tags i Nate ir} A Ava SHAR wha ny \ e; si nny nb Ht ats le F ‘i Ant eye § a al Whe B att Pana raa tt ral ‘ My By i J ye it eu) edie } my ae siti ‘itd Whe RG g Hohe es Me hai ae oo hi Wo ate ane in ae Vea +f id ; , aati in bs a SH HE Vetta) HINES tau site deine ty 4) y Me wi Ae hid '@ y Cane anh shia? ai We Fon wig) ud § he evs Malye Ay 205) : fie f weege KN iiaieabet ie aM a ‘ nis = & ti Nae i bead i ‘ evil Ae ree ad Mi ade ‘8 \s iy a Ad ai phat spa Vein : it BA ae uae atte ‘a patil. si Hist baat ye SS e i sel OFS AA ees Wi ne RON haat a yea Liv ae 5 4 Se Sas af ip) A All Sate = ee es Spee TH 1 iM i iy be i i hehe palit 14 vat iy ita aoe eh Ath hee : iy) Mot ian Va ’ ih ne fj i , iii b ' lq qi wits un aaa bi Ww 4 410 ’ ha ysi west hi at d ea iy e544 yi ea adi bed ie “dt is jae r fesiaitiy at ie + ee feu ti Beach ras 1s; tr ep Yd ' FY nit 4 ea it nen pa it +i, } 4 ae Vee ’ Pty 1A, a a pptes & ben ist b rhs jel tieoi ye i 4 AThed he 7 a 4 Hine Me fae ree i ay BE any i$ aie ita 4 dah se ae at mah i mnby\4 ‘! ; af en dite J sth ‘ihe ies pe ; ‘ Piet (7 bby gis ae ae 4 ii wae ae i a if avatar setts! Ninn Mt vis Lp taviated Mieke od atid, Me f if i bigs aes ci ; afi D toe : : ‘ath , do 454 ghd ee i ALS Le dew t ie fy ! ¥ mn ti iE { 4 i471 me) why aula asa, che ikl pala: a witenitugie la ate mie Maen F aa \s ¥ ee Hv! ' if rt ye ty ila iti ae ; math eee tal eli Ait Pte Wien) Mt } ‘3 ets va i ' * i | eh Y v4 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE VOLUME 1. SECTION C Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature LONDON : Printed by Order of the Internationai Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955—1956 (All rights reserved) '|- INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ~’ ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE DIRECTIONS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESENT SECTION OF VOLUME 1 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. ae (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (A5th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (A2th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (A2th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hoituuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th Novembes Professor Ernst MAyr (Museum of poner Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 19 Professor Enrico TorTONESE (Museo di ee Naturale “ G. Doria” . Genova Italy), (16th December 1954) IV INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE (continued ) C. The Staff of the Secretariat of the Commission Honorary Secretary: Mr. Francis Hemming, C.M.G., C.B.E. Honorary Personal Assistant to the Secretary: Mrs. M. F. W. Hemming Honorary Archivist : Mr. Francis J. Griffin, A.L.A. Consulting Classical Adviser: Professor The Rev. L. W. Grensted, M.A., D.D. Administrative Officer: Mrs. N. M. A. Guzelian (from 20th June 1955 to 29th February 1956) ** Official Lists’ Section: Miss D. N. Noakes, B.Sc. “* Régles’”’ Section: Mrs. A. F. Wilson, M.A. Mrs. J. H. Newman Ris B. M. Weidema, A.L.A. elas Cea: J Miss C. W. Kirton ; Mrs. I. Saltman Mrs. J. B. Mantell »Mrs. J. A. White Indexer : Miss Mary Cosh, M.A. INTERNATIONAL TRUST FOR ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Chairman: The Right Hon. Walter Elliot, C.H., M.C., F.R.S., M.P. Managing Director and SEY: Mr. Francis Hemming, C.M.G., C.B.E. Publications Officer : Mrs. C. Rosner Trust Duties Officer : Mrs. J. H. Newman ADDRESSES OF THE COMMISSION AND THE TRUST Secretariat of the Commission: 28 Park Village East, Regent’s Park, London, N.W.1. Offices of the Trust : 41 Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7. FOREWORD The principal aim in view when it was decided to publish the present Section (Section C) of Volume 1 was to provide a means by which Directions containing Rulings supplementary to those given in the Opinions (Opinions 1—133) published up to the end of 1936 could be grouped together and thus made readily available for comparison with the Opinions to which they relate. The need for these supplementary Rulings arose in the main from certain General Directives regarding the completion of Opinions rendered in the foregoing period issued to the International Commission first by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology at Paris in 1948 and later by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology at Copenhagen in 1953. Full particulars of the classes of matters on which such supplementary decisions are required were given in the Explanatory Note (: i—vi) published in April 1955 with Part 1 of the present Section. In addition, Directions embodying Rulings correcting errors in certain of the Opinions referred to above have also been included in the present volume. 2. In a number of cases supplementary Rulings of the type discussed above had been given by the Commission prior to the establishment of the Directions Series. In consequence these had been embodied in Opinions and had been published in whichever was at the time concerned the current volume of Opinions and Declarations. At the time when it was decided to institute the present Section of Volume 1 it was considered that one of the chief advantages which it was hoped thereby to secure would be lost unless means could be found for including in this Section some reference to these earlier Rulings. It was accordingly decided to include a note giving an historical account of these earlier decisions. This note was published in July 1955 in Part 7 of the present Section. By this means the present volume contains a complete account of all Rulings supplementary to those in Opinions 1—133 given by the Commission up to the date of the completion of the present Section, i.e. up to 17th va December 1955. Since the foregoing date a number of Rulings of a similar kind has been given by the International Commission and in addition others will need to be taken before the General Directives issued by the International Congress of Zoology have been fully complied with by the International Commission. The Directions containing these further Rulings will be incor- porated in the next succeeding Section (Section D) of Volume | of the Opinions and Declarations Series. 3. The present volume (Section C of Volume 1) was published in 25 Parts. It contains 486 pages (T.P.—XIV, i—xxxviul, 1—434). It is thus somewhat larger than most other volumes in the present Series. 4. Twenty-three Directions are included in the present instalment. Of these, five (Directions 10, 11, 26, 30, 31) are con- cerned exclusively with the determination of the gender to be attributed to generic names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology up to the end of 1936; one (Direction 24) contains Rulings on various miscellaneous matters relating to the names of genera of a particular Class (Class Mammalia) on which decisions were needed as a preliminary to the publication of the above Official List in book-form ; one (Direction 22) contains a Ruling placing on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific names of the type species of certain genera, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period referred to above, and another (Direction 32) contains a Ruling placing on the Official List and Official Index of Works the titles of books and papers accepted and rejected respectively by the Commission in the same period. The remaining fifteen Directions are concerned with individual cases, fourteen with particular names and one (Direction 16) with the status of a particular book (Brisson’s Ornithologia of 1760). In five of these cases (Directions 12, 16, 18, 21, 25) the International Commission found it necessary to make use of its Plenary Powers. Of the fourteen Directions dealing with particular names the Rulings given in nine (Directions 12, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 29) either validate or correct erroneous entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. The remaining five (Directions 13, 17, 33, 34, 35) are con- Vil cerned with the completion of Rulings given in Opinions published in the same period. 5. The cases dealt with in the present Section, including those relating to the determination of the gender of generic names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 amount to twenty-one in number; of these, one contains Rulings relating to the names of four Classes in the Animal Kingdom. The total number of Classes in the Animal Kingdom involved in Rulings given in Directions com- prised in the present Section is thus twenty-four. The distribu- _ tion by Classes of these cases is shown in the following Table :-— TABLE 1 Distribution of cases by Classes in the Animal Kingdom Name of Class Number of applications Crustacea 5 Arachnida l Cyclostomata | Pisces 4 Amphibia l Reptilia Aves 6 Mammalia 5 Total 24 6. The five Directions relating exclusively to the gender attri- butable to generic names placed on the Official List in the period up to the end of 1936 to which reference has already been made contain determinations of gender in respect of 390 of the generic names in question. In addition, the Directions comprised in the present Section contain gender determinations in respect of four other generic names placed on the Official List in the foregoing Vill period. The Directions concerned are Directions 12, 15, 23 and 25. Of the names involved three are the names of genera belong to the Class Crustacea and one is the name of a genus belonging to the Class Mammalia. The number of generic names placed on the Official List in the period up to the end of 1936 for which gender determinations are given in the present Section thus amounts to 394. The total number of generic names placed on the Official List in the above period was 563 and accordingly the gender determinations contained in the Directions comprised in the present Section amount to 70 per cent. of the total involved. The distribution by Classes of the genera, for the names of which gender determinations are made in the Directions included in the present Section is shown in the following table :— TABLE 2 Distribution by Classes in the Animal Kingdom of the genera for the names of which gender determinations have been made Number of generic Name of Class names for which genders have been determined Crustacea 178 Cyclostomata ] Pisces 46 Amphibia 9 Reptilia i Aves 98 Mammalia 61 Total | 394 7. The Directions comprised in the present Section contain two hundred and forty-eight additions to the Official Lists and Official Indexes. Of the entries so made 224 are of names of IX various categories and 24 are of the titles of zoological works. Particulars of the additions so made are given in the following Table :— TABLE 3 Additions to the ‘* Official Lists’’ and ‘* Official Indexes ”’ respectively Category Official Lists Official Indexes Specific Names Generic Names Family-Group Names Titles of Works Totals 8. As in the case of other recently completed volumes in the Opinions and Declarations Series, the Commission is indebted to Miss Mary Cosh, M.A., for the indexes for the present volume. In style and scope, these indexes follow the models laid down for previously completed volumes. FRANCIS HEMMING Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 28 Park Village East, Regent’s Park, LONDON, N.W.1. 25th August 1956. epaabel eit agi PEE” Tera vine w ass bees ; a j i * f i : 0 a \ A mt ¢ rvs n 1 i th ; ~ ia tat - £ rp Araatt na! if ‘, ‘ ' ( ah plese Ms ete , i 4 (Ae i ae hg BAK. Ake CEN Wry |, vi STEN SN PSR SC RA ORL SRO Mb CY TAR ERE EN gi M Ara? 0 Ui uaa ones His Ns wien ia a Aig Bey % Set eee ee en at ‘ +e WAS ily AUR chk ote TABLE OF CONTENTS EXPLANATORY NOTE Regarding the questions allo- cated to Section C of Volume 1 ACTION TAKEN by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in the period 1939—1955 supplementary to certain Opinions rendered in the period up to the end of 1936 (Opinions 1—133) DIRECTION 10 Determination of the gender to be attributed to the names of sixty genera of mammals placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 .. DIRECTION 11 Determination of the gender to be attributed to the names of one hundred and seventy- four genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea) placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 .. DIRECTION 12 Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic name Astacus Fabricius, 1775 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (correction of an erro- neous entry made in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104) DIRECTION 13 Addition of the generic name Manatus Brunnich, 1771 (Class Mammalia) to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology (Direction supplementary to Opinion 112) DIRECTION 15 Correction of an erroneous entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Penaeus (emend. of Peneus) Weber, 1795 (Class Crustacea, Order ae (correction of an error in Opinion 104) XI Page Vil 15 35 67 XII DIRECTION 16 Validation under the Plenary Powers, of Brisson (M.J.), 1760, Ornithologia sive Synopsis methodica sistens Avium Divisionem in Ordines (Direction in replacement of Opinion 37) DIRECTION 17 Addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the names of fifteen genera of the Class Aves, the type species of each of which was determined by Linnean tautonymy (Direction supple- mentary to Opinion 16) DIRECTION 18 Designation, under the Plenary Powers, of a lectotype for the nominal species Columba macroura Linnaeus, 1758, to secure that that name shall apply to the Mourning Dove and that the name Columba migratoria Linnaeus, 1766, shall be the oldest available name for the Passenger Pigeon (Direction supplementary to Opinion 67) DIRECTION 19 Correction of an erroneous entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the date and place of publication of the name Balaeniceps Gould, 1850 ie Ae Con of an error in Opinion 67) DIRECTION 20 Addition of a note to the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Oecedicnemus Temminck, 1815 (Class Aves) (Direction supplementary to Opinion 67) DIRECTION 21 Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic names Bubo Dumeéril, 1806, Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790, Egretta Forster, 1817, and Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766 (Class Aves), by the suppression of older homonyms published by Brisson in 1760 (validation of four erroneous entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made by the Ruling given in Opinion 67) er : Fa ae - Page 81 89 113 133 145 161 DIRECTION 22 Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of (a) the specific names of fifty- seven species, each of which is the type species of a genus in the Class Mammalia, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoclogy in the period up to the end of 1936, and (b) of the specific names of two species belonging to the same Class, each of which is currently regarded as the oldest available name for the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List in the same period DIRECTION 23 Action taken in completion of the Rulings given under the Plenary Powers in Opinion 108 and Opinion 109 validating the generic names Gazella Blainville, 1816, and Hippotragus Sundevall, 1846, respectively (Class Mammalia) a ie DIRECTION 24 Completion of the entries relating to the names of certain genera in the Class Mammalia made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 he DIRECTION 25 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Favus Lanchester, 1900 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (validation of an erro- neous entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made by the Ruling given in Opinion 73) DIRECTION 26 Determination of the gender to be attributed to the names of ninety-eight genera of birds placed on the Official List of Generic Names in ne in the period up to the end of 1936 Me DIRECTION 29 Substitution of an amended entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the name Segestria Latreille, 1804 (Class Arachnida) in place of the incorrect entry thereon of the name Segestria Walckenaer, 1805, made by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 ie qe i te XI Page eS) 201 219 247 259 2h XIV DIRECTION 30 Determination of the gender to be attributed to the names of fifty-seven genera of fishes, cyclostomes, reptiles and amphibia placed on the Official List of Generic Names in pe in the eee up to the end of 1936 iat DIRECTION 31 Determination of the gender to be attributed to the generic name Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in oH lee by the Ruling given in Opinion 73 a DIRECTION 32 Addition to the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature of the titles of certain works dealt with in Opinions rendered in the period up to the end of 1936 and to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature of certain works similarly dealt with in the same period and matters incidental thereto DIRECTION 33 Addition to the Official List & Generic Names in Zoology of the generic name Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 17538 (Class east Gee aia supplementary to Opinion 68) . ue DIRECTION 34 Addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic name Sparus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class ee Se supplementary to Opinion 69) . DIRECTION 35 Addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic name Columbina Spix, 1825 (Class Aves) aa in replacement of Opinion 31) pe ; ma “ ne ay Corrigenda Subject Index. - Particulars of dates of publication of the several Parts in which the present volume was published Instructions to Binders Page 287 299 307 329 341 353 307 369 433 434 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME i. Section C. Part C.1. Pp. 1—14 DIRECTION 10 Determination of the gender to be attributed to the _ names of sixty genera of mammals placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 Also published with this Part : Explanatory Note to Section C. LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Nine Shillings and Sixpence seri, | (All rights reserved) ZN HSO NiayX Yi : i Issued 5th April 1955 Me ey, Venta yy, INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION - ON ZOOLOGICAL SIGE OL IGL LE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 10 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla Hank6 (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferninand Prantl (Narodni Museum vy Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm Kiihnelt (Zoologisches Institut, Der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) ae F. S. Bodenheimer (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954 Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico Tortonese (/nstituto e Museo di Zoologia della Universita di Torino, Torino, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 10 DETERMINATION OF THE GENDER TO BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE NAMES OF SIXTY GENERA OF MAMMALS PLACED ON THE “ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 RULING :—(1) The gender to be attributed to each of the under-mentioned generic names, placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the Opinions severally noted below, is hereby determined as being the masculine gender :— (a) Names dealt with in Opinion 75 : Bos Linnaeus, 1758 ; Castor Linnaeus, 1758 ; Del- _ phinus Linnaeus, 1758 ; Erinaceus Linnaeus, 1758 ; Hippopotamus Linnaeus, 1758 ; Monodon Linnaeus, 1758 ; Moschus Linnaeus, 1758; Sus Linnaeus, 1758 ; Ursus Linnaeus, 1758 ; (b) Names dealt with in Opinion 91 : Arvicola Lacépéde, 1799; Ateles Geoffroy Saint- Hilaire (E.), 1806; Bison Smith (C.H.), 1827; Bradypus Linnaeus, 1758 ; Canis Linnaeus, 1758 ; Cebus Erxleben, 1777; Cervus Linnaeus, 1758 ; Choloepus Illiger, 1811; Cricetus Leske, 1779 ; Didelphis Linnaeus, 1758 ; Erethizon Cuvier (G.F.), 1823 ; Gulo Pallas, 1780 ; Halichoerus Nilsson (S.), neo) Lepus Linnaeus, 1758; Lynx Kerr (R.), 1792; Mus Linnaeus, 1758; Ovibos Blainville, 1816 ; Phyllostomus Lacépéde, 1799 ; Procyon Storr, 1780 ; Putorius Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), 1817 ; Rangi- fer Smith (C.H.), 1827; Rhinolophus Lacépéde, 129 Scirus Limnaecus, 1758; Sorex Linnaeus, 1758 ; Vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758 ; | JUN 10 1955 a OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (c) Name dealt with in Opinion 109 : Hippotragus Sundevall, 1845 ; (d) Name dealt with in Opinion 112: Trichechus Linnaeus, 1758 ; (e) Names dealt with in Opinion 122: Colobus Mlliger, 1811; Aylobates Illiger, 1811; Lemur Linnaeus, 1758 ; Tarsius Storr, 1780. (2) The gender to be attributed to each of the under- mentioned generic names, placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the Opinions severally noted below, is hereby determined as being the feminine gender :— (a) Names dealt with in Opinion 75: Balaena Linnaeus, 1758 ; Hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 ; Ovis Linnaeus, 1758 ; Phoca Linnaeus, 1758 ; Talpa Linnaeus, 1758 ; (b) Names dealt with in Opinion 91 : Alces Gray (J.E.), 1821; Capra Linnaeus, 1758 ; Condylura Uliger, 1811 ; Crocidura Wagler (J.G.), 1832 ; Cystophora Nilsson (S.), 1820; Dasyprocta Illiger, 1811 ; Felis Linnaeus, 1758 ; Myrmecophaga Linnaeus, 1758; Nasua Storr, 1780; Rupicapra Blainville, 1816 ; (c) Name dealt with in Opinion 108 : Gazella Blainville, 1816 ; DIRECTION 10 5 (d) Name dealt with in Opinion 111: Nycteris Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.) & Cuvier (G.F.), DS (e) Names dealt with in Opinion 122: Gorilla Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1.), 1852 ; Pithecia Desmarest (A.G.), 1804 ; (3) The gender to be attributed to the under-mentioned generic name, placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 110, is hereby determined as being the neuter gender :—Lagidium Meyen, 1833. I.—THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT “ DIRECTION ” Under a General Directive issued to the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth Interna- tional Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, it is under instructions to attribute the appropriate gender to each name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology prior to that Congress. The required action has already been taken by the Commission, as regards names placed on the Official List by Rulings given in Opinions 182 to 194, by Direction 3 issued in 1954 and, as regards names similarly dealt with in Opinions 134 to 181 by Directions 7 and 9 also issued in 1954. By the adoption of the foregoing Directions the Commission has discharged its obligations under the above Directive in respect of all names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology at the Session held by the Com- mission at Lisbon in 1935 and also of all names similarly codified by Rulings given in Opinions adopted in the period between 6 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS that Session and the Session held in Paris in 1948. There therefore now remains the task involved in giving effect to the foregoing Directive in respect of names placed on the Official List prior to the Lisbon (1935) Session (including a small number of names placed on the List before that Session, for which the Opinions recording the decisions so taken were not published until October 1936). As a first step towards placing the International Com- mission in a position to comply with the General Directive discussed above, the International Trust for Zoological Nomen- clature decided in May 1951 to seek expert advice on the question of the gender to be assigned to the generic names placed on the Official List prior to the Paris Session. Accordingly, after appropriate consultations, the Trust invited Mr. F. J. Lelievre of Bedford College, London University, to furnish a Report on this subject. The very valuable Report furnished by Mr. Lelievre forms the basis of the action subsequently taken by the Commission in this matter. In addition, the assistance of specialists in the groups concerned has been obtained for the purpose of ascertaining in the case of each generic name whether the gender currently adopted is the correct gender as shown in Mr. Lelievre’s Report. 2. The names placed on the Official List prior to the Lisbon (1935) Session amount to five hundred and sixty-three (563) in number. In considering the procedure to be followed for dealing with this large number of names, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, came to the conclusion that the most convenient course would be to submit to the Commission a series of proposals, each concerned with the gender to be attributed to the names of genera belonging to some large systematic unit such as a Class or Phylum. The adoption of this procedure would, it was considered, both expedite the submission of proposals to the Commission by making it possible to undertake successively the desired consultations with specialists in the various groups, and facilitate also the considera- tion of the proposals submitted by reason of the names included in each proposal forming, from the taxonomic point of view, a relatively homogeneous group. It was further decided that the first instalment of proposals should be concerned with the names of the genera of mammals placed on the Official List in the pre- Lisbon (1935) period, these names being, for the most part, very well-known, and the question of the gender to be attributed to them presenting few questions of difficulty. DIRECTION 10 y 3. In accordance with the plan of procedure outlined above, Mr. Hemming on 26th January 1955 submitted the following paper, bearing the Number Z.N.(S.)900, to the Commission for consideration :— Determination of the gender of names placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in the period up to the end of 1936 : First Instalment (names of genera of mammals) _ By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature By the Ruling given in its Direction 9 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 705—718) the International Commission discharged, so far as concerns the Opinions (Opinions 134—181) embodying decisions taken by it during its Session held at Lisbon in 1935, the duty imposed on it by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, of assigning an appropriate gender to each name previously placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. 2. It is necessary now to make a start with the corresponding task in relation to the generic names placed on the Official List by the Rulings given in the pre-Lisbon Opinions. The undertaking is one of some magnitude, for the number of names involved amounts to the considerable total of 563. Nevertheless, it is essential that this matter should be disposed of by the Commission as rapidly as possible, for the assignment of a gender to each of the generic names concerned must be carried out before the long-awaited publication of the Official List in book-form can be achieved. 3. Two distinct issues have to be examined in connection with each generic name, namely :—(1) What is the gender correctly attri- butable to that name? (2) Is the gender so determined the gender customarily assigned to that name by specialists in the group con- cerned? As regards the first of these questions the Commission is again indebted to Mr. F. J. Lelievre (London University, Bedford College) who has reported separately on the gender attributable to each of the generic names concerned. On the second of these questions an examination has been made of recent catalogues, checklists and major monographs for the purpose of checking for each generic name whether the gender attributed to that name in Mr. Lelievre’s Report is the gender currently used for that name by specialists in the group concerned. In the present case the entire list has been kindly checked by Dr. T. C. S. Morrison-Scott (British Museum (Natural History)), 8 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS who has reported that the genders now proposed to be attributed to the generic names in question are in harmony with the current practice of mammalogists. 4. The pre-Lisbon Opinions contain Rulings placing the names of sixty-two generic names in the Class Mammalia on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. These Rulings were distributed among the following nine Opinions :—Opinion 75 (14 names) ; Opinion 91 (35 names) ; Opinions 104 and 108 to 112 (1 name each) ; Opinion 122 (8 names). Examination showed that one of these entries (the entry in Opinion 104 relating to the name Cercopithecus Linnaeus) was defective and that name has therefore been the subject of a further Ruling which has been embodied in Opinion 238 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 351—360). In the revised Ruling so given the appropriate gender was attributed to this generic name. The number of generic names of mammals placed on the Official List in pre-Lisbon Opinions which now require attention is therefore sixty-one. 5. I accordingly now recommend the International Commission to give a Ruling that in respect of each of the sixty-one generic names of mammals specified in Annexe 1 to the present note the gender to be inserted in the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology regarding that name shall be the gender shown against that name in the foregoing Annexe. As I have already explained, the gender now proposed to be attributed to these names is, to the best of my belief and according to the investigations which I have carried out, (a) the gender correctly attributable to that name and (b) the gender currently used for that name by mammalogists. In two cases only did Mr. Lelievre insert special comments in his Report. These are discussed in Annexe 2 to the present paper. AINONEE XG 5 Gender proposed to be inscribed in the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in respect of the names of genera of mammals placed on that ‘* List ’’ in the period up to the end of 1936 Gender proposed “‘ Opinion” in which to be assigned name specified in to name speci- Col. 1 was placed Generic Name fied in Col. 1 on “Official List ”’ (1) (2) (3) Balaena Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine 15) Bos Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine 93 Castor Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine 39 DIRECTION 10 9 Gender proposed ‘‘ Opinion”? in which to be assigned name specified in to name speci- Col. 1 was placed Generic Name yied in Col. lon Official List” (1) (2) (3) Delphinus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine WS Erinaceus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine oe Hippopotamus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine us Hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine x Monodon Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine Ma Moschus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine a Ovis Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine 3 Phoca Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine is Sus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine ME Talpa Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine Ms Ursus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine ¥ Alces Gray, 1821 Feminine 9] Arvicola Lacépéde, 1799 Masculine vs Ateles Geoffroy, 1806 Masculine ee Bison Smith, 1827 Masculine ps Bradypus Linnaeus, 1758 ~ Masculine Pe Canis Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine Li Capra Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine o Cebus Erxleben, 1777 Masculine Me Cervus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine be Choloepus IMliger, 1811 Masculine i Condylura Illiger, 1811 Feminine a Cricetus Leske, 1779 Masculine is Crocidura Wagler, 1832 Feminine . Cystophora Nilsson, 1820 Feminine % Dasyprocta Illiger, 1811 Feminine i Didelphis Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine Erethizon Cuvier, 1823 Masculine " Felis Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine a Gulo Pallas, 1780 Masculine a Halichoerus Nilsson, 1820 Masculine a Lepus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine ue Lynx Kerr, 1792 Masculine is Mus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine A Myrmecophaga Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine 5 Nasua Storr, 1780 Feminine = Ovibos Blainville, 1816 Masculine d Phyllostomus Lacépede, 1799 Masculine a Procyon Storr, 1780 Masculine uf Putorius Cuvier, 1817 Masculine a Rangifer Smith, 1827 Masculine Hs Rhinolophus Lacépeéde, 1799 Masculine i Rupicapra Blainville, 1816 Feminine y 10 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Gender proposed“ Opinion” in which to be assigned name specified in to name speci- Col. 1 was placed Generic Name fied in Col. | on ‘ Official List” moe (2) (3) Sciurus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine 9] Sorex Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine As Vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine g Gazella Blainville, 1816 Feminine 108 Hippotragus Sundevall, 1845 Masculine 109 Lagidium Meyen, 1833 - Neuter 110 Nycteris Geoffroy & Cuvier, Feminine 11] 1795 Trichechus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine 412 Colobus Illiger, 1811 Masculine 122 Galago Geoffroy, 1796 Feminine ms Gorilla Geoffroy, 1852 Feminine is Hylobates Mliger, 1811 Masculine fi Lemur Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine Pithecia Desmarest, 1804 Feminine 4; Tarsius Storr, 1780 Masculine e; ANNEXE 2 Notes on the gender attributable to the generic names ‘* Ovis ’’? Linnaeus, 1758, and ‘‘ Talpa ”’ Linnaeus, 1758, respectively (1) The generic name ‘‘ Ovis’’ Linnaeus, 1758: Mr. Lelievre included in his Report the following note on the gender of the generic name Ovis :— The feminine gender predominates strongly in this word and isolated instances of the masculine gender may be disregarded. 2. When in 1758 Linnaeus established the nominal genus Ovis, he placed in it three species, of which two were given specific names consisting of nouns, while the name given to the remaining species was a third declension adjective which does not show whether the gender of the generic name was regarded as being masculine or feminine. For the first species placed in this genus (Ovis aries) Linnaeus however cited six varietal names all of which he cited in the feminine gender (rustica ; anglica ; hispanica ; polycerata ; africana ; laticaudata). It is possible that Linnaeus looked upon these adjectives as being in agreement with the word “ varietas ’’ but he did not actually cite that word and it is just as likely that he regarded these adjectives as being DIRECTION 10 11 in agreement with the generic name Ovis. While the evidence 1s not conclusive, it is likely that Linnaeus regarded this generic name as being of the feminine gender. 3. Current catalogues, checklists and monographs all treat this generic name as being feminine, and Dr. T. C. S. Morrison-Scott (British Museum (Natural History)) has informed me that this is the general practice of mammalogists. 4. For the reason explained by Mr. Lelievre (paragraph 1), supported by the evidence provided by the author of this generic name (para- graph 2), I conclude that this name should be treated as being of the feminine gender. This conclusion is in harmony with the current practice of specialists (paragraph 3). (2) The generic name ‘‘ Talpa’’ Linnaeus, 1758 : b) Mr. Lelievre reported that the word ‘“‘talpa”’ is a feminine word but that Lewis & Short’s Latin Dictionary gives a single instance where it was treated as being of the masculine gender. 2. The gender attributable to this word has already been considered by the Commission in connection with a generic name in the Class Insecta where it is used as the second portion of a compound word, the name in question being Gryllotalpa Latreille, [1802—1803]. In this case the Commission decided to adopt the feminine gender. This decision has been embodied in Direction 9 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 705—718). 3. The generic name Jalpa Linnaeus, 1758, was established for two nominal species, to each of which the specific name given was an adjective cited in the feminine gender (europaea; asiatica). It is clear therefore that Linnaeus himself regarded the generic name Talpa as being a feminine word. In this he has been followed by all subsequent workers. 4. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of the gender to be assigned - to the names of genera of mammals placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology prior to the Lisbon (1935) Session of the Commission was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 900. 12 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Il—THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 5. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)4 : On 26th January 1955 a Voting Paper was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “ that, in conformity with the General Directive relating to the recording on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the gender of each name placed thereon prior to 1948, issued to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thir- teenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, the gender of the generic names of mammals specified in Column (2) of Annexe | to the note by the Secretary submitted simultaneously with the present Voting Paper should be entered in the foregoing Official List in respect of the names enumerated in Column (1) of that Annexe ”’ [1.e. the proposals submitted in Annexe | to the application reproduced in paragraph 3 of the present Direction] and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate the item concerned. 6. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 26th February 1955. 7. Withdrawal of the proposal submitted in relation to the generic name ‘‘ Galago ’’ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1796 : On 26th February 1955, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed the | following Minute on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 900 :— Withdrawal of the proposal submitted in V.P.(O.M.)(55)4 in relation to the generic name ‘‘ Galago ”’ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1796 MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature In a letter dated 20th February 1955, Commissioner Angel Cabrera has questioned the desirability of accepting the feminine gender for the generic name Galago Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1796, having regard to the fact (1) that the word “ galago ”’ is not a Classical Latin word, and (2) that there has been a large preponderating usage of the masculine gender for this name in the literature of mammalogy. DIRECTION 10 13 2.. The considerations advanced by Commissioner Cabrera appear to me to call for a reconsideration of the gender to be assigned to the foregoing genericname. Accordingly, in order to permit of the further examination of this matter, I, as Secretary, hereby direct that the proposal in regard to the gender to be assigned to the name Galago Geoffroy, Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1796, submitted in Voting Paper V.P. (O.M) (55)4 be treated as having been withdrawn from the matters. submitted: in that Voting Paper for decision by the Commission. 8. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)4 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the Voting on the proposals submitted in Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)4, exclusive of the proposal relating to the name Galago Geoffroy, 1796, withdrawn therefrom by the direction given in the Minute by the Secretary dated 26th February 1955 (paragraph 7 above), was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-one (21) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Sylvester-Bradley ; Lemche ; Boschma ; Riley ; Hering ; Vokes ; Mayr ; Kuhnelt ; Bodenheimer ; Key ; Jaczewsk1 ; Esaki; Stoll; do Amaral; Hemming; Dymond ; Tortonese ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Miller ; Cabrera ; Bonnet ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) On Leave of Absence, two (2) : Holthuis ; Mertens ; (d) Voting Papers not returned, two (2) : Hank6o! ; Prantl. 9. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 27th February 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, 1 Commissioner Hank6o returned (on 11th March 1955) a late affirmative vote. 14 OPINIONS. AND. DECLARATIONS acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)4, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 8 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 10. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 2nd March 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)4. 11. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 12. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Ten (10) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Second day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING = — Printed in England by Mretcatre & Cooper LimiTEpD, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 EXPLANATORY NOTE REGARDING THE QUESTIONS ALLOCATED TO SECTION C OF VOLUME 1 At the time of the establishment of the Series “‘ Opinions rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature”’ it was decided that volume 1 should be reserved for a re-issue of Opinions 1—133 (many of which were already out of print and unobtainable) and that the first instalment of Opinions to be directly published by the Commission (the Opinions embody- ing decisions taken by the Commission at its Session held at Lisbon in 1935) should be published as volume 2 in the foregoing series. An announcement to this effect was published in August 1939 with the first Part of Volume 2 (1939, Ops. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 2). 2. It was originally contemplated that the Opinions to be re-issued in volume | should be accompanied by notes drawing attention to the effect on certain of those Opinions of later decisions taken either by the International Commission or by the International Congress of Zoology. This was rendered un- necessary, however, by the action of the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, in embodying in the Reégles the interpretative Rulings given in the Opinions concerned. At the same time the Opinions in question were cancelled for all except historical purposes. It was felt however during the discussion of this matter at the Paris Congress that many of these older Opinions contained much matter of permanent interest and importance and that the need for the re-publication of these Opinions had been in no way impaired by the decision by that Congress to. cancel certain of those Opinions except for historical purposes. The previous decision that these Opinions should be re-published was accordingly re-affirmed but it was decided at the same time that this re-issue should consist of a simple re-issue of the texts as originally published (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 593594). So far, lack of resources has prevented the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature from giving effect to the foregoing decision. It is hoped, however, that it will be possible for a start to be made at a fairly early date. i 3. The position as regards these earlier Opinions, as also that as regards the Opinions (Opinions 134—194) rendered by the Commission between 1939 and 1948, was materially affected by other decisions taken by the Paris Congress for the purpose of ensuring that the Rulings given in those Opinions should be supplemented in such a way as to cover the whole of the ground involved and should, in addition, contain information on certain matters not previously included in Opinions dealing with individual names. These decisions were supplemented by certain further decisions having the same object taken by the Fourteenth Inter- national Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953. The decisions so taken called therefore for a re-examination of every Opinion previously rendered. The decisions in question of which (1) to (6) were taken by the Paris Congress and (7) to (10) by the Copenhagen Congress were the following :— (1) Every Opinion to deal with all matters raised in the applica- tion submitted, and, where an Opinion did not do so, that Opinion to be completed ; (2) Every generic name discussed in an Opinion which 1s (a) available nomenclatorially and (b) accepted by specialists as the oldest such name for a taxonomically valid genus to be placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, where this was not done at the time of the adoption of the Opinion concerned ; (3) The gender appropriate to every generic name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology to be ascertained and noted in that List ; (4) Every objectively invalid generic name discussed in any Opinion to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ; (5) The specific name of the type species of every genus, the name of which has been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, if the oldest available such name for the species concerned, to be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and, if the name of the type species of such a genus is not the oldest til available such name for that species, the oldest available name to be ascertained and placed on the foregoing Official List ; (6) Every objectively invalid specific name discussed in any Opinion to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology ; (7) Wherever a genus, the name of which is placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, is the type genus of a Family-Group taxon, consideration to be given to the question of placing that family-group name on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology ; (8) Wherever a generic name placed upon the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology has been taken as the base of the name for a taxon belonging to the family-group, consideration to be given to the question of placing that family-group name on _ the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology ; (9) Wherever in an Opinion, the Commission gives a Ruling accepting as available any given book, etc., the title of that book, etc. to be entered on the Official List of Works Approved for Zoological Nomenclature ; (10) Wherever the Commission either suppresses under its Plenary Powers, or declares to be unavailable under the Régles any book, etc., the title of that book, etc. to be entered on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature. 4. The foregoing Directives, other than those relating to family- group names (on which work is now in progress) have been duly complied with in respect of every Opinion rendered since the Paris (1948) Congress. Subject to the same exception, these Directives have also been complied with in full as respects all the Opinions (Opinions 134—194) rendered by the Commission 1V in the period from the end of 1936 up to the opening of the Paris Congress. The decisions taken by the Commission under these Directives in respect of Opinions 182 to 194 have been published in Directions 1 and 3, while those in relation to Opinions 134 to181 have been published in Directions 2 and 4to9. In each of these cases the volume concerned in the “ Opinions and Declarations ”’ Series was at that time still without its concluding Index Part and it was possible in consequence to include the Directions concerned in the same volume as that which contained the Opinions to which they were related. It remains, therefore, now for the Commission to take corresponding action as regards the Opinions (Opinions 1—133) published in the period up to the end of 1936. : 5. The Directions needed in order to give effect to the Directives specified in paragraph 3 above in relation to the Opinions rendered in the period up to the end of 1936 will be included in the still incomplete volume 1 of the “ Opinions and Declarations ”’ Series. The number of Directions needed for this purpose will inevitably be considerable, for not only is the total number of Opinions to be dealt with substantially larger than was that involved in the Opinions rendered in the period 1937—1948, but in addition the number of omissions to be made good in these early Opinions is much greater. The International Trust for Zoological Nomen- clature has therefore decided, after careful consideration, to divide volume | into three sections to be styled sections A, B and C respectively. Sections A and B will be consecutively paged, while separate pagination will be given to Section C. Section A will consist of the 25 parts already published. Section B will, as decided by the Paris (1948) Congress, consist of a re-issue, without notes, of the text of Opinions 1—133. Section C will be devoted to the Directions to be issued by the Commission for the purpose of giving effect, so far as the foregoing Opinions are concerned, to the General Directives enumerated in paragraph 3 above. Sectional Title pages and Sectional Indexes will be supplied in due course. 6. A large amount of the preparatory work required for the formulation of the proposals to be placed before the Commission V in regard to the Directions needed to give effect to the Directives referred to above has already been carried out in the Office of the Commission, particularly as regards Directives (3), (4) and (5). A first instalment of proposals relating to the gender to be assigned to names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 has already been considered bythe Commission. Its decision on that paper has been embodied in Direction 10, which is being published simultaneously with the present Explanatory Note. Further instalments are either now being voted upon by the Commission or will shortly be sub- mitted for vote. It is hoped therefore that it will be possible to make substantial progress in this field during the course of the year 1955. FRANCIS HEMMING Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 7th March 1955 Published with Part C.1 (Direction 10) of Section C of Volume | of Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. Section C. Part C.2. Pp. 15—34 DIRECTION I1 Determination of the gender to be attributed to the names of one hundred and seventy-four genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea) placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Ten shillings (All rights reserved) a Issued 19th May, 1955 Se 23 10 bp ) SIBRARY INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 11 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History)- Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President: Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitadt zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (42th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) vies 5. on Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (A2th August 1953) resident Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla Hank6 (Mezégazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferninand Prantl (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm Kuhnelt (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. Bodenheimer (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico Tortonese (Istituto e Museo di Zoologia della Universita di Torino, Torino, Italy) (146th December 1954) DIRECTION 11 DETERMINATION OF THE GENDER TO BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE NAMES OF ONE HUNDRED & SEVENTY- FOUR GENERA OF THE ORDER DECAPODA (CLASS CRUSTACEA) PLACED ON THE ** OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 RULING :—(1) The gender to be attributed to each of the under-mentioned names of genera of Decapod Crustacea placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the Opinions severally mentioned below is hereby determined as being the masculine gender :— (a) Names dealt with in Opinion 73 : Acanthocyclus Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas (P.H.), 1844; Actumnus Dana, 1851; Archias Paulson, 1875 ; Arenaeus Dana, 1851; Atergatis de Haan, [1833] ; Benthochascon Alcock (A.W.) & Anderson (A.R.S.), 1899 ; Carpilius Desmarest (A.G.), 1823 ; Carpilodes Dana, 1851; Carpoporus Stimpson, [1871] ; Coenophthalmus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879 ; Corystoides Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas (P.H.), 1844 ; Cryptocnemus Stimpson, 1858 ; Cyclodius Dana, 1851 ; Cymo de Haan, [1833] ; Dacryopilum- nus Nobili, 1906; pimelus Milne Edwards (A.), 1878 ; Erimacrus Benedict, 1892; Erimetopus Rathbun (M.J.), 1894 ; Euphylax Stimpson, 1860 ; Gecarcinucus Milne Edwards (H.), 1844 ; Heterozius Milne Edwards (A.), 1867 ; Iphiculus Adams (A.) & White (A.), 1849; Lissocarcinus Adams (A.) & White (A.), 1849 ; Lupocyclus Adams (A.) & White (A.), 1849; Merocryptus Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 ; Myrodes Bell (T.), 1855 ; Oreophorus Riip- pell, 1830 ; Parathranites Miers, 1886 ; Pariphiculus Alcock (A.W.), 1896; Podophthalmus Lamarck, 1801 ; Polybius Leach, [1820] ; Portumnus [Leach], JUN 10 1955 18 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS [1814] ; Potamocarcinus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 ; Potamonautes Macleay, 1838 ; Speloeophorus Milne Edwards (A.), 1865 ; Sphaerocarcinus Zehnter, 1894 ; Telmessus White (A.), 1846; Thalamitoides Milne Edwards (A.), 1869 ; Thalamonyx Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 ; Tlos Adams (A.) & White (A.), 1849 ; Trachycarcinus Faxon, 1893; Trichodactylus Latreille, [1828] ; (b) Names deait with in Opinion 85 : Catoptrus Milne Edwards (A.), 1870; Chasmo- carcinus Rathbun (M.J.), 1898 ; Cyrtograpsus Dana, 1851 ; Dissodactylus Smith (S.1.), 1870 ; Epixanthus Heller (C.), 1861 ; Euchirograpsus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 ; Eucratodes Milne Edwards (A.), 1880 ; Euryetisus Cano, 1889; Geryon Kroyer, 1837; Glyptograpsus Smith (S.I.), 1870; Hexapus de Haan, [1833]; Holometopus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 ; Holothuriophilus Nauck, 1880 ; Lachnopodus Stimpson, 1858 ; Leptodius Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 ; Libystes Milne Edwards (A.), 1867; Lip- aesthesius Rathbun (M.J.), 1898 ; Lophopanopeus Rathbun (M.J.), 1898 ; Lophopilumnus Miers, 1886 ; Metopocarcinus Stimpson, 1860; Notonyx Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 ; Ommatocarcinus White (A.), 1852 ; Opisthopus Rathbun (M.J.), 1893 ; Orphno- xanthus Alcock (A.W.), 1898 ; Parapleurophrycoides Nobili, 1906 ; Paraxanthus Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas (P.H.), 1844 ; Perigrapsus Heller (C.), 1862 ; Pilumnoides Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas (P.H.), 1844 ; Pilumnus Leach, 1815; Pinnaxodes Heller (C.), [1865] ; Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803] ; Planes Bowditch, 1825 ; Platychirograpsus de Man, 1896 ; Platypilumnus Alcock (A.W.), 1894 ; Platy- xanthus Milne Edwards (A.), 1863; Polydectus Milne Edwards (A.), 1837 ; Pseudocarcinus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834; Psopheticus Wood-Mason, 1892 ; Rhithropanopeus Rathbun (M.J.), 1898 ; Ruppellioides Milne Edwards (A.), 1867; Speo- carcinus Stimpson, 1859; Sphaerozius Stimpson, DIRECTION 11 19 1858 ; Tetraxanthus Rathbun (M.J.), 1898 ; Tetrias Rathbun (M.J.), 1898 ; Xanthodius Stimpson, 1859 ; Xenophthalmodes Richters, 1880; Xenophthalmus White (A.), 1846 ; Zosimus Leach, 1823 ; Zozymodes eller (€,), 1sol\; (c) Names dealt with in Opinion 104 : Cancer Linnaeus, 1758 ; Pandalus Leach, 1815 ; (2) The gender to be attributed to each of the under- mentioned names of genera of Decapod Crustacea placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the Opinions severally mentioned below is hereby determined as being the feminine gender :— (a) Names dealt with in Opinion 73 Actaea de Haan, [1833]; Actaeomorpha Miers, [1877]; Arcania Leach, 1817; Banareia Milne Edwards (A.), 1869; Bellia Milne Edwards (H.), 1848 ; Caphyra Guérin-Ménéville, 1832; Carupa Dana, 1851; Daira de Haan, [1833]; Deckenia Hilgendorf, [1869] ; Domecia Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842 ; Ebalia Leach, [1817] ; Epilobocera Stimpson, 1860 ; Hepatella Smith (S.I.), 1869 ; Heterolithadia Alcock (A.W.), 1896 ; Heteronucia Alcock (A.W.), 1896 ; Hydrothelphusa Milne Edwards (A.), 1872 ; Iliacantha Stimpson, [1871]; /xa Leach, 1815; Leucosilia Bell (T.), 1855 ; Lithadia Bell (T.), 1855 ; Nucia Dana, 1852; Nursia Leach, 1817; Nursilia Bell (T.), 1855 ; Onychomorpha Stimpson, 1858 ; Osachila Stimpson, [1871] ; Paracyclois Miers, 1886 ; Parathelphusa Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 ; Parilia Wood-Mason, 1891; Persephona Leach ; 1817; Phlyxia Bell (T.), 1855 ; Pirimela Leach, [1816]; Platymera Milne Edwards, 1837; Pseudophilyra Miers, 1879; Pseudothelphusa Saussure, 1857 ; Randallia Stimpson, 1857 ; Scylla de Haan, [1833] ; Thalamita Latreille, 1829 ; Valdivia White, 1847 ; 20 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) Names dealt with in Opinion 85 : Acmaeopleura Stimpson, 1858 ;. Bathyplax Milne Edwards (A.), 1880; Camptoplax Miers, 1884 ; Ceratoplax Stimpson, 1858 ; Durckheimia de Man, 1889 ; Eucrate de Haan, [1835] ; Euryplax Stimp- son, 1859; Fabia Dana, 1851; Galene de Haan, [1833]; Glyptoplax Smith (S.I.), 1870; Gomeza Gray (J.E.), 18315; Goneplax [Leach], [1814]; Halimede de Haan, [1835] ; Helice de Haan, [1833] ; Hephthopelta Alcock (A.W.), 1899; Liagore de Haan, [1833]; Liomera Dana, 1851; Litocheira Kinahan, 1856 ; Lybia Milne Edwards (H.), 1834 ; Melybia Stimpson, [1871]; Metasesarma Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 ; Micropanope Stimpson, [1871]; Oediplax Rathbun (M.J.), 1893 ; Panoplax Stimpson, [1871] ; Paragalene Kossmann, 1878 ; Parapanope de Man, 1895; Pinnixa White (A.), 1846 ; Pinno- therelia Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas (P.H.), 1844 ; Prionoplax Milne Edwards (H.), 1852 ; Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894; Pseudorhombila Milne Edwards (H.), 1837; Rhizopa Stimpson, 1858 ; Scalopidia. Stimpson, 1858 ; Scleroplax Rathbun (M.J.), 1893 ; Thaumastoplax Miers, 1881; Utica White (A.), 1847 ; Xanthasia White (A.), 1846 ; (3) The gender to be attributed to each of the under- mentioned names of genera of Decapod Crustacea placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the Opinions severally mentioned below is hereby determined as being the neuter gender :— (a) Name dealt with in Opinion 73 : Trichopeltarion Milne Edwards (A.), 1880 ; (b) Names dealt with in Opinion 85 : Camptandrium Stimpson, 1858 ; Clistocoeloma Milne Edwards (A.), 1873; Eurytium Stimpson, 1859 ; Percnon Gistl, 1848 ; Samartium Dana, 1851, DIRECTION 11 21 I.—THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT ** DIRECTION ” Under a General Directive issued by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, the International Commission is required to assign an appropriate gender to each generic name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology prior to that Congress. This obligation has now been discharged in full in respect of generic names placed on the Official List by the Commission at its Session held at Lisbon in 1935 and at various subsequent dates prior to the Paris Congress of 1948. In addition, a Start has been made with the names placed on the Official List in the pre-Lisbon period, the first instalment, dealing with the names of genera of mammals, forming the subject of the Ruling given in Direction 10. The present Direction sets out the decision reached by the Commission on the second instalment of proposals under the General Directive referred to above and is concerned with the gender attributable to the names of genera of the O1der Decapoda (Class Crustacea). The proposals which formed the basis of the decision taken by the Commission in the present case were submitted by the Secretary in the following paper on 11th February 1955 :— Determination of the gender of names placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology °’ in the period up to the end of 1936 : Second Instalment (names of genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea)) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature In a note numbered Z.N.(S.) 900 which I circulated to the Com- mission on 26th January 1955 with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)4, I submitted the First Instalment of the series of proposals which will need to be placed before the Commission in order to enable it to comply with the General Directive given to it by the International Congress of Zoology that it should attribute a gender to each of the names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, thereby bringing this block of names into line with those placed on the Official List at later dates. The instal- ment submitted with the foregoing paper was concerned with the a2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS gender attributable to the names of mammal genera placed on the Official List during the foregoing period. The present instalment is concerned with the names of genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea). 2. Altogether, the pre-Lisbon Opinions contain Rulings placing the names of one hundred and ninety genera of decapods on the Official List. These Rulings were given in the following Opinions, namely Opinion 73 (86 names), Opinion 85 (98 names), Opinion 104 (6 names). 3. In the case of six of these names the Opinions concerned contained errors of one kind or another, and in consequence separate applications have been, or are being, submitted in regard to each of these cases. The names concerned are: (1) Favus Lanchester, 1900; and Jphis Leach, 1817 (Opinion 73); (2) Homalaspis Milne Edwards, 1863 (Opinion 85) ; (3) Astacus Pallas, 1772, Homarus Weber, 1795, and Peneus Weber, 1795 (Opinion 104). For one of these names (Astacus) a Direction (Direction 12) is in the press ; for two (Favus and Peneus) decisions have already been taken by the Commission and will be incorporated in Directions as soon as this can be done ; applications relating to the three other names (U/phis, Homalaspis and Homarus) are now in proof and will be published in the next instalment of Parts of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature to be issued. In each of these cases the gender of the name concerned either has been, or will be, dealt with in the application concerned. For the purpose of the present submission these names may therefore be set on one side. 4. We have next to note that three of the generic names already placed on the Official List consist of words having the termination ‘**-opsis ’” which therefore under the decisions of the Copenhagen Congress should be treated as being of the feminine gender (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl.:51, Decision 84(7)(b)(iii)). The names concerned are :—Atergatopsis Milne Edwards, 1862 ; Chlorodopsis Milne Edwards, 1873 ; Eucratopsis Smith, 1869. All these names are customarily treated in the literature as being masculine in gender. The case of these names is being submitted to the Com- mission separately and these names are therefore excluded from the present submission. 