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_ CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ~

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AND |
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@

SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Vol. V, No. 6, pp. 83-181
Issued, September 11, 1942
CLEVELAND, OHIO

ERRATA

Page 99. Footnote to be supplied, referring to kirtlandi:
1Named in honor of Dr. Jared Potter Kirtland, pioneer Ohio mammalogist, ornithologist,

icthyologist, horticulturist, physician, jurist and eminent citizen; a spiritual founder of the
Cleveland Museum of Natural History and the Western Reserve Medical School.

Page 120. Omit “‘p.126” in first line.

Page 130. Last two lines should read ‘. . . also east to Crawford
County, Pennsylvania, and Genesee County, New
York.”

Page 146. Fourth line from bottom should read “‘. . . collected it
somewhere”’ instead of ‘‘collected somewhere.”

Page 163. Supply the following, under original citation for
Rattus norvegicus (Erxleben): Type Locality.—
Norway.

Page 173. Erithizon should read Erethizon.

Page 180. Citation under Kirtland, Jared Potter should read 1838,
not 1938.

SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Vou. V -IssuED, SEPTEMBER 11, 1942 No. 6

THE OHIO RECENT MAMMAL /couLECTION Aw ise ,
CLEVELAND MUSEUM OW/NATURAL HISTORY, Yi
BY iis hs
B. PATTERSON Bouy,/JR.
ma) 4
Puitie N. MouLttTurop

INTRODUCTION

Since the Cleveland Museum of Natural History was founded

in 1920, a large collection of Ohio mammals has been gathered

and is now deposited in this museum’s department of mammals.
This collection now numbers approximately 7000 specimens and
is thus much larger than all other Ohio mammal collections put
together. Included therein are representatives of every species
of recent mammal recorded from the State, with but 9 exceptions.
Of these exceptions, 5 are large species of rare occurrence even
in pre-settlement days, which were swiftly extirpated with the
coming of the white man. Virtually every section of Ohio is
represented in this collection, although the great majority of the
specimens have been taken within 50 miles of Cleveland.

Since the time of Dr. Jared P. Kirtland no serious taxonomic
study of Ohio mammals has been made. Several excellent faunal
papers have appeared, but all have followed the nomenclature
current for more eastern or western states at their times of pub-
lication. The writers, faced with the prospect of early call to
military service, therefore hasten to summarize the results of
10 years of research, incomplete for certain species as these
may be.

84. SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

The mammalogy of Ohio has long been assumed to be a simple
subject, the species having been considered identical with the
various forms described from the Atlantic Coast or certain Mis-
sissippi valley points. In other words, Ohio has not been regarded
as a region of sufficient topographic diversity or geographical
interest to warrant special collecting efforts. Nearly without excep-
tion, the State has been represented by a mere handful of speci-
mens in the museums of outside states, and almost no material
has been available for the recent revisions. The inadequacy of
the ‘life zone’ theory of animal distribution in North America has
nowhere been more clearly evident than in the subject of Ohio
mammalogy. Ecologists have discovered en masse that Merriam’s
life-zones do not apply in Ohio, but taxonomists have failed to
appreciate their findings.

To summarize the situation in Ohio, the following facts should
be emphasized:

(1) There is, strictly speaking, no ‘Upper Austral’ or “Transi-
tion’ Zone in Ohio. The terms are meaningless. On the basis of
plants alone, ‘Upper Austral’, “Transition’, and ‘Canadian’ zone
areas can be found within a few miles or even rods of each other,
especially in Geauga County.

(2) Several different climax forest types occur in Ohio, to
wit: A beech-sugar maple climax on the glaciated Allegheny
plateau, and many parts of the western till plains as well; an oak-
chestnut forest occupying many sites in the central eastern
section of the State, on both the glaciated and unglaciated plat-
eaus; a mixed mesophytic forest covering the greater part of the
unglaciated plateau; an oak-hickory forest occupying many isolated
belts around ‘prairie islands’ on the till plains in the northern
and northwestern portions of the State; and a pine-hemlock
forest on the breaks of the Allegheny plateau in northeastern
Ohio and scattered other points.

(8) There are extensive subclimax forest areas, such as the
boreal tamarack bogs of northeastern Ohio, the shortleaf pine-
scrub of Washington and other southern Ohio counties, and the
‘prairie islands’ themselves.

(4) There are many different climates, the growing season
exceeding 200 days in the extreme south and in the extreme north

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 85

along the Lake Erie plain, but falling below 100 days in parts of
the Allegheny plateau in Ashtabula and Geauga counties; also
decided variations in rainfall, from over 50 inches annually at
Little Mountain in Lake and Geauga counties to less than 30 in
northeastern Cuyahoga County only a few miles away, on the
Lake Erie plain in the rain-shadow of the city of Cleveland.

(5) Ohio is not all flat. The unglaciated southeast is very
hilly, in fact almost mountainous in Adams County, which is
also an area of especially heavy rainfall for the State (over 40
inches annually). The myriads of deep, cool glens and rocky-walled
ravines favor the persistence of northern small mammals, while
warm, south-facing valleys favor the infiltration of southern
forms.

(6) Two thirds of Ohio was glaciated during Wisconsin time,
and geologically speaking, the ice left northern Ohio yesterday—
about 35,000 years ago. As the ice retreated, the vegetation could
not keep abreast of it, and in some places prairie, not conifer
forest, followed the glacier. These prairie regions persisted as
“slands’ till the coming of the white man, who forthwith enlarged
them. The net result is a picture of incredible ecological complex-
ity, and of rapidly shifting mammal populations, with several
divergent faunal districts.

With these facts in mind, the results of a careful taxonomic
study do not seem so surprising. This study was long delayed by
the slowness of the authors to discard the prevailing belief that
Ohio was, in its biology, after all very similar to the Atlantic
seaboard. It was not possible of even successful initiation until
topotypical series of most of the races of mammals reputedly
occurring in Ohio had been collected or borrowed, and until a
full understanding had been obtained of the sequence of pelages
in each form. The study was delayed also by our failure imme-
diately to recognize that the time of molt for certain Ohio
species differed from that of the same or nearly related races else-
where, a tendency particularly noticeable in northeastern Ohio.
This is perhaps to be expected in a region where spring is long
delayed by Lake Erie pack ice, and where frosts may occur at
any time except in July and August, as is the case in parts of
Geauga County and in interior Ashtabula County.

86 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

The names of colors employed in this report are based on those
of Ridgway}.

The great bulk of the specimens comprising the basis for this
report was taken in the course of population studies made with

the use of quadrats, the results of which have already been pub- |

lished.2 Without the continued help and diligent interest of the
authors’ laboratory and field assistants in this work, the present
paper could not have been completed. In this connection the
authors are especially indebted to Mr. Scott R. Inkley and Mr.
Winston C. Jesseman. Finally, the authors gratefully acknowledge
the help and critical comments of their co-workers on the Cleve-
land Museum of Natural History staff, Mr. Arthur B. Fuller,
Dr. David H. Dunkle, and Dr. Harry C. Oberholser.

For the loan of other specimens the writers are greatly indebted
to Mr. Edward §. Thomas, of the Ohio State Museum; to Mr.
Woodrow Goodpaster, of the Cincinnati Society of Natural
History; to Mr. Clifford C. Gregg and Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood
of the Field Museum of Natural History; to Dr. William H.
Burt and Dr. Emmet T. Hooper of the University of Michigan
Museum of Zoology; and to Dr. Hartley H. T. Jackson of the
Fish and Wildlife Service (Biological Surveys). For permission to
study their extensive collections and for their kindness in making
their research facilities available, the senior author is still more
indebted to the late Dr. Glover M. Allen of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology at Harvard University; to Dr. Remington
Kellogg of the United States National Museum; and again, to
Doctor Jackson.

1Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, 1912 [January 16, 1913], pp. [1-4], i-iv, 1-44,
frontispiece, pls. I-LIII.
2Scient. Publ. Cleve. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, No. 4, December 28, 1939.

mae ¥

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 87

MAMMALS OF OHIO

Didelphis virginiana virginiana Kerr
VIRGINIA OpossuM

Didelphis virginiana Kerr, Animal Kingdom, 1792, p. 193.

Type Locality —‘‘Virginia’’.

Opossums from Ohio are apparently indistinguishable from
examples taken along the middle Atlantic seaboard. In Ohio the
species appears in 2 color phases, the usual one with gray guard
hairs, and another, a much rarer dark phase in which the guard
hairs are blackish. Opossums are to be found today in all parts of
the State, but there is some evidence that their arrival in north-
eastern Ohio is of comparatively recent date, as the species is
very uncommon in bone finds in this region, and occurs only in
those of very recent origin.

Ohio specimens examined.—

Cuyanoca County.—Chagrin Falls, 1; Cleveland, 1; Cleveland Heights,1;
Dover, 1; Gates Mills,1; Orange, 1; Pepper Pike, 1.

GrauGca County.—Chardon, 1.

Laxe County.—Kirtland Hills, 2; Madison, 2; Mentor, 2; Wickliffe, 1;
Willoughby, 1.

OrTawa County.—Ottawa Co. (no further locality), 1.

Portace County.—Aurora Pond, 2; Geauga Lake, 1.

Sanpusky County.—Fremont, 1.

Seneca County.—Bettsville, 2; Feaselburg, 1.

Stark County.—Waynesburg, 1.

Summit County.—Everett, 2.

Scalopus aquaticus machrinus (Rafinesque)
PRAIRIE MOLE

Talpa machrina Rarinesque, Atlantic Journal, Vol. I,
1832, p. 61.

Type Locality.— Near Lexington, Fayette County, Kentucky.

The prairie mole has been reported from all parts of Ohio, but
can now be unequivocally stated to be lacking from the north-
eastern quarter of the State, and certainly to be rare over much

1All specimens listed in the present paper are from the collection of the Cleveland Museum
of Natural History unless otherwise indicated.

88 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

of the southeast as well. In the western half of the State it is
locally abundant, and specimens from this section are typical
of S. a. machrinus. There is a local tendency towards large size
in northwestern Ohio.

Ohio specimens examined.—

Apams County.—Smoky Creek, Green Township, 2.
CieRMoNT County.—Union Township, 2.

Erte County.—Ceylon Junction, 1.

Mercer County.—Celina, 1.

Seneca County.—Bettsville, 8; Bunker Hill, 1; Old Fort, 1.

Parascalops breweri (Bachman)
HAIRY-TAILED Mou

Scalops brewert BACHMAN, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., Vol.
IIT, 1842, p. 32.

Type Locality—According to Bachman, Marthas Vineyard
Island, Massachusetts. Repeated efforts by numerous collectors,
including the senior author, to trap this species there have to date
been unavailing.

This species is the common mole of eastern Ohio, particularly
of northeastern Ohio. In some areas of extreme southern Ohio
(Lawrence County) it occupies the same ground as Scalopus, but
the overlap of the ranges is very narrow. Ohio-caught specimens
seem identical with examples from New York and New England.

Ohio specimens examined.—

ASHTABULA County.—Mechanicsville, 1

CoLUMBIANA CountTy.—Lisbon, 1

CuyaHoca County.—Brecksville Metropolitan Park, 4; Chagrin Falls, 6;
Gates Mills, 4; Lyndhurst, 1; North Chagrin Metropolitan Park, 2; North
Olmsted, 1; Bock River Metropolienn Park, 3.

DARE RITE County.—Greenfield Township, 1

Gravuca County.—Auburn Corners, 1; Burton Bog, 2; Chesterland
Caves, 1; Lake Punderson, 1; Little Mountain, 29; Shady Lake, 3; Middle-
field Township, 1; Thompson Township, 1

Laks County.—Holden Arboretum, 21; Mentor, 4; Mentor Headlands, 1;
Pleasant Valley, 1; Wickliffe, 1; Willoughby, 2

LAWRENCE County.—Ironton, 1.

PortracEe County.—Aurora Pond, 1; Geauga Lake, 1.

Stark County.—Waynesburg, 1.

Summit County.—Darrowville, 1

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 89

Condylura cristata cristata (Linnaeus)
STAR-NOSED MOLE
[Sorex] cristatus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, Vol. I, January
1, 1758, p. 53.

Type Locality —Pennsylvania.

The description of Condylura cristata nigra R. W. Smith!
necessitates the use of a trinomial for the typical race. Ohio
examples of Condylura c. cristata differ from those of C. c. nigra
from Nova Scotia in size as well as color, being smaller and slightly
paler. The differences appear even more pronounced when com-
parison is made with specimens from coastal Maine.

The star-nosed mole is locally abundant in northeastern Ohio,
especially on boggy ground and along slow-moving woodland
streams. Elsewhere the species is decidedly uncommon.

Ohio specimens examined.—

ASHTABULA CounTy.—Padanaram, 4.
CuraHoca County.—Chagrin Falls, 1; Gates Mills, 2; North Chagrin |

Metropolitan Park, 1.
Grauca County.—Auburn Corners, 3; Burton Bog, 1; Little Mountain, 2;

Munson Township, 2; Shady Lake, 1.
Laxe County.—Holden Arboretum, 11; Kirtland Hills, 1; Mentor

Marsh, 1.
PortTaGEe County.—Aurora Pond, 6.
Summit County.—Northfield (owl pellet record), 1.

Sorex cinereus ohionensis, subsp. nov.
OHIO SHREW

Type.—Adult male, skin and skull, No. 16901, Cleveland
Museum of Natural History; April 5, 1942; Wilbur B. Quay.

Type Locality — Hunting Valley, Cuyahoga County, Ohio.

Range.—Northern Ohio, from Ashtabula County at least as
far west as Seneca County.

Diagnosis.—A very small race, the third unicuspid of which
is usually smaller than the fourth, in this respect differing from all
other races of Sorex cinereus; it is diminished in all external and
cranial measurements; and also has a distinctive dark gray winter
pelage and poorly pigmented teeth.

Color.—Winter pelage (the type). Upper parts fuscous to
fuscous black, suffused with gray, the colors extending half way

1Amer. Midl. Nat., Vol. XXIV, No. 1; July, 1940, p. 218,

90 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

down the sides; underfur blackish slate; sides exhibiting a narrow,
poorly defined band of dusky drab; under parts light gull gray
with slate gray underfur; tail fuscous above, vinaceous buff below;
upper surface of feet pale ochraceous buff. Fresh summer pelage
(No. 15929, C.M.N.H., Holden Arboretum, Lake County, Ohio).
Upper parts snuff brown; sides of head and body sayal brown.
Worn summer pelage (No. 7307 C.M.N.H., Aurora Pond, Portage
County, Ohio). Upper parts buffy brown, gradually becoming
wood brown on sides; tail above wood brown; under parts pale
smoke gray faintly washed with buff.

Skull.—Very small, with braincase greatly shortened and flat-
tened; unicuspid tooth row shortened and crowded; teeth poorly
pigmented; mandible short.

Measurements.—T ype: length, 93.5 mm.; tail, 34.5; hind foot,
11; condylobasal length of skull, 14.7; palatal length, 5.6; cranial
breadth, 4.2; maxillary tooth row, 5.3; length of mandible, 8.8.
Twenty topotypes average, with minimum and maximum: length,
94.3 (88-99); tail, 35.0 (82-38); hind foot, 11.3 (10-12); condylo-
basal length of skull, 15.1 (14.6-15.9); palatal length, 5.8 (5.5-6.0) ;
cranial breadth, 7.5 (7.2-7.8); interorbital breadth, 2.8 (2.7-3.0);
maxillary breadth, 4.1 (3.8-4.2) ; maxillary tooth row, 5.3 (5.1-5.4);
length of mandible, 8.9 (8.7-9.2). Ten specimens from the Holden
Arboretum, Lake County, Ohio, average: length, 91.6; tail, 34.6;
hind foot, 11.4. Ten specimens from Mentor Marsh, Lake County,
Ohio, average: length, 92.8; tail, 35.0; hind foot, 11.4. Ten speci-
mens from Maple Grove, Seneca County, Ohio, average: length, 93.0;
tail, 31.8; hind foot, 10.6. Twenty specimens from Aurora Pond,
Portage County, Ohio, average: length, 93.1; tail, 34.4; hind foot,
tse

Remarks.—In determining the proper designation for the
Sorex cinereus of Ohio, it was necessary first to weigh the possible
availability of 2 names now in the synonomy of the species. In
1842 Duvernoy! described Amphisorex lesueurit, with the type
locality as the Wabash River valley, Indiana. The name lesueuri
persisted for several years, sometimes as Sorex personatus lesueurii2.
Shrews of the species Sorex cinereus are apparently very rare in
Indiana*, especially so in the southern part of the State. Jackson?

1Mag. de Zool. d’Anat. Comp. et de Palaeont., series 2, Vol. IV, 1842, Monogr. du Genre

Musaraigne, p. 33.
2Jackson, North Amer. Fauna, No. 51, July, 1928, pp. tiene 85-86.

3Lyon, Amer. Midl, Nat., Vol. XVII, No. 1, 1936, pp. 42-43.

ri Ah

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 91

assigns the Indiana Sorex cinereus to the typical subspecies on the
basis of 5 specimens seen, but points out that the measurements
of a controversial specimen from New Harmony, Posey County,
are well below the average for the race, a tendency observable in
examples from nearly all parts of the southern limits of the range
of the species. However, an example in the U. 8. Biological Sur-
veys collection from St. Joseph County, Indiana, in winter pelage
is almost black, with unusually dark under parts, presenting a rich
velvety appearance, the darkest by far of all the specimens of
Sorex cinereus seen in the course of the present investigation. Since
Ohio specimens from Seneca County taken in April are somewhat
darker and more richly colored than those from the Cleveland
region in the same month, the Seneca County series shows evi-
dence of intergradation with a darker, subspecifically distinct, but
hitherto unrecognized Indiana stock to which, in the authors’
opinion, the name Sorex cinereus lesueurzt should apply.

The other old name to be considered, Sorex fimbripes Bachman!
(type locality, Drury Run, Clinton Co., Pennsylvania), appears
to represent intergradation between Sorex cinereus fontinalis
Hollister? and Sorex cinereus cinereus Kerr, both geographically
and on the basis of measurements given by Jackson®. A less con-
servative reviewer than Doctor Jackson might well have recog-
nized the shrew of the southern Appalachian highlands as suff-
ciently different to merit subspecific recognition, in which case this
name Sorex cinereus fimbripes might apply.

From Ohio Doctor Jackson was able to examine but 3 speci-
mens. Since his paper was written, the Cleveland Museum of
Natural History has obtained over 180 specimens from northern
Ohio, which have provided the most difficult taxonomic problems
of the current project.

In the first place, the Ohio form is extremely variable colonially
and individually, much more so than is Sorex cinereus cinereus. A
series from Great South Bog, Geauga County, is characterized by
the presence of irregular rows of white spots or flecks in greater or
lesser degree, surely a most astonishing character for a shrew of
the genus Sorex. Specimens from North Chagrin Park, Cuyahoga

1Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. VII, Part 2, 1837, p. 391.
2Concerning the subspecific status of Sorex fontinalis see Poole, Journ. Mamm., Vol.
a ry February, 1937, p. 96.
oc. cit.

92 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

County, show practically no pigment in the teeth, 2 specimens from
this locality being absolutely without dental pigment. A specimen
from the Holden Arboretum, Lake County, apparently a freak, is
gull gray in color and almost white underneath. Several specimens
out of a large series from Aurora Pond, Portage County, are saddle
backed in summer pelage like Sorex arcticus, while some resemble
Sorex cinereus haydeni. Many specimens from this locality at the
same time of year show no tricolored pattern at all; and every
degree of variation occurs between the ‘saddle-backs’ and those
shrews with the dorsal coloration extending down the sides to
meet the ventral coloration. In the last category, the uniform
dorsal color may be sayal brown or snuff brown in one individual,
and deep brownish drab in another. All our larger series of summer
specimens to some extent show this pelage variability. The greatest
variation occurs in the summer color of the under parts; pale pink-
ish buff, pinkish buff, vinaceous buff, avellaneous, wood brown,
pallid brownish drab, pale drab gray, pale smoke gray, smoke gray,
and pale gull gray, to mention some of the phases. It has been im-
possible to correlate with either sex or age the various phases
shown by Ohio specimens.

Our winter-caught specimens show none of this variability.
The under parts in winter are usually between pale gull gray and
light gull gray, occasionally slightly darker or lighter. For this
reason the winter pelage is most suitable for comparisons. In
northeastern Ohio, animals in winter pelage may be taken from
late October to late April. Plateau specimens generally assume
their winter pelages earlier and their summer pelages later than
examples from the lake plain.

Because of the many shades of brown in the summer pelages
of Sorex cinereus ohionensis, specimens of Sorex cinereus fontinalis
Hollister are lost in the Ohio series, and the color of S. cinereus
cinereus Kerr from the type region of Ontario can be perfectly
matched. Likewise, many Ohio specimens are as reddish as North
Carolina specimens of Sorex longirostris longirostris Bachman.

But that is not all. The majority of the Ohio specimens display
a tendency toward having the third unicuspid tooth smaller than
the fourth; and frequently the first and second unicuspids are
noticeably larger than the third and fourth; in some this character
is developed to an extent comparable to that found in certain far

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 93

western shrews, and far more than in S. longzrostris. Rarely is the
fourth unicuspid smaller than the third; often the 2 are of the same
size; usually the third is slightly smaller; and all degrees of inter-
gradation between the extremes occur. Consequently, the key to
subspecies in Jackson’s revision! will not work for most specimens
from Ohio. The 2 factors so far enumerated—extreme variability
of color and the small third unicuspid—are sufficient basis for
balking at assigning the Ohio form to Sorex cinereus cinereus Kerr.
The very small size of the Ohio specimens adds yet another reason.

Remington Kellogg? noted the tendency toward the smaller
third unicuspid in a series of Sorex cinereus from Roan Mountain,
North Carolina, and to a less degree in specimens from Suffolk
County and Franklin County, New York. He then compared 10
Maryland skulls of Sorex cinereus fontinalis with 10 skulls of S.
longirostris from various parts of its range, and came to the con-
clusion that the supposed distinctions between the 2 species were
nothing more than individual variations. However, winter speci-
mens of longirostris in the U. 8. Biological Surveys collection may
be easily distinguished from winter specimens of fontinalis by the
reddish color of the former; in addition, longirostris is character-
ized by its slender feet, its short, delicate tail, and trenchant
cranial characters other than those dealing with the unicuspid
teeth. With tooth characters so unstable in the southern forms of
Sorex cinereus it now seems more desirable to use the winter pelage
as a basis for comparisons not only with the races of S. cinereus
but of S. longirostris as well.

The student may well ask why the shrew here being discussed
is not referred to Sorex longirostris. Compared to longirostris this
animal is, however, very different. The cranial proportions, aside
from the character of the third unicuspid, are those of S. cinereus.
Specimens of Sorex longirostris in the U. 8. Biological Surveys col-
lection have short, flat, broad skulls, a full millimeter shorter than
the Ohio specimens in question, with heavier, proportionately
larger molar teeth. The robustly proportioned feet of the Ohio
specimens are typical of S. cinereus, although the inflation of the
Ohio skulls is somewhat intermediate between that of S. longirostris
and S. cinereus cinereus, as is also the case with fontinalis. This

1Loc. cit.
2Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. LX XXVI, No. 3051, February 14, 1939, pp. 249-251.

94 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

reduced inflation, however, seems to be another of the highly vari-
able characters of the Ohio race, topotypical specimens ranging
from 4.2 mm. to 4.8 in height of braincase, and examples in the
Aurora Pond series from 4.2 to 5.0.

The dark gray winter pelage of the Ohio race also serves for
a basis of separation from Sorex longirostris, which is a reddish
brown animal during both winter and summer. Similarly, Sorex
cinereus fontinalis is a brownish shrew in winter pelage. A series of
winter S. cinereus cinereus from Toronto, Ontario, is paler and
more brownish than S. c. ohionensis. Partially molted spring speci-
mens of the typical subspecies from the Upper Peninsula of Michi-
gan and from Taunton, Massachusetts, show a brownish winter
pelage. One winter example from the Bergen Swamp, Genesee
County, New York, shows evidence of intergradation between the
Ohio race and typical cinereus. On the basis of this specimen we
might expect to find Sorex c. ohionensis entering western New York
along the lake plain.

A topotype, No. 16206, C.M.N.H., presents an amazing
anomaly in lacking one unicuspid tooth on each side, leaving a
unicuspid tooth row of 3 larger teeth followed by 1 very small,
peg-like tooth. The skull of this individual is perfectly propor-
tioned and symmetrical, with slightly worn teeth. Still another
topotype lacks 1 unicuspid tooth on one side, but this specimen’s
unicuspid tooth row is obviously deformed.

A large series collected by Morton L. Church on Seal Island,
Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, is not typical of S. c. cinereus
and may be referable to S. c. acadicus Gilpin.

In the course of this study it was found that a series of both
winter and summer Sorex cinereus from Mays Landing, Atlantic
County, New Jersey, could not be referred to S. cinereus mgriculus
Green (type locality at the Tuckahoe River, east of Tuckahoe,
Cape May County, New tee on the basis of the description
given by that author.!

Specimens examined.—
Sorex cinereus ohionensis

Outo.—Geneva, Ashtabula Co., 3; Mechanicsville, Ashtabula Co., 2;
Bedford, Cuyahoga Co., 4; Chagrin Falls, Cuyahoga Co., 3; Hunting Valley,

1Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., Vol. XX XVIII, No. 7, 1932, pp. 387-388.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 95

Cuyahoga Co. (type locality), 30; North Chagrin Metropolitan Park, Cuy-
ahoga Co., 5; Pepper Pike, Cuyahoga Co., 4; Solon, Cuyahoga Co., 1; Auburn
Corners, Geauga Co., 3; Great South Bog, Geauga Co., 9; Lake Punderson,
Geauga Co., 1; Black Brook, Lake Co., 1; Holden Arboretum, Lake Co., 15;
Mentor Marsh, Lake Co., 20; Wellington, Lorain Co., 1 (owl pellet record);
Aurora Pond, Portage Co., 67; Maple Grove, Seneca Co., 10; Northfield,
Summit Co., 2 (owl pellet records).

Sorex cinereus cinereus

Manrirosa.—Churchill, 1.

Nova Scot1ra.—Seal Island, Guysborough Co., 18 (not typical).

OnTaRIo.—South shore of Lake Nipissing, Parry Sound Co., 1; Aurora,
York Co., 2; Toronto, York Co., 10.

QuEBEC.—Bark Lake, Pontiac Co., 4.

Matne.—Vinalhaven, Knox Co., 1; Mooselookmeguntic Lake, Franklin
Co., 1; Kimball Island, Hancock Co., 1.

