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(From the Transactions of the Zo Society, Vol. xi. part i. 1880.] {

I. On the External Characters of two Species of British Dolphins (Delphinus delphis,
LTinn., and Delphinus tursio, Fabr.). By Wiuuiam Henry Fiowser, LL.D.,
JETER TESA OR

Received May 6th, read May 6th, 1879.
[Puate I.]

IT is somewhat remarkable that no really adequate figure of so well known an animal
as the Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis, Linn.) is to be found in any zoological
publication. The best with which I am acquainted is one given by Reinhardt
(* Notits om en paa Ostkysten af Jylland fanget Delphinus delphis,” in ‘Naturh. Fore-
nings Vidensk. Meddelelser,’ Nos. 10, 11, 1866), from an animal 5 feet 4 inches long,
taken near Grenaa, on the Jutland shore of the Cattegat in November 1865. This
tigure, however, is not coloured, and wants the details of the markings seen in the
specimen to be described presently.

Perhaps the next best figure, and, indeed, in some respects superior, is that given in
the illustrated edition of Cuvier’s ‘ Regne Animal,’ which is stated to be “ d’aprés une
peinture originale de Maréchal faisant partie des vélins du Museum.’ The figures in
the volume on Cetacea in the ‘ Naturalists’ Library,’ by Dr. Hamilton, and in Bell’s
‘ British Quadrupeds,’ are apparently founded on this, though in the latter the tail is
differently formed, the gradations of colour are badly given, and the whole creature
has too thick and clumsy an appearance. Klein’s figure (Hist. Piscium Naturalis,
ii. 1741) professes to be original, from an animal 9 feet 2 inches (Rhenish) in length,
in which case it could not have been D. delphis, but. was more probably D. tursio,
as surmised by Cuvier. It is reproduced by Bonnaterre (Cétologie, 1789) and by

2 PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE EXTERNAL CHARACTERS

Lacépéde (Hist. Nat. des Cétacés, 1804), with the addition of the conventional fountain
from the blow-hole, in both cases without acknowledgment.

The earlier figures, all more or less inexact in outline, rude in execution, and wanting
in colour, are those of Belon (1551), Rondelet (1554), and Aldrovandus (1615). The
two former, especially that of Rondelet, have been repeated with modifications by the
various compilers of the last two centuries. Belon’s account of the external characters
and anatomy of the Common Dolphin, the Porpoise, and of a third species (of which
I shall speak presently), is a very remarkable work for the time at which it was
written }.

On the 15th of March last Mr. F. Buckland kindly informed me that he had just
received from Mr. Matthias Dunn, of Mevagissey, a Dolphin which had been caught in
the -mackerel-nets about twenty miles south of the Deadman Headland, Cornwall. It
proved to be a young female Delphinus delphis. The elegance of the form, and the
beauty and variety of the colouring, were such that I thought it desirable to obtain a
correct coloured drawing of the animal while fresh, which, reduced to the scale of one
sixth the natural size, is reproduced in fig. 1, Plate I. Instead of being simply black
above and white below, as usually described, the sides were shaded, mottled, and
streaked with various tints of yellow and grey, the distribution of which can be better
understood by a reference to the figure than by any description. The under surface
was of the purest possible white. Perfect symmetry was shown in the colouring and
markings on the two sides of the body.

The length of the animal in a straight line from the tip of the beak to the notch in
the middle of the tail was 5 feet 1} inch. ‘The other principal dimensions were as

follows :—

inches.
End of beak to anterior end of dorsal fin. . . . Pog Agee eee aOR
een ne insertion of anterior end of pectoral fin ae le Negeinees MOH
ees. PVA OSE UOT ey ea Bae Gah lo be oo OO
Anclerohmonthitoranterorianele Ot Gye lies i ese cee iejmltn tt rane mene)
Length of eye-aperture . . Se Sas P Haat ees see a em ee an) 2S
Posterior angle of eye to ea ata tory MeatuSes AT elses Rca 1195)
isenetchwotabasciofidorsalifinvs. 2. (euery cee cy el eee Sa7h
Height of dorsal fin. . . . : wg Nye te eee Page ea eee er ceed
Length of anterior margin of neuter al fin SS Te ae Pear: Cree aoe lOO)
aS posterior 5 i Sie Oe on Co ne aoe OY)
Breadtheotacandaletime aces, wc) darcy in) eu eee eh aoe en on a OLS
The dental formula was #=¥ = 185, which corresponds nearly with that usually

1 <T)Histoire naturelle des étranges Poissons marins, avec la vraie peinture et description du Daulphin,’ &c.
Paris, 1551.

