS, yet well within the reach of all. PRICES RANGE FROM $5.75 to $7.50 ACCORDING TO BINDING. INQUIRY C0U»»01»t. THE WHEATON PUBLISHING CO. 1216 The Hayden, Columbus, O. Please send me isiieeimen pages of your fortheoming work, "Dawson's Birds of Ohio," al.-^o special terms by which I may secure a numljered copy of the Author's Autograph Edition. Name Address , SPECIAL TERMS TO ADVANCE SUBSCRIBERS. The Author's Autograpli Edition of 1,000 c'ni)iep, limi- ted, i.s being rapidly sub- scribed for. Sign "Inquiry Coupon." ORDER NOW. THE WHEATON PUBLISHING CO., I2I6 The Hayden. COLUMBUS, OHIO THE "OHIO NATURALIST" A journal devoted more espeeially to tlie natural history of Ohio. The offieial organ of The Biological ('lib of the Ohio State L'niveksity. Published monthly during the aeademic year, from November to June (S numbers.) Price 50 cents per y^ar, payable m advance. To foreign eouutries, 75 cents. Kingle copies, 10 cents. Editor-in-Chief, F. L. Landacre. Associate Editots. J. A. BowNOCKER, Geology, W. C. Mills, Archaeology, J. H. SCHAFFNER, Botany, Max Morse, Ornithology, J. S. HiNE, Zoology, O. E. Jennings, Ecology. Advisory Board. , Prof. W. A. KellERMAN. Prof. HERBERT OSBORN. Prof. Charles S. Prosser. Add,e.. THE OHIO NATURALIST. '^StSiS^tS^ LONG & KILER UnwersiiY Supply Store Corner Eleventh Avenue and High Street, Removed from Main Building, Ohio State University. Books, Drawing Material, Fine Stationery, Etc. Special Orders for Books solicited. A fine line of FOUNTAIN FENS and COLLEGE FINS. 1239 fo 1241 (Jt. §ig3 ^ixtti. CofumBuB, \o. KILER' S PHARMACY A Complete Line of J^ DRUGS, CHOICE CANDIES, FINE STATIONERY Cor. Eighth Avenue and High Street. Telephone 883. Columbus^ Ohio. luj. LIBRARY]^ The Ohio ^atim PUBLISHED BY The Biological Club of the Ohio Slate Uni'versity. Volume III. JUNE. 1903. No. 8. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Birr— Embryology of Vallisneria 439 SwEZEY— Parasite.s on Certain Fulgorida^ 447 Foui.K— The Society of Sigma Xi 451 Jenxings-Griggs— Meeting.'; of the Biological Club 4'V2 THE EMBRYOLOGY OF VALLISNERIA SPIRALIS.* H.\RRiET G. Burr. The material for this study was gathered in Sanduskj^ Bay in July and August, 1902. It was killed in chrome-acetic acid, preserved in 70 per cent, alcohol, imbedded in paraffin, cut on a Minot rotary microtome, and stained in analin safranin and gen- tian violet, and also in Heidenhain's iron-alum-haematoxylin. For the development of the embryo-sac the former was the best, and the latter for the staminate flowers. For the embryo, either stain gave satisfactory results. The sections were cut 8-12 microns thick, the staminate flowers transversely and the carpels longitudinally. The older ovules were removed from the ovular}^ and imbedded separately. This was necessary on account of the mucilaginous material which was contained in the carpels. The work was carried on at Ohio State University under the direction of Prof. J. H. Schaffner to whom I am greatly indebted for assistance and suggestions. The carpellate flowers are borne on a long scape with a tubular, one- flowered spathe. The perianth has a linear tube adnate to the one-celled ovulary. There are three small petals, and three stigmas which are short and broad. The ovules are numerous and orthotropous, borne one the ovulary wall. The staminate flowers are numerous, nearly sessile, on a conic receptacle, enclosed in a spathe which is borne on a short scape. The per- ianth is three-parted, the petals being very small. The androe- cium (Fig. 9) is a two-parted structure which max- be regarded as two stamens united at the base, or a single stamen, as described by Engler and Prantl. If the former view be held, the anthers -Contribution.s from the Botanical t,aboratory of Ohio State University. XIII. 440 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 8,. must be regarded as being bilocular. The related plants, of the AHsmaceae and Naiadaceae, as well as the \'allisneriaceae, are described by Britton and Brown as having two celled anthers. Fig. 9 shows the microsporoc\^tes in the pollen sacs. Before the pollen is .shed the grains are tlirce-celled, ha\'ing a large tube nucleus and two smaller male cells (Fig. lo). The 3-oung ovule has two integuments ; the inner one is barely beginning to appear when the archesporial cell is organized (Fig. i) The archesporial cell is hypodermal in origin. From this a tapetal cell is cut oiT and this divides into two (Figs. 2 and 3). The megasporccyte enlarges and four megaspores are linally produced by two transverse di\-isions, although in some cases some of the walls may be ol)liqt!e (Figs. 4 and 5). The functional megaspore, which is tlie lowest, divides into two cells, forming the two celled embryo-sac in the iistuil way (Fig. 6) ; one cell parses to the upper and the other to the lower