5. A somewhat similar situation arises in connection with four generic names having the termination “‘-gnathus’”’. These names are :—Asthenognathus Stimpson, 1858 ; Chasmagnathus de Haan, [1835]; Ptychognathus Stimpson, 1858 : Pyxidognathus Milne Edwards, 1879. All these names are currently treated by specialists as being DIRECTION 11 23 masculine in gender, though under the Copenhagen Congress’s decisions (ibid. : 51, Decision 84(7)(b)G)) names having this termination are to be treated as being feminine in gender. In this case also a separate submission is being made to the Commission. 6. From the one hundred and ninety decapod names on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, we must therefore deduct the following :—(i) six names which have been made the subject of separate applications (paragraph 3); (ii) three names having the termination *“-opsis”’ (paragraph 4); (ii) four names having the termination ““-gnathus’’. We are therefore concerned here with the gender attributable to the remaining one hundred and seventy-seven names. 7. As in the case of the proposals submitted in the First Instalment in the present series (Paper Z.N.(S.) 900), each of the names concerned has been examined by reference to the following questions : (a) What is the gender correctly attributable to the name concerned ? (b) Is that gender the gender currently attributed to that name by specialists in the group concerned ? For the answer to the first of these questions it has been possible (as on the previous occasion) to draw upon the Report submitted by Mr. F. J. Lelievre (Bedford College, London University) which has again proved of the greatest value. On this part of the subject the Commission is much indebted also to Mr. A. Cockburn Townsend, the Librarian of the British Museum (Natural History). Finally, both on this question and on that of usage the Commission is indebted to Dr. Fenner A. Chace, Jr. (United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) and Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London) for valuable advice. 8. The Reports received from the foregoing consultants show a remarkably high degree of agreement. So much so, indeed, that it is necessary here to refer separately only to the four following cases :— (1) Atergatis de Haan, [1833] : Mr. Lelievre has reported that the origin of this word is uncertain but that on the whole the feminine is the most likely gender. An extract from his Report of the portion dealing with this word is given in Appendix 1. Dr. Fenner Chace has stated that in the literature this name is generally treated as being masculine in gender. Mr. Townsend and Dr. Gordon are of the opinion that in the cir- cumstances the most reasonable course would be to treat this as a masculine word. ‘This course is recommended in the proposals now submitted. (2) Bathynectes Stimpson, 1870 : Mr. Lelievre treats this name as being masculine in gender. This view is supported by Mr. Townsend. Dr. Fenner Chace reports 24 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS that this name is commonly treated as being feminine rather than masculine. Dr. Gordon considers that it ought to be treated as masculine. The adoption of this gender is recommended in the proposals now submitted. (3) Metasesarma Milne Edwards, 1853 : This, being a compound word, will take the gender, whatever it may be, of the word “‘sesarma’’. Mr. Lelievre attributed the neuter gender to this word on the analogy of Greek nouns ending with the letter alpha. There is however no such Greek word, “ sesarma ”’ being apparently an arbitrary combination of letters. Dr. Gordon states that at present there is no uniformity of usage in this large genus but that the feminine gender would correspond best with current usage. Mr. Townsend considers, that, having regard to the fact that this word, though not of Classical origin, has an “‘-a”’ termination, it would be reasonable to treat it as being a neo-Latin noun of the First Declension and therefore feminine in gender. This course appears to me to be eminently reasonable and its adoption will have the advantage that it will correspond best with current usage. A recommendation in this sense has accordingly been included in the proposals now submitted. (4) Names having a “ -plax”’ termination : There are ten names with a “ -plax ’’ termination among the generic names of decapods on the Official List. These are :—Bathyplax Milne Edwards, 1880 ; Camptoplax Miers, 1884 ; Ceratoplax Stimpson, 1858 ; Euryplax Stimpson, 1859 ; Glyptoplax Smith, 1870 ; Goneplax [Leach], [1814] ; Oediplax Rathbun, 1893 ; Panoplax Stimpson, [1871] ; Prionoplax Milne Edwards, 1852; Scleroplax Rathbun, 1893. Mr. Lelievre discusses these “-plax’’ names in some detail in his Report, from which an extract of the portion relating to this problem is given in Appendix 1 to the present paper. He there explains that it would be natural to treat such words as masculine if the name was intended to give a reference to some part of the animal concerned but that if the word was intended to describe the animal as a whole, the appropriate gender would be feminine. Mr. Townsend considers that these generic names should be treated as being feminine in gender, and this view is supported by Dr. Fenner Chace and by Dr. Gordon, both of whom add that these generic names are commonly treated as being of that gender. In the recommendations now submitted it is accordingly proposed that these names should be treated as being feminine words. 9. The one hundred and sixty-four remaining names for which proposals are now submitted present no difficulty. In each case there eee DIRECTION 11 25 appears to be no doubt as to the gender properly attributable, and in each case that gender is the gender commonly so attributed. 10. Subject to the foregoing explanations, I now recommend the International Commission to render a Direction that in respect of the name of each of the one hundred and seventy-seven genera of Decapod Crustacea specified in Appendix 2 to the present paper the gender to be inserted in the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology regarding that name shall be the gender shown against that name in the foregoing Appendix. APPENDIX 1 Extracts relating to the gender of certain generic names of Decapod Crustacea from the Report prepared by Mr. F. J. Lelievre (Bedford College, London University) on the gender attributable to names placed on the ‘°° Official List ’’ of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ up to the end of 1936 (a) The generic name ‘‘Atergatis ’’ de Haan, 1833 : Presumably a variant spelling of the feminine proper noun Afargatis or else a Greek feminine noun analogous to it. The existence of the word Atergatopsis may support this view as “-opsis”’ is, certainly Greek. Sherborn “‘ Index Animalium ” included a masculine adjective as a trivial name and some Latin 3rd declension words in -is are masculine ; but the feminine gender is more likely. (b) Generic names having the termination ‘ -plax ”’ : § Pp In the case of generic names having the termination “‘-plax ’’, the ** plax’’ portion of the name is derived from a Greek word having iicemeanims “flat surface’, “ plate’, ‘scale’, “layer”, “fin’’, etc. The gender of this noun is feminine. There are Classical com- pounds : “ diplax’’ and “‘triplax”’. Both are used as masculine and feminine adjectives, the former as a feminine noun also. The analogy of the “-gnathos’’ compounds would suggest the treatment of the *““-plax ’? compounds as masculine. I assume that the meaning of plas vis ifn’, ““scale’* or other part of a creature ; if ““ -plax ” described the creature as a whole, the compounds would be feminine nouns. 26 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS APPENDIX 2 Gender proposed to be inscribed in the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology *’ in respect of the names of genera of Decapods placed on that “ List ’’ in the period up to the end of 1936 Gender ** Opinion”? in proposed which name to be assigned specified in Col. 1 to name speci- was placed on Generic name fied in Col. 1 “Official List ”’ (1) (2) (3) Acanthocyclus Milne Edwards & Masculine 73 Lucas, 1844 Actaea de Haan, [1833] Feminine e Actaeomorpha Miers, [1877] Feminine 3 Actumnus Dana, 1851 Masculine mM Arcania Leach, 1817 Feminine > Archias Paulson, 1875 Masculine be Arenaeus Dana, 1851 Masculine = Atergatis de Haan, [1833] Masculine e Banareia Milne Edwards, 1869 Feminine fs Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871] Masculine 33 Bellia Milne Edwards, 1848 Feminine k Benthochascon Alcock & Anderson, Masculine - 1899 Caphyra Guerin, 1830 Feminine - Carpilius Desmarest, 1823 Masculine HE Carpilodes Dana, 1851 Masculine ne Carpoporus Stimpson, [1871] Masculine a Carupa Dana, 1851 Feminine ve Coenophthalmus Milne Edwards, Masculine a 1879 Corystoides Milne Edwards & Lucas, Masculine ns Cryptocnemus Stimpson, 1858 Masculine ri Cyclodius Dana, 1851 Masculine i Cymo de Haan, [1833] Masculine $i Dacryopilumnus Nobili, 1906 Masculine 45 Daira de Haan, [1833] Feminine - Deckenia Hilgendorf, [1869] Feminine Re Domecia Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842 Feminine As Ebalia Leach, [1817] Feminine z, Epilobocera Stimpson, 1860 Feminine a Epimelus Milne Edwards, 1878 Masculine st, Erimacrus Benedict, 1892 Masculine x Erimetopus Rathbun, 1894 Masculine ss Euphylax Stimpson, 1860 Masculine i DIRECTION 11 Generic name (1) Gecarcinucus Milne Edwards, 1844 Hepatella Smith, 1869 Heterolithadia Alcock, 1896 Heteronucia Alcock, 1896 Heterozius Milne Edwards, 1867 Hydrothelphusa Milne Edwards, 1872 Iliacantha Stimpson, [1871] Iphiculus Adams & White, 1849 Ixa Leach, 1815 Leucosilia Bell, 1855 Lissocarcinus Adams & White, 1849 Lithadia Bell, 1855 Lupocyclus Adams & White, 1849 Merocryptus Milne Edwards, 1873 Myrodes Bell, 1855 Nucia Dana, 1852 Nursia Leach, 1817 Nursilia Bell, 1855 Onychomorpha Stimpson, 1858 Oreophorus Rippell, 1830 Osachila Stimpson, [1871] Paracyclois Miers, 1886 Parathelphusa Milne Edwards, 1853 Parathranites Miers, 1886 Parilia Wood-Mason, 1891 Pariphiculus Alcock, 1896 Persephona Leach, 1817 Phlyxia Bell, 1855 Pirimela Leach, [1816] | Platymera Milne Edwards, 1837 Podophthalmus Lamarck, 1801 Polybius Leach, [1820] Portumnus [Leach], [1814] Potamocarcinus Milne Edwards, 1853 Potamonautes Macleay, 1838 Pseudophilyra Miers, 1879 Pseudothelphusa Saussure, 1857 Randallia Stimpson, 1857 Scylla de Haan, [1833] Gender proposed to be assigned to name speci- fied in Col. | (2) Masculine Feminine Feminine Feminine Masculine Feminine Feminine Masculine Feminine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Masculine Masculine Feminine Feminine Feminine Feminine Masculine Feminine Feminine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Feminine Feminine Feminine Masculine Masculine Masculine Masculine Masculine Feminine Feminine Feminine Feminine which name (3) 73 DH ** Opinion”? in specified in Col. 1 was placed on ** Official List ”’ 28 * OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Gender “Opinion” in proposed which name to be assigned specified in Col. 1 to name speci- was placed on Generic name fied in Col. | “Official List ”’ (1) (2) (3) Speloeophorus Milne Edwards, 1865 Masculine TS Sphaerocarcinus Zehnter, 1894 Masculine M3 Telmessus White, 1846 Masculine " Thalamita Latreille, 1829 Feminine A Thalamitoides Milne Edwards, Masculine pa 1869 Thalamonyx Milne Edwards, 1873 Masculine be Tlos Adams & White, 1849 Masculine a Trachycarcinus Faxon, 1893 Masculine a Trichodactylus Latreille, [1828] Masculine ¥, Trichopeltarion Milne Edwards, Neuter af 1880 Valdivia White, 1847 Feminine a Acmaeopleura Stimpson, 1858 Feminine 85 Bathyplax Milne Edwards, 1880 Feminine a Camptandrium Stimpson, 1858 Neuter 5s Camptoplax Miers, 1884 Feminine f Catoptrus Milne Edwards, 1870 Masculine an Ceratoplax Stimpson, 1858 Feminine i Chasmocarcinus Rathbun, 1898 Masculine is Clistocoeloma Milne Edwards, 1873 Neuter x Cyrtograpsus Dana, 1851 Masculine * Dissodactylus Smith, 1870 Masculine At Durckheimia de Man, 1889 Feminine hy Epixanthus Heller, 1861 Masculine Ne Euchirograpsus Milne Edwards, Masculine . 1853 Eucrate de Haan, [1835] Feminine a Eucratodes Milne Edwards, 1880 Masculine as Euryetisus Cano, 1889 | Masculine Js Euryplax Stimpson, 1859 Feminine a3 Eurytium Stimpson, 1859 Neuter as Fabia Dana, 1851 Feminine B. Galene de Haan, [1833] Feminine by Geryon Krgyer, 1837 Masculine 3 Glyptograpsus Smith, 1870 Masculine i Glyptoplax Smith, 1870 Feminine e Gomeza Gray, 1831 Feminine it Goneplax [Leach], [1814] Feminine a Halimede de Haan, [1835] Feminine Fe Helice de Haan, [1833] Feminine a DIRECTION |1 Generic name (1) Hephthopelta Alcock, 1899 Hexapus de Haan, [1833] Holometopus Milne Edwards, 1853 Holothuriophilus Nauck, 1880 Lachnopodus Stimpson, 1858 Leptodius Milne Edwards, 1863 Liagore de Haan, [1833] Libystes Milne Edwards, 1867 Liomera Dana, 1851 Lipaesthesius Rathbun, 1898 Litocheira Kinahan, 1856 Lophopanopeus Rathbun, 1898 Lophopilumnus Miers, 1886 Lybia Milne Edwards, 1834 Melybia Stimpson, [1871] Metasesarma Milne Edwards, 1853 Metopocarcinus Stimpson, [1860] Micropanope Stimpson, [1871] Notonyx Milne Edwards, 1873 Oediplax Rathbun, 1893 Ommatocarcinus White, 1852 Opisthopus Rathbun, 1893 Orphnoxanthus Alcock, 1898 Panoplax Stimpson, [1871] Paragalene Kossman, 1878 Parapanope de Man, 1895 Parapleurophrycoides Nobili, 1906 Paraxanthus Milne Edwards & Lucas, 1844 Percnon Gistl, 1848 Perigrapsus Heller, 1862 Pilumnoides Milne Edwards & Lucas, 1844 Pilumnus Leach, 1815 Pinnaxodes Heller, [1865] Pinnixa White, 1846 Pinnotherelia Milne Edwards & Lucas, 1844 Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803] Planes Bowditch, 1825 Platychirograpsus de Man, 1896 Gender proposed to be assigned to name speci- fied in Col. 1 (2) Feminine Masculine Masculine Masculine Masculine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Masculine Feminine Feminine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Masculine Masculine Feminine Feminine Feminine Masculine Masculine Neuter Masculine Masculine Masculine Masculine Feminine Feminine Masculine Masculine Masculine “Opinion”? in which name (3) 85 29 specified in Col. | was placed on “Official List” 30 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Gender ** Opinion”? in proposed which name to be assigned specified in Col. | to name speci- was placed on Generic name fied in Col. 1 “Official List ”’ (1) (2) (3) Platypilumnus Alcock, 1894 Masculine 85 Platyxanthus Milne Edwards, 1863 Masculine a Polydectus Milne Edwards, 1837 Masculine . Prionoplax Milne Edwards, 1852 Feminine ry Pseudocarcinus Milne Edwards, 1834 Masculine it Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894 Feminine 8 Pseudorhombila Milne Edwards, 1837 Feminine ., Psopheticus Wood-Mason, 1892 Masculine re Rhithropanopeus Rathbun, 1898 Masculine " Rhizopa Stimpson, 1858 Feminine - Ruppellioides Milne Edwards, 1867 Masculine - Samartium Dana, 1851 Neuter Me Scalopidia Stimpson, 1858 Feminine ee Scleroplax Rathbun, 1893 Feminine fs Speocarcinus Stimpson, 1859 Masculine - Sphaerozius Stimpson, 1858 Masculine a Tetraxanthus Rathbun, 1898 Masculine os Tetrias Rathbun, 1898 Masculine a Thaumastoplax Miers, 1881 Feminine sa Utica White, 1847 Feminine if Varuna Milne Edwards, 1830 Feminine i Xanthasia White, 1846 Feminine a Xanthodius Stimpson, 1859 Masculine ns Xenophthalmodes Richters, 1880 Masculine ae Xenophthalmus White, 1846 Masculine He Zosimus Leach, 1823 Masculine Me Zozymodes Heller, 1861 Masculine a Cancer Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine 104 Nephrops Leach, [1814] Masculine , Pandalus Leach, 1815 Masculine 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of the gender to be assigned to the names of Decapod Crustacea placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology prior to the Lisbon (1935) Session of the Commission was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 906. DIRECTION 11 31 IlL—THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE © 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)6 : On 11th February 1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)6) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “that, in conformity with the General Directive relating to the recording in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the gender of each name placed thereon prior to 1948, issued to the International Commission by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, the gender of the generic names of Decapod Crustacea specified in Column (2) in Appendix 2 to the paper bearing the number Z.N.(S.) 906 by the Secretary, submitted simultaneously with the present Voting Paper, should be entered in the foregoing Official List in respect of the names enumerated in the first Column of that Appendix” [i.e. the proposals submitted in Appendix 2 to the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate the item concerned. 4. Withdrawal of the proposals submitted in relation to the names ** Bathynectes *? Stimpson, [1871], °° Nephrops ’’ Leach, [1814], and ‘* Varuna ’? Milne Edwards (H.), 1830 : On 10th March 1955, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary placed the following Minute on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 906 :— Withdrawal of proposals relating to three generic names of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea) placed on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the pre-Lisbon (1935) period MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature The Prescribed Voting Period for Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)6 expires tomorrow (11th March) and I have therefore today reviewed the proposals for the assignment of genders to the names of genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea) placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the pre-Lisbon (1935) period submitted to the Commission with the foregoing Voting Paper, in the light of the ae received from Commissioners during the Prescribed Voting eriod. 32 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 2. Out of the one hundred and seventy-seven proposals submitted with the foregoing Voting Paper in my paper Z.N.(S.) 906, dated 11th February 1955, points have been received in respect of three only. The names concerned are the following :— (1) Bathynectes Stimpson, co On the advice of Dr. I. Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London), supported by Dr. A. Cockburn Townsend (Librarian, British Museum (Natural History)), who assisted her as a Classical scholar, I recommended that this name should be treated as being masculine in gender. Dr. Fenner A. Chace, Jr. (U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) had reported that this name had often been treated as being of the feminine gender. After consultation with Dr. Gordon, I formed the view, when I prepared the foregoing proposal, that the contrary usage was not sufficiently strong to justify the use of the Plenary Powers in this case for the purpose of validating the adoption of the feminine gender. Commissioner Miller has however expressed the view that the feminine gender should be upheld in this case. In addition, I have received an inquiry on this point from Commissioner Sylvester- Bradley. The remaining Commissioners who have voted have accepted the explanation given in paragraph 8(2) of my paper Z.N.(S.) 906 and have voted in favour of the acceptance of the masculine gender. (2) Nephrops Leach, [1814] : In this case the masculine gender was recommended. Commissioner do Amaral has pointed out however that the gender to be attributed to generic names having an “‘-ops’”’ termination was dealt with expressly by the Copenhagen (1953) Congress which directed that such names should be treated as being of the feminine gender (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 51, Decision 84(7)(b) (ii1)). I regret that by inadvertence I overlooked the foregoing decision when preparing the recommendation submitted in this case. (3) Varuna Milne Edwards (H.), 1830: In the proposal submitted to the Commission it was recommended that the feminine gender should be assigned to this name. Com- missioner Boschma has however expressed the view that this crab was named after Varuna, the Indian Neptune of Hindoo mythology and therefore that the generic name Varuna Milne Edwards is masculine in gender. He added however that this name is invariably treated as being feminine in gender and that he would welcome the acceptance of that gender for it. 3. In the light of the information summarised above, I now, as Secretary to the International Commission, hereby withdraw the - DIRECTION 11 | 33 proposals in regard to the gender to be assigned to the above-mentioned generic names submitted in my paper Z.N.(S.) 906, dated 11th Febru- ary 1955, from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)6, in order to permit of the further consideration of the issues involved and of the submission to the Commission of revised proposals in regard thereto. 5. The Prescribed Voting Period : As Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (55)6 was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 11th March 1955. 6. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)6 : _ At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)6, exclusive of the pro- posals relating to the names Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871], Nephrops Leach, [1814], and Varuna Milne Edwards (H.), 1830, withdrawn therefrom by the direction given in the Minute by the Secretary, dated 10th March 1955, reproduced in paragraph 4 of the present Direction, was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty (20) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Vokes ; Hering ; Boschma ; Tortonese ; Stoll; Miller ; Mayr; Bonnet; Bradley (J.C.); Riley; Sylvester- Bradley ; Key ; Esaki; Lemche ; Bodenheimer ; Hem- ming ; Cabrera ; do Amaral ; Dymond ; Hanko ; (b) Negative Votes: None ; (c) On leave of Absence, two (2): Holthuis ; Mertens ; (d) Voting Papers not returned, three (3)! : Jaczewski ; Kuhnelt ; Prantl. pa After the close of the Prescribed Voting Period an affirmative Vote was received from each of the three Commissioners here concerned: (1) on 23rd March 1955 from Commissioner Kihnelt ; (2) on 6th April 1955 from Commissioner Prantl ; (3) on 12th April 1955 from Commissioner Jaczewski. In covering letters received at the same time it was explained that the late despatch of the completed Voting Papers was due, in two cases, to illness during the Voting Bed. and, in the remaining case, to absence from headquarters during that eriod. 34 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 7. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 12th March 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. (O.M.)(55)6, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 6 above and declaring that the proposal sub- mitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 8. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 15th March 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (55)6. 9. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 10. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Eleven (11) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- | clature. DonE in London, this Fifteenth day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by Mercatre & Cooper LimiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE | Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. Section C. Part C.3. Pp. 35—56 DIRECTION 12 Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic name Astacus Fabricius, 1775 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (correction of an erroneous entry made in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Eleven Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 19th May, 1955 \ UW ad 1595 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 12 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President ; Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) President : Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. a) Pearson (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948 Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. ro) Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History) London) (9th June 1950 Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitdat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice- President) ae J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953 Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) . Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) 12th August 1953) Professor Béla Hankdé (Mezogazdasadgi Muzeum Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) DIRECTION 12 VALIDATION UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS OF THE GENERIC NAME ‘‘ASTACUS ” FABRICIUS, 1775 (CLASS CRUSTACEA, ORDER DECAPODA) (CORRECTION OF AN ERRONEOUS ENTRY MADE IN THE ‘°° OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” BY THE RULING GIVEN IN “ OPINION” 104) RULING :—(1) The entry bearing the Name No. 490 relating to the generic name Astacus Pallas, 1772, made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 is hereby deleted and that Ruling is hereby amended to read as specified in (3) below. (2) The following action is hereby taken under the Plenary Powers :— (a) The under-mentioned names are hereby sup- pressed for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy :— (i) Astacus Pallas, 1772 ; (ii) Astacus, any otherwise available use of, as a generic name prior to Astacus Fabricius, Ss (b) The nominal species Cancer astacus Linnaeus, 1758, is hereby designated to be the type species of the genus Astacus Fabricius, 1775, in lieu of the objectively identical, but later established, nominal species Astacus fluviatilis Fabricius, 1775. JUN 10 1955 38 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (3) The under-mentioned revised entry is hereby made in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology under the Name No. 490: Astacus Fabricius, 1775 (gender : masculine) (type species, by designation under the Plenary Powers under (2)(b) above: Cancer astacus Linnaeus, 1758). (4) The under-mentioned generic name is _ hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 869: Cambaroides Faxon, 1884 (gender : masculine) (type species, by selection by Faxon (1898) : Astacus japonicus de Haan, 1841). (5) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. 479 and 480 respectively :— (a) astacus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Cancer astacus (specific name of type species, by designation under the Plenary Powers under (2)(b) above, of Astacus Fabricius, 1775) ; (b) japonicus de Haan, 1841, as published in the combination Astacus japonicus (specific name of type species of Cambaroides Faxon, 1884). (6) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. severally specified below :— (a) the names suppressed under the Plenary Powers under (2)(a)(i) and (2)(a)(ii) above (Name Nos. 259 and 260 respectively) ; (b) Potamobius Samouelle, 1819 (a ae objective synonym of Astacus Fabricius, 1775, the type species of which, by designation under the DIRECTION 12 39 Plenary Powers under (2)(b) above, is the same species as that which is the type species of Potamobius Samouelle, 1819) (Name No. 261). (7) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 124: fluviatilis Fabricius, 1775, as published in the com- bination Astacus fluviatilis (a junior objective synonym of astacus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Cancer astacus). (8) The under-mentioned family-group name is hereby placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology with the Name No. 9: ASTACIDAE (correction by Samouelle (1819) of AsTacini) Latreille, [1802—1803] (type genus: Astacus Fabricius, 1775). (9) The under-mentioned family-group names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. 27 and 28 respectively :— (a) ASTACINI Latreille, [1802—1803!] (type genus: Astacus Fabricius, 1775) (an Invalid Original Spelling for the family-name ASTACIDAE, to which form this name was corrected by Samouelle (1819), but available as the name for a taxon belonging to any category in the family-group for which the termination “-INI”» may be considered appropriate) ; (b) POTAMOBIIDAE Stebbing, 1893 (type genus: Pota- mobius Samouelle, 1819) (a junior objective synonym of ASTACIDAE (correction of ASTACINI) Latreille, [1802—1803], the respective type genera of these family-group taxa having the same nominal species as type species.) 1 For the attribution of the date [1802—1803| to vol. 3 of Latreille’s Hist. nat. gén. partic. Crust. Ins. see Griffin, 1938 (J. Soc. Bibl. nat. Hist. 1(5) ; 151). 40 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE In January 1944, when engaged in the preliminary examination of the older Opinions containing Rulings placing names on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, noted that in Opinion 104 in which the generic name Astacus Pallas, 1772, had been placed on the foregoing Official List an incorrect type species had been cited for that genus. In 1951 Mr. Hemming corresponded on this subject with Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) and concerted with him the lines on which a proposal should be submitted to the Commission for the rectification of the foregoing error in the Official List. The application so agreed upon was completed by Mr. Hemming on 11th September 1952. It was as follows :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to correct an erroneous entry relating to the name ‘‘Astacus’’ Pallas, 1772 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), made in the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in ‘‘ Opinion *’ 104 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The subject matter of the present application came to notice in connection with the routine checking of the entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in connection with the projected publication of the Official List in book form, and is concerned with the erroneous entry of the name Astacus Pallas, 1772 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) on that List made in the Commission’s Opinion 104 (1928, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 5) : 27). 2. Entry relating to the generic name ‘‘Astacus ’’ Pallas, 1772, made on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in ‘* Opinion ”’ 104 : In Opinion 104 (: 27) the reference given for the name Astacus was “‘ Pallas, 1772, p. 81.’ The reference so given is clearly to page 81 of Volume 9 of Pallas’s Spicilogia Zoologiae, where the name Astacus was in fact used by Pallas. The particulars given for the name Astacus Pallas, 1772, in Opinion 104 were as follows :—“‘ tat. [type species by DIRECTION 12 41 absolute tautonymy] Cancer astacus Linn. 1758a, 631, syn. fluviatilis Fab. 1775a, 413.” 3. Incorrect type species given for ‘‘Astacus’’ Pallas, 1772, in ** Opinion ’’ 104: On referring to Volume 9 of Pallas’s Spicil. Zool., I found that in the paper concerned Pallas confined himself to the description of a new Siberian species of crayfish, to which he gave the name Astacus dauuricus. No other species was mentioned by Pallas and the above nominal species is therefore unquestionably the type species of Astacus Pallas by monotypy, for, as will be recalled, the Commission had ruled in Opinion 47 as far back as 1912 (Smithson. Publ. 2060 : 108—109) that a genus is to be treated as monotypical if one species only was cited by name by its original author, even if that author made it clear that he considered that other species which he did not cite by name belonged to the genus also, a decision which, in substance, was written into the Rég/es by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology at Paris in 1948 (see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4:153). Accordingly, the statement in Opinion 104 that Cancer astacus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 631) is the type species of the genus Astacus Pallas, 1772, is incorrect. In his description of his new species Astacus dauuricus, Pallas said (in the first sentence) : “Forma atque proportione astaco nostrati minori persimilis est,”’ and it is possible that the applicant in the case which was decided upon in Opinion 104 may have interpreted Pallas’s reference to (translated into English) “‘ our crayfish ’’ as constituting obliquely the inclusion of Cancer astacus Linnaeus, 1758, in the genus Astacus Pallas, 1772. Whether or not this is the explanation of the statement in Opinion 104 regarding the type species of Astacus Pallas, that statement is, as we have seen, incorrect. It is necessary therefore to consider what action should now be taken to correct or validate the entry on the Official List relating to this name. 4. Two possible courses of action: When I first considered this matter, it seemed to me that, other things being equal, there were two courses of action open to the Commission, each of which involved the admission that the entry on the Official List relating to the name Astacus Pallas was defective. (1) The Commission might confine itself to correlating the mistake in Opinion 104, that is, to giving an emended ruling stating that the type species of Astacus Pallas, 1772, was Astacus dauuricus Pallas, 1772, by monotypy, and not (as incor- rectly stated in the foregoing Opinion) Cancer astacus Linnaeus, 1758, by absolute tautonymy. Clearly, the practicability of this course would depend upon whether, in the opinion of specialists, Astacus dauuricus Pallas, 1772, and Cancer astacus Linnaeus, 1758, were not only congeneric with one another but were also so closely allied that there was no reasonable risk that at some later date they would be placed in different genera with the result that Cancer astacus Linnaeus would cease to be subjectively referable to the genus Astacus Pallas. 42 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (2) It would be possible for the Commission to decide that it was so important to ensure that Cancer astacus Linnaeus should be per- manently retained in the genus Astacus that the proper course for it to adopt would be to use its Plenary Powers to designate that species to be the type species of Astacus Pallas, thereby giving valid force to the until then invalid entry in regard to this generic name made in the Official List in Opinion 104. 5. Advice received from Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuur- lijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) : At this point I put this question (in a letter dated 6th June, 1951) to Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands). In his reply, dated 8th June 1951, which is being published simultaneously with the present paper, Dr. Holthuis informed me that the species Astacus dauuricus Pallas, 1772, was no longer considered to be congeneric with Cancer astacus Linnaeus, being currently referred to the genus Cambaroides Faxon, 1884 (Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 20 : 149), of which the type species was Astacus japonicus De Haan, 1841 (Faun. japon., Crust. (5) : 164, pl. 35, fig. 9), by subsequent selection by Faxon (1898, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 20: 665). Dr. Holthuis accordingly considered that it was “ highly desirable that the Com- mission should take steps to prevent the confusion, which undoubtedly will arise if Astacus dauuricus Pallas is accepted as the type species of Astacus.’ Of the two alternative courses outlined in my letter (i.e. the two alternatives set out in paragraph 4 above), Dr. Holthuis was altogether opposed to the first, and, if no other course were open, would favour the second. Dr. Holthuis went on, however, to outline a third course (which, like my alternative (2), would involve the use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers) which, in his opinion, offered the best solution obtainable. Dr. Holthuis pointed out that, notwithstanding the entry on the Official List of Astacus Pallas, 1772, under Opinion 104, most authors treated the name Astacus as having been first published by Fabricius in 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 413) ; if that practice could be validated, no difficulty would arise in regard to the type species of this genus, since the type species of Astacus Fabricius, 1775, was, by selection by Latreille (1810, Consid. gén. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 422) the nominal species Astacus fluviatilis Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 413), a nominal species which was objectively identical with the nominal species Cancer astacus Linnaeus, 1758 (the name Astacus fluviatilis Fabricius being only a nom. nov. for Cancer astacus Linnaeus). Dr. Holthuis accordingly suggested that the difficulty created by the mistake in Opinion 104 should be overcome by the Commission using its Plenary Powers to validate Astacus Fabricius, 1775 (Astacus Pallas, 1772, being at the same time removed from the Official List), rather than for the purpose of designating Cancer astacus Linnaeus to be the type species of Astacus Pallas, 1772. 6. Solution recommended : It is clearly essential that such steps as may be necessary should be taken to provide a legal foundation for the DIRECTION 12 43 current use of such an important name as Astacus ; the only question therefore is how best this object can be secured. In view of the fact that (as Dr. Holthuis has explained) the majority of specialists still attribute this name to Fabricius, there would be an obvious advantage in stabilising the name Astacus as from that author. The force of this consideration is greatly strengthened by the fact that, if this course were to be adopted, there would no longer be any problem to solve as regards the type species of this genus. On general principles, it will also, I think, be felt that it is better to use the Plenary Powers for the purpose of giving valid force to action taken by an early author (in this case, by Fabricius in 1775) rather than to use those powers for the purpose of securing the same end by designating as the type species of a genus a species not included in it by its original author (in this case, by Pallas in 1772). My recommendation to the Commission is therefore that it should adopt Dr. Holthuis’s suggestion and, by suppressing the name Astacus Pallas, 1772, under the Plenary Powers, so provide a firm foundation for the name Astacus Fabricius, 1775. 7. Uses of the generic name ‘‘Astacus ’”’ prior to Fabricius, 1775 : In the case of generic names published in the immediate sub-Linnean age, it is essential to take special steps to secure that the usage which it is proposed to accept for any given generic name has not been anticipated by some earlier author, for, owing to the imperfect state of knowledge regarding many of these rare X VIIIth century works, it is still extremely easy to overlook an early usage of a generic name, especially one which was taken over from the pre-1758 zoologists. In the present case I investigated this problem in conjunction with Dr. Karl Jordan, then President of the Commission, during the war (in 1944). From this investigation, it appeared that the name Astacus had been used as a generic name on three occasions prior to its use as such by Pallas in 1772. These uses were :—(1) Astacus Borlase, 1758, Nat. Hist. Cornwall : 274 ; (2) Astacus Gronovius, 1762, Acta Helv. 5 : 365 (not Vol. 4, published in 1760, as frequently stated in lists) ; (3) Gronovius, 1764, Zoophylac. gronov.: 227. At that time nothing was known as to the nature of Borlase’s book, while Gronovius was a non-binominal “binary ’’ author and, pending a decision (which was, in fact, taken in 1948) on the general problem of the meaning of the expression “binary nomenclature’’, the status of generic names published in his books was a matter of doubt. Quite recently I examined the position as regards the status of names in Borlase’s Natural History of Cornwall, primarily as a general problem but partly also with special reference to the name Astacus. In the application which I have sub- mitted to the Commission on this subject (Application Z.N.(S.) 543), which was published in September 1951 (Hemming, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 115—118),? I showed that Borlase could in no sense 2 A decision on this case has since been taken by the Commission and has been embodied in Opinion 332 (1955, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl.9 : 355— 368). 44 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS be regarded as a binominal author, and I recommended that the name Astacus Borlase, 1758, and also the name Astacus as used by the non- binominal “‘ binary’ author Gronovius in 1762 and 1764 should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology. For the present purposes these three old uses of the name Astacus may therefore be set on one side, no further action being necessary in regard to them. Needless to say, however, it will be necessary to suppress under the Plenary Powers the undoubtedly available name Astacus Pallas, 1772, if the name Astacus Fabricius, 1775, is to be rendered available. For the reasons explained above, the possibility cannot be excluded that the investigation carried out by Dr. Jordan and myself in 1944 may have failed to detect every use of the name Astacus between 1758 and 1772, while it is possible also that this name may have been used by some author in the period 1772—1775, which was not covered by the survey which we then carried out. In these circum- stances, it would, I think, be prudent to follow the precedent set in similar cases, e.g. the case of the Echinoid name Spatangus (see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 526), that is, to use the Plenary Powers to suppress not only the name Astacus Pallas, 1772, but also any other use of that name prior to Fabricius, 1775, which would otherwise be available and would therefore invalidate Astacus Fabricius, 1775, as a junior homonym. 8. Name to be used for the type species of ‘‘Astacus ’’ Fabricius, 1775 : As has already been noted (paragraph 5 above), (1) the nominal species which is the type species of Astacus Fabricius, 1775, is Astacus fluviatilis Fabricius, 1775, but (2) that nominal species is objectively identical with the nominal species Cancer astacus Linnaeus, 1758, the name Astacus fluviatilis Fabricius being only a nom. nov. for the name Cancer astacus Linnaeus, coined by Fabricius when he introduced for it the generic name Astacus, this action being due, no doubt, to the dislike entertained by Fabricius, in common with most of his con- temporaries, for tautonymy between generic names and specific trivial names. The Commission has in recent times made it a practice, when using the Plenary Powers in relation to a given generic name, to use those Powers also to secure that the nominal species which is the type species of that genus shall be whatever nominal species has the oldest available name for the taxonomic species which is, or which it is desired to make, the type species of that genus. In view of the fact that it will be necessary to use the Plenary Powers to suppress the name Astacus Pallas, 1772, if the name Astacus Fabricius, 1775, is to be validated, it is suggested that at the same time those Powers should be used to designate Cancer astacus Linnaeus, 1758, as the type species of this genus in lieu of the objectively identical, but later established, nominal species Astacus fluviatilis Fabricius, 1775. 9. Urgency of the present case : In view of the fact that the present application is designed to secure a correction of an erroneous entry on DIRECTION 12 45 the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made in an earlier Opinion rendered by the Commission, the need for a decision is very pressing, for, until decisions have been taken by the Commission in this, and certain similar, cases, the publication of the Official List in book form will inevitably be delayed. 10. Action recommended : In the light of the foregoing considerations, the following recommendations are submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, namely that it should :— (1) delete the name Astacus Pallas, 1772, from the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, Opinion 104 being at the same time amended to the extent necessary for this purpose ; (2) use its Plenary Powers :— (a) to suppress for the purposes, both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy :— (i) Astacus Pallas, 1772 ; (ii) Astacus, any otherwise available use of, as a generic name prior to Astacus Fabricius, 1775 ; (b) to designate Cancer astacus Linnaeus, 1758, in lieu of the objectively identical, but later established nominal species Astacus fluviatilis Fabricius, 1775, to be the type species of Astacus Fabricius, 1775 ; _ (3) place the under-mentioned generic names on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology :— (a) Astacus Fabricius, 1775 (gender of generic name : mascu- line) (type species, by designation, as proposed in (2)(b) above, under the Plenary Powers: Cancer astacus Linnaeus, 1758) (to be inserted on the Official List in the place rendered vacant by the removal therefrom, under (1) above, of the name Astacus Pallas, 1772) ; (b) Cambaroides Faxon, 1884 (gender of generic name: masculine) (type species, by selection by Faxon (1898) : Astacus japonicus de Haan, 1841) ; (4) place the following names on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology :— (a) astacus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer astacus (trivial name of species proposed, under 46 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (2)(b) above, to be designated under the Plenary Powers to be the type species of Astacus Fabricius, 1775) ; (b) japonicus de Haan, 1841, as published in the combination Astacus japonicus (trivial name of type species of Cambaroides Faxon, 1884) ; (5) place the following names on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :— (a) the names specified in (2)(a) above, as there proposed to be suppressed under the Plenary Powers ; (b) Astacus Erichson, 1847, Arch. Naturgesch. 13 (1): 101 (a junior homonym of Astacus Fabricius, 1775); (6) place the trivial name fluviatilis Fabricius, 1775, as published in the combination Astacus fluviatilis (trivial name of an objective Junior synonym of Cancer astacus Linnaeus, 1758) on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application : In the initial stage of the consideration of the present case the documents relating to it were placed in the Commission’s File Z.N.(G.)15, a File established for the reception of miscellaneous documents relating to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. When later (in 1951) Mr. Hemming submitted an application to the Commission for the purpose of securing a rectification of the erroneous Ruling in Opinion 104 in regard to the generic name Astacus, the Regis- 3 This proposal was put forward under a misapprehension and was later withdrawn (paragraph 8). DIRECTION 12 47 tered Number Z.N.(S.) 544 was allotted to this subject, the earlier documents being transferred to the new File so opened. 3. Support for the present application received prior to publica- tion : Prior to the publication of the present application support for the action proposed was received from :—(1) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) ; (2) Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (San Diego, California, U.S.A.). Dr. Holthuis’s letter is reproduced in the immediately following paragraph, while the substance of Dr. Baily’s com- munication is summarised in paragraph 5 below. 4. Support received from Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) : The following is a letter dated 8th June 1951 in which during the preliminary consultations leading up to the preparation of the present applica- tion Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) indicated his support for the action proposed :— Thank you so much for your letter Z.N.(S.) 544 of 6th June concern- ing Astacus Pallas, 1772 (Spicil. Zool. 9 : 81) type species : Astacus dauuricus Pallas, 1772 (Spicil. Zool. 9 : 81) monotypic. As to your questions concerning Pallas’s species I can give you the following information. Astacus dauuricus Pallas is a well recognisable species and the trivial name dauuricus, being the oldest name available for the species, at present still is in common usage. The species, however, is no longer retained in the genus Astacus, but is placed in a separate genus Cambaroides Faxon (1884, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 20 : 149) type : Astacus japonicus De Haan (1841, Fauna japon. Crust. (5) : 164, pl. 35, fig. 9) by subsequent designation Faxon (1898, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 20 : 665). Faxon (1884) described Cambaroides as a subgenus of Astacus, but Stebbing (1893, Hist. Crust. : 208) raised it to the rank of a genus, in which he is followed by all modern authors. To me it seems highly desirable that the Commission should under- take steps to prevent the confusion, which undoubtedly will be the result if Astacus dauuricus Pallas is chosen to be the type species of the 48 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS genus Astacus. From the two alternatives mentioned in your letter therefore I certainly would choose the second, and let the Commission use its Plenary Powers to make Cancer astacus Linnaeus (1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 631) the type species of the genus Astacus. I would suggest therefore that the Commission should not place Astacus Pallas, 1772, on the Official List, but Astacus Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 413) type species: Astacus fluviatilis Fabricius (1775, Syst. Ent. : 413) (=Cancer astacus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 631) type by subsequent selection (Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Crust. Arachn. Ins. : 422). Nearly all authors using the generic name Astacus attribute it to Fabricius, 1775. 5. Support received from Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (San Diego, California, U.S.A.): In a letter dated 24th October 1951, Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (San Diego, California, U.S.A.), with whom Mr. Hemming had been in correspondence in regard both to the name Limulus Miller and the name Astacus, addressed a letter to the Commission in which (a) he expressed the view that the importance of the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology was so great that a rule should be established protecting names when once placed on it and (b) supported the action proposed to regularise the position of the entries already made in that List in regard to the name Limulus and Astacus. Dr. Baily’s letter was published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature in 1952: (Baily, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 221—222) and has since been included also (in paragraph 11) of Opinion 320 relating to the name Limulus Muller (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 159—160). 6. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion and Dr. Holthuis’s note of support therefor were sent to the printer in September in 1952 and were published on 30th December of that year in Double-Part 4/5 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 113—117 ; Holthuis, 1952, ibid. 9 : 118). 7. Issue of Public Notices : Under the revised arrangements prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, DIRECTION 12 49 Paris, 1948, Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 30th December 1952 (a) in Double-Part 4/5 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomen- clature (the Part in which the present application was published), and (b) to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, Public Notice was given to certain other general zoological serial publications. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed. 8. Correction of an error relating to the alleged generic name **Astacus *’ Erichson, 1847 : On 3rd March 1953 Dr. L. B. Holthuis wrote to the Secretary re-affirming his support for the action proposed in the present case but pointing out that the proposal submitted in Point (5)(b) in paragraph 10 of the application, namely the proposal that the generic name Astacus Erichson, 1847, should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology must have been included by some inadvertence. Dr. Holthuis noted that the paper cited contained no reference to the name Astacus, while in a paper published in the previous year (1846, Arch. Naturgesch. 12(1) : 90) in which Erichson had dealt with this genus, he had not published the name Astacus as a new name, but correctly attributed it to Fabricius. In acknowledging receipt of Dr. Holthuis’s letter, Mr. Hemming stated that he had re-examined the references in question and agreed that the recommendation numbered (5)(b) had been put forward in error. Mr. Hemming added that the necessary correction would be made when this case was sub- mitted to the Commission for vote. Iil—THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 9. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(54)58 : At the beginning of April 1954, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, prepared a Voting Paper 50 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS regarding the present case for submission to the Commission. In the Notes endorsed on this Voting Paper Mr. Hemming stated (Note 4) : “ It has been found that Erichson (1847) did not publish the name Astacus as a new name. The proposal in Point (5)(b) of the present application was therefore misconceived and has accordingly been withdrawn”. The Voting Paper so pte- pared was allotted the Number V.P.(54)58. In this Voting Paper, which was issued on 5th April 1954, the Members of the Com- mission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “relating to the generic name Astacus as specified in Points (1) to (6) on page 117 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature [i.e. in Points numbered as above in paragraph 10 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction], subject to the omission of the proposal in Point (5)(b) which, as explained in Note 4 by the Secretary (overleaf) [i.e. in the Note quoted above in the present paragraph], has now been withdrawn ”’. 10. The Prescribed Voting Period for Voting Paper V.P.(54)58 : As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three- Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 5th July 1954. 11. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)58 : The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)58 at the close of the Prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Holthuis ; Bonnet; Hering; Vokes; Esaki; Riley; Dymond; Boschma; Hemming; Lemche; Hanko ; do Amaral; Bradley (J.C.); Pearson; Cabrera ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Stoll ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; DIRECTION 12 51 (c) Voting Papers not returned, two (2): Jaczewski! ; Mertens.® 12. Declaration of Result of Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)58 : On 6th July 1954, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(54)58, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 11 above and declaring that the pro- posal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 13. Submission of proposals relating to the family-group-name aspect of the present case : On 8th October 1954, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, submitted the following paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 544 to the Members of the Commission in regard to questions arising in connection with the family-group-name aspect of the present case :— The family-group name based upon the generic name ‘‘Astacus ”’ Fabricius, 1775 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) _ By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) In the early part of the present year by its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)58 the Commission approved the proposals in regard to the generic name Astacus which I had submitted (Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 113—117) for the purpose of correcting an error in regard to the type species of this genus contained in the Commission’s Opinion 104 and of securing that this name should rank for priority from Fabricius (1775) and not from Pallas (1772). 2. The application referred to above was drawn up, and published, before the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, and therefore before the establishment of the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology. \n order to complete the action La After the close of the Prescribed Voting Period an Affirmative Vote was received (on 13th July 1954) from Commissioner Jaczewski. 5 After the close of the Prescribed Voting Period an Affirmative Vote was received (on 23rd July 1954) from Commissioner Mertens. 52 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS on this case before the preparation of the Opinion required to give effect to the decision taken by the Commission in its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)58, it is necessary to ascertain whether any family- group name is involved in this case. 3. For this purpose I applied for advice to Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) as a leading authority on the Decapods. Dr. Holthuis informed me that a family ASTACIDAE based upon the generic name Astacus Fabricius, 1775, is currently recognised by specialists in this group. This family name, in the incorrect form ASTACINI, was first published by Latreille in 1802—1803 (Hist. nat. gén. partic. Crust. Ins.3 : 32). It was corrected to ASTACIDAE by Samouelle in 1819 (Entomologist’s useful Compendium : 94). It will be understood that, as the name ASTACINI was published as a family-name, it is an Invalid Original Spelling because it had an incorrect termination, but that this word would be a valid spelling for the name of any taxon (e.g. a tribe) in this family-group, for which the termina- tion “‘ -INI’’ was considered appropriate. 4. Dr. Holthuis has drawn my attention also to the fact that the generic name Potamobius Samouelle, 1819 (Entomologist’s useful Compendium :95) (type species, by monotypy: Cancer astacus Linnaeus, 1758) becomes a junior objective synonym of Astacus Fabricius, 1775, consequent upon the designation of Cancer astacus Linnaeus, 1775, as the type species of that genus by the vote taken under the Voting Paper referred to in paragraph 1 above. Dr. Holthuis has drawn attention also to the fact that in 1893 (Hist. Crust. : 206) Stebbing erected the nominal family POTAMOBIIDAE. ‘This latter name is thus a junior objective synonym of ASTACIDAE (correction of ASTACINI) Latreille, [1802—1803], the respective type genera of these two families having the same species as type species. 5. I recommend (a) that in accordance with the General Directive issued to the Commission by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, relating to the placing of names on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology the action specified in (1) below be taken by the Commission, and (b) that, in accordance with the General Directive issued by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, when establish- ing an Official List and an Official Index for family-group names in zoology, the action specified in (2) and (3) below be taken by the Commission :— (1) To be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology: Potamobius Samouelle, 1819 (a junior objective synonym of Astacus Fabricius, 1775, the two nominal genera concerned having the same species as type species) ; DIRECTION 12 53 (2) To be placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology : ASTACIDAE (correction by Samouelle (1819) of ASTACINI) Latreille, [1802—1803] (type genus: Astacus Fabricius, 1775) ; (3) To be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family- Group Names in Zoology :— ) (a) ASTACINI Latreille, [1802—1803] (type genus: Astacus Fabricius, 1775) (an Invalid Original Spelling for the family-name ASTACIDAE, to which form this name was corrected by Samouelle (1819), but available as a name for a taxon belonging to any category in the family-group for which the termination “‘-INI’’ may be considered appropriate) ; (b) POTAMOBIIDAE Stebbing, 1893 (type genus: Potamobius Samouelle, 1819 (a junior objective synonym of ASTACIDAE (correction. of ASTACINI) Latreille, [1802—1803], the respective type genera of these family-group taxa having the same species as type species. 14. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(54)24 (family-group names) : On 8th October 1954 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(54)24) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was invited (a) to state whether he agreed “that, in conformity with the General Directive relating to the recording on the various Official Lists and Official Indexes of decisions in regard to particular names and paiticular books taken by the Commission prior to 1948, issued to the International Commission by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, and with the General Directive supplementary thereto issued to the Commission by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copen- hagen, 1953, the entries relating to the family name ASTACIDAE and associated names specified in Points (1) to (3) in the paper bearing the reference number Z.N.(S.) 544 submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. the paper reproduced in paragraph 13 of the present Direction], Should be made in the Official List and in the Official Indexes as there proposed ”’, and (b), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate the item concerned. 15. The Prescribed Voting Period for V.P.(O.M.)(54)24 : As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 8th November 1954. 54 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 16. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(54)24 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(54)24 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following eighteen (18) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which votes were received)®: Holthuis’; Riley; Boschma; Lemche; Stoll; Vokes ; Hering ; Mertens ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Bradley (J.C.); Bonnet ; Jaczewski; Esaki; Hemming; do Amaral ; Cabrera ; Dymond ; Hanko ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 17. Declaration of Result of Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (54)24 ; On 8th November 1954, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(54)24, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 16 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 6 Commissioner Pearson, who participated in the first vote on the present case, retired from the Membership of the Commission on 8th October 1954 and therefore did not vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(54)24. 7 At the time when V.P.(O.M.)(54)24 was issued Commissioner L. B. Holthuis was on Leave of Absence from his duties as a Commissioner, but before leaving Leiden, he had signified in a letter dated 25th September 1954 his approval of the proposals submitted in the above Voting Paper and had asked that he might be recorded as having voted for their adoption. DIRECTION 12 55 18. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ’’: On 27th March 1955 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)58, as supplemented by its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(54)24. 