MassAcHUSETTS.—Essex, Essex Co., 1; Taunton, Bristol Co., 1; Mono-
moy Island, Barnstable Co., 1.

Micuican.—Newhberry, Luce Co., 6; Waters, Otsego Co., 1.

New HampsHire.—Pittsburg, Coos Co., 3; Mt. Moosilauke, Grafton
Co., 1.

_ New Jersey.—Tuckerton, Ocean Co., 1 (U.S. Biological Surveys coll.);
Mays Landing, Atlantic Co., 8 (2 in U. S. Biological Surveys coll.).

New Yorx.—Giant Mountain, Essex Co., 1; Peterboro, Madison Co., 12;
Bergen Swamp, Genesee Co., 1; Elba, Genesee Co., 2.

NortH Carorivna.—Mt. Mitchell, Yancey Co., 1 (U. S. Biological Sur-
veys coll.); Grandfather Mountain, Watauga Co., 1 (U. S. Biological Surveys
coll.).

VERMONT.—Wells River, Orange Co., 1.

West Virernra.—Cheat Bridge, Randolph Co., 4 (U. S. National
Museum); Cranberry Glades, Pocahontas Co., 1 (U. S. National Museum).

Sorex cinereus haydent
SoutH Daxota.—Bull Springs, Custer Co., 1.

Sorex cinereus lesueurit

Inp1ana.—Liberty Township, St. Joseph Co., 1 (U.S. Biological Surveys
coll.).
Sorex cinereus fontinalis

Mary.annD.—Hyattsville, Prince George Co., 2 (U. S. Biological Surveys
coll.); Cambridge, Dorchester Co., 1 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.).

Sorex longirostris longirostris

NortH Caro.ina.—Raleigh, Wake Co., 1 (U.S. Biological Surveys coll.);
Pisgah Forest, 1 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.).

96 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Voi. V

Sorex fumeus fumeus Miller
APPALACHIAN SMOKY SHREW

Sorex fumeus Mituer, North Amer. Fauna, No. 10, Decem-
ber 31, 1895, p. 50.

Type Localityx—Peterboro, Madison County, New York.

The smoky shrew, in Ohio, is confined to the Allegheny plateau,
where it has been recorded from Ross County!, northeastward
through the Cleveland region to the Pennsylvania state line at
Pymatuning Lake. It thus seems largely restricted to the glaciated
portion of the plateau, avoiding the plains portion of the State,
and apparently straying but a short distance into the unglaciated
southeast. Further trapping, however, may disclose its presence
deep within the lattermost province.

On the drainage area of the Chagrin River in Lake, Geauga,
and eastern Cuyahoga counties, Sorex fumeus is one of the most
abundant mammals and occurs in almost every rich beech-hem-
lock woodland. Because of this local concentration, the Cleveland
Museum of Natural History has amassed large series of specimens
taken at all seasons of the year. There is in these series some varia-
tion from place to place, although those from any given locality
seem to be fairly constant. This variability manifests itself
chiefly in size. Compared to topotypes from Peterboro, New York,
all the Ohio specimens are very slightly paler and more reddish
in summer pelage, and most are smaller. There are also minor
cranial differences, but the range of overlap is great; therefore it
seems best to assign the Ohio form definitely to Sorex fumeus
fumeus. The characters that the Ohio series show are but slight
intensifications of the features differentiating topotypical Sorex
fumeus fumeus from Sorex fumeus umbrosus Jackson. Compared
to a series from Aurora, York County, Ontario, the Ohio series
differ to the same slight degree. There is more aberrance between
a series of Ohio S. f. fumeus and a series from St. Huberts, Essex
County, New York, some specimens of which are near S. f. wmbro-
sus. Examples from Bergen Swamp, Genesee County, New York,
are much larger than either the Ohio, Ontario, or topotypical
specimens.
naon, Gee: Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 212, April 23, 1930, p. 8.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 97

Specimens examined.—

Ontario.—Aurora, York Co., 11.

Kentucxy.—Mammoth Cave, Edmondson Co., 2 (U. S. Biological Sur-
veys coll.).

New HampsHIRE.—Jaffrey, Cheshire Co., 1.

New Yorx.—St. Huberts, Essex Co., 21; Bergen Swamp, Genesee Co., 8;
Peterboro, Madison Co., 4 (topotypes).

Outo.—Andover, Ashtabula Co., 1; Mechanicsville, Ashtabula Co., 1;
Brecksville Metropolitan Park, Cuyahoga Co., 8; Chagrin Falls, Cuyahoga
Co., 1; Gates Mills, Cuyahoga Co., 1; North Chagrin Metropolitan Park,
Cuyahoga Co., 23; Carvers Pond, Geauga Co., 1; Chesterland Caves, Geauga
Co., 4; Little Mountain, Geauga Co., 124; Munson Township, Geauga Co., 1;
Stebbens Gulch, Geauga Co., 2; Holden Arboretum, Lake Co., 96; Kirtland
Hills, Lake Co., 1; Aurora Pond, Portage Co., 28; Northfield, Summit Co., 1
(owl pellet record).

VERMONT.—Wells River, Orange Co., 1.

West Vircinra.—Spruce Knob, Pendleton Co., 1 (U. S. National
Museum); Cranberry Glades, Pocahontas Co., 2 (U. S. National Museum);
Odd, Raleigh Co., 1 (U. S. National Museum); Cheat Bridge, Randolph Co., 1
(U. S. National Museum).

Cryptotis parva elasson, subsp. nov.
Gray CRYPTOTIS
Type.—Adult female, skin and skull, No. 14025, Cleveland
Museum of Natural History; February 1, 1939; Winston C.
Jesseman, original number, 685.
Type Locality.—Bettsville, Seneca County, Ohio.
Range.—Ohio, intergrading with Cryptotis parva harlani
(Duvernoy) along the Ohio-Indiana boundary.
Diagnosis.—The smallest cryptotis; very grayish with rostrum
and tooth row much shortened; and with deeply pigmented teeth.
Color.—Winter pelage (the type). Upper parts slightly glossy,
between fuscous and deep mouse gray; underfur slate gray; lower
surface glossy gull gray; upper surfaces of feet gull gray; tail above
like upper parts, below nearly white. Fresh summer pelage (No.
12878, C. M. N. H., a topotype, early June). Slightly paler, more
grayish, and less glossy than the type, otherwise very similar.
Worn summer pelage (No. 13771, C. M. N. H., a topotype, October).
Still paler and more grayish, near mouse gray.
Skull—Very small, low-crowned, and with relatively broad
cranium; teeth small, deeply pigmented; unicuspid tooth row
crowded, shortened; maxillary projections well developed.

98 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

Measurements —Type: Length, 76 mm.; tail, 12; hind foot,
9; condylobasal length of skull, 14.4; palatal length, 6.4; maxillary
breadth, 7.6; interorbital constriction 3.5; length of tooth row
(from anterior border of ip), 5.5.

Remarks.—A cryptotis, taken by Lesueur, was described from
New Harmony, Indiana, in 1842 by Duvernoy, as Sorex harlani\.
A specimen at hand from New Harmony is easily separable from
either Cryptotis parva elasson or topotypical C. p. parva from
Blair, Nebraska. In the opinion of the authors, the ecryptotis of
Indiana represents a recognizable race which should stand as
Cryptotis parva harlant (Duvernoy).

Compared to C. p. harlani, C. p. elasson is much smaller in all
proportions; much more grayish; its dentition is much weaker and
less heavily pigmented. Certain skulls, recovered from ow! pellets,
taken in Steuben and Adams Counties, Indiana, and in Paulding
County, Ohio, are somewhat intermediate. There is apparently
no close relationship between true C. p. parva and C. p. elasson,
since the differences might be considered of specific rather than
subspecific proportions. However, C. p. harlani affords in this
connection a very distinctive link; it is of the size of parva, but
is of a much darker color, and is considerably more grayish, indi-
cating an approach to elasson. So extreme are the differences
between parva and elasson, however, that there is ample room
for 1 or even 2 intermediate races. A specimen from Bloomington,
Illinois, is strictly intermediate between C. p. parva and C. p.
harlani, but is herein assigned to the latter form.

The subspecies C. p. elasson is Ohio’s smallest mammal. It is
very difficult to trap, as it moves with its back highly arched so
that in motion the shrew looks like a little round ball of fur. In
this position it is so short (far less than in an extended skin or
dead specimen) that ordinary mousetraps will snap over the
intended victim and throw the animal clear of the trap. Most of
the specimens listed below were taken as the result of accidents
of one sort or another; only a few were trapped. That the species
is far more abundant than trapping records show is indicated by
the regularity with which the species is recovered from owl pellets.
The 27 specimens of this shrew taken from owl pellets collected

1Mag. de Zool., 1842, Mon. XL, pl. lili, texte p. 6.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 99

at Evansport, Defiance County, Ohio, comprised more than 25
percent of the mammal records from this source.

Specimens examined.—

Cryptotis parva elasson

Oxr1o.—Geneva, Ashtabula Co., 2; Lyndhurst, Cuyahoga Co., 1; North
Chagrin Metropolitan Park, Cuyahoga Co., 1; Big Creek, Madison Township,
Lake Co., 2; Mentor, Lake Co., 2; Bay Point, Ottawa Co., 1; Aurora Pond,
Portage Co., 1; Bettsville, Seneca Co. (type locality), 7. Owl pellet skulls:
Smoky Creek, Green Township, Adams Co., 1; Austinburg, Ashtabula Co., 1;
Evansport, Defiance Co., 27; Mentor, Lake Co., 9; Kipton, Lorain Co., 13;
Oberlin, Lorain Co., 9; Antwerp, Paulding Co., 24; Paulding, Paulding Co., 1;
Northfield, Summit Co., 2.

Cryptotis parva harlant

Inurvois.—Bloomington, McLean Co., 1.

Inp1ana.—New Harmony, Posey Co., 1; Terre Haute, Vigo Co., 1 (U.S.
Biological Surveys coll.). Owl pellet skulls: Pleasant Mills, Adams Co., 7;
Orland, Steuben Co., 2.

Crypiotis parva parva

Nepraska.—Blair, Washington Co., 9 (topotypes; all in U. S. Biological
Surveys coll.).

Texas.—Victoria, Victoria Co., 1.

Blarina brevicauda kirtlandi, subsp. nov.
LAKE STATES BLARINA

Type.—Young adult male, skin and skull, No. 16895, Cleve-
land Museum of Natural History; October 13, 1939; B. Patterson
Bole, Jr., original number, X-881.

Type Locality—The Holden Arboretum, Kirtland Township,
Lake County, and Chardon Township, Geauga County, Ohio.
(The county line bisects the type locality.)

Range.—From northwestern Michigan, central Wisconsin, and
central Illinois, east to southeastern West Virginia, eastern Penn-
sylvania, and southwestern New York.

Diagnosis.—A medium-sized, dark-colored, stockily-built, short-
tailed blarina with the proportionately shortest, broadest feet,
and most strongly recurved maxillary projections of any race of
Blarina brevicauda.

Color.—Fresh winter pelage (the type). Upper parts very dark
slate gray, with light silvery gloss; under parts very little lighter

100 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM _—* Vol. : V

than back, the hairs narrowly tipped with dull silver; an indis-
tinct brownish wash on throat and belly; upper surface of hind feet
lightly covered with short black hairs along the outer edges, and
with short whitish hairs along the inner; tail blackish above, light
silvery gray below; forearms densely clothed with long, conspicuous,
silvery hairs. Fresh summer pelage (No. 12935, C. M. N. H., early
July; a paratype). Upper parts sooty grayish black, with very
little gloss; under parts like upper surface; tail black above and
below; forearms clothed with inconspicuous sooty blackish hairs;
most of upper surface of hind feet covered with black hairs.

Skull (of type).—Of medium proportions for a blarina; foramen
magnum very large; occipital steeply sloping; posterior maxillary
projections sharply hooked and recurved, terminating in a plane
vertically bisecting m3; pm, (fifth unicuspid) without pigment;
other teeth well pigmented; cranium low crowned.

Measurements.—Type: total length, 116 mm.; tail, 22; hind
foot, 14; condylobasal length of skull, 21.0; interorbital constric-
tion, 6.0; maxillary breadth, 7.6; palatal length, 10.0; mastoid
breadth, 11.9; tooth row (from anterior border of i,), 8.9; width
of foramen magnum, 3.2; weight (in flesh), 15.5 grams.

Remarks.—This race, Blarina brevicauda kirtlandz, differs from
all other forms of the genus Blarina in the great development of
the maxillary projections; in the large size of the foramen magnum;
and in having relatively the shortest and broadest feet. In other
characters it is intermediate between other forms, as one might
expect from its geographical position. It is very short-tailed; this
becomes apparent only when series from all over the range are
compared, series from the type locality being less remarkable in
this regard than are the shortest-tailed stocks from northwestern
Ohio. The type series, however, best illustrates the other character-
istics of the race.

Every one of the forms of Blarina brevicauda heretofore
described has its type locality peripherally situated with respect
to the range of the species as a whole. This situation has led to
endless confusion in museums whose workers have attempted to
allocate their specimens properly. The situation has further been
complicated by the fact that for some of the forms topotypes are
‘ hard to obtain; that there is almost no color range in the species;

whe,

oy ee

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 101

and that the range in measurements of any given series from
any one locality is usually tremendous. Trenchant proportional
differences appear when large series are measured, however, and
the color characters, while slight, are remarkably constant. It
proved impossible to identify the Ohio blarina for the purposes of
this paper until a revision of the genus was undertaken. This
enterprise is far from completed at the present time, but with the
senior author faced with the prospect of an early call to military
service, it seems best to publish the results so far obtained in the
course of the study.

The subspecies Blarina b. kirtlandi, herein described, is the
short-tailed shrew of the ‘blarina belt’, that is, the tier of states
south of the Great Lakes, where Blarina brevicauda is the com-
monest mammal, and where every trapper is plagued with a con-
tinual bumper crop of this species. From a population standpoint,
it is probably safe to say that 75 percent of all blarinas belong to
this race, which constitutes the central stock of the species, being
intermediate in its characters and geographical distribution. It
differs from the type race Blarina brevicauda brevicauda in being
much smaller in all dimensions, the maximum measurements of
kirtlandi, obtained from hundreds of topotypes and thousands of
specimens, barely overlapping the minimum of brevicauda from
the latter’s type region. It differs from brevicauda also in cranial
characters and in color, being less sooty black and having little
or none of the deep brownish gloss seen in fresh pelages of brevi-
cauda.

From Blarina brevicauda talpoides, the common northeast-
ern form, B. b. kirtlandi differs in being much smaller, shorter
and broader footed, darker colored, less suffused with silvery
iridescence in comparable pelages, and in having a low-crowned,
robustly proportioned skull as opposed to the high-crowned,
lightly built skull of talpoides. The dentition of kirtlandi is much
the more heavily pigmented. The maxillary projections of talpoides,
less well developed, usually terminate in a plane bisecting the
anterior instead of the middle portions of ms.

From Blarina bremcauda carolinensis, this new subspecies may
be readily distinguished by various cranial characters and by its very
much greater size, the disparity in this regard being even greater
than between it and B. b. brevicauda. The minimum measurements

102 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

of the topotypical series of B. b. kirtlandi are in all cases far above
the maximum of a series of topotypical B. b. carolinensis.

From the blarina of the Great Smoky Mountains region, des-
cribed below as new, Blarina b. kirtlandi may be separated by its
lighter coloration, smaller foot, and much shorter tail. Intergrada-
tion is not shown in the material so far examined by the writers,
specimens from southeastern West Virginia being in every way
typical of kirtland:. From other races of Blarina brevicauda so far
described, kirtlandi differs sharply in so many characteristics that
close comparison is scarcely needed. It must always be remembered,
however, that between Blarina brevicauda compacta, the palest
of eastern blarinas, and the Great Smoky form, darkest of the
series, there is much less color difference than between the extremes
of most other species of small mammals.

Specimens examined.—

Inp1ANA.—Lagrange Co., 1 (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.); Schneider,
Lake Co., 1 (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.); New Harmony, Posey Co., 14.

Inuino1s.—Bloomington, McLean Co., 26 (kirtlandi-brevicauda inter-
grades).

Micuican.—Alger Co., 5 (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.); Warren Woods,
Berrien Co., 6 (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.); Boyne Falls, Charlevoix Co., 19
(Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.) Fish Hawk Lake, Gogebic Co., 6 (Univ. Mich-
igan Mus. Zool.); Golden Lake, Iron Co., 1; Two Hearted River, Luce Co., 6
(Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.); Newberry, Luce Co., 5; Banat, Menominee
Co., 10 (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.); Roscommon Co., 2 (U. 8. Biological
Surveys coll.); Ann Arbor, Washtenaw Co., 13 (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.);
Portage Lake, Washtenaw Co., (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.); Saline, Wash-
tenaw Co., 1 (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.).

Oxu1o.—Smoky Creek, Adams Co., 9; Andover, Ashtabula Co., 6; Farn-
ham, Ashtabula Co., 5; Mechanicsville, Ashtabula Co., 39; Cat Run, Belmont
Co.. 22; Ripley, Brown Co., 5; Middlefield, Butler Co., 1; Reily, Butler Co., 2;
Chilo, Clermont Co., 2; Union Township, Clermont Co., 1; Lisbon, Colum-
biana Co., 33; Bedford, Cuyahoga Co., 21; Brecksville, Cuyahoga Co., 16;
Chagrin Falls, Cuyahoga Co., 53; Cleveland, Cuyahoga Co., 3; Cleveland
Heights, Cuyahoga, Co., 8; Euclid, Cuyahoga Co., 3; Gates Mills, Cuyahoga
Co., 55; Lyndhurst, Cuyahoga Co., 44; North Chagrin Metropolitan Park,
Cuyahoga Co., 179; Pepper Pike, Cuyahoga Co., 9; Richmond Heights,
Cuyahoga Co., 7; Rocky River Metropolitan Park, Cuyahoga Co., 17; South
Euclid, Cuyahoga Co., 3; University Heights, Cuyahoga Co., 18; Lancaster,
Fairfield Co., 1; Auburn Corners, Geauga Co., 9; Carvers Pond, Geauga Co., 8;
Chesterland Caves, Geauga Co., 44; Great South Bog, Geauga Co., 33; Holden
Arboretum, Geauga Co., 22 (topotypes); Lake Punderson, Geauga Co., 16;
Little Mountain, Geauga Co., 340; Middlefield, Geauga Co., 12; Munson Town-

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 103

ship, Geauga Co., 15; Thompson Township, Geauga Co., 45; Parkman, Geauga
Co., 8; Shady Lake, Geauga Co., 14; Stebbens Gulch, Geauga Co., 11; Cin-
cinnati, Hamilton Co., 3; Fostoria, Hancock Co., 15; Holden Arboretum, Lake
Co., 135 (the type and 134 topotypes); Kirtland Hills, Lake Co., 20; Leroy
Township, Lake Co., 6; Madison Township, Lake Co., 4; Mentor Harbor,
Lake Co., 4; Mentor Marsh, Lake Co., 24; Richmond Beach, Lake Co., 18;
Wickliffe, Lake Co., 2; Symmes Creek, Lawrence Co., 6; Celina, Mercer Co.,
4; Fort Recovery, Mercer Co., 2; Perry Township, Mongtomery Co., 1; Bay
Point, Ottawa Co., 2; Payne, Paulding Co., 1; Aurora Pond, Portage Co., 75;
Burgoon, Sandusky Co., 32; Fremont, Sandusky Co., 10; Bettsville, Seneca
Co., 86; Cromers, Seneca Co., 10; Feaselburg, Seneca Co., 2; Lowell, Seneca
Co., 2; Maple Grove, Seneca Co., 25; Old Fort, Seneca Co., 14; Pleasant
Township, Seneca Co., 6; Longley, Wood Co., 7.

PENNSYLVANIA.—Drury Run, Clinton Co., 3 (U. 8. Biological Surveys
coll.); Pymatuning Lake, Crawford Co., 3; McKean, Erie Co., 4 (U. S.
Biological Surveys coll.); Nazareth, Northampton Co., 1 (U. S. Biological
Surveys coll.); Philadelphia, Philadelphia Co., 5. |

West Vireria.—Bickles Knob, Randolph Co., 18.

Wisconsin.—Clarks Lake, Door Co., 3 (U.S. Biological Surveys coll.);
Fish Creek, Door Co., 2 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.); Sawyers Harbor,
Door Co., 8 (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.); Florence, Florence Co., 1 (U. S.
Biological Surveys coll.); Green Lake, Green Lake Co., 1 (U. S. Biological Sur-
veys coll.); Mamie Lake, Vilas Co., 3 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.).

So involved and complicated are the relationships of the races
of Blarina brevicauda, that the following synopsis of the forms
recognized by the present writers may prove useful.

1.—Blarina brevicauda brevicauda (Say). GIANT BLARINA

Sorex brevicaudus Say, in Long’s Exped. Rocky Mts., I,
1823, p. 164.

Type Locality.—Blair, Washington County, Nebraska.

Range.—The Missouri and Mississippi River valleys from
northeastern Kansas and west central Illinois northwestward over
Iowa, eastern Nebraska, eastern South Dakota, eastern North
Dakota, western Minnesota, and western Wisconsin; smaller at
northern edge of range; intergrading with B. b. kirtlandz in Illinois,
Wisconsin, and northwestern Michigan.

Diagnosis.—The largest blarina, a massively proportioned
shrew, with heavy, deeply-pigmented dentition.

Measurements.—Twelve topotypes from Blair, Nebraska, average:
length, 134 mm.; tail, 25; hind foot, 17; weight: specimens from
Decorah, Iowa (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.), average over 25 grams.

104 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM ‘Vol. V

Specimens examined.—

Iowa.—Hillsboro, Henry Co., 2 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.); Iowa
City, Johnson Co., 3 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.); Council Bluffs, Potta-
wattamie Co., 4 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.); Tama, Tama Co., 2; Ireton,
Sioux Co., 4 (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.); Decorah, Winneshiek Co., 6 (Univ.
Michigan Mus. Zool.).

Minnesota.—Cass Lake, Cass Co., 1 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.);
Grand Marais, Cook Co., 6 (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.); Barrett, Grant Co.,
5 (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.); La Crescent, Houston Co., 1 (U. 8. Biological
Surveys coll.); Elk River, Sherburne Co., 5 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.);
Towers, St. Louis Co., 4 (U. 8. Biological Surveys coll.).

Nesraska.—Neligh, Antelope Co., 1 (U.S. Biological Surveys coll.);
Kearney, Buffalo Co., 2 (U.S. Biological Surveys coll.); Valentine, Cherry Co.,
1 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.); Columbus, Platte Co., 3 (U. S. Biological
Surveys coll.); Blair, Washington Co., 15 (topotypes, 1 in U. S. Biological
Surveys coll.).

Nort Daxota.—Valley City, Barnes Co., 2 (U. S. Biological Surveys
coll.); Oakes, Dickey Co., 3 (U.S. Biological Surveys coll.); Walhalla, Pembina
Co., 1 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.); Sweetwater, Ramsey Co., 2 (U. S.
Biological Surveys coll.); Fairmount, Richland Co., 4 (U. 8. Biological Sur-
veys coll.); Wahpeton, Richland Co., 11 (U. 8. Biological Surveys coll.);
Turtle Mountain, Rolette Co., 1 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.); Portland,
Traill Co., 9 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.).

WIsconsiIn.—Worden Township, Clark Co., 6 (5 in U. S. Biological
Surveys coll.); Platteville, Grant Co., 5 (U.S. Biological Surveys coll.); Lynx-
ville, Crawford Co., 2 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.).

2.—Blarina brevicauda kirtlandt Bole and Moulthrop. Laks
StaTES BLARINA

Type Locality—Holden Arboretum, Lake and Geauga coun-
ties, Ohio.

Range.—From northwestern Michigan, eastern Wisconsin, and
central Illinois, to West Virginia, eastern Pennsylvania, and
southwestern New York; intergrading with Blarina b. talpoides
over northeastern Pennsylvania and the greater part of New York.
State. Specimens from most of New York (Genesee, Madison,
Essex, Westchester, and Suffolk counties) are more nearly referable
to B. b. talpoides.

Diagnosis—A medium sized blarina with strongly hooked
maxillary projections and other distinctive cranial characters 7
proportionately the shortest and broadest footed race of the
species.

Measurements—One hundred and fifty topotypes average:
length, 116 mm.; tail, 23; hind foot, 14; weight, 14.2 grams.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 105

3.—Blarina brevicauda talpoides (Gapper). ONTARIO BLARINA
Sorex talpoides GaprER, Zool. Journ., Vol. V, 1830, p. 202.

Type Locality—Between York (Toronto) and Lake Simcoe,
Ontario.

Range.—Ontario, and in less typical form, New York State,
northeastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and southern New
England from Connecticut and Cape Cod at least as far north as
Sagadahoc County, Maine.

Diagnosis.—A large blarina, almost as large as B. b. brevicauda
but much slenderer; strongly glossed with silver in fresh pelages;
under parts noticeably paler than in B. b. kzrtlandz.or B. b. brevi-
cauda; longer tailed than either of these forms; cranium more
elevated; pigmentation of teeth greatly reduced as compared to
B. b. kirtlandz.

Measurements —Nineteen topotypes average: length, 127 mm.;
tail, 26; hind foot, 16; weight, 20 grams.

Remarks.—Strictly typical Blarina brevicauda talpoides occurs
only in Ontario. There is a progressive decrease in size towards the
Atlantic coast of New Jersey and southern New England, coupled
with a notable increase in the size of the external ear and degree
of elevation of the cranium. If the southeastern stock from Long
Island and coastal New Jersey should prove separable through
further study, the name Blarina brevicauda dekay2! is available.

As here considered, B. b. talpozdes is a variable race, all stocks
of which are characterized by silvery under parts and lighter gray
underfur than in the more western and southern races. Some New
Hampshire and Vermont examples are confusingly close to B. b.
kirtlandi, and all specimens from western New York and eastern
Pennsylvania are somewhat intermediate between that form and
topotypical material from Lake Simcoe, Ontario, particularly in
the character of the hind foot.

Specimens examined.—

OntTario.—Haliburton, Haliburton Co., 2; Aurora, York Co., 19 (topo-
types).

QurEBEc.—Bark Lake, Pontiac Co., 1.

ConneEctTiIcuT.—Cos Cob, Fairfield Co., 4 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.);
Stonington, New London Co., 2 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.).

1Sorex dekayi een (Cooper MS.), Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. VII,
Part 2, 1837, p. 377

106 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

Matne.—Small Point Beach, Sagadahoc Co., 11.