end of the sac and by successive divisions the typical eight-celled embryo- sac is f. rmed (Fig. 7). Tl:e polar nticlei are rather large and they conjtigate in about the middle of the sac. A large number of these conjugations was observed, but there was no trace of a triple conjugation of polar nuclei arid a male cell. The syner- giclae lie side b}' side, extending across the upper end of the sac, and beneath them is the oosphere. The antipodals have the same relative position in the lower end that the egg-apparatus has in the upper end. At the first division of the definitive nucletis two cells are formed with a trans\'erse wall across tlie sac between them. The upper one of these l)v further division forms a small aiuount of endosperm tissue. The lower one develops into a large vesicular cell with a large nucleus (Fig. 8). This same structure \vith the partition wall was foimd by Schaffner in Saoittaria , by Cook in Castalia and Nymphaca , and by Murbeck in Kiippia. It has also been fottnd in other groups. Contrary to the case in Saoit- taria, no direct division of this nuclues was observed. At this stage the antipodals are in a pocket at the base of the sac, where they persist for a long time. The first division of the oospore is transverse. The lower cell elongates and divides transver.^ely also, forming the first three cells of the proembryo (Fig. 11). The upper one of these does not divide but forms a very large suspensor cell as is usual in the Helobiae. The next division is in the middle cell and is also transverse. There is now a tier of four cells. The lowest one of the tier divides longitudinally (Fig. 12), and following this division there is a transverse division in the cell next to the large suspensor cell followed by another longitudinal division in the lowest tier and one in the tier above (Fig. 13). At this stage the pro-embryo is composed of nine cells arranged in five June, 1903.] Embryology oj Vallisneria spiralis. 44 1 tiers. Following this, the four basal cells (c) divide by trans- verse walls, thus forming an octant ; the next tier (d) divides b}" longitudinal walls, forming a quadrant ; the next tier (d) divides into two cells by a longitudenal wall, while at the same time there is a transverse division in the tier {e) below the suspensor cell. These divisions, therefore, give rise to a seventeen-celled embryo (Fig. 14.) The eight cells from the basal tier give rise to the single termi- nal cotyledon ; the lateral plumule develops in the next tier while the radicle is developed from tiers, d, e, f, etc. (Fig. 16). Fol- lowing this seventeen-celled stage the number of transverse divisions is continued in the cell below the large suspensor until there are about nine or ten original tiers, the embryo being organ- ized from the six or seven terminal ones, and the rest serving as suspensor cells. The dermatogen begins to be cut off in the cells of the incipient cotyledon and continues to develop tovs-ard the root-tip ( Fig. 15). The original tiers of cells begin to divide by transverse and longitudinal w^alls and this also appears first in the cotyledon. The development of the embryo follow^s quite closely that of Sagiftaria. It remains orthotropous and when nearly mature .shows the usual four regions, cotyledon, plumule^ radicle and root-cap (Fig. 17.) SUMMARY. 1. The archesporial cell is single and hypodermal in origin. 2. From the archesporial cell, a tapetal cell is cut off, wdiich divides into two. 3. The megasporocyte produces four megaspores ; sometimes the dividing walls are oblique. 4. The pollen grain has three cells before the pollen is shed. 5. The embryo-sac is normal in development. 6. There is a large definitive nucleus, by the first division of which a lower vesicular nucleus is formed, cut off by a transverse wall from the upper nucleus which forms a small amount of_ endosperm tissue. 7. The embryo develops as in Saoiffaria , with terminal cot)"- ledon and lateral plumule, but remains orthotropous. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1. Campbell, D. H. "A Morphological Study of Naias and Zannichel- lia." Proc. Cal. Acad, of Sci., III. Bot'., 1 : 1-61. 1S97. 2. Campbell, D. H. " Studies on the Flower and Enibn-o of Spargan- ium." Proc. Cal. Acad, of Sci. 1 : 293-328. 1899. 3. Cook, M. T. "The Development of the Embn-o-sac and Embryo of Castalia odorata and Nymphaea advena." Bull. Torr. Bot. Clnl).,. 29 : 211-220. 1902. 4. Hall, J. G. "An Embryological Study of L,imnochari.s Emarginata." Bot. Gaz.. 33 : 214-219, 1902. 442 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 8, 5. HoLFERTY, G. M. "The Ovule and Embryo of Potamogeton natans." Bot. Gaz., 31 : 339-346. 1901. 6. LVON, H. L. " Observation on Enibryogen}' of Nelunilio.'" IMinn. Bot. Studies. 2 : 643-655. 1901. 