19. Original references : The following are the original refer- ences for the generic and specific names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction:— Astacus Pallas, 1772, Spicil. Zool. 9 : 81 Astacus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 413 astacus, Cancer, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 631 Cambaroides Faxon, 1884, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 20 : 149 fluviatilis, Astacus, Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 413 japonicus, Astacus De Haan, 1841, Faun. japon., Crust. (5) : 164, pl. 35, fig. 9 Potamobius Samouelle, 1819, Entomologist’s usef. Compend. : 95 20. The following is the reference for the type selection for the genus Cambaroides Faxon, 1884, specified in Ruling (4) in the present Direction :—Faxon, 1898, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 20: 665. 21. The original references for the family-group names placed on the Official List and the Official Index established for the recording of such names are as follows :— ASTACINI Latreille, [1802—1803], Hist. nat. gén. partic. Crust. Ins. a2 32 POTAMOBIIDAE Stebbing, 1893, Hist. Crust. : 206 22. At the time of the submission of the application dealt with in the present Direction, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name ”’ and the Official 56 } OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “‘ trivial ” appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “ specific name’ was substituted for the expression “ trivial name ”’ and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given m the present Direction. 23. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction 1s accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International ‘Com- mission ‘by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, m virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 24. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Twelve (12) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, ‘this Twenty-Seventh day of March Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING J nn nnSnnOnISS noo ne EIEIE ttt SSSnSSS SS SSRIS? Printed in England by Mretcatre & Cooper Limitep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 ie OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, ¢._.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. Section C. Part C4. Pp. 57—66 DIRECTION 13 Addition of the generic name Manatus Briinnich, 1771 (Class Mammalia) to the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology (Direction supplementary to Opinion 112) LONDON : _Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Five Shillings ee (All rights reserved) ( ow AT HS ~ ONS 4), “UN Issued 19th May, 1955 f Mankel sf INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 13 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President : Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) De ee Pearson (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th uly Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Me esa Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History) London) (9th une Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt- Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice- President) ee J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (2th August 1953) Professor Béla Hanké (Mezdégazdasaégi Muzeum Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Nether- lands) (i2th August 1953) DIRECTION 13 ADDITION OF THE GENERIC NAME “MANATUS ” BRUNNICH, 1771 (CLASS MAMMALIA) TO THE “ OFFICIAL INDEX OF REJECTED AND INVALID GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” (“DIRECTION ” SUPPLEMENTARY TO “OPINION 112”) RULING :—(1) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. 262 and 263 respectively :— (a) Manatus Briimnich, 1771 (ajunior objective synonym of Trichechus Linnaeus, 1758), a name already placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 541 ; (b) Manatus Storr, 1780 (a junior homonym of Manatus Briinnich, 1771). (2) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 481: manatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Trichechus manatus (specific name of type species of Trichechus Linnaeus, 1758). I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE At its Session held in Paris in 1948 the International Com- mission decided that the work by Briinnich published in 1771 with the title Zoologiae Fundamenta satisfied the requirements of Article 25 of the Régles (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 307—310) and, having done so, proceeded to take such action as was neces- sary to ensure that each of the new generic names first published in the foregoing work should be examined for the purpose of making sure that the recognition of the foregoing work would not lead to confusion or undesirable name-changing in the groups concerned. One of the names concerned was the name Moanatus Brunnich, 1771 (Zool. Fund. : 38). As regards this JUN 10 1955 60 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS name the Commission invited the Secretary to investigate the position in conjunction with interested specialists and, having done so, to submit a Report with recommendations (1950, ibid. 4: 313). After making the requisite enquiries, the Secretary submitted on 15th September 1951 the Report which he had been asked to prepare on the subject. The first paragraph of Mr. Hemming’s Report was concerned only with a recital of the circumstances leading up to the invitation addressed to him in Paris in 1948 to undertake the foregoing enquiry. The remainder of the Report was as follows :— Report on the nomenclatorial status of the generic name ‘* Manatus ’’ Briinnich, 1771 (Class Mammalia) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 2. In the original application submitted to the Commission in regard to the status of names in Briinnich’s Zoologiae Fundamenta, Mr. R. Winckworth pointed out (1945, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 1 : 115) that the nominal genus Manatus Briinnich, 1771 (Zool. Fund. : 38) had been established for Trichechus manatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 34), the Manatee. Mr. Winckworth did not expressly state that this species was the type species of Manatus Briinnich, but I find that this species was in fact so selected by Palmer in 1904 (N. Amer. Fauna 23 2 398). 3. I find also that in a different connection the name Manatus Briinnich, 1771, was considered by the Commission when considering an application for the use of the Plenary Powers for the names of sixteen genera of mammals submitted many years ago by seven leading mammalogists in different parts of the world. A preliminary Report — by the Commission on that application was given in the Commission’s Opinion 90 published in 1925 (Smithson. misc. Coll.’73 (No. 3) : 34—40). The Commission’s final decision in regard to the portion of the application relating to the name with which we are here concerned was given four years later in Opinion 112 (1929, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 6) (3016) : 19). In that Opinion the Commission rejected the application that the Plenary Powers should be used to validate the name Manatus Briinnich, 1771, as the generic name for the Manatee in place of the older name Trichechus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 34), of which the Manatee (7richechus manatus Linnaeus, 1758) was also the type species (by monotypy). At the same time the Commission placed the name Trichechus Linnaeus, 1758 (with the above species as type species) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. DIRECTION 13 61 4. We see from the foregoing data that the generic name Manatus Briinnich, 1771, is an objective junior synonym of a name (Trichechus Linnaeus, 1758), which has already been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, after the rejection of an application that the Plenary Powers should be used to validate the name Manatus Briinnich, 1771. In accordance with the decision by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology that names rejected by, or found to be invalid by, the International Commission are to be placed on the appropriate Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names, the name Manatus Britnnich, 1771, should now be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. 5. At this point we may recall also that the Paris Congress directed that the trivial name of the type species of every genus, the name of which is placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, shall, if the oldest available trivial name for the species concerned, be placed on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology (see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 270). In due course the trivial names of the type species of all the genera, the names of which have so far been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology will be examined in the light of the foregoing decision and, if found to be the oldest available such names for the species concerned, will be placed on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, but it is desirable that, as and when it is necessary (as here) to examine such a name for some other purpose, that name should forthwith be placed on the last- named Official List. The trivial name manatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination Trichechus manatus, is the oldest available trivial name for the species concerned,-.and it is desirable therefore that the present opportunity should be taken for placing it on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. 6. In the light of the considerations brought forward in the preceding paragraphs, I now submit the following recommendations for the consideration of the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature, namely that it should :— (1) place the generic name Manatus Briinnich, 1771, an objective junior synonym of the name Trichechus Linnaeus, 1758 (already placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the decision taken in Opinion 112), on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ; (2) place the trivial name manatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination Trichechus manatus (trivial name of the type species of Trichechus Linnaeus, 1758) on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. 62 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application : In the early stages of the present investigation the documents relating to it were placed in the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 151, the File established for the reception of documents relating to the general question of the availability of names published in Briinnich’s Zoologiae Fundamenta at the time of the receipt of Mr. Winckworth’s application in regard to that subject. Later, when Mr. Hemming completed his Report on the question of the status of the name Manatus Brinnich, this question was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 615, and the documents relating to it were transferred to the new File so opened. 3. Publication of Mr. Hemming’s Report : Mr. Hemming’s Report on the present case was sent to the printer on Ist October 1951 and was published on 15th April 1952 in Part 5 of volume 6 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 159—160). 4. Appeal to specialists for comments on the action proposed in the present case : During the winter of 1951/1952, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, prepared a survey of the progress made in the investigations into nomenclatorial problems which he had been invited to undertake by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948. The present case was entered as Case 6 in Part 2 of the survey so prepared. In this, as in other cases dealt with in the foregoing survey, Mr. Hemming appealed to interested specialists to furnish comments on the action proposed. The portion of the Survey dealing with the present case was as follows (Hemming, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 7 : 198) :— Case 6: Status of the generic name ‘‘ Manatus ”’ Brunnich, 1771 (Class Mammalia) At its Session held in Paris in 1948 the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, after ruling that generic names published by Briinnich in 1771 in his Zoologiae Fundamenta possessed rights under the Law of Priority, decided that, in view of the risk that the application of this decision of principle might lead in individual cases to confusion or undesirable name-changing, each of the names con- cerned should be investigated separately in conjunction with interested specialists. One of the names so referred was the name Manatus DIRECTION 13 63 Briinnich, 1771 (Class Mammalia). A Report on this case has now been completed and is being published in Part 5 of Volume 6 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (pp. 159—160). 5. No objections received in regard to the action proposed inthe — present case : The publication of Mr. Hemming’s Report in volume 6 (paragraph 1 of the present Direction), and of the short Notice regarding this case in volume 7 (paragraph 4 of the present Direction) of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature elicited no objection to the action proposed. Ill—THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 6. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(54)19 : On 6th March 1954 a Voting Paper (V.P.(54)19) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal relating to “the name Manatus Brunnich, 1771, as set out in paragraph 6 at the foot of page 160 of volume 6 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature |i.e. in paragraph 6 of the Report reproduced in paragraph 1 of the present Direction]. 7. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 6th June 1954. 8. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)19 : The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)19 at the close of the Prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following nineteen (19) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Holthuis; Hering; Riley; Lemche; Vokes; do Amaral; Sylvester-Bradley ; Esaki ; Dymond ; Bonnet ; Boschma ; Hanko ; Hemming; Mertens; Jaczewski ; Pearson ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Stoll ; Cabrera ; 64 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 9. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 6th June 1954, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(54)19, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 8 above and declaring that the proposal sub- mitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 10. Addition of a further junior homonym to the ‘°° Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ”’ : On 28th November 1954, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed the following Minute on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 615 :— Addition of the name ‘‘ Manatus ’’ Storr, 1780, to the ‘* Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ”’ MINUTE, dated 29th November, 1954 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature In checking the references in the case of the name Manatus Briinnich, 1771, in the course of preparing the Direction required to give effect to the decision taken by the Commission in this case in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)19, I find that there is a junior homonym of the above generic name to which by inadvertence no reference was made in the application submitted in the present case. This is the generic name Manatus Storr, 1780 (Prodr. Mamm. : 41 & Tab. C). 2. In pursuance of the General Directives issued to the International Commission by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, (a) that Opinions rendered by the Commission are to DIRECTION 13 65 cover every aspect of each case dealt with therein, and (b) that every objectively invalid name so dealt with is to be placed on the appropriate Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names, I, now, as Secretary to the International Commission, direct that the Ruling to be given in the Direction recording the decision taken by the Commission in its vote on the Voting Paper referred to in paragraph 1 above shall include a provision placing the generic name Manatus Storr, 1780 (a junior homonym of the name Manatus Briinnich, 1771) on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. 11. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present “ Direction ”’ : On 29th March 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)19, subject to the amplification thereof specified in the Minute previously executed by the Secretary on the same day (reproduced in paragraph 10 of the present Direction). 12. Original references : The following are the original refer- ences for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Manatus Briinnich, 1771, Zool. Fund. : 38 Manatus Storr, 1780, Prodr. Mamm. : 41 & Tab. C manatus, Trichechus, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 34 13. At the time of the submission of the application dealt with in the present Direction, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “trivial name” and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word *trivial”’ appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “specific name” was substituted for the expression “trivial name” and corre- sponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions 66 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Direction. 14. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 15. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Thirteen (13) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature. DONE in London, this Twenty-Ninth day of March, Nine- teen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MretcaLre & Cooper Limitep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. Section C. Part C.5. Pp. 67—80 DIRECTION 15 Correction of an erroneous entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Penaeus (emend. of Peneus) Weber, 1795 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (correction of an error in Opinion 104) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office - 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Seven Shillings (All rights reserved) Seo ne.1955 , INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 15 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President; Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948). Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary). Dr. ae Pearson (Zasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948). Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948). Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (A7th April 1950). Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950). Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950). Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (42th August 1953) (Vice- President). Deen J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953). Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President). Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) G2th August 1953). Professor Béla Hanko (Mezogazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953). Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (12th August 1953). Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (\2th August 1953). Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Nether- lands) (12th August 1953). DIRECTION 15 CORRECTION OF AN ERRONEOUS ENTRY ON THE ‘‘ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” RELATING TO THE GENERIC NAME “ PENAEUS ” (EMEND. OF “ PENEUS ”’?) WEBER, 1795 (CLASS CRUSTACEA, ORDER DECAPODA) (CORREC- TION OF AN ERROR IN “ OPINION ”? 104) RULING :—(1) The name Peneus Weber, 1795, placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the emended form Penaeus by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 is a nomen nudum and is accordingly hereby removed from the foregoing List and the following corrected entry is hereby inserted in its place :—Penaeus Fabricius, 1798 (gender : masculine) (type species, by selection by Latreille (1810) : Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798) (Class Crust- acea, Order Decapoda). (2) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. 316 and 317 respectively :— (a) Peneus Weber, 1795 (a nomen nudum) ; (b) Penaeus Stiles, 1926 (an Invalid Emendation of the nomen nudum Peneus Weber, 1795, and a junior homonym of Penaeus Fabricius, 1798). (3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 527 :—monodon Fabricius, 1798, as published in the combination Penaeus monodon (specific name of type species of Penaeus Fabricius, 1798). (4) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 132 :—monodon Weber, 1795, as published in the combination Peneus monodon) (a nomen nudum). ‘SUL 2 1 1955 70 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (5) The under-mentioned family-group name is hereby placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology with the Name No. 35 :—PENAEIDAE (correction of PENEDIA) Rafinesque, 1815 (type genus: Penaeus Fabricius, 1798) (first published in correct form as PENAEIDAE by White, 1847). (6) The under-mentioned family-group name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology with the Name No. 42 :— PENEDIA Rafinesque, 1815 (type genus : Penaeus Fabricius, 1798) (an Invalid Original Spelling for PENAEIDAE). I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE When in 1944 Mr. Francis Hemming, as Secretary to the International Commission, carried out a preliminary review of the entries so far made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology for the purpose of estimating the amount of work which would be involved in preparing that Official List for publication in book form, he noted that there was a number of errors which would need first to be corrected. One of these was the inad- vertent entry on the List of the nomen nudum Peneus Weber, 1795 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda). When in 1951 it was possible to make a start in dealing with these problems, Mr. Hemming (on 3rd July 1951) submitted to the Commission the following application for the correction of the foregoing error :— Proposed correction of an erroneous entry on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ relating to the name ‘‘ Penaeus ”’ Weber, 1795 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (correction of an entry in ‘‘ Opinion ”’ 104) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The object of the present application is to ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to rectify an error made in Opinion 104 when the name Penaeus Weber, 1795 (Class Crustacea, | DIRECTION 15 71 Order Decapoda) was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. ‘The error involved was detected in the process of pre- paring the Official List for publication in book form. 2. The following is the entry made on the Official List in respect of the name Penaeus Weber in Opinion 104 (1928, Smithson. miscel. Coll. 73 (No. 5) : 27) :—‘‘ Penaeus Fabr. in Weber, 1795a, 94 (1798 emendation of 1795 misprint) tsd (1810) monodon.”’ 3. The name Peneus (so spelt) was first published by Weber in 1795 on page 94 of his Nomencl. ent. Syst. Fabr., a work in which Weber attempted (with very imperfect success) to set out the system of classification worked out by Fabricius. As is well known, this work consists essentially of a list of generic and specific names ; where new generic names were introduced, no verbal diagnosis was given for the nominal genera so established, but these generic names are available under the Régles in those cases where, under the generic name con- cerned, Weber cited a specific name that was itself an available name in the sense that it had previously been published with a description, definition or indication. In the case of the nominal genus Peneus, Weber cited three specific names as the names of species regarded as belonging to this genus, one of these names being Peneus monodon. The point which was overlooked by the applicant who submitted the case dealt with in Opinion 104 was that each of the three specific names cited by Weber under his genus Peneus was a nomen nudum. The position is therefore that the generic name Peneus Weber, 1795, is itself a nomen nudum, being a generic name published (1) without any verbal indication and (2) without any previously published nominal species referred to it. It was therefore under a complete misappre- hension of the facts that this name was admitted to the Official List and its removal therefrom is accordingly inevitable, unless the Inter- national Commission were to decide to use its Plenary Powers both to validate this name and also to provide the genus so named with a type species. 4. Since Weber’s little book was admittedly no more than an advance announcement of the system of classification devised by Fabricius, it was only to be expected that, when Fabricius published his Supplementum Entomologiae systematicae, he should himself publish the foregoing name as a new name of his own. This is exactly what Fabricius did do, except that he naturally adopted the correct spelling Penaeus (Fabricius, 1798, Suppl. Ent. syst.: 385, 408). Fabricius provided his genus Penaeus with a verbal diagnosis and in addition referred to the genus so named validly described nominal species. Under the Régles, either of these courses is sufficient to confer availability upon a new generic name (see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4: 78—80). The name Penaeus Fabricius, 1798, not being a homonym 12 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS of a previously published generic name consisting of the same word, is in these circumstances an available name. 5. One of these nominal species included by Fabricius in 1798 in his genus Penaeus was the species Penaeus monodon Fabricius, then described for the first time (1798, Suppl. Ent. syst. : 408). Fabricius did not designate a type species for this genus and it is necessary therefore to ascertain when one of the species included in the genus by Fabricius was first subsequently selected as the type species. ‘This was 1n 1810 (Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 102, 422) when Latreille so selected Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798. 6. We see therefore that the object which the applicant in the case dealt with in Opinion 104 had in mind, but which he failed to secure, can now be achieved without the use of the Plenary Powers, simply by the substitution on the Official List of the valid name Penaeus Fabricius, 1798, for the invalid name Peneus Weber, 1795, and this is what it is now recommended should be done. In view of the wide- spread demand for the publication of the first instalment of the Official List and the fact that publication cannot take place until this and certain other errors have been corrected, it is hoped that the Inter- national Commission will give all practicable priority to the present application. 7. The specific action which is now recommended is that the Interna- tional Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should :— (1) delete from the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the invalid name Penaeus (emend. of Peneus) Weber, 1795, erro- neously added thereto under Opinion 104, and in its place insert as Name No. 498, the name Penaeus Fabricius, 1798 (type species, by selection by Latreille (1810) : Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798) ; Opinion 104 being at the same time corrected accordingly ; (2) place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :— (a) the name Peneus Weber, 1795 (a nomen nudum) ; (b) the name Penaeus femend of Peneus) Weber, 1795 (a cheironym) ; (3) place the trivial name monodon Fabricius, 1798, as published in the binominal combination Penaeus monodon, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology ; (4) place the trivial name monodon Weber, 1795, as published in the binominal combination Peneus monodon (a nomen nudum) on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. DIRECTION 15 73 II.—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s application, the question of the correction of the erroneous entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the nomen nudum Peneus Weber, 1795, was allotted the Regis- tered Number Z.N.(S.) 566. 3. Support received from Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) : On the completion of the present application Mr. Hemming communicated a copy for observations to Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuur- lijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands), and on 6th July 1951 Dr. Holthuis furnished the following note in support of the action proposed :— Support for Mr. Francis Hemming’s proposal for the correction in the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ of the erroneous entry in ‘* Opinion ”’ 104 relating to the name ‘‘ Penaeus ”’? Fabricius, 1798 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) By L. B. HOLTHUIS (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) It was most unfortunate that in Opinion 104 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature the invalid generic name Peneus (emended to Penaeus) Weber, 1795, and not the valid name Penaeus Fabricius, 1798, for the same genus, was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. Until the introduction of Weber’s names into carcinology by Miss Rathbun in 1904, the name Penaeus was always attributed to Fabricius. Moreover after 1904, and even after 1928 (the year in which Opinion 104 was published), most authors, including the foremost specialist of Penaeidea, Dr. Martin D. Burkenroad, continued to cite Fabricius as the author of the name Penaeus. As the generic name Penaeus Fabricius (a) is generally accepted as denoting a genus of shrimps which is of great economic importance all over the world, (b) is the only available name for that genus, and (c) was originally published in the orthography (Penaeus) which has been officially recognised as the correct form, whereas the generic name Peneus Weber (i) has been used by very few authors, (ii) is invalid 74 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS from a nomenclatorial point of view, and (iii) was originally published in an orthography (Peneus) which differs from that generally used for the name employed to denote this genus and one which moreover has now been ruled (in Opinion 104) to be incorrect, I can only come to the conclusion that Mr. Hemming’s proposal that the name Penaeus Fabricius, 1798, should be placed on the Official List in place of the name Peneus Weber, 1795, is very commendable. I accordingly desire to give that proposal my full support. 4. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion, together with Dr. Holthuis’s note of support, was sent to the printer on 4th July 1952 and both these documents were published on 29th August 1952 in Part 10 of volume 6 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 318—319 ; Holthuis, 1952, ibid. 6 : 320). 5. No objection received : The publication of the present application elicited no objection to the action proposed in this case. Ifl.—THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 6. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(54)45 : On 24th March 1954, a Voting Paper (V.P.(54)45) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “the proposal relating to the name Peneus Weber, 1795, as specified in Points (1) to (4) in paragraph 7 on page 319 of volume 6 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ’’ {i.e. in paragraph 7 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 7. The Prescribed Voting Period for Voting Paper V.P.(54)45 : As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 24th June 1954. DIRECTION 15 | 75 8. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)45 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)45 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following nineteen (19) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Riley ; Holthuis ; Lemche ; Hering; Vokes; Bonnet ; Esaki ; Boschma ; Hemming ; Bradley (J.C.) ; do Amaral ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Hanké; Pearson; Stoll; Cabrera ; Dymond ; Mertens ; Jaczewski ; : (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 9. Declaration of Result of Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)45 : On 26th June 1954, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International — Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(54)45, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 8 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commisston in the matter aforesaid. 10. Family-Group-Name Problem involved in the present case : On 30th September 1954, Mr. Hemming prepared the following paper on the family-group-name aspect of the present case for the consideration of the Commission :— The family-group name based upon the generic name ‘‘ Penaeus ”’ Fabricius, 1798 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature In the early part of the present year by its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)45 the Commission approved the proposals in regard to the 76 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS above name which I had submitted (Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 318—319) for the purpose of correcting a mistake in regard thereto made by the Commission in its Opinion 104 when it had inadvertently placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the nomen nudum Peneus Weber, 1795, in the erroneous belief that that was an available name and therefore took priority over the name Penaeus Fabricius, 1798. 2. The application referred to above was drawn up, and published, before the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copen- hagen, 1953, and therefore before the establishment of the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology. In order to complete the action on this case before the preparation of the Opinion required to give effect to the decision taken by the Commission in its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)45, it is necessary to ascertain whether any family-group name is involved in this case. 3. For this purpose I applied for advice to Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) as a leading authority on the Decapods. Dr. Holthuis has informed me that a family PENAEIDAE based upon the generic name Penaeus Fabricius, 1798, is currently recognised by specialists in this group. This name in the incorrect form PENEDIA was first published by Rafinesque in 1815 (Analyse Nature : 98). It was first published in a correct form, aS PENAEIDAE, by White in 1847 (List Crust. Brit. Mus. : 79). 4. I recommend that in accordance with the General Directive issued by the Copenhagen Congress regarding the placing on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology of family-group names based upon the names of genera placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in every case where the family-group so named is currently accepted by specialists in the group concerned, the Com- mission should :— (1) place the under-mentioned family-group name on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology : PENAEIDAE (correction by White (1847) of PENEDIA Rafinesque, 1815 (type genus : Penaeus Fabricius, 1798) ; (2) place the under-mentioned family-group name on the Official — Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology — PENEDIA Rafinesque, 1815 (an Invalid Original Spelling for the family name PENAEIDAE to which form this name was emended by White (1847) ). 11. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(54)23 : On 8th October | 1954 the memorandum reproduced in the immediately preceding | paragraph was submitted to the Commission, together with _ a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(54)23), in which each Member of | DIRECTION 15 TT the International Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “that, in conformity with the General Directive relating to the recording on the Official List and Official Index of decisions in regard to family-group names issued to the Inter- national Commission by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the entries recording such decisions recommended in relation to the family-group name PENAEIDAE and associated names in Points (1) and (2) in paragraph 4 of the statement submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in paragraph 4 of the paper reproduced in paragraph 10 of the present Direction] should be made, as proposed, in the Official List and in the Official Index of family- group names respectively, and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. 12. The Prescribed Voting Period for Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (54)23 : As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 8th November 1954. : 13. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (54)23 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(54)23 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following eighteen (18) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Holthuis ; Riley ; Boschma; Lemche; Stoll; Vokes ; Hering ; Mertens ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Bonnet ; Jaczewski; Esaki; Hemming; do Amaral ; Cabrera ; Dymond ; Hanko; (b) Negative Votes: None ; * Commissioner Pearson, who participated in the first vote on the present case, retired from the Membership of the Commission on 8th October 1954 and therefore did not vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(54)23. 78 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 14. Declaration of Result of Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (54)23 : On 9th November 1954, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(54)23, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 13 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 15. Authorship to be attributed to the name ‘* Penaeus ’’ as an emendation of the name ‘* Peneus ’’ Weber, 1795 : On 29th March 1955, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed the following Minute regarding the authorship and date to be attributed to the name Penaeus, aS published as an emendation of Peneus Weber, 1795, — on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 566 :— ‘* Penaeus ’’ as an emendation of ‘‘ Peneus ’? Weber, 1795 The Commission by its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)45 has directed that the name Penaeus as an emendation of the name Peneus Weber, 1795, be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, together with the name Peneus Weber itself, that name being a nomen nudum. A difficulty arises in giving effect to the foregoing decision. This is concerned with the authorship and date to be attributed to the name Penaeus as an emendation of Weber’s name Peneus. This is due to the fact that, while the name Penaeus Fabricius, 1798, was widely used throughout the nineteenth century, the name Peneus Weber, 1795, together with other names published in Weber’s Nomencl. ent. Fabr., was completely overlooked for over one hundred years, until at the beginning of the twentieth century the late Miss Mary Rathbun resuscitated this little book. The spelling Penaeus has persisted during the last fifty years, but, so far as it has been possible to trace, this has been due to the fact that authors have attributed this name to Fabricius, 1798, and not to Weber, 1795. No paper has been found in which an author deliber- ately emended Weber’s name Peneus to Penaeus. While there may be such a paper, it appears at present that the late Dr. C. W. Stiles, in writing the discussion in Opinion 104, was the first author to deliberately introduce the emendation Penaeus for the name Peneus Weber, 1795. DIRECTION 15 79 2. In the circumstances described above, the only course appears to be to attribute the foregoing emendation to Dr. Stiles as from 1928, the year in which Opinion 104 was published. Accordingly, as Secretary, I hereby direct that the foregoing emendation be so attri- buted when entered on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, where it will stand (a) as an Invalid Emenda- tion of Peneus Weber, 1795, and (b) as a junior homonym of Penaeus Fabricius, 1798. 16. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 29th March 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposals approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)45, as clarified in one respect by the Minute by the Secretary, dated 29th March 1955 (repro- duced in paragraph 15 of the present Direction) and as supple- mented by its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(54)23. 17. Original References: The following are the original references for the generic and specific names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Penaeus (emend. of Peneus Weber, 1795) Stiles, 1928, Smithson. miscell. Coll. 73 (No. 5) : 27 Peneus Weber, 1795, Nomencl. ent. Syst. Fabr. : 94 monodon, Peneus, Weber, 1795, Nomencl. ent. Syst. Fabr. : 94 monodon, Penaeus, Fabricius, 1798, Suppl. Ent. syst. : 408 18. The following is the reference for the selection of a type species for the genus Penaeus Fabricius, 1798, specified in the Ruling given in the present Direction :—Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 422, 102. 19. At the time of the submission of the application dealt with in the present Direction, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “trivial name ’’ and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “trivial ”’ 80 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for record- ing rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “specific name’ was sub- stituted for the expression “ trivial name’’ and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incor- porated in the Ruling given in the present Direction. 20. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 21. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Fifteen (15) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Ninth day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS ‘* Direction ’’ 14 is being published as Part 18 of volume 10 of the present series. It is for this reason that in the present volume the present Part (Part C.5) containing ‘‘ Direction ’’ 15 follows immediately after the Part (Part C.4) containing ‘** Direction ’’ 13. Printed in England by MretcaLtre & Cooper LimiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 $$$ TR OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE | Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.o.G., C.B-E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. Section C. Part C.6. Pp. 81—88 DIRECTION 16 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of Brisson (M.J.), 1760, Ornithologia sive Synopsis methodica sistens Avium Divisionem in Ordines (Direction in replacement of Opinion 37) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Four Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 27th June, 1955 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 16 A. The Officers of the Commission President : Dr. Karl Jordan, Ph.D., F.R.S. (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England). Vice-President: Dr. James L. Peters (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming, C.M.G., C.B.E. (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission Class 1949 Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina). Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary to the Commission). Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) (President of the Commission). Dr. Th. MorTENSEN (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia). Class 1952 Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.). Professor Lodovico di CAPORIACCO (University of Parma, Italy). Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Canada). Dr. James L. Perers (Museum of -Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (Vice-President of the Commission). Dr. Harold E. Vokes (United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.). Class 1955 Professor Dr. Hilbrand BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Tayport, Fife, Scotland). Professor Teiso ESAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan). Professor Béla HANKO (University of Debrecen, Hungary). Dr. Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Polish Zoological Museum, Warsaw, Poland). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A.). C. Alternate Members of the Commission at the Session held in Paris in 1948 Professor Enrique BELTRAN (Instituto Mexicano de Recursos Naturales Renovables A.C., Mexico City, Mexico). Dr. Edward HINDLE (Zoological Society of London, London, England). Dr. Arturo Ricardo JoRGE (Museu Bocage, Lisbon, Portugal). Professor Harold Kirspy (University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.). Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Kgl. Veteriner- og Landbohgjskole, Zoologisk Labora- torium, Copenhagen, Denmark). Professor Kamel MANSouR (King Fouad University, Cairo, Egypt). Professor Z. P. METCALF (North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A.). Mr. N. D. RILEY (British Museum (Natural History), London, England). Professor Ragnar SPARCK (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark). Professor Victor van STRAELEN (Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium). Professor Robert L. USINGER (University of California, Berkeley, California, VU. DIRECTION 16 VALIDATION UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS OF BRISSON (M.J.), 1760, ‘*‘ ORNITHOLOGIA SIVE SYNOPSIS METHODICA SISTENS AVIUM DIVISIONEM IN ORDINES ” (** DIRECTION ”’ IN REPLACEMENT OF ‘° OPINION ” 37) RULING :—(1) It is hereby directed under the Plenary Powers that the generic names published in Brisson (M.J.), 1760, Ornithologia sive Synopsis methodica sistens Avium Divisionem in Ordines are to be accepted as having availability under the Law of Priority, notwithstanding the fact that they were published by an author who in the work concerned did not apply the principles of binominal nomenclature. (2) The title of the foregoing work as validated under the Plenary Powers under (1) above and with the note there specified, is hereby placed on the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature with the Name No. 17. (3) Opinion 37 is hereby cancelled for all except historical purposes. ‘JUL 2 1 1958 84 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE Acting under instructions given to it by the Twelfth International Congress of Zoology, Lisbon, 1935, the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature prepared for the considera- tion of the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, a Report containing recommendations for the settlement of the long-outstanding controversy regarding the meaning to be attached to the expression ““ nomenclature binaire ” as then used in Proviso (b) to Article 25 of the Régles. In this Report the Commission concluded that the foregoing expression, as used. in Articles 25 and 26 of the Régles, had exactly the same meaning as that which would have been conveyed if the expression used had been “‘ nomenclature binominale ’’. The Commission recom- mended that the latter expression should be substituted for the equivocal expression “‘ nomenclature binaire”’. Having reached this conclusion, the Commission recommended the adoption of a simple and rapid mechanism for the validation by the Com- mission of names in common use which had first been published in works by authors who, though not using a binominal system of nomenclature, had recognised the twofold concept of genus and species and had employed a single word as the name for the genus, i.e. by authors who up to that time had commonly (though incorrectly) been known as “ binary but not binominal authors ”’. The Commission further recommended that a Schedule (to be known as the “ First Schedule’’) should be annexed to the Régles in which should be inscribed particulars of all decisions in relation to individual names and individual books taken by the Commission under its Plenary Powers. Finally, realising that the decision on the meaning of the expression “ nomen- clature binaire ’’ which it was recommended should be adopted by the Congress would inevitably have repercussions on the Rulings previously given by it in certain Opinions on individual cases, the Commission examined from this point of view each of the Opinions so far rendered by it. One of the Opinions so involved was Opinion 37 (1911, Smithson. Publ. 2013 : 87—88), in which the following Ruling had been given by the Commission which at that time held the view expressed in its Opinion 20 that generic names published by non-binominal authors were acceptable DIRECTION 16 85 under Article 25 of the Régles : “ Brisson’s (1760) generic names of birds are available under the Code”. On the future status of the Ruling given in this Opinion the Commission in its Report to the Paris Congress submitted (in paragraph 39(7)) the following recommendation! :— (7) Having regard to the fact that by the incorrect statement embodied in the Commission’s Opinion 37, ornithologists have been misled ever since 1911 into believing that the generic names proposed by Brisson in 1760 in his Ornithologia complied with the provisions of the Régles, the entry “ Brisson (M.J.), 1760, Ornithologia sive Synopsis methodica sistens Avium Divisionem in Ordines ’’ be added forthwith to the proposed First Schedule to the Régles as the title of a book, generic names in which are to be accepted as having availability under Article 25, notwithstanding the fact that they were published by an author who in the work concerned did not apply the principles of binominal nomenclature. 2. Registration of the present application : Up to the time of the meeting held by the International Commission at Paris in 1948, it was not certain whether any further action was needed in regard to Opinion 37, since this depended on the view to be taken by the Paris Congress on the recommendation relating to the question of principle regarding the meaning to be attached to the expression “nomenclature binaire”’ as used in the Régles, which it was proposed to submit to that Congress. Accordingly, during that period the question of the future of Opinion 37 was dealt with jointly with the problem raised by the expression “‘ nomenclature binaire”’ in the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 112. For the purpose of preparing the present Direction, the Brisson problem has been re-registered separately, being allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 933. 1 See 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 5 : 167. 86 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Il—THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. At the Fourth Meeting of its Paris Session held on Thursday, 22nd July 1948 at the Sorbonne in the Amphithéatre Louis- Liard at 0900 hours the International Commission approved and adopted the Report on the use of the expression “ nomenclature binaire”’ in the Régles Internationales de la Nomenclature Zoo- logique described in the first paragraph of the present Direction (Paris Session, 4th Meeting, Conclusion 3) (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 63—66), The Commission agreed to submit this Report to the Paris Congress in satisfaction of the instructions on this matter given to it by the Lisbon (1935) Congress. Among the recommendations which the Commission so decided to submit to the Congress was the recommendation regarding the status of Brisson’s Ornithologia set out in paragraph 39(7) of its Report, as quoted in the first paragraph of the present Direction (see Conclusion 3, Point (3)(iv)). The Report so adopted by the International Commission was submitted to the Section on Nomenclature at a meeting held on Friday, 23rd July 1948 at 0900 hours. The Commission’s Report was approved and adopted by the Section on Nomenclature (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 5 : 23—26) and, with other proposals submitted by the Commission and approved by the Section on Nomenclature, was submitted to, and approved and adopted by, the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, at its Final Plenary Session held on Tuesday, 27th July 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 5 : 131). The Commission’s Report was annexed to, and published with, the proceedings of the Section on Nomen- clature of the Paris Congress (1950, ibid. 5 : 152—167). 4. The decision recorded in the present Direction was con- curred in by the following sixteen (16) Commissioners and Alternate Commissioners present at the Paris Session of the International Commission, namely :— Beltran vice Cabrera ; Boschma ; Bradley ; di Caporiacco ; Hemming; Hindle vice Jordan; Jorge vice do Amaral ; Kirby vice Stoll; Lemche vice Dymond; Mansour vice DIRECTION 16 87 Hank6é ; Metcalf vice Peters; Riley vice Calman; Rode; Sparck vice Mortensen ; van Straelen vice Richter ; Usinger vice Vokes. 5. The Ruling given in the present Direction was dissented from by no Commissioner or Alternate Commissioner present at the Paris Session. 6. At its meeting held at Copenhagen in August 1953, the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology decided to insert a provision in the Régles establishing an “* Official List’ to be styled the Official List of Works Approved as Aavailable for Zoological Nomenclature and directing the insertion therein of the title of any work which the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature might declare to be an available work or might validate under its Plenary Powers, together with any supplementary decisions which the Commission might take in regard to any aspect of such a work (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 24, Decisions 24 & 25). Since the foregoing provision applies to past, as well as to future, decisions by the International Commission in cases of this kind, the opportunity presented by the preparation of the present Direction has been taken to record the insertion in the foregoing Official List of the title of Brisson’s Ornithologia of 1760, together with a note defining the extent to which that work has been validated by the Com- mission under its Plenary Powers. The same opportunity has been taken to record that, under the decision taken by the Commission as to the procedure to be followed when previously rendered Opinions are either codified or corrected, the decision taken in the present case in replacement of that set out in Opinion 37 involves the cancellation of that Opinion for all except historical purposes (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 ; 132—137). 7. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission 88 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 8. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Sixteen (16) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- — clature. Done in London, this Third day of April, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MetcaLtre & Coorer LimiTeED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON | ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE | Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, cM. CBE. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. Section C. Part C. 7. Pp. vii—xxxviii Action taken by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in the period 1939—1955 Supplementary to certain Opinions rendered in the period up to the end of 1936 (Opinions 1—133) ACHAT ( ANS a! 5 @) Nig v\ 1 AUGI¢ 1855 }) 7 Ye LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Fifteen Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 14th July, 1955 - P| vee y uy | : A f roe gt a , a) ee eet: ‘aie ACTION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE IN THE PERIOD 19391955 SUPPLEMENTARY TO CERTAIN ‘“‘ QPINIONS ”? RENDERED IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 (‘‘ OPINIONS ” 1—133) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature Introductory The decisions given by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in Opinions adopted in the period up to the end of 1936 (Opinions 1—133) fall into two main groups, namely those concerned with the interpretation of the Reégles and those relating only to the status of individual names and individual books. The decisions falling in the first of these groups were reviewed by the International Congress of Zoology at Paris in 1948, the interpretations given in these Opinions being then incorporated in the Rég/es either in their original form or in some modified form, except in a small number of cases where the previous decision by the Commission was reversed by the Congress. In the present context we are therefore concerned only with the decisions relating to individual names and individual books. In the period which has since elapsed these decisions have been systematically reviewed, in so far as they relate to entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. In addition, individual decisions given in certain other of the Opinions adopted in the period under review have been re-examined for one reason or another in the course of current work. Altogether, Supplementary decisions have been taken in respect of twenty Opinions. The number of decisions so taken amounts to forty- two. The main groups into which these decisions fall are shown in the following Tables. The first of these Tables (Table 1) gives a general conspectus of all the decisions concerned, while the second (Table 2) gives a rather more detailed analysis of the decisions taken in regard to names already placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. All the foregoing decisions have been promulgated by the Commission in the Opinions series. AUG S 1955 X OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS TABLE 1 Analysis of decisions taken by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in ‘‘ Opinions ’’ published in the period 1937—1955 supplementary to Rulings given in **Opinions”’ adopted in the period up to the end of 1936 Decisions affecting names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. (For further particulars see Table 2.) Reversal of a Ruling given in regard to the status of a generic name (Entamoeba) Variation under the Plenary Powers of the type species of a genus, the type species of which under the Régles had previously been determined in an Opinion (Sphex) Decisions under the Plenary Powers by votes taken by Boards of Three Members under the pro- cedure prescribed by the Ninth International Congress of Zoology, Monaco, 1913 (Num- mulites ; Ophiceras) Substitution of a definitive decision for a condi- tional decision previously given (specific name of the Sand Crab) Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :— (a) of the specific name of the type species of a genus, the name of which had previously been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology (Ostrea) (b) of the specific name of a species subjectively identified with the type species of a genus, the name of which had previously been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology (Luidia) Volume 1, Section C Xl Clarification of Rulings given in regard to the interpretation of books (Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén.; Edwards’s ed. of Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina and Linnean Concordance ; Gronovius, Zoophylacium gronovianum; WHubner’s Tenta- men ; Linnaeus and Fabricius (J.C.) (all works) (status of terms intermediate between generic and specific names) 9 Suppression under the Plenary Powers of names previously discussed in an Opinion but on which no decision had been taken (Alpheus Weber ; Crangon Weber) y) Terms published by Linnaeus (1758) between generic and specific names : (a) Validation of, under the Plenary Powers (Locusta ; Acrida ; Tettigonia) 3 (b) Rejection of (Mantis; Bulla (Insecta) ; Acheta) 5 Addition of names to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology :— (a) Names cited in a Ruling given in an Opinion (Alca ; Equus) D (b) Names discussed in Opinions but not cited in the Rulings given therefor (Calliphora ; Bulla (Moll.)) Xi OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS TABLE 2 Analysis of decisions relating to names placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in the period up to the end of 1936 taken by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in ‘‘ Opinions ”’ published in the period 1937—1955 Validation of, under the Plenary Powers (Belone ; Necator ; Schistosoma; Laverania; Limulus ; Cercopithecus) 6 Designation for, of type species in harmony with -accustomed usage (Zaenia ; Echeneis ; Plasmo- dium ; Podura) 4 Correction of an erroneous entry relating to the type species of a genus (Mabuya) 1 Confirmation of entries on the Official List (My- tilus ; Endamoeba; Nabis) ces) Total 14 2. Consequent upon the decision to establish a special Section (Section C) of volume 1 of the present Series for the publication of decisions by the International Commission in regard to names and books dealt with in the Opinions published in the period ended October 1936 (Opinions 1—133), it has been considered that it would be convenient to include in that Section a note setting out the action already taken by the Commission in the period 1937—1955 by way of a supplement to the Opinions published in the foregoing period, for by this means it will be possible to include in that Section—and, in particular, in the subject index when that Section is completed—a reference to every supple- mentary decision taken by the Commission, irrespective of whether the decisions in question were embodied in Opinions, as was the case prior to the inauguration of the present Section of volume 1, or in Directions, as has since been the practice. Volume 1, Section C Xiil _ 3. Asurvey has accordingly been made of the Opinions rendered from August 1939! up to the time when the present Section of volume | was established, and on the basis of the survey so made the following notes have been prepared showing for each of the earlier Opinions concerned the supplementary action so taken by the Commission. Particulars of these decisions are given in the following paragraphs. ** OPINIONS ”? ADOPTED IN THE PERIOD ENDED 1936 ON WHICH SUPPLEMENTARY DECISIONS WERE TAKEN BY THE COMMISSION IN THE PERIOD 1939—1955 Opinion 11 4. In this Opinion the Commission gave a Ruling that the Table des genres avec lindication de lespéce qui leur sert de type in the work by Latreille entitled Considérations générales sur P Ordre naturel des Animaux composant les Classes des Crustacés, des Arachnides et des Insectes be accepted as selections under Rule (g) in Article 30 of type species for the genera concerned. 5. Later experience showed that, in the unqualified form adopted, the Ruling given in Opinion 11 was unworkable, for in a number of cases more than one species was cited by Latreille in his Table and in consequence clearly no selection of a type species could be deemed to have been effected under Rule (g) in Article 30. This defect was remedied by the Ruling given in Opinion 136 (1939, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 2: 13—20). 