OF TWO SPECIES OF BRITISH DOLPHINS. 3

observed in the species, some individual variation being always met with, even in the
different sides of the mouth. There are fifteen pairs of ribs, the last being unattached
to its corresponding vertebra, and 21 lumbar and 31 caudal vertebree, making altogether,
with the cervical and thoracic, a total of 74 vertebre. ‘The skeleton has been pre-
pared for the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. ‘The stomach contained the
partially digested remains of numerous fish, apparently mackerel.

This species is the true Dolphin of the ancients, being the most abundant and
characteristic species in the Mediterranean. Its exact geographical distribution has
not yet been defined with precision, owing to the difficulty of distinguishing it from
allied species, a difficulty which it is hoped the present illustration may in some measure
help to overcome. It is not uncommon in the Atlantic, being well known on the
west coast of France; and it frequently visits the English Channel, pursuing the shoals
of pilchards and mackerel. In the Museum of the College of Surgeons is the skeleton
of a fine adult animal, which, when alive, must have been about 7 feet long, taken
near the beginning of the present century at Worthing. Northwards of this locality
it appears to become rare. Wan Beneden does not include it among the Cetacea
frequenting the Belgian coast, as he was not able to find any example of its capture
in the North Sea. Specimens, however, are occasionally met with on the coasts of
Norway and Denmark, as mentioned by Lilljeborg and Reinhardt; and it is included
in many of the lists of the Cetacea of the Greenland seas ; but it is doubtful whether
some of the species of the allied genus Lagenorhynchus may not have been mistaken
for it.

Judging from the figure and description in Scammon’s ‘ Marine Mammals of the
North-western Coast of North America’ (1874), Delphinus bairdit, Dall, is a closely
allied, perhaps identical species inhabiting the North Pacific; but further observations,
especially osteological comparisons, are required before the latter surmise can be con-
sidered proved.

The second species, of which I wish to offer an original and, I believe, faithful
drawing to the Society, is Delphinus tursio of Fabricius’. The best known figure
of this animal is that given by John Hunter in his classical ‘ Observations on the
Structure and Ciconomy of Whales,” published in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’
vol. lxxvii. (1787). This is taken from a young animal caught, with its mother, near
Berkeley, in Gloucestershire, and sent to Hunter by the celebrated Edward Jenner. It
is described in the memoir as ‘‘ a species of Bottle-nosed Whale, the Delphinus delphis
of Linneus.” It was, however, identified by Cuvier with D. tursio of Fabricius, and so
described by Prof. Owen in his editorial notes to Hunter’s collected works (1837).

1 The identification of the present well-known species with the D. tursio of Fabricius has been questioned.
The description in the ‘Fauna Greenlandica’ (1780, p. 49) is certainly vague and unsatisfactory; but the name

is now so generally accepted that it would cause much confusion to attempt to change it, even if it could be
proved to haye been wrongly imposed.

B2

4 PROF. W. H. FLOWER ON THE EXTERNAL CHARACTERS

This figure is reproduced on a reduced scale in Bell’s ‘ British Quadrupeds.’ Bonna-
terre’s figure of the Nesarnak (D. twrs?o), in his ‘ Cétologie,’ 1789, pl. xi. fig. 1, appears
to be a modified copy of the same, though without acknowledgment. The three
transverse pale lines crossing the dark part of the body below the dorsal fin, which
form a marked feature in this figure, have not been observed in other specimens ;
they somewhat resemble the pale vertical lines which cross the sides of the two speci-
mens of the young of Risso’s Dolphin which have been figured '.

Another original figure is that given by Dr. Gray in the 10th Plate of the ‘ Zoology
of the Erebus and Terror.’ It is from a drawing by Mr. R. Templeton, from a specimen
caught in the south of Jreland in November 1828, and evidently a young one, as
its length was only 7 feet 6 inches. It does not bear the appearance of very great
accuracy; the dorsal fin, especially, is more elevated and erect than in any of the
others. Schlegel’s figure in his ‘ Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Zoologie und ver-
gleichenden Anatomie, Heft 1, 1841, from a specimen 11 feet long, taken off the coast
of Holland and stuffed in the Leiden Museum, besides differing in form (especially in
the very small size of the pectoral fin) from that known to be characteristic of the
species, is represented of a uniform black colour; but it is not stated that this was the
case when the animal was fresh, and may have been due to changes in the process of
preservation.