7. ]\IURBECK, Sv. "Die Embryologie von Ruppia rostellata, Kongi, Sven.ska Vetenskaps." Akadeniien Handlingar. Bandet 36 : No. 5. 1902. 8. ScH.\i-FNER, John H. " The Embryo-sac of Alisma Plantago." Bot. Gaz., 21 : 123-132. 1896. 9. SCHAFFNER, John H. " The Life History of Sagittaria variabihs." Bot. Gaz., 23 : 252-273. 1S97. 10. \Veig.\nd, K. M. "The Development of the Embryo-sac in some Monocotyledonous Plants.'' Bot. Gaz., 30 : 25-47. 1900. 11. W]-:iG.\XD, K. M. "The Development of the Microsporangium and Microspores in Convallaria and Potamogeton." Bot. Gaz., 28 : 328-359. 1S99. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. For the drawings, a Leitz stand and a Bausch and Lonib camera lucida were used. For Figs. 7 and 16, 'a No. 2 Leitz ocular and No. 7 Leitz objective were used ; for Fig. 9, a No. 8 Leitz ocular and No. 3 Leitz objective ; for Fig. 17, a No. 2 Leitz ocular and ye Baucli and Lomb objective; for the others a No. 6 Zeiss ocular and a No. 7 Leitz objective were used. The magnifications given are those of the original drawings, which in the ]:)late are reduced to -/$ of their diameters. Archesporial cell, x 950. Sporoc^'te and tapetal cell, x 950. Megasporocyte and two tapetal cells, x 950. Three megasporas and two tapetal cells, x 950. Four megaspores and two tapetal cells, x 950. Two-celled embryo-sac with remains of megaspores. x 950. Eight-celled embryo-sac showing the egg apparatus, conjuga- tion of polar nuclei, and antepodals. x 630. Large lower endosperm nucleus and antipodals. x 950. Staminate flowers showing pollen-sacs and microsporocytes. X 230. Pollen grains, x 950. Three-celled enibr3-o and persistent synergid. x 950. Five-celled embryo, x 950. Nine-celled embryo, x 950. Seventeen-celled embryo, x 950. Older em])r3-o showing derniatogen. x 950. Embryo .showing origin of cotyledon (c), plumule (?'), radicle {d,e,/). X630. ' Fig. 17. Nearly mature embryo showing growing point, cotyledon and radicle, x 450. Fig- I. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4- Fig. 5- Fig. 6. Fig. 7- Fig. 8. Fig. 9- Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13- Fig. 14. Fig. 15- Fig. 16. Ohio Naturalist. Plate 19. Burr on " The Embryology of Vallisneria spiralis." 444 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 8, OBSERVATIONS ON HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF CERTAIN FULGORID^.* Otto H. S.wezey. In connection with life history studies of Fnlgoridae, the fol- lowing species were reared from nj-mphs of Ormenis septentrion- alis Spin., and L,iburnia lutulenta Van D. The first two as primary parasites, and the third as a secondary parasite on Ormenis septentrionalis ; the fourth and fifth as primary parasites on Liburnia lutulenta. For the accurate identification of the first three species, I am indebted to Dr. William H. Ashmead, Assistant Curator, Department of Insects, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. The third species mentioned, proved to be a new species, and was given the name below. I. Dryinus ormenidis Ashm. Entomological News, XIV, p. 192, 1903. In August, 1902, while collecting the larvae and nvmphs of Ormenis septentrionalis Spin. (Ohio Naturalist, Jan. 1903, p. 355.) some specimens were found to be infested with parasitic larvae, which on being reared, proved to be Dryinus ormenidis Ashm. The larva lives in a " felt-like sack protruding from a spiracle' ' (Ashmead) at the base of the abdomen of its host, and as the latter matures, the parasite is partially covered by the wing pads (Plate 20, Fig. i). The full grown larva is 4-5 mm. in length, is footless, and has rudimentary mandibulate mouth parts (Plate 20, Fig. 4. ). It finally causes the death of the host ; then it escapes from its sack, by the latter splitting very neatly in half, and it forms a cocoon beneath the remains of the host, on the surface of the leaf upon which the host has been feeding (Plate 20, Fig. 3). A cocoon was made in this manner, by a specimen in a breeding cage, Aug. 5. The cocoon is oval or oblong-oval, ymm.xsnnn.; it is very white and semi-transparent, and of a low convex form, having the central portion which is occupied b}- the insect, a little more elevated (Plate 20, Fig. 2). This figure is of a cocoon, enlarged, showing the flat expanded portion, and the central part surmount- ed b)' the remains of the host, on the right side of which is .shown the sack in which the parasite lived. From August 5 to August 15, quite a number of leaves, having cocoons of this parasite, were collected from climbing bittersweet. •-Contributions from tlie Department of Zoology and Entomology, Ohio State Univer- sity, No. 13. June, 1903.] Parasites of Certain Fulgoridae. 