“GROLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA ROBERT BELL, M.D., Se, D. (Cantab.), LL.D., E.R.S. CONTRIBUTIONS | CANADIAN PALEONTOLOGY VOLUME III (Quarto). ‘ PART AG ON VERTEBRATA OF THE MID- CRET ACEOUS 3 OF aes NORT H WES’ T ERRITORY > BY HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, Vertebrate Paleontologist (Honorary) of the Survey, AND “LAWRENCE M, LAMBE, - Assistant Palceontologist. , 1,—DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF THE MID-CRETACEOUS FAUNA. By Henry FArREIELD Osporn. ae 2. NEW GENERA AND SPECIES FROM THE BELLY RIVER SERIES (MID- CRETACEOUS). By Lawrence M, Lames. OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BURHAU SEPTEMBER 1902 3 th wm GHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA ROBERT BELL, M.D., Sc.D. (Cantab.), LL.D., F.R.S. CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN PALZHONTOLOGY VOLUME IIT (Quarto). PART II. ON VERTEBRATA OF THE MID-CRETACEOUS OF MME NORTE WEST TERRITORY BY HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, Vertebrate Palcontologist (Honorary ) of the Survey, AND LAWRENCE M. LAMBE, Assistant Palcontologist. 1.—DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF THE MID-CRETACEOUS FAUNA. By Henry FarrriEtp Osporn. Ns 2.—_NEW GENERA AND SPECIES FROM THE BELLY RIVER SERIES (MID-CRETACEOUS). By Lawrence M. Lampe. OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU SEPTEMBER 1902 No. 774. The present report, on Vertebrata from the Mid-Cretaceous rocks of the North-west Territory of Canada, forms the second part of a “series of descriptive and illustrated quarto memoirs ” begun in 1891. The first part, by the late Professor EH. D. Cope, is on “The species from the Oligocene or Lower Miocene beds of the Cypress Hills”. The publication of a contemplated second part on the Vertebrata of the Laramie formation of the North-west Territory, also by Professor Cope, was prevented by his death in 1897. The Survey is deeply indebted to Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn, Curator of the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, for having kindly consented, at the request of the late Dr. George M. Dawson, to supervise the working up of the vertebrate fossils in its possession. This assistance has been given quite gratuitously by Professor Osborn, who, besides having twice visited Ottawa in this connection, has also devoted some time to the consideration of the more general geological and paleontological relations of some of these fossils, as set forth in his introduction. In the preparation of the present report Mr. Lambe has had the advice and super- vision of Professor Osborn. ROBERT BELL. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DEPARTMENT, Orrawa, 380th July, 1902. is i Ci GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. I—DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF THE MID-CRETACEOUS FAUNA. BY HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA 1.—DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF THE MID-CRETACEOUS FAUNA. By Henry FAIRFIELD OSBORN The determination by the Canadian Survey of a Mid-Cretaceous and fresh-water fauna, including fishes, batrachians, reptiles and mammals, is a forward step of great importance in vertebrate paleontology. The Survey had established beyond question, geologically, that the Belly River series is Mid-Cretaceous, that it underlies the Montana or Ft. Pierre-Fox Hills group, and over- lies the Ft. Benton and Dakota groups; * and at the outset of the paleontological investi- gations for this report, the question arose, what stages et vertebrate evolution are repre- sented by the Belly River fauna? It soon appeared to the writer in the study of the fine collection made by Mr. Lambe that the Belly River vertebrates of the North-west'Territory were of decidedly different and apparently of older type than those from the Laramie beds of Converse co., Wyoming, described by Marsh, and were rather to be compared with those described by Leidy, Cope and Marsh, from Montana, chiefly from the Judith River beds, a region by no means distant geographically. Thus the correlation between the Belly River and Judith River series, proposed by the late Director, Dr. G. M. Dawson, in 1875, at first glance appeared to be confirmed faunistically. But this correlation is not supported by the geological records, which all place the Judith River beds proper above the Fox Hills and Fort Pierre. To present the evidence for and against the Mid-Cretaceous age of some of the Montana fossils already known, to show the need of closer examination of the geology and closer comparison of types, and to outline the general characteristics of this fauna, are the chief objects of this introduction. Non geologia sine paleontologia ; in other words, no faunal work wiil endure which is not based on stratigraphical work. 1. GEOLOGICAL RELATIONS. Among geologists of the United States there has never been any question as to the Laramie or Upper Cretaceous age of the typical Judith River beds. In 1877, Cope referred the Judith River formation of Meek and Hayden to the Cretaceous. In 1887, he * The history of this work is presented by Mr. Lambe in the second part of this memoir. 7 8 \ questioned Dr. Dawson’s assignment of greater age to the Belly River series, holding that the vertebrates were similar to those of the Laramie. C. A. White* takes a similar view :; “ What gives this (Belly River) formation especial interest is the intimate relation of its fauna and flora to those of the Laramie, although these two non-marine formations are, in the district within which both are known to occur, separated by a great thickness of strata which are unmistakably of marine origin.’ Whitman Cross** places the ‘Judith River beds even higher: “ Without reviewing in detail the literature of these beds, it is desired to point out the fact that the Judith River strata may perhaps repre- sent the Arahapahoe or some other post-Laramie formation and not the true Laramie of Colorado and Wyoming.” Other observations, however, point to the presence of older fresh-water beds in Mon- tana, which may have been more or less confused by collectors with the Judith River beds. White, remarks, (op. cit. p. 174): ‘Certain observed conditions of strata exposed along the Missouri river in northern Montana apparently indicate its [7. e. Belly River formation] presence there. It also seems not improbable that some of the strata in the upper part of the valley of the Musselshell river, in Montana, which have been referred to the Laramie, really belonged to the Belly River formation. If strata of this formation really exist there they probably were originally continuous with those of the Belly River valley.” More recently Earl Douglas *** has observed Mid-Cretaceous dinosaurs below the Ft. Pierre beds, in Sweet-grass