6. In 1954 Latreille’s Considérations générales, with a note in the terms of the Ruling given in Opinion 11, as clarified by that given in Opinion 136, was entered on the Official List of Works Approved as Ayailable for Zoological Nomenclature with the Title No. 13 by the Ruling given in Direction 4 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 629—652). * No Opinions were published in the period beginning sappany 1937 ‘until August 1939, § XIV OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Opinion 13 7. In Opinion 13 the Commission gave a provisional Ruling regarding the specific name for the Sand Crab. As stated in that Opinion, the Ruling so given was based upon the assumption that the premises submitted by the applicant were correct, an assumption which was later found to be ill-founded. The first of the Rulings given in Opinion 13 was that names in Mark Catesby’s pre-1758 work Natural History of Carolina did not acquire the status of availability when re-published in 1771 in the Edwards edition of that work. Some fifteen years after the adoption of Opinion 13 the status of names in the foregoing edition was brought forward as the subject of a new application in which the Commission was asked to use its Plenary Powers to suppress this work. In dealing with this second application in Opinion 89, the Commission overlooked the fact that the status of names in the Edwards edition of Catesby’s book had already been settled by the Ruling given in Opinion 13, and granted the request that this work should be suppressed under the Plenary Powers. At that time absolute unanimity was required for the use of the foregoing Powers and, as one Commissioner attached to his vote the stipulation that the proposed decision should not apply to the Concordance at the end of the Edwards edition, the decision taken in Opinion 89 does not extend to this final portion of the book, a fact which unfortunately through some oversight was not recorded in the Ruling (then styled “ Summary’’) prefixed to that Opinion. 8. The whole subject matter of the Ruling given in Opinion 13 was reviewed by the Commission at its Session held at Paris in 1948. That Opinion was then repealed, being replaced by four separate Opinions, each dealing with one of the separate problems bound up in this case. 9. First, the Commission adopted an Opinion (Opinion 259) (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 5 : 253—264) re-affirming the Ruling given in Opinion 13 that names in the Edwards edition of Catesby’s Natural History of Carolina were not available for nomenclatorial purposes, subject to the exception Volume 1, Section C XV prescribed in Opinion 89 in favour of the Concordance annexed — to the end of the work. The Edwards edition, less the Concord- ance, was then entered on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature, and at the same time the Concordance was placed on the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature. 10. Next, the Commission devoted two Opinions to the status of books involved in the present case, the status of which required clarification before a decision could be taken as to the oldest available specific name for the Sand Crab. In the first of these Opinions (Opinion 260) (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. Zool. Nomencl. 5 : 265—280) the Commission rejected Meuschen’s Museum Gronovianum for nomenclatorial purposes and placed the title of that work on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature. In the second of these Opinions (Opinion 261) (1954, loc. cit. 5 : 281—296) the Com- mission similarly rejected the Index prepared by Meuschen for Gronovius’ Zoophylacium gronovianum (published in 1781) and placed the title of this Index also on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works. 11. Finally, having cleared the ground in this way, the Com- mission gave a revised Ruling regarding the oldest available specific name for the Sand Crab in Opinion 262 (1954, loc. cit. 5S : 297—328) in substitution for the Ruling given in Opinion 13. Under this Ruling the name Cancer quadratus Fabricius, 1781, was declared to be the oldest available binomen for the foregoing Species, and the specific name quadratus Fabricius, so published, was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. Opinion 16 12. In this Opinion the Commission laid down the principle which has since become known as that of “ Linnean tautonymy ”’ under which the citation of a univerbal pre-1758 name for a species in the synonymy of a given species is to be treated as constituting the indication of that species as the type species of the genus in which it was placed in any case where the name of the genus and XV OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the univerbal pre-1758 synonym for the name of the species consist of the same word. In the Ruling given in Opinion 16, the following examples of Linnean tautonymy were provided :— (1) Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758, is the type species of Equus Linnaeus, 1758, through the citation under the foregoing specific name of the univerbal pre-1758 species-name “‘ Equus ”’ ; (2) For similar reasons Alca torda Linnaeus, 1758, is the type species of the genus Alca Linnaeus, 1758. 13. The foregoing Opinion was first published in 1910, that is, three years before the establishment of the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. In order to complete this part of this Opinion the Commission in Opinion 271 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 41—50) placed the foregoing generic names on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, at the same time placing the specific names of the type species of these genera on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. Opinion 17 14. In this Opinion the Commission accepted as an available work the little book by Weber published in 1795 under the title. Nomenclator entomologicus Fabriciti. The actual Ruling given in this Opinion is confined entirely to the above subject but the body of the Opinion contains a discussion of several of the generic names first published in Weber’s Nomenclator. One of these names was Alpheus Weber, 1795, which pre-occupied the well- known name Alpheus Fabricius, 1798. Among the Weber names mentioned in this Opinion but not discussed in detail was Crangon Weber which similarly pre-occupied the name Crangon Fabricius, 1798. 15. The problem presented by these generic names was reviewed by the Commission in the period 1952—1953. Ultimately, the Commission used its Plenary Powers to suppress both Alpheus Weber, 1795, and Crangon Weber, 1795, thereby validating the same names as published by Fabricius in 1798. At the same time the two Fabrician names were placed on the Official List of Generic Volume 1, Section C XVII Names in Zoology and the two Weberian names were placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. These decisions were embodied in Opinion 334 (1955, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 10 : 1—44). Opinion 20 16. In Opinion 20 the Commission, taking the Zoophylacium Gronovianum of Gronovius as its text, first promulgated the view that, where an author who, though not applying the principles of binominal nomenclature, applied the so-called “‘ binary ” system of nomenclature (that is, an author who recognised that the scientific name of an animal should be so constructed as to recognise the concept of genus and species and who applied univerbal names consisting of nouns in the nominative singular to denote genera), the generic names published by such an author satisfied the requirements of Proviso (b) to Article 25. It was this decision which gave rise to the long-drawn-out dispute which persisted until in 1948 the International Congress of Zoology reversed the foregoing decision and substituted the expression “nomenclature binominale ”’ for the expression “‘ nomenclature _binaire ’”’ wherever the latter expression had until then appeared in the Régles (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 63—66 ; ibid. 5 : 23—26, 152—167). At the same time the Commission cancelled its Opinion 20 (ibid. 4 : 66). 17. The last stage in this case was reached when in its Opinion 261 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 5 : 281—296, the Commission finally interred the Zoophylacium Gronovianum by placing the title of that work on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 28 18. In Opinion 28 the Commission gave a Ruling that the work by Meigen entitled Nouvelle Classification des Mouches a deux Ailes published in 1800 was an available work for nomenciatorial purposes. XVIII OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 19. At its Session held at Lisbon in 1935 the Commission re-affrmed the foregoing decision but added that it would be prepared to consider applications for the suppression under the Plenary Powers of individual names in the Nouvelle Classification in cases where specialists were of the opinion that confusion would otherwise result. This decision was embodied in Opinion 152 (1944, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 181—196). Meigen’s Nouvelle Classification was considered again by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature at its Session held in Paris in 1948 when it was decided that a determined effort should be made to dispose of the Meigen problem by encouraging specialists to submit applications either for the definite acceptance, or for the rejection under the Plenary Powers of each of the new generic names published in the Nouvelle Classification (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 552—558). 20. A number of applications in regard to individual Meigen (1800) names were received in response to the invitation issued to specialists by the Commission at its Paris Session, but, before decisions had been reached on any of these cases, an application for the total suppression of Meigen’s Nouvelle Classification under the Plenary Powers was received from Dr. Curtis W. Sabrosky (United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Administration, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran- tine, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) (1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 131—141). This proposal has since been the subject of an extensive canvass of opinion among interested specialists. A summary of the views expressed in answer to the questionnaire so issued has been prepared by Dr. Sabrosky (1954, ibid. 9 : 225— 240). This proposal is now under examination by the Inter- national Commission. Opinion 32 21. In this Opinion the Commission ruled that under the Régles the type species of the genus Sphex Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera) was Sphex sabulosa Linnaeus, 1758. Volume 1, Section C XIX 22. The foregoing decision, the correctness of which was never disputed, ran counter to deeply entrenched practice in the litera- ture and led to the submission of an application by a large group of hymenopterists for the use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers for the purpose of designating Sphex flavipennis Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type species of the genus Sphex Linnaeus, 1758, and for the addition of that generic name to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. This application was approved by the Commission, whose decision in this matter was embodied in Opinion 180 (1946, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 569—S588). Opinion 58 23. This Opinion contained a discussion of the dates of publica- tion of, and of the species to be accepted as the type species of, three genera, of which one was Belone Cuvier, 1817, but no defini- tive decisions were then taken in regard to any of these names. 24. At Paris in 1948 the Commission approved an application that it should suppress the name Belone Oken, 1815, and so validate the name Belone Cuvier, 1817. At the same time the name Belone Cuvier was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology and the specific name of its type species (belone Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Esox belone) was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. These decisions were embodied in the Ruling given in Opinion 225 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 161—176). Opinion 66 25. In this Opinion the Commission placed the first instal- ment of names on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. One of the names dealt with in this way was the name Necator Stiles, 1903 (Class Nematoda). XX OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 26. It later transpired that this generic name was invalid, being a junior homonyn of Necator Sclater & Saunders, 1896, an Invalid Emendation of Nicator Finsch & Hartlaub, 1870 (Class Aves). In order to remedy the situation so disclosed, the Com- mission suppressed the name Necator Sclater & Saunders under its Plenary Powers. At the same time the name Necator Stiles was confirmed in its position on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. These decisions were embodied in Opinion 201 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 3 : 267—274). Opinion 77 27. In this Opinion the generic name Schistosoma Weinland, 1858 (Class Trematoda) was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. 28. At the time when the foregoing decision was taken, it was believed that the rival name Bilharzia had first been published by Cobbold in 1859 and therefore that the name Schistosoma Weinland, 1858, was the oldest available name for this genus. Later, it was found however that the name Bilharzia had first been published (as Billharzia) by Meckel von Hemsbach in a long- overlooked work published in 1856, and therefore that this name had priority over the name Schistosoma Weinland. An extensive canvass of opinion was taken among interested specialists as to the action which it was desirable that the International Com- mission should take in the situation so disclosed. Ultimately, the Commission decided to use its Plenary Powers for the purpose of suppressing the name Bilharzia Meckel, thereby validating the name Schistosoma Weinland. The latter name was there- upon confirmed in its position on the Official List. These decisions were embodied in Opinion 226 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 177—200). Opinion 82 29. In this case the application submitted raised the question of the status of two generic names, namely :—(1) Musca Linnaeus, 1758 ; (2) Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Class Insecta, Volume 1, Section C XXI Order Diptera). In the Ruling given in this Opinion the Com- mission dealt with the first of these questions but not with the second. 30. This omission was made good by the Commission in its Opinion 274 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 75—- 82), in which (1) the generic name Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, and (2) the specific name of the type species of this genus (vomitoria Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Musca vomitoria) was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. Opinion 84 31. In this Opinion the Commission placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology a number of generic names, among them, the name Zaenia Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Cestoidea). The type species of this genus was given as Jaenia solium Linnaeus, 1758, the species commonly accepted as such. 32. Later, it was found that under the Régles the type species of this genus was Jaenia vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758, by Linnean tautonymy as defined in Opinion 16. The acceptance of this species as the type species of Taenia Linnaeus would have led to a serious disturbance in current nomenclatorial practice. The Commission accordingly used its Plenary Powers to set aside the foregoing indication of a type species for the genus Jaenia Linnaeus and to designate the nominal species Taenia solium Linnaeus to be the type species of that genus. At the same time the generic name J7aenia Linnaeus was confirmed in its position on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology and the name of its type species (solium Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Taenia solium) was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. These decisions were embodied in Opinion 272 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 51—62). Opinion 92 33. In this Opinion the Commission placed sixteen generic names on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. Among XX OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS these were the names Echeneis Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces) and Mabuya Fitzinger, 1826 (Class Reptilia). In each case the entry made in respect of these names was later found to be defective. The nature of the problem disclosed and the action taken by the Commission to deal with it are set out below. (a) The generic name ‘‘ Echeneis ’’? Linnaeus, 1758 34. In Opinion 92 the type species of the genus Echeneis Linnaeus, 1758, was given as Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758, 1.e. the species which by a misprint was actually given the name neucrates by Linnaeus. Later investigation showed that under the Régles the type species of this genus was Echeneis remora Linnaeus, 1758, by Linnean tautonymy as defined in Opinion 16. The acceptance of this species as the type species of the genus Echeneis Linnaeus would have led to a confusing transfer of names and the ~ Commission accordingly used its Plenary Powers to set aside the indication of Echeneis remora Linnaeus as the type species of this genus and to designate in its place the nominal species Echeneis neucrates Linnaeus to be its type species. At the same time the generic name Echeneis Linnaeus was confirmed in its place on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology and approval was given of the emendation from neucrates to naucrates of the specific name of the type species of this genus. Finally, the name naucrates (emend. of neucrates) Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Echeneis neucrates, was placed upon the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, and the Invalid Original Spelling neucrates for the foregoing name was placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. These decisions were embodied in Opinion 242 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 5 : 23—44). (b) The generic name ‘‘ Mabuya ”’ Fitzinger, 1826 35. The type species for the genus Mabuya Fitzinger, 1826, was given in Opinion 92 as Scincus sloanii Daudin, 1802. 36. When the entries in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology were being checked during the early stages of the Volume 1, Section C XXiil preparations for the publication of the Official List in book-form, it was found that the foregoing entry must have been made through some inadvertence, as Fitzinger had not even placed the species Scincus sloanii Daudin in his genus Mabuya, referring it to the genus Spondylurus. Further, it was found that, when dealing with the genus Mabuya, he had given the name Mabuya dominicensis as a substitute name for the name Lacertus mabouya Lacépede, 1788. When this matter was reported to it, the Commission ruled that the type species of Mabuya Fitzinger, 1826, was Lacertus mabouya Lacépede, 1788, by absolute tauto- nymy and amended the entry on the Official List relating to this name accordingly. At the same time the name of the type species of Mabuya Fitzinger (mabouya Lacépéde, 1788, as published in the combination Lacertus mabouya) was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. These decisions were embodied in Opinion 240 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 5 : 1—12). Opinion 94 37. In this Opinion the Commission placed a number of names on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, among them, the names of the Pelecypod genera Mytilus Linnaeus, 1758, and Ostrea Linnaeus, 1758. In regard to each of these names subsequent action has been taken by the Commission. (a) The generic name ‘* Mytilus ®’ Linnaeus, 1758 38. The generic name Mytilus Linnaeus, 1758, was placed on the Official List with Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758, as type species. Later, attention was drawn to the fact that Schumacher (1817) had designated a particular structure of Mytilus anatinus Linnaeus, 1758, as “ the type’ of Mytilus, and the Commission was asked to give a Ruling on the question whether this action by Schumacher constituted a valid type selection for this genus. The question of principle involved was settled by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, which decided that the selection of a particular structure of a named species as the “type” of a genus was not to be accepted as a type selection for XXIV OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the purposes of Rule (g) in Article 30 (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 71, Decision 134). In the light of this decision the Commission confirmed Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758, as the type species of the genus Mytilus Linnaeus and placed the specific name edulis Linnaeus so published on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. These decisions were embodied in Opinion 333 (1955, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 369—384). (b) The generic name ‘° Ostrea ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 39. The generic name Ostrea Linnaeus, 1758, was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 94, with Ostrea edulis Linnaeus, 1758, as type species. 40. In 1955 the Commission had occasion in Opinion 356 (now in the press) to deal with the family-group name based upon the generic name Gryphaea Lamarck, 1801, and took the oppor- tunity to deal also with outstanding nomenclatorial problems in regard to the name Ostrea Linnaeus. The Commission accord- ingly placed the specific name (edulis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ostrea edulis) of the type species of this genus on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. At the same time the Commission placed the family-group name OSTREIDAE (correction of OSTREACIA) Rafinesque, 1815 (type genus : Ostrea Linnaeus, 1758) on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology. Opinion 97 41. In Opiniun 97 the Commission rejected the leaflet commonly known as the Tentamen distributed by Hubner (J.) in 1807 as not being available for nomenclatorial purposes. 42. The action required in this case, that is, the addition of the title of Hubner’s Tentamen to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature, was taken by the Commission in its Opinion 278 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 135—178). Volume 1, Section C XXV Opinion 99 43. In this Opinion the Commission dealt with two separate questions. One of these questions was concerned with the status of the generic name Endamoeba Leidy, 1879. This name was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Amoeba blattae Butschli, 1878, as type species. The second and principal issue involved in this Opinion was whether the generic names Endamoeba and Entamoeba were homonyms of one another. No clear answer to this question was given in the Ruling (‘Summary’) of this Opinion, but the impression which that Ruling was apparently intended to create—and which it certainly did create—was that these two generic names were homonyms of one another. 44. When in 1952 the Commission came to re-examine this question, it took the view that the names Endamoeba and Entamoeba were not homonyms of one another and therefore that the name Entamoeba Casagrandi & Barbagallo, 1895, was not invalid under the Law of Homonymy. The Commission decided to place this generic name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Amoeba coli Grassi, 1879, as type species, in order to bring the legal position in regard to this matter into line with the predominant practice of specialists. To secure this end it was necessary for the Commission to use its Plenary Powers (1) to validate the binomen Amoeba coli as from Grassi (1879), (2) to give directions as to the manner in which the nominal species so named be interpreted, and (3) to designate that species to be the type species of Entamoeba Casagrandi & Barbagallo, 1895. At the same time the specific name coli Grassi, 1879, so validated and so determined was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. The generic name Endamoeba Leidy, 1879, was confirmed in its place on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology and the specific name (blattae Butschli, 1878, as published in the combination Amoeba blattae) of its type species was placed on the Official List of Specific _ Names in Zoology. As part of the foregoing decisions the Ruling given in Opinion 99 was cancelled as being incorrect and misleading and the Opinion so numbered was revoked for all except historical XXV1 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS purposes. The decisions summarised above were embodied in Opinion 312 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 9 ; 1—60). Opinion 104 45. In Opinion 104 fifty-seven generic names were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. In the case of six of these names subsequent action has been found necessary by the Commission. The cases concerned are :—(1) and (2) The entries relating to the names Laverania and Plasmodium contained a number of serious errors ; (3) and (4) The names Limulus and Cercopithecus were invalid. (5) The species cited as the type species of Podura, though correctly so cited, was not in harmony with current nomenclatorial practice and its acceptance as the type species of this genus would have given rise to serious con- fusion. (6) The name Nabis Latreille was considered by some authors to be a junior synonym of another generic name. The action taken by the Commission in these cases is summarised in the following paragraphs. (a) The generic names ‘‘ Laverania ’’ and ‘* Plasmodium ”’ 46. The entries in Opinion 104 relating to the generic names Laverania and Plasmodium, extending in the case of the first of these names even to the entries made in regard to authorship and date, were found later to be incorrect in almost every particular. 47. In approaching this subject, the Commission found it necessary to start by cancelling the entries in regard to these names made in Opinion 104, in order to provide itself with a situation in which it could take the action needed in order to secure that these names should be available for use by malario- logists in their accustomed sense for the Malignant Tertain Malaria Parasite and the Quartan Malaria Parasite respectively. Very extensive action under the Plenary Powers was needed to secure this result. The nature of the action so required is set Volume 1, Section C XXVil out in detail in the Opinion embodying the Commission’s decision _ in this matter, namely in Opinion 283 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 7) and it is not necessary here to describe in detail the action so taken. The net effect of the Ruling given in Opinion 283, at the generic name level, was to secure that the following entries be made in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in place of those made by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 :— (a) Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli, 1885 (gender : neuter) (type species, by designation under the Plenary Powers : Haemamoeba malariae Feletti & Grassi, 1889 (the Quartan Malaria Parasite)) ; (b) Laverania Feletti & Grassi, 1889 (gender : feminine) (type species, by designation under the Plenary Powers: Haematozoon falciparum Welch, 1897 (the Malignant Tertian Malaria Parasite)) (generic name to be used by authors who consider the Malignant Tertian Malaria Parasite to be generically distinct from the Quartan Malaria Parasite). At the same time the specific names of the type species of the foregoing genera were placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. (b) The generic name ‘‘ Limulus ’’? Miiller (O.F.), 1785 48. In Opinion 104 the name Limulus Muller (O.F.), 1785 (Class Merostomata) was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Monoculus polyphemus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species. 49. Later, it was found that the foregoing generic name was a junior objective synonym of Xiphosura Brinnich, 1771. In order to avoid the confusion which would have followed the disappearance of the generic name Limulus, the Commission used its Plenary Powers to suppress the generic name Xiphosura Brunnich, thereby validating Limulus Miller, the position of which XXVUl OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology being thereupon confirmed. At the same time the specific name of the type species (polyphemus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Monoculus polyphemus) was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. The foregoing decisions were embodied in Opinion 320 (1955, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 147—170). (c) The generic name ‘‘ Podura ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 50. The generic name Podura Linnaeus, 1758, was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Podura plumbea Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by selection in 1810 by the Ruling given in Opinion 104. 51. The correctness of this attribution has not been disputed, but the acceptance of the above species as the type species of Podura Linnaeus would have led to confusion and instability, having regard to the fact (1) that the nominal species Podura plumbea Linnaeus is regarded by specialists in the group as in the nature of a nomen dubium and (2) that the name Podura Linnaeus has throughout the literature been used so predominantly for Podura aquatica Linnaeus, 1758, that any departure from that practice on technical nomenclatorial grounds would have been open to strong objection. Faced with this situation, the Com- mission used its Plenary Powers to designate Podura aquatica Linnaeus to be the type species of Podura Linnaeus. At the same time the specific name aquatica Linnaeus, as published in the fore- going combination, was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. The foregoing decisions were embodied in Opinion 239 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 361—372). (d) The generic name ‘‘ Nabis ’’ Latreille, [1802-1803] 52. By the Ruling given in Opinion 104 the generic name Nabis | Latreille, [1802-1803], was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Cimex vagans Fabricius, 1787, as type species ; this species was subjectively identified with Cimex ferus Linnaeus, 1758. Volume 1, Section C XX1X 53. In a later application concerned primarily with the generic name Alydus Fabricius, 1803, the view was expressed that the name Coriscus Schrank, 1796, which was involved in that case, might be a senior synonym of Nabis Latreille. In its decision on this case, which was embodied in Opinion 244 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 5 : 57—70), the Commission suppressed the generic name Coriscus Schrank under its Plenary Powers and at the same time confirmed the name Nabis Latreille in its position on the Official List. (e) The generic name ‘* Cercopithecus ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 54. The generic name Cercopithecus as from Linnaeus, 1758, was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104, the nominal species Simia diana Linnaeus, 1758, being cited as type species. 55. The preliminary examination of the entries so far made on the Official List undertaken for the purpose of making an estimate of the volume and scope of the work needed before the List could be published in book-form disclosed a serious flaw in the foregoing entry. The name Cercopithecus was not published by Linnaeus as a generic name, appearing in the Systema Naturae only as a term in the nominative plural used to denominate one of the groups into which the genus Simia Linnaeus was then divided. Under the Commission’s Opinion 124 published eight years after Opinion 104 the Commission ruled against the acceptability as subgeneric names as from Linnaeus, 1758, of Latin terms used in the Systema Naturae for subdivisions of genera. Under that Ruling the reputed name Cercopithecus Linnaeus, 1758, was seen to have no existence. Accordingly, in order to regularise this matter, the Commission used its Plenary Powers to validate the generic name Cercopithecus Linnaeus, 1758, with Simia diana Linnaeus, 1758, as type species. At the same time the specific name (diana Linnaeus, as published in the above combination) of the type species of Cercopithecus Linnaeus, 1758, was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. This decision was embodied in Opinion 238 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 351—360). XXX OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Opinion 124 (a) Clarification and, in part, extension, of Ruling given in °° Opinion ”’ 124 56. The following is the text of the Ruling given in Opinion 124 :— The various Subdivisions of genera published by Linnaeus in 1758 are not to be accepted as of this date (1758) as of subgeneric value under the International Rules. 57. The Ruling given in Opinion 124 laid down an important principle so far as concerns the status in nomenclature of the terms used by Linnaeus in 1758 in the Tenth Edition of the Systema Naturae to denote subdivisions of certain of the genera recognised in that work. That Ruling was however incomplete, in that it did not deal with the similar problem which arises in connection with the later works of Linnaeus. Nor did it deal with the similar problem which arises in connection with the works of Johann Christian Fabricius. 58. These deficiencies have since been remedied by the Com- mission in Opinion 279 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 179—188), the first portion of the Ruling in which reads as follows :— Where in any zoological work either Linnaeus or Fabricius (J.C.) placed a term between the generic name and the specific name of a species, the intermediate term so employed is not to be treated as having acquired the status of a subgeneric name by reason of having been published in this manner. By the second part of the Ruling given in the foregoing Opinion appropriate entries embodying the foregoing decision were made (1), as regards the works of Linnaeus and Fabricius, in the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature and (2), as regards the terms placed by those authors between Volume 1, Section C O08! _the generic and specific names of species of certain genera, in the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomen- clature. (b) Addition to the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ of the generic name ‘* Bulla ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Gastropoda) 59. In discussing in Opinion 124 the question of the status of terms placed by Linnaeus between the generic and specific names of the species of certain genera, the Commission took as an example the terms interpolated in this way in the Tenth Edition of the Systema Naturae between the generic and specific names of species of the genus Gryllus. One of the terms so employed was Bulla (: 427). As regards this, the Commission observed that this particular term would have been invalid in nomenclature even if the decision taken on the general issue involved had been the opposite of that given in Opinion 124, for in that event the term Bulla as so published in the Class Insecta (Order Orthoptera) would have been a subgeneric name and, as in the same work Linnaeus had also established a genus in the Mollusca with the Same name, the insect name Bulla would have been invalid under the Rule laid down by the Eleventh International Congress of Zoology, Padua, 1930, that, where in the case of any two homo- nyms of the same date one was published as a generic name and the other as a subgeneric name, the one published as a generic name is to take precedence over the one published as a sub- generic name. 60. The generic name Bulla Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Gastropoda) was not placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 124, as the result, possibly, of unresolved difficulties which then existed in regard to the species to be accepted as the type species of the genus so named. This matter has however since been dealt with by the Commission in Opinion 196 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 3 : 199—206), in which, after using its Plenary Powers to designate Bulla ampulla Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type species of Bulla Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Gastropoda), the Commission placed that XXXil OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS generic name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, at the same time placing the specific name (ampulla Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the above combination) of the type species of that genus on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. 61. The reputed but non-existent generic name Bulla Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera) was later placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. This decision was embodied in Opinion 299 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 8 : 209—236). (c) Validation as from Linnaeus, 1758, of the name ‘‘ Locusta ”’, a term introduced by Linnaeus to denote a group of species of the genus ‘‘ Gryllus ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera) 62. At its Session held at Lisbon in 1935 the International Commission had under consideration a number of applications submitted for the stabilisation of important names in the Order Orthoptera. One of these applications was concerned with the term Locusta introduced by Linnaeus in 1758 to denote a group of species of the genus Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758. In this case the Commission used its Plenary Powers to validate the term Locusta as of subgeneric status as from Linnaeus, 1758, and to designate Gryllus migratorius Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type species of the taxon so named. The name Locusta Linnaeus, 1758, with the above species as type species, was thereupon placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. These decisions were embodied in Opinion 158 (1945, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. Zool. Nomencl. 2 : 263—274). 63. Consequent upon the establishment of the Official List oj Specific Names in Zoology, the name migratorius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gryllus migratorius (specific name of the type species of Locusta Linnaeus, 1758) was placed on the foregoing Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 299 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 8 : 209—236). Volume 1, Section C XXxxiii (d) Rejection of the term ‘‘ Mantis ’’ employed by Linnaeus in 1758 to denote a group of a species of the genus ** Gryllus ’? Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera) 64. At its Session held at Lisbon in 1935 the International Commission had under consideration the question of the status to be assigned to the term Mantis employed by Linnaeus in 1758 to denote a group of species of the genus Gry//us Linnaeus, 1758. In this case the Commission came to the conclusion that there was no need to validate the foregoing term to be a sub- generic name as from Linnaeus, 1758, for stability in nomenclature could be equally well assured if Mantis were to be accepted as a generic name as from Linnaeus, 1767, the first occasion on which this word was duly published as such a name. The Com- mission accordingly placed the name Mantis Linnaeus, 1767 (type species, by selection by Latreille (1810) : Gryllus religiosus Linnaeus, 1758) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. This decision was embodied in Opinion 149 (1943, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 145—160). ; 65. Consequent upon the establishment of the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and of the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, the following action needed to clear up all outstanding matters in connection with this case was taken in Opinion 299 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 8 : 209—236) :—(1) the specific name (religiosus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gryllus religiosus) of the type species of Mantis Linnaeus, 1767, was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ; (2) the reputed but non- existent subgeneric name Mantis Linnaeus, 1758, was placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. (e) Disposal of all other matters arising under ‘‘ Opinion ’’ 124 in connection with the terms intermediate between generic and specific names of species placed by Linnaeus in 1758 in the genus °° Gryllus ”’ 66. The action by the International Commission described in the preceding sections disposed of all outstanding questions XXXIV OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS in connection with the terms Bulla, Locusta and Mantis, as used by Linnaeus in 1758, as terms to denote groups of species of the genus Gryllus. There remained for consideration the following other terms so used by Linnaeus :—Acrida, Acheta, Tettigonia. Decisions on all three of these terms were taken by the Inter- national Commission in 1952, the decisions so taken being em- bodied in Opinion 299 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 8 : 209—236). The decisions in question were the following :— (1) The terms Acrida and Tettigonia were validated under the Plenary Powers as of subgeneric status as of Linnaeus, 1758, and under the same Powers Gryllus turritus Linnaeus, 1758, was designated to be the type species of Acrida Linnaeus, 1758, and Gryllus viridissimus Linnaeus, 1758, was designated to be the type species of Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758. (2) The term Acheta was rejected as of Linnaeus, 1758, being accepted as of Fabricius, 1775, with Gryllus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by selection by Curtis (1830). (3) The generic names Acrida Linnaeus, 1758, Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758, and Acheta Fabricius, 1775, were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the type species severally specified in (1) and (2) above. (4) The specific names of the type species of the genera specified in (3) above were placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. (5) The reputed but non-existent generic name Acheta Linnaeus, 1758, was placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. Opinion 127 67. In the application dealt with in this Opinion the Com- mission was asked to use its Plenary Powers to validate the Volume 1, Section C XXXV generic names Lepidocyclina Gumbel, 1868, and Nummiulites Lamarck, 1801, for use in the sense in which those names were customarily employed. At that time absolute unanimity was required in order to secure a decision under the Plenary Powers, except that, where an application received a two-thirds majority vote among the Commissioners but not an unanimous vote, that case had to be reported to the President of the Section on Nomen- clature of the next International Congress of Zoology, who was authorised to set up a special Board of Three Members who were empowered to reach a final decision by a majority vote. In the present case the application relating to the name Lepidocyclina Giimbel secured unanimous approval and the decision so reached was duly recorded in Opinion 127. The proposal relating to the name Nummulites Lamarck secured a two-thirds majority vote in the Commission but failed to secure unanimous approval. Under the procedure described above, this case was therefore held over until the next Congress. 68. Under the procedure described in the preceding paragraph, a Board of Three Members was set up by the President of the Section on Nomenclature of the Twelfth International Congress of Zoology, Lisbon, 1935, to consider the application relating to the name Nummulites Lamarck. This Board approved the pro- posal submitted in this case and accordingly under the Plenary Powers the name Camerina Bruguiere, 1789, was suppressed, thus rendering Nummulites Lamarck, 1801, an available name. The name Nummulites Lamarck, with Camerina laevigata Bruguiere, 1789, as type species was then placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. These decisions were embodied in Opinion 192 (1945, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 3 : 137—160). 69. The remaining decisions needed to complete the action required in the present case was taken in Direction 1 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 3 : 401—416), in which (1) the specific name /aevigata Bruguiére, 1789, as published in the combination Camerina laevigata (specific name of the type species of Nummulites Lamarck, 1801) was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, and (2) the generic name Camerina Bruguiere, 1789, as suppressed under the Plenary XXXVI OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Powers under the Ruling given in Opinion 192, was placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. Opinion 129 70. In this Opinion the Commission used its Plenary Powers to suppress the generic name Bipinnaria Sars, 1835 (Class Asteroidea), thus providing a valid basis for the use of the name Luidia Forbes, 1839. The latter name with Luidia fragilissima Forbes, 1839, as type species by monotypy, was thereupon placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. 71. On the establishment of the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, consideration was given to the question of placing on that List the specific name of the type species of Luidia Forbes. It was found however that the name /fragilissima Forbes, as published in the combination Luidia fragilissima, was still (as at the time of the adoption of Opinion 129) considered by specialists to be a junior subjective synonym of ciliaris Philippi, 1837, as published in the combination Asterias ciliaris. Accordingly, the name ciliaris Philippi (and not the name /fragilissima Forbes) was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. The decision so taken was embodied in Opinion 210 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 3 : 393—400). Opinion 130 72. The situation as regards this Opinion was essentially similar to that presented by Opinion 127. For, as in that case, the Commission in Opinion 130 had under consideration an application for the use of the Plenary Powers for the benefit of two generic names but was able to reach the (then) required unanimous conclusion in regard to one only of these names, with the result that the portion of the application relating to the other name had to be held over for report to the President of the Section on Nomenclature of the next International Congress of Zoology. Volume 1, Section C XXXVI The name with which the Commission found itself able to deal in the present Opinion was Lytoceras Suess, 1865 ; the name which it was necessary to postpone to the next Congress was Ophiceras Griesbach, 1880. 73. When the case of the names Ophiceras Griesbach was reported to the President of the Twelfth International Congress of Zoology, Lisbon, 1935, that Officer set up a Board of Three Members charged with the duty of reaching a definitive decision. This Board approved the application submitted in this case and accordingly under the Plenary Powers the name Ophiceras Suess, 1865, was suppressed under the Plenary Powers and the name Ophiceras Griesbach, 1880, so validated, was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Ophiceras tibeticum Griesbach, 1880, as type species. These decisions were embodied in Opinion 194 (1947, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 3 : 175—190). 74. The remaining decisions needed to complete the action required in the present case were taken in Direction 1 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 3. : 401—416), in which the Commission (1) placed the specific name ftibeticum Griesvach, 1880, as published in the combination Ophiceras tibeticum (specific name of type species of Ophiceras Griesbach, 1880) on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ; (2) the generic name Ophiceras Suess, 1865, as suppressed under the Plenary Powers under the Ruling given in Opinion 194, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. FRANCIS HEMMING Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 30th April 1955 Printed in England by MetcaLFre & Cooper LimiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 ) : : if \ fe be .. ) OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited a FRANCIS HEMMING, c.o.c., C.B-E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION C. Part C.8. Pp. 89—112 DIRECTION 17 Addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the names of fifteen genera of the Class Aves, the type species of each of which was determined by Linnean tautonymy (Direction supplementary to Opinion 16) AUG17 1255. }} wy ww ) BL yy LIBRARL LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Twelve Shillings (All rights reserved) issued 14th July, 1955 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE ‘COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 17 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President : Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) President : Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President: Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International. Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) ({st January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. aes) Pearson (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948 Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (GS. Paulo, Brazil) (42th August 1953) (Vice- President) Professor J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla Hanko (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (A2th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Nether- lands) (12th August 1953) DIRECTION 17 ADDITION TO THE ‘OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” OF THE NAMES OF FIFTEEN GENERA OF THE CLASS AVES, THE TYPE SPECIES OF EACH OF WHICH WAS DETERMINED BY LINNEAN TAUTONYMY (‘° DIRECTION ” SUPPLEMENTARY TO ‘°° OPINION ” 16) RULING : (1) The specific name ocrophus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Tringa ocrophus, is hereby emended to ochropus. (2) The under-mentioned names of genera in the Class Aves, the type species of each of which was determined by Linnean tautonymy, as defined by the Thirteenth Inter- national Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 155), are hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. severally specified below :— (a) Caprimulgus Linnaeus, 1758 (gender : masculine) (type species : Caprimulgus europaeus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 906) ; (b) Certhia Linnaeus, 1758 (gender : feminine) (type species: Certhia familiaris Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 907) ; (c) Corvus Linnaeus, 1758 (gender : masculine) (type species : Corvus corax Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 908) ; (d) Cuculus Linnaeus, 1758 (gender: masculine) (type species : Cuculus canorus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 909) ; : (ec) Fringilla Linnaeus, 1758 (gender : feminine) (type species: Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 910) ; (f) Fulica Linnaeus, 1758 (gender: feminine) (type species : Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 911); | AUG 8 1955 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (g) Loxia Linnaeus, 1758 (gender: feminine) (type species: Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 912) ; (h) Meleagris Linnaeus, 1758 (gender: feminine) (type species: Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 913) ; (i) Motacilla Linnaeus, 1758 (gender: feminine) (type species: Motacilla alba Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 914) ; (j) Pavo Linnaeus, 1758 (gender: masculine) (type species : Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name INOS SS)" (k) Phasianus Linnaeus, 1758 (gender: masculine) (type species: Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 916) ; (1) Scolopax Linnaeus, 1758 (gender : feminine) (type species: Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus, 1758) Name No. 917) ; (m) Sterna Linnaeus, 1758 (gender: feminine) (type species : Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 918) ; (n) Tringa Linnaeus, 1758 (gender: feminine) (type species : Tringa ochropus (emend. of ocrophus) Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 919) ; (o) Upupa Linnaeus, 1758 (gender: feminine) (type species : Upupa epops Linnaeus, 1758) (Name | No. 920). (3) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. severally specified below :— (a) alba Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Motacilla alba (specific name of type species of Motacilla Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 528) ; (b) (c) (d) (c) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) DIRECTION 17 93 atra Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 (specific name of type species of Fulica Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 529) ; canorus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Cuculus canorus (specific name of type species of Cuculus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 530) ; coelebs Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Fringilla coelebs (specific name of type species of Fringilla Linnaeus, 1758 (Name No a1): colchicus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Phasianus colchicus (specific name of type species of Phasianus Linnaeus, 1758 (Name No. 532) ; corax Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Corvus corax (specific name of type species of Corvus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 533) ; cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Pavo cristatus (specific name of type species of Pavo Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 534) ; curvirostra Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Loxia curvirostra (specific name of type species of Loxia Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 539); epops Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Upupa epops (specific name of type species of Upupa Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 536) ; europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Caprimulgus europaeus (specific name of type species of Caprimulgus Linnaeus, 1758, (Name No. 537) ; 94 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (k) familiaris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Certhia familiaris (specific name of type species of Certhia Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 538) : (1) gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Meleagris gallopavo (specific name of type species of Meleagris Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 539) ; (m) hirundo Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Sterna hirundo (specific name of type species of Sterna Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 540) ; (n) ochropus (emend. of ocrophus) Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Tringa ocrophus) (specific name of type species of Tringa Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 541) ; (0) rusticola Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Scolopax rusticola (specific name of type species of Scolopax Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 542). (4) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 248 :— ocrophus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Tringa ocrophus (an Invalid Original Spelling for ochropus). 1.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On Ist September 1945 Mr. Francis Hemming, as Secretary, submitted to the International Commission a series of notes relating to various aspects of Opinion 16. In the fourth of these notes Mr. Hemming drew attention to the fact that in the case of a considerable number of the names of genera of birds discussed in that Opinion, the situation had been left in an unsettled state, DIRECTION 17 95 no decision having been taken by the Commission. Mr. Hemming accordingly intimated that it was proposed to ask the Commission to deal with these cases in due course (Hemming, 1947, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(A) : 275—280). This matter was brought before the Commission at its Session held at Paris in 1948, when the Commission invited the Secretary to confer with interested specialists and to prepare for its consideration a Report on the action which should be taken in each of the cases concerned (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 580—583). It was not until after the publication in 1950 of the Official Record of the Proceedings of the Commission in Paris that it was possible for the Secretary to resume work on individual cases of nomen- clature such as the present. In October 1951 the Secretary prepared a preliminary Report on the present, and on certain other, cases which had been referred to him for investigation and appealed to interested specialists for advice on the action to be taken. This Report was published on 15th April 1952 (Hemming, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 7 : 201—202). On 17th August 1952 Mr. Hemming prepared the following Report in which he made recommendations as to the action which appeared desirable in the case of seventeen out of the twenty-two names of genera of birds which had been referred to him for investigation :— First Report on the species which under the °° Régles ”’ are the type species of certain genera of birds discussed, but left unsettled, in ‘* Opinion ”’ 16 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) During its Session of Meetings held in Paris in 1948, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature decided, in accordance with its earlier decision that names ought not to be discussed in its Opinions without decision being given in regard to the questions at issue (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 355), that steps should be taken as soon as possible to determine, and to render Opinions regarding, the species to be accepted as the type species of a long list of nominal genera enumerated in Opinion 16 (1910, Smithson. Publ. 1938 : 31—39) as possibly having had their type species determined under Linnean tautonymy (i.e. by the citation of a tautonymous pre-1758 univerbal specific name for one, but not more than one, of the included nominal species), on which however no decision was given in that Opinion. The Commission decided (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 580—583) to invite the Secretary to make inquiries in regard to each of the generic names concerned for the purpose of ascertaining the views currently 96 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS held by specialists on the question whether, as regards each of the genera so named, the generic name was available nomenclatorially, the genus was a taxonomically valid genus, and the species accepted as its type species was the species which, as shown in the second paragraph of Opinion 16 (1947, Opinions and Declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1 : 259—261), would be the type species if Rule (d) in Article 30, as interpreted by Opinion 16, were in fact applicable to the name of the genus in question. The Commission agreed further that, where (1) the foregoing inquiry showed that the type species of any one of the nominal genera discussed in Opinion 16 was the species there provisionally indicated as such, (2) that the nominal genus in question was currently treated by specialists as being taxonomically valid and as having, as its type species, the species referred to above, the name of that genus should forthwith be placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, and that in any case where any of the foregoing conditions were not satisfied, the status of the name concerned should be determined separately as soon as possible after the receipt of the Secretary’s Report. 2. The present Report is concerned with the names of the twenty-two nominal genera of birds covered by the foregoing decision. In each case I have investigated the position, as disclosed by the current literature, and, in doing so, I have conferred with a number of interested specialists. In order to secure the widest possible publicity for this investigation, I have in addition published a note on the issues to be determined, at the same time appealing to specialists for comments and assistance in regard to the names in question (1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 7 : 201—202). 3. As a first step in the present investigation I examined the manner in which each of the nominal genera concerned was treated by Linnaeus in the Tenth Edition of the Systema Naturae, for the purpose of deter- mining whether there was a prima facie case for considering that the type species of the genus concerned had there been “indicated ” by Linnean tautonymy as defined in Opinion 16, as further clarified in 1948 by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology on the recom- mendation of the International Commission (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 155). This investigation showed :— (1) that there were prima facie grounds for considering that the type species of the following eighteen nominal genera had been indicated in 1758 by Linnean tautonymy :—Caprimulgus ; Certhia ; Corvus; Cuculus; Fringilla; Fulica; Loxia ; Meleagris; Merops; Motacilla; Pavo; Pelecanus ; Phasianus ; Scolopax ; Sterna ; Strix ; Tringa ; Upupa : (2) that in the following cases it was a matter for consideration whether a single tautonymous univerbal specific name had been clearly cited in the synonymy of any of the included species : Otis ; Tetrao ; Vultur : DIRECTION 17 97 (3) that in the case of the genus Charadrius Linnaeus, 1758, the tautonymous univerbal pre-1758 specific name “* Charadrius ”’ had been cited in the synonymy of more than one of the included species (being so cited both for Charadrius hiaticula and for Charadrius oedicnemus) and therefore that the type species of the genus Charadrius Linnaeus, 1758, was not “indicated ”’ by Linnean tautonymy. 4. The names cited in paragraph 3(2) and (3) above (i.e. Otis Linnaeus, 1758; Tetrao Linnaeus, 1758; Vultur Linnaeus, 1758 ; Charadrius Linnaeus, 1758) are not dealt with in the present Report, being reserved for later consideration in the light of comments and advice received from specialists. _ 5. The second step in the inquiry remitted to me was to ascertain whether in each of the eighteen cases specified in paragraph 3(1) above the nominal species which there were prima facie grounds for con- sidering as having been “‘ indicated ” by Linnaeus in 1758 by Linnean tautonymy as the type species of the genus concerned was currently accepted by specialists as being the type species of the genus in question. This investigation showed that in every case except that of Strix Linnaeus, 1758, the nominal species indicated as the type species by Linnean tautonymy was currently accepted as such. The case of Strix Linnaeus is accordingly reserved, like that of the names referred to in paragraph 4 above, for further consideration in the light of comments and advice from specialists. In the remaining seventeen cases the generic name concerned is currently accepted by specialists as the name of a taxonomically valid genus. Further, the trivial name of the type species of each of these nominal genera is an available name and is currently accepted by specialists as the name of a taxonomically valid species. 