445 dogwood, and other shrubbery, upon which nymphs of O. septen- trionaHs had been feeding. There were sometimes two and even three cocoons upon the same leaf (Plate 20, Fig. 3), and they usually were situated in the position that had been occupied by the host while living, as shown by the presence of the white waxy excretion with which the host surrounds itself on the leaf. The cocoon is very well hidden by this excretion, plus the remains of the host. It was evident that the O. septentrionalis nymphs were quite extensively parasitized. Feb. 18, 1903 — Examination of the above mentioned cocoons, (the}^ having been kept in the laboratory during the winter), revealed six containing mature insects, all females (Plate 20, Fig. 6); one containing a pupa (Plate 20, Fig. 5); and in two cocoons they were still in the larval stage (Plate 20, P'ig. 4). From this, inference is made that when remaining in natural situation among the fallen leaves during the winter, the larvae wait till the following spring before transforming to pupae, and that the adults would escape from the cocoons in the latter part of spring, or early summer. All six adults and the one pupa were females. The adults were quite active when liberated from the cocoons, and it is pro- bable that they would have soon liberated themselves. It was interesting to watch them rub their legs together, and rub them upon various parts of the body, to remove any fragments of exuvia or dust particles that might be present. It was particu- larly interesting to see the way they would clean the antennae by drawing them through the antennal cleaners or combs situated on the fore legs (Plate 20, Fig. ja). This structure consists of a curved row of closel}' set bristles, on the inner edge, at base of first segment of the tarsus. There is a large curved spine near the distal end of the tibia (Plate 20, F'ig. 7/'). When the leg is bent at this joint (Plate 20. Fig. 8), this spine is brought into opposition with the antennal comb in such manner as to hold the antenna against the comb whilst being drawn through. By moistening the antennae, the insect was made to repeat this per- formance several times. II. Labeo tvphlocyb.^ Ashm. Bull. 45. r. S. National Museum, p. 89, 1893. In examining the same lot of cocoons from which D. Ormenidis was obtained, several specimens of this form were found : five adults, and one pupa ; all males (Plate 21, P'igs. 1,2). The cocoons from which these were taken were slightly smaller than the others. Otherwise they were similar, and the larvae, also, it may be inferred, must have had similar habits ; living in the same manner on the same species of host, and at the same time, and forming the same kind of a cocoon. 446 The Ohio Naturalist [Vol. Ill, No. 8, This lot of cocoons were supposedly all of the same species. That the}' were of different species was not known, until, on be- ing opened, the two different species were found. Under the cir- cumstances, the suggestion is inevitable that these must be male and female of one and the same species. The genus Labeo has heretofore been known only in the male sex. Ashmead being of the opinion that it represents the males of the genus Gonatopus. Gonatopus has wingless females, and only the females are known. Now, the difference in size and structure between Labeo and Dry- inus are less than those between Labeo and Gonatopus. Furthermore, if these specimens taken from the same lot of cocoons were of two distinct species, it seems strange that males and females should have occurred in about equal numbers (6 and 8 rcspectivehO, and that the males should all be of one species, while the females were all of the other. The evidence being, then, that these are one species, and since typhlocybae has prior- ity, the s^'nonomy will stand : — Dryinus typhlocybae (Ashm.). Labco typhlocybcs Ashm., Bui. 45, U. S. Nat. Mas., p. 89, 1S93. Jhvimis onnenidis Ashin., Ent. News, XIV, p. 192, 1903. III. Cheiloxeurus swezeyi Ashm. Family — Encyrtidse. Sub-family — Enc3'rtince. Entomological News, XIV, p. 193, 1903. February 18, 1903, fourteen adults (Plate 21, Figs. 3, 4) of this chalcid-fly were found in the box containing the lot of leaves having the Dryinus ormenidis cocoons, previously mentioned in this article. Not knowing their source, it was supposed that they came from the Dryinus cocoons. Examination disclosed three Dryinus cocoons which were open, some insect or insects having escaped from them. No other insects being present, it was inferred that the Chalcids came from these three cocoons. In opening cocoons and liberating adults of Dryinus and Labeo, as previously mentioned, one cocoon was found containing four pupae (Plate 21, Figs. 5, 6), which in size and general structure, and particularly in shape of antennae and the presence of tibial spines and spurs, identified them as the pupae of the adult chal- cids found in the same box. These chalcid pupae were not enclosed in cocoons of their own. Another Dryinus cocoon con- tained five larvae, which are probably Cheiloneurus larvae. This is rather insulhcient data upon which to outline the Life History of this insect ; but, in general, it probably is about as follows: The eggs most likely are deposited by the female punct- uring the cocoon of Dryinus, during August ; that is, soon after the cocoon is formed. A reason for thinking that the eggs are June, 1903.] Parasites of Certain Fulgoridae. 