MassacHUsETTS.—Taunton, Bristol Co., 4; Essex, Essex Co., 6; Harvard,
Middlesex Co., 3 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.); Raynham, Plymouth Co., 3;
Marshfield, Plymouth Co., 1 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.); Wareham,
Plymouth Co., 1.

New Hampsuire.—Jackson, Carroll Co., 2; Jaffrey, Cheshire Co., 1;
Pittsburg, Coos Co., 3; Mt. Moosilauke, Grafton Co., 1.

New JEersEY.—Mays Landing, Atlantic Co., 4; Princeton, Mercer Co., 2;
Allaire, Monmouth Co., 2 (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.).

New Yorx.—Giant Mountain, Essex Co., 1; St. Huberts, Essex Co., 15;
Bergen Swamp, Genesee Co., 34; Elba, Genesee Co., 19; Peterboro, Madison
Co., 2; Montauk Point, Suffolk Co., 23 (U.S. Biological Surveys coll.); Wading
River, Suffolk Co., 16; Ossining, Westchester Co., 2.

VERMONT.—Wells River, Orange Co., 1.

4.—Blarina brevicauda pallida Smith. Nova Scotia BLARINA

Blarina brevicauda pallida SmitH, Amer. Midl. Nat., Vol.
XXIV, No. 1, July 31, 1940, p. 223.

Type Locality—Wolfville, Kings County, Nova Scotia.

Range.—Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and intergrading
with Blarina b. talpoides in central and southwestern Maine.

Diagnosis.—A large pale gray blarina with a very long tail;
showing accentuated talpoides characters, but the hind foot
broader than in stocks of that race. Not all the Nova Scotia material
seen by the writers shows measurements as great as a series of
topotypes from Wolfville, Kings Co., Nova Scotia, but the tail is
disproportionately long in all specimens.

Measurements.—Ten topotypes (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.)
average: length, 126.6 mm.; tail, 29.1; hind foot, 16.5.

Specimens examined.—

New Brunswicx.—Scotch Lake, York Co., 3.

Nova Scotia.—Lake Kedgemakooge, Annapolis Co., 8 (Univ. Michigan
Mus. Zool.); James River, Antigonish Co., 1 (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.);
Wolfville, Kings Co., 10 (topotypes, Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.).

Mainze.—Ashland, Aroostook Co., 4; Caribou, Aroostook Co., 1 (Univ.
Michigan Mus. Zool.); Mooselookmeguntic Lake, Franklin Co., 2 (pallida-
talpoides intergrades).

5.—Blarina brevicauda aloga Bangs. MARTHAS VINEYARD
BLARINA

Blarina brevicauda aloga Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zodl.
Club, Vol. III, March 31, 1902, p. 76.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 107

Type Locality— West Tisbury, Dukes County, Massachusetts.

Range.—Confined to Marthas Vineyard Island, Massachusetts.
Specimens showing characters approaching B. b. aloga are obtain-
able from the Cape Cod region of the mainland.

Diagnosis.—A medium sized blarina characterized by extremely
pale under parts, reduced cranium, and small feet.

Measurements.—One topotype: length, 112 mm.; tail, 20.5;
hind foot, 12.5.

Specimens examined.—

MassacHusEeTts.—West Chop, Marthas Vineyard Island, Dukes Coun-
ty, 2.

6.—Blarina brevicauda compacta Bangs. NantucKET BLARINA

Blarina brevicauda compacta Proc. New Engl. Zodl. Club,
Vol. III, March 31, 1902, p. 77.
Type Locahty.—Nantucket Island, Nantucket County, Massa-
chusetts.
Range.—Nantucket Island, Massachusetts.
Diagnosis.—A small race in which the light color of the under
parts has been carried up the flanks and onto the dorsal region.

7.—Blarina brevicauda carolinensis (Bachman). CaRoLINA

BLARINA
Sorex carolinensis BACHMAN, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, Vol. VII, Part 2, 1837, p. 366.

Type Locality Eastern South Carolina.

Range.—As currently understood, Blarina brevicauda caro-
linensis ranges from Virginia to central Florida, and westward
around the Appalachian Mountain system to Kentucky, Arkansas,
and eastern Texas.

Diagnosis.—A very small, slaty black subspecies, so very
much smaller than the other races thus far herein listed that
detailed comparison is unnecessary. The writers have made no
attempt to examine carolinensis stocks critically. The sepia tints
frequently encountered in certain stocks are partly due to wear.
The race badly needs careful study.

Measurements.—T hirteen topotypes from Eastern South Carolina
(Beaufort County) average: length, 95 mm. ; tail, 17; hind foot, 11.5;
weight, 8.9 grams.

108 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

Specimens examined.—

Fioripa.—Gainesville, Alachua Co., 4 (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.).
MaryLaNnp.—Cambridge, Dorchester Co., 2 (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.).
Nort Carouina.—Currituck, Currituck Co., 1.

Soutu Carouina.—Grays Hill, Beaufort Co., 13.

8.—Blarina brevicauda peninsulae Merriam. EvERGLADE

BLARINA
Blarina carolinensis peninsulae MrrriaM, North Amer.
Fauna, No. 10, December 31, 1895, p. 14.

Type Locality—Miami River, Dade County, Florida.

Range.—‘“‘Peninsula of Florida, south of 28°” (Merriam).

Diagnosis.—“‘Similar to carolinensis, but with larger hind feet
and more slaty coloration; molariform teeth larger’ (Merriam).
The writers of this report have seen no topotypes. Intergrades
from northern Florida are no more slaty than carolinensis topo-
types.

9.—Blarina brevicauda hulophaga Elliot. OKLAHOMA BLARINA

Blarina brevicauda hulophaga Exuiot, Publ. Field Colum-
bian Mus. No. 38, Zool. Ser., Vol. 1; 1899, p. 287.
Type Locality —Dougherty, Murray County, Oklahoma.
Range.—From Dougherty, Murray County, central southern
Oklahoma, northeast at least as far as Tulsa, Oklahoma; probably
occurs in suitable habitats throughout the eastern part of this State.
Diagnosis——A small blarina, “uniform silvery gray in most
lights, changing to light brown in others; under parts, paler
hues of same colors .... becoming buff’? (Elliot). Specimens
(Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.) from the vicinity of Tulsa, Oklahoma,
show these characters. Much paler and larger footed than B. b.
carolinensis and much smaller than B. b. brevicauda or B. 6.
kirtlandi.

Specimens examined.—
OxtaHoma.—Mohawk Park, Tulsa Co., 2 (Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.).

10.—Blarina brevicauda plumbea Davis. Texas Coast BLARINA

Blarina brevicauda plumbea Davis, Journ. Mamm., Vol.
XXII, No. 3, August 14, 1941, p. 317.
Type Locality—Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, Aransas
County, Texas.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 109

Range.—Known from only the Aransas National Wildlife
Refuge in Aransas County, Texas, but presumably will be found
to inhabit more extensive territory along the Texas coast.

Diagnosis—‘“A small plumbeous-colored Blarina resembling
B. b. hulophaga, but smaller and much paler; posterior border of
palate highly arched anterodorsally . . .”” (Davis). As described,
the smallest blarina.

11.—Blarina brevicauda churchi, subsp. nov. GREAT SMOKY
BLARINA

Type.—Adult female, skin and skull, No. 3640, Cleveland
Museum of Natural History; August 20, 1910; Morton L. Church,
original number (Church collection), 640.

Type Locality—Roan Mountain, Mitchell County, North
Carolina.

Range——Presumably the higher portions of the Appalachian
Mountains in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee.

Diagnosis——A very dark colored blarina of medium to large
size, with proportionately the broadest skull of any of the races
of Blarina brevicauda.

Color—Summer pelage (the type). Upper parts very dark
slaty gray, almost black, with little gloss; underfur dark slaty
gray, darker than in other races of Blarina; under surface dark,
only slightly lighter than upper parts; hairs of hind feet black;
tail black above, grayish black below. There is a barely perceptible
brownish cast to such gloss as the specimen shows.

Skull.—Very broad for a blarina, and of rather heavy build;
rostrum broad, but the disproportionately broad cranium makes
the rostrum appear narrow; cranium of medium depth; dentition
well pigmented, with the fifth unicuspid (pm) regularly tipped
with brown; unicuspid tooth row crowded, and the premaxillary
portion of the rostrum shortened accordingly, as in Blarina b.
carolinensis.

Measurements.—Type: total length, 125 mm.; tail, 28.5; hind
foot, 16.5; condylobasal length, 20.2; mastoid breadth, 13.0;
maxillary breadth, 8.0; palatal length, 8.8; tooth row, 8.8; width
of foramen magnum, 2.9. Type and 6 topotypes: average, length,
118.4; tail, 26.1; hind foot, 15.3.

CY

110 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

Remarks.—This new race is distinguishable from all other
large blarinas by its very dark coloration, especially in the summer
pelage, which is, however, but little darker than that of winter.
It is further characterized by its broad cranium, which is as wide
as in typical B. b. brevicauda, while the occipitonasal length of the
latter form is usually from 2 to 4 millimeters greater. This rela-
tively great mastoid breadth in proportion to the skull length is
found to a somewhat less degree in B. b. carolinensis also, and
it seems likely that B. b. churchi is but a giant mountain derivative
of that subspecies, whose range almost completely surrounds that
of the mountain animal. From Blarina telmalestes Merriam,
Blarina b. churchi is distinguishable by numerous cranial details
such as its greater mastoid breadth, more heavily pigmented
dentition, and greater robustness of skull; it is furthermore more
darkly colored, especially on the under surface. From Blarina b.
kirtland: it differs as indicated in the general statements made
above, and in its spectacularly narrower foramen magnum. It has
also a much longer tail.

The writers have the honor of naming this new race for Morton
L. Church of Charlotte, North Carolina, long a student of mam-
mals and a benefactor of this museum’s mammal department.

Specimens examined.—

NortH Carouina.—Roan Mountain, Mitchell Co., 6 (type and 5 topo-
types; including 1 in the U.S. Biological Surveys collection).

12.—Blarina brevicauda hooperi, subsp. nov. LONG-TAILED
BLARINA

Type.— Young adult female, skin and skull, No. 77380, Univer-
sity of Michigan Museum of Zoology; July 26, 1931; Victor H.
Cahalane.

Type Locality—Lyndon, Caledonia County, Vermont.

Range.—Known from only the type locality.

Diagnosis.—A small blarina characterized by its dispropor-
tionately large head and feet and its long tail, the last more than
23 percent of the total length, in these characters differing from
all other forms of Blarina.

Color—Summer pelage (the type). Upper parts smoke gray,
with a noticeable brownish cast and very little gloss; under surface

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 111

lighter, more glossy; tail drab above and below; hind feet covered
with dull grayish hairs, somewhat darker on outer surface of feet
(inner edge as seen in prepared skin).

Skull (of type).—Short, broad, and low crowned; dentition
heavy, with light pigmentation; maxillary projections very weakly
developed, their points terminating in plane through hypocone
and metastyle of m.; second and third incisors well developed;
pm, conspicuous but unpigmented.

Measurements.—Type: length, 105 mm.; tail, 26; hind foot,
14.5 (measurement taken from skin; field measurement given as
24, obviously an error); condylobasal length of skull, 22.5; inter-
orbital constriction, 6.1; maxillary breadth, 7.7; mastoid breadth,
12.7; palatal length, 9.7; width of foramen magnum, 2.9; tooth
row (from anterior border of i,), 8.8. Twelve topotypes and the type:
average, length, 104.1; tail, 24.1; hind foot, 14.6.

Remarks.—This new subspecies is a most astonishing departure
from the general trend of the races of the genus Blarina to de-
velop large northern forms. As represented by 13 specimens from
the type locality (all in the collection of the Museum of Zoology
at the University of Michigan), the race is utterly unique in its
body proportions, but is considerably variable in size. The type is
close to the average of the series, most of which are smaller than
the type; 1 specimen is much larger (125 mm.). All agree in the
peculiar smoky coloration, the large feet and tail, and in cranial
characters.

Obviously, Blarina brevicauda hoopert is closely related to Blarina
brevicauda pallida R. W. Smith, and is in effect a diminutive
darker representative of that race. Its tail is relatively the longest
of any race of Blarina, and its hind foot is, relatively, equally large.
It is thus startlingly different from all Blarina b. talpoides stocks
and is apparently unrelated to the more western races of the genus.
Intergradation is not shown by any specimens seen by the writers,
though certain series from eastern New Hampshire are apparently
intermediates between B. b. talpoides and B. b. pallida; and a speci-
men from Wells River, Orange County, Vermont, is surprisingly
close to Blarina b. kirtlandt, i.e., darker than either hooperi or
talpoides and of different measurements.

In 1857 Baird named Blarina angusticeps! from Burlington,
" SRep. Explor. and Surv. R. R. Pac., Vol. VIII, 1857, p. 47.

112 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

Vermont, on the basis of what subsequently has proved to be a
deformed skull. Since the cranial characters of the specimen are
quite the opposite of broad-skulled Blarina b. hooperi, and since
the specimens at hand from Giant Mountain, Essex County, New
York (less than 30 miles from Burlington), are typical B. b. tal-
poides, the writers feel that the name angustzceps is not applicable
to the northeastern Vermont race. Baird states (loc. cit.) that his
specimen is externally identical with Blarina talpoides.

The writers take pleasure in naming the present form for Dr.
Emmet T. Hooper of the Museum of Zoology at the University of
Michigan, in recognition of his generosity in curtailing his own
researches on Blarina in favor of those reported herein.

Specimens examined.—

VerMoNT.—Lyndon, Caledonia Co., 13 (including the type; all in the
collection of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology).

13.—Blarina telmalestes Merriam. DismaL Swamp BLARINA

Blarina telmalestes Mrrriam, North American Fauna, No.
10, December 31, 1895, p. 15.

Type Locality—Lake Drummond, Dismal Swamp, Norfolk
County, Virginia.

Range.—The Dismal Swamp of extreme southeastern Virginia.
This region is entirely surrounded, on the landward side, by the
range of Blarina b. carolinensis, a form to which Blarina telmalestes
bears almost no resemblance whatever.

Diagnosis —A medium-sized blarina of dark, dull coloration,
almost without gloss above, and lighter below; hind foot large and
broad; tail rather long; skull excessively long and slender, as large
as in topotypical Blarina b. talpoides; dentition with scant pig-
mentation. The general proportions and cranial characters of this
‘species’ suggest that it is closely related to B. b. talpoides, although
differing in color and in other minor details.

Specimens examuned.—

VirGINIA.—Dismal Swamp, Norfolk Co., 30 (topotypes, U. S. Biological
Surveys coll.).

14.—Blarina costaricensis J. A. Allen

Blarina costaricensis J. A. ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., Vol. III, Art. 14, April 17, 1891, p. 205.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 113

Type Locality—La Carpintera, Costa Rica; or upper Missis-
sippi valley, United States.

Remarks.—This shrew was described in 1891 from a specimen
reputedly from Costa Rica, obtained by George K. Cherrie, who
lived in Iowa before he collected in Central America. The speci-
men apparently closely resembles Blarina brevicauda brevicauda,
and caused a lively controversy between the describer and Dr. C.
Hart Merriam, who believed the shrew to have come from Cherrie’s
home country!. The dispute is as yet unsettled, and might be finally
ended only by the capture of another Blarina in Costa Rica. The
writers have not seen Doctor Allen’s type.

Myotis lucifugus lucifugus (LeConte)
LitTLE Brown Bat

V[espertilio]. lucifugus LeContTE, in McMurtrie’s Cuvier,
Animal Kingdom, Vol. I, 1831, p. 481.

Type Locality—Georgia; probably near Riceboro, Liberty
County.

Despite the fact that only 1 Ohio specimen of Myotis lucifugus
was seen by Miller and Allen for their revision of the genus?, the
large series of specimens collected since that date confirms their
allocation of Ohio to the range of the subspecies Myotis l. lucifugus.

This bat is far less common in northern Ohio than several
other species. In the southern part of the State it is, as is the case
over most of its range, one of the 2 or 3 commonest species.

Ohio specimens examined.—

Apams County.—Ohio Brush Creek, 1.

AsHTaBULA County.—Mechanicsville, 4; northwestern corner of Ashta-
bula County, 17.

CuyaHoca County.—Cleveland, 1; Dover, 1.

DELAWARE County.—Lawrence Cave, 5.

FaIRFIELD County.—Lancaster, 3.

Grauca County.—Chesterland, 2.

Hocxine County.—Bat Cave, Laurel Township, 4.

Laxe County.—Mentor-on-the-Lake, 1; Willoughby, 1.

Seneca County.—Flat Rock, 3.

1See Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, No. 10, December 31, 1895, p. 10; also J. A. Allen,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. IX, March 11, 1897, p. 34.

*Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 144, April 18, 1928, p. 46.

114 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM .-—Voil. - YV

Myotis keenii septentrionalis (Trouessart)
EASTERN LONG-EARED Bat

Vespertilio gryphus var. septentrionalis Trouessart, Cat.
Mamm. Viv. et Foss., 1897, p. 131.

Type Locality—Halifax, Nova Scotia.

This species has been collected but a few times in Ohio, yet the
records indicate that its range is state wide. There is great varia-
tion in color of the specimens at hand. It is apparently the com-
monest species of woodland Myotzs in northeastern Ohio, albeit not
at all frequently met with. The species Myotis lucifugus tends to
confine itself to open country and the vicinity of human habita-
tions.

Ohio specimens examined.—

CLERMONT County.—Union Township, 1.
DELAWARE County.—Lawrence Cave, 1.

Grauca County.—Little Mountain, 4.

Hocxi1ne County.—Bat Cave, Laurel Township, 1.
SENEcA County.—Flat Rock, 2.

Myotis sodalis Miller and Allen
CavE Bat

Myotis sodalis MILLER AND ALLEN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
No. 144, April 18, 1928, p. 130.

Type Locality—Wyandotte Cave, Harrison County, Indiana.

Robert Goslin of the Ohio State Museum was the first to
collect Myotis sodalis in Ohio. The species is apparently very rare
in the State, despite its abundance at its type locality near by and
in Kentucky. It is known in Ohio from 2 counties only—Hocking
and Highland. There is but a single specimen in the Cleveland
Museum of Natural History, which was taken by Mr. Goslin and
was received in exchange with the Ohio State Museum. This speci-
men is indistinguishable from a large series from War Eagle,
Benton County, Arkansas, and from Kentucky specimens col-
lected by Mr. Goslin for the Cleveland Museum’s collection.

Ohio specimens examined.—
Hocxine County.—Goodhope Township, 1.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 115

Pipistrellus subflavus subflavus (F. Cuvier)
SOUTHERN PIPISTRELLE
Vespertilio subflavus F. Cuvier, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist.
Paris, Vol. I, 1832, p. 17.

Type Locality Eastern United States, probably Georgia.

All of Ohio lies within the area of intergradation between the
2 forms of Pipistrellus subflavus known to occur in the United
States. As might be expected, there is enormous variability demon-
strated in series from any one locality, particularly from the cen-
tral part of the State. Specimens from the Cincinnati region and
from as far east as Adams County along the Ohio River are never-
theless pale enough, in the aggregate, to be indistinguishable from
specimens from North Carolina and Arkansas. Very few, how-
ever, are as pale as members of a series from Belleview, Marion
County, Florida. Only from the extreme southwestern part of Ohio
come specimens that can be definitely assigned to Pipistrellus
subflavus subflavus.

Ohio specimens examined.—

Apams County.—Smoky Creek, 10.
CLERMONT County.—Union Township, 6.
Hamitton County.—(No further locality )10( Woodrow Goodpastercoll.).

Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus Miller
NORTHERN PIPISTRELLE
Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus Miller, North Amer. Fauna,
No. 13, October 16, 1897, p. 93.

Type Locality. Lake George, Warren County, New York.

In the opinion of the writers most of the specimens of P7pistrel-
lus from Ohio belong to this race. There is a well-marked tendency
towards increasing darkness of coloration from the southwest
towards the northeast. Robert Goslin, who was the first to recog-
nize this fact, submitted specimens from Hocking and Seneca
counties to Remington Kellogg who identified them as P. s.
obscurus. These specimens are mostly in the Ohio State Museum.
Subsequently, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History ob-
tained from Mr. Goslin, series taken in Hocking and Fairfield
counties and from Winston Jesseman others collected in Seneca
County. None of these specimens is as dark as a series from
Liberty Hill, New London County, Connecticut. The individuals

116 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

of a small series from Lawrence County, Ohio (in the southern-
most tip of the State), are fully as dark, however, and isolated
examples from other localities are still darker.

Twelve specimens from Liberty Hill, Connecticut, are fully as
dark as examples from the type region in New York State. The
writers have to date been unable to discover another record of the
occurrence of the species in Connecticut. Two examples are of spe-
cial interest in being melanistic, coal black in color, which, taken as
they were soon after the great New England hurricane, caused |
considerable excitement among the collectors who obtained them.
Examination of their skulls speedily revealed their true identity.

Ohio specimens examined.—

BELMontT County.—Cat Run, 9.

FAIRFIELD CountTy.—Sugar Grove, 3.

HiagHuaAND County.—Dry Cave, 1.

Hocxine County.—Bat Cave, Laurel Township, 5.

LAWRENCE CountTy.—Symmes Creek, 3.

Mepina County.—Hinckley, 1.

Ross Counry.—Bainbridge, 4.

Sanpusky Counry.—Fremont, 1.
Seneca County.—Flat Rock, 15; Goods Cave, 1 (Ohio State Museum).

Eptesicus fuscus fuscus (Beauvois)
Bic Brown Bat
Vespertilio fuscus Brauvois, Cat. Raisonné Mus. Peale,
Philadelphia, 1796, p. 18 (page 14 of the English edition
by Peale and Beauvois). |
Type Locality —Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Big brown bats from Ohio are quite indistinguishable from
examples from the middle Atlantic states. Throughout Ohio the
species is very common, in many localities the commonest bat.

Ohio specimens examined.—

Apams County.—Manchester, 5; Smoky Creek, 1.

Cuyranoca County.—Cleveland, 8; Cleveland Heights, 1; North Chagrin
Metropolitan Park, 5; Shaker Heights, 1.

FAIRFIELD County.—Bern Township, 1.

Grauca Counry.—Chesterland, 1.

Hamiutton Country.—(No further locality) 3.

Hocxine Country.—Bat Cave, Laurel Township, 3; Clear Creek Cave, 1.

Mepbina County.—Hinckley, 1.

PortaGE County.—Geauga Lake, 3.

Ross Country.—Bainbridge, 3.

Seneca County.—Bettsville, 3.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 117

Lasionycteris noctivagans (LeConte)
SILVER-HAIRED Bat

Vespertilio noctivagans LEContE, in McMurtrie’s Cuvier,
Animal Kingdom, Vol. I, 1831, p. 431.

Type Locality —HEastern United States.

Despite the fact that there are but 4 specimens of this species
in the Cleveland Museum’s Ohio material, it is not uncommon in
northeastern Ohio, and is frequently identifiable under street lights
in the suburban portions of Cleveland. These 4 cannot be dis-
tinguished with certainty from a large series from western North
Carolina or a small series from Saline Valley, Inyo County, Cali-
fornia.

Ohio specimens examined.—
Curanoca County.—Cleveland, 3; North Chagrin Metropolitan Park, 1.

Nycticeius humeralis (Rafinesque)
EVENING Bat

Vespertilio humeralis Ra¥Finesque, Amer. Monthly Mag.,
Vol. III, 1818, p. 445.

Type Locality Kentucky.

Evening bats are known from Cincinnati!, and from only a few
records in the Ohio River valley, mostly near Cincinnati; but
are very rare elsewhere in Ohio. Robert Goslin has taken the
species in Fairfield County. Two of the Ohio specimens in the
Cleveland Museum’s collection are juveniles and hence are some-
what inadequate for comparison with other material at hand.
Both are considerably darker than a specimen of the same age
from Raleigh, North Carolina. An adult from Clermont County
differs similarly from a specimen from Oak Lodge, Florida. Should
this difference prove significant when larger series become avail-
able, the name of the Ohio animal would, in view of the type lo-
cality, probably remain the same.

Ohio specimens examined .—
CLERMONT County.—Union Township, 3.
1Goodpaster, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXII, No. 3, June, 1941, p. 42.

118 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM “Vol. V

Lasiurus borealis borealis (Miller)
NorRTHERN Rep Bat
Vespertilio borealis MuuuErR, Natursyst., Suppl., 1776, p. 20.

Type Locality—New York State.

All the red bats of the Cleveland Museum’s Ohio collection
are referable to Lasiurus borealis borealis, but a tendency towards
Lasiurus borealis seminola is shown in specimens from the extreme
southern parts of the State. This manifests itself in the slightly
more brownish, less reddish coloration of the southern specimens.

Over much of Ohio the red bat is the commonest species of bat
during the short time that it is in the State, that is, from May to
September. Only in certain areas in southern Ohio is it regularly
outnumbered by other forms (Myotis and Pipistrellus).

Ohio specimens examined.—

Apams County.—Smoky Creek, 3.

CLERMONT CountTy.—Union Township, 4.

CuraHoca County.—Cleveland, 5; Lyndhurst, 1; North Chagrin
Metropolitan Park, 1; Parma, 1.

Greauca Country.—Chardon, 1.

Lake County.—Mentor, 1.

LAWRENCE CountTy.—Symmes Creek, 1.

Ross Country.—Bainbridge, 3.
Seneca County.—Bettsville, 8.

Lasiurus cinereus (Beauvois)
Great Hoary Bat

Vespertilio linereus (err. typ. for cinereus) BEAuvois, Cat.
Raisonné Mus. Peale, Philadelphia, 1796, p. 18 (page 15 of
the English edition by Peale and Beauvois).

Type Locality.—Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

The great hoary bat is a rare species in Ohio, and is in most
places probably a ‘bat of passage’. The species has been mentioned,
however, as seen in Geauga and other northern Ohio counties dur-
ing the summer months. 8. V. Wharram reports it for the same
season in Ashtabula County!. Unfortunately these records are un-
supported by specimens.

Ohio specimens examined.—

Cuyanoca Country.—Cleveland, 2; Lakewood, 1.
Lorain County.—Lorain, 1.

1Unpublished manuscript in library of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.

alee

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 119

Euarctos americanus americanus (Pallas)
EASTERN Buack BEAR

Ursus americanus Pauuas, Spicilegia Zoologica, Fase. XIV,
1780, p. 5.

Type Locality Eastern North America.

The black bear is represented in the Ohio collections of the
Cleveland Museum of Natural History by only skeletal remains
recovered from Indian sites and peat bog excavations. It is, how-
ever, a matter of historic record that the species formerly occupied
the entire State. In recent years it has been reintroduced into
Scioto County, and the animal is of casual occurrence along the
Ohio-Pennsylvania border.