county, Missouri. In the records as they stand, therefore, there is evidence, first, of fresh-water dinosaur- bearing beds in Montana older than the Laramie; and this suggests the possibility, not to say probability, of confusion in the collections ; that is some of the vertebrates already described from Montana may be of Belly River age. Neither in the writings of Cope nor Marsh is the fact recognized that some of the Montana vertebrates are of different and perhaps more ancient character. Even in their latest contributions **** to the subject, Montana and Wyoming vertebrates are discus- sed as ofthe same age, and as if the question were one of priority of nomenclature rather than the more important one of priority of structure and time. Marsh (op. cit., p. 145) places the “ Ceratops Beds of Laramie Series” above the Fox Hills group, as the summit of the Cretaceous. He defines (op. cit., p. 207) these beds as follows :— (p. 207). ‘The definite horizon in which these strange reptiles occur has been called by the writers the Ceratops beds, from the type genus Ceratops, and its position is shown in the section on page 145.... This geological horizon is a distinct one in the upper Cretaceous, and is indicated for more than 800 miles along the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains. It is marked at nearly every outcrop by remains of these reptiles, and hence the strata containing them have been called the Ceratops beds. They are fresh-water or brackish deposits which form a part of the so-called Laramie, but are below the uppermost beds referred to that group. In some places, at least, they rest upon marine beds, which contain invertebrate fossils characteristic of the Fox Hills deposits The most important localities in the Ceratops beds are in Wyoming, especially in Converse County.... The fossils associated with the Ceratopsidze are mainly dinosaurs, representing one or two orders and several families. Plesiosaurs, crocodiles, and turtles, of Cretaceous types, and many smaller reptiles, have left their remains in the * U.S. Geological Survey, Correlation Papers, Cretaceous, 1891, p. 173. ** Geology of the Denver Basin in Colorado. Monographs of the U. S. Geological Survey, Vol. XX VII, p. 239, *** Science, January 3, 1902, p. 31, ‘‘Dinosaurs in the Ft. Pierre shales and underlying beds in Montana,” *x** Cope, ‘‘ The Horned Dinosauria of the Laramie”’, American Naturalist, 1889, p. 715, Marsh, ‘‘ Dinosaurs of North America,” 1895. 9 same deposits. Numerous small mammals, also of ancient types, a few birds, and many fishes, are like- wise entombed in this formation. ...- (p. 203). Besides these there were still others related to the Jurassic Stegosaurs, among them the Nodosauride, quadrupedal forms heavy dermal armor.” Invertebrate fossils and plants are not uncommon in the same horizon These quotations show that the marine, fresh-water and terrestrial fauna, fishes, plesiosaurs, as well as stegosaurs were all included by Marsh in the Laramie fauna of the ‘“Ceratops Beds” in general, which name, in fact, he assigned from the Montana type, Ceratops montanus. The eastern Wyoming (Converse county, where the great collection of Triceratops skulls was made by Hatcher), the western Wyoming (Bitter Creek) Laramie (where Agathaumas, Cope, was found), the Colorado (Denver beds, where Polyonaz, Cope and Ceratops alticornis were found), and the Montana (Judith River and supposed Fort Union), are all treated by this author as of the same age, namely, Upper Cretaceous. The confusion has been rendered greater in the early references of some of the Mon- tana fossils to the Fort Union beds. A year after Cope’s original description of his “ Fort Union” collection he transferred them to the Judith River, in his paper on the “ Geology of the Judith River beds.” The Ft. Union beds have been considered late Cretaceous or on the border land between Cretaceous and Tertiary. In 1874-5, G. M. Dawson published several papers expressing the opinion that they are Hocene. L. F. Ward referred the Ft. Union beds to the Upper Laramie, from its flora ; on the same ground Newberry placed it above the Laramie in the Tertiary. Quite recently Mr. Earl Douglas has made the very fortunate discovery in these beds of basal Hocene mammals of Puerco (Thanetien Montien) age. The reference of Montana dinosaurs to Fort Union beds is, therefore, an error. It remains to be determined, therefore, whether all the fossils recorded from Montana are actually from Judith River beds, or whether a portion at least of the beds described and collected in as ‘‘ Judith River ” are not older than the Laramie. PROVISIONAL CORRELATION Paskapoo?. Ft. Union®. (No dinosaurs) Brackish & fresh-water..... Edmonton. Laramie & Judith |Triceratops, Torosaurus, River. Dryptosaurus, Ornithomimus. Pierre- Fox Fox Hills, Marine ky pets cytania mane Hills group. Fort Pierre. Fresh and brackish-water. . . Belly River. Montana exposures Stereocephalus, Monoclonius. in part. Ceratops, Trachodon, Deinodon, Sandy clays and sandstones.| 910 feet. (Niobrara). (Ornithomimus, Compsemys, Ptilodus. PER Aa Ren Sa ea ettal Ne Hllale ara ea uianday ii DMT U IS Dey aC oer IG Dakota. 1, Regarded by Tyrrell as the beginning of the Tertiary. 2, Mammals of Puerco type discovered by Douglas in 1901. 2 \ 10 2. FAUNAL CHARACTERS. The Belly River or Mid-Cretaceous fauna is distinguished from that of the Upper Jurassic (Como Beds, Purbeckien) by the entire absence of Sauropoda and by the presence of Ceratopsia in great variety. It is affiliated with that of the Jurassic, and so far as we know separated from that of the Laramie by the presence of highly specialized Stego- sauria or plated dinosaurs,* by numerous turtles of the Jurassic family Pleurosternida, and by numerous large Plesiosaurs. Summarizing the table and with allowance for the provisional character of many of the determinations and of our incomplete faunal list, it appears that the (i) Belly River, (ii) Judith River and other beds erroneously referred to “Fort Union ” of Montana, (iii) Laramie of Wyoming and Colorado are related as follows: Total number Common to Common to of species Belly River and Judith River named. Montana. and Laramie. MIshestetyeayen ty ane Omni ries) OFS PeCles: iBatrachia ae eee MUR Wes eaieyecsis OL: a: IRlesiosauniaee eens Wes shenays, oboe Mestudina ann eeey eeu ee eee i 1 species. Rhynchocephalia . . % Macertiliagrrciac, oarcvnos Ol eaeeeroe als 2 a6 Ophidiann ss . -een = halite con Ste te Crocodiliaze. paces gO SONA 2 Jota ay ame ease a Megalosauria........ Ifa ow o606 aA 2 FWENET An aicisys, ais seicas 2 genera. ? Stegosauria........ Deasiinia wast IM Gennsse eis see le ZenuUS Iguanodontia.. ..... WG creertecenre 1 See Siva steieynres q1 ce Ceratopsia.......... EN bid Boek 1 Ac It should be clearly stated that our knowledge is so inaccurate as to rob this compa- rison of much permanent value. There is thus very little in common between the Belly River fauna and the Laramie fauna of Wyoming and Colorado so far as described, except the dinosaur Ornithomimus and the very persistent chelonian Baéna. Most of the dinosaurs wiil probably be found to be separated generically. On the other hand, so far as known, the Montana fauna has much in common with the Belly River, especially among the Testudinata, Iguanodontia and Ceratopsia. In the following table, which has been compiled with the aid of Mr. Lambe and Dr. O. P. Hay, the geological and geographical references are those given by the authors. Leidy’s early references to the “lignite of Nebraska” are to territory now included in Dakota and Montana. In the second column are animals specified as in “ Judith River beds”; in the third those entered as ‘‘ Fort Union” or Laramie of Montana, largely Judith River no * The only published evidence of Stegosauria in the Laramie of Wyoming and Colorado is the tooth of Palwoscincus. @ 11 doubt. In the fourth column, the Moreau River region of Dakota. In the fifth, Wyoming, Converse co. and Bitter Creek. In the sixth, the Colorado Laramie. Edmonton beds of Alberta, which correspond with the true Laramie. In the seventh, the 3. DISTTIBUTION OF LAND AND FRESH-WATER CRETACEOUS VERTEBRATES IN THE WEST * Omitting Laramie Mammals } | Tnceertae Sedis, Zk io iat 3 = : % Fs s a) g ® : ae 2 ar) (Se) ~~ Species. BS S © =. — 2 A A = i fat a ~~ ES || 6 ak 5) faz} 8 2 soo ee) = ee 3 £ 5 Bs | £2 S = c fo) + = fa eh Big es ESN ieee cs ea & = es 6) es Pisces. Myledaphus bipartitus, Cope. * te SUA tA aii ea kes ao a Malognathusiprescusy Weidiynu velie clea: seen ere aes Pee Nis Nis Dees Sales bs nasi iaesiay Hedronchus sternbergr, Cope.. .....-..|---..- te pa het lee Reva BSNL. Aa ear Ceratodus hieroglyphus, “ ............- Be ise rat | aa | eR eo Ae loos el Eee ig. Acipenser albertensis, Lambe........... SUN Le eee ees 3 areal ROS (done aed PR pS | ale Lepidotus (Lepidosteus) occidentalis, Leidy.| * Pan Ms Ba oe aca stevens [need evetoa tt Doth os! LRhineastes(Ceratodus) eruciferus, Cope, sp.| * peeks f PER el Ge aun el sr wed eae Oss Diphyodus longirostris, Lambe... ..... Url voll Win eee Reicele! laesecol lane m6 pil atte bl aloe ows Batrachia. Scapherpeton tectum, Cope............. ue ie i eae eae aoo te oobUloaocOe Gs Lacticolle nana etd ere mes eh ae eats ea elosta tlha oraio ca) tb Boas RCS Ne Olea Ohao.cl koe EGOS peo Bae s deca sbasallaboooniacoden|lhagso ee TROY oo Ney Cina & ERO ES), Eat IR RI Rata alll on oes Rollo AAS Hemitrypus jordaniamus, Cope... ......)....-. LAS Messe lam erare lla 5 10 'omt|| ASS oo a||Goe osc Reptilia. | | Plesiosauria. | Cimoliasaurus magnus, Leidy........., ESOT Mle Marne lai Be aed eure a mere 4 |oiblo.0 Hl] Gaes am aaa IN CHEE TIRGIS CLS, (OW ek ooo bavel|lase colleswiad a| >) ) 3 A iB | ; : FA Ba IS) 2 = = iS) Bas ea S = = 3 5 os Ss | 2a! & 8 5 3 ra 5 = yo es s) es 5 Chelonia. Trionyx foveatus, Leidy. ............, a Ee Heol ied aaa Micali won yecfeoccecd aa Sees ee > “ maganis Cone ana ane iy tel Reyes els WiDrake! ae at NSCCi Is | eae Larvagls Sil . Rt 2 / Plastomenus (Trionyx) coalescens, Cope..|.....-|.....- ‘ Sere sl eet sya, dna aera erases esteneceheas Lehi Ina~ TSA OUR COSI (CO) T6558 sean odaallaooned||tanaosllsedeosiinosscollaogseullosdacsilsadoos Mlle. ° ad PLP OHOR, (CB) N50.00.50250\ls50000||s50d05l|200 006 Fe Dales| AINE CSle| os eal eae ce UOSAICOS OO Ne ad so 5 Barend lad Scala seed [ae doll roid aok aed ccc Wextel | eee } j3. hop. 7, V Adocus lineolatus, Cope..............- 3 ieeehel| | . Neewoae son vial eS! ea ee Adocus (Basilemys, Hay) variolosus, Cope, # A Spite tte puvels rete leasiel chek ncvsreenereaee res a na Pewee 4 SonoddlpoeSooos at dolsoocoollaca sc F / Compsemys imbricarius, Cope..........|..... |... Meee | Ae ilitbiants heey a ial Meelis . - Ar. (ot t 2 3 wicins, Leidy....654 +s ceaecc|cecclulieee | eee DeKs oie iaa Made? a3 abscurius weld y Men rae eter elle eet eee f PR 0)?7) | ees ee IAS olla Polythorax misswriensis, Cope.........-|...-.- el FN Se aocdlis: 2 ete eres tee No Baenahatchert, welaye ns) ies alee WM sl|Gaeans|Gogaan|Koodgs MB RSA Inc ro. A sis GS Hop WUE IN os eos a5oon 40000 BRE i ee Faro oeD > olpimomisiencecsiine soc Bigs o5 0 Neurankylus eximius, Lambe.......... Lan ee en emo AAO SRT Risceo ollNac oo Rhynchocephalia. | | Champsosaurus, profundus, Cope....... SRS TAI | ah OMS Sere Mee asin a (dos usaiSASceciias cos ¢ cs annectens, Le ae ee “y ieee Ree Mana reo \soccos olen worth acc | cc brevicollis, SC Fe) lewd REACT % Weesan| Peaedo| oor. nossa clip ssc a|locsooc fs vaccinsulensis, Cope.....|-..--. He | a raye dill eset aye sail =. tenetonall ocetog eon | CARE eset | eae te, : | Lacertilia & Incerte Sedis. | Iguanavus teres, Marsh............... eerey lace 1. Beeps | ees pane Preset gd os lsos5c Troédon formosus, Leidy........ ..... cee oe || Peetes Shoe Ieee Ifo trye ovata =, ||| Sevotatenel eee Paronychodon lacustris, Cope.......... Bis ecaie|(s Ne + sole Ce) nde eel le = ete Eee a / Zapsalis abradens, Cope ..............|-.:..- | oon eee Benes Senegal Sssss5iiooe-- Chamops segnis, Marsh.............. 5) aso hehe eaten bt|eece: din or 35535. .: | . e 13 2 | = Ssh el. 2 Eu eih A ean a he eB See Bl 2 |= a 3 S — 2 va som ae [=] mM oe (om oI ~~ . = om ° (om = S 3 AS 3 zs a =I 8 toa ee} ne ° a5 sie 2 ra — ss td ae) ° 8 2 = 5 a Bo | 3A 3) 3 1 iS ae) q aa) 5 = e\ | ee s) cs a Stegosauria—Con. / : z { Nodosawrus teatilis, Marsh....... 2... -)e.-s-s 6) dnllovacedlocanss Ke Jo calle el ee Stereocephalus tutus, Lambe .......... B4| (Sl errs Seewell Se aeeraeegs a0 ree oe iaeoai ees Alissa wesc ; ‘ Ceratopsia. ‘ Black j rR / Agathaumas sylvestre, Cope.....:.....-|.....-. sie ceetate|l sees fayetall Shekegstes Mi *lSooe.s aaleee , WLLL { Polponax mortwarvus, ‘“ .........-.. ever atepstettel| eee Goada6 28 * ae | Dysganus encaustus : Boe sh eae an avoreneieX||loreletaf=eel ie Neet Sills v us haydenianus “ 5 slop Galle nos aalles Re AP ne oetal seal eeeenes | eee ce We, 8 o565 Bio 06daslloacese Be NN iad EI rt sia auall tepensve torn eee i perganus, SSE Resave tele licnertenel | tctemenesened| ote ve atau ib ue heereracin Rela Ia nor allem aigts 6 pooo4 2 Monoclonius crassus, Eee She caiels tee Re shed | ats x ae cist |e clei : ce recurvicornis, * ....... HEA | We mcr Keeton | PRTart, Mente arcnescetes sl Pye ae : a NG SPRENOCETILSN CoNl Uiesaiinleyotelaire eel ieieeei| shee Al, ate eee eal Spl ae co ifissus, CO EO crete slave etna tee ee SS redl. t,t ieeeess scat | Sister | eee os Aanusony Lamborn iieice Le eae eee ol eer eee [Oa ica lfc ah. | G Gils Ba ogacdaeae ED il eeepc] erated | sis Beaisye ee 2 Gs belli, os Lo =| Reece | Geratopsmontanisy |Nlarshy ato goes -telliae se eal tettsrll| edie ull etete teil eeeeeteeie| [ete x ay a alticornis Co Oe area reac lio ao Sole acon cline oocc 2_+A- Ravine nGLopsy LOM 2 CUS tate ml Metra pei) oi ate eels eeall seecepocaloteiesate * *D, ce serratus HP Foon e cod sod sc\leqces [bon conllbocc0o|o00 nc RAR Nth ree: ¢ prorsus, He ob cecesnn aan pacads||eoscc BS 4| eerie: NW iskose ce sulcatus, DN Dera ola cial Merger hn s oot site 5 w Gs elatus, GEE ec diss | Benen Be cect mecha a aN ara lc 2 G GUA ORES) MENS Games a an| (Mo aanalbooant (Sipcoualbed asc oe Fi u galeus, Wada sadooccdeccdd lloooecalbescoclleanns. ue tf obtusus, CU FY Se aSTeY 3 ca 3 Sanl| |, Vopsmevel| aneseece gl eee wy ISLET NILOLOD/ ULES ULOCLLGELLA Ge! Pedeietel ce Paueven=|| |e) -0rey nll seeueeeieta| fiesta aa OW . cc.05l eee ene Torosaurus latus, ne * 15 = 2 | a eS im liens ez “4 2 | @ 2 Fe q a = < a te) ms a DL : 5 a iS A S = . . o ow} Species. 