There can be little doubt of the correctness of Cuvier’s identification of the animal
taken at Tréport, on the coast of Normandy, in the beginning of May 1551, exhibited
at the Hotel de Nevers at Paris, and described by Belon under the name of “ Oudre”
or “Orca,” with this species. It was 94 feet long, and had half as many teeth as the
true Dolphin, or eighty in all, not counting some small rudimentary ones in front.
Accepting this determination, the three species of which Belon was the first to give
original and tolerably accurate figures and descriptions are Delphinus delphis, D. tursio,
and Phocena communis.

A good description, but without figure, of a specimen taken upon the Suffolk coast
is given by Dr. W. B. Clarke in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 100
(1849).

The specimen now figured was taken, with several others, near Holyhead, on the
5th of October, 1868. Like the one above described, it was sent to Mr. Buckland, to
whose kindness I am indebted for the opportunity of drawing and describing it. The
skeleton was prepared for the Oxford University Museum. It was a male, not quite
full-grown, as the condition of the epiphyses showed.

The principal dimensions were :—

Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vill. pl. 1.; Murie, Journ. Anat. Phys. (Nov. 1870) vol. v. pl. v.; Copo,
Proc. A. N. 8. Philadelphia, 1876, pl. iii.

cn

OF TWO SPECIES OF BRITISH DOLPHINS.

Total length, in a straight line from end of beak to notch in middle inches.

Obani ete peer sem naa isi ies Meg) okie tah Meee oar gs We) Menaeerera wu meee AT ef)
End of beak to anterior edge of dorsal fin . . ...... =.=. £4500
5 iu ALS OH TANG s gb ib wey Geol we eo owl LPs
Re ae bloweholeee a. hs, apa ssa cok Rupes tee hee aaa 15:0
5 e AMTTOR OMA OOK G06 (6 boo 6 6 6 6 6. 0 14-7
hens thvofreye-apertunetn yn yi ite | eee eos 1-1
From hinder corner of eye to aperture of ear . . . 2... 2s 3°25
From angle of mouth to anterior angle of eye . . . . . . . . . 26
From end of lower jaw to anterior edge of pectoral fin . . . . . . 240
Wengthyofpectoralétinwamustraightsline) y.8 2) fs) eae ee ORO
Greatestibreadthsotgpectoralefiner tins silence eter eee 6:0
iheng thy ofibaserotdorsalifimys. pecs cuuysqine bea pares iseee few) cole arene RO)
Height otid orsallefink tismrcrs lt uc Saas ep ceauingen) ae) Gee) Aan ee ea 9°0
Breadthyolseandalleinyvet mere) cues fy oul cence tes mae peli) erga pate ae oO)

All the upper parts were of a shining greyish black, shading off to white below, as
seen in the figure, the change of colour following an irregular line from the angle of
the mouth to the origin of the pectoral fin and continued backwards at the same level.
The edge of the upper lip and the tip of the nose were whitish; both sides of the
pectoral and caudal fins were black. ‘There was no other colour to be distinguished
on the whole surface but black, white, and the intermediate grey. The usual “ screw ”
form of the caudal fin in the Cetacea was very marked, the upper surface of the right
lobe being concave, that of the left lobe convex.

This species is rare in the Mediterranean, though Gervais gives several instances of
its capture in the Gulf of Lyons. It probably has a more northern range than J.
delphis ; but, as in the case of that species, there is still much obscurity as to the
exact limits of its distribution.

Mr. Buckland has added casts of both these specimens to his valuable series of
models of Cetacea, which exhibit, better than by any other method yet devised, the
form, proportions, and colour of these animals, otherwise so difficult of preservation.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE.

PLATE I.
Fig. 1. Delphinus delphis 2, from an original drawing, by R. W. Sherwin, of a specimen
captured off the coast of Cornwall in March 1879.
Fig. 2. Delphinus tursio 3, from an original drawing, by W. H. Flower, of a specimen
captured near Holyhead, October 5, 1868.

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