Procyon lotor lotor (Linnaeus)
EASTERN Raccoon

[Ursus] lotor Linnanus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, Vol. I, January 1,
1758, p. 48. |

Type Locality—Eastern United States.

Raccoons were formerly found in all parts of Ohio, and are
still locally common over most of the State. The Cleveland
Museum of Natural History has no raccoons from outside of Ohio
that are referable to the subspecies Procyon 1. lotor, and the
writers have not seen other northeastern specimens. On geographi-
cal grounds there is no reason to suspect that the Ohio animal is
anything other than Procyon lotor lotor.

Ohio specimens examined.—

CuraHoca County.—Cleveland, 3; Dover, 1; Rocky River Metropolitan
Park, 1.

Laxe County.—Kirtland Hills, 1.

PortacEe County.—Geauga Lake, 2.

Bassariscus astutus subsp.
CACOMISTLE
The inclusion of a cacomistle in a list of mammals from Ohio is
certain to excite critical comment. The record of the species in the
State is most interesting. This record is to a large extent sum-
marized in the Proceedings of the Cleveland Academy of Science,

120 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

p. 126, where the minutes of that organization’s meeting of Jan. 30,
1857, are chronicled on page 126. This account mentions 5 speci-
mens, of which all but 1 are definitely Ohio records, the assump-
tion being that the fifth came also from Ohio. Two of the speci-
mens are given definite locality records—Parma, Cuyahoga
County, and Fairfield County. One of the specimens listed is men-
tioned as existing in the museum of the Kirtland Society of
Natural Sciences in Cleveland. This individual has been seen by
the authors.

After the dissolution of the Kirtland Society of Natural Sci-
ences, its museum specimens, all mounted, were distributed, about
the year 1880, to Case School of Applied Science and to Western
Reserve University. In 1934 those at the former school were trans-
ferred to the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, the legal
and financial heir of the Kirtland Society, which at an earlier
date had absorbed the physical assets of the Cleveland Academy
of Sciences. The specimens had suffered from neglect for many
years at Case School, and were very dirty. The labels were, when
provided, glued to the bottoms of the stands. One of these speci-
mens was a Bassariscus and was labelled ‘‘Boston Ledges, O. 1871.”
The Boston Ledges are a rugged area of sandstone cliffs and ledges
some 20 miles south of Cleveland. This is apparently the last
specimen referred to in the citation given above.

This specimen was to have been cleaned and turned into a study
skin, and the skull, contained in the mount, recovered. However, a
number of the animals had fallen off their stands, and it was de-
cided that these should be attended to first. While this was being
done, an over zealous new employee of the Cleveland Museum’s
Building Department, discovering the dirty old mounts in the
store-room in a separate building where they were being kept,
burned the entire remaining lot. Gone in the holocaust were the
Bassariscus in question; another Bassariscus, unlabeled, but prob-
ably the one that precipitated the account in the Proceedings of
the Cleveland Academy of Science cited above; a wolf shot in
1810 on the present site of the Cleveland Museum of Natural
History; a wolf from near the city of Quebec (topotypical of Canis
lupus lycaon Schreber); a pine marten from Ohio; also other rari-
ties and specimens of historical importance.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 121

The writers feel that the evidence favors the probability that a
form of Bassariscus astutus occurred very sparingly in Ohio until
about 1875. It is possible that every one of the records resulted
from the recapture of escaped captives, although it seems highly
unlikely that 5 of these small carnivores should be trapped in the
wild as a result of such escapes. At least 1 Ohio cacomistle record
has definitely resulted from the capture of an escaped animal, as is
shown by a statement made by Brayton!. Brayton’s paper was
written in 1882, however, and there is no means of determining
whether or not he refers to 1 of the specimens mentioned in the
Proceedings of the Cleveland Academy of Science, as he does not
refer to that journal in this connection, and repeatedly gives
evidence of his unfamiliarity with its contents.

Ohio specimens examined.—

Summit County.—Boston Ledges, 1.
Oxuto.—(No further locality), 1.

Martes americana americana (Turton)

EASTERN MARTEN

[Mustela] americanus Turton; Linnaeus, System of Nature,
Vol. I, 1806, p. 60.

Type Locality.—Eastern North America.

Two specimens of pine marten, both taken in Ashtabula
County, Ohio, were included in the collections of the Cleveland
Museum’s antecedent organizations. One of these specimens was
destroyed in the manner alluded to in the foregoing account; the
other, however, had fallen off its stand and hence was saved from
the catastrophe. This specimen is now in the museum’s collection
(No. 7507). It is typical of the pine marten of Eastern Canada.
The species has been extinct in Ohio for approximately 100 years.
It was never common. Kirtland, writing in November, 18382, says
“the pine weasel is admitted on the authority of Dr. Ward, who
informs me that he has taken it in the vicinity of Chilitaseher

Ohio specimens examined.—
AsHTABULA CountTy.—(No further locality), 2.

1Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. IV, 1882, p. 43.
2Second Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1838, p. 176.

122 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

Martes pennanti pennanti (Erxleben)
EASTERN FISHER
[Mustela] pennanti ERXLEBEN, Syst. Regni Anim., Vol. I,
1777, p. 470.

Type Locality —Eastern Canada.

Kirtland states! that 2 specimens of the fisher were taken in
Ashtabula County in 1837. Two specimens also survived in the
Kirtland Society and came to the Cleveland Museum of Natural
History, where 1 was burned, and the other saved in the manner
similar to the case outlined above. Unfortunately, the specimen
saved had parted company with its data by the time it reached the
Cleveland Museum, so that there is no means of ascertaining
whether or not it is 1 of the specimens that Kirtland mentions. As
Kirtland placed most of his specimens in the Cleveland Academy
of Science’s museum, its chances of being 1 of the last 2 fishers
known to have been killed in Ohio are good.

Mustela cicognanii cicognanii Bonaparte
BONAPARTE WEASEL |
M{ustela]. cigognanii [sic] Bonaparte, Charlsworth’s Mag.
Nat. Hist., Vol. II, 1838, p. 37.

Type Locality—Northeastern North America.

The Bonaparte weasel has been recorded in almost every list of
Ohio mammals that appeared before 1900. As ‘ermine’ it was listed
by Kirtland as “occasionally met with, but is mistaken for a white
weasel’’. This state of confusion persisted for years. E. Raymond
Hall went to some length to run down these records, and con-
cluded, on the basis of existing specimens, that Mustela c. czcog-
nanit should be stricken from the State list?. In November of 1937,
however, George W. Jek, a young Cleveland taxidermist, col-
lected a female at Pepper Pike, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. The
specimen subsequently was given to the Cleveland Museum of
Natural History. It is in winter pelage and is much smaller than
any other female M. c. cicognani that the writers have seen; it is
no larger than a large male Mustela rixosa. The species must there-
fore be readmitted to the State list.

Ohio specimens examined.—

CuyaHoca County.—Pepper Pike, 1.

1Second Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1838, p. 176.
2Amer. Midl. Nat., Vol. XVIII, March, 1937, p. 304.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 123

Mustela rixosa allegheniensis (Rhoads)
ALLEGHENY LEAST WEASEL

Putorius allegheniensis Ruoaps, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, for 1900 (March, 1901), p. 751.

Type Locality—Near Beallsville, Washington County, Penn-
sylvania.

The least weasel ranges over most if not all of Ohio. S. V.
Wharram in his manuscript notes calls it rare in Ashtabula County.
The series of specimens in the Cleveland Museum is rather
uniform. In Ohio, this species regularly turns white in winter.

Ohio specimens examined.—

CoLUMBIANA CountTy.—Salem, 1.

Cuyranoca County.—Chagrin Falls, 1; Cleveland Heights, 2; Lyndhurst,
1; North Olmsted, 1 (owl pellet record).

FRANKLIN County.—Columbus, 1.

Hancock County.—(No further locality known), 8.

LakE Country.—Holden Arboretum, 1; Kirtland Hills, 4.

PauLpDING County.—Payne, 1.

PortaGE County.—Aurora Pond, 1; Freedom Station, 5.

Seneca County.—Bettsville, 2.

Summit County.—Akron, 1.

Woop County.—Bowling Green, 1; Luckey, 1.

Mustela frenata noveboracensis (Emmons)
New York WEASEL
Putorius noveboracensis Emmons, Report Quadrupeds
Massachusetts, 1840, p. 45.

Type Locality —Southern New York.

New York weasels from Ohio are identical with examples from
various parts of New York State. The animal does not always
turn white in winter in Ohio. Of 12 specimens taken between
November 1 and April 1 in the Cleveland region, 5 are in the
white pelage and 7 in the brown.

Ohio specimens examined.—

CuraHoca County.—Chagrin Falls, 1; Cleveland, 2; Newburgh, 1;
North Chagrin Metropolitan Park, 2.

Grauca County.—Newbury, 1.

Huron County.—New London, 1.

Lake County.—Kirtland, 2; Kirtland Hills, 2; Mentor, 1.

Lorain County.—Elyria, 1.

PortacEe County.—Freedom Station, 8.

Seneca County.—Bettsville, 1.

Wayne County.—Wooster, 1.

124 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM -*VOl. V

Mustela vison mink Peale and Beauvois
Common MINK

Mustela mink PEALE AND Beravuvois, Cat. Peale’s Mus.,
Philadelphia, 1796, p. 39.

Type Locality —Maryland.

The writers have not yet had time critically to examine the
minks in the Cleveland Museum collection. On geographical
grounds, there is reason to suspect that the race occurring in
western Ohio may be referable to Mustela vison letifera Hollis-
ter. The northeastern Ohio specimens listed below are all very
dark, however, and are, on the basis of published descriptions,
clearly referable to Mustela vison mink.

Ohio specimens examined.—

Cuyanoca County.—Gates Mills, 1.
Lake County.—Holden Arboretum, 1; Kirtland Hills, 3.
Outo.—(No further locality,) 2.

Mustela putorius furo Linnaeus
FERRET
[Mustela] furo Linnazvus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, Vol. I, January
1, 1758, p. 46.

Type Locality —‘‘Africa’”’.

Ferrets have escaped from captivity repeatedly since Ohio was
settled, and the species has become established in southern
Geauga County and the adjacent portions of Cuyahoga County.
Reports of the animal’s existence as a wild species are occasionally
brought in from this section, and the Cleveland Museum of
Natural History has 1 wild-caught specimen. Details concerning
the capture of the other example are not known.

Ohio specimens examined.—

CuraHoGca County.—North Randall, 1.
Grauca County.—Bainbridge Township, 1.

Mephitis mephitis nigra (Peale and Beauvois)
CoMMON Buiack SKUNK

Viverra nigra PEALE AND Beravvois, Cat. Peale’s Mus.,
Philadelphia, 1796, p. 37.
Type Locality—Maryland.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 125

The writers have made no effort to examine the Cleveland
Museum’s Ohio skunks critically, and are following the taxonomic
judgment of E. Raymond Hall, as expressed in Publication 473
of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1936, p. 65.

Ohio specimens examined.—

Cuyanoca County.—Brook Park, 1; Cleveland, 2; Gates Mills, 1.
Erie County.—Kimball, 1.

Grauca County.—Stebbens Gulch, 1; Thompson Township, 1.
Lake County.—Holden Arboretum, 1; Mentor, 2; Willoughby, 1.
Lorain County.—Oberlin, 1.

Summir County.—Hudson, 8.

Taxidea taxus taxus (Schreber)
ComMMON BADGER
Ursus taxus ScHREBER, Saugthiere, Vol. III, 1778, p. 520.

Type Locality—Labrador and Hudson Bay. It is very likely
that Schreber’s material came from the interior of Manitoba or
Saskatchewan, rather than from Hudson Bay.

The Cleveland Museum of Natural History has a single
specimen of badger from Ohio, which was supplied by E. L.
Moseley of Bowling Green State College, who is the authority
on the distribution of the badger in Ohio. The species was unknown
to the earliest writers; Kirtland does not mention it, and Brayton
believed the animal to have become extinct recently. There can
be little doubt, however, that the species is, at the present time,
actually increasing rather than disappearing. It is not uncommon
locally in the northwestern part of the State!.

The Cleveland Museum of Natural History has also skeletal
fragments recovered from Indian village sites. Two such speci-
mens were collected at Independence, Cuyahoga County, which
are the easternmost records for the State.

Ohio specimens examined.—

Cuyanoca County.—Independence, 2 (skeletal fragments recovered from
Indian village site).

Henry County.—Liberty Township, 1.

[The Cleveland Museum of Natural History has no Ohio
specimens of either the wolverine, Gulo luscus (Linnaeus), or
of the otter, Lutra canadensis canadensis (Schreber). Both

1Moseley, Journ. Mamm., Vol. XV, No. 2, May, 1934, pp. 156-158.

126 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

species formerly occupied most of the State, and the otter is
still of rare occurrence in northeastern Ohio. An unlabeled wol-
verine in the Kirtland Society collection, burned, may have been
from this State.]

Vulpes fulva fulva (Desmarest)
Common Rep Fox

Canis fuluus DesmMarest, Mammalogie, Vol. I, 1820,
p. 208.

Type Locality —Virginia.

The career of the red fox has been a checkered one in Ohio.
Kirtland says: “the red fox was unknown in this region of the
country until the introduction of the white population, and is
supposed by many not to have been originally a native of America.
It has now become a common and troublesome inhabitant.’’!
However, he goes on to state that the “cross fox was formerly
killed on the Connecticut Western Reserve . . .”. The species has
continued in fluctuating numbers ever since Kirtland’s time, but
in recent years has become markedly rarer, particularly in the
eastern part of the State, and is missing entirely from certain
sections. Its numbers have been artificially bolstered in the
Cleveland region through wholesale introductions by various hunt
clubs. As the bulk of these animals were obtained from the middle
Atlantic seaboard, particularly Virginia, there can be no doubt
about the identification of the current northeastern Ohio red fox.

Ohio specimens examined.—

CuyranoGca County.—Chagrin Falls, 1; Gates Mills, 2.

GEauca County.—South Newberry, 1.

Laxe County.—Kirtland, 1.

Mepina County.—Hinckley, 1.
Oxnto.—(No further locality), 1.

Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargenteus (Schreber)
SOUTHERN Gray Fox
Canis cinereo argenteus SCHREBER, Saugthiere, 1775, pl. XCII.
Type Locality —Eastern North America.

The gray fox was, according to all the early writers, originally
the only common fox in Ohio. It apparently had completely dis-

1Second Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1838, p. 176.

Pate

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 127

appeared from all except the wildest southeastern counties by
1850, and was very rare even there. Within the past quarter
century, however, the species has made a most remarkable
recovery, and is once again the common fox of the forested por-
tions of the Allegheny plateau in eastern Ohio. It has made its
reappearance in the Cleveland region only within the last 10
years.

The specimens listed below are identical with examples from
North Carolina, West Virginia, and Connecticut.

Ohio specimens examined.—
Grauca County.—Chardon Township, 2; Little Mountain, 2.

Canis lupus nubilus Say
Mippute WESTERN TIMBER WOLF

Canis nubilus Say, Long’s Exped. Rocky Mts., Vol. I,
1823, p. 169.

Type Locality—Engineer Cantonment, near Blair, Wash-
ington County, Nebraska.

The wolf of Ohio is herein assigned to Canis lupus nubilus
on the basis of the specimens mentioned above under the account
of the burning of certain specimens from the Kirtland Society of
Natural Sciences. The Cleveland specimen was a gray wolf,
answering the description of C. l. nubilus; while the Quebec
specimen! was much more reddish. Unfortunately, the specimens
were destroyed before the skulls could be recovered and carefully
examined.

Wolves were extirpated in Ohio during Kirtland’s time; he,
writing in 1838? said “the wolf is becoming very rare. A black
species is said to have been a native of our state’. The Cleveland
Museum of Natural History has skeletal material recovered from
bogs and Indian village sites.

Ohio specimens examined (destroyed).—

CuyaHoca County.—Cleveland, 1.

[Of the coyote (Canis latrans latrans Say), which is cur-
rently invading Ohio from Indiana, the Cleveland Museum of
Natural History as yet has no specimens from Ohio.]
wig gala see Goldman, Journ, Mamm., Vol. XVIII, No. 1, February 14, 1937,

2Second Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1838, p. 176.

128 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

Felis catus Linnaeus
House Cat

[Felis] catus LinnaxEvus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, Vol. I, January 1,
1758, p. 42.

Type Locality Upsala, Sweden.

The familiar house cat is a feral animal in many parts of Ohio.
The Cleveland Museum of Natural History has not taken pains to
obtain series, but considerable skeletal material has found its way
into the collection during the absorption of older collections.

Feral cats are commonly of two color types, either the fami-
liar ‘tiger’ coloration or a dark, smoke gray phase. As a feral animal
the house cat is confined largely to cities, but occurs in many
rural districts as well.

[The Cleveland Museum of Natural History has no Ohio
specimens whatever of the three native cats that formerly occu-
pied the State—the Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis canadensis
Kerr); the bobcat (Lynx rufus rufus [ScHREBER]); and the
mountain lion or cougar (Felis couguar Kerr). There is reason to
believe that a specimen of Lynx canadensis, without data, in
the Cleveland Museum of Natural History (Kirtland Society
collection) cannot possibly have come from Ohio.]

Marmota monax rufescens Howell
RUFESCENT WoopcHUCK

Marmota monax rufescens HowELu, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, Vol. XX VII, February 2, 1914, p. 13.

Type Locality—Elk River, Sherburne County, Minnesota.

The late Arthur H. Howell, author of the most recent revision
of the American marmots!, had for examination but 1 Ohio
specimen, which came from Hicksville, near Toledo. This is a
peculiar faunal area, its mammals generally differing considerably
from those found elsewhere in the State. On the basis of what has
already been discovered concerning the relationships of other
Ohio species, it is logical to suppose that the woodchucks of Ohio
would be far more closely related to more northern and western
representatives of the species than to a form described from the

1North Amer. Fauna, No. 37, April 7, 1915, pp. 1-80; pls. I-XV.

1942 ' BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 129

middle Atlantic seaboard. Unfortunately the Cleveland Museum
of Natural History has not yet obtained topotypical material of
any race of Marmota monax, and in consequence the authors
cannot effectively dispute Howell’s assignment! of the western
Ohio animal to M. monax monaz. The authors are also hampered
by the fact that all but 2 of the Cleveland Museum of Natural
History’s Ohio woodchucks were taken in the immediate vicinity
of Cleveland.

Howell assigned the woodchucks of New York State to M. m.
rufescens. Assuming that he was correct in so doing, the authors
are compelled to add this form to the Ohio list, since a specimen
from Orleans County, New York, is entirely indistinguishable from
the northeastern Ohio series.

A specimen from Bettsville, Seneca County, is very peculiar
and not strictly referable to any of the neighboring races of
Marmota monaz.

Specimens examined.—

Marmota monax rufescens

New Yorx.—Orleans Co. (no further locality), 1.

Oxu1o.—Pymatuning Swamp, Ashtabula Co., 1; Chagrin Falls, Cuyahoga
Co., 1; Cleveland, Cuyahoga Co., 2; North Chagrin Metropolitan Park,
Cuyahoga Co., 1; Chardon Township, Geauga Co., 1; Thompson Township,
Geauga Co., 1; Kirtland Hills, Lake Co., 4; Mentor, Lake Co., 1; Geauga
Lake, Portage Co., 5; Mesopotamia Township, Trumbull Co., 1.

Marmota monax canadensis

Micuican.—Golden Lake, Iron Co., 1.

Marmota monax preblorum
MassacuusEtts.—Berkley, Bristol Co., 1; Taunton, Bristol Co., 2;
Essex, Essex Co., 7; Plymouth, Plymouth Co., 1.

Marmota monax monax (Linnaeus)
SOUTHERN WoopcHUCK
[Mus] monax LinnaEws, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, Vol. I, January
1, 1758, p. 60.
Type Locality —Maryland.

A single juvenile from Clermont County, Ohio, must be
referred to this subspecies, on the basis of available descriptions

1Loc. cit.

130 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

and comparison with juveniles of the same age from the north-
eastern part of the State.

Specimens examined.—

ARKANSAS.—Winslow, Washington Co., 1.
Oxnto.—Union Township, Clermont Co., 1.

Citellus tridecem-lineatus tridecem-lineatus (Mitchill)
EASTERN STRIPED GROUND SQUIRREL

Sciurus tridecem-lineatus Muircuiutt, Med. Repos., n. s.,
Vol. VI (XXII), 1821, p. 248.

Type Locality —Central Minnesota!.

The thirteen-lined ground squirrel is very local in its Ohio
distribution, but it has been reported from the Indiana boundary
eastward to Sandusky and Morrow counties’. It is also known
as far east as Muskingum and Fairfield counties®. Ohio-caught
specimens are considerably larger than the average for the sub-
species C. t. tridecem-lineatus, but otherwise do not differ.
This might be considered of sufficient importance to warrant their
being described as a new race. The hiatus in the range as given
by Howell in his ‘‘Revision of the North American Ground Squir-
rels’* does not exist.

— Ohio specimens examined.—
Ross Counry.—Bainbridge, 15; Mound City, 4.

Tamias striatus rufescens, subsp. nov.
On1o Rep CHIPMUNK

Type.—Young adult female, No. 9077, Cleveland Museum
of Natural History; August 14, 1935; Philip N. Moulthrop.

Type Locality —Chesterland Caves, Chester Township, Geauga
County, Ohio.

Range.—The Allegheny plateau of northeastern Ohio at least
as far south as Columbiana County, also east to Crawford County,
Pennsylvania.

1See Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, November 8, 1895, p. 338.

2See Enders, Occ. Papers Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., No, 212, April 23, 1930, p. 12; also
Preble, Journ. Mamm., Vol. XXIII, No. 1, February 14, 1942, p. 84.

3See Goslin, Journ. Mamm., Vol. XIV, No. 4, November 13, 1933, p. 369.
4North Amer. Fauna, No. 56, April [May 18], 1938, p. 108.
5See also Lyon, Amer. Midl. Nat., Vol. XVII, No. 1, February 27, 1936, p. 182.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 131

Diagnosis.—A very short-tailed chipmunk of brilliant reddish
coloration in summer pelage; similar to Tamas striatus lystert,
but darker and much more reddish both above and below.

Color—Fresh summer pelage (August) (the type).—Gen-
eral coloration very reddish compared to comparable pelages
of other races of Tamias. Rump reddish tawny, shading into
the bright ochraceous buff (near ochraceous orange) of the flanks;
feet near apricot buff; thighs like rump, verging toward color of
flanks; light stripes of face bright ochraceous buff; dark stripes of
face indistinct, near hazel, but heavily suffused with tawny;
median dorsal stripe black-centered posteriorly for about two
thirds of its length, rich reddish tawny at its anterior end and con-
necting with the tawny crown; black portion of stripe bordered
throughout its length on both sides with narrow tawny bands that
connect with the tawny rump; nose paler than crown, ochraceous
buff suffused with black; ears tawny, fading to ochraceous orange
at their anterior bases; lateral light stripes pale buff, suffused
with tawny; lateral dark stripes black, the lower stripes shorter
than the upper and heavily suffused with tawny and bright
ochraceous buff hair at the ends; dorsal gray bands and shoulders
suffused with buff; tail black above, each hair buff-tipped; tail
ochraceous tawny below, bordered with buff-tipped black hairs;
under parts clear white, the hairs white to their roots along the
mid-line, elsewhere plumbeous basally. Fresh winter pelage
(mid-October, No. 2591, C. M. N. H.). Much more grayish than
the summer pelage, the reddish areas of the head and rump much
restricted and suffused with blackish hairs, and the reddish areas
brownish rather than tawny; tail with white-tipped hairs and
light colored dorsal stripes nearer clear white, black stripes less
invaded by buffy and tawny hairs.

Skull (type).—Short and broad for a chipmunk of the genus
Tamias, with a shortened rostrum; molar teeth large; incisors
narrow; brain case large.

Measurements.—Type: length, 230 mm.; tail, 72; hind foot,
33; greatest length of skull, 39.5; zygomatic breadth, 21.9;
cranial breadth, 17.2; interorbital breadth, 10.8; postorbital
breadth, 11.7; length of nasals, 13.5 Ten specumens from near
the type locality: weight, average, 97.5 grams.

132 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

Remarks.—The writers have been unable to follow the late
Arthur H. Howell’s viewpoints with regard to the chipmunks of
the genus Tamias!. As in the case of several other species of
small mammals, the type localities of the 5 races heretofore
recognized are peripherally situated within the range of the
species. Howell attempted to assign the chipmunks of the south-
ern Great Lakes region to several of these races, finally concluding
that they belonged to the race Tamias striatus fisherti Howell
which is topotypical at Ossining, Westchester County, New York.
The only specimens that he had at hand from northeastern Ohio
were series from Garrettsville and Ravenna in Portage County,
both well within the region wherein typical Tamas striatus
rufescens occurs.

A word on the subject of chipmunk molting is definitely in
order here. Howell? says: ‘‘Apparently there is but one annual molt,
which occurs usually in June or July. Very few molting specimens
have been found in the material examined, but these indicate that
the new hair appears in irregular patches over the whole dorsal
surface ...’’. Close critical study of the chipmunks in the Cleve-
land Museum of Natural History’s collections, which were not
available to Howell, indicates that there are dozens of specimens
that show molting, and that there are 2 molts as well as 2 very
different and very well-marked pelages—summer, and fresh
winter. In 7. s. rufescens the summer pelage is acquired during
the latter part of June and the first weeks of July, as Howell
indicates. Full summer pelage is confined to August and Septem-
ber. In the latter month the fall molt begins, first on the head,
which changes from tawny to a buffy hazel color. By mid-October
the fresh winter pelage is acquired, with the clear gray dorsal
stripes and the loss of the brilliant rufescent coloration of the face,
rump, ears, and flanks. The light stripes, buff in summer, become
white. By late spring, when the winter pelage becomes faded
and worn, a pelage is sometimes found which is astonishingly
similar to the fresh summer pelage of TJamzas striatus griseus.
As the reddish summer fur is acquired, and again when it is lost,
changes occur which make comparison with other races very
difficult unless specimens of exactly comparable pelage are at

1North Amer. Fauna, No. 52, November, 1929, pp. 11-23.
2Loe. cit., p. 138.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 133

hand. Howell apparently failed to recognize that the summer
molt in topotypical Tamas striatus lystert occurs in August,
not June or July, and that it is of very short duration. He says!
that the winter pelage of 7. s. lystert is not very different from
the summer pelage, but the senior author, having seen the July-
caught Ontario specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy
that Howell uses to describe the summer pelage of that form,
believes that these specimens are actually in worn winter pelage!
By Tamias striatus lysteri the writers mean chipmunks of the
genus Tamias from the type region around Georgian Bay only.