5 > is, Seren = D > lee a ey tla pced 5 mM 4 ar {e) a 5 g = Ol ey ee 2 2 > = 2 tS) Se = 2 3 2 = 5 5 74 BS} i eS (ea) 5 g 4 = s Ss S = EI fea S = Qa S Oo = ea lS sableeties Nol lop Ale oS URE iat | Ceratopsia—Con. | | | | Vircrasaiirts gladcus\larshene ee jets aa St Ads HL Coe Soh RS a LIES si Seon ene | YW Manospondylus gigas, Cope............|..-.-4|-.---- aise [Otel rane scat MUtaaeeerta peters lee /Claorhynchus* trihedrus, Cope.......... SRE EAe: NIM ue e donor lead mica Sioioioe Gaba | Stegoceras validus, Lambe........ ..... ietaeeaa (gute eee ANS Oona tac soa ee erred [ON ee | Iguanodontia : Ornithopoda. ~ Trachodon mirabilis, Leidy ....... cede | panos eal Noe al | eaues ee Peon al ale tre Bis |eeloty an ctor ie ear v “Phespesius occidentales, “1... 01... Le ee. ae } ISHN Ne CSUN A PMA MRE Denon Ciara yo. CRGPHMNS, (CN, bdo 3 Baden bos) ekes sl! basen BI eli indeed CE eatbam [tolerated 2 = 93s Vv SRENEUSEETODSUS Maen DN Etats ats tae SSRN te Ua SE A emey an LR RNTAMS CME ee te Oe tees ‘ Hd. / Diclonius pentagonus, Cope.. .........|..--- |.- Pues t PATE MI Ue eter aah. 6 5 / G5 PUTT UITO, S35 Nalolaigio go iaas alleowesallee ee t Ne agdolloseborlboaconllsoedos||ktacce v SAR NCOLAGT LSS ASEUR Wee SEIS AIL Leena |, RECO RY Hy deere tll aces ae. OANA 4 Ogre teem |e ve bow le Trachodon breviceps, Marsh....... SAS ISREN ei AU aE i i SR Pee (ciated lian iaats naive tr § é | i Y Se paucidens: “AN daa, ||... .2 |). 8 .- | Pee eee ereicesia cl coos SOs laos on . Pteropelyx grallipes, Cope...........-. Bice Me onic dae t CA oe Mba Seco. al ates HL espaegek EE te ~ Trachodon longiceps, Marsh........ soollesaHe oll soar al giaetonyal lemma ae eee ello oe oll om aia | Chexascampasy cape OE TN Na co sel uy ole au dl cee eRe WING ee Sd pes epi AEROS J gs GLMECLENS oN eee tens ees Darel alli ncnte. LO Ngee i * DAS oS OTe. Trachodon (Pteropelyx) selwyni, Lambe..; * |,.....)...... eRe Al Rvs cilhe ee Rs Ole 2 tics 5 | eS Ys st ROG, Og g\\ Vee es PRs al UE RR Ih et eet lke itn (aedl ci atote 7 $f UG altidens, Se Felts ire meal em ee i lloswieo: Sean ics oro PereRt Saciety el ae ene Aves. Comihiiiarye Tere, MEV 5 odcd uaccdullocacsollsasaeailoes soulloseese CRD a nec [ped id 0 IR OTA @ NETUSUS TAO Noho hot see a Ae ead lie mig SAIN Ra Pee RY [eth eee EVs | eae. a Vee ceed| ene Mammalia. | | / Ptilodus primevus, Lambe............. re al eceeteien (siete bal [erie omen bestest eee © eee ee Ha | Boreodon matutinus, “ ............. A Lge | es tenesixtted ieee tO yediacee MN Ta | ee res TSR od | aa *This may be an iguanodont. **The type of the genus Claosawrus is from the Mid-Cretaceous, Pteranodon beds. 16 4, GENERAL RELATIONS OF THE FAUNA. * FISHES. The fishes include truly marine as well as biackish and fresh-water types, and are all of Montana and Alberta reference. Myledaphus and Mylognathus, are marine sharks, supposedly related to the modern Chimeeroids (Holocephala) ; Hedronchus sternbergi (* Fort Union,’ Montana) is similarly referred by Dr. Hay, although with much doubt. Two species of Dipnoans, Ceratodus hieroglyphus and C. (Rhineastes) eruciferus are also from the Montana and Belly River beds. The sturgeons are somewhat doubtfully represented in the new species Acipenser albertensis from the Belly River; this may prove to be nearer Lepidosteus, a genus which is certainly represented in the Lepidotus ovcidentalis of Leidy, (Judith and Belly River). The relationships of the new genus and species Diphyodus longirostris are entirely problematical. BATRACHIA. Cope has described five species of batrachia, all from the Judith River beds, belong- ing to the two Urodele genera Scapherpeton and Hemitrypus, of doubtful family relation- ship. One species S. ¢ectwm has been determined by Mr. Lambe in the Belly River. No batrachians are recorded from the Wyoming Laramie. REPTILIA. Piestosaurs. Numerous vertebre of a large plesiosaur from the Belly River are provisionally referred to the New Jersey species Cimoliasaurus magnus, Leidy. From Moreau river, South Dakota, Leidy has described two Plesiosaurs, Nothosaurops occiduus and Ischyrosaurus antiquus ; whether these beds are of Belly River age or more recent is not known. Uronautes cetiformis, Cope is another plesiosaur from the Judith River. CHELONIA. Turtlesofthe sub-order Trionychia are abundant. One species, Trionyx foveatus, is common to the Judith and Belly River series; another, 7. vagans, to the Belly River and supposed “ Ft. Union” beds. Three other species, Plastomenus costatus, P. coalescens and P. punctulatus have been named by Cope, the first two from the Laramie of the “bad lands” south of Wood Mountain, Assiniboia, the third from the supposed “ Ft. Union” (Judith River) of Mont- ana. Dr. Hay observes that it is not unlikely that P. coalescens is a synonym of Trionyx vagans; P. costatus and P. punctulatus are also more likely to belong to Trionyx. Plas- tomenus is distinctively an Eocene genus. The order CRYPTODIRA is represented by large swamp turtles related to the Dermatemy- dide, but belonging to the family Adocide; these are Adocus lineolatus, Cope, A. (Basilemys or “royal turtle ”, Hay) variolosus, and A. (Basilemys) imbricarius ; the royal turtle is very large and elaborately sculptured. It is important to note that the two species first named are found both in the Belly River and in Montana (? “ Ft. Union”), testifying to the Mid-Cretaceous age of the latter. The presence of numerous species of the Jurassic *The writer is especially indebted to Dr. O.P. Hay of The American Museum for valuable notes, criticisms and suggestions on the systematic section of this introduction. 