447 not deposited in the larva before it has made a cocoon, is that, if the female Cheiloneunis were to try depositing eggs in the Dry- inns larva while the latter was still in the sack, upon the body of the Ormenis nymph, this latter would most likely make a sudden jump, as it is accustomed to do on being disturbed, and this would dislodge the adult Cheiloneurus before she had had time to deposit the four to six eggs within the Dryinus larva The Dry- in us larva supplies just about enough food for five Cheilon- eurus larvae. They very likely get their growth during the autumn ; hibernate either in the larval or the pupal stage, and transform to adults early in spring. This would give time enough for more than one brood during the summer, providing its host also has more than one brood, or perhaps it is not unlikeh' that it finds some other host for an early summer brood. One interesting point in connection with this species, is its parasitizing another H\ menopterous form ; whereas the other species of Cheiloneurus are parasitic upon Coccidse, and the most of the members of the same group, Kncyrtinee, are parasitic upon various species of Coccidae and Aphididse. IV. GONATOPUS BICOLOR ASHM. V. Labko longitarsis Ashm. Bull. 45, U. S. National Museum, pp. 85,88, 1893. April II, 1903, a nymph of Liburnia lutulenta was found in- fested with a parasite living in a sack protruding from the dorsal side of the alxlonien (Plate 21, Fig. 13). The next day the parasitic larva e^^caped from the host and spun a cocoon between fragments of grass leaves. April 14 and 20, at)out a dozen more similarly parasitized nymphs were obtained. In all of them the parasite had about completed its growth, and in a few days all had escaped from their hosts and spun cocoons. The cocoons were white, and some were c) lindrical and formed in the groove of upper surface of grass leaves ; others were made on flat surface of the breeding jar, and were similar in form to those of Dryinus ormenidis ( Plate 20, Fig. 2 ), 5mm. long and 3 mm. wide. May 12, the first adult appeared. It was a luale Labeo longi- tarsis (Plate 21, F'ig. 12). May 14, a female Gonatopus bicolor appeared (Plate 21, F'ig. 11). These were both from C3-Iindrical cocoons on grass leaves. May 17, another female G. bicolor, and May iS and 19, each, a male specimen of L. longitarsis appeared. These were all that completed the transformation. None of the females came from a cocoon like F'ig. 2 ; but one of the males did. These parasites evidentl)' hibernate with their host, which hibernates in the nymphal stage. 448 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, No. 8, The evidence from these observations is that L. longitarsis is the male of G. bicolor, just as shown in previous part of this paper, L. typhlocybse is undoubtedly the male of D. ornienidis. In view of these observations and considerations, one can hardly escape the inference that the genus Labeo may, by further observations and rearing of larvae of the different species be found to contain males of yet other genera of Dryininse. The same might be inferred of other genera of Dryininte that have hitherto been known only as males. Rearing larvase as above, or in more complete detail, will be helpful, or it ma}' be said, in fact, neces- sary in properly associating the males and females of this sub- family and establishing their true generic and specific relation- ship. In regard to the species under consideration, since G. bicolor and L. longitarsis have the same date of description, and since Gonatopus was the earlier of the two genera to be described, I would place the S3'nonomy thus : — Gonatopus bicolor Ashm., Bui. 45, U. S. Nat. Mu.s., p. S5, 1893. Lixbco loiioHarsis Ashm., Bui. 45, U. S. National Mus., p. 88, 1893. MORPHOLOGY OF THE CHELATE FORE-TARSUS OF THE FEMALES OF THE SUB-FAMILY DRYININ.E This pectiliar structure is shown Plate 20, Fig. 7 and Plate 21, Fig. 14. It occurs in the females of nearly all the genera of the group. The fifth tarsal segment is enbirged and has a very peculiar elongate, backward extension from its outer side. This extends as far as to the proximal part of the second tarsal seg- ment. It is curved, slighth^ tapering till near the tip where it is somewhat enlarged. At the distal end e f the fifth segment are borne two claws with a pulvillus between them. The inner claw is about normal size ; but the outer one is greatly elongated and articulated with the fifth segment in such a way that it may clo.se up with the prolongation forming a forceps or chela (Plate 21, Fig. 14). The tip of the claw nearly reaches the lip of tarsal prolongation ; it has a notch which forms a secondary tooth. At the tip of the tarsal prolongation and extending outward is a group of Indian-club-shaped appendages There are several of the.se also along its outer side, and a few on the claw as well. "This peculiar chelate tarstis is found in no other grottp among the Hymenoptera" (Ashmead). No observations were made which would give one a hint of the p.irtictilar use of this chela. May it be suggested, however, that it is u.'