The race T. s. rufescens passes through a pelage in October
which closely resembles Tamias striatus fishert in fresh summer
pelage, but even then is more reddish. At all seasons, the white
stripes of rufescens are shorter than in fisherz; in the latter form
they extend almost to the base of the tail. The median dorsal
black stripe, which is black in fisherz for its entire length, is
generally red for the anterior third of its length in rufescens.
The rich reddish tones of rufescens in fresh summer pelage are
unmatched in any other race, and set this subspecies apart as the
most distinctive of all chipmunks, and certainly the most beau-
tiful. It is much shorter-tailed than fisheri, the difference averag-
ing 10 millimeters. It is also stouter skulled and smaller footed, but
weighs more.

Compared to T. s. lysteri, T. s. rufescens is much darker and
more reddish in all summer pelages; much darker and more grayish
in winter pelages; also decidedly shorter tailed, the difference
averaging 25 millimeters.

Comparable pelages of the other races are so different that
close comparison is scarcely necessary. In worn winter pelages,
T. s. rufescens bears a superficial resemblance to summer T.. s.
griseus, and some specimens may approach T. s. venustus. In no
pelage does rufescens approach typical Tamias s. striatus or
Tamias striatus ohionensis, which is diagnosed herein as new.

For the purpose of the description of this and the following
race of chipmunks, the writers have used the Cleveland Museum
of Natural History’s topotypical series of Tamias striatus lysteri
and T’. s. fisheri; series from within a few miles of the type localities
of Tamias striatus striatus and T. s. venustus; and a small series of

1Loe. cit., p. 18.

134 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

Tamias striatus griseus from southwestern Wisconsin. All these
except the examples of 7’. s. striatus are in fresh summer pelage.

Specimens examined.—

Tamias striatus rufescens

New Yorx.—Elba, Genesee Co., 1.

Oxn1o.—Mechaniesville, Ashtabula Co., 7; Lisbon, Columbiana Co., 1;
Bratenahl, Cuyahoga Co., 3 (not typical); Brecksville Metropolitan Park,
Cuyahoga Co., 2; Chagrin Falls, Cuyahoga Co., 2; Cleveland, Cuyahoga Co.,
1; Cleveland Heights, Cuyahoga Co., 1; Gates Mills, Cuyahoga Co., 8;
Lakewood, Cuyahoga Co., 3; North Chagrin Metropolitan Park, Cuyahoga
Co., 20; North Olmsted, Cuyahoga Co., 4; Rocky River Metropolitan Park,
Cuyahoga Co., 4 (not typical); South Euclid, Cuyahoga Co., 1; Auburn Cor-
ners, Geauga Co., 2; Burton Bog, Geauga Co., 7; Chesterland Caves, Geauga
Co., 14 (including type); Little Mountain, Geauga Co., 95; Middlefield
Township, Geauga Co., 4; Parkman Township, Geauga Co., 4; Shady Lake,
Geauga Co., 1; Thompson Township, Geauga Co., 9; Welshfield, Geauga Co.,
1; Holden Arboretum, Lake Co., 9; Kirtland Hills, Lake Co., 6; Leroy Town-
ship, Lake Co., 1; Mentor, Lake Co., 3; Pleasant Valley, Lake Co., 1; Mentor
Marsh, Lake Co., 1; Wickliffe, Lake Co., 1; Willoughby, Lake Co., 2; Aurora
Pond, Portage Co., 7; Geauga Lake, Portage Co., 8; Everett, Summit Co., 2;
Twinsburg, Summit Co., 1.

PENNSYLVANIA.—Pymatuning Lake, Crawford Co., 3.

Tamias striatus lystert
_ New Brounswicx.—Scotch Lake, York Co., 1.

OnTARIO.—South shore of Lake Nipissing, Parry Sound Co., 1; Hali-
burton, Peterborough Co., 2; Penetanguishene, Simcoe Co., 11 (topotypes);
Mount Forest, Wellington Co., 5 (Mus. Comp. Zodl.); Lansing, York Co., 1;
Pottageville, York Co., 8.

QursEc.—Bark Lake, Pontiac Co., 2 (not typical).

MassacHusEtts.—Essex, Essex Co., 1; Carlisle, Middlesex Co., 1;
Taunton, Plymouth Co., 1; Wareham, Plymouth Co., 1.

New HampsHire.—Jackson, Carroll Co., 6; Jaffrey, Cheshire Co., 1.

New York.—Lake Placid, Essex Co., 1; St. Huberts, Essex Co., 2.

Tamias striatus fisherr
New Yorx.—Cohoes, Albany Co., 1; Ossining, Westchester Co., 10

(topotypes). :
Tamias striatus griseus

WIsconsIn.—Wausau, Marathon Co., 4.

Tamias striatus striatus
Inp1ana.—New Harmony, Posey Co., 1.
NortH Caroiina.—Heywood Co. (no further locality), 3; Marshall,

Madison Co., 14. i i
Tamas striatus venustus

ARKANSAS.—Winslow, Washington Co., 2.

My Wee
. }
i
4

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 135

Tamias striatus ohionensis, subsp. nov.
Onto BRown CHIPMUNK

Type—Adult male, skin and skull, No. 16189, Cleveland
Museum of Natural History; July 4, 1940; Woodrow Goodpaster.

Type Locality —Cincinnati, Hamilton County, Ohio.

Range.—From northwestern and central Indiana to north-
eastern Kentucky and middle Ohio, east in the last mentioned
State at least as far as Adams, Hocking, and Senaca counties.

Diagnosis —A very dark, dull colored chipmunk with dark
under parts, the darkest and dullest of the chipmunks of the
genus TJ'amuzas.

Color—Fresh summer pelage (the type). Rump between
verona brown and dark chestnut brown, fading to hazel; sides of
throat bright ochraceous buff; flanks dull buff; feet near clay color;
pale dorsal stripes light ochraceous buff; median dorsal stripe black
for three quarters of its length, terminating anteriorly in dark
brown, which is faintly continuous with the hazel of the crown;
shoulders and dorsal bands dark gray, heavily sprinkled with
black hairs and faintly suffused with straw color; tail dull black
above, with scattered buff-tipped hairs; tail ochraceous tawny
below, bordered with blackish hairs thinly tipped with pale buff;
under surface white, the hairs plumbeous at their bases all across
the abdomen. Winter pelage (early April; No. 8809, C. M. N. H.).
Very similar, but duller throughout, with the outer dorsal stripes
heavily suffused with brown.

Skull (type).—Without distinctive features other than the
very narrow incisors; slenderer than that of 7. s. rufescens and
with proportionally greater interorbital breadth; molar dentition
rather robust; zygomata spreading less widely than in T. s.
rufescens or T. s. fishert; rostrum narrower than in fisher7; nasals
shorter than in fisherz, terminating in front of the posterior premax-
illary borders, instead of behind these borders as in fisheri.

Measurements —Type: length, 247 mm.; tail, 92; hind foot, 34;
greatest length of skull, 40.3; zygomatic breadth, 21.2; cranial
breadth, 16.5; interorbital breadth, 10.6; postorbital breadth, 11.9;
length of nasals, 13.6. Weights are not available for this form.

Remarks.—The chipmunks of western, southern, and central
Ohio and of northern Indiana and southwestern Michigan caused

136 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

Arthur H. Howell a great deal of trouble. In his revision of the
genus Tamias! he assigns certain chipmunks from the State of
Indiana to Tamas striatus striatus, but the ranges of the various
races as shown on the map on page 15 do not agree with statements
made in the text. On the map, Indiana specimens are assigned to
Tamias striatus griseus. Later, Howell apologizes for this state
of confusion? and assigns all the chipmunks of this controversial
area to T. s. fishert. He also records Tamias s. lysteri from Hicks-
ville, Ohio, near Toledo, a region from which the writers have
seen no specimens. Since Howell failed to notice the differences
between Tamuas s. rufescens and true T..s. fishert, there is small
wonder that he eventually assigned the western Ohio animal to the
latter race, which it certainly very closely resembles superficially.
The taxonomy of the genus is simplified, however, by the recog-
nition of the distinctive features of Tamas striatus ohionensis,
since a very difficult geographical problem is thus avoided.

While Tamas striatus ohionensis is the darkest and dullest of
the chipmunks of the genus Tamas, it resembles typical 7’. s.
striatus in the degree of its darkness, but it is much less richly
colored in all pelages. Compared to 7’. s. striatus, it would seem to
be intergrading towards 7’. s. griseus, which doubtless caused some
of Howell’s difficulties. But it is so very much darker than griseus
that close comparison on other points is scarcely necessary. Sur-
prisingly, it is utterly unlike 7’. s. rufescens cranially as well as in
color, and requires close comparison with only T. s. fishert. Com-
pared to this race it is darker and much duller; its whitish stripes
are more buffy; the tail is much darker above as well as below;
and the hairs of the tail are buff tipped rather than white tipped.
The median dorsal stripe of 7. s. ohionensis terminates anter-
iorly in dark brown, rather than in black as in fisherv.

Despite its resemblance to fisheri, T. s. ohionensis intergrades
with rufescens through central northern Ohio, the area of inter-
gradation beginning near Bettsville, Seneca County, and being
nearly complete at the Cuyahoga River (Cleveland). Two speci-
mens from Paulding County are typical ohzonensis, as are all of the
northern and central Indiana specimens that the senior writer
has seen in the U.S. Biological Surveys collection. An example from

1North Amer. Fauna, No. 52, November, 1929, pp. 11-23.
2Journ. Mamm., Vol. XIII, No. 2, May 11, 1932, p. 166.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 137

New Harmony, Posey County, however, is typical of Tamias s.
striatus in everything except the color of the under side of the
tail, which is near that of ohzonesnis. An individual from southern
Adams County, Ohio, is also very close to striatus, but 2 from Bath
County, Kentucky, are typical 7’. s. ohionensis. Howell assigned
all his Kentucky specimens to 7’. s. striatus except 1 from the
northeastern part of the State, which he called fishert.

Specimens from the intergradation area between ohionensis
and rufescens are very close to topotypical fisheri when the last
mentioned is in fresh summer pelage; but the inclusion of fisheri
in Ohio’s list is unjustifiable on the basis of this alone, particularly
since the skulls of these specimens show the characters of rufescens.

Specimens examined.—

_Inprana.—Miami Co., 2 (Mus. Comp. Zodl.); Mount Ayr, Newton Co., 1
(U. S. Biological Surveys coll.); Hebron, Porter Co., 1 (U. S. Biological
Surveys coll.).

Kentucky.—Bath Co., 2 (Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist.).

Oxnto.—Smoky Creek, Green Township, Adams Co., 2; Spring Grove
Cemetery, Cincinnati, Hamilton Co., 14 (including the type); 7 miles east of
Logan, Hocking Co., 1; Payne, Paulding Co., 2; Bettsville, Seneca Co., 4;
Maple Grove, Seneca Co., 1; Wolf Creek, Seneca Co., 3.

Sciurus hudsonicus loquax Bangs
MippLe EASTERN RED SQUIRREL

Sciurus hudsonicus loquax Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, Vol. X, December 28, 1896, p. 161.

Type Locality.—Liberty Hill, New London County, Connec-
ticut.

Comparison of Ohio red squirrels with topotypes of Sciurus
hudsonicus loquax from Connecticut fails to reveal any trenchant
differences. In comparable pelage (August) the Ohio animal seems
to have a longer lateral black stripe, but even this character is
not definitive. Furthermore, there is no difference in size. Speci-
mens from northwestern Ohio seem somewhat darker in summer
pelage than specimens from the northeastern part of the State, but
there is little or no distinction in the winter pelages.

Red squirrels are still Sciurus to the writers, who do not believe
that the possession of abnormally large Cowper’s glands and lack
of baculum constitute sufficient basis for the elevation of the

138 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

subgenus T’amiasciurus Trouessart to generic rank, particularly
when the baculum is occasionally missing in individuals of other
sciurine subgenera, notably in examples of the Central American
species Sciurus variegatoides.

Ohio specimens examined.—

ASHTABULA County.—Mechanicsville, 4.

CuraHoGca County.—Brecksville, 1; Chagrin Falls, 3; Cleveland, 1;
Cleveland Heights, 1; Gates Mills, 20; Lakewood, 1; Lyndhurst, 1; North
Chagrin Metropolitan Park, 5; North Olmsted, 4; Olmsted Falls, 1; Rocky
River Metropolitan Park, 4; South Euclid, 3; Wickliffe, 2.

GrauGa County.—Bradley Pond, 1; Chesterland, 7; Claridon, 1; Great
South Bog, 2; Leroy, 1; Little Mountain, 14.

Hancock County.—Fostoria, 1.

Lake County.—Holden Arboretum, 4; Kirtland Hills, 15; Mentor, 1;
Mentor Marsh, 1; Pleasant Valley, 1; Wickliffe, 1; Willoughby, 2.

PortaGcEe County.—Aurora Pond, 1; Freedom Station, 7.

Seneca Counry.—Bettsville, 3; Feaselburg, 1; Old Fort, 4; Pleasant
Township, 1.

Summit County.—HEverett, 1.

Sciurus carolinensis carolinensis Gmelin
SOUTHERN GRAY SQUIRREL

[Sciurus] carolinensis GmeE in, Syst. Nat., Vol. I, Part 1,
1788, p. 148.

Type Locality —‘“‘Carolina.”’

The Cleveland Museum of Natural History has extensive
series of gray squirrels collected by Morton L. Church in Madison
and}Heywood counties, North Carolina, and 2 specimens from
Beaufort County, South Carolina. All this material may be
assumed to be topotypical. There is enough variation in it com-
pletely to engulf specimens from southern Ohio, particularly
those specimens from the southern third of the State. Examples
from Ross County show intergradation toward the subspecies
Sciurus carolinensis leucotis.

Ohio specimens examined.—

Apams Country.—Smoky Creek, 1.
CLERMONT County.—Union Township, 5.
Hamitton County.—(No further locality) 3.
Ross County.—Bainbridge, 3.

7}
WE uh Y

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 139

Sciurus carolinensis leucotis Gapper
NORTHERN GRAY SQUIRREL

Sciurus leucotis Gaprrr, Zool. Journ. Vol. V, 1830, p. 206.

Type Locality—Region between York (i. e., Toronto) and
Lake Simcoe, Ontario.

The northern gray squirrel, in typical form, occupies the north-
ern half of Ohio. Specimens in winter pelage from the Geauga
plateau region are if anything more grayish than examples from
New York and New England. Intergradation with Sciurus c.
carolinensis takes place in a belt slightly south of the middle of
the State.

Individuals in the black phase are frequently encountered in
parts of Geauga County, especially where the species is not very
common. Wherever the gray squirrel becomes very abundant the
black color phase seems to disappear. |

Ohio specimens examined.—

CuraHoca County.—North Chagrin Metropolitan Park, 2; Orange
Township, 1.

Grauca County.—Little Mountain, 2; Middlefield, 1.

Lake County.—Kirtland Hills, 6; Leroy, 1; Mentor, 1.

Ottawa County.—Mud Creek, 1.

Sciurus niger rufiventer Geoffroy
MiIppLeE WESTERN Fox SQUIRREL

Sciurus rufiventer Grorrroy, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist.
Nat. Paris, 1803, p. 176.

Type Locality——Mississippi Valley, exact locality not known;
according to Osgood! probably between southern Illinois and
central Tennessee; but it appears to the writers that there are also
excellent chances that the type specimen may have come from
southern Ohio or southern Indiana.

Ohio fox squirrels are very uniformly colored, when seasonal
pelage variations are taken into account. A slight darkening and
graying of the pelage, noticeable in examples from the extreme
southeastern portions of the State, may indicate a little approach
to Sciurus niger neglectus which occupies most of West Virginia.
The Ohio River may be taken as a convenient dividing line for

1Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XX, April 18, 1907, pp. 45-46.

140 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

the 2 races. Ohio specimens are not certainly distinguishable from
examples at hand from Lake County, Tennessee, Washington
County, Arkansas, and McLean County, Illinois. A specimen from
Albany County, New York, apparently a record of considerable
local interest, is likewise indistinguishable.

Ohio specimens examined.—

Apams County.—Smoky Creek, 2.

Cuyanoca County.—Chagrin Falls, 2; Cleveland, 5; Cleveland Heights,
7; Dover, 1; Gates Mills, 2; Lyndhurst, 2; North Chagrin Metropolitan
Park, 1; North Olmsted, 1; South Euclid, 1; University Heights, 1.

FAIRFIELD County.—Bern Township, 6.

GrauGa County.—Chardon, 1; Montville, 1.

Lake County.—Kirtland Hills, 3; Mentor, 7; Pleasant Valley, 1; Wick-
liffe, 1; Willoughby, 1.

Lorain County.—Lorain, 1.

Orrawa County.—Mud Creek, 1.

PortaGe County.—Aurora Pond, 1; Earlville, 1.

Ross County.—Bainbridge, 1.

SanDusky Country.—Fremont, 1.

Seneca County.—Pleasant Township, 1.

Glaucomys volans volans (Linnaeus)

CoMMON FLYING SQUIRREL

[Mus] volans Linnaxzvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, Vol. 1, January 1,
1758, p. 68.

Type Locality.—Virginia.

The common flying squirrel assumes a dark pelage in May
and June which can easily be misinterpreted by students unaware
of the changes occurring in any single individual within a year’s
time. With these changes in mind, comparable pelages of Ohio
flying squirrels and those from elsewhere in the northeastern and
middle western United States fail to show any significant dif-
ferences. The species is equally static with regard to cranial
characters.

Ohio flying squirrel populations are highly cyclical!. During
peak years, which occur at 3 or 4 year intervals, the species
becomes very abundant. Dr. Jared P. Kirtland recorded the
species in his first State list?.

1See Bole, Scient. Publ. Cleve. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, No. 4, December 28, 1939, p. 67.
2Second Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1838, p. 160.

Baas

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 141

Ohio specimens examined.—

AsHTABULA County.—Mechanicsville, 5.

CLERMONT CountTy.—Union Township, 1.

CuyaHoca County.—Bratenahl, 1; Brecksville, 1; Cleveland, 2; Euclid,
3; Gates Mills, 5; Lakewood, 1; North Chagrin Metropolitan Park, 2; Rocky
River Metropolitan Park, 1.

GreauGca County.—Auburn Corners, 2; Chesterland, 4; Great South
Bog, 1; East Claridon, 2; Little Mountain, 26; Middlefield Township, 1;
Shady Lake, 4.

GUERNSEY County.—4 miles south of Londonderry, 2.

Laxe County.—Holden Arboretum, 6; Mentor Marsh, 8; South Kirt-
land, 1.

PortacEe County.—Aurora Pond, 2; Freedom Station, 1.

Seneca County.—Bettsville, 1; Pleasant Township, 1.

StarK County.—Canton, 1.

Dipodomys ordii richardsoni (Allen)
RICHARDSON KaNnGARoo Rat
Dipodops richardsont ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. III, Art. 20, June 30, 1891, p. 277.

Type Locality—On one of the sources of the Beaver River,
Beaver County, Oklahoma.

The Richardson kangaroo rat has been introduced and is
established on the shores of Lake Erie near Fairport, Lake County,
Ohio. In a sand dune region not exceeding a square mile in area,
the species is very abundant despite the local presence of Rattus
norvegicus in great numbers. The locality is one from which snowy
owls (Nyctea nyctea) are frequently reported in the winter months,
so a number of interesting ecological relationships will possibly
be discovered.

Ohio specimens examined.—
Lake County.—Richmond Beach, 2.

Castor canadensis canadensis Kuhl
EASTERN CANADIAN BEAVER
Castor canadensis Kunu, Beitrage Zoologie, 1820, p. 64.
Type Locality Hudson Bay.

Beavers, once very abundant in Ohio, were exterminated by |
1830. Now, 100 years later, the species is again reappearing in

142 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MusEuUM “Vol. V

northeastern Ohio, particularly along the Chagrin River. There is
evidence that some of the individuals have reached Ohio by way
of the shore of Lake Erie; others were deliberate introductions
or have escaped from confinement. The species is very abundantly
represented in remains from Indian village sites all over the State,
and the Cleveland Museum of Natural History has several records
from such sources. The single specimen listed below was run over
by an automobile in 1939.

Ohio specimens examined.—
CuyanoGca County.—South Chagrin Metropolitan Park, 1.

Reithrodontomys humulis merriami Allen
Merriam Harvest Mouse

Reithrodontomys merriami ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., Vol. VII, Art. 3, May 21, 1895, p. 119.

Type Locality—Austin Bayou, near Alvin, Brazoria County,
Texas.

This harvest mouse is, to judge from the records, the rarest
of Ohio’s murine rodents. There are but 2 specimens in the Cleve-
land Museum of Natural History, both from Smoky Creek near
Rome, Adams County. The species has been taken also in Fair-
field County by Robert Goslin of the Ohio State Museum. It
seems unlikely, on geographical and ecological grounds, that Ohio
specimens should be referred to Reithrodontomys h. merriami, but
to that race they were tentatively assigned on examination by
A. H. Howell. The species is currently under study at the Univer-
sity of Michigan by Dr. Emmet Hooper, where the specimens
listed below are on loan at the present time of writing.

Ohio specimens examined.—
Apams Country.—Smoky Creek, 4 (including 2 skulls from barn owl

pellets).
Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis (Fischer)
Common DrrR Mouse

[Mus sylvaticus] § noveboracensis FiscHER, Synopsis Mam-
malium, 1829, p. 318.

Type Locality—New York.

eae
+e

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 143

Specimens of the common deer mouse from Ohio are, in
comparable pelage, quite indistinguishable from examples from all
parts of New York State. Compared to examples from northern
New England, however, these same Ohio specimens are noticeably
shorter tailed, indicating approach on the part of the New England
specimens toward Peromyscus leucopus caudatus Smith.

The Cleveland Museum of Natural History has no topotypes
of Peromyscus leucopus leucopus (Rafinesque), but as southwestern
Ohio specimens seem as close to typical P. 1. noveboracensis as
those from the opposite corner of the State, this is no handicap
for the purposes of this report.

The race Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis, as it appears in
Ohio, is the shortest-tailed stock of the species. The difference is
at best very slight, but is of interest because almost all species
of small mammals from Ohio show this variation, while New
England and Nova Scotia examples of the same species are very
long-tailed. Some species exhibit a corresponding tendency toward
short, broad feet also. The environmental causes of these dif-
ferences are totally unknown, and might provide the subject of
some intensely interesting dietary and physiological researches.
The tendency of all subspecific variations in Ohio species of small
mammals to follow the same general trends is very marked.

Ohio specimens examined.—

Apams County.—Smoky Creek, 19.

ASHTABULA CountTy.—Andover, 5; Farnham, 8; Geneva, 1; Jefferson, 1;
Lake Cardinal, 1; Mechanicsville, 35; Padanaram, 12.

BELMontT County.—Cat Run, 37.

Brown County.—Ripley, 5.

ButriLer County.—Middletown, 5; Reily, 6.

CieRMont County.—Chilo, 3; Union Township, 6.

CoLUMBIANA CountTy.—Lisbon, 16.

Cuyanoca County.—Bedford, 12; Brecksville Metropolitan Park, 2;
Chagrin Falls, 12; Dover, 3; Euclid, 9; Gates Mills, 109; Lyndhurst, 10; North
Chagrin Metropolitan Park, 163; North Olmsted, 5; Rocky River Metropoli-
tan Park, 31; South Euclid, 5; University Heights, 5.

FAIRFIELD County.—Hocking Township, 11; Lancaster, 4.

FRANKLIN County.—Columbus, 2.

Grauca County.—Auburn Corners, 5; Burton Bog, 24; Carvers Pond, 10;
Chesterland Caves, 95; Lake Punderson, 5; Little Mountain, 298; Middlefield
Township, 5; Munson Township, 3; Parkman, 6; Shady Lake, 15; Stebbens
Gulch, 8; Thompson Township, 23.

Hamitton Country.—Cincinnati, 2.

144 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM -Voil. V

Hancock County.—Fostoria, 9.

Laxe County.—Holden Arboretum, 130; Indian Point, 5; Kirtland, 3;
Kirtland Hills, 19; Madison Township, 6; Mentor, 15; Mentor Marsh, 45;
Richmond Beach, 12; Wickliffe, 9.

LAWRENCE County.—Symmes Creek, 2.

Lucas County.—Little Cedar Point, 3.

Mercer County.—Celina, 3; Fort Recovery, 9.

MontTaomMery County.—Perry Township, 3.

Orrawa County.—Bay Point, 5.

PauLpiInec County.—Payne, 6.

PortacE County.—Aurora Pond, 73.

Ross Counry.—Spargursville, 1.

Sanpusky County.—Ballville, 6; Burgoon, 22; Fremont, 2.

SENECA County.—Bettsville, 63; Cromers, 8; Feaselburg, 3; Liberty
Township, 4; Lowell, 2; Maple Grove, 12; Old Fort, 8; Pleasant Township, 6.

Summit County.—Northfield, 1; Peninsula, 1.

Woop County.—Longley, 13.

Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii (Kennicott)
PRAIRIE WHITE-FOOTED MousE

Mus bairdit Kennicotr (Hoy and Kennicott MS.), Agric.
Report, U. 8. Patent Office, for 1856 (1857), p. 92.

Type Locality —Bloomington, McLean County, Illinois.

The Cleveland Museum of Natural History’s collectors were
unable to capture any prairie white-footed mice at the type
locality, and the writers have not seen any topotypes. The species
has an enormous seasonal range of color, details of which are now
being worked out by the junior author. A large series is on hand
from Blair, Washington County, Nebraska, and material from
Ohio in comparable pelage (September) is only very slightly darker
and slightly shorter tailed. As eastern Nebraska specimens would
naturally be expected to be near Peromyscus maniculatus nebras-
censis (Coues), the writers, in the light of their present knowledge,
feel that the Ohio form cannot be assigned to any other race than
P. m. bairdi. Specimens from Genesee County, New York, first
reported by Moulthrop!, are quite indistinguishable from those
from Ohio.

Prairie white-footed mice are becoming more abundant in Ohio
but are strongly cyclical in their populations. Their range is state
wide today, but the species is rare in the unglaciated portions of
the southeast.

1Journ. Mamm., Vol. XIX, No. 4, November 14, 1938, p. 503.

apt

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 145

Ohio specimens examined.—

AsHTABULA CountTy.—Geneva, 3.

Curanoca County.—Bedford, 2; Euclid, 1; Lyndhurst, 20; North Chag-
rin Metropolitan Park, 1; Pepper Pike, 1; Richmond Heights, 2;South Euclid, 3.