17 amily Plewrosternide (order PLEURODIRA or AMPHICHELYDIA) is another distinctively ancient feature of this fauna; two of these, Compsemys victus and C. obscurus, Leidy, are described from Montana. ... «00+ soc e ein eee nei eee ae ae Belly River series, below Berry creek, 1901. STEREOCEPHALUS. Gen. nov. STEREOCEPHALUS TUTUS. Sp. nov. Plate XI, plate XII, figs. 1, 2, 8, 4 and 5, and plate XXI, figs. 6, 7 and 8. The specimen of which views from above, from the side and from below are given on plates XI and XII, represents part of the plate-protected cranium of a herbivorous dinosaur, that is, apparently, quite distinct from any hitherto described. With the head was found a transverse series of codssified sharply keeled scutes which will be described farther on. The part of the head preserved is strongly convex transversely, but only moderate- ly so from front to back. Codssified plates cover the whole of the upper surface and are continued down on the vertical sides. They are arranged with a certain amount of bilateral symmetry, are quite small at the centre and toward the back, but are larger in front and very much more so on the sides. They are for the most part irregularly five or six sided, with rather undulatory surfaces that are marked by an irregular, raised, struc- tural cross-hatching, feebly suggestive of the surface markings of the plates of Nodosau- rus textilis, Marsh. Small vascular openings and grooves are also numerous on the surface. The edges of the plates are as a rule angular and sometimes raised. Each plate has its limit defined by a deep circumscribing furrow, so that although they are codssified and form a continuous surface covering to the head, they do not lose their individuality. A rounded node, or an incipient keel is noticed on some of the plates. The removal of sandstone from the lower surface of the specimen revealed the bones of the palatal region (plate XII, fig. 2). The interpretation of these elements are as indi- cated by the letters. The back ends, only, of the palatines (p.) are seen, meeting the pterygoids in a suture indicated at “s.” From here the latter bones (pt.) extend back- ward on either side of interpterygoid vacuities (v.). The ridge (pb.) represents the presphenoid and basisphenoid elements ; it is bent posteriorly to one side in the specimen, which has been subjected to considerable pressure from above and is somewhat crushed behind. From this interpretation of the bones of the palate it would appear that the part of the armature preserved covers the upper part of the head near the union of the nasals with the frontals. No indication of the orbits can be detected and it is probable that they were placed far forward in the head. Part of a rib, having a T-shaped transverse section (Plate XII, fig. 5), such as is characteristic of the heavily armoured Stegosawria, was found separately but in the same locality, and is provisionally associated with S. tutus. The finding of such a rib is suffi- cient evidence of itself to prove the existence, during the time of the deposition of the Belly River series, of a large dinosaur having a heavy protective covering of bony plates 56 Measurements. M. Antero-posterior diameter of specimen...................00sn eee eee Bu ee) Greatestitransverse)idiameten ts hoteles peice eerie ee -210 Height of centre of upper surface above the level..............0.-. 222-206 “125 Width of interpterygoid vacuities.... ........... about ieee MW ae -040 Maximum thickness of cranial armature.............about.............-... “016 With the head, just described, were five keeled, bony scutes or plates that have since been found to fit together in the form of an arch (plate XII, figs. 3 and 4), whose sides curve forward as well as downward. This obliquecurve places the lower, paired scutes, as seen when the arch is viewed from above, a little in advance of the upper pair which is again slightly in advance of the median plate The scutes rest on and are ossified to a thickness of bone that constitutes the inner, continuous surface of the arch. This band of bone, ornamented above by paired ossicles, suggests the possibility of its being the back border of the posterior crest of the species to which the head armature, above mentioned, belonged. This suggestion is given credence from the fact that the concave edge of the band of bone on which the scutes rest is fractured, whilst the convex edge appears to be intact. Numbering the ossicles from the right, the junction between Nos. 1 and 2 was per- fect, as were also those between Nos. 8, 4 and 5, but in the case of Nos. 2 and 8 the frac- tured edges did not fit with sufficient exactness to remove all doubt as to their being placed side by side, although the continuity and symmetry of the curve of the under surface seemed complete. It is possible that one or two scutes are missing from between Nos. 2 and 3, especially as fragments of similarly shaped scutes were found at the same spot. If an additional scute completed the series it probably would have been the mate of the present median one, or if two were required to fill the gap (if such a gap exists) one would be on the median line, the other would correspond with No.3 to form another pair. The addition of one or two scutes to the series would result only in extending and possibly flattening the curve. The median scute is apparently symmetrical, the others are asymmetrical, forming pairs with reversed lateral proportions. The scutes have an irregularly oval basal outline, are sharply keeled, with sloping sides shallowly excavated from the keel downward but convexly curved from front to back, their basal edges are defined by an engirdling furrow below which, at a lower level, they are laterally expanded to meet each other in a plane surface. A very small ossicle rises above this intermediate basal surface between Nos. 3 and 4. Vascular markings are conspicuous on the sides of the scutes. From the appearance of the outer, basal edges of scutes Nos. 1 and 5, it seems prob- able that these scutes constituted the lateral terminations of the series. oT Measurements of transverse series of scutes. M. Height of apex of median keel above the level..., .. 568 190 Height of centre of inner surface of arch above the level........ ... .... 125 iWaidthyotannerispreadotwanchy below yee sey leisy elec a ental enone 236 Average height of apices of keels above inner Runes oS are otal et UMS EE “072 Basal breadth of the scutes (Nos. 2 and 2 on either side of the median one. . . 075 ‘Basal length of same.....-. ........ SPRL OMA ta a ENC A RaRe nn Sele gs ett °143 Thickness of bone on which the scutes rest, Watoue 28 A EAI RL ARAL oh tas 010 Belly River series, Red Deer river, 1897. The tooth shown in fig. 12,is of the Stegosaurian type. It differs from those, of the Red Deer river district, referred to the two species of Paleoscincus, and is about twice as large as those of P. costatus. It is figured here with the idea that it may eventually prove to belong to S. tutus. It was collected below Berry creek, on Red Deer river, in 1901. A spinous dermal plate of massive proportions, fig. 18, A and B, is referred to this species on account of its similarity, in structure and surface markings, to the postcranial keeled scutes described above. This specimen was col- lected in 1897. Another large plate similar in general proportions to the above and nearly as large, as well as numerous others of different sizes and of a variety of shapes, were collected in 1901. Fic. 12.