^ed in some special manner in clinging to the host during the act of egg- deposition. The members of the family Proctotrypidae are chiefly ^^^ para- sites, but this particular grotip of the famil>- are parasitic ui)on larvae, principally of the families Fulgoridce, Meml)racidce, and June, 1903.] Parasites of Certain Fulgoridae. 449 Ohio Naturalist. P/ate 21. SwEZEV on " Observations on Hymenopterous Parasites of Certain Fulgoridse. ' ' 45° The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. Ill, Xo. 8, Ohio Naturalist. Plate 21. SwEZEY on " Observations on Hymenopterous Parasites of Certain FulgoridtL'." June, 1903.] Society of the S^gma Xi. 451 Jassidae, all of which have active jumping habits. Hence, this peculiar chela may have been developed for the special purpose of holding to the host larva while an egg is being deposited. EXP1.ANAT10N OF Plate 20. Fig. I — Nymph of Onnenisseptentrionalis, showing the sack in which the larva of Dryinns ormenidis lives, protruding from beneath the right wing pads, X5. Fig. 2 — Cocoon of D. ormenidis; a, the flatter portion of it ; b, the more convex portion which contains the pupa ; c, exuvia of n^'mph of O. septentrionalis ; d, the empty sack from which the Dryinus larva has escaped, X5. Fig. 3— Leaf upon which there are three cocoons; a and r, cocoons of D. ormenidis, surmounted by exuvite ; l\ cocoon of L,abeo tj-ph- locybae, surmounted by larval sack, natural size. Fig. 4-S — Dryinus ormeni- dis. Fig. 4 — Larva, x 10 ; Fig. 5 — Ventral view of pupa, x 10 ; Fig. 6 — adult female, xio; Fig. 7 — tarsus of fore leg ; a, antennal brush, or comb on the first segment of tarsus ; h, tibial spur which holds the antenna against the comb while being cleaned ; c\ peculiarly modified 5th tarsal segment, X37. Fig. 8 — Tarsus partly flexed at 1)ase to show how the spur comes into apposi- tion and works with the antennal comb, x 37. ExPLAN.\TiON OF Plate 21. Fig. I — Adplt male of Labeo typhlocybse, x 10. Fig. la — Forewing of L. typhlocybte, showing venation as it appeared shortly after transformation, X 10. Fig. 2 — Ventral view of pupa of L. typhlocybte, x 10. Figs. 3-10 — Cheiloneurus swezeyi : Figs. 3-4— Adult female, x 10 ; Figs. 5-6 — ventral and dorsal views of pupa, x 10 ; Fig. 7 — antenna, x 50 ; Fig. 8 — fore leg, at a, antennal conil), X50 ; Figs. 9-10 — tibia and tarsus of second and third legs, b, movable spur, x 50 ; Fig 11 — female Gonatopus bicolor, x 10. Fig. 12 — male Labeo longitarsis, x 10. Fig. 13— nymph of Liburnia lutulenta with parasitic larva in sack on its abdomen, x 10. Fig. 14 — fore-tarsus of female Gonatopus bicolor, x 40. THE SOCIETY OF THE SIGMA XI. Among Greek letter societies the one which is of especial interest to students of science is the Society of the Sigma XI. Its badge is now .seen so frequently at meetings of scientific men that it is well to know exactly what it stands for. In 1886 at Cornell University the first chapter was founded and the initial letters of the phrase meaning ' ' companions in zealous research ' ' made the name of the society. Since this beginning it has grown especialh- during the last few 5'ears until now nearly e\-er3' large university in the country has a chapter, the most recent additions being Chicago and Michigan. It is an honor society open to men and women who have distinguished them.selves in scientific or technical work. By the constitution two .standards are set up : one relating to the eligi- bility of members of a college or university faculty and to alunuii and one to students in the fourth 3-ear class. The first standard calls for an actual contribution to science and the second for such scholarship and success in scientific or technical studies as to give promise of ability to carry on research work. 452 The Ohio Naturalist [Vol. Ill, No. 8, At the Ohio State University which is the only institution in Ohio having a charter stress has always been laid on the election of seniors. The machinery of election is such that it amounts to a careful canvass by their instructors of the members of the fourth year class to determine who give the greatest promise of ability to contribute to the knowledge of the world on their special subjects. It is seen that to gain membership in Sigma XI is the highest academic honor that the student in science and technology can attain. The Society is not a fraternity in the ordinary sense of the word. There are no secrets and no " grip." In brief, to know that a senior was elected to Sigma XI is simply to know that he was one of the best men in his class. C. W. FouLK, Secy. O, S. L', Chapter. MEETING OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB. Orton Hall, April. 