FAIRFIELD County.—Pleasant Township, 1.

Grauca County.—Auburn Corners, 2; Shady Lake, 2.

Hancock County.—Fostoria, 9.

Lake County.—Fairport, 1; Holden Arboretum, 11; Madison Township,
1; Mentor, 18; Mentor Headlands, 3; Richmond Beach, 50.

Lucas County.—Little Cedar Point, 4.

MontTGomMEry County.—Perry Township, 4.

Orrawa County.—Bay Point, 1.

PavULDING County.—Payne, 6.

PortaGE County.—Aurora Pond, 6.

Sanpusky County.—Ballville Township, 1; Burgoon, 1.

SEnEca County.—Bettsville, 16; Maple Grove, 4; Pleasant Township, 1.

Woop County.—Longley, 14.

Neotoma magister Baird
ALLEGHENY Woop Rat

Neotoma magister Batrp, Rep. Explor. and Surv. R. R.
Pac., Vol. VIII, 1857, p. 498.

Type Locality Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania,
or Harrisburg, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania.

For the use of the name Neotoma magister in place of the com-
monly accepted Neotoma pennsylvanica Stone, the type locality
of which is South Mountain, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania,
the reader is referred to E. L. Poole’s recent discussion!.

The Allegheny wood rat was first reported for Ohio by Dr.
Jared P. Kirtland? as ‘“‘Arvicola floridiana [sic]; Neotoma floridiana
(Say and Ord).”’ That Doctor Kirtland’s report referred to the
Allegheny wood rat, then unknown as a distinct species, and not to
Neotoma floridana floridana (Ord) cannot be doubted in view of the
subsequent trapping records. Consequently, Hine’s statement that
his capture of a specimen of Neotoma pennsylvanica at Neotoma,
Hocking County, constituted the first Ohio state record for the
species, must be qualified’.

Comparison of Ohio specimens with examples from the type
locality of Neotoma pennsylvanica Stone fails to reveal any tren-

Journ. Mamm., Vol. XXI, No. 3, August 14, 1940, p. 316.
7Second Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1838, pp. 161 and 177.
Proc. Ohio Acad. Sci., Vol. VIII, Part 6, 1929, pp. 267-268.

146 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Voi. - V

chant differences. The species is very local in its Ohio distri-
bution, being confined largely to limestone and sandstone cliffs at
various scattered points on the unglaciated Allegheny plateau from
Adams County northeastward to Hocking, Fairfield, and Wash-
ington counties. Doctor Kirtland’s records for Ashland County
have not been subjected to verification by recent collectors.

Ohio specimens examined.—

Apams County.—Smoky Creek, 3; Stout, 1.

Hocxine Country.—Clear Creek, 1.

[The Cleveland Museum of Natural History has so far failed to
secure Ohio examples of Oryzomys palustris palustris (Harlan),
which was reported somewhat hesitatingly by Kirtland! as
Arvicola amphibius; by Brayton? on the basis of a specimen
recovered from the stomach of a red-tailed hawk; and by Hine’ on
the basis of numerous skulls obtained by W. C. Mills from the
Baum Village site near Chillicothe. It would appear that the
species is extinct in Ohio today.]

Synaptomys cooperi cooperi Baird
CoorER Lemminac Mouse

Synaptomys coopert, BAIRD, Rep. Explor. and Surv. R. R.
Pac., Vol. VIII, 1857, p. 558.

Type Locality Heretofore unknown; hereby fixed at Jackson,
Carroll County, New Hampshire.

Baird, the original describer of Synaptomys, makes the follow-
ing statement* concerning the type specimen: ‘No locality was
assigned, but the animal is undoubtedly North American, prob-
ably from the New England States, or New York; possibly from
Iowa or Minnesota.”’ Despite this, subsequent authors with the
exception of A. B. Howell, have for the most part assumed that
William Cooper, who sent the type to Baird, collected somewhere
near his home in Hoboken, New Jersey. Concerning these facts,
Howell says’: ‘He [Baird] must have had some reason for making
such a statement .. .’’. The present writers fully concur, especially

1Second Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1838, p. 161.

2Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. IV, 1882, p. 141.

3Ohio Nat., Vol. VI, No. 8, June, 1906, p. 550; ibid., Vol. X, No. 4, February, 1910, p. 71.
‘Loc. cit., p. 556.

5North Amer. Fauna, No. 50, June 30, 1927, p. 13.

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1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 147

since William Cooper was a great traveler and is known to have
received specimens from various collectors in different parts of
the country. The writers, therefore, hereby fix the type locality at
Jackson, New Hampshire, because adequate material from western
New York does not seem to be available in the various museums
of the country; because fixing the type locality in New Hampshire
does the least possible damage to the existing taxonomic struc-
ture of Synaptomys coopert; and because fixation of the type in
Iowa or Minnesota would completely nullify the said existing
structure.

The senior author has examined a topotype of Synaptomys
cooperz stoner Rhoads in the U. S. Biological Surveys collection,
from Mays Landing, New Jersey, and has also seen specimens in
the same collection from Hyattsville, Maryland. In addition,
there are, in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, speci-
mens from Marshall, Madison County, North Carolina, collected
by Morton L. Church. From what the senior author has seen, he
is forced to disagree with Mr. Howell concerning the identity of
the lemmings of Ohio. Howell assigned the species as it occurs in
Ohio to the subspecies Synaptomys cooperi stonez, on the basis of 2
specimens from Ravenna, Portage County, in the American
Museum of Natural History. The present authors have not seen -
these 2 specimens, but have seen others from Portage County,
and such are quite indistinguishable from examples of S. c.
cooper from northern New York and New Hampshire in the
Cleveland Museum of Natural History, as are most of the more
than 70 specimens from Ohio in this institution which came
largely from the Geauga plateau of northeastern Ohio.

As these Ohio specimens represent all times of the year, the
series shows molting and thus clarifies the molt behavior of the
species. Howell did not have a series demonstrating this, which he
regrets!. Individuals of Synaptomys cooperi from northeastern
Ohio are in fresh summer pelage by mid-August, but not earlier.
The fall molt occurs in October, and the fresh winter pelage—
long, soft, and very much paler and more grayish than that of
summer—is complete by the first week in November. As wear
progresses, the grayishness gradually disappears, due to the loss of
the glossy dark hair tips, and the consequent exposure of the light

1Loc. cit., p. 7.

148 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

brownish sections of the dorsal hairs. This wear progresses still
farther, and by late May or early June the race assumes a bright
ochraceous tawny cast that is utterly unlike any other pelage,
and, because of its variability, is useless for comparative pur-
poses. By the end of June the molt has again begun, and July
specimens are of dark and seedy appearance. By mid-August all
individuals, old and young alike, are in the familiar dark brown-
ish pelage of summer. Subadults have a different pelage sequence;
and in fresh pelage (July) they may closely approximate the fresh
winter pelage of the adults.

In comparable pelage, examples from most of Ohio are indis-
tinguishable from those of New York and New England; but it must
be remembered that the northeastern Ohio Synaptomys, like
several other species of small mammals from the same region,
molts later than does the same species from other parts of its range.
There are slight cranial variations in series, far too slight, how-
ever, to be of any particular significance. These variations, in
size and dental characters, are in the direction of more western
races of the species and not toward Synaptomys c. stoner. Certain
series from central southern Ohio seem to show slightly more
spreading zygomata and slightly darker and wider incisors, which
can be interpreted as intergradation toward either S. c. stonez or
toward Synaptomys coopert saturatus herein described as a new
subspecies. They are far closer to typical S. c. cooperi, however,
and for this reason are referred to that race in this report.

Specimens examined.—

OnTaRIo.—Ste. Rose, Laval Co., 6 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.).

QuEBEC.—Godbout, Saguenay Co., 1 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.).

Oxnto.—Smoky Creek, Adams Co., 2; Brecksville, Cuyahoga Co., 1;
Greenfield Township, Fairfield Co., 12; Auburn Corners, Geauga Co., 1; Chest-
erland Caves, Geauga Co., 16; Little Mountain, Geauga Co., 6; Munson
Township, Geauga Co., 2; Thompson Township, Geauga Co., 1; Holden Arbo-
retum, Lake Co., 18; Kipton, Lorain Co., 1 (owl pellet skull); Kirtland Hills,
Lake Co., 1; Adams Mills, Muskingum Co., 1 (Ohio State Museum); Burgoon,
Sandusky Co., 2; Bettsville, Seneca Co., 1.

New HampsHirE.—Jackson, Carroll Co., 1; Pittsburg, Coos Co., 1.

New Yorx.—Giant Mountain, Essex Co., 1; Wanakena, St. Lawrence
Co., 1 (U. S. Blological Surveys coll.).

VermMont.—Mt. Mansfield, Lamouille Co., 1 (U. S. Biological Surveys
coll.).

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 149

Synaptomys cooperi stonei Rhoads
Stone LEMMING MovussE

Synaptomys stonei RHoaps, Amer. Nat., Vol. XX VII, No. 1,
January, 1893, p. 53.
Type Locality—Mays Landing, Atlantic aw New Jersey.

Two specimens in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History’s
collection of Synaptomys are referable to this race. Both of these
specimens come from central eastern Ohio, 1 from Belmont
County and 1 from Lisbon, Columbiana County. The Belmont
County example is practically indistinguishable from examples of
S. c. stonet from the Atlantic coastal plain. The Columbiana
County specimen is very reddish in fresh summer pelage, but this
can be interpreted as an intergradation between true S. c. stoner
and Synaptomys c. cooper: as found in northeastern Ohio. The
skulls of both specimens are typical of stonez in every detail and
are at a glance distinguishable from those of Ohio examples
of coopert.

Specimens examined.—

Ox1o.—Cat Run, Belmont Co., 1; Lisbon, Columbiana Co., 1..

MaryLanp.—Hyattsville, Prince George Co., 7 (U. S. Biological Sur-
veys coll.).

New Jersrey.—Mays Landing, Atlantic Co., 1 (topotype in U. S. Bio-
logical Surveys coll.).

Nortx Caroutina.—Marshall, Madison Co., 4; Roan Mountain, Mitchell
Co., 2 (not typical).

Synaptomys cooperi saturatus, subsp. nov.
Inuinois LEMMina Movusr
Type.—Adult male, skin and skull, No. 13450, Cleveland

Museum of Natural History; September 2, 1938; Winston C.
Jesseman.

Type Locality.—Bloomington, McLean County, Illinois.

Range.—lllinois and Indiana, west into eastern Missouri, and
east to extreme western Ohio.

Diagnosis.—Large, and very dark colored, with a very long,
narrow skull; the darkest of the races of Synaptomys coopert.

Color—Summer pelage (the type). Upper parts near sayal
brown, very heavily suffused with black, changing on the crown

150 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

and nose to grizzled hair brown and silvery gray; sides very
slightly paler than the back; underfur of upper surface dark slate
color; lower parts near gull gray, glossy, and with slate gray under-
fur showing through; a patch of whitish hairs, whitish to the
roots, on the throat; cheeks like under surface; sides of face and
ears like crown and nose; feet and tail drab above, the tail whitish
below, and the heels of the hind feet with a tuft of blackish hairs.

Skull (of type).—Very long and slender, with lengthened
narrow rostrum equipped with massive incisors nearly 2 mm. in
width; incisors dark ochraceous orange in color; maxillary tooth
row short, and the individual teeth very small for so long a skull.
The skull is of the length of that of Synaptomys cooperi gossi
(Coues) but is of the general proportions of that of S. c. stonez.

Measurements.—T ype: length, 127 mm.; tail, 14; hind foot, 19;
condylobasilar length of skull, 24.4; length of rostrum, 6.1;
breadth of rostrum, 5.6; interorbital constriction, 3.5; zygomatic
breadth, 16.2; lambdoidal width of cranium, 12.7; incisive fora-
mina, 4.9.

Remarks.—This new race, Synaptomys cooperi saturatus, is
intermediate in its cranial characters between S. c. cooper: and
S. c. gossii; but as it is near gossiz in length of skull while retaining
the general breadth of measurements of coopert, it has the outward
appearance of S. c. stoner, from which, however, it differs sharply
in many cranial details. These are precisely the cranial charac-
ters pointed out by Howell! for certain specimens from eastern
Missouri and Illinois. As the range of cooper: lies between that
of stonei and saturatus in Ohio, a fact that Howell could not have
fully appreciated since he had for examination but 2 specimens
from the State, it is not surprising that he assigned all his Indiana
specimens to stonet. This is all the more plausible when it is
appreciated that Howell wisely refrained from using color as a
primary indication of subspecific affinities, since he had insufficient
specimens from any one locality to demonstrate the sequence
of molt.

In color S. c. saturatus is very much the darkest of the races
of Synaptomys coopert and is on this basis alone easily separable
in all pelages. There is very little difference in the degree of dark-
~ INorth Amer. Fauna, No. 50, June 30, 1927, p. 19.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 151

ness between winter and summer pelages, but the winter is more
grayish. The winter pelage is much darker than in typical cooperi,
and in all pelages saturatus is darker than comparable gossiz.
Compared to S. c. stonez as considered in this report, the difference
becomes extreme. Also, the tail of saturatus is very much abbre-
viated and its feet proportionately short as well as very broad,
in these respects being extreme for the species. It thus follows
the general pattern of subspecific variation already demonstrated
in many other Ohio mammals. As an Ohio animal it can
searcely be said to occur in typical form, since the skulls and
feet of the examples from this State are obviously smaller than
those of specimens from farther west. The northwestern Ohio repre-
sentatives are, however, very dark colored, the darkest of those
examined. The specimens listed from the region around Cincin-
nati, Ohio, are somewhat atypical and represent intergradation
between S. c. coopert and S. c. saturatus. The specimens from
Horseshoe Lake, Missouri, are paler than the type, but the
Callaway County specimen is fully as dark as the type.

Specimens examined.—

Iuuivo1s.—Bloomington, McLean Co., 2 (including the type).

Inp1ana.—Brookville, Franklin Co., 6 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.);
Bicknell, Knox Co., 1 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.); Bascom, Ohio Co., 8
(U. 8. Biological Surveys coll.).

Missouri.—East Columbia, Callaway Co., 1 (U. S. Biological Surveys
coll.); Horseshoe Lake (near St. Louis), 16 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.).

Oxto.—Chilo, Clermont Co., 1; Evansport, Defiance Co., 1 (owl pellet
skull); Hamilton Co. (no further locality), 2; Coldwater, Mercer Co., 1; Fort
Recovery, Mercer Co., 1; Antwerp, Paulding Co., 6 (owl pellet skulls).

Clethrionomys gapperi paludicola Doutt
PYMATUNING RED-BACKED VOLE

Clethrionomys gappert paludicola Doutt, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., Vol. LIV, December 8, 1941, p. 162.

Type Locality—Four miles west of Linesville, Crawford
County, Pennsylvania.

The present authors had the description of this race of red-
backed vole in manuscript when Mr. Doutt’s paper appeared.
His description of the new form is so nearly identical with ours that
his work may be said to stand partially already verified! Linesville,

152 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM _—*Voil, V

Pennsylvania, is only about 6 miles from Padanaram, Ohio, which
the present writers had selected as their type locality, and the
type of C. g. paludicola was taken actually 4 miles west of Lines-
ville, i. e., at the present site of Pymatuning Lake, the creation
of which destroyed the forests inhabited by this vole. Padanaram,
on the Ohio side, is likewise at the lake edge.

This subspecies formerly occupied the great swampy hemlock
forest of Pymatuning in Ashtabula County, Ohio, and Crawford
County, Pennsylvania, and was known from also the valley of
Conneaut Creek, whence came the specimen first reported from
Ohio!. Subsequent trapping at this station has proved unfruitful
to date, and red-backed voles are perhaps the easiest of all small
mammals to trap. At Pymatuning, devastating changes have almost
certainly eliminated the species on the Ohio side of the reservoir,
since the actual site of the capture of the specimens listed below
is now under water. Surrounding forests have been almost com-
pletely lumbered, and it is very doubtful that the species, as a
member of the Ohio fauna, could have survived the droughts of
the past decade.

The present authors cannot concur with Doutt in his remarks
concerning the possibility that 2 species of Clethrionomys occupy
common ground in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland.
The genus Clethrionomys has gone unrevised in recent years, and
its species gapperz is highly variable. On the basis of studies con-
ducted by the authors in connection with their stillborn descrip-
tion of a new race from Ohio, they are forced to the conclusion
that the name Clethrionomys gappert gappert may ultimately
be restricted to eastern Canadian specimens of the red-backed
vole. Examples of C. g. paludicola from its type region are much
nearer to C. g. gappert from Pontiac County, Quebec, than they
are to any stock of this species that the writers have seen from
the United States side of the St. Lawrence River. Pending revision
of the genus, New York State specimens cannot be properly
allocated, and the same is obviously true of specimens from central
Pennsylvania and West Virginia. The fact that Clethrionomys
gappert gapperit (Vigors) has disappeared from its type region
between Toronto and Lake Simcoe, Ontario, will not give any
assistance to future revisers of the genus.

1See Enders, Journ. Mamm., Vol. IX, No. 2, May 9, 1928, p. 155.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 153

Specimens examined.—

Clethrionomys gappert paludicola Doutt
Ox1o.—Padanaram, Ashtabula Co., 5.

Clethrionomys gappert rhoadsiz (Stone)
New JEeRseyY.—Mays Landing, Atlantic Co., 4; Lakehurst, Ocean Co., 3.

Clethrionomys gappert maurus Kellogg
Kentucxy.—Lynch, Harlan Co., 4 (topotypes in U. S. Nat. Mus.).

Clethrionomys gappert carolinensis (Merriam)
Norte Carouina.—Roan Mountain, Mitchell Co., 7 (topotypes).

Clethrionomys gappert ochraceus (Bangs)

New Brunswick.—Queensbury, York Co., 1; Scotch Lake, York Co., 5.

Nova Scotra.—Seal Island, Guysborough Co., 4 (not typical).

Marne.—Ashland, Aroostook Co., 3; Mooselookmeguntic Lake, Frank-
lin Co., 7.

Massacuusetts.—North Reheboth, Bristol Co., 1; Raynham, Bristol
Co., 2; Taunton, Bristol Co., 5; Essex, Essex Co., 1; Wareham, Plymouth
Co., 2.

New Hampsuire.—Jackson, Carroll Co., 8; Pittsburg, Coos Co., 4.

New Yor«.—Giant Mountain, Essex Co., 5 (near C. g. gappert); St.
Huberts (Keene Heights), Essex Co., 14 (near C. g. gapperi).

VERMONT.—Ryegate, Caledonia Co., 1.

Clethrionomys gappert gapperz (Vigors)

QueEsBEc.—Bark Lake, Pontiac Co., 8.

Micuican.—Golden Lake, Iron Co., 3; 12 miles north of Newberry,
Luce Co., 3.

New Yorx.—Peterboro, Madison Co., 17 (not typical).

Clethrionomys gappert brevicaudus (Merriam)
SourH Daxora.—Bull Springs, Custer Co., 8.

Clethrionomys gapperi gale (Merriam)

Wyromine.—Gros Ventre Mountains, Sublette Co., 1; Hoback Moun-
tains, Sublette Co., 8; Pinedale, Sublette Co., 1.

Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus (Ord)
EASTERN MrAapow VOLE

Mus pennsylvanica Orv, Guthrie’s Geography, 2nd Amer. ed.,

Vol. II, 1815, p. 292.
Type Locality—Meadows below Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The ubiquitous meadow or field vole is found in all parts of
Ohio, but becomes rather local in its distribution on the unglaciated
Allegheny plateau of the southeastern part of the State. Elsewhere

154 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM ‘Vol. V

it is one of the most abundant mammals, populations as high as
50 per acre of rich meadowland being of frequent occurrence.

Ohio meadow voles are shorter tailed and broader footed than
most topotypical examples, but the differences are slight. There
seem to be no significant differences in coloration or cranial
characters. The weights of Ohio specimens seem to be somewhat
under those of topotypes. This character is unreliable, however,
in a species the weights of whose individuals are so strongly
governed by the age of the specimens.

It is significant that the 2 commonest species of Ohio mice,
the meadow vole and the deer mouse, and the commonest shrew,
the lake states blarina, are the least variable of all Ohio small
mammals. It may truly be said that with the exception noted above
for the vole, these 3 species cover the State at all times in huge,
continuous colonies within their respective habitats. All the other
species of these 2 groups become rare or absent in certain parts of
the State during their cyclical minima, and their populations

become discontinuous. In the rarer forms, the species never.

attain general distribution even during their maximum popula-

eb ss

tions, and many of these occur in isolated colonies, sometimes —
widely separated. It is these rarer forms that show the greatest wee M?

taxonomic variability.

Ohio specimens examined.—

Apams County.—Smoky Creek, Green Township, 2.

ALLEN County.—Bluffton, 1.

AsHTABULA County.—Andover, 2; Farnham, 9 (1 in Ohio State Museum);
Lake Cardinal, 2; Mechanicsville, 11; Padanaram, 6.

BELMONT .CountTy.—Cat Run, 1.

Brown..County.—Ripley, 1

BurLeR County.—Oxford, 3.

CLERMONT CountTy.—Union Township, 3.

Cuyanoca County.—Bedford, 6; Bratenahl, 1; Chagrin Falls, 25;

Cleveland, 8; Cleveland Heights, 16; Dover, 2; Euclid, 10; Gates Mills, 18; -

Lakewood, 5; Lyndhurst, 176; North Chagrin Metropoliten Park, 22; North’.

Olmsted, 3; Pagper Pike, 2; Richmond Heights, 1; Rocky River Metro-
politan Park, 50; University cies, 38. .

FAIRFIELD County.—Berne Township, 20; Greenfield Township, 5;
Hocking Township, 9 (1 in Ohio State Aidseun): Lancaster, 1 (Ohio State
Museum). ©

FRANKLIN County.—Columbus, 4 (Ohio State Museum).

-Grauca: County.—Auburn Corners, 2; Carvers Pond, 7; Chesterland

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 155

Caves, 19; Great South Bog, 8; Munson Township, 6; Punderson Lake, 1;
Shady Lake, 10; Thompson Township, 2.

Hamitton County.—Cincinnati, 9.

Hancock County.—Fostoria, 12.

LakE County.—Holden Arboretum, 65; Kirtland Hills, 15; Leroy Town-
ship, 1; Little Mountain, 8; Madison Township, 4; Mentor, 25; Mentor
Marsh, 30; Richmond Beach, 24; Wickliffe, 5.

’ LAWRENCE County.—Symmes Creek, 5.

Licxine County.—Flint Ridge, 1 (Ohio State Museum).

Lorain County.—Elyria, 1.

Lucas County.—Little Cedar Point, 3.

Manonrine County.—Ellsworth, 1 (Ohio State Museum).

Mercer County.—Celina, 3; Fort Recovery, 8.

MontTcomery County.—Perry Township, 3.

OtTrawa County.—Bay Point, 3.

PavuLDING County.—Payne, 1.

PortTaGE County.—Aurora Pond, 254.

Sanpusxy County.—Burgoon, 24; Fremont, 8.

Seneca County.—Bettsville, 65; Five Points, 1; [ler, 1; Maple Grove, 10;
Old Fort, 2; Tiffin, 1 (Ohio State Museum).

SHELBY County.—(No further locality), 5 (Ohio State Museum).

Summit County.—Northfield, 2.

Microtus ochrogaster ohionensis, subsp. nov.
OHIO PRAIRIE VOLE

Type.—Adult female, skin and skull, No. 10430, Cleveland
Museum of Natural History; August 26, 1936; Scott R. Inkley.

Type Locality—Symmes Creek, 2 miles north of Chesapeake,
Lawrence County, Ohio.

Range.—Central southern and southwestern Ohio, north to
central western Ohio (Shelby County), and in less typical form
west to central eastern Indiana (Jay County).

Diagnosis.—The only race of Microtus ochrogaster that is not
buff-bellied; further characterized by its dark upper surface and
short, broad skull with very short tooth row and narrow molars;
size larger than Microtus ochrogaster ochrogaster, with shorter feet,

,and smaller, broader skull.

Color—Summer pelage (the type). Upper parts of finely
mixed coloration, the light colored hairs near hazel, the darker
ones black, the combined effect being very dark bister; black hairs
predominating on nose, crown, back, and rump, the rump very
much darker than rest of upper surface; flanks and sides of nose
paler, with less admixture of black hairs; underfur of upper parts

156 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM _—“* Vol. V

dark neutral gray; ears colored like crown; tail like rump above,
whitish below except near tip; superior surface of feet dark,
colored like rump; under parts silvery gray, the dark gray
underfur showing through.

Skull (the type).—Short and broad, with short nasals terminat-
ing in a plane anterior to the most anterior orbital border; tooth
row short; teeth very narrow; interpterygoid fossa very narrow;
tympanic bullae much flattened; cranium proportionately large
and well inflated.

Measurements.—Type: length, 149 mm.; tail, 29.5; hind foot,
18; greatest (condylonasal) length of skull, 25.5; basilar length,
22.3; zygomatic breadth, 14.8; interorbital constriction, 4.3; length
of nasals, 7.1; palatal length, 11.5; postpalatal length, 10.9;
incisive foramina, 4.8; diastema, 7.3; maxillary tooth row, 5.9;
width of m, 1.0. Type and 4 paratypes: average, length, 151;
tail, 32; hind foot, 18.

ean —This new subspecies is exceedingly walt marked, and
is easily separable on the basis of color alone. It is the only race
of Microtus ochrogaster that is not buff-bellied. In all pelages it is
clear, silvery white or gray on the under surface, and in dorsal
coloration is the darkest of all the races. Unlike other forms it
does not show a pepper-and-salt pelage, as the light-colored hairs
on the back are darker and reduced in number. In coloration it so
closely resembles Microtus pennsylvanicus that collectors who are
not sensitive to the coarseness of fur of Microtus ochrogaster will
likely overlook this animal. It has, of course, a much shorter tail
than any M. pennsylvanicus, and a glance at its dentition will
speedily reveal its true identity. Unfortunately, examination of
the plantar tubercles will not, since the local stock of M. pennsyl-
vanicus is sometimes five-tubercled. It is a larger animal than
typical Microtus ochrogaster, averaging nearly 10 millimeters
longer. It also has a shorter foot, with a smaller, broader skull,
and much reduced teeth.

Specimens examined.—

InDIANA.—Salamonia, Jay Co., 6 (Field Museum coll.).