— Stereocepha- lus tutus. Tooth, from Red Deer river, A, side view; B, end view. Twice the na- tural size. ( Provisi- onally associated with S. tutus.) Fie. 13.—Stereocephalus tutus. Dermal plate from Red Deer river ; one-sixth the nat- ural size. A, side view; B, view from above. (Provisionally associated with S. tutus. ) CERATOPSID &. Monoc.ontvs, Cope. MoNOCLONIUS DAwsONI. Sp. nov. Plate XVI, plate XIX, figs. 4-6, and plate XX, figs. 3 and 4. The remains of an apparently undescribed species of this genus, consisting of the skull of one individual and the posterior crest of another, are of especial interest. The 8 58 skull when found lay on its right side and although very much crushed, certain parts of it supply definite information as to its structure and size. The two orbits, the right maxilla, a quadrate and the occipital condyle were conspicuous and apparently in place, with a large posterior crest extending to the rear. Somewhat in advance of the orbits a horn core, of large size and apparently symmetrical form, occupied a position sugges- tive of a nasal origin, the nasal bones and the frontals being probably represented by the ragments filling the space between the orbit and the horn core (see fig. 14, from a measured drawing made before the parts of the skull were removed). 1 Foot. © Fic. 14.—Head of Monoclonius dawsoni, from a sketch in the field; one-twelfth the natural size. p, parietal ; o7, orbit; oc, occipital condyle ; g, quadrate ; m, maxilla (inner side, showing a row of foramina); h, horn core ; s, squamosal. The large posterior crest forms the back part of the skull above; its exact shape is fortunately supplied by the admirably preserved specimen shown in outline, from beneath, in fig. 15. The surface of the bone, above the orbit and from there inward for a short distance toward the median line of the skull, is moderately smooth and shows no trace of a horn core. With the separate posterior crest was found a horn core, similar in shape to, although not as well preserved as, the one belonging to the skull. The posterior crest is composed of the parietals and squamosals coalesced. The former are represented by a flat, thin, smooth median portion that expands laterally both in front — and behind; anteriorly it is deeply concaye below and broadly convex above but posteriorly it thickens gradualiy and dividing to either side is continued forward as the squamosals in a broad curve to meet the anterior expansion. On either side of the median element is included a large supratemporal vacuity or fontanelle. The posterior crest is somewhat saddle-shaped. Its sides are wavy, with a slight thickening of the bone in the posterior five of the seven corresponding convexities of the periphery, whilst a pair of inwardly directed spurs of bone, with their points turned slightly downward, are developed on its posterior border, one on each side of the median line. The intervacuital element is thickened along its median length and a more decided strengthening of the bone occurs along the posterior border, resembling in this respect 59 the corresponding part of Monoclonius belli, described further on. In all other parts of the crest the bone is thin, more particularly near and at the margin of the fontanelles Fre. 15.-—Posterior crest of Monoclonius dawsoni, viewed from beneath ; slightly less than one-eighth natural size. The pumbers give the thickness of the bone, in centimetres, at the points indicated. P, parietal; S, squamosal; 7’, fontanelle. whilst along the sinuous curves of the sides the edge is sharp except in the emarginations where it is rounded. Vascular markings occur on both surfaces, more particularly on the peripheral projections. Measurements. M. leigh tvorvorbit eau vey caetss ey n uUvCie mp r Mr M A Mer alie cd Ss Ral auc inate) se se Me EO Width of orbit........ RRR Vaan etn EM eA N ato ain dscels tereae cs ngee eae of COR JEST OY Che, ALOT HTN) (OOS Lid Sa Gone AB Sanaa Gb Solan MM Bie aenalg es ete ec Fens Lao Circumference at base of horn core...) 0... 000....0204. DEIN att 343 Antero-posterior diameter of base of same.......0..0. 0.2 eee eee eee °135 Mransversei diameter) OL mpaserOl samen wee aise ei ese cial soya cakes is een O92, Wiameteriorsoccipitalcondylep seer ew ey-sai a Aare eien sl depane ett eiale dst -060 kencthwotemaxallaceemigareeraee ue APPLOKI Ae dearer ML ena *350 Height ofr same) tues epee ee dcre ell cevels APPLOK A jays) Hahcraley etter usatel ens hcslses 6 PAO) ong, diameter of lowerfacelofiquadraten «Muesli ueiic slera. s)s\s +) sees beavansry wi OSO Short diameter of lower face of quadrate............. st ara daitenele Sires ahaa pn ae 036 Posterior crest Extreme length from anterior end of specimen (imperfect), medially, to line touching posterior edges of specimen on either side........... 2.0.2... “616 Length on median line from anterior end to posterior border.............. ., °486 Semi-breath of specimen on curve of under surface........... ia area vane ngs -470 Semi-breathvoraspecimenwhorizonitalliyaaeyvals televise) sallisherss view of right femur of Iguanodon mantelli, reduced drawing of the from the Wealden of England One-sixteenth femur of Izwanodon man- natural size. h, head; ¢, great trochanter ; m, telli, Owen, es YS third trochanter ; c, inner condyle. Wealden of Filgate Forest, Sussex, England (see fig. 21). Fig. 22. illustrates, in a diagrammatic manner, the gene- ral mode of succession of teeth in the genus Trachodon. The teeth are represented as they appear in transverse sections of the jaws, the heavy lines indicating the keeled enamelled crowns of the teeth. Thus although in both the upper and Trachodon, A, transverse sec. LOWeY jaws the teeth replace each other from the inner side, tion of the mandibular ramus; yet the enamelled surface of the crown of the teeth are on B, transverse section of the max- the inner side in the lower jaw but on the outer side in the illa. The heavy lines represent il the enamelled surfaces of the maxilla. crowns of theteeth. c, grinding f . , . Br teal dein uehwrorniteethice With this species is connected the name of Dr. Alfred partly worn teeth ; f,successional R. C. Selwyn, C.M.G., for many years, prior to 1894, Director teeth in the same vertical row of the Geological Survey. with d and e; g, foramen; hk, 4 mandibular groove ; 7, inner wall of dental chamber. . tion of the growth of teeth in 71 TRACHODON (PTEROPELYX) MARGINATUS. Sp. nov. Plate III, fig. 1, plate IV, figs. 1, 5 and 6, and plates V, VI, VII, VIII, IX and X. Excellently preserved remains, of a large herbivorous dinosaur, met with in abun- dance in the Red Deer river