6. Having now completed the first stage of the investigation remitted to me, I submit the following conclusions for consideration :— (1) The seventeen generic names enumerated in Appendix 1 to the present Report are nomenclatorially available and are currently accepted by specialists as the names of taxonomically valid genera, and the species currently accepted as the type species of each of the nominal genera concerned is the nominal species indicated as such by Linnaeus in 1758 by Linnean tautonymy. Accordingly under the decision taken in 1948 by the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 583, Point (3)(a)), these names are due now to be placed upon the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. (2) The seventeen specific trivial names enumerated in Appendix 2 to the present Report, being respectively the trivial names of the type species of the nominal genera referred to in (1) above, should, under the regulations governing the admission of 98 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS names to the Official Lists (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 270), be placed on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology at the same time that, under (1) above, the names of the nominal genera, of which the species bearing these trivial names are the respective type species, are placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology : (3) The five remaining generic names remitted to me for investigation (Charadrius Linnaeus, 1758; Otis Linnaeus, 1758; Strix Linnaeus, 1758; Tetrao Linnaeus, 1758; Vultur Linnaeus, 1758) will be dealt with in later Reports on the conclusion of consultations with interested specialists. Appendix 1 Seventeen generic names in the Class Aves discussed but not settled in ‘* Opinion ’’ 16, now proposed to be added to the ** Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ Caprimulgus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 193 (gender of generic name: masculine) (type species, by Linnean tautonymy : Caprimulgus europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, ibid. 1 : 193). Certhia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 118 (gender of generic name: feminine) (type species, by Linnean tautonymy: Certhia familiaris Linnaeus, 1758, ibid. 1 : 118). Corvus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 105 (gender of generic name: masculine) ( type species, by Linnean tautonymy: Corvus corax Linnaeus, 1758, ibid. 1 : 105). Cuculus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 110 (gender of generic name: masculine) (type species, by Linnean tautonymy : Cuculus canorus Linnaeus, 1758, ibid. 1 : 110). Fringilla Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 179 (gender of generic name: feminine) (type species, by Linnean tautonymy: Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758, ibid. 1 : 179). Fulica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 152 (gender of generic name : feminine) (type species, by Linnean tautonymy : Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758, ibid. 1 : 152). Loxia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 171 (gender of generic name: feminine) (type species, by Linnean tautonymy: Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus, 1758, ibid. 1 : 171). Meleagris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 156 (gender of generic name: feminine) (type species, by Linnean tautonymy : Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758, ibid. 1 : 156). DIRECTION 17 99 Merops Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 117 (gender of generic name: masculine) (type species, by Linnean tautonymy: Merops apiaster Linnaeus, 1758, ibid. 1 : 117). Motacilla Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10)1 : 184 (gender of generic name: feminine) (type species by Linnean tautonymy: Motacilla alba Linnaeus, 1758, ibid. 1 : 185). Pavo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 156 (gender of generic name: masculine) (type species, by Linnean tautonymy: Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, ibid. 1 : 156). Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10)1 : 132 (gender of generic name : masculine) (type species, by Linnean tautonymy : Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758, ibid. 1 : 132). Phasianus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 158 (gender of generic name: masculine) (type species, by Linnean tautonymy : Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus, 1758, ibid. 1 : 158). Scolopax Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 145 (gender of generic name: feminine) (type species, by Linnean tautonymy : Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus, 1758, ibid. 1 : 146). Sterna Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 137 (gender of generic name: feminine) (type species, by Linnean tautonymy: Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758, ibid. 1 : 137). Tringa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 148 (gender of generic name: feminine) (type species, by Linnean tautonymy: Tringa ochropus (emend. of ocrophus) Linnaeus, 1758, ibid. 1 : 149)*.. Upupa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 117 (gender of generic name: feminine) (type species, by Linnean tautonymy: Upupa epops Linnaeus, 1758, ibid. 1 : 117). Appendix 2 Seventeen specific trivial names, being the trivial names of the type species of the nominal genera enumerated in Appendix 1, now proposed to be added to the ‘‘ Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology ”’ alba Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 185 (as published in the combination Motacilla alba) (trivial name of type species of Motacilla Linnaeus, 1758). * For the reason why it is here suggested that the emended form of the trivial name of the type species of this genus should be accepted, see Note to Appendix 2. 100 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS apiaster Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 117 (as published in the combination Merops apiaster) (trivial name of type species of Merops Linnaeus, 1758). atra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 152 (as published in the combination Fulica atra) (trivial name of type species of Fulica Linnaeus, 1758). canorus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 110 (as published in the combination Cuculus canorus) (trivial name of type species of Cuculus Linnaeus, 1758). coelebs Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 179 (as published in the combination Fringilla coelebs) (trivial name of type species of Fringilla Linnaeus, 1758). colchicus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 158 (as published in the combination Phasianus colchicus) (trivial name of type species of Phasianus Linnaeus, 1758). corax Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 105 (as published in the combination Corvus corax) (trivial name of type species of Corvus Linnaeus, 1758). cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 156 (as published in the combination Pavo cristatus) (trivial name of type species of Pavo Linnaeus, 1758). curvirostra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 171 (as published in the combination Loxia curvirostra) (trivial name of type species of Loxia Linnaeus, 1758). epops Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 117 (as published in the combination Upupa epops) (trivial name of type species of Upupa Linnaeus, 1758). europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 193 (as published in the combination Caprimulgus europaeus) (trivial name of type species of Caprimulgus Linnaeus, 1758). familiaris Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 118 (as published in the combination Certhia familiaris) (trivial name of type species of Certhia Linnaeus, 1758). gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10)1 : 156 (as published in the combination Meleagris gallopavo) (trivial name of type species of Meleagris Linnaeus, 1758). hirundo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 137 (as published in the combination Sterna hirundo) (trivial name of type species of Sterna Linnaeus, 1758). ochropus (emend. of ocrophus) Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 149 (as published in the combination Tringa ocrophus) (trivial name of type species of 7Jringa Linnaeus, 1758). DIRECTION 17 101 onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 132 (as published in the combination Pelecanus onocrotalus) (trivial name of type species of Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758). rusticola Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 146 (as published in the combination Scolopax rusticola) (trivial name of type species of Scolopax Linnaeus, 1758). NOTE.—Attention is drawn to the fact that in the foregoing list the form in which it is suggested that the trivial name of the type species of Tringa Linnaeus, 1758, should be added to the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology is “‘ ochropus”’ and not “ ocrophus ’’, the spelling employed by Linnaeus in 1758. Linnaeus evidently had no fixed ideas as to how this word should be spelt, for (as pointed out by Witherby, 1940, Handbook Brit. Birds 4 : 310) Linnaeus used the spelling “‘ ocropus ’”’ in the Twelfth Edition of the Syst. Nat. In 1758 Linnaeus made it clear that, in applying this name to the Green Sandpiper, he was doing no more than copying it from Gesner (510, 511), reference to whose work shows that Linnaeus made an error in copying from Gesner (or the printer misread Linnaeus’ manuscript), for the spelling used by Gesner was “ochropus’’, the currently accepted emendation of the incorrect version “‘ ocrophus ”’ of the 10th edition of the Systema Naturae. Since the foregoing conclusion was reached, the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature of the International Ornithological Congress has submitted to the Inter- national Commission an application (Z.N.(S.)491) for the emendation under Article 19 of the trivial names of three species of birds, one of which is the name discussed above?. 2. Partial overlap between the present application and Applica- tion Z.N.(S.)491 submitted by the Standing Committee on Orni- thological Nomenclature of the International Ornithological Congress : It should be noted that in one respect the present application overlaps with a proposal numbered Z.N.(S.)491 submitted by the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomen- clature of the International Ornithological Congress (Meinertz- hagen, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 52) for the acceptance of the emendation to ochropus of the specific name ocrophus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Tringa ocrophus, for the species so named is the type species of the genus Tringa - Linnaeus, 1758, a genus the name of which was discussed in, but left unsettled in, Opinion 16 and is one of the names dealt with 1 For the action taken to co-ordinate these two applications during the later stages of their consideration by the International Commission see paragraph 2 of the present Direction. 102 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS in the Report by the Secretary in the present application. Atten- tion was drawn by Mr. Hemming to the overlap between these two applications in the note annexed to Appendix 2 to his Report, in order that the applications concerned might be co-ordinated at the time when the Commission came to vote upon them. Ulti- mately, the two proposals were submitted to the Commission simultaneously, and each was approved by a unanimous vote of the whole Commission. Owing to the existence of a number of cases on which decisions were taken by the Commission prior to its decision on the application by the Standing Committee referred to above for which it has not yet been possible to prepare Opinions, it may be some little time before an Opinion is prepared embodying the decision of the Commission to emend the three specific names, of which one was the specific name of the Green Sandpiper dealt with in Application Z.N.(S.)491. Accordingly, as this matter was dealt with by the Commission in the present case also, it has been decided formally to incorporate in the Ruling given in the present Direction the decision taken in favour of the acceptance of the foregoing emendation. A corresponding note will be inserted in the Commission’s Opinion on the Standing Committee’s Application Z.N.(S.)491 when that Opinion is prepared. II—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 3. Registration of the present application : At the time when the attention of the Commission was drawn by Mr. Hemming to the problems relating to generic names of birds discussed but left unsettled in Opinion 16, the question so raised was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.)274. 4. Consultation, prior to publication, with the Chairman of the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature : On 18th August 1952 Mr. Hemming communicated a copy of the present application for observations to Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen (London), Chairman of the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature of the International Ornithological Congress, and DIRECTION 17 103 on 20th August 1952 Colonel Meinertzhagen replied, indicating as follows his support for the action proposed :— Thank you for your letter of 18th August enclosing a copy of your Report to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature on the question of the species to be accepted as the type species of the genera of birds which were discussed in the Commission’s Opinion 16 but on which no decision was then taken. I am very much in favour of decisions being taken by the Commission in regard to these generic names, for the present position is very unsatisfactory, there being at present no method by which to ascertain with certainty whether the type species of these genera were determined by Linnean tautonymy under the ruling given in Opinion 16. I therefore welcome the proposal that the seventeen generic names set out in your Report, where it is clear that the type species of the genera concerned were settled in this way and where the species so indicated are those which are currently as being the type species of the genera in question, should now be placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. The position as regards the five other generic names will, as you say, need to be considered further in greater detail. I see that in the case of the genus Tringa Linnaeus, 1758, you propose that the trivial name of the type species should be placed on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology in the form of the long- established emendation “ ochropus ” in place of the incorrect spelling *“ocrophus ’”’ used by Linnaeus in 1758. This proposal is certainly right, for any other course would lead to pointless name-changing and would serve no useful purpose. Moreover, as is clear, Linnaeus himself would have used the emended spelling if it had not been for the fact that he made an error of copying when he took this word over from Gesner. As you know, this trivial name is one of the three such names, recognition of the emendations made for which has been asked for in the application Z.N.(S.)491, which the Standing Committee on Orni- thological Nomenclature has submitted to the International Com- mission. 5. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer on 18th August 1952. Colonel Meintertzhagen’s letter (paragraph 4 above) was similarly despatched immediately upon its receipt. Both documents were published on 15th October 1952 in Triple-Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 70—75; Méeinertzhagen, 1952, ibid. o>: 76). 104 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 6. Issue of Public Notices : The Part of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature in which the present application was published was entirely devoted to applications concerned with the names of birds, a considerable number of which, unlike the present case, involved the possible use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers. In view of the fact that this group of applications constituted the first move to promote stability in ornithological nomenclature taken by the Commission for many years, it was decided that exceptional measures should be taken to bring the applications concerned prominently to the attention of ornithologists in all parts of the world. Accordingly, Public Notice of the possible use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers in those cases where such action had been asked for was given not only (a) in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, (b) to the other prescribed serial publications, and (c) to the general zoological serial publica- tions to which in addition Public Notice of such applications is customarily given, but also (d) to fourteen specialist serials or Institutions concerned with ornithology. Further, the Public Notice so given included particulars of the cases of ornithological nomenclature published in the foregoing Part of the Bulletin which did not involve the use of the Commission’s Plenary Powers equally with those which did involve the use of those Powers. Under the procedure described above, Public Notice of the present application was given to the following fourteen specialist serial publications and institutions :— (1) Alauda, Paris (2) Ardea, The Netherlands (3) Auk, U.S.A. (4) Bombay Natural History Society, India (5) Condor, U.S.A. (6) Gerfaut, Brussels. (7) Ibis, England (8) Limosa, The Netherlands (9) Naturhistoriska Museum, Stockholm (Count Nils Gyldenstolpe) (10) L’Oiseau, Paris (11) Ornis Fennica, Finland (12) Ornithologie, Journal f. Germany (13) Ostrich, Natal (14) Vidensk, Medd. fra Dansk. naturh. Foren, Denmark DIRECTION 17 105 7. General support received for the present and other applications relating to ornithological nomenclature published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the ‘°° Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ”’ : General support for the action proposed for the promotion of stability in ornithological nomenclature in the applications published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoo- logical Nomenclature was received from thirty-six (36) ornitho- logical institutions, groups of ornithologists and individual specialists. One specialist expressed opposition on grounds of principle to all those of the applications concerned which, unlike the present application, involved the use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers. The communications so received will be published in due course in connection with the Opinion setting out the decision of the Commission in regard to the generic name Colymbus Linnaeus. For the purpose of the present Direction it has been judged sufficient to give the names of the institutions and individuals from whom the communications in question were received. These were the following :— (1) Erwin Stresemann (Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt- Universitat, Berlin) (2) G. Diesselhorst (Leiter der Ornith. Abteilung, Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Miinchen, Germany) (3) Ernst Schuz (Staatliches Museum fiir Naturkunde in Stuttgart, Germany) (4) K. H. Voous (Curator of Birds, Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) (5) Scottish Ornithological Club, forty-three members of (6) Count Nils Gyldenstolpe (Naturhistoriska Museum, Stockholm) (7) R. Kuhk (Vogelwarte Radolfzell der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften, Bodensee) (8) J. Steinbacher (Forschungs-Institut und Natur-Museum Sencken- berg, Frankfurt a. M.) (9) G. Niethammer (Zoologusches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig Reichinstitur, Bonn) (10) G. C. A. Junge (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden) (11) B. Rensch (Zoologisches Institut der Westfalischen Landes- Universitat Miinster (Westf.), Germany) 106 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (12) Danish Zoologists working on scientific ornithology (R. Sparck ; H. Volsge ; Finn Salomonsen; Knud Paludan; Holger Poulsen; M. Degerbel ; H. Johansen; F. W. Braestrup ; B. Loppenthin ; V. Holstein) (13) R. Drost (Vogelwarte Helgoland, Institut fiir Vogelforschung, Wilhelmshaven) (14) Helmuth O. Wagner (Direktor, Museum fiir Natur-, Vélker- und Handelskunde, Bremen) (15) Board of the Netherland Ornithological Society (16) Six British Zoologists (Miss Phyllis Barclay Smith; R. S. Fitter ; Eric Simms ; Edward Hindle; Sir Philip Manson Barr ; P. Hollom) : (17) Jean Delacour (Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, Cal., U.S.A.) (18) T. A. M. Jack (London) (19) E. H. Bromley (Gosport, Hants, England) (20) Ernst Mayr (then of the American Museum of Natural History, New York) (21) V. S. Edwards (Newbury, Berks, England) (22) W. M. Congreve (Salisbury, Wilts, England) (23) F. J. F. Barrington (London) (24) Ten Parasitologists interested in bird names from the point of view of the names of host species (G. H. E. Hopkins ; F.G. A. M. Smit ; Karl Jordan ; G. O. Evans ; E. Browning: S. Prudhoe ; Hon. Miriam Rothschild : N. Tebble ; Theresa Clay; M. A. R. Ansari (Institute of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Lahore) (25) S. Allison (Nottingham, England) (26) Austin L. Rand (Curator of Birds, Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Ill., U.S.A.) (27) S. Dillon Ripley (Assistant Curator and Assistant Professor, Yale University, Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A.) (28) Ruth G. Barnes (Chippenham, Wilts, England) — (29) Vera Maynard (Hassocks, Sussex, England) (30) Guy Mountfort (Secretary, British Ornithologists’ Union) (31) E. O. Hohn (Associate Professor of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada) DIRECTION 17 107 (32) A. W. Boyd (Northwich, Cheshire, England) (33) John C. S. Ellis (Huddersfield, England) (34) J. M. Winterbottom (South African Ornithological Society, Cape Town, Union of South Africa) (35) Theed Pearse (Comox, Vancouver Is., B.C., Canada) (36) Swedish Ornithological Association, Committee of. 8. Particular support received from Dr. A. C. V. van Bemmel (Alkmaar, The Netherlands) : In addition to the letters of general support enumerated in the immediately preceding paragraph, a letter, dated 23rd November 1952, giving express support for the present and certain other applications published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature was received from Dr. A. C. V. van Bemmel (Alkmaar, The Nether- lands), Honorary Assistant, Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam, and formerly Curator, Bird Department, Zool. Museum, Bogor, Indonesia. The following is an extract of the relevant portion of Dr. van Bemmel’s letter :— Concerning the notes published in Bull. Zool. Nomenclature Vol. 9, pt. 1/3, pp. 1—106, I should like to inform you as follows. I should like to ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature . . . to place on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the seventeen generic names enumerated on pp. 73—74, and to place on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology the names enumerated on pp. 74—75... 9. Withdrawal from the present application of the proposals relating to the generic name ‘‘ Merops ’’ Linnaeus, 1758, and the specific name ‘‘ apiaster ’’ Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination ‘*‘ Merops apiaster ’? : In the early part of the year 1954 the International Commission commenced the action required in order to comply with the General Directives given to it by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, relating to the placing on the appropriate Official Lists of names dealt with by it in Opinions rendered prior to the opening of that Congress. One of the Opinions concerned was Opinion 140 (1943, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 47—53), in which the Commission had given a Ruling regarding the form to be adopted for the family-group names based respectively upon 108 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the generic names Merops Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves) and Merope Newman, 1838 (Class Insecta). In this case the Com- mission decided that, in conformity with the General Directives referred to above, the generic name Merops Linnaeus, 1758, should be placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology and that the name apiaster Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Merops apiaster (the specific name of the type species of the foregoing genus) should be placed upon the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. The decision so taken, together with decisions taken under the foregoing Directives in regard to other Opinions published in the period 1939—1954, was later embodied in Direction 4 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 629—652). By the time that the stage had been reached for the issue of a Voting Paper in the present case, the Commission by its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(54)4 had already approved the proposals described above in relation to the generic name Merops Linnaeus and the specific name apiaster Linnaeus. Accordingly, when preparing the Voting Paper to be issued in the present case Mr. Hemming included in the notes thereto a paragraph (paragraph 5), in which he withdrew from the scope of the proposed vote the proposals previously submitted in regard to the foregoing names. IIl.—THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 10. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(54)73 : On 14th May 1954 a Voting Paper (V.P.(54)73) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “ the proposal relating to certain names of birds discussed, but left unsettled, in Opinion 16, as set out in Points (1) and (2) on page 72 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature [i.e. in the Points so numbered in paragraph 6 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction], subject to the deletion from that proposal of the recommendations relating to the two names specified in paragraph 5 of the Secretary’s note overleaf [i.c. the paragraph referred to in paragraph 9 of the DIRECTION 17 109 present Direction, in which the Secretary withdrew the proposals relating to the names Merops Linnaeus, 1758, and apiaster Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Merops apiaster], on which action in the sense desired has in the meanwhile been taken by the Commission when codifying Opinion 140” [i.e. in Direction 4}. 11. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 14th August 1954. 12. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)73 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)73 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following nineteen (19) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : | Boschma ; Holthuis; Lemche; Dymond; Hering ; Vokes; Esaki; Riley; Bonnet; Bradley (J. C.); Hemming ; do Amaral; Pearson; Hanko; Mertens ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Cabrera; Stoll ; Jaczewsk: ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None ; 13. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 16th August 1954, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. (54)73, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 12 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the 110 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 14. Postponement for further consideration of the proposal relating to the generic name ‘‘ Pelecanus ’’ Linnaeus, 1758, and the specific name of its type species : On 9th April 1955, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed the following Minute on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.)274 :— Withdrawal from Application Z.N.(S.)274 of the proposal relating to the generic name ‘‘ Pelecanus ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., CBE. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) In preparing the Ruling to be given in the Direction embodying the decision taken by the International Commission in its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)73 relating to the proposed addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the names of certain genera of birds discussed in Opinion 16, I find that one of the names included in that proposal as being the name of a genus, the type species of which was determined by Linnean tautonymy, does not clearly fall in this category. The generic name concerned is Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758. 2. As Secretary, I accordingly hereby direct that the name Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758, be excluded from the Ruling, now to be prepared, in order that thereby this case may be further examined before a decision is taken by the Commission. The above direction applies also to the specific name onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Pelecanus onocrotalus (the specific name of the type species of the foregoing genus). I further direct that the investigation of this case be conducted on the File Z.N.(S.)949, which has this day been opened for this purpose. 15. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 9th April 1955 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)73, subject to the exclusion from the said Ruling of the names specified in the Minute executed by DIRECTION 17 111 the Secretary earlier on the same day. The Minute here referred to is that reproduced in paragraph 14 of the present Direction. 16. Original References : The original references for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction are as set out respectively in Appendix 1 and Appendix 2 to the application submitted in the present case [i.e. in the Appendices so numbered attached to the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction]. 17. Family-Group Name Problems : The application dealt with in the present Direction was published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature prior to the establishment of the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953. It has been ascertained that an addition, or additions, to the foregoing Official List will need to be made in order to complete the action, which, under the General Directives given to the International Commission by the International Congress of Zoology, is required to be taken in the present case. This question is now being examined on a separate File to which the Registered Number Z.N.(G.)124 has been allotted. 18. At the time of the submission of the application dealt with in the present Direction, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a Species was the expression “ trivial name” and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial ’’? appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression ‘‘ specific name” was substituted for the expression “trivial name” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Direction. 19. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in rt? OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accord- ingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 20. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Seventeen (17) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Ninth day of April, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING ee SS a es Printed in England by MetcatFe & Cooper LimitED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 Kid OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.c., c.B.E. |S i) e e i Ci} Secretary to the Commission | \“n = VOLUME 1. SECTION C. Part C.9. Pp. 113—132 NED A an DIRECTION 18 Designation under the Plenary Powers of a lectotype for the nominal species Columba macroura Linnaeus, 1758, to secure that that name shall apply to the Mourning Dove and that the name Columba migratoria Linnaeus, 1766, shall be the oldest available name for the Passenger Pigeon (Direction supplementary to Opinion 67) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Nine Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 5th August, 1955 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 18 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President :. Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President: Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) : Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948). Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary). De ieicae) Pearson (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th uly f Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948). Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). ae eat Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th une : Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950). Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950). Sea Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice- President eee if R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 953 Professor if Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President). - Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (2th August 1953). Professor Béla Hankéd (Mezdgazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953). Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) 12th August 1953). Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953). Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Nether- lands) (12th August 1953). DIRECTION 18 DESIGNATION UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS OF A LECTOTYPE FOR THE NOMINAL SPECIES ** COLUMBA MACROURA ” LINNAEUS, 1758, TO SECURE THAT THAT NAME SHALL APPLY TO THE MOURNING DOVE AND THAT THE NAME ‘“* COLUMBA MIGRATORIA ” LINNAEUS, 1766, SHALL BE THE OLDEST AVAILABLE NAME FOR THE PASSENGER PIGEON (‘°° DIRECTION ”’ SUPPLEMENTARY TO ‘* OPINION ” 67) RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers the specimen described by Edwards (G.) on page 15 of the pre-1758 work entitled A Natural History of Birds under the name Columba macroura, and figured on page 15 of the above work, is hereby designated to be the lectotype of the nominal species Columba macroura Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), the type locality of this species thus to become the locality cited by Edwards, namely the “ West Indies ”’. (2) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. 543 to 545 respectively :— (a) macroura Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Columba macroura and as defined by the lectotype designated under the Plenary Powers under (1) above ; (b) migratoria Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Columba migratoria (specific name of type species of Ectopistes Swainson, 1827, a genus the name of which has been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67) ; (c) carolinensis Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Columba carolinensis. AUG 29 1955 116 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 249 :— marginata Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combina- tion Columba marginata (invalid because the species so named has as its holotype the specimen figured on Edwards’ plate 15, which, by designation under the Plenary Powers under (1) above, is also the lectotype of the older nominal species Columba macroura Linnaeus, 1758). I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE When in 1945 Mr. Francis Hemming, as Secretary, made a preliminary survey of the entries so far made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, he found that, as already noted by Bangs (1906), the name Columba migratoria Linnaeus, 1766, the name of the type species of the genus Ectopistes Swainson, 1827, the name of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, was a junior objective synonym of Columba macroura Linnaeus, 1758. After consultation with the late Dr. James L. Peters, Mr. Hemming decided to submit an application to the Commission for the use of its Plenary Powers to prevent the confusion which would follow if the normal provisions of the Régles were to be applied in the present case and if in consequence the specific name macroura Linnaeus, 1758, were to be transferred from the Mourning Dove to the Passenger Pigeon and the name migratoria Linnaeus, 1766, currently used for the latter species were to be sunk in synonymy. Accordingly, on 24th August 1952 DIRECTION 18 117 Mr. Hemming submitted the following application to the Commission :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to secure that the name °** Columba migratoria ’’ Linnaeus, 1766, shall be oldest available name for the Passenger Pigeon, the type species of the genus ‘* Ectopistes”’ Swainson, 1827 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The subject matter of the present application came to notice in the course of the routine checking of the entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in connection with the projected publication of the Official List in book form. It is concerned with the question of the name to be used for the Passenger Pigeon. This species, which is currently known by the name Columba migratoria Linnaeus, 1766 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(1) : 285) is the type species of the genus Ectopistes Swainson, 1827 (Zool. J. 3(11) : 362), by subsequent selection by Swainson in 1837 (in Lardner’s Cabinet Cyclop. 6 : 348—sometimes known by its sub-title Nat. Hist. Classif. Birds 2 : 348). The generic name Ectopistes Swainson, 1837, was placed on the Official List as Name No. 51 in the Commission’s Opinion 67 (published in 1916, Smithson Publ. 2409 : 180). 2. When I checked this entry on the Official List against Peters’ Check-List of the Birds of the World, I found the following footnote on page 83 of volume 3 published in 1937 :-— There can be no real doubt that Bangs (Proc. Biol. Wash, 19, 1906, 43—44) was entirely correct in disposing of the Linnean names, Columba macroura, Columba migratoria and Columba marginata, as he did. On the other hand, his proposed changes have never been accepted, and since there is also room for argu- ment contrary to Bangs’ reasoning, I feel that to depart from current usage would only cause needless confusion. 3. It was immediately apparent that, as the name Ectopistes Swainson, of which Columba migratoria is the type species, had been placed on the Official List, this matter would need to be resubmitted to the Commission, for it would clearly be improper for the Commission to connive at the ignoring of the problem which had been raised by Bangs (1906, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. 19 : 43—44). As a first step, I 118 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS consulted Bang’s short paper to ascertain exactly what it was that he had said. His presentation of the issue is very succinct. It reads as follows :— THE NAMES OF THE PASSENGER PIGEON AND MOURNING DOVE To those naturalists who... use the twelfth edition of Linnaeus (1766) as the starting point of binominal nomenclature, the names of the Passenger Pigeon and the Mourning Dove are clear and offer .no complications. Not so, however, to the Americans and others who start with the tenth edition (1758), for here Linnaeus unquestionably included both birds in the references under his Columba macroura. The A.O.U. committee on nomenclature and American orni- thologists generally have of late years used this name for the Mourning Dove, and have called the Passenger Pigeon by the name that first appeared in the twelfth edition—Columba migratoria Linn. In my opinion, however, this is hardly correct. Linnaeus’ Columba macroura was based on Edwards p. 15, t. 15, and Catesby p. 23, t. 23. Edwards’ bird, carefully described and well figured, was, of course, a Mourning Dove, but it came from the West Indies, and Edwards tells us, ““ The Figure of this bird shows it of its natural Bigness’’. Measuring the various parts and comparing the results with specimens, I find it altogether too small for the continental form of the Mourning Dove, and to agree very well with the small form of Cuba (and other islands of the Greater Antilles ?), which has been lately named Zenaidura macroura bella by Palmer and Riley. The reference to Catesby applies wholly to the Passenger Pigeon and the plate shows a fine adult male. Now as all Linnaeus’ references were given chronologically it matters not which came first, and the important question is from which of these two distinct species, confused under one name, did Linnaeus take his brief diagnosis and his “‘ Habitat ”’. In this instance it is plain. Linnaeus’ diagnosis reads “ pectore purpurascente ’’, and he also says “‘ Habitat, in Canada : hybernat in Carolina ’’, both directly from Catesby and neither having any- thing whatever to do with Edwards. In the twelfth edition Linnaeus dropped Columba macroura, called the Passenger Pigeon Columba migratoria, the Carolina Mourning Dove Columba carolinensis, and named the bird of Edwards’ plate No. 15 Columba marginata. DIRECTION 18 119 It is therefore my opinion that we who stand by the tenth edition must arrange the names of these Columbae as follows :— Ectopistes macrourus (Linn.) Passenger Pigeon Columba macroura Linn., S.N. ed. 10, p. 164, 1758. Zenaidura carolinensis carolinensis (Linn.) Carolina Mourning Dove Columba carolinensis Linn., S.N. ed. 12, p. 286, 1766. Zenaidura carolinensis marginata (Linn.)* West Indian Mourning Dove Columba marginata Linn., S.N. ed. 12, p. 286, 1766. 4. My next step was to write as follows (on 14th October 1945) to my colleague, Dr. James L. Peters :— Ectopistes Swainson, 1827: The type species of this genus is Columba migratoria Linnaeus, 1766, that species having been so selected by Swainson in 1837. Inspired by your footnote on page 83 of volume 3 of your Check-List, I have read Bangs’ note in volume 19 of the Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. Naturally, I cannot express any opinion on the validity of his contentions but, as you state that: “‘ There can be no real doubt” that he ** was entirely correct in disposing of the Linnean names Columba macroura, Columba migratoria and Columba marginata, as he did ’’, I feel that the Commission can no longer leave things as they are, since to do so would be to cite in the Official List an incorrectly named species as the type species of the genus Ectopistes Swainson, 1827. It seems to me that the only way of avoiding the “‘ needless confusion ”’ referred to in your footnote, while at the same time avoiding an ostrich-like attitude of pre- tending not to see what is the matter, would be for the Commission * As to this latter name’s supplanting Zenaidura carolinensis bella (Palmer & Riley) I cannot help feeling regret that a good modern name founded on a bird from a definite region should give way to an old one without definite type locality. But I can see no help for it. Edwards distinctly says his bird was from the West Indies, and figures a very small example, and as the small size of the Cuban Mourning Dove is about its only distinctive character, I am afraid the Columba marginata Linn. must be the name by which it shall be known. 120 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS to use its Plenary Powers (i) to declare that Columba migratoria Linnaeus, 1766, is the name to be used for the Passenger Pigeon, and (ii) to declare that the name Columba macroura Linnaeus, 1758, is the name to be used for the race of the Carolina Mourning Dove from the Greater Antilles. Such action would be in strict accord with Article 3 of the Plenary Powers Resolution (Declaration 5), which states that the prevention of the transference from one unit to another of generic and specific names is one of the par- ticular objects of the Congress in granting the Commission these exceptional powers. I shall be grateful for your views on this question, since some action will certainly have to be taken in view of the fact that Ectopistes Swainson is on the Official List. 5. In his reply (dated 6th December 1945) Dr. Peters wrote as follows :— Ectopistes Swainson, 1827: As long as Bangs’ suggestion has not been generally accepted, there is no confusion at present concerning the names of the Passenger Pigeon and the Mourning Dove. The suggestion was made 39 years ago and in the passage of time Bangs’ proposal has more or less receded into the back- ground and the commonly accepted identity of the two Linnean species involved has become more firmly fixed. There is, however, always the danger that the case will be resurrected and I feel, as you do, that the Commission would do well definitely to use its Plenary Powers and settle the matter for all time. 6. Ever since the correspondence quoted above, J have intended to take the first convenient opportunity for laying the present case before the Commission. Such an opportunity has now arisen through the presentation to the Commission by the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature of a large number of applications relating to the names of birds. Before doing so, I have laid the draft of the present paper before Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen, the Chairman of the Standing Committee. Colonel Meinertzhagen has informed me (in litt., 29th August 1952) that he considers that it is important that the Commission should now settle without further delay this long- outstanding question and that he is in agreement with the solution recommended in the present application. 7. Before I set out the action recommended, it will, I think, be repaying briefly to examine what Linnaeus wrote about his nominal DIRECTION 18 121 species Columba macroura when in 1758 ( : 164) he first published that name. It is extremely brief and reads as follows :— Columba macroura 16. C. cauda cuneiformi longa, pectore purpurascente Columba macroura. Edw. av. 15 t. 15. Palumbus migratorius. Catesb. car. 1 p. 23 t. 23. Habitat in Canada ; hybernat in Carolina. 8. As in many Linnean descriptions there is nothing in the descrip- tion given by Linnaeus for Columba macroura to show, or even to suggest, that he had ever had before him a specimen of the species to which he applied this name or was doing more than giving a name to the birds figured by Edwards and Catesby respectively, which he erroneously supposed were conspecific with one another. Thus, it is quite possible that there never was a type specimen of this nominal species. Whether there was or not, no such specimen is now extant and the only means of identifying the taxonomic species represented by this nominal species is through the two figures which Linnaeus cited. Of these figures, it is agreed by ornithologists that the figure given by Edwards represents the Mourning Dove and that by Catesby the Passenger Pigeon. Thus, the nominal species Columba macroura Linnaeus may be looked upon as having been initially a composite species. According to this view, the trivial name macroura Linnaeus would adhere to whichever of the two included species was first definitely so selected under the provisions of Article 31. Until 1948 this Article was so lacking in precision that it was often a matter of opinion whether action by a particular author on a particular date could properly be regarded as a selection made under this Article. In the present instance Bangs quite definitely made such a selection by specifying Catesby’s plate 23 as the figure by which the nominal species Columba macroura should be identified, thus making Catesby’s plate the representative of a lectotype for this species (see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 74—76). This is not to say, however, that no orni- thologist at an earlier date had not made a valid selection of Edwards’ plate 15 to represent the lectotype, though the fact that no evidence of any such prior selection has, so far as I am aware, been brought forward for the purpose of rebutting Bangs’ contention suggests at least that it is unlikely that any such selection is known to have been made. The present case is complicated, however, by the existence of another consideration which does not seem to have been advanced in express terms. This consideration arises from the fact that both the authors (Edwards and Catesby) cited by Linnaeus, though pre-1758 authors, nevertheless by accident applied binominal names to the birds which they figured and that the name used by Edwards was Columba macroura and was thus an absolute tautonym of the name selected 122 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS by Linnaeus for his nominal species. It might, therefore, be argued that on this account Linnaeus should be treated as having himself “indicated ’’ by absolute tautonymy that he regarded Edwards’ bird as being (or his figure as representing) the type specimen of this nominal species, to the exclusion of Catesby’s bird, notwithstanding the fact that he took part of his description and the whole of his “‘ Habitat ’”’ from Catesby and not from Edwards. 9. It therefore seems legitimate to conclude that in this case (as in the case of the names of many other composite nominal species established long before the introduction of the Rég/es) it is a matter of real difficulty to determine under Article 31 to which of the included taxonomic species the trivial name macroura Linnaeus is properly applicable under the Régles. Nothing therefore but a ruling by the Commission could provide a definite settlement of the present case. In a case such as the present where on balance it seems likely that the result desired is the reverse of that which would result from a strict application of the ordinary provisions of the Régles, the only certain method of securing that solution is by the use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers. This is the procedure recommended by the late Dr. Peters and is also recommended by Colonel Meinertzhagen. This therefore is the recommendation which I now put forward for consideration. 10. The specific proposals now submitted are that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should :— (1) use its Plenary Powers to designate the description given on page 15, and the figure given on plate 15 by Edwards (G.), Nat. Hist. Birds, for the species which that author called Columba macroura, to represent the lectotype of the nominal species Columba macroura Linnaeus, 1758, the type locality thus to become that cited by Edwards, namely the *‘ West Indies ”’ ; (2) place the under-mentioned trivial names on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology :— (a) macroura Linnaeus, 1758 (as published in the combination Columba macroura), as proposed, under (1) above, to be defined under the Plenary Powers ; (b) migratoria Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Columba migratoria (trivial name of type species of Ectopistes Swainson, 1827) ; (c) carolinensis Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Columba carolinensis) ; DIRECTION 18 123 (3) place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Trivial Names in Zoology the trivial name marginata Linnaeus, 1766 (as published in the combination Columba marginata) (a name which, being based upon Edwards’ plate 15, is an objective junior synonym of the trivial name macroura Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Columba macroura, as proposed, under (1) above, to be defined under the Plenary Powers). Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s application, the question of the possible use of the Plenary Powers for the purpose of validating the name migratoria Linnaeus, 1766, as the oldest available specific name for the Passenger Pigeon was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 574. 3. Support for the present application received prior to its publication: As noted in the present application the action there recommended was supported by: (1) Dr. James L. Peters (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) ; (2) Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen (London), Chairman of the Standing Committee on Ornitholo- gical Nomenclature of the International Ornithological Congress. 4. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer on 24th August 1952 and was published on 15th October 1952 in Triple-Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 80—84). 5. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, 124 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 15th October 1952 (a) in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which Mr. Hemming’s application was published), (b) to the other prescribed serial publications, and (c) to the general zoological serial publications to which in addition Public Notice of such applica- tions is customarily given. In addition, it was decided that, having regard to the fact that the group of applications published in the foregoing Part of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature constituted the first move to promote stability in ornithological nomenclature taken by the Commission for many years, special measures should be taken to bring the applications concerned prominently to the attention of ornithologists in all parts of the world. Accordingly, Public Notice in relation to the applications in question, both those which involved the possible use of the Plenary Powers and those which did not, was given to fourteen specialist serial publications or Institutions concerned in orni- thology. The serial publications and Institutions to which Public Notice was so given under the procedure described above were the following :— (1) Alauda, Paris (2) Ardea, The Netherlands (3) Auk, U.S.A. (4) Bombay Natural History Society, India (5) Condor, U.S.A. (6) Gerfaut, Brussels (7) Ibis, England (8) Limosa, The Netherlands (9) Naturhistoriska Museum, Stockholm (Count Nils Gyldenstolpe) (10) L’Oiseau, Paris (11) Ornis Fennica, Finland (12) Ornithologie, Journal f., Germany (13) Ostrich, Natal (14) Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk. naturh. Foren, Denmark DIRECTION 18 125 6. General support received for the present and other applications relating to ornithological nomenclature published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the ‘‘ Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ”’ : General support for the action proposed for the promotion of stability in ornithological nomenclature in the applications published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature was received from thirty-six (36) orni- thological institutions, groups of ornithologists and individual specialists. The communications so received will be published in due course in connection with the Opinion setting out the decision of the Commission in regard to the generic name Colymbus Linnaeus. For the purposes of the present Direction it has been judged sufficient to give the names of the institutions and individuals from whom the communications in question were received. These were the following :— (1) Erwin Stresemann (Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt-Univer- sitat, Berlin) (2) G. Diesselhorst (Leiter der Ornith. Abteilung, Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Miinchen, Germany) (3) Ernest Schutz (Staatliches Museum fir Naturkunde in Stuttgart, Germany) (4) K. H. Voous (Curator of Birds, Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) (5) Scottish Ornithological Club, forty-three members of (6) Count Nils Gyldenstolpe (Naturhistoriska Museum, Stockholm) (7) R. Kuhk (Vogelwarte Radolfzell der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften, Bodensee) (8) J. Steinbacher (Forschungs-Institut und Natur-Museum Sencken- berg, Frankfurt a. M.) (9) G. Niethammer (Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig Reichinstitut, Bonn) (10) G. C. A. Junge (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden) (11) B. Rensch (Zoologisches Institut der Westfdlischen Landes- Universitat Miinster (Westf.), Germany) (12) Danish Zoologists working on scientific ornithology (R. Sparck ; H. Volsge ; Finn Salomonsen; Knud Paludan ; Holger Poulsen ; M. Degerbol ; H. Johansen ; F. W. Brae- strup ; B. Leppenthin ; V. Holstein) 126 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (13) R. Drost (Vogelwarte Helgoland, Institut fiir Vogelforschung, Wilhelmshaven). . (14) Helmuth O. Wagner (Direktor, Museum fiir Natur-, Vélker- und Handelskunde, Bremen) (15) Board of the Netherland Ornithological Society (16) Six British Zoologists (Miss Phyllis Barclay Smith; R. S. Fitter ; Eric Simms; Edward Hindle ; Sir Philip Manson Barr ; P. Hollom) (17) Jean Delacour (Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, Cal., U.S.A.) (18) T. A. M. Jack (London) (19) E. H. Bromley (Gosport, Hants, England) (20) Ernst Mayr (then of the American Museum of Natural History, New York) (21) V. S. Edwards (Newbury, Berks, England) (22) W. M. Congreve (Salisbury, Wilts, England) (23) F. J. F. Barrington (London) (24) Ten Parasitologists interested in bird names from the point of view of the names of host species (G. H. E. Hopkins ; F.G. A.M. Smit ; Karl Jordan ; G. O. Evans ; E. Browning ; S. Prudhoe ; Hon Miriam Rothschild ; N. Tebble ; Theresa Clay; M. A. R. Ansari (Unstitute of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Lahore) (25) S. Allison (Nottingham, England) (26) Austin L. Rand (Curator of Birds, Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Ill., U.S.A.) (27) S. Dillon Ripley (Assistant Curator and Assistant Professor, Yale University, Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A.) — (28) Ruth G. Barnes (Chippenham, Wilts, England) (29) Vera Maynard (Hassocks, Sussex, England) (30) Guy Mountford (Secretary, British Ornithologists’ Union) (31) E. O. Hohn (Associate Professor of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada) (32) A. W. Boyd (Northwich, Cheshire, England) (33) John C. S. Ellis (Huddersfield, England) DIRECTION 18 7) (34) J. M. Winterbottom (South African Ornithological Society, Cape Town, Union of South Africa) (35) Theed Pearse (Comox, Vancouver Is., B.C., Canada) (36) Swedish Ornithological Association, Committee of 7. General objection received from one specialist : One specialist intimated a general objection to the use of the Plenary Powers in any of the cases relating to ornithological nomenclature dealt with in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. The communication so received will be published connection with the Opinion relating to the name Colymbus Linnaeus, together with the communications of general support for the action proposed in the applications in question enumerated in paragraph 6 of the present Direction. The specialist from whom the foregoing objection was received was Dr. R. Verheyen Unstitut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles). 8. Particular support received for the present application : Particular support for the present application was received from two sources :—(1) a joint communication from Dr. Josselyn Van Tyne (Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.) and six other United States ornithologists ; (2) Dr. W. B. Yapp (University of Birmingham, Zoology Department, Birmingham, England). The communica- tions so received are reproduced in the immediately following paragraphs. 9. Support received from Dr. Josselyn Van Tyne and six other United States ornithologists: On 18th March 1953 Dr. Josselyn Van Tyne (Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.) and the six under-mentioned specialists addressed a letter to the Commission in support of the present application :—(a) Robert W. Storer (Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.) ; (b) Andrew J. Berger (Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.) ; (c) Olin Sewall Pettingill, Jr. (Northfield, Minnesota, U.S.A.) ; (d) Alden H. Miller (Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) ; (e) Frank A. Pitelka (Berkeley, California, U.S.A.); (f) John Davis (Los 128 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Angeles, California, U.S.A.). The letter so received was as follows :— We, the under-signed, wish to express our strong approval of No. 10 (concerning Columba migratoria Linnaeus) published on page 3 of vol. 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. We hope that your Commission will take favorable action on it. 10. Support received from Dr. W. B. Yapp (University of Bir- mingham, Zoology Department, Birmingham, England) : On 10th December 1953 Dr. W. B. Yapp (University of Birmingham, Zoology Department, Birmingham) addressed the following letter in support of the present, and three other applications published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature :— I should like to support very strongly the following cases referred to in Nature 172 ; 966 :—. . . (10) migratoria? ;... 11. Proposed modification of the wording recommended for the Ruling to be given in the present case : When in May 1954 Mr. Hemming prepared the Voting Paper to be issued in the present case, he inserted the following as Note 5 among the notes to be submitted with that Voting Paper :— 5. A slight redrafting suggested: Commissioner Lemche (Copen- hagen) has suggested that Point (1) (page 83) should be redrafted to provide for the designation of the specimen described and figured by Edwards (page 15, plate 15) to be the lectotype of Columba macroura Linnaeus, 1758, in place of the designation of that description and figure “‘ to represent the lectotype ’’ of that species. As the author of © - The number here cited for this application is that assigned to it in the Public Notice printed on page 3 of the Part of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature in which this application was published. 2 As explained in footnote 1 above, the present case was allotted the number “* (10) ’’ in the Public Notice issued in respect of the applications published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. DIRECTION 18 129 this application, I support this amendment which I consider to be an improvement and which is in harmony with the decisions regarding Article 31 taken by the Copenhagen Congress in 1953, subsequent to the submission of this application. III.—THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 12. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(54)74 : On 14th May 1954, a Voting Paper (V.P.(54)74) was issued in which the Members ~ of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “the proposal relating to the name migratoria Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Columba migratoria, as set out in Points (1) to (3) in paragraph 10 at the foot of page 83 and the top of page 84 of vol. 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature li.e. in paragraph 10 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction], subject to the amendment of Point (1) as proposed in the Secretary’s Note 5 overleaf” [i1.e. in the Note reproduced in paragraph 11 of the present Direction]. 13. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 14th August 1954. 130 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 14. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)74 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)74 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following nineteen (19) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Boschma ; Holthuis; Lemche; Dymond; Hering ; Vokes; Esaki; Riley; Bonnet; Bradley (J. C.); Hemming ; do Amaral; Pearson; Hanko; Mertens ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Jaczewski; Cabrera; Stoll; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 15. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 16th August 1954, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(54)74, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 14 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the fore- going Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 16. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘* Direction ”’ : On 10th April 1955 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)74. DIRECTION 18 131 17. Original References: The following are the original references for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— carolinensis, Columba, Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(1) : 286 macroura, Columba, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 164 marginata, Columba, Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(1) : 286 migratoria, Columba, Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(1) : 285 18. Family-Group-Name Problems : As the present Direction is concerned exclusively with specific names, no family-group- name problems arise for consideration. 19. At the time of the submission of the application dealt with in the present Direction the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name ”’ and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial ’” appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copen- hagen, 1953, the expression “ specific name” was substituted for the expression “trivial name” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Direction. 20. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 132 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 21. The present Direction shall be known as_ Direction Eighteen (18) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Tenth day of April, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING ——— Printed in England by Mrercatre & Cooper Limirep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- | NATIONAL COMMISSION ON | ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION C. Part C.10. Pp. 133—144 DIRECTION 19 Correction of an erroneous entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the date and place of publication of the name Balaeniceps Gould, 1850 (Class Aves) (correction of an error in Opinion 67) Ly <7 eh TH 4S 7, la (3 2 W\ ff ALI 9 Pe \’ 4 AW ee wu } Re . Pgs = AS | 5 F ee LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Six Shillings | (All rights reserved) Issued 5th August, 1955 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 19 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President : Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) President : Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. ee Pearson (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 19 Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. osu Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History) London) (9th June 1950 Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice- President) oe J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 953 Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla Hanké (Mezégazdasadgi Muzeum Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) DIRECTION 19 CORRECTION OF AN ERRONEOUS ENTRY ON THE ‘¢QFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOO- LOGY ” RELATING TO THE DATE AND PLACE OF PUBLICATION OF THE NAME “ BALAE- NICEPS ?? GOULD, 1850 (CLASS AVES) (CORRECTION OF AN ERROR IN ‘¢ OPINION ” 67) RULING.—(1) The generic name Balaeniceps Gould and the binomen Balaeniceps rex Gould were first published in 1850 on page 1315 of the volume of the serial publication Athenaeum for that year and not in 1852 in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, as incorrectly stated in Opinion 67. (2) The following entry on the foregoing Official List of Generic Names in Zoology is accordingly substituted for that given in the above Opinion :—Balaeniceps Gould, 1850, Athenaeum 1850 : 1315 (type species, by monotypy : Balaeniceps rex Gould, 1850, ibid. 1850 : 1315). (3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 546.—rex Gould, 1850, as published in the combination Balaeniceps rex (specific name of type species of Balaeniceps Gould, 1850). I. THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE When in 1944 Mr. Francis Hemming, as Secretary, made a preliminary survey of the entries so far made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, he found that the name Balaeni- ceps Gould (Class Aves) which, by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, had been entered upon that List as having been published in 1852 in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, had in fact been first published two years earlier, that is, in 1850 in the volume for that year of the serial publication Athenaeum. After AUG 29 1955 136 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS consultation with the late Dr. James L. Peters, Mr. Hemming decided to submit an application to the Commission for the purpose of securing its approval for the required correction in the Official List. Accordingly, on 5th August 1951, Mr. Hemming submitted the following application for the consideration of the Commission :— Proposed correction in the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ of incorrect dates and bibliographical references given for the generic name ‘‘ Balaeniceps ’’ Gould, 1850, and for the name of its type species (Class Aves) (correction of an error in ‘** Opinion ’’ 67) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) 1. The purpose of the present application is to draw attention to, and to propose the correction of, an erroneous entry in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in regard to the dates of publication of, and bibliographical references for, the generic name Balaeniceps Gould, 1850, and its type species (Class Aves), made in Opinion 67 (1916, Smithson. Publ. 2409 : 179). The error in question was detected in the course of routine checking in connection with the preparation of the Official List for publication in book form. 2. The generic name Balaeniceps and the name of its type species (by monotypy), Balaeniceps rex, are commonly treated as having been first published in the volume of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for the year 1852. It was on this basis that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature was asked to place—and did place—the generic name Balaeniceps Gould on the Official List. The entry in Opinion 67 under which this name was placed on the Official List reads as follows : “‘Balaeniceps Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1852, 1. Mt., B. rex Gould.”’ 3. Before passing to the principal error involved, it must be noted (1)—that the volume of the Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. referred to above is numbered “19” and should be so cited, (2) that the page on which the name Balaeniceps first appeared was numbered “ 1” (as an Arabic numeral) not “‘i”’ (small Roman numeral), (3) that volume 19 was published in Parts over a period extending from October, 1852, to June, 1854, and therefore that the date of publication should be cited in square brackets. The correct citation of the foregoing publication of the name with which we are here concerned 1 therefore : ELC OGE Os: Gould, [1852], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 19 (1) : 4. But the above is not the first occasion on which the names Balaeniceps Gould and Balaeniceps rex Gould were published, for as DIRECTION 19 137 pointed out by Neave (1939, Nomencl. zool. 1 : 386) the generic name Balaeniceps Gould was first published in 1850 on page 1315 of the volume for that year of the serial publication Athenaeum. Reference to the page in the Athenaeum quoted shows that on it there is a brief description of Gould’s genus Balaeniceps and his species Balaeniceps rex. Accordingly both these names must in future be treated as having been | first published in 1850 and not in 1852 and in the volume of the Athenaeum for 1850 and not in volume 19 of the Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. The genus Balaeniceps Gould, 1850, was monotypical with the above Species as type species, just as was also the genus Balaeniceps Gould, [1852] 5. It is proposed to incorporate the foregoing correction in the Official List. Il. THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s application, the question of correcting the erroneous entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Balaeniceps Gould, 1850, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 590. 3. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer on 30th January 1952 and was published on 15th October of that year in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 85—86). 4. Issue of Public Notices : The Part of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature in which the present application was published was entirely devoted to applications concerned with the names of birds, a considerable number of which, unlike the present case, involved the possible use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers. In view of the fact that this group of applications constituted the first move to promote stability in ornithological nomenclature taken by the Commission for many years, it was decided that exceptional measures should be taken to bring the applications concerned prominently to the attention of ornithologists in all parts of the world. Accordingly, Public Notice of the possible use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers in those cases where such action had been asked for was given not only (a) in the 138 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, (b) to the other prescribed serial publications, and (c) to the general zoological serial publica- tions to which in addition Public Notice of such applications is customarily given, but also (d) to fourteen specialist serials or institutions concerned with ornithology. Further, the Public Notice so given included also particulars of the cases of ornitho- logical nomenclature published in the foregoing Part of the Bulletin which did not involve the use of the Commission’s Plenary Powers. Under the procedure described above, Public Notice of the present application was so given to the following fourteen serial publications and institutions :— (1) Alauda, Paris (2) Ardea, The Netherlands (3) Auk, U.S.A. (4) Bombay Natural History Society, India (5) Condor, U.S.A. (6) Gerfaut, Brussels (7) Ibis, England (8) Limosa, The Netherlands (9) Naturhistoriska Museum, Stockholm (Count Nils Gyldenstolpe) (10) L’Oiseau, Paris (11) Ornis Fennica, Finland (12) Ornithologie, Journal f., Germany (13) Ostrich, Natal (14) Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk. naturh. Foren, Denmark 5. General support received for the present and other applica- tions relating to ornithological nomenclature published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the ‘° Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ”’: General support for the action proposed for the promotion of stability in ornithological nomenclature in the applications published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoo- logical Nomenclature was received from thirty-six (36) ornitho- logical institutions, groups of ornithologists and individual — specialists. One specialist expressed opposition on grounds of principle to all those of the applications concerned which, unlike the present application, involved the use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers. The communications so received will be published in due course in connection with the Opinion setting DIRECTION 19 139 out the decision of the Commission in regard to the generic name Colymbus Linnaeus. For the purpose of the present Direction it has been judged sufficient to give the names of the institutions and individuals from whom the communications in question were received. These were the following :— (1) Erwin Stresemann (Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt-Universitdt, Berlin) (2) G. Diesselhorst (Leiter der Ornith. Abteilung, Zoologische Samm- lung des Bayerischen Staates, Miinchen, Germany) (3) Ernst Schtiz (Staatliches Museum fiir Naturkunde in Stuttgart, Germany) (4) K. H. Voous (Curator of Birds, Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) (5) Scottish Ornithological Club, forty-three members of (6) Count Nils Gyldenstolpe (Naturhistoriska Museum, Stockholm) (7) R. Kuhk (Vogelwarte Radolfzell der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Férderung der Wissenschaften, Bodensee) (8) J. Steinbacher (Forschungs-Institut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M.) (9) G. Niethammer (Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig Reichinstitut, Bonn) (10) G. C. A. Junge (Rijksmuseum van der Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden) (11) B. Rensch (Zoologisches Institut der Westfdlischen Landes-Uni- versitat Minster (Westf.), Germany) (12) Danish Zoologists working on scientific ornithology (R. Sparck ; H. Volsge; Finn Salomonsen; Knud Paludan; Holger Poulsen; M. Degerbel; H. Johansen; F. W. Braestrup ; B. Loppenthin ; V. Holstein) 3 (13) R. Drost (Vogelwarte Helgoland, Institut fiir Vogelforschung, Wilhelmshaven) (14) Helmuth O. Wagner (Direktor, Museum fiir Natur-, Vélker- und Handelskunde, Bremen) (15) Board of the Netherland Ornithological Society (16) Six British Zoologists (Miss Phyllis Barclay Smith ; R. S. Fitter ; Eric Simms ; Edward Hindle; Sir Philip Manson Barr; P. Hollom) (17) ae aes (Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, Cal., (18) T. A. M. Jack (London) (19) E. H. Bromley (Gosport, Hants, England) (20) Ernst Mayr (then of the American Museum of Natural History, New York) 140 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (21) V. S. Edwards (Newbury, Berks, England) (22) W. M. Congreve (Salisbury, Wilts, England) (23) F. J. F. Barrington (London) (24) Ten parasitologists interested in bird names from the point of view of the names of host species (G. H. E. Hopkins ; F. G. A. M. Smit ; Karl Jordan; G. O. Evans; E. Browning; S. Prudhoe ; Hon. Miriam Rothschild ; N. Tebble ; Theresa Clay ; M. A. R. Ansari CUnstitute of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Lahore) (25) S. Allison (Nottingham, England) (26) Austin L. Rand (Curator of Birds, Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Ill., U.S.A.) (27) S. Dillon Ripley (Assistant Curator and Assistant Professor, Yale University, Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A.) : (28) Ruth G. Barnes (Chippenham, Wilts, England) (29) Vera Maynard (Hassocks, Sussex, England) (30) Guy Mountfort (Secretary, British Ornithologists’ Union) (31) E. O. Hoéhn (Associate Professor of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada) (32) A. W. Boyd (Northwich, Cheshire, England) (33) John C. S. Ellis (Huddersfield, England) : (34) J. M. Winterbottom (South African Ornithological Society, Cape Town, Union of South Africa) | (35) Theed Pearse (Comox, Vancouver Is., B.C., Canada) (36) Swedish Ornithological Association, Committee of 6. Particular comments received in regard to the present application : In addition to the letters of general support enumer- ated in the preceding paragraph, two communications dealing expressly with the present case were received after its publication in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. These letters were from :—(1) Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen (London), Chairman of the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature of the International Ornithological Congress, who supported the present application ; (2) Dr. John T. Zimmer (The American Museum of Natural History, New York), who expressed the view that in a case of this kind it was desirable that the incorrect bibliographical reference should be retained in the Official List. The communications so received are reproduced in the imme- diately following paragraphs. DIRECTION 19 141 7. Support received from Colonel Richard Méeinertzhagen (London) : On 5th December 1952, Colonel RichardMeinertzhagen (London), Chairman of the Standing Committee on Ornithological © Nomenclature of the International Ornithological Congress addressed a letter to the Commission intimating his support for the present, and certain other, applications published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. The following is an extract of the relevant portion of Colonel Meinertzhagen’s letter :— I wish to register my wholehearted agreement with Recommendations Nos. 13! to 17, . . . on ornithological nomenclature in the recently published part of the Bulletin. 8. Objection received from Dr. John T. Zimmer (The American Museum of Natural History, New York) : On 9th January 1953, Dr. John T. Zimmer (The American Museum of Natural History, New York) addressed a letter to the Commission commenting upon a number of the applications relating to ornithological nomenclature published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature and, as regards the present application, objecting to the proposed correction of the erroneous bibliographical reference entered therein for the generic name Balaeniceps Gould. The following is the relevant portion of Dr. Zimmer’s letter :— If Balaeniceps of 1852 were not on the Official List, I should have no hesitation in amending any references I might think to make to the earlier publication of 1850, but the 1852 reference has been established as the official one and should be maintained. If the date * 1852 ’’ were found to be incorrect for the exact paper in question, correction of the error would not constitute a true change in the validity of the List, since, author and title of publication would be unchanged, with the same volume number and page. 9. Formulation of the proposal to be submitted to the Commission for vote : When at the beginning of May 1954, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, came to consider the terms of the proposal to be submitted to the Commission for approval, he prepared the 1 The present application was here referred to by Colonel Meinertzhagen under the number “‘ 14 ” allotted to it in the list of papers on ornithological nomen- clature given on the wrapper (cover) to Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 142 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS following recommendation on the basis of the application sub- mitted in the present case :— Recommendation prepared for consideration by the Commission (1) The names Balaeniceps and Balaeniceps rex were first published by Gould in 1850 (Athenaeum 1850 : 1315) and not in 1852, as incor- rectly stated in Opinion 67. (2) The entry of the name Balaeniceps Gould on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology is hereby confirmed, subject to the correction specified in (1) above. (3) The specific name rex Gould, 1850, as published in ihe com- bination Balaeniceps rex, is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. Ill. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 10. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(54)75 : On 14th May 1954, a Voting Paper (V.P.(54)75) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “the proposal relating to the name Balaeniceps Gould, 1850, as set out at the foot of the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the recommendation quoted in paragraph 9 of the present Direction] on the basis of the proposal published on pages 85 and 86 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature’’ [i.e. in the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction]. 11. The Prescribed Voting Period : As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 14th August 1954. 12. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)75 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)75 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following nineteen (19) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Boschma ; Holthuis ; Lemche ; Dymond ; Hering ; Vokes ; Esaki ; Riley; Bonnet; Bradley (J.C.); DIRECTION 19 143 Hemming ; Jaczewski ; do Amaral; Pearson ; Hanko ; Mertens ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Cabrera ; Stoll ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 13. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 16th August 1954, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(54) 75, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in para- graph 12 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Com- mission in the matter aforesaid. 14. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 11th April 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)75. 15. Original References : The following are the original refer- ences for the names placed or confirmed on Official Lists by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Balaeniceps Gould, 1850, Athenaeum 1850 : 1315. rex, Balaeniceps, Gould, 1850, Athenaeum 1850 : 1315. 16. Family-group name problems : The application dealt with in the present Direction was published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature prior to the establishment of the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953. It has been ascertained that an addition to the foregoing Official List will need to be made in order to complete the action, which, under the General Directives given to the International Commission by the International Congress of Zoology, is required to be taken in the present case. 144 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS This question is now being examined on a separate File to which the Registered Number Z.N.(G.) 124 has been allotted. 17. At the time of the submission of the application dealt with in the present Direction, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name ”’ and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial’ appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “specific name” was substituted for the expression “trivialname’’ and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl.:21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Direction. 18. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 19. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Nineteen (19) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. DONE in London, this Eleventh day of April, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MetcaLre & Cooper Limitep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C._.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION C. Part C.11. Pp. 145—160 DIRECTION 20 Addition of a note to the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Oedicnemus Temminck, 1815 (Class Aves) (Direction supplementary to Opinion 67) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Eight Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 5th August, 1955 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 20 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President : Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dy ce Pearson (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th uly Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History) London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitdat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice- President) atone J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 953 Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) _ Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla Hanko (Mezogazdasadgi Muzeum Budapest, Hungary) (j2th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Nether- lands) (12th August 1953) DIRECTION 20 ADDITION OF A NOTE TO THE ENTRY ON THE ** OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ”’ RELATING TO THE GENERIC NAME °*‘OEDICNEMUS ”’ TEMMINCK, 1815 (CLASS AVES) (‘* DIRECTION ”’ SUPPLEMENTARY TO ‘* OPINION ”’ 67) RULING.—(1) The following note is hereby added to the entry relating to the generic name Oecdicnemus Temminck, 1815 (Class Aves) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 :—“‘ This name is placed on the Official List for use by any specialist who may consider that the type species of the nominal genus so named is not congeneric with the type species of the genus Burhinus Illiger, 1811 ”’. (2) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. 547 and 548 respectively :— (a) magnirostris Latham, 1801, as published in the combination Charadrius magnirostris (specific name of type species of Burhinus Illiger, 1811) ; (b) oedicnemus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Charadrius oedicnemus. I. THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE When in 1945, Mr. Francis Hemming, as Secretary, was engaged on a survey of the entries so far made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, he found that the generic AUG 29 1955 148 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS name Oedicnemus Temminck, 1815 (Class Aves) which had been placed on the foregoing List by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 was currently regarded by ornithologists as a junior subjective synonym of the name Burhinus Illiger, 1811, which had also been placed on the Official List in the same Opinion. Accordingly in August 1951, Mr. Hemming prepared for the consideration of the Commission a paper drawing attention to the fact that in a case of this kind the Commission was faced with two alterna- tives, namely (1) it could remove the later published of the two generic names in question from the Official List ; (2) it could leave that name on the Official List but add to the entry on the List relating to that name a note that it was placed on the List for use by those specialists who took the taxonomic view that the type species of the two genera concerned were not congeneric with one another, this procedure being, as Mr. Hemming recalled, that which had been adopted by the Commission when dealing with the generic names of the human malaria parasites (Plasmo- dium, Laverania)'. At this point Mr. Hemming consulted Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen (London) as Chairman of the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature established by the International Ornithological Congress at its meeting held at Uppsala in 1950. Colonel Meinertzhagen replied on 2nd September 1951, that he had taken a vote of the Standing Com- mittee on this subject which, by a majority, was in favour of the adoption of the first of the two courses indicated above, namely the removal of the generic name Oedicnemus Temminck from the Official List. On receiving this notification, Mr. Hemming completed his paper for the Commission by adding a paragraph giving particulars of the consultation held with the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature and putting forward for consideration the proposal for the removal of the name Oedicnemus Temminck from the Official List submitted by that 1 The case of the generic names Plasmodium and Laverania was first dealt with by the Commission in Opinion 104. Later, it was found that there were so many errors in the Ruling given in that Opinion that the only practicable course was to cancel that Ruling and to substitute a revised Ruling in its place. This was done by the Ruling given in Opinion 283 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool.Nomencl. 7). In this Opinion the Commission retained the device of adding a special note to the entry relating to the name Laverania originally adopted in Opinion 104. DIRECTION 20 : 149 body. The application so completed was submitted to the Commission on 29th January 1952. It was as follows :— Suggested review of the entries on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ relating to the names ‘* Oedicnemus ’’ Temminck, 1815, and ‘‘ Burhinus ”’ Illiger, 1811 (Class Aves) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenlature) In the course of the routine checking of the entries made in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology undertaken as part of the preparations for the publication of the first instalment of the Official List in book-form, I encountered an anomaly in regard to the names of two genera in the Class Aves, which calls for further consideration by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. The facts of this case are accordingly now laid before the Commission for decision. 2. The names with which the present application is concerned were both placed on the Official List of Opinion 67 (1916, Smithson. Publ. 2409 : 175—182). The names in question are :— (1) Burhinus Mlliger, 1811, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Avium : 250 (type species, by monotypy : Charadrius magnirostris Latham, 1801, Index ornith. Suppl. : xvi) (Name No. 30) (2) Oedicnemus Temminck, 1815, Manuel Ornith. : 321 (type species, by monotypy : Oedicnemus crepitans Temminck, 1815, Manuel Ornith. : 322 (stated in Opinion 67 to be the same species as _ Charadrius oedicnemus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 151) (Name No. 76). 3. Both the above names are available names in the sense that neither (1) is a junior homonym of an older generic name consisting of the same word nor (2) has, as its type species, a species which is also the type species of another nominal genus of older date. 4. The difficulty which arises in the present case is of a taxonomic character, for, according to Peters (J.L.) (1934, Check-List Birds World 2 : 293—297) the taxonomic species represented by the nominal species Oedicnemus crepitans Temminck, 1815 (= Charadrius oedicnemus Linnaeus, 1758), the type species of Oedicnemus Temminck, 1815, is congeneric with the taxonomic species represented by the nominal species Charadrius magnirostris Latham, 1801, the type species of the genus Burhinus Illiger, 1811. According to this taxonomic view, the nominal genera Oedicnemus Temminck, 1815, and Burhinus Illiger, 1811, are subjectively identical with one another, and the name Oedicnemus Temminck, 1815, is a junior subjective synonym of the name Burhinus Illiger, 1811. 150 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 5. The purpose of the Official List is to give formal official recognition to generic names which are not only nomenclatorially available names but are also, in the opinion of specialists in the group concerned, the names of taxonomically valid genera. It is quite inappropriate that a name that is universally regarded by specialists as a subjective junior synonym of another name should find a place on the Official List. Clearly, therefore, any such name which by an oversight has been placed on the Official List should be removed therefrom. Accordingly, the name Oedicnemus Temminck, 1815, should now be removed from the Official List, if ornithologists generally are agreed that the nominal genera Oedicnemus Temminck, 1815, and Burhinus Uliger, 1811, as defined by their respective type species, are taxonomically identical with one another. If, however, specialists were not agreed on this subject, some recognising the genus Oedicnemus Temminck as the name of a taxonomically valid genus in addition to so recognising the name Burhinus Uliger, the most suitable solution would be to leave the name Oedicnemus Temminck on the Official List, but to add to the entry relating to that name a note stating that this name has been placed on the Official List for use by specialists who may consider that the type species of this genus is generically distinct from the type species of the genus Burhinus Illiger. It will be recalled that a procedure of this kind was deliberately adopted by the International Commission in Opinion 104, when dealing with the names of the genera published for the human malaria parasites (the generic name Laverania being then placed on the Official List with a note of the kind indicated above, in addition to the older name Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli, 1885), and that the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology expressly enjoined the International Commission to follow this course when considering the addition to the Official List of names which were available and well known but not accepted by all specialists as being taxonomically required (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 237). It will be appreciated that this procedure serves the twofold purpose of stabilising well-known names, without, in cases where specialists are divided on the question of the taxonomic status of allied nominal genera, involving the International Commission in expressing or implying (through the Official List) any view on the taxonomic issue involved. 6. The International Ornithological Congress at its meeting held at Uppsala in 1950 appointed a Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature to co-operate with the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, on questions affecting the names of birds ; it appeared to me, therefore, that it would be helpful to seek the views of the Standing Committee on the question whether the name Oedic- nemus Temminck, 1815, should be removed from the Official List or alternatively whether it should be retained thereon, subject to the addition of a note that this name had been placed on the List for use only by authors who considered that the taxonomic species represented by the nominal species Oedicnemus crepitans Temminck, 1815, was generically distinct from that represented by Charadrius magnirostris ° DIRECTION 20 151 Latham, 1801, the type species of Burhinus Iliger, 1811. I accordingly asked Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen, Chairman of the Standing Committee, if he would be so good as to obtain the views of his Committee on the relative merits of the alternative courses set out above. Colonel Meinertzhagen kindly consented to put this matter to the Standing Committee and on 2nd September, 1951, wrote me the following letter : “‘I have consulted the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature on the names Oedicnemus and Burhinus with reference to the Official List. M. Berlioz has not replied, but I am taking a majority vote by which we are agreed that Oedicnemus Temminck, 1815, should be sunk to Burhinus Illiger, 1811, the respective type species being congeneric.”’ 7. In view of the consensus of opinion regarding the relative status of the two nominal genera concerned and of the recommendation received from the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature, I submit, for consideration, the proposal that the name Oedicnemus Temminck, 1815, should now be removed from the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. Il. THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s application, the question of the action to be taken in regard to the entry on the Official List of the generic name Oedicnemus Temminck, 1815, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 591. 3. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer on 30th January 1952 and was published on 15th October of that year in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 86—88). 4. Issue of Public Notices : The Part of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature in which the present application was published was entirely devoted to applications concerned with the names of birds, a considerable number of which, unlike the present case, involved the possible use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers. In view of the fact that this group of applications constituted the first move to promote stability in ornithological nomenclature taken by the Commission for many years, it was 152 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS decided that exceptional measures should be taken to bring the applications concerned prominently to the attention of orni- thologists in all parts of the world. Accordingly, Public Notice of the possible use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers in those cases where such action had been asked for was given not only (a) in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, (b) to the other prescribed serial publications, and (c) to the general zoo- logical serial publications to which in addition Public Notice of such applications is customarily given, but also (d) to fourteen specialist serials or institutions concerned with ornithology. Further, the Public Notice so given included also particulars of the cases of ornithological nomenclature published in the fore- going Part of the Bulletin which did not involve the use of the Commission’s Plenary Powers. Under the procedure described above, Public Notice of the present application was given to the following fourteen serial publications and institutions :— (1) Alauda, Paris (2) Ardea, The Netherlands (3) Auk, U.S.A. (4) Bombay Natural History Society, India (5) Condor, U.S.A. (6) Gerfaut, Brussels (7) Ibis, England (8) Limosa, The Netherlands (9) Naturhistoriska Museum, Stockholm (Count Nils Gyldenstolpe) (10) L’Oiseau (11) Ornis Fennica, Finland (12) Ornithologie, Journal f:, Germany (13) Ostrich, Natal (14) Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk. naturn. Foren, Denmark. 5. General support received for the present and other applica- tions relating to ornithological nomenclature published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the ‘‘ Bulletin of Zoological Nomen- clature *’’ : General support for the action proposed for the pro- motion of stability in ornithological nomenclature in the applica- tions published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature was received from thirty-six (36) orni- thological institutions, groups of ornithologists and individual specialists. One specialist expressed opposition on grounds of DIRECTION 20 153 principle to all those of the applications concerned which, unlike the present application, involved the use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers. The communications so received will be published in due course in connection with the Opinion setting out the decision of the Commission in regard to the generic name Colymbus Linnaeus. For the purpose of the present Direction it has been judged sufficient to give the names of the institutions and individuals from whom the communications in question were received. These were the following :— (1) Erwin Stresemann (Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin) (2) G. Diesselhorst (Leiter der Ornith. Abteilung, Zoologische Samm- lung des Bayerischen Staates, Miinchen, Germany) (3) Ernst Schtiz (Staatliches Museum fiir Naturkunde in Stuttgart, Germany) (4) K. H. Voous (Curator of Birds, Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) (5) Scottish Ornithological Club, forty-three members of (6) Count Nils Gyldenstolpe (Naturhistoriska Museum, Stockholm) (7) R. Kuhk (Vogelwarte Radolfzell der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Férderung der Wissenschaften, Bodensee) (8) J. Steinbacher (Forschungs-Institut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M.) (9) G. Neithammer (Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig Reichinstitut, Bonn) (10) G. C. A. Junge (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden) (11) B. Rensch (Zoologisches Institut der Westfdlischen Landes-Uni- versitat Miinster (Westf.), Germany) (12) Danish Zoologists working on scientific ornithology (R. Sparck ; H. Volsge ; Finn Salomonsen ; Knud Paludan ; Holger Poulsen ; M. Degerbgl ; H. Johansen ; F. W. Braestrup ; B. Loppenthin ; V. Holstein) (13) R. Drost (Vogelwarte Helgoland, Institut fiir Vogelforschung, Wilhelmshaven) (14) Helmuth O. Wagner (Direktor, Museum fiir Natuur-, Volker- und Handelskunde, Bremen) (15) Board of the Netherland Ornithological Society (16) Six British Zoologists (Miss Phyllis Barclay Smith ; R. S. Fitter ; Eric Simms ; Edward Hindle ; Sir Philip Manson Barr ; P. Hollom) (17) Jean Delacour (Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, Cal., U.S.A.) | (18) T. A. M. Jack (London) 154 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (19) E. H. Bromley (Gosport, Hants, England) (20) Ernst Mayr (then of the American Museum of Natural History, New York) (21) V. S. Edwards (Newbury, Berks, England) (22) W. M. Congreve (Salisbury, Wilts, England) (23) F. J. F. Barrington (London) (24) Ten Parasitologists interested in bird names from the point of view of the names of host species (G. H. E. Hopkins ; F. G. A. M. Smit; Karl Jordan; G. O. Evans ; E. Browning; S. Prudhoe ; Hon. Miriam Rothschild; N. Tebble; Theresa Clay ; M. A. R. Ansari (nstitute of Hygiene & Tropical Medi- cine, Lahore) (25) S. Allison (Nottingham, England) (26) Austin L. Rand (Curator of Birds, Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Ill., U.S.A.) (27) S. Dillon Ripley (Assistant Curator and Assistant Professor Yale University, Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A.) (28) Ruth G. Barnes (Chippenham, Wilts, England) (29) Vera Maynard (Hassocks, Sussex, England) (30) Guy Mountfort (Secretary, British Ornithologists’ Union) (31) E. O. Hohn (Associate Professor of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada) (32) A. W. Boyd (Northwich, Cheshire, England) (33) John C. S. Ellis (Huddersfield, England) (34) J. M. Winterbottom (South African Ornithological Society, Cape Town, Union of South Africa) (35) Theed Pearse (Comox, Vancouver Is., B.C., Canada) (36) Swedish Ornithological Association, Committee of 6. Particular comments received in regard to the present applica- tion : In addition to the letters of general support enumerated in the preceding paragraph, two communications dealing expressly with the present case were received after its publication in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. These letters were from :— (1) Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen (London), who supported the application ; (2) Dr. John T. Zimmer (The American Museum of Natural History, New York), who opposed the application. The communications so received are reproduced in the imme- diately following paragraphs. DIRECTION 20 155 7. Support received from Colonel Richard Méeinertzhagen (London) : On 5th December 1952, Colonel Richard Meinertz- hagen (London) addressed a letter to the Commission intimating his support for the present, and certain other, applications published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. The following is an extract of the relevant portion of Colonel Meinertzhagen’s letter :— I wish to register my wholehearted agreement with Recommenda- tions Nos. ... 13 to 17?, . . . on ornithological nomenclature in the recently published part of the Bulletin. 8. Objection received from Dr. John T. Zimmer (The American Museum of Natural History, New York) : On 9th January 1953, Dr. John T. Zimmer (The American Museum of Natural History, New York) addressed a letter to the Commission commenting upon a number of the applications relating to ornithological nomenclature published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature and, as regards the present application, objecting to the suggested removal of the generic name Oedicnemus Temminck from the Official List. The follow- ing is the relevant portion of Dr. Zimmer’s letter :-— Certainly the original purpose of the Official List was to establish a fixed nomenclatorial standard for a group which would not be subject to alteration. Undoubtedly one purpose was to resolve otherwise insoluble questions of priority and usage in favor of one side or the other in the dispute, but it also served, and serves, to make the listed names permanent regardless of all evidence that might otherwise exist. Without this permanence, the Official List loses all standing and utility. Even where differences of opinion occur as to the validity of a group as an entity distinct from some other, as in the case of Burhinus and Oedicnemus, the name on the Official List remains valid as long as the group is recognised or whenever it is revived from submergence. Oedicnemus, therefore, should not be removed from the List. Such Te is an invasion of a scientific field other than that of nomen- clature. * The present application was here referred to by Colonel Meinertzhagen under the number “‘ 15 ” allotted to it in the list of papers on ornithological nomen- clature given on the wrapper (cover) to Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 156 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 9. Issue of V.P.(54)76 : On 14th May 1954, a Voting Paper (V.P.(54)76) was issued in which particulars were given of the support and objection received in the present case and in which the Members of the Commission were asked to vote for, or against, the proposal submitted by the Secretary on the recommendation of the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature that the name Oedicnemus Temminck should be removed from the Official List (Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 88, paragraph 7). 10. Withdrawal of Voting Paper V.P.(54)76 and submission of revised proposals : During the early stages of the Prescribed Voting Period for Voting Paper V.P.(54)76 it became apparent that several of the Members of the Commission were of the opinion that the best way of dealing with the present case would be to follow the precedent previously set in the case of the generic name Laverania which, as explained in paragraph 5 of the present application, had been placed on the Official List with a note that it was so placed for use by those workers who, contrary to the view of many other specialists, considered that the type species of this genus was generically distinct from the type species of the older nominal genus Plasmodium. In order to permit of a direct vote on this solution, the Secretary on 24th May 1954 executed a Minute withdrawing Voting Paper V.P.(54)76. On the same day the Secretary prepared a note for the consideration of the Commission in which, after recalling the main features of the present case and explaining the preference which, since the issue of the foregoing Voting Paper, had been expressed by certain members of the Commission for a solution on the lines of the Laverania/Plasmodium precedent, he submitted for the con- sideration of the Commission the drafts of two alternative decisions, namely: Alternative “A’’ under which the name Oedicnemus Temminck would be retained on the Official List, subject to the entry thereon of an explanatory note regarding this name ; Alternative ““ B’’, under which the name Oedicnemus Temminck would be removed from the Official List. The alternative drafts so prepared were as follows :— Alternative ‘‘ A ’’ (Retention of Oedicnemus on the Official List subject to the insertion on the List of an explanatory note) DRAFT RULING : (1) The following note is hereby added to the entry relating to the generic name Oedicnemus Temminck, 1815, on DIRECTION 20 57 the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made under the Ruling given in Opinion 67 :—** This name is placed on the Official List for use by any specialist who may consider that the type species of the nominal genus so named is not congeneric with the type species of the genus Burhinus Mlliger, 1811’. (2) The undermentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology : (a) magnirostris Latham, 1801, as published in the combination Charadrius magnirostris (specific name of type species of Burhinus Illiger, 1811) ; (b) oedicnemus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Charadrius oedicnemus. Alternative ‘‘ B ”’ (Removal of the name Oedicnemus Temminck from the Official List) DRAFT RULING : (1) The Ruling given in Opinion 67 placing the generic name Oedicnemus Temminck, 1815, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology is hereby cancelled and that name is accordingly removed from the Official List. (2) The undermentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :—(a) magnirostris Latham, 1801, as published in the combination Charadrius magnirostris (specific name of type species of Burhinus Illiger, 1811) ; (b) oedicnemus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Charadrius oedicnemus. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 11. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(54)76 Revise : On 3lst May 1954, a Voting Paper (V.P.(54)76 Revise) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either “ for Alternative ‘A’ set out at the foot of the note by the Secretary submitted herewith (retention of Oedicnemus Temminck on the Official List, subject to the insertion of an explanatory note) or Alternative ‘B’ (removal of the name Oedicnemus Temminck from the Official List)’. The draft proposals here referred to as Alternatives ‘A’ and ‘B’ are those which have been reproduced in paragraph 10 of the present Direction. 158 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 12. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 31st August, 1954. 13. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)76 Revise : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)76 Revise was as follows :— (a) In favour of Alternative “A” (retention of ““ Oedicnemus ”’ Temminck on the “ Official List’’, subject to the addition of an explanatory note), seventeen (17) Commissioners : Riley ; Lemche; Holthuis; Bonnet; Boschma ; Vokes; Bradley (J.C.); Esaki; Dymond; Hering ; Hemming; do Amaral; Sylvester-Bradley; Stoll ; Pearson® ; Jaczewski ; Hanko ; (b) In favour of Alternative “‘ B” (removal of “‘ Oedicnemus ” Temminck from the “ Official List”), one (1) Com- missioner : Mertens ; (c) Voting Papers not returned, one (1) : Cabrera. 14. Declaration of Result of Vote : On Ist September 1954, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(54)76 Revise, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 13 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted 3 Commissioner Pearson exercised in this case the right conferred by the Thir- teenth International Congress of Zoology in Paris, 1948, under which a Com- missioner may, if he so desires, signify his willingness to support the view, or the majority view, of other members of the Commission (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 50—51). DIRECTION 20 159 and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 15. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 11th April 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)76 Revise. 16. Original References: The following are the original references for the names placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the present Direction : magnirostris, Charadrius, Latham, 1801, Index ornith. Suppl. : Ixvi oedicnemus, Charadrius, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 15] 17. Family-Group Names: Since the only names placed on Official Lists by the Ruling given in the present Direction are specific names, no family-group-name problem arises in the present case. 18. At the time of the submission of the application dealt with in the present Direction, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “trivial name’ and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial ”’ appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for record- ing rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “specific name’’ was sub- stituted for the expression “trivial name’ and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incor- porated in the Ruling given in the present Direction. 160 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 19. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accord- ingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 20. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Tweniy (20) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Eleventh day of April, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MrercaLtre & Coorrer LimitEepD, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the Commission VOLUME I. SECTION C. Part. C.12. Pp. 161—178 DIRECTION 21 Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic names Bubo Duméril, 1806, Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790, Egretta Forster, 1817, and Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766 (Class Aves), by the suppression of older homonyms published by Brisson in 1760 (validation of four erroneous entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made by the Ruling given in Opinion 67) LONDON : ~LIBRAR Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Eight Shillings and Sixpence i (All rights reserved) | Issued 4th November, 1955 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 21 A. The Officers of the Commission . Honorary Life President : Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) President : Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission ( Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) — Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) De ee Pearson (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th uly 194 Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History) London) (9th June 1950) a Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitdat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice- President) oe J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 53 Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla Hanko (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (2th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) | Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijce Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) DIRECTION 21 VALIDATION UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS OF THE GENERIC NAMES “BUBO” DUMERIL, 1806, ** COTURNIX ’? BONNATERRE, 1790, ‘‘ EGRETTA” FORSTER, 1817, AND “‘ ORIOLUS ”? LINNAEUS, 1766 (CLASS AVES) BY THE SUPPRESSION OF OLDER HOMONYMS PUBLISHED BY BRISSON IN 1760 (VALIDATION OF FOUR ERRON- EOUS ENTRIES ON THE “ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” MADE BY THE RULING GIVEN IN ‘‘ OPINION ”’ 67) RULING :—(1) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy :—(a) Bubo Brisson, 1760; (b) Coturnix Brisson, 1760; (c) Egretta Brisson, 1760; (d) Oriolus Brisson, 1760. (2) The under-mentioned generic names, as validated under the Plenary Powers under (1) above, are hereby confirmed in their respective positions on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, on which each was placed by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 :—(a) Bubo Dumeril, 1806; (b) Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790; (c) Egretta Forster, 1817 ; (d) Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766. (3) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. severally specified below :— (a) the four generic names specified in (1) above, as there suppressed under the Plenary Powers (Name Nos. 320 to 323) ; (b) Bubo Rambur, 1842 (a junior homonym of Bubo Dumeéril, 1806) (Name No. 324) ; (c) Coturnix Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758 (a name published in a work rejected, under Opinion 241, for nomenclatorial purposes) (Name No. 325). NOV 28 1955 164 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS I. THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE In the course of preparing his Report on the generic name Colymbus Linnaeus, 1758, Mr. Francis Hemming, as Secretary, found that the generic name Gavia had first been published in 1760 in Brisson’s Ornithologia. ‘This disconcerting discovery led Mr. Hemming to make a thorough examination of Brisson’s book. This examination showed that four well-known names, each of which had been placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, were invalid, by reason of being junior homonyms of generic names published in Brisson’s Ornithologia. Mr. Hemming decided at once to report this matter to the Com- mission and on 8th September 1952 he submitted the following paper on this subject for its consideration :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to suppress four generic names for birds published by Brisson in 1760 which have long been overlooked and which invalidate as homonyms four names placed on the ** Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ (correction of erroneous entries in ‘* Opinion ”’ 67) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The purpose of the present application is to ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its Plenary Powers to validate four generic names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Commission’s Opinion 67 (1916, Smithson. Publ. 2409 : 177—182), each of which it is now seen is an invalid junior homonym of a generic name consisting of the same word published by M. J. Brisson in 1760 in his Ornithologia but since then completely overlooked. 2. The position in regard to this matter is as follows: (1) Brisson ~ was a non-binominal author of what was formerly called the “‘ binary ”’ school, that is, he recognised that the scientific name of an animal must be designed to denote two concepts, namely that represented by the species to which the name was applied and that represented by the next higher group (i.e. the genus) in which that species was placed, and that the generic concept must be denoted by a noun substantive in the nominative singular placed at the beginning of the name, but he] did not consider it necessary that the species concept should also be denoted by a single word, regarding it as equally appropriate that this concept should be denoted by a phrase consisting of two or more DIRECTION 21 165 Latin words. (2) In 1911, at a time when the International Commission considered that generic names published by authors who applied a “binary ’’, though non-binominal system of nomenclature satisfied the requirements of Article 25 of the Regles, the Commission published an Opinion, Opinion 37 (1911, Smithson. Publ. 2013 : 87—88), in which it ruled that the generic names in Brisson’s Ornithologia satisfied the requirements of the Rules. (3) In 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4:65) the International Congress of Zoology substituted the word ““ binominal ’’ for the word “ binary ’”’ in Article 25, thereby making it clear that names published by non-binominal “ binary ’”’ authors possessed no availability in nomenclature. (4) The foregoing decision would have destroyed the availability of all the generic names in Brisson’s Ornithologia, if it had not been decided to accompany it with a further provision expressly preserving the status previously accorded to those names under its Opinion 37 of 1911 (1950, ibid. 4 : 65, Point (3) (a) (iv)). It will be seen from the foregoing particulars that, other things being equal, every new generic name in Brisson’s Ornithologia of 1760 is an available name. 3. The recent discovery that Brisson had published a generic name Gavia in the Ornithologia (see application Z.N.(S.) 78, relating to the name Colymbus Linnaeus, 1758*) which had been completely over- looked in all zoological Nomenclators led me to think that it was desirable to make a thorough examination of Brisson’s Ornithologia, in order to make sure that none of the generic names for birds which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology was preoccupied by a generic name consisting of an identical word published in 1760 in Brisson’s Ornithologia but since overlooked. I have accordingly examined the Ornithologia from this point of view, as the result of which it now appears that six generic names now on the Official List are invalid (because junior) homonyms of names published by Brisson in 1760. Of the names so found to be invalid, the following five were placed on the Official List in Opinion 67: (1) Bubo Duméril, 1806; (2) Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790; (3) Egretta Forster, 1817; (4) Gallinago Koch, 1816 ; (5) Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766. The sixth name on the Official List now found to be preoccupied by an identical Brisson name is Grus Pallas, 1767, which was placed on the Official List by Opinion 103 (Smithson. misc. Coll.’73 (No. 5) : 21—24). Special problems arise in connection with two of these names, namely Gallinago Koch and Grus Pallas. The first of these cases is dealt with in Application Z.N.(S.)575 (see pp. 93—95 of the present volume?) ; the second in Application Z.N.(S.) 558, which is at present still under discussion with specialists but which will be published as soon as possible. The present application is accordingly concerned only with the position of the names Bubo Duméril, Coturnix Bonnaterre, Egretta Forster, and Oriolus Linnaeus. * See page 11 of the present volume [i.e. of Vol. 9 of Bull.zool.Nomencl.). 1 i.e. of vol. 9 of Bull. zool. Nomencl. 166 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 4. The decision to validate the names in Brisson’s Ornithologia was taken with the sole purpose of promoting stability in ornithological nomenclature and it would certainly not have been taken in the form then adopted if it had been made clear to the Commission by orni- thologists that certain only of the new generic names published by Brisson in 1760 were in general use and required protection, while others had long been ignored and, if validated, would cause disturbance and confusion rather than contribute to uniformity and stability. Now that the actual position has been brought to light, it seems to me that the most reasonable course would be for the Commission so to use its Plenary Powers as to secure its original intention. In other words, the most appropriate course seems to be to suppress those of the Brisson names which were—as it were, inadvertently—validated when the Ruling of 1911 (in Opinion 37) was confirmed by the Commission in 1948 in those cases where the names, so validated, would, it is now seen, merely lead to confusion and objectionable name-changing. The number of new names which will need to be examined for this purpose is large, and in view of the consultations with specialists which will need to be undertaken, the investigation involved will necessarily occupy a considerable time. It is for this reason that the four names dealt with in the present application have been picked out for advance consideration, since, until decisions have been taken in regard to these names, the publication of the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in book form will inevitably be held up. 5. I have consulted Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen, Chairman of the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature appointed in 1950 by the International Ornithological Congress (see pp. 4—5 of the present volume?), and he has sent me the following reply (in Jitt., dated 10th September 1952): °“‘ Many of the generic names published by Brisson in 1760 in his Ornithologia are household words and it was therefore of the utmost importance that the Commission should provide a valid basis for these names. The action taken by the Commission in this sense in 1948 was therefore of the greatest value.