Oxuto.—Smoky Creek, Adams Co., 3; Ripley, Brown Co., 1; Symmes
Creek, 114 miles north of Chesapeake, Lawrence Co., 5 (including type);
Union Township, Scioto Co., 4 (Ohio Coop. Wildlife Res. Sta. coll.); Shelby
Co., 3 (Ohio State Museum; the specimens first reported for Ohio by Hen-
ninger, Journ. Mamm., Vol. II, 1921, p. 289).

a

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 157

Microtus ochrogaster ochrogaster (Wagner)
Mippie WESTERN PRAIRIE VOLE

Hypudaeus ochrogaster WAGNER, in Schreber’s Saugthiere,
Suppl., Vol. III, 1842, p. 592.

Type Locality—America; hereby fixed at New Harmony,
Posey County, Indiana.

At New Harmony, Indiana, Microtus ochrogaster appears in its
most bufi-bellied stock. This also happens to be a spot known to
have been visited by the Prince of Wied in the course of his
travels in America, and is very likely the source of the specimens
that he obtained, and that furnished the basis for Wagner’s des-
cription. The cranial measurements of 1 of these specimens, as
given by Wagner!, agree with the averages obtained from a series
taken at New Harmony.

Specimens of the prairie vole from Hamilton and Clermont
counties, Ohio, although strongly variable in all characters, are
prevailingly buff bellied, and are paler backed than from else-
where in the State. Except for one particular, they are clearly
intermediate between Microtus o. ohionensis, described above, and
topotypical Microtus ochrogaster, but are closer to the latter.
This one particular, however, is of great interest.

The posterior loop of m; in the upper jaw of all examples of the
subgenus Pedomys that the writers have seen is strongly hooked.
In most specimens from the Cincinnati region, the hook is poorly
developed or absent, and the posterior loop forms a symmetrical
pattern very different from that of other stocks. The tooth pattern
of Arvicola cinnamonea Baird, as pictured by him? can be closely
matched by many of these specimens. Concerning the type of
Arvicola cinnamonea Bailey says’: “Except for a slightly abnormal
tooth pattern Baird’s type of cinnamonea is a large specimen of
typical austerus. I cannot believe that it ever came from Pembina.”
The writers have not examined Baird’s type, and have not had
the time to study enough specimens to be able to decide whether
or not these Cincinnati specimens should stand as Microtus
ochrogaster cinnamoneus (Baird). They currently believe that
pending further study the typical race should be retained on the
Ohio State list.

- Mee Ose Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XX, April 18, 1907,

2Rep. Explor. and Surv. R. R. Pac., Vol. VIII, 1857, pl. Liv, No. S714.
3North Amer. Fauna, No. 17, June 6, 1900, p. 74.

158 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM _—-* Voll. V

As in the case of the genus Blarina, it was impossible to work
out the ranges of the Ohio races of the species under present con-
sideration without assembling material from all over its range.
With specimens sent on loan by the United States Biological
Surveys, the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, The Ohio
State Museum, The Ohio Wildlife Experiment Station, and the
Field Museum of Natural History; others received in exchange
from the Kansas University Museum of Zoology; and material
already at hand in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, it
becomes possible to make a preliminary revision of the meadow
voles of the subgenus Pedomys Baird. From the material at hand,
it appears that most of the names so far applied to forms of the
subgenus Pedomys are valid, and that these forms should stand
as subspecies of Mzicrotus ochrogaster (Wagner), with the excep-
tion of Microtus ludovicianus Bailey, which is geographically far
removed from the others and shows distinctive cranial characters,
thus appearing to be a distinct species. The forms may be defined
thus:

1.—Microtus ochrogaster ochrogaster (Wagner). M1ppDLE WEsT-
ERN PRAIRIE VOLE

Hypudaeus ochrogaster WAGNER, in Schreber’s Saugthiere,
Suppl., Vol. III, 1842, p. 592.
Arvicola austerus LeConts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
Vol. VI, 1853, p. 405 (type from Racine, Wisconsin).
Arvicola (Pedomys) cinnamonea Batrp, Rep. Explor. and
Surv. R. R. Pac., Vol. VIII, 1857, p. 543 (type supposed
to have come from Pembina, North Dakota).
Type LocalityNew Harmony, Posey County, Indiana.
Range-—From extreme southwestern Ohio, southeastern
Indiana, and northwestern Kentucky; west over Illinois to
western Iowa and eastern Kansas.
Diagnosis.—Dark colored with very buffy under parts and very
grizzled upper parts; skull of median proportions.
Specimens examined:
Inuino1s.—Olive Branch, Alexander Co., 21 (20 in Field Museum, 1 in
U. 8. Biological Surveys coll.); McClure, Alexander Co., 1 (U. S. Biological

Surveys coll.); Rosiclare, Hardin Co., 15 (Field Museum); Galena, Jo Davies
Co., 2 (Field Museum); Ozark, Johnson Co., 2 (Field Museum); Reevesville,

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 159

Johnson Co., 2 (Field Museum); Beach, Lake Co., 1 (Field Museum); Fox
Lake, Lake Co., 6 (Field Museum); Odin, Marion Co., 1 (U. S. Biological
Surveys coll.); Bloomington, McLean Co., 9; Golconda, Pope Co., 6 (Field
Museum); Olney, Richland Co., 1 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.); Wolflake,
Union Co., 1 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.); Wheatland, Will Co., 2 (Field
Museum).

InpIANA.—Vincennes, Knox Co., 1 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.);
La Porte, La Porte Co., 2 (Field Museum); New Harmony, Posey Co., 16.

Iowa.—Knoxville, Marion Co., 3 (haydenit-ochrogaster intergrades; Field
Museum); Fairport, Muscatine Co., 3 (haydenti-ochrogaster intergrades;
U. S. Biological Surveys coll.).

Kansas.—Lawrence, Douglas Co., 4 (haydenit-ochrogaster intergrades;
Field Museum); Douglas Co. (no further locality), 5 (haydenit-ochrogaster
intergrades).

MinneEsota.—Hokah, Houston Co., 1 (minor-ochrogaster intergrades;
Field Museum).

NEBRASKA.—Blair, Washington Co., 9.

Oxt1o.—Union Township, Clermont Co., 37 (22 in Cincinnati Soc. Nat.
Hist.); Hamilton Co. (no further locality), 31 (22 in Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist.).

Wisconsin.—Racine, Racine Co., 4 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.).

2.—Microtus ochrogaster ohionensis Bole and Moulthrop. Onto
PRAIRIE VOLE

Microtus ochrogaster ohionensis Bote and MovutTuRop,
Scient. Pub. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, No. 6,
September, 1942, p. 155.

Type Locality—Symmes Creek, 2 miles north of Chesapeake,
Lawrence County, Ohio.

Range.—Occupies the northeastern border of the range of the
species south of the Great Lakes, in a belt of unknown width
extending from Jay County, Indiana, southeastward through
Shelby County, Ohio, to the Ohio Valley counties of extreme
central southern Ohio.

Diagnosis.—As described above, the only white-bellied race of
the group, with slightly mixed very dark upper parts.

3.—Microtus ochrogaster haydenii (Baird). WESTERN PRAIRIE
VOLE

Arvicola (Pedomys) haydenii Barrp, Rep. Explor. and Surv.
R. R. Pac., Vol. VIII, 1857, after July 20, p. 543.

Type Locality.—Fort Pierre, Stanley County, South Dakota.

160 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

Range.—South Dakota, south to Nebraska and western Kansas;
and west to eastern Colorado, eastern Wyoming, and southeastern
Montana. |

Diagnosis.—Large and very pale; with a huge skull, grayish,
grizzled upper parts, and very pale buff under surface.

Specimens examined.—

NEBRASKA.—Southeast of Wood Lake, Cherry Co., 2 (Field Museum).
Souta Daxota.—Elk Mountain, Custer Co., 1; Interior, Jackson Co., 4.

4.—Microtus ochrogaster minor (Merriam). LEAast PRAIRIE
VOLE
Arvicola austerus minor Merriam, Amer. Nat., Vol. XXII,
No. 7, July, 1888, p. 600.

Type Locality.——Bottineau, at base of Turtle Mountains,
Bottineau County, North Dakota.

Range.—Northwestern Minnesota and northern North Dakota
to central Alberta, occupying the northern edge of the range of
the species.

Diagnosis.—Similar to Microtus ochrogaster haydeniai in dorsal
coloration, but even more grizzled; more buffy below, and with a
very much smaller skull; also in every way a much smaller animal.

Specimens examined.—

ALBERTA.—Red Deer River, 9 (Field Museum).

SASKATCHEWAN.—Dundurn, Hanley Co., 1; Indian Head, Qu’ Appelle
Co., 2 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.).

Minnesota.—Fort Snelling, Hennepin Co., 3 (Field Museum).

Nort# Daxota.—Minnewaukan, Benson Co., 1 (Field Museum); Oakes,
Dickey Co., 1 (U. S. Biological Surveys coll.); Goodall, McKenzie Co., 1
(U. S. Biological Surveys coll.); Stump Lake, Nelson Co., 1 (U. 8S. Biological
Surveys coll.); Jamestown, Stutsman Co., 2 (Field Museum coll.); Kenmore,
Ward Co., 1 (U. S. Biological Surveys Coll.); Minot, Ward Co., 2 (Field
Museum). ;

5.—Microtus ludovicianus Bailey. LouIsIANA PRAIRIE VOLE

Microtus ludovicianus BattEy, North Amer. Fauna, No. 17,
June 6, 1900, p. 74.
Type Locality.—Iowa, Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana.

Range.—The coastal prairie of southwestern Louisiana.

Diagnosis.—A dark, richly colored form of Pedomys, character-
ized by its greatly elongated, narrowed skull; the pinkish cast of

Ys,

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 161

the upper parts is very outstanding, as are numerous cranial
characters such as the great size of the molar teeth, distinctive
molar pattern, dark color of the incisors, and flattened dorsal
outline of the cranium. This vole well merits specific separation
from Microtus ochrogaster in view of its divergent characters, the
isolated position of its range, and the lack of evidence of inter-
gradation.
Specimens examined.—

LovuistaNa.—lowa, Calcasieu Parish, 6 (topotypes; U. S. Biological
Surveys coll.).

Pitymys pinetorum pinetorum (LeConte)
SOUTHEASTERN PINE VOLE

Psammomys pinetorum LeContsE, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist.
mee... Vol. ELE. 1830, p. 133.

Type Locality—Pine forests of Georgia. Probably the old
LeConte plantation at Riceboro!.

Most of the pine voles in the Cleveland Museum of Natural
History collection (150 specimens) are at present in the United
States National Museum awaiting a revision of the genus by
Remington Kellogg. However, 4 specimens at hand from Belmont
County in southeastern Ohio seem, on the basis of Bailey’s
description!, to be referable to Pitymys p. pinetorum, the Atlantic
coast race.

Specimens examined.—

Norra Caroiina.—Currituck, Currituck Co., 17; Marshall, Madison
Co., 9.
Ox10.—Cat Run, Belmont Co., 19.

Pitymys pinetorum scalopsoides (Audubon and Bachman)
NORTHEASTERN PINE VOLE |
Arvicola scalopsoides AUDUBON AND BacuMAN, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. I, 1841, p. 97.
Type Locality—Long Island, New York.

Pine voles from northeastern and central Ohio have by the
senior author? previously been referred to Pitymys pinetorum

1See Bailey, North Amer. Fauna, No. 17, June 6, 1900, p. 63.
2Bole, Journ. Mamm., Vol. XIX, No. oa August 18, F938, Divotie

162 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

scalopsoides. The available pine voles in this museum’s collection
show a very close color resemblance to a series of 7 topotypes from
Long Island (Wading River, Suffolk County), New York. Although
the remaining skulls at hand are not of comparable age, the north-
eastern Ohio skulls appear to be smaller and more lightly built
than those of the topotypical series. The average external measure-
ments of a series of 9 adults from the Holden Arboretum, Lake
County, Ohio, are smaller than the same measurements in the
topotypical series, and are as follows, with also the average of 7
topotypes in parentheses: total length, 118.9 (130.1); tail, 18.8
(20.9); hind foot, 15.4 (16.7). Intergradation with Prtymys p.
auricularis occurs in south central Ohiol.

Specimens examined.—

New JEerRsEY.—Mays Landing, Atlantic Co., 4.

New YorkK.—Wading River, Suffolk Co., 7 (topotypes).

Oxuto.—Mechanicsville, Ashtabula Co., 1; Clinton Co., 1 (Ohio State
Museum); Brecksville, Cuyahoga Co., 1; Chagrin Falls, Cuyahoga Co., 1;
Gates Mills, Cuyahoga Co., 7; North Chagrin Metropolitan Park, 21; Bern
Township, Fairfield Co., 14 (Ohio State Museum); Chesterland Caves,
Geauga Co., 2; Little Mountain, Geauga Co., 29; Thompson Township,
Geauga Co., 12; Neotoma, Hocking Co., 1 (Ohio State Museum); Holden
Arboretum, Lake Co., 26; Kirtland, Lake Co., 3; London, Madison Co., 4
(Ohio State Museum).

Pitymys pinetorum auricularis (Bailey)
BLUEGRASS PINE VOLE

Microtus pinetorum auricularis Battey, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., Vol. XII, April 30, 1898, p. 90.

Type Locality —Washington, Adams County, Mississippi.

Pine voles from extreme southern Ohio are referable to this
dark, richly colored southern race!. Average measurements of a
series of 8 adults from Clermont County, Ohio, are as follows:
length, 126.4 mm.; tail, 23.3; hind foot, 16.1.

A series of autumn, winter, and spring specimens from Clermont
County shows a very dark, glossy winter pelage. Judging from
these examples this winter pelage is of extremely short duration,
appearing in late December and disappearing in early March.

Specimens examined.—

Inp1ANA.—New Harmony, Posey Co., 2.

1See Bole, loc. cit.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 163

Oxnr10o.—Lynx Prairie, Adams Co., 1 (Ohio State Museum); Smoky
Creek, Adams Co., 8; Ripley, Brown Co., 4; Union Township, Clermont
Co., 10 (1 in Ohio State Museum); Symmes Creek, Lawrence Co., 1.

TENNESSEE.—Jefferson Co. (no further locality), 2.

Ondatra zibethica zibethica (Linnaeus)
Common MusKRAT

[Castor] zibethicus Linnagus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, Vol. I,
1766, p. 79.

Type Locality —Eastern Canada.

The muskrat is a common animal in Ohio, wherever it can find
aquatic habitats suitable to its needs. Ohio-caught specimens are
not separable from those taken in other parts of the northeastern
United States.

An interesting series of cranial variations is provided by skulls
of early post-glacial age recovered from peat bogs, notably that at
Johnstown, Ohio, from which was obtained the splendid mastodon
now on exhibition in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.
In general these muskrat skulls are more robustly built than are
those from present-day specimens, are considerably larger, and
cannot be referred to the subspecies Ondatra zibethica zibethica.

Ohio specimens examined.—

CuyraHoca County.—Brooklyn, 1; Cleveland, 2; Pepper Pike, 1.
Lake County.—Holden Arboretum, 9; Kirtland Hills, 22; Mentor, 1.
PortaGcEe County.—Aurora Pond, 1; Freedom Station, 1.

Orrawa County.—Sandusky Bay, 1; Winous Point, 4.

Rattus norvegicus (Erxleben)
Norway Rat

[Mus] norvegicus ERXLEBEN, Syst. Regni Anim., Vol. I,
1777, p. 381.

The Norway, or barn, rat is all too common near the habita-
tions of the white man throughout Ohio. This introduced species
is without doubt the least interesting, from a taxonomic point of
view, of any of Ohio’s mammals.

Ohio specimens examined.—
Apams County.—Smoky Creek, 2.

164 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

‘

CuraHnoca County.—Cleveland, 4; Cleveland Heights, 1; Gates Mills, 3;
Independence, 1; Lakewood, 1; Lyndhurst, 3; North Chagrin Metropolitan
Park, 1; Rocky River Metropolitan Park, 1.

Laxe County.—Kirtland Hills, 1.

Ross Counry.—Bainbridge, 1.

Szneca County.—Bettsville, 6.

Rattus rattus rattus Linnaeus
Buack Rat

[Mus] rattus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, Vol. I, January 1,
1758, p. 61.

Type Locality —Upsala, Sweden.

The Cleveland Museum of Natural History’s only specimens
of Ohio-caught black rats were destroyed in the fire already men-
tioned!. The species was listed by Kirtland?, and it was apparently
rather common soon after the country was settled, but subsequently
died out. It is very rare if not wholly extinct in Ohio today.

Mus musculus musculus Linnaeus

Common House Movust

[Mus] musculus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, Vol. I, Jan-
uary 1, 1758, p. 62.

Type Locality Upsala, Sweden.

The house mouse is thoroughly established as a wild species
throughout Ohio. Outside of cities, it shows a strong preference for
damp grassland habitats, and is especially fond of sedge meadows.
Northern Ohio house mice are typical Mus musculus musculus and
are prevailingly dark bellied (almost always so in wild-caught
specimens).

Ohio specimens examined.—

ASHTABULA County.—Mechanicsville, 1; Padanaram, 1.

Betuont Counry.—Cat Run, 5.

CoLtumBiana County.—Lisbon, 3.

Curanoca County.—Bedford, 2; Chagrin Falls, 4; Cleveland, 12;
Cleveland Heights, 3; Gates Mills, 4; Independence, 1; Lakewood, 4; Lynd-
hurst, 7; Rocky River Metropolitan Park, 1.

GrauGa County.—Chesterland, 2; Lake Punderson, 1; Little Mountain,
4; Parkman, 1.

tAntea, p. 120. !
2Second Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1838, p. 161.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 165

Hancock County.—Fostoria, 2.

Laker County.—Holden Arboretum, 8; Madison Township, 2; Mentor, 6;
Mentor Harbor, 1; Richmond Beach, 3.

Lorain Country.—Avon Lake, 1.

Orrawa County.—Bay Point, 4.

PauLpIne County.—Payne, 1.

PortaGe County.—Aurora Pond, 10.

SanpDusky County.—Burgoon, 3.

Seneca County.—Bettsville, 26; Cromers, 3; Feaselburg, 1; Liberty
Township, 1; Maple Grove, 3; Old Fort, 2.

Summit County.—Peninsula, 1.

Woop County.—Longley, 1.

Mus musculus brevirostris Waterhouse
SOUTHERN House Mouser

[Mus] brevirostris WATERHOUSE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
Part V, November 21, 1837, p. 19.

Type Locality —Maldonado, Uruguay}.

Moulthrop has shown? that the house mouse of extreme south-
ern Ohio and of the southern United States in general should
be recognized as Mus musculus brevirostris, the common house
mouse of southern Europe and northern Morocco, of which
Mus musculus azoricus Schinz is a synonym. House mice from the
Ohio River counties of the State are prevailingly white bellied,
and are somewhat lighter colored above than the larger speci-
mens from the northern part of Ohio. Intergradation is shown in
examples from a wide belt across the southern half of the State.

Ohio Specimens examined.—

Apams County.—Smoky Creek, 14.
LAWRENCE CountTy.—Symmes Creek, 1.

Zapus hudsonius hardyi Batchelder
New Encuanp Jumpinc Movs

Zapus hudsonius hardyi BATCHELDER, Proc. New Eng. Zodl.
Club, Vol. I, February 8, 1899, p. 5.
Type Locality —Mt. Desert Island, Maine.
In the present unrevised condition of the genus Zapus it is
quite impossible to draw any completely satisfactory conclusions
_ 1See Cabrera, Trab. Mus. Nac. de Cienc. Nat. Madrid, Zool. Ser. No. 57, December

30, 1932, p. 255.
*Scient. Publ. Cleve. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, No. 5, June 1, 1942, pp. 80-81.

166 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

regarding the status of Zapus hudsonius in Ohio. Edward A.
Preble, author of the most recent revision!, was extremely conserva-
tive in his treatment of the species, so much so, that the true range
of variation cannot be appreciated from a study of the distribu-
tion that he gives?. Mr. Preble had for examination only alcoholic
material from Hudson Bay, the type locality of Zapus hudsonius.
So far as topotypes are concerned, the writers are in the same posi-
tion as Mr. Preble, since they have seen no fresh topotypes. In the
Cleveland Museum of Natural History, however, there are speci-
mens enough to show that the range of Zapus hudsonius hudson-
ius, as conceived by Preble, embraces at least 8 currently unrecog-
nized forms. Preble was extremely brief in his treatment of Zapus
hudsonius hardyi Batchelder; but this form is, in the opinion of the
authors, absolutely valid, and is applicable to the bright-flanked,
dark-backed Zapus that ranges/from coastal Maine and central
New Hampshire through southern New England, New York, and
northwestern Pennsylvania into northeastern Ohio/ This decision
is arrived at on the assumption that specimens from the upper
peninsula of Michigan, from Lake Simcoe, Ontario, and Lake
Nipigon, Ontario, represent typical Zapus hudsonius, an assump-
tion fraught with some danger, as there is considerable difference
in series from these 3 regions. Specimens in fresh summer pelage
from the range of Z. h. hardyi as given above are distinguishable
at a glance from those in comparable pelage from Ontario, being
much brighter on the sides, as well as darker on the back.

In northeastern Ohio Zapus hudsonius hardyi becomes extreme-
ly variable in all pelages, but there occur regularly specimens that
in every respect match those from Massachusetts and Maine.
Certain examples from Geauga County are much more blackish
on the back than any from other parts of the race’s range; while
others are very dull colored, indicating approach to the subspecies
from southeastern Ohio, hereinafter described as new. Still others
are rich orange and show characters near Zapus hudsonius brevipes
from the northwestern part of the State, also herein described as
new, even to the extent of having shorter tails and feet. It seems
best to treat specimens from northeastern Ohio as Z. h. hardyi,
which they for the greater part most closely resemble. That there

1North Amer. Fauna, No. 15, August 8, 1899, pp. 1-42, pl. I.
2Loe. cit., p. 15.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 167

is a local tendency toward the development of a new subspecies in
Geauga County cannot be denied. Geauga specimens also seem to
molt at a time different from other stocks of the present race. June
specimens of hardyi from Massachusetts are in full molt; in north-
eastern Ohio the race molts in July, and individuals in fresh pelage
are not available before August 1.

A series from Madison Township, Lake County, is very peculiar,
and seems to show intergradation toward both Zapus hudsonius
brevipes and typical Z. h. hudsonius. West of the Cuyahoga River,
Zapus is found in ever increasing brightness of coloration as the
range of Z. h. brevipes is approached. Most of the specimens at
hand from Western Cuyahoga County are nearer Z. h. brevipes
than to Z. h. hardyt.

Specimens examined.—

Zapus hudsonius hardyi

MAINE.—Small Point Beach, Sagadohoe Co., 1.

MassacHusETTs.—West Chop, Marthas Vineyard Island, Dukes Co., 1;
Essex, Essex Co., 4; Plymouth, Plymouth Co., 1; Raynham, Plymouth Co., 1;
Wareham, Plymouth Co., 1.

New HampsuHrire.—Jackson, Carroll Co., 1; Pittsburg, Coos Co., 4.

_ New Yorx.—Elba, Genesee Co., 2; Peterboro, Madison Co., 4.

Oxnto.—Mechanicsville, Ashtabula Co., 3; Chagrin Falls, Cuyahoga
Co., 6; Gates Mills, Cuyahoga Co., 3; Mayfield Village, Cuyahoga Co., 1;
North Chagrin Metropolitan Park, Cuyahoga Co., 1; Auburn Corners,
Geauga Co., 1; Carvers Pond, Geauga Co., 3; Great South Bog, Geauga Co., 9;
Little Mountain, Geauga Co., 1; Munson Township, Geauga Co., 8; Novelty,
Geauga Co., 1; Lake Punderson, Geauga Co., 4; Parkman, Geauga Co., 1;
Shady Lake, Geauga Co., 2; Holden Arboretum, Lake Co., 21; Indian Point,
Lake County, 1; Madison Township, Lake Co., 11; Mentor Marsh, Lake Co., 3;
Wickliffe, Lake Co., 2; Aurora Pond, Portage Co., 15.

PENNSYLVANIA.—Pymatuning Lake, Crawford Co., 3.

Zapus hudsonius hudsonius
Ontario.—Aurora, York Co., 4; Nipigon, Thunder Bay, 3 (U. S. Bio-
logical Surveys coll.).
Micuican.—Newberry, Luce Co., 10.
Zapus hudsonius campestris
Sourn Daxora.—Bull Springs, Custer Co., 10.

Zapus hudsonius americanus
New Jersey.—Mays Landing, Atlantic Co., 3.

168 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

Zapus hudsonius brevipes, subsp. nov.
SHORT-FOOTED JUMPING Mouse

Type.—Adult female, skin and skull, No. 13797, Cleveland
Museum of Natural History; November 5, 1938; Winston C.
Jesseman.

Type Locality —Bettsville, Seneca County, Ohio.

Range.—Northwestern Ohio, also probably most of Indiana
and the lower peninsula of Michigan.

Diagnosis.—A brightly colored jumping mouse with a distinct
dorsal band which is heavily suffused with the color of the flanks;
with shorter hind feet and a shorter tail than found in Zapus
hudsonius hardy or Zapus hudsonius hudsonius; much more
richly colored than Zapus hudsonius campestris.

Color.—Fresh winter pelage (the type). Upper parts with
darkened dorsal band, not much darker than the sides, but well-
defined; general color of sides, crown, and back, ochraceous buff,
the dorsal band heavily sprinkled with black hairs, the sides
lightly so; lateral line clear ochraceous buff, the hairs clear white
at their bases; underfur of upper parts slate color; ears black on
outer surfaces, bright ochraceous buff on margins and inner sur-
faces; nose somewhat more blackish than rest of upper parts;
lower parts white, lightly suffused with ochraceous buff in a band
across chest and between forelegs; feet silvery white above, naked
below; hocks black; tail slaty gray above, clear white below. Fresh
summer pelage (No. 15665, C. M. N. H., July 14, a paratype).
Much brighter and more richly colored than the type, more orange
tinged throughout; sides light ochraceous orange; dorsal band very
distinct and heavily suffused with the color of the flanks; a spot
of bright ochraceous buff over each eye; ears as in winter pelage,
but the inner surfaces more blackened; a faint buffy chest band
present. |

Skull.—Similar to that of examples of Zapus hudsonius hardyt
from New England or of Zapus h. hudsonius from Ontario, but
narrower.

Measurements.—Type: length, 205 mm.; tail, 113; hind foot,
28; greatest length of skull (occipitonasal), 21.6; condylobasilar
length, 17.8; zygomatic breadth, 10.6; mastoid breadth, 9.7; inter-
orbital constriction, 4.3; palatal length (incisors to notch), 8.0;

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 169

postpalatal length (notch to anterior border of foramen magnum),
8.5; tooth row, 3.5; fronto-palatal depth at mz, 7.5.