13, 1903. Mr. Griggs presiding, the program opened with the reading of minutes of last meeting. One of the members on the program being absent, the time was occupied by Prof. Haines in a re^•iew of Lloyd Morgan's book on "Animal Behavior," published some time since. Under reports of committees, Dr. Kellerman reported that Prof. Pollard would give his lecture on May 4th. The committee was instructed to continue preparations for the lecture and to prepare a program. The motion was carried that this meeting take the place of the regular club meeting of that date, and a business meeting be held afterward. Under new business, the following propositions to amend the constitution of The Naturalist were submitted by Prof. Land- acre : 1. That the editorial staff shall consist of an editor-in-chief, a managing editor, or business manager, and of associate editors, representing the differ- ent branches of science represented in the Clul). 2. That the publication funds be secured by subscriptions (The price of the fourth volume to be one dollar for single sub.scriptions. ) by suitable advertisements and by the sale of exchanges. Messrs. J. B. Hyde and Jas. McOwen, Jr., were elected to membership. Otto Iv Jennings, Sec. pro tern. On Monday, May 11, at a special, called meeting of the Clitb, the amendments given above were adopted. Robert F. Griggs, Secy. Tlie Ohio Naturalist EDITORIAL STAFF. 1 John H. Schaffner, Vol.1, Editors-in-Chief Jas. S. Hine. Vol. II. ( F. L. Landacre, Vol. III. Associate Editors : Zoology — ' Ircliaeology — W. C. Mills. F. I.. Landacre, Vol. I. II, Ornitholoiry- JAS. S. Hine, Vol. III. j^_ ^ Griggs, Vol. I, Botany — Max Morse, Vol. II, III. F. J. Tyler, Vol. I, Ecology— J. H. Schaffner, Vol. 11,111. p. j. Tyler, Vol. II. Geology—^. A. Bownocker. O. E. Jennings, Vol. III. Advisory Board : Prof. W. A. KellERMAN, Ph. D. Prof. HERBERT Osborn, M. Sc. Department of Botany. Department of Zoology. Prof. J. A. Bownocker. D. Sc. Department of Geology. VOLUMES i, II and III. NOVEMBER, 1900.— JUNE 1903. CoLUMKu.s, Ohio: published by Thk Biological Clt'b of the Ohio State University. I 900- I 903. INDEX TO VOLUMES I, II and III. Aecidium album, i6r iinpatientis, 136 peckii, 206 . porosuni, 136 sambuci, 136 Agroniyza setosa, 169 Agrostemma githago, Embryology of, 365 Akronia frontosa, 113 Algae, List of Ohio, 222 Sandusky Bay, 317 Algological Survey of Ohio, 219 Allognosta fuscitarsis, 112 obscuriventris, 112 Alophora, 229 Ampelopsis cordata, 2 Aniphiscepa bivittata, 354 Announcement, i, 131 Anthropology, Prehistoric, 336 Ant-lion, 88 Aphrophora, Larvae and Food- habits, 122 Aspidiotus glanduliferus, 287 Aster, TheXvhite-heath, iS Atavism in the Water-melon, 370 Athysanus acuminatus, 256 alpinus, 23S anthracinus, 241 arctostaphj-li, 243 artemisia;, 256 bicolor, 251 comma, 246 colon, 247 curtisii, 251 dentatus, 244 exitiosus, 234 extrusus, 237 frigidus, 233 gammaroides, 256 litigiosus, 256 magnus, 233 mexicanus, 254 obsoletus, 239 obtutus, 252 ornatus, 256 osborni, 249 parallelus, 235 plutonius, 240 sexvittatus, 247 striatulus, 242 striolus, 235 svmphoricarpae, 241 simplarias, 249 texanus, 248 vaccinii, 242 varus, 239 Batrachia in O. S. U. Museum, 114 Batracliians and Reptiles of Ohio, 360 Baum Village Site, 4 Beeches, Grove of, 76 Bibio albipennis, 170 Biologoical Club, 27, 66, 78, 105, 117, 129, 145, 147, 192,'^ 214, 230, 262, 295, 322, 362, 378, 402 Biology, Scope of Modern, 147 Bird-migrations, 374 Birds, Additions to Ohio, 289 Autumnal Song Season, 374 Cedar Point, 91, 143 O. S. U. Campus, 40 Summer, Lake Erie's Islands, 281 Bittacus occidentis, 191 Botanical Correspondence, 159, 1S8, 213 Literature, 63 Terms, Use of some Com- mon, 215 Botany in Ohio Schools, 72 Bryozoans of Sandusky Bay, 96 Bythoscopid^e, Food-plants of, 397 Callosamia promethea, 116 Campus Birds, O. S. U., 40 Change of Name of Ohio Naturalist, 48 Cheiloneurus swezeyi, 446 Chionaspis gleditsise, 413 Chrysochroma nigricornis, 114 Chr3-sopila ornata, 170 Cigarette-beetle in Columbus, 330 Cintractia reiliana, 10, 258 sorghi, 137 -vulgaris, 10 Claytonia virginica. Embryology of '349 Climatic Conditions of Ohio, 339, 403 Cleavage-planes, Formation of in Woody Plants, 327 Climbing Plants, 197 Cocklebur, Sprouting of Seeds of, 69 Coleoptera, Cuyahoga