district, are referred to the above species. Although the various bones of the skeleton were generally found distributed, a number were discovered associated with each other, the remains of one individual. These consisted of the hume- rus, ulna and radius of the left fore limb, a metatarsal and phalanges of the pes, the zygapophyses of cervical vertebra, ribs, fragments of teeth, broken ossified tendons and impressions of the integument. The species is represented further by disassociated femora, tibize, metacarpals and phalanges of the manus, rami of the lower jaw and maxille with remarkably well preserved teeth in place, dorsal and caudal vertebre, a pubic bone, ischia, ilia, chevron bones and numerous teeth as well as other remains probably refer- able to the same species. Of the bones, of one individual, found in association, the humerus with the ulna and radius are figured on plates VI and VII. The humerus, figs. 1 and 2, has a prominent radial crest that extends, from the external tuberosity above to slightly more than half way down the shaft externally and is roughly striated at its lower end for the attachment of the deltoid muscle. The head is small and is supported below by a strong rounded ridge. The proximal end, seen from above, is roughly triangular in shape, the front face broadly excavated with conspicuously concave surfaces on either side of the head behind that continue forward to meet the inner and outer tuberosities. The condyles are separated by a deep depression behind, that extends up the shaft for a short distance; in front they are not so conspicuously divided. An archaic feature is expressed in the great downward extension and conspicuous angularity of the radial crest. In comparing this humerus with that of Hadrosaurus Foulkii,* Leidy, from the Cretaceous of the east, a form allied to this species, a marked difference is noticeable in their proportions. Measurements cf humerus. M. IDp.dpsriersy Neate (AY, HONS) 4 he Yin did diaAeuid Ubd One aoe ae. ioe Rae e nn ee *685 Breadth at lower end of radial crest..... LAO SAUS aS EEN EI AMER DRE ratSUT GS Circumference midway between lower end of radial crest and distal end... .. 265 Breadth across head and outer tuberosity..........0..0.. 000 ee cee eee eee en -140 fs sf INET CUbELOSIby Ne iM eles ORL ee Mel Meas aR ee *130 Breadth across inner and outer tuberosities........... 0.2.0... 00000. ae ae So] A'S) Bread thioroutenscondiylety..- sane ieteetns meee oe LO RET SGI -100 Breadth of inner condyle (imperfect)...... ..... Ser Siero wme ey ala plblatg Ris vabaeten) 1 OlS10) Mhickwessraticentreopicondylesm yams ye saree sre aie)seeses meal Mpa aN ge Res 092 Mbickness/of radial: crestinear lower, end. .s)).5 2 ee, Seat), LO e034) *1865. Cretaceous Reptiles of the United States, p. 76, pl. xiv, figs. 1,2, 3and 4. Smithsonian Contr. to Know- ledge, vol. xiv. 72 The ulna and radius, belonging to the same fore limb as the humerus, are figured as they were found, The ulna has a strongly developed olecranon process terminating its expanded proximal end which is concave on three sides so as to be subtriangular in section. From the middle of its shaft downward, it increases in size very little. The radius is a comparatively slender bone but terminates below in a carpal articu- lating surface slightly larger than that of the distal end of the ulna. Measurements of ulna and radius. M. Extreme length of ulna (28 inches) ............ TSE A es ITS Circumference at middle of shaft................ LAR ApRta cape ROR ASE -190 treatest breadth across coronoid process........ eceng dc Le epee het ae se heya’, Greatest thickness at proximal end........ eid Guanes peta ka says ates doe EA fete 094 Greatestdiameterofscanpall ender eeu e/a: sielseiauss alee ipa ete panto “O74 iShortestidiameterof carpallendis sac 4sesen =i tee ie eee ea 057 Extreme length of radius (25 inches).....-...... JOOS uNOO, GouDsocsodes 632 C@ircumferencetatimiddlesof shatty o.oo eclele eae dol -tet) fetelelol-teioeronst keer *155 Wonesdiameter:ot headers eters leita l-telet Spit Siorerstes FSG setlst eR Ee “086 Shortidiameter of Jhead) - <2.) aro. aciniveisiole chetivereterec telstra eee staeainye 054 Long diameter of carpal end.............. Bone eteted oI Atal vate Mary cette “O87 Shortediameteriof canpaliendiejs cio. eye1-'. oye) mucnetrenatoeeceteKalers ante hatseretene e000 The right femur, plate VIII, provisionally associated with 7. marginatus, is interesting in many particulars, notably, its slenderness, the prominence of the head, the backward extension of the condyles and the marked development of the third trochanter. The inner condyle is larger than the outer one; they are both, viewed from the side, broadly rounded posteriorly and pointed in front. From the great trochanter, a promi- nent ridge extends downward, for some distance on the outer front face of the bone. Measurements of femur. M. Length from top of trochanter to bottom of outer condyle............... 1-1825 Length from top of head to bottom of inner condyle... ................. 1:1698 iBreadthvokupperjextremibyse. «cis si steeper fel eee eect tater tee esate “2464 iBreadthyo£ lower extremity... 20. scans aside) =) Sei | ee eer 2497 Transverse diameter at middle of shaft................0- 250.0: ereecces “145 Antero-posterior diameter at middle of shaft...... 0 ..... ........ 00.04. 134 Circumference below third trochanter.......... slo) ate)okeycge a) ate hoe Oe *4048 Circumference above third trochanter......... ........0-.+-+--seeseus “4774 Aatero-posterior diameter of head (imperfect)...................2+.-005 127 Antero-posterior diameter of trochanter... ... ..........022.5-2- «+e 209 Antero-posterior diameter of inner wate ove satay Aye Oe SOR EIO Eee 300 Ihenethiok third trochanter ya. asl cl-Jei-vrle/stelaiets -0- 7) +10) lee Pent eee ‘377 Height at centre of third troche MOCO 5 eos) so afeve one cuatel « erdy te ee tee 047 A comparison of this femur with that of Hadrosaurus fou!kii, Leidy reveals a great similarity in their general proportions. If anything, the Red Deer river specimen is more slender but otherwise there are no very marked differences. 73 The tibia (plate IX, figs. 1 and 2), was probably not as long as the femur but was a decidedly robust bone. Unfortunately no specimens were secured associated with femora that might be supposed to belong to the same individual. Of the two right tibie figured on plate IX (provisionally referred to:'T. marginatus), the one on the right, seen from behind, is considerably crushed so as to exaggerate the breadth of the proximal end; the other specimen is remarkably well preserved. This bone of the leg, cylindrical at mid-length, expands rapidly toward either end. The longer axis of the distal end is nearly at right angles to that of the proximal end. Viewed from behind, the proximal end is seen to be broadly concave, the outer side consisting of a backwardly directed flange. On the inner side the head is divided into two parts by a deep furrow. Measurements of tibia. Henethf of tibiavextern ally yyy sesh No oan Ns ee soc th) Ss mtepiett opm eelapa ee leaOLS Men ebhiin tino nt every siya amen deere tpt ck a) cel) Wie ER RO Gea ale a eas glee si dl “980 Circumference at narrowest part of shaft, just below the middle............ °379 Bread Chyofupperxextremitypraaete creer sciatica et vate siegebaib ouel eal rneieva tacreRs 27 Diameter of middle of head antero-posterioriy,... .0..... 20 Bread thyofiitarsalWextremibyenumris i) cya seuuctcete ls Glsctali Me bale, Sisteca\ elon cr pualo| OB) Diametersatwmiddlerormtarsalesurracese cence nen ccisrais ile iites oreeaone Gl sisielicle i 12 Ramus of lower jaw, plates II. and IV, long and narrow, with teeth occupying a deep, narrow chamber or magazine in the posterior two-thirds of the length. Coronoid process high, rising abruptly from the outer side. of the posterior end; laterally compressed above, deeply excayated below posteriorly. An edentulous prolongation in front curves obliquely downward and inward with asymphyseal surface at the ‘inner forward end. Upper and lower borders nearly parallel. Outer wall of dental chamber thick and strong, with shallow, vertical, alveolar grooves occupying its inner side. Inner wall,.very thin, averaging about 2 mm. in thickness, without alveolar grooves proper; seldom preserved. Coronoid process below, produced backward externally as a thin plate of bone continuous with the outer surface of the jaw ; on its inner side it unites with the outer alveolar wall in advance of the posterior end of the dental chamber. Dentary canal leading from the upper part of the posterior cavity forward between the outer surface of the jaw and the dental chamber. Mandibular groove passing forward under the lower border of the chamber. A row of foramina occurs on the inner side, one foramen at the base of each vertical series of teeth. A number of foramina also present on the outer suface. Teeth replaced from within, their keeled, enamelled surfaces of the crown inside; occurring in a vertical series of three or four near the middle of the jaw with two or three ofa series in use in the grinding surface at the sametime. Their lateral margins decorated with small, rounded projections from near the apex downward to where the crown begins to narrow again. Measurements of left ramus of lower jaw. M. Extreme length ......... Meta eae etahs an agn onde gaaste ciate aictet aeceielcte erect dareaseh yt sO. Depth at iniddle of magazine.... ........ Jaleied eae EAE Soo Sassen oes - 095 Wadthya tilbasey of magazines mimo tulsa tais anny aedHGl Wir aualeleneclen oan), teyaiunete se ouel3\() 3 4. 10 Menathiok magazinen api. siege sige eu) sashes ease fa LRP MR AAG Ens eriatd -400 Depth of same at its mid-length,........ ..... fi cdad iy ciceeld NO DME Pee -088 Width through magazine at middle of magazine... ....... ie eR a - 068 Elevation of coronoid process above lower border... .........- 232 Elevation of coronoid process above upper border.... ....-.... +++ ue ayy HOS Antero-posterior diameter of coronoid process above. ... ..... soe oui sol, SOO Transyerse diameter of coronoid process above.....---.--+ ++. eet see vectens tape OD) Thickness of inner alveolar wall. -.........0 eee cee eet ett ees =» 1002 Forty-six alveolar grooves. _ Diameter of dental foramina (largest)... .. 6.662 cee eee eee ee eee - 065 Diameter of dental foramina at ends of series. ......--.-- .+-5-- storey OAO Elevation of grinding surface of teeth above edge of outer wall.............. -075 Distance from front of magazine to anterior end of symphyseal surface........ - 182 Maxilla, plate V, robust, high at the centre, sloping downward toward either end, the dental chamber occupying nearly the whole of its length. Seen from above, the posterior half slopes obliquely forward and outward, while the reverse is the case in front ; at the extreme anterior end there is a limited slope inclined obliquely outward. Also, viewed {rom above, the posterior half is straight and broader than the front half which narrows to a- rounded, outwardly turned point. Inner surface rather flat. Outer surface with a rounded ridge running horizontally from the posterior end to meet the facet for the articulation of the anterior end of the jugal. On the inner, upper side behind mid-length, a facet, probably for the palatine, is present. Teeth replacing each other from the inner side, apparently not more than two. of a series in use in the grinding surface at the same time; the carinated, enamelled faces of the crowns facing outward. A row of foramina, similar to that of the lower jaw, conspicious in the upper part of the inner side. Several large foramina occur in the anterior half of the outer side. Measurements of right maxilla M. Extreme length............ aan sat (taogeacci vate. ecteede RP Eas CN ie 360 Extreme depth oft same imperfect abov ae Sevieateyoumarenteets wry cuineaseceacasteds auealolyg Length of dental series....... Pee ncn boasts Sao8 sone OBIS Thickness of maxilla at mid tenth. SRA danoos ppd Atria acta alyin'a tio Okc ‘078 Distance apart of lower edges of ail euler walls at mid- leastht Wh ee en reae an OD Distance apart of’same near anteriorend’.... .......... 6 secceers wees -016 Distance apart of:same near posterior end. ... .......-00.. eee wee eae nes ens * O15 Distance of row of foramina (forty in number) above edge of inner alveolar OEIC Tih a GOoSe DMO moO ESTER eCHer ror Pa cian poca2. sa ccc » 055 Projection of outer cee of farindine surface of teeth below edge of outer alveglariwal Waticen tren 7jc fej... ,-/4-fst-eus anid ape ciesal eee eee ee ete -019 Projection of inner edge of same below edge of inner alveolar wall at centre... * 007 Average horizontal diameter of foramina in inner alveolar wall.............. * 047 Pubis, plate X, fig. 1 (provisionally associated with T. marginatus), produced forward into a broad, thin, transversely compressed, spatulate expansion that is slightly concave on its outer surface. Posteriorly a slender postpubic process, springing from a point inside and in advance of the base of the pedestal bearing the ischiac facet, is directed backward on the lower border of the ischium with which it effects a ligamental union. 75 Iliae facet small, separated from the ischiac facet by a wide, concave, acetabular emargi- nation that forms about one-third of the whole acetabular border. Measurements of pubis. M. Length of acetabular border along curve..... ......- 406-2 ce ees sioneood | CAGw Distance from centre of ischiac facet to centre of iliac facet.......... tomas lee OD Breadth at narrowest part of anterior expansion..,.................- gape. HH Mhicknessyaticentre vol) narrowestypartantdl |e oiet aire