® In addition, however, to these names, there are many other new generic names in the Ornithologia which have been completely overlooked and which, if now resurrected, would lead to confusion and name-changing, without providing any compensating advantage. This risk will remain until all the new names in the Ornithologia have been carefully examined and those names which are in general use finally stabilised by being put on the Official List, all the other names concerned being at the same time suppressed. This task, which will be a big piece of work and will involve extensive consultations, will inevitably take a considerable time even in the most favourable circumstances. Pending the completion of this survey, all that the Commission can do is to take such action in individual cases as may be found to be necessary, * See Footnote 1. 3 For the decision here referred to, see Direction 16 (1955, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1 (C) : 81—88). ————————or DIRECTION 21 167 for example, to suppress the name Gavia Brisson, as proposed in the application regarding the name Colymbus Linnaeus submitted by the - Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature. In the case of the four names (Bubo, Coturnix, Egretta and Oriolus) placed on the Official List by Opinion 67 but now found to be invalid, I consider that it is important that the position should be cleared up as quickly as possible by the suppression by the Commission of the four corres- ponding Brisson names which, though not in current use, technically invalidate these well-known generic names ”’ 6. In the circumstances and in view of the advice received from Colonel Meinertzhagen, I now recommend that the Commission should validate the existing entries in the Official List by suppressing the Brisson names which invalidate the four names in question. It would be convenient if at the same time the Commission were to place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names one still earlier name consisting of the same word published in 1758 in Nozeman and Vosmaer’s Geslachten der Vogelen (a Dutch translation of the work by Moehring entitled Avium Genera published—before the starting point of zoological nomenclature—in 1752), a work which the Com- mission has already ruled is unavailable for nomenclatorial purposes (see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 566—568)*. 7. The specific action which the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature is now asked to take is therefore that it should :— (1) use its Plenary Powers to suppress the under-mentioned generic names for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy :— (a) Bubo Brisson, 1760, Ornithologia 1 : 477—486 ; (b) Coturnix Brisson, 1760, ibid. 1 : 247—261 ; (c) Egretta Brisson, 1760, ibid. 5 : 431—433 ; (d) Oriolus Brisson, 1760, ibid. 2 : 320—333 ; (2) confirm in their position on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the following names placed thereon by Opinion 67 :— (a) Bubo Duméril, 1806 ; (b) Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790 ; (c) Egretta Forster, 1817 ; (d) Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766 ; (3) place the under-mentioned generic names on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :— (a) the four generic names specified in (1) above, as there proposed to be suppressed under the Plenary Powers ; 4 The decision here referred to has since been embodied in Opinion 241 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 5 : 13—22). 168 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) Bubo Rambur, 1842, Roret’s Suite a Buffon, Nevropteres : b] (c) Coturnix Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758, Geslacht. Vogel. (Dutch trans. of Moehring, 1752, Avium Genera) 3 : 39 (a work which has already been ruled unavailable for nomenclatorial purposes.) Il. THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s application, the question of the validation under the Plenary Powers of the names of certain genera of birds which had been placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 but which were now found to be junior homonyms of names published by Brisson in 1760, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 701. 3. Support received from Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen (London) prior to the publication of the present application : Upon the discovery of the problem discussed in the present application, Mr. Hemming wrote to Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen, at that time Chairman of the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature of the International Ornithological Congress, explaining the problem involved and inviting his views on the action which it was desirable should be taken. On 10th September 1952, Colonel Meinertzhagen replied, supporting the action proposed. The text of Colonel Meinertzhagen’s letter was quoted by Hemming in paragraph 5 of his application (paragraph 1 above). 4. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer on 11th September 1952 and was published on 15th October of the same year in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 89—92). DIRECTION 21 169 5. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 15th October 1952 (a) in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which Mr. Hem- ming’s application was published) and (b) to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, it was decided that, having regard to the fact that the group of applications published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomen- clature constituted the first move to promote stability in orni- thological nomenclature taken by the Commission for many years, special measures should be taken to bring the applications concerned prominently to the attention of ornithologists in all parts of the world. Accordingly Public Notice in relation to the applications in question, both those which involved the possible use of the Plenary Powers and those which did not, was given to fourteen specialists, serial publications or Institutions concerned in ornithology. The serial publications and Institu- tions to which Public Notice was given under the procedure described above were the following :— (1) Alauda, Paris (2) Ardea, The Netherlands (3) Auk, U.S.A. (4) Bombay Natural History Society, India (5) Condor, U.S.A. (6) Gerfaut, Brussels (7) Ibis, England (8) Limosa, The Netherlands (9) Naturhistoriska Museum, Stockholm (Count Nils Gyldenstolpe) (10) L’Oiseau, Paris (11) Ornis Fennica, Finland (12) Ornithologie, Journal f., Germany (13) Ostrich, Natal (14) Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk. naturh. Foren., Denmark 6. General support received for the present and other applica- tions published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the ‘‘ Bulletin 170 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS of Zoological Nomenclature ’’ : General support for the action proposed for the promotion of stability in ornithological nomen- clature in the applications published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature was received from thirty-six (36) ornithological institutions, groups of ornithologists and individual specialists. ‘The communications so received will be published in due course in connection with the Opinion setting out the decision of the Commission in regard to the generic name Colymbus Linnaeus>. For the purposes of the present Direction, it has been judged sufficient to give the names of the institutions and individuals from whom the communications in question were received. These were the following :— (1) Erwin Stresemann (Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt-Univer- sitat, Berlin) (2) G. Diesselhorst (Leiter der Ornith. Abteilung, Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Miinchen, Germany) (3) Ernst Schiiz (Staatliches Museum fiir Naturkunde in Stuttgart, Germany) (4) K. H. Voous (Curator of Birds, Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) (5) Scottish Ornithological Club, forty-three members of (6) Count Nils Gyldenstolpe (Naturhistoriska Museum, Stockholm) (7) R. Kuhk (Vogelwarte Radolfzell der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft — zur Forderung der Wissenschaften, Bodensee) (8) J. Steinbacher (Forschungs-Institut und Natur-Museum Sencken- berg, Frankfurt a. M.) (9) G. Neithammer (Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig Reichinstitut, Bonn) (10) G. C. A. Junge (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden) (11) B. Rensch (Zoologisches Institut der Westfalischen Landes- Universitat Miinster (Westf.), Germany) (12) Danish Zoologists working on Scientific Ornithology (R. Sparck ; H. Volsge; Finn Salomonsen; Knud Paludan ; Holger Poulsen; M. Degerbol; H. Johansen; F. W. Braestrup ; B. Loppenthin ; V. Holstein) (13) R. Drost (Vogelwarte Helgoland, Institut fiir Vogelforschung, Wilhelmshaven) (14) Helmuth O. Wagner (Direktor, Museum fiir Natur-, Vélker- und Handelskunde, Bremen) (15) Board of the Netherland Ornithological Society 5 The decision of the Commission on the name Colymbus Linnaeus has since been embodied in Opinion 394 (in the press). DIRECTION 21 17] (16) Six British Zoologists (Miss Phyllis Barclay Smith; R. S. Fitter ; Eric Simms ; Edward Hindle; Sir Philip Manson Barr ; P. Hollom) (17) Jean Delacour (Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, Cal., U.S.A.) (18) T. A. M. Jack (London) (19) E. H. Bromley (Gosport, Hants, England) (20) Ernst Mayr (then of the American Museum of Natural History, New York) (21) V. S. Edwards (Newbury, Berks, England) (22) W. M. Congreve (Salisburv, Wilts, England) (23) F. J. F. Barrington (London) (24) Ten Parasitologists interested in bird names from the point of view of the names of host species (G. H. E. Hopkins ; F.G. A.M. Smit ; Karl Jordan ; G.O. Evans ; E. Browning; S. Prudhoe ; Hon. Miriam Rothschild ; N. Tebble ; Theresa Clay; M. A. R. Ansari Unstitute of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Lahore) (25) S. Allison (Nottingham, England) (26) Austin L. Rand (Curator of Birds, Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Ill., U.S.A.) (27) S. Dillon Ripley (Assistant Curator and Assistant Professor, Yale University, Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A.) (28) Ruth G. Barnes (Chippenham, Wilts, England) (29) Vera Maynard (Hassocks, Sussex, England) (30) Guy Mountfort (Secretary, British Ornithologists’ Union) (31) E. O. Hohn (Associate Professor of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada) (32) A. W. Boyd (Norwich. Cheshire, England) (33) John C. S. Ellis (Huddersfield, England) (34) J. M. Winterbottom (South African Ornithological Society, Cape Town, Union of South Africa) (35) Theed Pearse (Comox, Vancouver Is., B.C., Canada) (36) Swedish Ornithological Association, Committee of 7. General objection received from one specialist : One specialist intimated a general objection to the use of the Plenary Powers in any of the cases relating to ornithological nomenclature dealt with in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological 172 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Nomenclature. The communication so received will be published | in connection with the Opinion relating to the name Colymbus Linnaeus,® together with the communications of general support for the action proposed in the applications in question enumerated in paragraph 6 of the present Direction. The specialist from whom the foregoing objection was received was Dr. R. Verheyen (Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles). 8. Communications received dealing expressly with the present application : In addition to the communications giving general support for the action proposed in the applications relating to ornithological nomenclature referred to above and to the single letter received objecting to the action so proposed, five letters were received dealing expressly with the present case. The authors of three of these communications supported the present application ; the authors of the remaining two expressed them- selves as being opposed to the action there recommended. The communications in question are reproduced in the immediately following paragraphs. 9. Support received from Dr. A. C. VY. van Bemmel (Alkmaar, The Netherlands) : On 23rd November 1952, Dr. A. C. V. van Bemmel (Alkmaar, The Netherlands) Honorary Assistant, Zoo- logisch Museum, Amsterdam, and formerly Curator, Bird Department, Zool. Museum, Bogor, Indonesia, addressed a letter to the Commission intimating his support for the present, and certain other, applications relating to ornithological nomen- clature published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. The following is an extract of the relevant portion of his letter :— Concerning the notes published in Bull. Zool. Nomenclature Vol. 9, pt. 1/3, pp. 1—106, I should like to inform you as follows. I should like to ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature . . . to use its Plenary Powers as is recommended on pp. 91—92 (four Brisson names). 10. Support received from Dr. Josselyn Van Tine and five other United States ornithologists : On 18th March 1953, Dr. Josselyn 6 See Footnote 5. DIRECTION 21 173 Van Tyne (Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.) and the five under- mentioned specialists addressed a letter to the Commission in support of the present application :—({a) Robert W. Storer (Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.) ; (b) Andrew J. Berger (Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.) ; (c) Olin Sewall Pettingill, Jr. (Northfield, Minnesota, U.S.A.) ; (d) Frank A. Pitelka (Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) ; (e) John Davis (Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.). The letter so received was as follows :— We, the under-signed, wish to express our strong approval of proposal no. 117 (concerning Bubo, Coturnix, etc.) published on page 3 of vol. 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. We hope your Commission will take favorable action on it. 11. Support received from Dr. W. B. Yapp (University of Bir- mingham, Zoology Department, Birmingham, England) : On 10th December 1953, Dr. W. B. Yapp (University of Birmingham, Zoology Department, Birmingham) addressed the following letter in support of the present, and three other, applications published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature :— I should like to support very strongly the following cases referred to in Nature 172 : 966 :—... (11)® Bubo, etc. 12. Objection received from M. Noel Mayaud (Faculté des Sciences de Paris): Under cover of a letter dated 17th March 1953, M. Noel Mayaud (Faculté des Sciences de Paris) communicated to the Commission statements setting out his views on the present and certain other applications published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. The state- ment so furnished which expressed the view that the present application was unnecessary, was as follows :— (11)® Les noms de Bubo, Coturnix, Egretta, Oriolus, indiqués par Brisson, 1760, sont des noms d’espéces et non de genres. Je suis ’ The number here cited for this application is that assigned to it in the Public Notice printed on page 3 of the Part of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature in which this application was published. 8 As explained in footnote 2 above, the present case was allotted the number ““(11)” in the Public Notice issued in respect of the applications published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 174 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS enti¢rement d’accord avec C. H. B. Grant 4 ce suject (Bull. B.O.C., 1953, p. 25). En conséquence respecter les noms de genres donnés respectivement par Duméril, Bonnaterre, Forster, Linné. 13. Objection received from Captain C. H. B. Grant (British Museum (Natural History), London) : Under cover of a letter dated 2nd April 1953, Captain C. H. B. Grant (British Museum (Natural History), London) communicated for the consideration of the Commission a copy of a paper by himself entitled ** Brisson’s Nomenclature in his Ornithologie, 1760” which had then just been published (1953, Bull. Brit. orn. Cl. 73 : 25). The paper so communicated was as follows :— Brisson’s Nomenclature in his ‘* Ornithologie ’’, 1760 By CAPTAIN C. H. B. GRANT This work has been discussed by Mathews in Nov. Zool., 17, p. 492, 1910; 18, p. 1, 1911, and Ibis, p. 212, 1912, wherein he gives the opinions of Hartert, Sclater and Ogilvie-Grant. I have recently re-examined Brisson’s work and find that in Vol. 1 pp. xiv, xv, he states that he recognises 26 Orders, 115 genera and 1500 species or varieties. His orders in Latin are on p. 24, and are numbered I to XXVI. His genera in Latin are on the even numbered pages from 26 to 60, and are given Latin names as well as being numbered, and in the rest of the six volumes the other names in Latin are his species names headed by a French name and a Latin diagnosis of the species. It should therefore be clear that Brisson’s genera are only those which he gives on the even numbered pages from 26 to 60, and that although his species names may appear to be at first sight a combina- tion of genus and species names, they are in fact all species names and all are Latin translations of the French names. The only part of his work that can be said to be correct scientific nomenclature is his genera. The combinations he has given would read: Columba columba domestica p. 68, Columba oenus sive vinago p. 86, Columba turtur p. 92, in Volume 1; Scolopax scolopax p. 292, Scolopax gallinago minor p. 304 in Volume 5, to give a few examples. His species names are not accepted and his genera should never have been accepted as no type species can be designated within the work. In the Bull. zool. Nom. 9, p. 91 and 93, 1952, the genera given as of Brisson, 1.e., Bubo, 1, p. 477, Coturnix 1, p. 243, Egretta 5, p. 431, DIRECTION 21 175 Oriolus 2, p. 320, and Gallinago 5, p. 298, are species names, and -Brisson’s combination of these would be :—Asio bubo, Perdix coturnix, Ardea egretta, Turdus oriolus and Scolopax gallinago. Ill. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL ~COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 14. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(54)77: On 14th May 1954, a Voting Paper (V.P.(54)77) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “the proposal relating to the validation of four names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Opinion 67, as set out in Points (1) to (3) in paragraph 7 at the foot of page 91 and the top of page 92 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ” [i.e. in paragraph 7 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction]. 15. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 14th August 1954. 16. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)77 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)77 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following nineteen (19) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Boschma; Holthuis; Lemche; Dymond; Hering ; Vokes; Esaki; Riley; Bonnet; Bradley (J. C.); Hemming ; do Amaral; Pearson; Hankdé; Mertens ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Cabrera; Stoll ; Jaczewski ; 176 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) Negative Votes: ~ None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 17. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 16th August 1954, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(54)77, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 16 above and declaring that the proposal sub- mitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 18. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘* Direction ”’ : On 12th April 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)77. 19. Original References : The following are the original refer- ences for names placed or confirmed on Official Lists and placed on Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Bubo Brisson, 1760, Ornithologia 1 : 477—486 Bubo Dumeéril, 1806, Zool. anal. : 34 Bubo Rambur, 1842, Roret’s Suite a Buffon, Nevroptéres : 353 Coturnix Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758, Geslacht. Vogel. (Dutch translation of Moehring, 1752, Avium Genera) 3 : 39 Coturnix Brisson, 1760, Ornithologia 1 : 247—261 Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790, Ency. méth., Orn. 1 : Ixxxvii Egretta Brisson, 1760, Ornithologia 5 : 431—433 i a A i ld a CS ee ea ee DIRECTION 21 LW Egretta Forster, 1817, Syn. Cat. brit. Birds : 59 Oriolus Brisson, 1760, Ornithologia 2 : 320—333 Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(1) : 160 20. Family-Group-Name Problems : In view of the fact that in the present Direction the Rulings given in relation to generic names are confined to Rulings confirming certain names in their position on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, it has been decided that it will be more convenient to defer the consideration of any family-group-name problems involved in connection with those names until consideration is given to similar problems involved in connection with the other generic names placed on the foregoing Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 67. 21. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 22. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Twenty- One (21) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature. DONE in London, this Twelfth day of April, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING oi rae RY TA | be , : vty A \ a Z ‘ e hye < ri « 4 i d Ba ph ee ike Printed in England by Mrtcatre & Cooper Limirep, 10-24 Scrutton St., OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION C. Part C13. Pp. 179—200 DIRECTION 22 Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of (a) the specific names of fifty-seven species, each of which is the type species of a genus in the Class Mammalia, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period / (‘= 2 up to the end of 1936, and (b) of the specific names off: 2 two species belonging to the same Class, each of which is ‘ currently regarded as the oldest available name for thel (x type species of a genus, the name of which was placed \Z 1 on the Official List in the same period \ LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Eleven Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 4th November, 1955 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 22 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History)., Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) ; Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History) London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) pee J. ee Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) President Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla Hank6 (Mezdgazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (ASth October 1954) Dr. Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand Prantl (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm Kuthnelt (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. Bodenheimer (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico Tortonese (Istituto e Museo di Zoologia della Universita di Torino, Torino, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 22 ADDITION TO THE “OFFICIAL LIST OF SPECIFIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” (a) OF THE SPECIFIC NAMES OF FIFTY-SEVEN SPECIES, EACH OF WHICH IS THE TYPE SPECIES OF A GENUS IN THE CLASS MAMMALIA, THE NAME OF WHICH WAS PLACED ON THE ‘OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOO- LOGY ” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936, AND (b) OF THE SPECIFIC NAMES OF TWO SPECIES BELONGING TO THE SAME CLASS, EACH OF WHICH IS CURRENTLY REGARDED AS THE OLDEST AVAILABLE NAME FOR THE TYPE SPECIES OF A GENUS, THE NAME OF WHICH WAS PLACED ON THE “OFFICIAL LIST”? IN THE SAME PERIOD RULING :—(1) The under-mentioned specific names of species of the Class Mammalia, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Rulings given in the Opinions cited below are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. severally specified against the names in question :— (1) mysticetus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Balaena mysticetus (specific name of type species of Balaena Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 75) (Name No. 549) ; (2) taurus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Bos taurus (specific name of type species of Bos Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 75) (Name No. 550) ; WOV 2.8 1955 182 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (3) fiber Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Castor fiber (specific name of type species of Castor Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 75) (Name Nowsal)% (4) delphis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Delphinus delphis (specific name of type species of Delphinus Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 75) (Name No. 552) ; (5S) europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Erinaceus europaeus (specific name of type species of Erinaceus Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 75) (Name No. 553) ; (6) amphibius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Hippopotamus amphibius (specific name of type species of Hippopotamus Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 75) (Name No. 554) ; (7) cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Hystrix cristatus (specific name of type species of Hystrix Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 7) Name INO: 555): (8) monoceros Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Monodon monoceros (specific name of type species of Monodon Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 75) (Name No. 555) ; (9) moschiferus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Moschus moschiferus (specific name of type species of Moschus Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 75) (Name No. 557) ; (10) aries Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Ovis aries (specific name of type species of Ovis Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 75) (Name No. 558) ; (11) vitulina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Phoca vitulina (specific name of type species of Phoca Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 75) (Name No. 559) ; DIRECTION 22 183 (12) scrofa Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Sus scrofa (specific name of type species of Sus Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 75) (Name No. 560) ; (13) europaea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Talpa europaea (specific name of type species of Talpa Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 75) (Name No. 561) ; (14) arctos Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Ursus arctos (specific name of type species of Ursus Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 75) (Name No. 562) ; (15) alces Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Cervus alces (specific name of type species of Alces Gray (J.E.), 1821) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 563) ; (16) amphibius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mus amphibius (specific name of _ type species of Arvicola Lacépéde, 1799) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 564) ; (17) paniscus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Simia paniscus (specific name of type species of Ateles Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire (£.), 1806) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 565) ; (18) bison Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Bos bison (specific name of type species of Bison Smith (C.H.), 1827) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 566) ; (19) tridactylus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Bradypus tridactylus (specific name of type species of Bradypus Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 567) ; (20) familiaris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Canis familiaris (specific name of type species of Canis Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 568) ; 184 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (21) hircus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Capra hircus (specific name of type _ species of Capra Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 569) ; (22) capucina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Simia capucina (specific name of type species of Cebus Erxleben, 1777) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 570) ; (23) elaphus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cervus elaphus (specific name of type species of Cervus Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 571) ; (24) didactylus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Bradypus didactylus (specific name of type species of Choloepus Mliger, 1811) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 572) ; (25) cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Sorex crisiatus (specific name of type species of Condylura \liger, 1811) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 573) ; : (26) cricetus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Mus cricetus (specific name of type species of Cricetus Leske, 1779) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 574) ; (27) leucodon Hermann, 1780, as published in the combination Sorex leucodon (specific name of type species of Crocidura Wagler, 1832) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 575) ; (28) cristata Erxleben. 1777, as published in the com- bination Phoca cristata (specific name of type species of Cystophora Nilsson (S.), 1820) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 576) ; (29) aguti Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combina- tion Mus aguti (specific name of type species of Dasyprocta Mlliger, 1811) (Opinion 91) (Name INO; 577) DIRECTION 22 185 (30) marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Didelphis marsupialis (specific name of type species of Didelphis Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 91) (Name No. 578) ; (31) dorsata Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Hystrix dorsata (specific name of type species of FErethizon Cuvier (F.), 1823) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 579) ; (32) catus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- - bination Felis catus (specific name of type species of Felis Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 91) (Name “No. 580) ; (33) gulo Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Mustela gulo (specific name of type species of Gulo Pallas, 1780) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 581) ; (34) timidus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Lepus timidus (specific name of type species of Lepus Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 582) ; (35) lynx Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Felis lynx (specific name of type species of Lynx Kerr, 1792) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 583) ; (36) musculus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mus musculus (specific name of type species of Mus Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 584) ; (37) tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Myrmecophaga tridactyla (specific name of type species of Myrmecophaga Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 585) ; (38) nasua Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the com- bination Viverra nasua (specific name of type species of Nasua Storr, 1780) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 586) ; ‘e 186 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (39) moschatus Zimmermann, 1780, as published in the combination Bos moschatus (specific name of type species of Ovibos Blainville, 1816) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 587) ; (40) hastatus Pallas, 1767, as published in the com- bination Vespertilio hastatus (specific name of type species of Phyllostomus Lacépéde, 1799) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 588) ; (41) /otor Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Ursus lotor (specific name of type species of Procyon Storr, 1780) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 589) ; (42) putorius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mustela putorius (specific name of type species of Putorius Cuvier (G.), 1817) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 590) ; (43) tarandus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cervus tarandus (specific name of type species of Rangifer Smith (C.H.), 1827) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 591) ; (44) ferrumequinum Schreber, |1774], as published in the combination Vespertilio ferrum-equinum (specific name of type species of Rhinolophus Lacépéde, 1799) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 592) ; (45) rupicapra Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the — combination Capra rupicapra (specific name of type species of Rupicapra Blainville, 1816) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 593) ; (46) vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Sciurus vulgaris (specific name of type species of Sciurus Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 91) (Name No. 594) ; (47) araneus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Sorex araneus (specific name of type species of Sorex Linnaeus, oo (Opinion 91) (Name No. 595) ; DIRECTION 22 187 (48) dorcas Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Capra dorcas (specific name of type species of Gazella Blainville, 1816) (Opinion 108) (Name No. 596) ; (49) leucophaea Pallas, 1766, as published in the combination Antilope leucophaea (specific name of type species of Hippotragus Sundevall, 1845) (Opinion 109) (Name No. 597) ; (50) peruanum Meyen, 1833, as published in the com- bination Lagidium peruanum (specific name of type species of Lagidium Meyen, 1833) (Opinion 110) (Name No. 598) ; (51) hispidus Schreber, [1774], as published in the combination Vespertilio hispidus (specific name of type species of Nycteris Geoffroy de Saint- Hilaire (E.) & Cuvier (F.), 1795) (Opinion 111) (Name No. 599) ; (52) polykomos Zimmermann, 1780, as published in the combination Simia polykomos (specific name of type species, of Colobus Illiger, 1811) (Opinion 122) (Name No. 600) ; (53) senegalensis Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1796, as published in the combination Galago sene- galensis (specific name of type species of Galago Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1796) (Opinion 122) (Name No. 601) ; (54) gorilla Savage, 1847, as published in the com- bination Troglodytes gorilla (specific name of type species of Gorilla Geoffroy de Saint- Hilaire (1.), 1852) (Opinion 122) (Name No. 602) ; (55) lar Linnaeus, 1771, as published in the combination Homo lar (specific name of type species of Hylobates MWlliger, 1811) (Opinion 122) (Name No. 603) ; (56) catta Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Lemur. catta (specific name of type species of Lemur Linnaeus, se (Opinion 122) (Name No. 604) ; 188 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (57) pithecia Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the com- bination Simia pithecia (specific name of type species of Pithecia Desmarest (A.G.), 1804) (Opinion 122) (Name No. 605). (2) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. 606 and 607 respectively :— (1) grypus Fabricius, 1791, as published in the com- bination Phoca grypus ; (2) syrichta Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Simia syrichta. (3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 250 :—vulgaris Kerr, 1792, as published in the combination Lynx vulgaris (a junior objective synonym of /ynx Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Felis lynx). ° I. SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT Y DIRECTION 7 The present Direction has been prepared under a General Directive issued to the Commission by the Thirteenth Interna- tional Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that the specific names of the species which are the type species of genera, the names of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology prior to the opening of that Congress should, if the oldest available names for the species concerned, be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and that in other cases there should be placed on that List whatever is currently considered to be the oldest available name for the species concerned. The present, which is the first of this series of DIRECTION 22 189 Directions, is concerned with the names of the type species of genera of the Class Mammalia, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the pre-Lisbon (1935) period. The total number of such generic names is sixty-two. Of the names of the type species of these genera two have already been dealt with, the name of the type species of Cercopithecus Linnaeus, 1758, in Opinion 238, that of Trichechus Linnaeus, 1758, in Direction 13. In addition, for the reasons explained in paragraph 4 of the present Direction, the name of the type species of the genus Vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758, has been deferred for further consideration. The remaining fifty-nine names are dealt with in the present Direction. The proposals which formed the basis of the decisions taken by the Commission in the present case were submitted by the Secretary in the following paper on 25th March 1955 :— Addition to the ‘* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ of the names of the type species of genera, the names of which were placed on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936: First Instalment (names of species of mammals) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) In a Report numbered Z.N.(S.) 900 dated 26th January 1955, submitted to the Commission concurrently with Voting Paper V.P. (O.M.)(55)4, I placed before the Commission proposals for giving effect, so far as concerns the names of genera of mammals placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, to the General Directive issued to the Commission by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that the gender attributable to each generic name placed on the above Official List in the foregoing period be ascertained and inserted in the entry on the Official List relating to that name. The present Report is concerned with securing for the same group of generic names com- pliance with the further Directive issued by the Paris Congress (a) that the specific name of the type species of each of the genera concerned, if the oldest available name for that species, be entered upon the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (then styled the ‘‘ Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology’’) and (b) that, where the specific name of that nominal species is not the oldest such name for the species concerned, the oldest specific name for that species, whatever it may 190 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS be, be entered upon the foregoing Official List. It was implicit also in the foregoing Directive that the entries relating to the type species of genera, the names of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the Opinions in question should be examined for the purpose of confirming that the species so cited had in fact been duly designated, indicated or selected under the Rules set out in Article 30 to be the type species of the genera in question. 2. The entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made in the pre-Lisbon period in respect of the names of each of the sixty-two genera of mammals concerned have been examined separately, both by reference to the standard literature and by con- suliation, where necessary, with specialists. This examination has shown (a) that, with one exception, the generic names are available names, (b) that the names concerned are currently accepted by mammalogists as the oldest available names for taxonomically valid genera, (c) that the nominal species cited in the Official List as the type species of the genera concerned have been duly determined as such under the Rules set out in Article 30 and (d) that the species so named are currently accepted by mammalogists as the type species of the genera in question. The single exception referred to above is the name Cercopithecus which in Opinion 104 was attributed to Linnaeus, 1758. That name was, however, published by Linnaeus only in the nominative plural as the name for a sub-division of the genus Simia and accordingly, under the Ruling given in Opinion 124, possesses no status as a subgeneric name as from the above author and date. This error on the Official List has already been corrected by the Commission in its Opinion 238 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 351— 360), in which the generic name Cercopithecus was validated under the Plenary Powers as from Linnaeus, 1758. In the same Opinion the Commission designated Simia diana Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type species of the genus so named, and the specific name diana Linnaeus, as published in the foregoing combination, was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 56. The number of names which it is necessary now to consider is accordingly reduced by one to sixty-one. 3. It must next be noted that by the decision taken by the Com- mission in its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)19, in relation to the generic name Manatus Brunnich, 1771, the specific name. manatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Trichechus manatus, was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. This decision has since been embodied in Direction 13 (now in the press?), 1 Direction 13 was published on 19th aie 1955 Bee Decls. int. Comm. zool, Nomencl, 1(C).: 51—66). DIRECTION 22 191 in which the Name No. 481 was allotted to the specific name manatus Linnaeus on the above Official List. The species so named is the type species of the genus Trichechus Linnaeus, 1758, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 112. Thus, by the action taken in Direction 13 the number of specific names now to be considered for admission to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology has been reduced from sixty-one to sixty. 4. It has been ascertained that in the case of each of the sixty names which remain to be considered the nominal species cited as the type species of a nominal genus, the name of which has been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, has been duly determined as such under the Rules set out in Article 30 of the Régles. In one case only is a word of comment called for. This is in relation to the generic name Lynx Kerr, 1792. This generic name was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 91, where its type species was stated to be Felis lynx Linnaeus, 1758, by absolute tautonymy. Reference to Kerr’s work shows, however, that he did not accept the name Felis lynx Linnaeus for the species concerned and renamed this species Lynx vulgaris (: 157). This was due, no doubt, to the dislike felt by XVIIIth century zoologists to absolute tautonymy between generic and specific names. Kerr, when publishing the foregoing name, did, however, expressly cite the name Felis lynx Linnaeus and the nominal species so named ranks, therefore, under a decision taken by the Paris (1948) Congress, as “‘ an originally included species ”’ (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 179—180). Accordingly, as no type species was designated or indicated by Kerr for the genus Lynx under Rules (a) to (c) in Article 30, the nominal species Felis lynx Linnaeus, 1758, is, under Rule (d) in that Article the type species of Lynx Kerr, 1792, by absolute tautonymy, as stated in Opinion 91. 5. The specific names of the type species of all the sixty nominal genera concerned (including the genus Lynx Kerr discussed in the immediately preceding paragraph) are nomenclatorially available names. Of these names fifty-eight are, in addition, accepted as the oldest available names for the species concerned. It is accordingly recommended that these fifty-eight names, which are set out in Section A of Annexe | to the present Report, should now, in compliance with the Paris Directive, be placed upon the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. \n the case of each of the two remaining genera the nominal species which is the type species is subjectively identified by specialists with some other nominal species bearing an older specific name. The nominal genera in question are Halichoerus Nilsson, 1820, and TJarsius Storr, 1780. The names of the type species of each of these genera, together with the names of the older nominal species with which each is identified, are given in Section B of Annexe | to the present Report. It is recommended that, in compliance with the 192 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Paris Directive, the older of the two specific names in question should now be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. Finally, in Annexe 2 it is proposed that the objectively invalid specific name vulgaris Kerr, 1792, discussed in paragraph 4 above be now placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. ANNEXE 1 Specific names of sixty nominal species of mammals proposed to be placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ in compliance with the General Directive relating to the regis- tration of such names issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth Inter- national Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 Section A: Specific names of fifty-eight nominal species which are the type species of nominal genera, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. Name of genus of which species specified in Col. | Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally Specific name proposed to be placed on the “* Official List of Specific Names in published is the type species Zoology ”’ (1) (2) (3) mysticetus Linnaeus, 1758 taurus Linnaeus, 1758 fiber Linnaeus, 1758 delphis Linnaeus, 1758 europaeus Linnaeus, 1758 | amphibius Linnaeus, 1758 cristata Linnaeus, 1758 ** Opinion *’ 75 Balaena mysticetus Bos taurus Castor fiber Delphinus delphis Erinaceus europaeus Hippopotamus amphibius _ Hystrix cristata Balaena Linnaeus, 1758 Bos Linnaeus, 1758 Castor Linnaeus, 1758 Delphinus Linnaeus, 1758 | Erinaceus Linnaeus, 1758 Hippopotamus Linnaeus, 1758 Hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 Specific name proposed to be placed on the “‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) monoceros Linnaeus, 1758 moschiferus Linnaeus, aries Linnaeus, 1758 vitulina Linnaeus, 1758 scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 europaea Linnaeus, 1758 arctos Linnaeus, 1758 alces Linnaeus, 1758 amphibius Linnaeus, 1758 paniscus Linnaeus, 1758 bison Linnaeus, 1758 tridactylus Linnaeus, 1758 familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 hircus Linnaeus, 1758 capucina Linnaeus, 1758 elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 didactylus Linnaeus, cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 cricetus Linnaeus, 1758 DIRECTION 22 Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Monodon monoceros Moschus moschiferus Ovis aries Phoca vitulina Sus scrofa Talpa europaea Ursus arctos ‘* Opinion ”’ 91 Cervus alces Mus amphibius Simia paniscus Bos bison Bradypus tridactylus Canis familiaris Capra hircus Simia capucina Cervus elaphus Bradypus didactylus Sorex cristatus Mus cricetus 193 Name of genus of which species specified in Col. | is the type species (3) Monodon Linnaeus, 1758 Moschus Linnaeus, 1758 Ovis Linnaeus, 1758 Phoca Linnaeus, 1758 Sus Linnaeus, 1758 Talpa Linnaeus, 1758 Ursus Linnaeus, 1758 Alces Gray, 1821 Arvicola Lacépéde, 1799 Ateles Geoffroy, 1806 Bison Smith, 1827 Bradypus Linnaeus, 1758 Canis Linnaeus, 1758 Capra Linnaeus, 1758 Cebus Erxleben, 1777 Cervus Linnaeus, 1758 Choloepus Illiger, 1811 Condylura IMlliger, 1811 Cricetus Leske, 1779 194 Specific name proposed to be placed on the ** Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) leucodon Hermann, 1780 cristata Erxleben, ITT aguti Linnaeus, 1766 marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758 dorsata Linnaeus, 1758 catus Linnaeus, 1758 gulo Linnaeus, 1758 timidus Lannaeus, 1758 lynx Linnaeus, 1758 musculus Linnaeus, 1758 tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758 nasua Linnaeus, 1766 moschatus Zimmerman, 1780 hastatus Pallas, 1767 lotor Linnaeus, 1758 putorius Linnaeus, 1758 tarandus Linnaeus, 1758 ferrum-equinum Schreber, [1774] rupicapra Linnaeus, 1758 vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Combination in which name specified in Col. | was originally published (2) Sorex leucodon Phoca cristata Mus aguti Didelphis marsupialis Hystrix dorsata Felis catus Mustela gulo Lepus timidus Felis lynx Mus musculus Myrmecophaga tridactyla Viverra nasua Bos moschatus Vespertilio hastatus Ursus lotor Mustela putorius Cervus tarandus Vespertilio ferrum- equinum Capra rupicapra Sciurus vulgaris Name of genus of | which species specified in Col. | is the type species (3) Crocidura Wagler, 1832 Cystophora Nilsson, 1820 Dasyprocta Mlliger, 1811 Didelphis Linnaeus, 1758 Erethizon Cuvier, 1823 Felis Linnaeus, 1758 Gulo Pallas, 1780 Lepus Linnaeus, ISS Lynx Kerr, 1792 Mus Linnaeus, 1758 Myrmecophaga Linnaeus, 1758 Nasua Storr, 1780 Ovibos Blainville, 1816 Phyllostomus Lacépéde, 1799 Procyon Storr, 1780 Putorius Cuvier, 1817 Rangifer Smith, 1827 Rhinolophus Lacépéde, 1799 Rupicapra Blainville, 1816 Sciurus Linnaeus, 1758 Specific name proposed to be placed on the ** Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ (1) araneus Linnaeus, 1758 murinus Linnaeus, 1758 dorcas Linnaeus, 1758 leucophaea Pallas, peruanum Meyen, a hispidus Schreber, [1774] polykomos Zimmerman, 1780 senegalensis Geoffroy, 1796 gorilla Savage, 1847 lar Linnaeus, 1771 catta Linnaeus, 1758 pithecia Linnaeus, 1766 DIRECTION 22 Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Sorex araneus Vespertilio murinus ** Opinion *’ 108 Capra dorcas ** Opinion ”’ 109 Antilope leucophaea ** Opinion ”’ 110 Lagidium peruanum ** Opinion ”’ 111 Vespertilio hispidus ** Opinion *’ 122 Simia polycomos Galago senegalensis Troglodytes gorilla Homo lar Lemur catta Simia pithecia 195 Name of genus of which species specified in Col. | is the type species (3) Sorex Linnaeus, 1758 Vespertilio Linnaeus, Gazella Blainville, 1816* Hippotragus Sundevall, 1845* Lagidium Meyen, 1833* Nycteris Geoftroy & Cuvier, 1795* Colobus Ulliger, 1811 Galago Geofiroy, 1796 Gorilla Geoftroy, 1852 Hylobates Mlliger, 1811 Lemur Linnaeus, 1758 Pithecia Desmarest, 1804 * The species noted in Column (2) became the type species of this genus by ‘designation under the Plenary Powers in the Opinion here noted. 196 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Section B : Specific names of two nominal species which are sub- jectively identified with nominal species of later date which are the type species of genera, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. Specific name proposed to be Remarks placed on the ** Official List of (not for inclusion in the entry Specific Names in Zoology ”’ to be made in the “Official List’’) (1) (2) grypus Fabricius, 1791, as pub- The name grypus Fabricius, lished in the combination 1791, is a senior subjective Phoca grypus synonym of griseus Nilsson, 1820, as published in the com- bination Halichoerus griseus, the specific name of the type species of Halichoerus Nilsson, 1820 (Opinion 91) The name syrichta Linnaeus, 1758, is a senior subjective synonym of tarsier Erxleben, 1777, as published in the combination Lemur tarsier, the specific name of the type species of Tarsius Storr, 1780 (Opinion 122) — syrichta Linnaeus, 1758, as pub- lished in the combination Simia syrichta ANNEXE 2 Specific name proposed to be placed on the ‘‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology ”’ Remarks (not for inclusion in the entry to be made in the “* Official Index ’’) The nominal species Felis lynx Name proposed to be entered on the “* Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology” vulgaris Kerr, 1792, as published in the combination Lynx vul- garis (a junior objective syno- nym of /ynx Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Felis lynx) Linnaeus, 1758, is the type species of the genus Lynx Kerr, 1792 (Opinion 91) 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of placing on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the names of the type species DIRECTION 22 197 of the genera of mammals the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the pre-Lisbon (1935) period was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 913. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)9 : On 25th March 1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)9) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “that, in conformity with the General Directives issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- Clature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, the names in the Class Mammalia referred to in paragraph 5 of the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 913 submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in paragraph 5 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] be dealt with as there recommended ”’, and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate the item concerned. 4. Withdrawal of the proposal submitted in regard to the specific name ‘** murinus ’’ Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination ** Vespertilio murinus ’’ : On 19th April 1955, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed the following Minute on the Commission’s filewZaN (S:) 1913 :—— Withdrawal of proposal relating to the specific name ‘‘ murinus ”’ Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination ‘‘ Vespertilio murinus *’ to permit of further study of the issues involved MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) I have today received the following note, dated 13th April 1955, from Commissioner Tadeusz Jaczewski in regard to the proposal 198 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS included among the recommendations submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)9 that the name murinus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Vespertilio murinus, the specific name of the type species of Vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758, be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :—‘‘ Our mammalogist, Mr. W. Serafinski, draws my attention to the fact that the eminent Swedish specialist in bats, Olof Ryberg, considers that the name Vespertilio murinus Linnaeus is a nomen dubium, cf. Ryberg, Studies on Bats and Bat Parasites, Stockholm, Lund, 1947, pp. 79—80. I think that this case should be recommitted for consultation with specialists ”’. 2. In the light of the foregoing information I fully share Com- missioner Jaczewski’s view that this question ought to be further examined before a decision thereon is taken by the International Commission. Accordingly, as Secretary to the Commission, I hereby withdraw from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)9 the proposal submitted in regard to the foregoing name. 5. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 25th April 1955. 6. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)9 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)9 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- two (22) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Stoll; Lemche; Vokes; Hering; Bradley (J.C.) ; Riley ; Mayr; Bonnet; Esaki; Prantl; do Amaral ; Mertens; Tortonese; Cabrera; Hemming; Boden- heimer ; Sylvester-Bradley; Boschma; Dymond ; Jaczewski ; Kuhnelt ; Hanko ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; DIRECTION 22 199 (c) On Leave of Absence, three (3) : Holthuis ; Key; Miller ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 7. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 26th April 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)9, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 6 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the Inter- national Commission in the matter aforesaid. 8. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 26th April 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)9. 9. Original References : The original references for the specific names placed on the Official List and Official Index by the Ruling given in the present Direction have already been noted in con- nection with the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, the nominal species bearing the names concerned being either the type species of genera, the names of which have been inscribed on that List or are nominal species subjectively identified there- with. 10. Family-Group Names: No question relating to family- group names arises in connection with the Ruling given in the present Direction. 200 | OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 11. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 12. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Twenty- Two (22) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature. Done in London, this Twenty-Sixth day of April, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by Mrercatre & Cooper Limitep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.c., CBE. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION C. Part C.14. Pp. 201—218 DIRECTION 23 Action taken in completion of the Rulings given under the Plenary Powers in Opinion 108 and Opinion 109 validating the generic names Gazella Blainville, 1816, and Hippotragus Sundevall, 1846, respectively (Class Mammalia) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1255 Price Nine Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 4th November, 1955 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 23 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) President: Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (2th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) a Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski (Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) ee a3 iat Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) President Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla Hank6 (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (45th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand Prantl (Ndrodni Museum vy Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm Kiihnelt (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) oy ae F. S. Bodenheimer (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico Tortonese (Istituto e Museo di Zoologia della Universita di Torino, Torino, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 23 ACTION TAKEN IN COMPLETION OF THE RULINGS GIVEN UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS IN “‘OPINION”’ 108 AND ‘** OPINION ” 109 VALIDATING THE GENERIC NAMES ‘*‘GAZELLA” BLAINVILLE, 1816, AND ** HIPPOTRAGUS ”? SUNDEVALL, 1846, RESPEC- TIVELY (CLASS MAMMALIA) RULING :—(1) Under the action taken under the Plenary Powers in the Opinions severally specified below the under-mentioned generic names are to be deemed to have been suppressed for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy :— (a) Gazella Pallas, 1769 (Opinion 108) ; -(b) Gazella Lichtenstein, 1814 (Opinion 108) ; (c) Gazella Rafinesque, 1815 (Opinion 108) ; (d) Hippotragus Sundevall, 1845 (Opinion 109). (2) The under-mentioned generic names or reputed generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. severally specified below :— (a) the four generic names specified in (1) above as there recorded as having been suppressed under the Plenary Powers, a note to be inserted in the entry relating to the names specified in (1)(a) and (1)(b) above that the reputed name in question was not published by the author concerned in the nominative singular (Name Nos. 326 to 329 respectively) ; (b) the under-mentioned generic names suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy by the Ruling given in Opinion 109 (Names Nos. 330 and 331 respectively) :— (i) Egocerus Desmarest (A.G.), 1822 ; (11) Ozanna Reichenbach, 1845 ; BOV 2 8 1955 204 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (c) the under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spel- lings for Egocerus Desmarest (A.G.), 1804 (Name Nos. 332 to 335 respectively) :— (i) Aegocera Berthold, 1827; (11) Aigocerus Smith (H.), 1827 ; (ii1) Oegocerus Lesson, 1842 ; (iv) Aegocerus Wagner, 1844 ; (d) Aegoceros Pallas, 1811 (a junior objective synonym of Capra Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 336). (3) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 921 :—Ory x Blainville, 1816 (gender : mascu- line) (type species by selection by Sclater (P.L.) & Thomas (M.R.O.) (1899) : Antilope oryx Pallas, 1777). (4) The following amended entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology is hereby substituted for the entry made by the Ruling given in Opinion 108 with the Name No. 537 :—Gazella Blainville, 1816 (gender : feminine) (type species, by selection by Ogilby (1836) : Capra dorcas Linnaeus, 1758). (5) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. 608 to 612 respectively :— (a) gazella Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Capra gazella ; (b) oryx Pallas, 1766, as published in the combination Antilope oryx ; (c) subgutturosa Gildenstaedt, 1780, as published in the combination Antilope subgutturosa ; (d) niger Harris, 1838, as published in the combination Aigocerus niger ; (e) equina Desmarest (A.G.), 1804, as published in the combination Antilope equina. ———— DIRECTION 23 205 (6) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 251 :—oryx Pallas, 1777, as published in the combination Antilope oryx (a junior primary homonym of oryx Pallas, 1766, as published in the combination Antilope oryx). I—THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT “ DIRECTION ” In the course of the preparation of the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology for publication in book-form considerable difficulties were encountered in preparing the entry relating to the name Gazella Blainville, 1816, (Class Mammalia), a name validated under the Plenary Powers by the Ruling given in Opinion 108 (1929, Smithson. misc. Coll. 74 (No. 6): 15). In addition, a defect was found in the Ruling given in Opinion 109 (1929, ibid. 73 (No. 6): 16), by which the name Hippotragus Sundevall, 1846 (Class Mammalia) had been validated under the Plenary Powers. These matters were investigated in the Office of the Commission, and on the completion of this inquiry the following paper was submitted to the Commission by the Secretary on 25th March 1955 :— Proposed completion of the Rulings given in 1929 in ‘* Opinions ”’ 108 and 109 on applications for the use of the Plenary Powers for the purpose of validating the names of certain genera of mammals which at that time were not available but were in common use By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The object of the present paper is (a) to examine two of the five Opinions (Opinions 108—112) published in 1929 in which the Com- mission gave Rulings on applications which had been submitted to it 206 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS for the use of its Plenary Powers for the purpose of validating certain generic names or uses of such names in the Class Mammalia in the interests of maintaining the then current nomenclatorial usage, and (b) to formulate, for the consideration of the International Commis- sion, proposals for completing the Rulings given by it in these cases in respect of those matters covered by the General Directives issued to the Commission by the Thirteenth and Fourteenth International Congresses of Zoology held respectively in Paris in 1948 and at Copenhagen in 1953. The Opinions concerned are Opinion 108 and Opinion 109. 