Co., 193 Colpocephalum kelloggi, 175 laticeps, 203 pectinatum, 201 spinulosum var minor, 203 Commellus, 245 Compass-plants, 333 Conosanus, 236 Index to Volumes I, 11 and III. Corning Oil and Gas Fields, 49 Criorhina iinibratilis, 229 Dandelion, 334 Deltocephahis inimicus, 226 Desniids of Kansas, 100 Discelium nudum, 361 Docophorus barbatus, 2ur Donations, 181, 191, 200, 296 Dragon-flies of Sandusky, 94 Dragon-flies taken in a week, 13 Dryinus ornienidis, 444 Eagle Nests, 90 Entomological Notes and Reviews, 377 Study, Helps in, 740 Erebus odora, 133 Erigeron philadelphicus, iiS Etiolation Studies, 415 Euparyphus major, 112 Ferns, Adaptibility in, 358 Fishes, Salem, Ohio, 165 Flamingo, Feeding Habits, 17 Flora, Additions to Ohio, 15 Little Chicken I.slan 157. 159. 161, 179, 1S8, 205, 213, 219, 223, 227, 258, 279, 400 Landacre, F. L., 96, 119, 299, 320 Masterman, E. E., 69 Mills, W. C, 4, 70, 336 Morse, Max, 114, 126, 164, 183, 1S7, 360 Osborn, H., 11, 79. §6, 116, 175, 201, 224, 231, 323, 330, 363, 377 Osburn, R. C, 13 Riddle, Miss L. C, 317, 346 Sanders, J. C, 2S4, 413 Schaffner, J. H., i, 16, 28, 29, 39, 48, 67, 100, 106, 118, 129, 130, 142, 171, 215. 319' 327. 331. 370 Selby, A. D., 415 Simkins, J. D., 334 Smith. T. C, 37i- 4" Sterki, V., 71, 286 Swezey, O. H., 354, 444 Taylor, J. R., 394 Tyler, F. J., 21, 29, 118. 132, 147, 192, 214, 230, 262, 279, 290, 295 Wells, W. E., 35« Wetzstein, A., 104 Williamson, E. B., 141, 165 SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION OF Minerals, Rocks, Fossils Birds and Mammals, Shells and Echinoderms. Also Human Skeletons, and Anatomical Models. Relief Models by Messrs. Shaler, Davis and Harris, illustrating Physical Geology and Physiography WRITE FOR CIRCULARS, \X^ards' Natural Science Establishment, ROCHESTER, N. Y. "f 'r' MR K J AK DA K .••■^1., made at the be pleased State and High Sts., COLUMBUS, OHIO. OUR LIST OF AWARDS FOR THE LAST YEAR ARE The Gold Medal at Paris Exposition. Highest Award at the Pan-American Exposition. Six First Premiums out of seven at Ohio State Exposition. DIE STAMPING. PLATE AND LETTER PRESS PRINTING. SPAHIj & GLENN, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS. 50 EAST BROAD STREET. COLUMBUS, OHIO. Bucket Engta^ing Co. Process and Wood Engraving, Electro^ typers and Manufacturers of Stereotyping and Engraving Machinery. &> 5=> 5=. S^ 5* 80y2 North High Street, COLUMBUS, OHIO. American Entomological Co. J040 De Kalb Avenue, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Dealers in Insects, Entomological Supplies and manufacturers of the only genuine and original Schmitt Insect Boxes. BUILDERS of CASES and CABINETS in CORRECT STYLES New Price List of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera and Illustrated Catalogue of Entomological Supplies. No. 4, li)02, IDO)'.. Dec. 1, 1902. Price, 5 cts. jyiedieal and Seientif ie Books The Second Iiargest Stock in Ohio. The most libepsl discounts given Public and Private Liibfapies. Sold at Wholesale Prices. CATflUOGUE pl^EE. -^l-I^ li. S. WELiLiS, 665 r^opth Higti Street, COUUlVIBUS, OHIO. Both Telephones. l^educed f^ates to Teachers. ^ "Dawson's Bitds of Ohio'' iSGIENTIFIC! WILL ILLUSTRATE AND DESCRIBE THE 322 SPECIES OF OHIO BIRDS. POPULAR! ;a book for bird lovers, nature students and those who value good reading. It will contain a com = Iplete account of plum- ages, range, nesting, |etc., together with jiquant sketches and :ondensed life-histories )f the birds themselves. The text is by Rev. Leon Dawson, of 'olumbus ; the intro- [uction and analytical leys by [ynds Jones, S. M., of pberlin, both well- pown ornithologists. Song Sparrows.— A Brooding Female Being Fed by Mate. Specimen illustration from "Dawson's Birds of Ohio." Photo by J. B. Parker. MAGNIFICENTLY ILLUSTRATED BY 80 SELECTED PLATES IN COLOR and ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 00 ORIGINAL HALF-TONES From Photographs Taken in Ohio, SHOWING THE WILD BIRDS AND THEIR HAUNTS. No expense is being spared to make of this work a sumptuous volume, complete in every detail, ; BEST OF ITS CLASS, yet well within the reach of all. PRICES RANGE FROM $5.75 to $7.50 ACCORDING TO BINDING, IBiQUIRV COUPON. ■'2 WHEATON PUBLISHING CO. 1216 The Hayden. Columbus, O. lease send me specimen pages of your fortheoming work, Dawson's Birds of Ohio," also .special term.s by which I may cure a numbered copy of the Autbor'.s Autograph Edition. Name Address SPECIAL TERMS TO ADVANCE SUBSCRIBERS. The Author's Autograph Edition of 1 ,000 coijies, limi- ted, is being rapidly sub- scribed for. Sign "Inquiry Coupon." ORDER NOW. E WHEATON PUBLISHING CO., I2I6 The Hayden. COLUMBUS. OHIO. :) '>JK)M2 ^ i yo ijEISOJ ^ 'S^fp^^M^^^^ -^ 3:)2> > Ou> )D :» r:>^>DX> -1 -ft >^ ^^^:> i> ■;) '? ^ -_ 3-- .i^ . -.'-V "> S:'3> »4>^5® - O) • • .■ ^? 1) i>533»> l>j>^ ^t>> :>3>i> "5^>--=