Remarks.—This is a well defined race not very closely related
to other neighboring subspecies. It differs from typical Zapus
hudsonius hardyi from Massachusetts and Maine in having a
shorter tail, much shorter foot, and more yellowish back; its skull
is narrower but otherwise similar. It differs still more sharply from
examples of Zapus h. hardy: from northeastern Ohio, which are
in many cases very much more blackish on the back than speci-
mens from Maine. Actually, the color of Zapus h. brevipes is almost
identical with the otherwise very distinct Zapus trinotatus trinotatus
from the northwestern coast of the United States. Compared to
typical Zapus h. hudsonius from Ontario or northern Michigan,
Z. h. brevipes differs very strongly in color, smaller skull, shorter
foot, and shorter tail. It is much more richly colored than Zapus
hudsonius campestris.

A specimen from Waters, Otsego County, Michigan, is quite
indistinguishable from the paratype series from Seneca County,
Ohio, except for an anomalous patch of white behind one ear. This
individual is radically different from examples of Zapus from Luce
County, across the Straits of Mackinac, and it seems safe to
infer that the range of Z. h. brevipes includes most, if not all, of the
southern peninsula of Michigan.

Specimens examined.

Micuican.—Waters, Otsego Co., 1.

Oxnto.—Big Creek (Cleveland), Cuyahoga Co., 1 (near hardyi); Dover,
Cuyahoga Co., 1; North Olmsted, Cuyahoga Co., 1 (near hardyi); Rocky
River Metropolitan Park, Cuyahoga Co., 2 (near hardyi); Mill Hollow, Erie
Co., 1; Bettsville, Seneca Co., 3 (including type); Cromers, Seneca Co., 1;
Old Fort, Seneca Co., 5.

Zapus hudsonius rafinesquei’, subsp. nov.
RAFINESQUE JUMPING MousE

Type.—Adult male, skin and skull, No. 13260, Cleveland
Museum of Natural History; August 27, 1938; Scott R. Inkley.

Type Locality—Cat Run, extreme southeastern Belmont
County, Ohio.

1Named for Constantine 8S. Rafinesque, naturalist of the early nineteenth century.

170 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM _—-Voil. V

Range-—The hill country of southeastern Ohio; also south-
western Indiana; presumably all the Ohio Valley as well.

Diagnosis—A very distinctive race characterized by a com-
bination of important cranial characters, small body, very long
tail, and almost total lack of a dorsal band; similar to Zapus hud-
sonius americanus but paler; the only race of Zapus hudsonius with-
out a distinct dorsal band.

Color.—F resh summer pelage (the type). Upper parts, including
sides and crown, light ochraceous buff, heavily sprinkled with
long coarse black hairs; dorsal band almost obliterated; back
slightly darker than sides; underfur of upper surface light slaty
gray; lateral line pale ochraceous buff, broad and not distinctly
separated from color of under parts, and widening as well as
brightening on head, forming a conspicuous bright ochraceous buff
patch on side of face below the eyes; nose colored like upper sur-
face; lower parts white, faintly suffused with buff; feet silvery
white; hocks light gray; tail gray above, clear white below; ears
blackish on both surfaces, lightly sprinkled with buffy hairs;
margins of ears light ochraceous buff.

Skull.—Of the general proportions of Zapus hudsonius hud-
sonius, but with a much shorter postpalatal length (nearly 1 mm.),
longer tooth row, and the narrowest interorbital constriction of any
race of the species.

Measurements.—Type: length, 208 mm.; tail, 130; hind foot,
28; greatest length (occipitonasal) of skull, 21.7; condylobasilar
length, 18.5; zygomatic breadth, 11.3; mastoid breadth, 10.0;
interorbital constriction, 3.9; palatal length (incisors to notch), 8.3;
postpalatal length (notch to foramen magnum), 7.4; tooth row, 3.7;
fronto-palatal depth at m,, 7.2.

Remarks.—Rafinesque, erratic genius that he was, was never so
erratic as when assigning names to jumping mice of the genus now
known as Zapus. He supplied 8 names for supposed species of this
genus, most of which stand as nomina nuda or synonyms today}.
Several of these names are clearly referable to known forms, but
unfortunately, those that are identifiable refer not to examples of
Zapus but to species of some other genus. That his ‘“Gerbillus
leonurus’’ refers to some kind of Dipodomys can scarcely be doubted.

1See Preble, North Amer. Fauna, No. 15, August 8, 1899, pp. 10-13.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 171

His description of ‘‘Gerbillus megalops’” from the “pine barrens’’
of Kentucky can refer only to a juvenal Peromyscus. Rafinesque
probably had a specimen of the animal now known as Zapus
princeps in his hands when he applied the nomen nudum “‘Gerbillus
niger’ to it, since that species is the only Zapus that commonly
occurs in melanistic pelage. It is equally probable that the race
here described as Zapus hudsonius rafinesquet was the one that he
had in mind when he named Gerbillus sylvaticus, without describ-
ing it or designating a type or type locality, in a letter to Samuel
L. Mitchill at Louisville, Kentucky, dated July 20, 1818. As 2
specimens of Zapus in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History,
from New Harmony, Indiana, are very much closer to the type of
rafinesquet than they are to anything else, and as the race is thus
known to inhabit country close to Louisville, it is reasonable to
suppose that Rafinesque had this form in view.

This is a very distinct subspecies and is closest to Zapus
hudsonius americanus (Barton), but is much paler than comparable
specimens from the type region of that race, and differs in many
other color details as well. It is quite unlike Zapus hudsonius
brevipes from the plains of northwestern Ohio; but 1 of the 2
New Harmony, Indiana, specimens is suffused with orange in a
way suggestive of brevipes, and both specimens are much shorter
tailed than the type of rafinesquet. The dorsal bands of both are
slightly more noticeable than in the type, indicating another
approach to Z. h. brevipes. Intergradation with Zapus hudsonius
hardyi is indicated by numerous examples of the latter race from
its variable stock in northeastern Ohio.

It appears that Zapus hudsonius rafinesquei is avery rare animal,
occupying as it does the southern border of the range of the species.
Woodrow Goodpaster, despite the very thorough collecting that he
did for the Cincinnati Society of Natural History in the Cincinnati
region, does not list the species!; and the Cleveland Museum of
Natural History’s collectors have consistently failed to record it
from Adams, Brown, and Lawrence counties at the southern tip
of Ohio. Preble lists 1 specimen (as Z. h. hudsonius) from Wheel-
ing, West Virginia?, which is slightly north of the type locality of
Zapus h.refinesquet. The present writers havenotseen this specimen.

1Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXII, No. 3, June, 1941, pp. 41-47.
2Loc. cit., p. 17.

172 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM ‘Voi. ~-V

Specimens examined.—

Inp1ana.—New Harmony, Posey Co., 2.
Ox1o.—Cat Run, Belmont Co., 1 (type specimen).

Napaeozapus insignis insignis (Miller)
NORTHEASTERN WOODLAND JUMPING MousE

Zapus insignis MiuuER, Amer. Nat., Vol. XXV, No. 8, Aug-
ust, 1891, p. 742.
Type Locality —Restigouche River, New Brunswick.

Ohio specimens of the woodland jumping mouse are barely
distinguishable from examples from New York and New Hamp-
shire, and in the absence of topotypical material at the Cleveland
Museum of Natural History it is inadvisable to do more than point
out these divergent characteristics. On geographical grounds, it
would seem very likely that the Ohio Napaeozapus should be
subspecifically different from the form found in New England and
New Brunswick. The average measurements of 33 Ohio adults are:
length, 212 mm.; tail, 129; hind foot, 29; weight, 16.07 grams; of
6 from St. Huberts, Essex County, New York: length, 232;
tail, 141.7; hind foot, 30.5; weight, 20.3 grams; of 16 from central
New Hampshire: length, 226.3; tail, 139; hind foot, 30.9. These
demonstrate that the Ohio animal is considerably smaller in series,
but isolated individuals are as large as any from farther northeast.
There is not the slightest difference in color, and only one cranial
variation of note. In adults of the New England form the inter-
pterygoid fossa terminates anteriorly in a plane bisecting the
third molar, or even farther forward. In most of the Ohio specimens,
the anterior border of the fossa is behind the third molar, but in
several it is as far forward as in the northeastern specimens.

Woodland jumping mice are fairly common on the drainage of
the Chagrin River in Lake and Geauga counties. In the ravines
and gorges of this region the species finds a congenial environment
in forests of hemlock and yellow birch, and frequents also rich
beech-maple woodlands. The Chagrin River colony is apparently
isolated, as not a specimen has as yet been taken in eastern Ashta-
bula County, despite trapping in suitable habitats. A single
example is at hand from Cat Run, Belmont County, and is peculiar
in having no white on the tail. As this station is the type locality of

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 73s

Zapus hudsonius rafinesquet this specimen received special study.
The lack of white, however, may indicate intergradation with
Napaeozapus insignis roanensis (Preble), which in some individuals
shows this character.

Specimens examined.—

New Hampsuire.—Jackson, Carroll Co., 10; Jaffrey, Cheshire Co., 2;
Pittsburg, Coos Co., 2; Mt. Moosilauke, Grafton Co., 1.

New Yorxk.—St. Huberts, Essex Co., 7.

Oxt10.—Mechanicsville, Ashtabula Co., 1; Cat Run, Belmont Co., 1; Gates
Mills, Cuyahoga Co., 1; North Chagrin Metropolitan Park, Cuyahoga Co., 3;
Carvers Pond, Geauga Co., 1; Chester, Geauga Co., 1; Chesterland Caves,
Geauga Co., 1; Lake Punderson, Geauga Co., 1; Little Mountain, Geauga Co.,
3; Shady Lake, Geauga Co., 9; Holden Arboretum, Lake Co., 16; Kirtland
Hills, Lake Co., 1; Willoughby Township, Lake Co., 1.

>

Erithizon dorsatum dorsatum (Linnaeus)
_ CANADA PORCUPINE

[Hystrix] dorsata Linnarus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, Vol. I,
January 1, 1758, p. 57.

Type Locality—Eastern Canada.

Porcupines were once common in northeastern and north-
western Ohio and are still of sporadic occurrence along the Pennsy]l-
vania boundary. The Cleveland Museum of Natural History failed
to secure a specimen run over by a car a few miles east of Cleve-
land, near the Chagrin River, in 1931. This museum formerly
owned a specimen taken about 1830 in Lucas County. This
specimen, which was part of the collections of the Cleveland
Museum of Natural History’s antecedent organizations, was
burned in the manner already described}.

Ohio specimens examined.—

Oxt10.—(No further locality), 1.
Lucas County.—(No further locality), 1.

Lepus americanus virginianus Harlan
NORTHEASTERN VARYING HARE
Lepus virginianus HARLAN, Fauna Americana, 1825, p. 196.
Type Locality—Blue Mountains, northeast of Harrisburg,

Pennsylvania.
1Antea, p. 120.

174 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

The Cleveland Museum of Natural History’s varying hares
from Ohio suffered the same dismal fate as its porcupine. There
were several in the Cleveland Academy of Science collection re-
ceived from Case School of Applied Science. All were from Ash-
tabula County, in so far as data were provided. The species was
first reported for Ohio by Dr. J. P. Kirtland, who says it ‘. ... is
sometimes seen in the northeastern part of our limits’’.1 The
species is still to be expected in Ashtabula County. Regarding its
distribution in that county, S. V. Wharram says: “I have not seen

a snowshoe rabbit in this part of the State for many years. Many ~

winters ago a boy about 15 years of age brought 1 to me to be
mounted. He shot it in Harpersfield Township..... I also saw
1 near Cat Swamp in Austinburg Township. Again I saw 1 in
each of the townships of Monroe and Pierpont....”’.

Ohio specimens examined.—
ASHTABULA County.—(No further locality), 5 (all destroyed).

Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsii (J. A. Allen)
MippLE WESTERN COTTONTAIL

Lepus sylvaticus mearnsii ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., Vol. VI, Art.6, May 31, 1894, p. 171.

Type Locality—Fort Snelling, Hennepin County, Minnesota.

Cottontail rabbits occur in all parts of Ohio, and where diver-
gent stocks are found these generally prove to be the result of
hybridization between various non-native stocks. The State
Division of Conservation has from time to time introduced cot-
tontails from Missouri and Kansas into various parts of Ohio.
These animals are presumably referable to Syluilagus floridanus
alacer (Bangs). Certain stocks of S.f. mearnsiz from western Ohio,
particularly those from Seneca County, show characters approach-
ing S. f. alacer. It is highly probable that these tendencies indi-
cate a result of hybridization rather than a local racial variance.

A still more interesting hybridization, consisting of an inter-
generic cross, has made itself evident in city-surrounded Bratenahl,
a suburb of Cleveland, in northeastern Cuyahoga County. At this
station, domestic rabbits of the breed ‘Champagne d’Argent’
were sometimes allowed to run at large in a field for several years

1Second Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1838, p. 177.

ee

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 175

(1920-1928). Interbreeding with native Syluilagus occurred, and
strongly influenced the local native stocks. The Champagne d’Ar-
gent, a medium-sized gray rabbit whose juveniles are coal black
until half grown, is presumably a derivative of Oryctolagus cuniculus,
the common European rabbit. During the years following 1928,
the wild rabbits of Bratenahl were noticeably larger and more
grayish than normal, and coal black juveniles occasionally appeared
until a few years ago. These differences have today almost entirely
disappeared.

Ohio specimens examined.—

CLERMONT CountTy.—Union Township, 2.

CuyaHoca County.—Beechwood, 1; Bratenahl, 1; Chagrin Falls, 3;
Cleveland, 4; Cleveland Heights, 1; Lakewood, 1; Lyndhurst, 1; South
Euclid, 1.

Geauca County.—Little Mountain, 1.

HigHLAND CountTy.—Hillsboro, 2.

Lake County.—Kirtland Hills, 2; Kirtland Township, 1; Mentor, 2.

PortaGE County.—Geauga Lake, 6.

Sanpusky County.—Burgoon, 1.

Seneca County.—Bettsville, 1; Maple Grove, 1.

Cervus canadensis canadensis Erxleben
AMERICAN WAPITI

[Cervus elaphus] canadensis ERXLEBEN, Syst. Regni Anim..,
Vol. I, 1777, p. 305.

Type Locality —Eastern Canada.

At the time of white settlement the wapiti was found in all
parts of Ohio. It has been extinct in the State since about 1840,
at which time the last animals were killed in Ashtabula County.
Kirtland reports that it was ‘“‘frequently met with” in that county
until about 18321.

To judge from the frequency with which the bones of this
animal are found today, the wapiti must have been very abundant
since the close of the ice age. Bone finds are on hand from nearly
all post-glacial horizons. The following counties are represented
by the remains: Ottawa, Sandusky, Erie, Portage, Summit,
Cuyahoga, and Geauga.

18econd Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1838, p. 177.

176 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MusEUM Vol. V

Odocoileus virginianus virginianus (Boddaert)
VIRGINIA WHITE-TAILED DEER

[Cervus] virginianus BODDAERT, Elenchus Animalium, Vol. I,
1784, p. 136. |

Type Locality.—Virginia.

The white-tailed deer became extinct in Ohio about 1850,
although it had been very rare for several decades before that.
Sporadic records of occurrence in the southeastern counties con-
tinued until about 1870, and in northwestern Ohio until 1881. The
far-sighted deer conservation policy of the State of Pennsylvania
has, however, resulted in the emphatic reestablishment of the
species in northeastern Ohio, while restocking carried out by the
Ohio Division of Conservation has added it to many southern
counties. By 1925 this deer had pushed westward to the Cleveland
region; by 19380 records began to come in with increasing fre-
quency; and by 1940 the species had become common over the
entire northeastern portion of Ohio. In Geauga County increasing
numbers of highway accidents involving deer have resulted in
widespread posting of deer crossing signs; in the Chagrin River
district it is not unusual to see groups of 5 to 10 individuals, and
deer tracks are commonplace. Wharram reports it as ‘“gathering”’
in Ashtabula County. The white-tailed deer may now be said
almost completely to have reoccupied Ohio, although it is still a
rarity in many western counties.

Deer appear in great abundance in Indian village and peat-bog
remains, and are common in bone finds from all post-glacial
horizons.

Ohio specimens examined.—

Lake Country.—Willoughby-on-the-lake, 1.

Cuyanoca, Erie, Geauca, Lake, Portacr, SANDusKY, and Summit
coUNTIES.—Skeletal remains.

[The authors have been unable to locate authentic records of
the occurrence of the moose (Alces americanus americanus) during
historic times in Ohio. The species has appeared in the State
mammal lists issued by the Ohio State Museum in recent years,
including 1 compiled in part by the senior author!. Neither
Kirtland, who was very familiar with the early history of Ashta-

1See Thomas and Bole, Bull. Ohio State Mus., No. 1,1938, p. 2.

rant As)

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 177

bula County, nor Brayton, who was familiar with Indiana and
northwestern Ohio, records the species for the State. Trautman!
failed to discover evidence of its presence at Buckeye Lake during
historic times. The present writers feel that the species should be
removed from the State list.]

Bison bison pennsylvanicus Shoemaker
EASTERN BISON

Bison americanus pennsylvanicus SHOEMAKER, A Pennsyl-
vania Bison Hunt, 1915, p. 9.

The eastern bison was formerly abundant over most of Ohio,
and particularly numerous in southern Ohio as well as along the
shores of Lake Erie. Brayton? gives a full historical record of the
history of the species in the State at the time of settlement. The
last specimens ever reported for Ohio, according to Kirtland?
were killed on the Sandy Fork of Symmes Creek, Gallia County,
in 1800.

The Cleveland Museum of Natural History has a few skeletal
remains of the bison from Cuyahoga and Summit counties.

1Qhio Journ. Sci., Vol. XX XIX, No. 3, May, 1939, pp. 133-143.
2Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. IV, 1882, pp. 62-73.
Second Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1838, p. 177.

178 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The subjoined list of publications contains only those that have
been consulted in the present connection, and is not intended as
a complete bibliography of the mammals of Ohio. It should,
however, prove useful to students of the State fauna.

Allen, Joel Asaph
1895. Descriptions of New American Mammals. Bulletin of the
American Museum of Natural History, Vol. VII, Article 10,
November 8, 1895, pp. 327-340.
1897. Additional Notes on Costa Rican Mammals, with Descrip-

tions of New Species. Bulletin of the American Museum of
Natural History, Vol. IX, Article 3, March 11, 1897, pp. 31-44, pl. L.

Bachman, John
1837. Some Remarks on the Genus Sorex, with a Monograph of
the North American Species. Journal of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. VII, pp. 362-402, pls.
XXITI-XXIV.

Bailey, Vernon Orlando
1900. Revision of the Voles of the Genus Microtus. North American
Fauna, No. 17, June 6, 1900, pp. 1-79, pls. I-IV.

Baird, Spencer Fullerton
1857. Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the Most
Practicable and Economical Route for a Railroad from the
Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, Vol. VIII; General
Report upon the Zoology of Several Pacific Railroad Routes,
Part I, Mammals; 1857 (after July 20), pp. I-XLVIII, 1-757,
pls. XVII-LX.
Bole, Benjamin Patterson, Jr.
1938. The Pine Mouse of Southern Ohio. Journal of Mammalogy,
Vol. XIX, No. 3, August 18, 1938, p. 377.
1939. The Quadrat Method of Studying Small Mammal Popula-

tions. Scientific Publications of the Cleveland Museum of Natural
History, Vol. V, No. 4, December 28, 1939, pp. 15-77.

Brayton, Alembert Winthrop
1882. Report on the Mammals of Ohio. Report of the Geological
Survey of Ohio, Vol. IV, pp. 1-185.

Cabrera, Angel

1932. Los Mamiferos de Marruecos. Trabajos del Museo Nacional de
Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Ser.Zool., No. 57, December 30, 1932,
pp. 1-361, pls. I-XII, 34 figs.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 179

Duvernoy, G. L.
1842. Notices pour Servir 4 la Monographie du Genre Musaraigne.
Magazin de Zoologie, d’ Anatomie Comparée et de Paléontologie,
Ser. 2, Vol. IV, pp. 1-48, pls. XX XVIII-LV.
Enders, Robert Kendall
1928. Two New Records for Ohio. Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. IX,
No. 2, May 9, 1928, p. 155.
1930. Some Factors Influencing the Distribution of Mammals in
Ohio. Occasional Papers of the University of Michigan Museum
of Zoology, No. 212, April 23, 1930, pp. 1-27.
Goldman, Edward Alphonso
1937. The Wolves of North America. Journal of Mammalogy, Vol.
XVIII, No. 1, February 14, 1937, pp. 37-45.
Goodpaster, Woodrow
1941. Mammals of Southwestern Ohio. The Journal of the Cincinnati
Society of Natural History, Vol. XXII, No. 3, June, 1941, pp.
41-47.
Goslin, Robert
1933. The Striped Spermophile in Fairfield County, Ohio. Journal
of Mammalogy, Vol. XIV, No. 4, November 138, 1933, p. 369.

Green, Morris Miller
1932. An Unrecognized Shrew from New Jersey. University of
California Publications in Zoology, Vol. XX XVIII, No. 7, id une 9,
1932, pp. 387-388.
Hall, Eugene Raymond
1936. Mustelid Mammals from the Pleistocene of North America,
with Systematic Notes on Some Recent Members of the
Genera Mustela, Taxidea, and Mephitis. Publication of the
Carnegie Institution of Washington, No. 473, November 20, 1936,
pp. 41-120, pls. I-V, 6 figs.
1937. Mustela cicognanii, the Short-tailed Weasel, Incorrectly
Ascribed to Ohio. The American Midland Naturalist, Vol.
XVIII, No. 2, March [February 23], 1937, p. 304.
Hine, James Stewart
1929. Distribution of Ohio Mammals. Proceedings of the Ohio
Academy of Science, Vol. VIII, Part 6, August 15, 1929, pp.
260-268.
Henninger, Walther Friedrich
1921. Two Mammals New to Ohio. Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. II,
No. 4, November 29, 1921, p. 239.
Howell, Alfred Brazier
1927. Revision of the American Lemming Mice. North American
Fauna, No. 50, June 30, 1927, pp. I-II, 1-37, pls. I-II.

UM iu

180 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM Vol. V

Howell, Arthur Holmes

1915. Revision of the American Marmots. North American Fauna,
No. 37, April 7, 1915, pp. 1-80, pls. I-XV.

1929. Revision of the American Chipmunks. North American
Fauna, No. 52, November, 1929, pp. 1-157, pls. I-X.

1932. Notes on Range of the Eastern Chipmunk in Ohio, Indiana,
and Quebec. Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. XIII, No. 2, May 11,
1932, pp. 166-167.

1938. Revision of the North American Ground Squirrels. North
American Fauna, No. 56, April [May 18], 1938, pp. 1-256, pls.
I-XXXII.

Jackson, Hartley Harrad Thompson
1928. A Taxonomic Review of the American Lon¢g-tailed Shrews.
North American Fauna, No. 51, July, 1928, pp. I-VI, 1-238, pls.
I-XIII.

Kellogg, Remington
1939. Annotated List of Tennessee Mammals. Proceedings of the
United States National Museum, Vol. LXXXVI, No. 3051,
February 14, 1939, pp. 245-303.

Kirkpatrick, John
1874. Minutes of a Meeting of the Cleveland Academy of Science
for January 30, 1857. Proceedings of the Cleveland Academy
of Natural Science, pp. 126-129.

Kirtland, Jared Potter

1938. Report on the Zoology of Ohio. Second Annual Report, Geo-
logical Survey of Ohio, Vol. II, pp. 160-161, 175-177.

Lyon, Marcus Ward, Jr.
1936. Mammals of Indiana. The American Midland Naturalist, Vol.
XVII, No. 1, January [February 27], 1936, pp. 1-384.

Merriam, Clinton Hart
1895. Revision of the Shrews of the American Genera Blarina
and Notiosorex. North American Fauna, No. 10, December 31,
1895, pp. 1-34, pls. I-III.

Miller, Gerrit Smith, Jr.; and Allen, Glover Morrill
1928. The American Bats of the Genera Myotis and Pisonyx.
Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 144, April 18,
1928, pp. I-VIII, 1-218, pl. I.

Moseley, Edwin Lincoln
1934. Increase of Badgers in Northwestern Ohio. Journal of Mam-
malogy, Vol. XV, No. 2, May 14, 1934, pp. 156-158.

1942 BOLE AND MOULTHROP—OHIO MAMMALS 181

Moulthrop, Philip Nelson

1938. The Prairie White-footed Mouse in New York State. Journal
of Mammalogy, Vol. XIX, No. 4, November 14, 1938, p. 503.

1942. Description of a New House Mouse from Cuba. Scientific
Publications of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Vol. V,
No. 5, June 1, 1942, pp. 79-82.

Osgood, Wilfred Hudson

1907. Some Unrecognized and Misapplied Names of American
Mammals. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington,
Vol. XX, April 18, 1907, pp. 438-52.

Poole, Earl Lincoln

1937. Pennsylvania Records of Sorex cinereus fontinalis. Journal
of Mammalogy, Vol. XVIII, No. 1, February 14, 1937, p. 96.

1940. The Technical Name of the Allegheny Woodrat. Journal of
Mammalogy, Vol. X XI, No. 3, August 13, 1940, pp. 316-318.

Preble, Edward Alexander

1899. Revision of the Jumping Mice of the Genus Zapus. North
American Fauna, No. 15, August 8, 1899, pp. 1-42, pl. I.

Preble, Norman Alexander

1942. Notes on the Mammals of Morrow County, Ohio. Journal of
Mammalogy, Vol. XXIII, No. 1, February 14, 1942, pp. 82-86.

Ridgway, Robert
1912. Color Standards and Color Nomenclature. Washington, D.C.
1912 [January 12, 1913], pp. [1-4], i-iv, 1-44, frontispiece, pls.

I-LIII.

Smith, Ronald Ward

1940. The Land Mammals of Nova Scotia. The American Midland
Naturalist, Vol. XXIV, No. 1, July 31, 1940, pp. 213-241.

Thomas, Edward Sinclair; and Bole, Benjamin Patterson, Jr.

1938. List of the Mammals of Ohio. Bulletin of the Ohio State
Museum, No. 1, February, 1938, pp. 1-2.

Trautman, Milton Bernhard
1939. The Numerical Status of Some Mammals throughout
Historic Time in the Vicinity of Buckeye Lake, Ohio. The
Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. XX XIX, No. 3, May, 1939, pp.
133-143.

Wharram, Samuel Verrell

1933. Mammals of Ashtabula County. (Manuscript in the library of
the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.)

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