2. The documentation available in regard to the Opinions dealt with in the present paper is unfortunately very scanty. The Opinions themselves are very brief and are entirely uninformative and Opinion 90 which purports to give the earlier history of these cases contains no more than a meagre summary of the applications submitted. Finally, little help is forthcoming from the records of the Commission for these, when transferred to my custody prior to the outbreak of war in 1939, were found to be very incomplete, many of the essential documents being missing. There is no clear record even of the date on which these applications were submitted to the Commission, but it cannot have been later than the spring of 1914, for the prescribed Public Notice of the possible use of the Plenary Powers in these cases was published in the summer of that year. : 3. In spite of the very protracted period between the receipt of these applications and the publication of the Commission’s Opinions regarding them, it is evident that in these cases the investigations carried out were far from complete. Both for this reason and because of the (probably) consequentially obscure wording used in the Rulings given in these Opinions the interpretation of these Rulings calls for especial care in the formulation of the action now needed in order to give effect to the General Directives issued to the Commission by the Paris and Copenhagen Congresses. In the following paragraphs I examine in turn the two Opinions concerned. ‘* Opinion *’ 108 4. The Plenary Powers were used in the present case to validate the generic name Gazella Blainville, 1816 (Bull. Sci. Soc. philomat.. Paris 1816 : 75) for the “‘ gazelles of modern usage ”’ (quotation from the Public Notice issued in 1914). Neither in Opinion 108, in which the Commission gave its decision in this case nor in Opinion 90, to which Opinion 108 is in the nature of a supplement, did the Commission give an intelligible account of the case presented to it in regard to the DIRECTION 23 207 name Gazella. Moreover, the form of the decision given in Opinion 108 shows clearly that the Commission did not itself investigate in detail the problem involved, considering it sufficient apparently to take a simple survey of the views of interested mammalogists as to the action which it was desirable should be taken. There is, however, one entry in Opinion 90 which gives a clue as to the nature of the problem then believed to be involved. The entry in question reads as follows :— ** Possible Code Application—To Gemsbok (Genus Oryx)” (1925, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 3) : 36). We may conclude therefore that the principal problem, as presented to the Commission, was how to secure that the generic name Gazella should continue to be applied to the gazelles instead of being transferred to the Gemsbok (a species then, as now, placed in the genus Oryx Blainville, 1816, Bull. Sci. Soc. philomat., Paris 1816 : 75). 5. Some twelve years or more before the submission of the applica- tion dealt with in Opinion 108, the question of the treatment to be accorded to the generic name Gazella had been discussed by Sclater & Thomas (1898, Book of Antelopes 3:65) who had pointed out that the name Gazella Blainville, 1816, then (as now) applied to the gazelles, was preoccupied by two earlier usages, namely :—(1) Gazella Lichtenstein, 1814 (Ges. Natur-Freunde Berlin Mag. 6 : 152, 171); (2) Gazella Rafinesque, 1815 (Analyse Nature : 56). The object of Sclater & Thomas was to devise some means by which the generic name Gazella could continue to be used for the group of species associated with the Dorcas Gazelle (Capra dorcas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1:69). Accordingly, after noting that, although Blainville had placed the Dorcas Gazelle in his genus Gazella, Lichtenstein had not included this species in his Gazella of 1814, Sclater & Thomas compared the species included in the genus Gazella by Lichtenstein and Blainville respectively for the purpose of ascer- taining whether there was any species of gazelle currently regarded as congeneric with the Dorcas Gazelle which had been included in the genus Gazella both by Lichtenstein and by Blainville. This examina- tion showed that these authors had included in their respective genera the Goitred (or Persian) Gazelle, Antilope subgutturosa Giuldenstaedt, 1780 (Acta Acad. imp. Sci. Petrop. 1778 (No. 1) : 251). Sclater & Thomas accordingly selected this species to be the type species both of Gazella Lichtenstein and of Gazella Blainville, believing that thereby they had found a means of preserving the generic name Gazella for use in its accustomed sense, though with subgutturosa Giildenstaedt instead of dorcas Linnaeus as type species. 6. It will be observed from the foregoing particulars that Sclater & Thomas regarded Gazella Lichtenstein, 1814, as the oldest generic name consisting of the word ‘‘ Gazella’’. In taking this view, they over- looked, however, the earlier generic name Gazella Pallas, 1769 (Nov. Comment. Acad. Sci, imp. Petrop. 13 : 468). In this paper Pallas 208 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS definitely referred to his new genus the nominal species Capra gazella Linnaeus, 1758, the Gemsbok, and, as this was the sole species which he so cited, it is the type species of Gazella Pallas by monotypy. It is undoubtedly this usage of the name Gazella which led the Commission to state in Opinion 90 that the “‘ possible Code application ”’ of the generic name Gazella was “‘to Gemsbok’”’ instead of (as hitherto) to the Dorcas Gazelle and its allies. It was to meet this situation that in Opinion 108 the Commission used its Plenary Powers to validate the generic name Gazella as from Blainville, 1816. Thus, although the Commission did not expressly state in Opinion 108 that it was using its Plenary Powers to suppress the three names discussed above (Gazella Pallas, 1769; Gazella Lichtenstein, 1814; Gazella Rafi- nesque, 1815), this is in fact the action which it must be concluded that it then took, for on the information available at the time this action was then necessary in order to validate the name Gazalla Blainville. Moreover, as has already been shown, the Commission gave a Clear (though oblique) indication in Opinion 90 that it was aware of the existence of the name Gazella Pallas, and Pallas was actually mentioned in a note included in the Public Notice issued in 1914 (see paragraph 4 above), this note reading as follows :—“ An early reference by Pallas in connection with Oryx gazella makes it adivsable to affix the name Gazella to the gazelles before it is attempted to be used for the gemsbucks ’’. —The Commission did not include among the meagre particulars furnished in Opinion 108 a reference to the name Gazella as published, first by Lichtenstein in 1814 and second, by Rafinesque in 1815, but 1t must have been aware of the existence of these names for (as shown in paragraph 5 above) they had been discussed by Sclater & Thomas in 1898 in what at the time of the adoption of Opinions 90 and 108 was the most recent examination of the problem of the name Gazella. All three of the names discussed above must therefore be deemed to have been covered by the use of the Plenary Powers in Opinion 108 and all three names should, therefore, now be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. At the same time, it is desirable that the name subgutturosa Guldenstaedt, 1780, as published in the combination Antilope subgutturosa, the oldest available name for the Goitred Gazelle (the species selected by Sclater & Thomas in 1898 as the type species of Gazella Lichtenstein, 1814) should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. It is perhaps not without interest to note that, if the case here under discussion had been submitted to the Commission in (say) 1944 instead of some thirty years earlier, it would have worn a very different air, owing to the interpretation of Article 8 given by the Commission in Opinion 183 in 1944 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 3 : 13— 24) and later incorporated into the Régles (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 139—140) that, in order to acquire the status of availability, a generic name must first be published in the nominative singular. For neither the name Gazella Pallas, 1769, nor the name Gazella Lichtenstein, 1814, conformed with the foregoing requirement. Pallas’ book was written in Latin and the noun “ Gazella’’ appears DIRECTION 23 209 in the accusative singular and in the nominative and genitive plural but never in the nominative singular, while Lichtenstein, who regarded Gazella as a subgenus of Antilope, used the word only in the nominative plural (as Gazellae). Thus, under the Régles as they have existed since 1944 neither of the foregoing names would offer any threat to Gazella Blainville. Moreover, the only other usage of the name Gazella prior to Blainville, 1816, namely Gazella Rafinesque, 1815, might well be regarded (and, in my opinion, should be regarded) as a nomen nudum, for Rafinesque, while giving a short diagnosis for a sub-family containing this and a number of other genera, gave no express diagnosis for his Gazella or for any of the other genera included by him in the group and cited no nominal species as belonging to his genus. At this point it must be noted also that the wording employed in the decision recorded in (i.e. in the so-called “‘ Summary” of) Opinion 108 (namely :—‘‘ Under Suspension of the Rules Gazella Blainville, 1816, type species Capra dorcas Linn., 1758a, is adopted in preference to Oryx, and is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names’’) appears to imply that it was under “‘ Suspension of the Rules ”’ that the foregoing species was designated as the type species of Gazella Blainville or at least fails to make it clear that this is not the case. We have already seen (paragraph 5 above) that Sclater & Thomas (1899) selected Antilope subgutturosa Guldenstaedt, 1780, to be the type species of this genus. That selection was, however, invalid, for it had been anticipated by Ogilby who in 1836 (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 4 (48) : 137) had validly selected Capra dorcas Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type species of the genus Gazella Blainville, 1816. Thus, in the light of the particulars given above and if it is granted that the name Gazella Rafinesque, 1815, is a nomen nudum, the name Gazella Blain- ville, 1816, has at least since 1944 been the oldest available generic name for the Dorcas Gazelle and its allies without any intervention by the Commission. 7. Under the General Directive relating to the filling-in of gaps in Rulings given in previously published Opinions it is necessary that the name Oryx Blainville, 1816, should now be placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. ‘The gender of this generic name is masculine. The type species of this genus is Antilope oryx Pallas, 1777 (Spicil. Zool. (12) : 16). This nominal species which represents the Gemsbok, was so selected by Sclater & Thomas, 1899 (Book of Antelopes 4:41). The oldest available specific name for this species is gazella Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 69), as published in the combination Capra gazella. This latter name should now be placed on the Official List. (It should be noted that the name Antilope oryx Pallas, 1777, referred to above, is a junior homonym of Antilope oryx Pallas, 1766 (Misc. zool. : 9), which is the oldest available name for the Eland. The name oryx Pallas, 1766, should now be placed on the Official List, while its junior homonym should be placed on the Official Index.) 210 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS ‘** Opinion ’’ 109 8. The object of the application in this case was to secure the use of the Commission’s Plenary Powers for the purpose of validating the generic name Hippotragus Sundevall, 1846, with Antilope leucophaea Pallas, 1766 (the extinct Blue Buck of the Cape Province) as type species. To this end the Commission suppressed the following generic names :—(1) Egocerus Desmarest, 1822 (Ency. méth., Mamma. (2) : 475), of which Antilope leucophaea Pallas was the type species by selection by Sclater & Thomas, 1899 (Book of Antelopes 4 : 3) and which was therefore a senior objective synonym of Hippotragus Sundevall, 1846; (2) Ozanna Reichenbach, 1845 (Vollstand. Naturgesch. 3 (Rumin.) : 126), of which Aigocerus niger Harris, 1838 (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 6 : 2) was the type species by selection by Sclater & Thomas, 1899 (Book of Antelopes 4 : 3) and which was therefore a senior sub- jective synonym of Hippotragus Sundevall, 1846, in view of the fact that niger Harris and leucophaea Pallas were (and are still) considered to be congeneric with one another. These two generic names should now be placed upon the Official Index, together with the following variant spellings of the first of these names, namely :—(a) Aegocera Berthold, 1827, in Latreille (Natir. Fam. Thierr. : 61); (b) Aigocerus Smith (H.), 1827, in Griffith’s Cuvier, (Anim. Kingd., Mamm. 5 : 324) ; (c) Oegocerus Lesson, 1842 (Nouv. Tabl. Régne Anim., Mamm. : 179) ; (d) Aegocerus Wagner, 1844 (Schreber’s Saugth. Suppl. 4 : 482). Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, these names must all be regarded as being Erroneous Subsequent Spellings and not as Invalid Emendations, since the authors by whom they were published did not expressly indicate that they were intentional emendations of Egocerus Desmarest (see 1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 44, Decision 71(2) (a)). At the same time the name niger Harris, 1838, as published in the combination Aigocerus niger (the oldest available name for the Sable Antelope) should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names. It must be noted also that when dealing with the name Egocerus Desmarest, 1822, the Commission pointed out that the name Aegoceros Pallas, 1811 (Zoogr. rosso-asiat. 1 : 224) was not one of the Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Egocerus Desmarest but was the name of a separately established nominal genus. The type species of Pallas’ Aegoceros is Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758, and the generic name is therefore a junior objective synonym of Capra Linnaeus, 1758, a name which has been placed on the Official List in Opinion 91. The name Aegoceros Pallas should oreo now be placed upon the Official Index. 9. Finally, it is necessary to note that, as pointed out by Ellerman, Morrison-Scott & Hayman (1953, South. Afric. Mamm., 1758 to 1951 : 198) the Commission, when validating the name Hippotragus Sundevall, 1846, for the Cape Blue Buck, omitted to make any express mention of the fact that that generic name was a junior homonym of Hippotragus DIRECTION 23 211 Sundevall, 1845 (Ofvers. Vetensk.-Akad. Férhandl., Stockholm 2 : 31), the type species of which, by monotypy, is the Roan Antelope (Antilope equina Desmarest, 1804, Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. (1) 24:4). As in the case of the name Gazella (discussed in paragraph 5 of the present paper) where a similar omission occurred in Opinion 108, the Public Notices which were issued at the time of the consideration of the present case cover it fully and under the decision taken in Opinion 109 the earlier homonym Hippotragus Sundeval, 1845, is therefore to be deemed to have been suppressed in favour of Hippotragus Sundevall, 1846. So suppressed, it should now be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, while the specific name equina Desmarest, 1804, as published in the combination Antilope equina (the oldest available name for the Roan Antelope), should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. 10. Separate proposals have been submitted to the Commission for the purpose of securing compliance with the two remaining General Directives issued by the International Congress of Zoology which affect the names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Rulings given in Opinions 108 and 109. These proposals were submitted in the following papers :—(1) Paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 900, dated 26th January 1955, in which proposals were submitted for determining the gender to be assigned to the generic names of mammals placed on the Official List in the pre-Lisbon period! ; (2) Paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 913 which is being submitted concurrently with the present paper and which contains proposals for placing on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the names of the type species of nominal genera, the names of which had in the pre-Lisbon period been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology’. 11. The recommendations submitted in the present paper are summarised in the attached Annexe, and I commend them to the consideration of the Commission for the purpose of securing com- pliance, in the case of Opinions 108 and 109, with the General Directives issued to the Commission by the International Congress of Zoology. Annexe to Application Z.N.(S.) 915 Draft of ‘‘ Direction °’ recommended - (1) Under the action taken under the Plenary Powers in the Opinions severally specified below the under-mentioned generic names 1 The Commission’s decision in this case has since been embodied in Direction 10 (pp. 1—14 of the present Section of volume 1). * The Commission’s decision in this case has since been embodied in Direction 22 (pp. 179—200 of the present Section of volume 1). 212 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS to be deemed to have been suppressed for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy :— (a) Gazella Pallas, 1769 (Opinion 108) ; (b) Gazella Lichtenstein, 1814 (Opinion 108) ; (c) Gazella Rafinesque, 1815 (Opinion 108) ; (d) Hippotragus Sundevall, 1845 (Opinion 109). (2) The under-mentioned generic names to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :— (a) the four generic names specified in (1) above as there recorded as having been suppressed under the Plenary Powers ; (b) the under-mentioned generic names suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy by the Ruling given in Opinion 109 :— (i) Egocerus Desmarest, 1822 ; (ii) Ozanna Reichenbach, 1845 ; (c) the under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Egocerus Desmarest, 1804 :— (1) Aegocera Berthold, 1827 ; (ii) Aigocerus Smith (H.), 1827; (ii) Oegocerus Lesson, 1842 ; (iv) Aegocerus Wagner, 1844 ; (d) Aegoceros Pallas, 1811 (a junior objective synonym of Capra Linnaeus, 1758). (3) The under-mentioned generic name to be placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology :—Oryx Blainville, 1816 (gender : masculine) (type species, by selection by Sclater & Thomas (1899) : Antilope oryx Pallas, 1777). (4) The under-mentioned specific names to be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :— (a) gazella Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Capra gazella ; (b) oryx Pallas, 1766, as published in the combination Antilope Oryx ; (c) subgutturosa Gildenstaedt, 1780, as published in the com- bination Antilope subgutturosa ; DIRECTION 23 : 213 (d) niger Harris, 1838, as published in the combination Aigocerus niger ; (e) equina Desmarest, 1804, as published in the combination Antilope equina ; (5) The under-mentioned specific name to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology :— oryx Pallas, 1777, as published in the combination Antilope oryx (a junior primary homonym of oryx Pallas, 1766, as published in the combination Antilope oryx). 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of the action to be taken to complete the Rulings given in Opinions 108 and 109 was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 915. Il—THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)10 : On 25th March 1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)10) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “ that, in conformity with the General Directives issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, the names arising in connection with the Rulings given in Opinions 108 and 109 shown in the Annexe to the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 915 [i.e. in the Annexe to the 214 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS application reproduced in .the first paragraph of the present Direction] submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper be dealt with as there recommended ”’, and, if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate the item concerned. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 25th April 1955. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)10 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)10 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-two (22) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Stoll; Lemche; Vokes; Hering; Bradley (J.C.); Riley ; Mayr; Bonnet; Esaki; Prantl; do Amaral ; Mertens; Tortonese; Cabrera; Hemming; Boden- heimer ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Boschma ; Dymond; Jac- zewski ; Kithnelt ; Hank ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) On Leave of Absence, three (3) : Holthuis ; Key; Miller ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. DIRECTION 23 | 215 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 26th April 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)10, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the Inter- national Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Clarification of two drafting points on the proposals sub- mitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)10 : On 26th April 1955 Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed the following Minute on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 915 :— Two drafting points on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)10 MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature In preparing the Ruling required to give effect to the decisions taken by the Commission in its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)10, I have come to the conclusion that for the sake of clarity two minor clarifications are required in the formulation annexed to my paper Z.N.(S.) 915 of 25th March 1955 of the proposals there submitted. The first is concerned with the entry to be made (on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology) regarding the names Gazella Pallas, 1769, and Gazella Lichtenstein, 1815. Here it is desirable that a note should be inserted making it clear that, as explained in paragraph 6 of my paper of 25th March 1955, neither of these names was published by the author concerned in the nominative singular as required by Article 8 as amended by the Paris (1948) Congress. Second, it appears to me to be desirable that express mention should be made in the Ruling now to be given of the fact that, as explained in the fore- going paragraph of my paper of 25th March last, the nominal species Capra dorcas Linnaeus, 1758, is the type species of Gazella Blainville by selection by Ogilby (1836) and not, as the Ruling given in Opinion 108 appears to imply, by designation under the Plenary Powers in that Opinion. 216 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 2. Accordingly, as Secretary, I hereby direct (a) that a note as specified above be added to the entries on the Official List relating to the names Gazella Pallas, 1769, and Gazella Lichtenstein, 1815, and (b) that it be made clear that the type species of Gazella Blainville, 1816, was by selection by Ogilby in 1836. 8. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 26th April 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)10, as clarified by the Minute executed by the Secretary earlier on the same day. The text of the Minute here referred to is given in paragraph 7 of the present Direction. 9. Original References : The following are the original refer- ences for the names placed or confirmed on Official Lists and for the names and reputed names placed on Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Aegocera Berthold, 1827, in Latreille, Natiir. Fam. Thierr. : 61 Aegoceros Pallas, 1811, Zoograph. rosso-asiat. 1 : 224 Aegocerus Wagner, 1844, Schreber’s Saugth., Suppl. 4 : 482 Aigocerus Smith (H.), 1827, in Griffith’s Cuvier, Anim. Kingd., Mamm. 5 : 324 Egocerus Desmarest (A.G.), 1822, Ency. méth., Mamm. (2) : 475 equina, Antilope, Desmarest (A.G.), 1804, Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. (1) 24:4 Gazella Pallas, 1769, Nov. Comment. Acad. Sci. imp. Petrop. 13 : 468 (not published in the nominative singular, appearing only in the accusative singular and the nominative and genitive plural) Gazella Lichtenstein, 1814, Ges. Natur-Freunde Berlin Mag. 6 : 152, 171 (not published in the nominative singular, appearing only in the nominative plural) Gazella Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nature : 56 Gazella Blainville, 1816, Bull. Sci. Soc. philomat., Paris 1816 : 75 gazella, Capra, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 69 DIRECTION 23 217 Hippotragus Sundevall, 1845, Ofvers. Vetensk.-Akad. Férhandl., Stockholm 2 : 31 niger, Aigocerus, Harris, 1838, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 6 : 2 Oegocerus Lesson, 1842, Nouv. Tabl. Régne Anim., Mamm. : 179 Oryx Blainville, 1816, Bull. Sci. Soc. philomat., Paris 1816 : 75 oryx, Antilope, Pallas, 1766, Misc. zool. : 9 oryx, Antilope, Pallas, 1777, Spicil. Zool. (1) : 16 Ozanna Reichenbach, 1845, Vollstdnd. Naturgesch. 3 (Rumin.) : 126 subgutturosa, Antilope, Guldenstaedt, 1780, Acta Acad. imp. Sci. Petrop. 1778 (No. 1) : 251 10. The following are the references for the selection of type species for the under-mentioned genera specified in the Ruling given in the present Direction :— For Oryx Blainville, 1816: Sclater (P.L.) & Thomas (M.R.O.), 1899, Book of Antelopes 4 : 41 For Gazella Blainville, 1816 : Ogilby, 1836, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 4(48) : 137 11. Family-Group-Name Problems: The family-group-name problems involved in connection with the generic names which form the subject of the present Direction will be dealt with on a later occasion, together with similar problems arising in con- nection with other generic names in the Class Mammalia placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. 12. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 218 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 13. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Twenty- Three (23) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Sixth day of April, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by Mercatre & Cooper LimiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION C. Part C.15. Pp. 219—246 DIRECTION 24 Completion of the entries relating to the names of certain genera in the Class Mammalia made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 Printed by Order of the International Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological - Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Fourteen Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 4th November, 1955 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 24 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) President: Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski (/nstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (Sth June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u: Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Soe J. ae Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) 12th August 1953) President Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla Hanko (Mezdégazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (42th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) ne August oe K. H. L. y (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, "Gankewe. A. Ci T. | JER ane (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand Prantl (Na@rodni Museum y Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm Kiihnelt (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. Bodenheimer (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954) Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico Tortonese (Ustituto e Museo di Zoologia della Universita di Torino, Torino, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 24 COMPLETION OF THE ENTRIES RELATING TO THE NAMES OF CERTAIN GENERA IN THE CLASS MAM- MALIA MADE ON THE “OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 RULING :—(1) The following particulars relating to the determination under Article 30 of the Régles of the type species of the under-mentioned genera, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 91, are hereby inserted in the said Official List :— (a) Type species by original designation (Rule (a)) : Erethizon Cuvier (G. F.), 1823 ; (b) Type species by monotypy (Rule (c)) : Arvicola Lacépéde, 1799 ; (c) Type species by Linnean tautonymy (Rule (d)), as codified by the International Congress of Zoo- logy (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 155): (1) Canis Linnaeus, 1758 ; (11) Capra Linnaeus, 1758 ; (111) Cervus Linnaeus, 1758 ; (iv) Felis Linnaeus, 1758 ; (v) Lepus Linnaeus, 1758 ; (vi) Mus Linnaeus, 1758 ; (vil) Sciurus Linnaeus, 1758 ; (vill) Sorex Linnaeus, 1758 ; (d) Type species by subsequent selection (Rule (g)) : (i) Ateles Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1806 : selection by Miller & Rehn (1901) ; i) Bradypus Linnaeus, 1758: selection by Miller & Rehn (1901) ; mov 28 1955 aoe OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (111) Cebus Erxleben, 1777: selection by Elliot (1913) ; (iv) Choloepus Illiger, 1811 : selection by Miller & Rehn (1901) ; (v) Condylura Illiger, 1811 : selection by True (1896) ; (vi) Crocidura Wagler, 1832: selection by Palmer (1904) ; (vil) Cystophora Nilsson (S.), 1820 : selection Allen (1880) ; (vil) Didelphis Linnaeus, 1758: selection by | Thomas (1888) ; (ix) Halichoerus Nilsson (S.), 1820: selection by Allen (1880) ; (x) Myrmecophaga Linnaeus, 1758 : selection by Thomas (1901) ; (x1) Ovibos Blainville, 1816 : selection by Elliot (1901) (this selection having been pub- lished in March 1901 has priority over the selection of the same species by Miller & Rehn which was not published until towards the end of December 1901) ; (xu) Phyllostomus Lacépeéede, 1799 : selection by Miller & Rehn (1901) ; (xii) Procyon Storr, 1780: selection by Elliot (1901) (also later in the same year selected by Miller & Rehn) ; (xiv) Rangifer Smith (C. H.), 1827 : selection by Elliot (1901) (also later in the same year selected by Miller & Rehn) ; (xv) Rhinolophus Lacépéde, 1799 : selection by Palmer (1904). (2) The following particulars relating to the determina- tion under Article 30 of the type species of the under- mentioned genera are hereby inserted in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in substitution for the DIRECTION 24 223 particulars specified therefor by the Rulings given in Opinion 91 and Opinion 122 respectively :— (a) Dasyprocta Mliger, 1811 ; type species by selection by Thomas (1903) under the procedure pre- scribed by Opinion 6 : Mus aguti Linnaeus, 1766. (b) Lemur Linnaeus, 1758 ; type species by selection by Thomas (M. R. O.) (1911) : Lemur catta Linnaeus, 1758. (3) The date “ 1822” inadvertently. specified in the Ruling given in Opinion 91 as the date of publication of the generic name Erethizon Cuvier (G. F.) is hereby comecied to 1323”’. (4) The incorrect entry “ polycomos Schreber ”’ as the name of the type species of the genus Colobus Illiger, 1811, specified in the Ruling given in Opinion 122 is hereby deleted from the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology and the following revised entry is inserted in its place :—Simia polykomos Zimmermann, 1780, Geogr. Gesch. 2 : 202. (5) The incorrect entry “tlype by] a[bsolute] t[auto- nymy] senegalensis Geofir. = galago Schreber ”’ relating to the determination of the type species of the genus Galago Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1796, specified in the Ruling given in Opinion 122 is hereby deleted from the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology and the following revised entry is inserted in its place :—Type species, by monotypy : Galago senegalensis Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire, 1796. (6) The gender to be attributed to the generic name Galago Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1796, placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 122 is hereby determined as being the masculine gender. (7) The incorrect entry ““mfono] t[lypy]. spectrum Pallas, so. tlype by] a[bsolute] t{autonymy] tarsier Erxl., 224 OPINIONS. AND DECLARATIONS 1777, = tarsius’”’ relating to the determination of the type species of the genus Jarsius Storr, 1780, specified in the Ruling given in Opinion 122 is hereby deleted from the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology and the following revised entry is inserted in its place :—Type species by selection by Palmer, 1904 (N. Amer. Fauna 23 : 664) : Lemur tarsier Erxleben, 1777. (8) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. severally specified below :— (i) Alus Gray (J. E.),.1825 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Alces Gray (J. E.), 1821, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) (Name No. 337) ; (ii) Cebus Rafinesque, 1815 (a junior homonym of Cebus Erxleben, 1777, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) (Name No. 338) ; (iii) The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Colobus Mlliger, 1811, placed on the Official List by Opinion 122 :— (a) Colobus Merrem, 1820 (Name No. 339) ; (b) Colobus Audinet-Serville, 1834 (Name No. 340) ; (c) Colobus Schoenherr, 1842 (Name No. 341) ; b) (a) Colobus Albers, 1850 (Name No. 342) ; (iv) The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Con- dylura Mlliger, 1811, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91 :— (a) Condylura Barnes, 1826 (Name No. 343) ; (b) Condylura Berthold, 1827 (Name No. 344) ; | 2 DIRECTION 24 225 (v) Condylurus Blainville, 1838 (an Invalid Emend- ation of Condylura Mlliger, 1811, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) (Name No. 345) ; (vi) Condytura Bell, 1839 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Condylura Mlliger, 1811, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) (Name No. 346) ; (vii) Crocidurus Schultz, 1890 (an Invalid Emenda- tion of Crocidura Wagler, 1832, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) (Name No. 347) ; (vill) Cystophora Yabe & Hayaska, 1916 (a junior homonym of Cystophora Nilsson (S.), 1820, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) (Name No. 348) ; (ix) Dasyprocla Lund, 1840 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Dasyprocta Illiger, 1811, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) (Name No. 349) ; (x) The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Erethizon Cuvier (G. F.), 1823, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91 :— (a) Erethrizon Torne, 1885 (Name No. 350) ; (b) Erethryzon [Torne], 1891 (Name No. 351) ; (c) Eretison Doughty, 1831 (Name No. 352) ; (d) Eretizon Cuvier (G. F.), 1824 (Name INO-.353)< (e) et Gray (J. E.), 1825 (Name No. (xi) Hylobates Dejean, 1834 (a junior homonym of Hylobates Uliger, 1811, placed on the Official List in Opinion 122) (Name No. 355) ; (x1) Hylobatus Schlegel, 1876 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Hylobates Illiger, 1811, _ placed on the Official List in Opinion 122) (Name No. 356) ; eo |) .s OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (xii) Lagidium Malaise, 1933 (a junior homonym of Lagidium Meyen, 1833, placed on the Official List in Opinion 110) (Name No. 357) ; (xiv) Lemur Hiibner, [1809—1813] (a junior homo- nym of Lemur Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List 11 Opinion 122) (Name No. 556). (xv) Myrmecopha Fischer de Waldheim, 1803 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Myrme- cophaga \ainnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) (Name No. 359) ; (xvi) Myrmecophaga Lacépéde, 1799 (a junior homo- nym of Myrmecophaga Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) (Name No. 360) ; (xvi) Myrmecophagus Gray (J. E.), 1825 (an Invalid Emendation of Myrmecophaga Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) (Name No. 361); (xvill) Nycteris Borkhausen, 1797 (a junior homonym of Nycteris Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire (E.) & Cuvier (G. F.), 1795, placed on the Official List in Opinion 111) (Name No. 362) ; (xix) Paralces Allen (J. A.), 1902 (a junior objective synonym of Alces Gray (J. E.), 1825, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) (Name No. 363) ; (xx) Petalia Gray (J. E.), 1838 (a name suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy in Opinion 111) (Name No. 364) ; (xx1) Phyllostoma Cuvier (G. L. C. F. D.), 1800 (an Invalid Emendation of Phyllostomus Lacé- pede, 1799, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) (Name No. 365) ; DIRECTION 24 227, (xxii) The under-mentioned names suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy in Opinion 114 :— (a) Pithecus Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire (E.) & Cuvier (G. F.), 1795 (Name No. 366) : (b) Pithecus Cuvier (G. L. C. F. D.), 1800 (Name No. 367) ; (c) Pithecus Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1812 (Name No. 368) ; (xxl) Rangifer Gistl, 1847 (a junior homonym of Rangifer Serville, 1835, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) (Name No. 369) ; (xxiv) The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Rhinolophus Lacépéde, 1799, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91 :— (a) Rhinolophos Kaup, 1835 (Name No. 370); (b) Rhinolphus Fischer de Waldheim, 1803 (Name No. 371); (c) Rhynolophus Gray (J. E.), 1821 (Name No. 372) ; 9 (xxv) Sciurur Temminck, 1844 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Sciurus Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) (Name No. 373) ; (xxvi) Simia Linnaeus, 1758 (a name suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law i a in Opinion 114) (Name No. 74); (xxvul) Trichechus Linnaeus, 1766 (a junior homonym of Trichechus Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 112) (Name No. 375) ; 228 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (xxvil) Vespertilio Merch, 1852 (a junior homonym of Vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) (Name No. 376) ; (xxix) Viscaccia Oken, 1816 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy in Opinion 110) (Name No. 377). (9) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. 252 and 253 respectively :— (i) satyrus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Simia satyrus (name suppressed under the Plenary Powers in Opinion 114 for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy) ; (ii) tarsius Desmarest (A. G.), 1804, as published in the combination Tarsius tarsius (an Invalid Emenda- tion of tarsier Erxleben, 1777, as published in the combination Lemur tarsier). 1. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT ** DIRECTION ” The present Direction is the fourth of a series containing decisions supplementary to the Rulings in regard to generic names in the Class Mammalia given in Opinions adopted in the pre- Lisbon (1935) period. These decisions have been taken by the International Commission in conformity with General Directives issued by the International Congress of Zoology (a) that the Commission should assign an appropriate gender to each name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology during the foregoing period, (b) that it should place on the Official List of DIRECTION 24 229 Specific Names in Zoology the specific names of the type species of genera, the names of which had already been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, where the specific names concerned are the oldest available names for the species in question, (c) that it should place on the appropriate Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names any objectively invalid names dealt with in that period, and (d) that it should take such other action as might be necessary to ensure that a decision was taken on all aspects of the cases dealt with in Opinions published up to the end of 1936. The present Direction gives Rulings on various miscellaneous matters which could not conveniently be dealt with in the earlier Directions concerned with the names of mammals. The proposals which formed the basis of the decisions taken by the Commission in the present case were submitted by the Secretary in the following paper on 25th March 1955 :— Names of genera of mammals placed on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in the period up the end of 1936 : proposed determination of certain matters additional to those dealt with in the proposals submitted with Voting Papers V.P.(O.M.)(55)4 and V.P.(O.M.)(55)9 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature In a paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 900 which I submitted to the Com- mission on 26th January, 1955, I put forward proposals! for determining the gender to be attributed to the name of each genus of mammals that had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, and concurrently with the present paper I am submitting a paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 913, containing recom- mendations? for the addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the specific name of the type species of every genus of mammal, the name of which was during the foregoing period placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, in every case where that name is an available name and is accepted by specialists in the 1 The decisions taken by the Commission on the proposals submitted in the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 900 have now been embodied in Direction 10 (pp. 1—14 of the present Section of volume 1). 2 The decisions taken by the Commission on the proposals submitted in the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 913 have now been embodied in Direction 22 (pp. 179—200 of the present Section of volume 1). e 230 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS group concerned as the oldest such name for the taxonomic species concerned, and, in other cases, for the addition to the foregoing Official List of whatever name is accepted by specialists as the oldest available name for the taxonomic species in question. Finally, in Paper Z.N.(S.) 915, I have submitted proposals? for completing Opinions 108 and 109. If we leave on one side for the present the family-group-name problems involved in connection with the foregoing generic names, the proposals submitted in the foregoing papers cover, so far as mammal names are concerned, the whole of the field with which it will be necessary to deal in order to bring the pre-Lisbon portion of the Official Lists up to the level needed for publication. There are however certain minor matters outstanding which should at this stage be brought to the attention of the Commission and for which I desire to obtain its approval for the action proposed. These are dealt with in the present paper. In some cases the proposals now submitted are designed to correct minor errors, in others, to fill up > gaps left in the Opinions here under consideration. In all, five types of case may be distinguished. (1) Insertion in the ‘‘ Official List ’’ of particulars as to how the type species of certain genera were determined 2. In the case of twenty-eight of the sixty-two nominal genera of mammals placed upon the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, the species accepted by the Com- mission as the type species was cited without any explanation as to why it was considered that that species was the type species of the genus concerned (e.g. whether by original designation, monotypy, subsequent selection, etc.). It is clearly essential that these omissions should be made good before the Official List is published in book- form. A large amount of work has been involved in filling these gaps, which necessitated both direct search of the literature and consultations with individual specialists. In about half of the cases concerned reference to the original publication clearly established under which of the Rules in Article 30 the type species had been determined. In the case however of genera the type species of which were determined under Rule (g) in the foregoing Article (type species by subsequent selection) an extensive search of the literature has been necessary. It is believed that the references which have been detected are the oldest for each of the genera concerned, though in cases of this kind, it is never possible to be absolutely certain that the oldest type selection in the literature has been found. The results obtained by the investigations undertaken for twenty-six of the names concerned, are set out in Annexe | to the present paper. Special considerations arise ° The decisions taken by the Commission on the proposals submitted in the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 915 have now been embodied in Direction 23 (pp. 201— 218 of the present Section of volume 1). DIRECTION 24 231 in connection with the two remaining names which are discussed _ separately in paragraphs 4 to 5 below. 3. The genus Dasyprocta Mlliger, 1811, which was placed on the Official List in Opinion 91, was established with only two included species. One of these species, Cavia acuchy (Gmelin, 1788), was made the type species of a new monotypical genus, Myoprocta, by Thomas in 1903 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 12 : 464). Thus, as no selection had by that time been made under Rule (g) in Article 30, Thomas’s action constitutes under Opinion 6, a valid selection of the remaining species, Mus aguti Linnaeus, 1766, as the type species of Dasyprocta Illiger. The method of selecting type species sanctioned under Opinion 6 was revoked by the Copenhagen Congress, but this does not impair the validity of Thomas’s action in the present case, for the Congress _ inserted a provision protecting type selections already accepted on the basis of the Ruling given in the foregoing Opinion (see 1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 72, Decision 135). It is accordingly pro- posed to treat this genus as having had its type species selected by Thomas (1903) under the provisions of Opinion 6. 4. No type species for the genus Lemur Linnaeus, 1758, had previously been determined at the time when Thomas in 1911 (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1911 (Vol. 1) : 129) argued incorrectly that by the process of elimination the Ruling given in Opinion 6 was applicable to this case and therefore that the type species of this genus was under that Opinion, Lemur catta Linnaeus, 1758. The possibility of situations of this sort arising was foreseen by the Paris (1948) Congress which accordingly inserted in the Régles a provision that, where in such a case an author (as Thomas) made it clear that, in his opinion, a given species (as Lemur catta) was the type species of a given genus (as Lemur), his action was to be accepted as a selection under Rule (g) in Article 30, notwithstanding the fact that the author concerned believed erroneously that the species in question was already the type species of the genus concerned by some other means (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 181—182, Decision 72). It is accordingly proposed to treat the type species of Lemur Linnaeus as being Lemur catta Linnaeus by subsequent selection by Thomas (M. R. O.) (1911). (2) Relative dates of type selections for certain genera of mammals made in 1901 (a) by Elliot (D. G.) and (b) Miller (G.S.) and Rehn (J. A. G.) respectively 5. When in 1946 I was working on the portion of the Official List relating to the generic names of mammals, I observed that in some cases a type species for a given genus had been selected in 1901 independently in two different papers, one by Elliot (D. G.) (1901, Field Mus. Publ. (Zool.) 2 : 1—171), the other by Miller (G.S.) & Rehn (J. A. G.) (1901, Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist. 30 : 1—352). It 232 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS was clearly necessary in the circumstances to ascertain which of these papers was the first to be published, and I accordingly set on foot enquiries in regard to this matter. Ultimately, this problem was cleared up very satisfactorily through the kindness of Mrs. Leila F. Clark, Librarian, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. It will be seen from Mrs. Clark’s letter, dated 14th March 1946, which is reproduced in Annexe 2 to the present paper, that Elliot’s paper was published in March 1901 and that Miller & Rehn’s paper did not appear until the end of December in that year. Thus, wherever there are rival type selections for a given genus in these two papers, the selection by Elliot is to be accepted as having priority over that of Miller & Rehn. (3) Proposed correction of four minor errors in the entries on the ‘‘ Official List ’’ in relation to the generic names of mammals 6. The examination of the entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology has disclosed four minor errors which call for correction. Particulars of these cases are given in the following paragraphs. 7. In one case, an incorrect date was assigned to a generic name. This error was in Opinion 91, where the date “‘ 1822’ instead of “* 1823’, was assigned to the generic name Erethizon Cuvier (G. F.), 1823 (Mém. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris 9 : 426). 8. The next point to be noted is in connection with the entry relating to the generic name Colobus Illiger, 1811, in Opinion 122, where the type species of this genus was stated to be “t[ype by] s[ubsequent] d[esignation] . polycomos Schreber’’. Schreber, however, never published a specific name consisting of the word “‘ polycomos”’, and the first author to publish this name—in the combination Simia polykomos and with the specific name spelled as here shown—was Zimmermann, who so published it in the year 1780 (Geogr. Gesch. 2202) 9. In the case of the name Galago Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1796 (Mag. encyclop. 1(1) : 49) the entry relating to the type species of the genus so named, given in the Commission’s Opinion 122, was as follows :—‘‘t[ype by] a[bsolute] tlautonymy]. senegalensis Geofir.= galago Schreber’’. This entry illustrates once again the objections attaching to the former practice of the Commission in adding sub- jective synonymisations when citing the names of the type species: of genera at the time when the names of those genera were placed on the Official List. It must be noted that, when establishing the nominal DIRECTION 24 233 _ genus Galago, Geoffroy placed in it one nominal species only, namely - Galago senegalensis (: 49), and cited no synonyms for the species so named. This nominal species is therefore the type species of the genus Galago Geoffroy by monotypy under Rule (c) in Article 30. In these circumstances the statement in Opinion 122 that the type species of this genus had been determined by absolute tautonymy, i.e. under Rule (d) in the foregoing Article, would have been incorrect, even if Geoffroy had included in his genus a species bearing the specific name galago, which, as shown above, he did not. Second it must be noted that, contrary to the statement in the foregoing Opinion, there is no such specific name as “‘ galago Schreber ”’. 10. The entry in Opinion 122 relating to the type species of the genus Jarsius Storr, 1780, provides another example of the danger involved in accepting the subjective synonymisation of specific names, when citing the type species of genera. The entry in question was as follows :—‘‘ m[ono] t[ype] . spectrum Pallas, 1778, so . tlype by] a[bsolute] tlautonymy] tarsier Erxl., 1777, = tarsius”’’. This entry is incorrect in every respect. First, it must be noted that, when Storr established the nominal genus Tarsius, he placed in it the nominal species Lemur tarsier Erxleben, 1777 (Syst. Anim. : 71) and added that he identified this species with the nominal species Lemur spectrum Pallas, [1778] (Noy. Spec. Quadrup. Glir. (2) : 275). Thus, from a nomenclatorial point of view, this genus was established with two nominal species (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 179—180, Decision 69(3)(a) ) and is therefore not monotypical. Second, we have to note that as the Rules in Article 30 of the Régles are applicable successively, the type species of the genus Tarsius Storr could not have been deter- mined by absolute tautonymy under Rule (d) in the foregoing Article, if in fact its type species had already been determined by monotypy under Rule (c). Third, as this genus is now seen not to have been monotypical, it is necessary to note that the specific names farsier Erxleben and farsius are not homonyms of one another and therefore that the citation by Storr of the name tarsier Erxleben as that of one of his included species does not make the species so named the type species of Tarsius Storr by absolute tautonymy. In these circumstances it is necessary to ascertain who was the first author validly to select a type species for this genus under Rule (g) in Article 30. This appears to have been Palmer (1904, NV. Amer. Faun. 23 : 664), who gave the type species of this genus as “* Lemur tarsius Erxl.’’, adding that this was the same taxon as “* Lemur tarsier Erxl.’’ At this point we have to note (1) that Erxleben never published a specific name tarsius for this species, the form in which he published this name being tarsier, (2) that, as Palmer synonymised “ farsius Erxleben”’ (i.e. the emendation tarsius published by Desmarest in 1804 for the name tarsier Erxleben) with the name tarsier Erxleben, 1777, and as the nominal species Lemur tarsier Erxleben was one of the species originally included by Storr in his genus Tarsius, Palmer’s action ranks under the Régles (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 180, Decision 69(3)(b)) as a selection by that author 234 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS of Lemur tarsier Erxleben as the type species of Tarsius Storr and is to be accepted as such, notwithstanding the fact that Palmer almost certainly did not look upon himself in 1904 as then selecting that species to be the type species, believing rather (though incorrectly) that the type species of this genus had been determined by absolute tautonymy (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 181—182, Decision 72). (Finally, it may be noted that, according to modern taxonomic ideas (e.g. Laurie (E. M. O.) & Hill (J. E.), 1954, List Land Mammals New Guinea Celebes and adjacent Islands : 80) and contrary to the view expressed in Opinion 122, Lemur spectrum Pallas and Lemur tarsier Erxleben are not considered to be conspecific, the former being regarded as a good species, the latter being identified with the taxonomic species represented by the older nominal species Simia syrichta Linnaeus, 1758.) 11. In the light of the considerations set out above, it is proposed (a) that the entry regarding the type species of the genus Tarsius Storr given in Opinion 122 be deleted, (b) that the amended entry “ type species, by selection by Palmer (1904) : Lemur tarsier Erxleben, 1777 ” be inserted in the place of the entry so to be deleted and (c) that the Ruling given in the foregoing Opinion be deemed to have been amended accordingly. At the same time the specific name ftarsius Desmarest, 1804 (Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. 24 (Tab.) : 10), as published in the com- bination Tarsius tarsius, should, as an Invalid Emendation of the specific name farsier Erxleben, 1777, as published in the combination Lemur tarsier, be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. (4) Proposed addition of certain objectively invalid generic and specific names to the ‘‘ Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names ’’ of those categories | 12. In a number of cases during the period up to the end of 1936 the Commission used its Plenary Powers to suppress individual generic names for the purpose of validating other names. Under a decision by the Paris (1948) Congress a name suppressed for this purpose retains its status under the Law of Homonymy. The names so suppressed require now to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. So also do certain names which are either (1) junior homonyms of generic names of mammals already placed on the Official List or (2) Invalid Emendations or Erroneous Subsequent Spellings of such names. The generic names which thus require now to be placed on the Official Index are enumerated in Section A of Annexe 3 to the present paper. The two specific names involved are given in Section B of the same Annexe. DIRECTION 24 235 (5) Gender to be attributed to the generic name ‘‘ Galago ”’ Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire (E.) 1796 13. In the proposals submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)44 it was recommended that the generic name Galago Geoffroy de Saint- Hilaire (E.), 1796, should be treated as being of the feminine gender. In a letter dated 20th February 1955, reproduced as Annexe 4 to the present paper, Dr. Angel Cabrera has pointed out that in the literature this generic name is always treated as being masculine in gender. On receipt of Dr. Cabrera’s communication I executed a Minute with- drawing the proposal relating to the gender of this generic name from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)4, in order to provide for the Commission a further opportunity for considering this question. The gender suggested for this generic name in the proposals submitted with the foregoing Voting Paper was based on the advice of Mr. F. J. Lelievre, the Classical scholar who, at the request of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, had previously submitted a Report containing recommendations as to the gender to be assigned to each generic name placed on the Official List prior to the Paris (1948) Congress. As pointed out by Dr. Cabrera, the word “ galago”’ is not a Classical Latin word, and it was necessary therefore for Mr. Lelievre to base his recommendation in this case on the analogy afforded by the fact that Latin words having the termination “‘ -ago ”’ are almost always feminine in gender. In the circumstances the Commission is free to regard the word “ galago ” as a barbarous word and therefore to treat it as being masculine in gender (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 50, Decision 84(5)). Having regard to the fact that, as pointed out by Dr. Cabrera, the generic name Galago Geoffroy is treated by mammalogists as being a masculine word, I recommend that in the circumstances the Commission should direct that that gender be entered on the Official List for this generic name. Summary of Recommendations 14. The following is a summary of the Recommendations now sub- eae for approval, namely that the International Commission should :— (1) In the case of the twenty-six nominal genera specified in Annexe | to the present paper, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 without an indication of the manner by which their respective type species had been determined under Article 30, insert in the Official List the particulars specified in Column (2) of the foregoing Annexe (paragraph 2) ; * The Voting Paper here referred to was that on which the Commission took decisions on a paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 900. These decisions have since been embodied in Direction 10. See footnote 1. 236 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (2) approve the revised entries proposed to be made in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology regarding the method by which the type species of the under-mentioned nominal genera were determined under Article 30 of the Régles—(a) Dasyprocta Illiger, 1811 (paragraph 3) ; (b) Lemur Linnaeus, 1758 (para- graph 4) ; (3) take note that of the papers containing type selections for mammals published in 1901, the paper by Elliot (D. G.) has priority over the paper by Miller (G.S.) & Rehn (J. A. G.) (paragraph 5) ; (4) correct, as shown in paragraph 7, the erroneous date assigned in the Official List to the generic name Erethizon Cuvier (paragraph 7) ; (5) correct the authorship attributed in the Official List to the specific name of the type species (Simia polykomos) of the genus Colobus Illiger, 1811, as recommended in paragraph 8 ; (6) correct the entry on the Official List relating to the type species of the genus Galago Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1796, as recommended in paragraph 9 ; (7) substitute on the Official List the corrected entry relating to the type species of the genus Jarsius Storr, 1780, specified in para- graph 11; (8) place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology the names specified in Section A of Annexe 3 and on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology the specific names specified in Section B of the same Annexe (see paragraph 12) ; (9) direct that the gender “ masculine’ be entered on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as the gender to be assigned to the generic name Galago Geoffroy. de Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1796 (paragraph 13). cat 15. It is believed that, when the questions raised in the present paper have been dealt with by the Commission, all questions relating to the generic names of mammals placed on the Official List in the period up to the end of 1936 will have been cleared up. — DIRECTION 24 | 237 ANNEXE 1 Names of twenty-six genera of mammals placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in the period up to the end of 1936 : proposals as to the entries now to be inserted in the fore- going ‘‘ Official List ’’ regarding the method by which the species accepted as their respective type species were determined as such under Article 30 of the ‘‘Régles”’ Name of Genus (1) Arvicola Lacépéde, 1799 Ateles Geoffroy, 1806 Bradypus Linnaeus, 1758 Canis Linnaeus, 1758 Capra Linnaeus, 1758 Cebus Erxleben, 1777 Cervus Linnaeus, 1758 Choloepus Uliger, 1811 Condylura Mlliger, 1811 Crocidura Wagler, 1832 Cystophora Nilsson, 1820 Didelphis Linnaeus, 1758 Erethizon, Cuvier, 1823 Felis Linnaeus, 1758 Halichoerus Nilsson, 1820 Lepus Linnaeus, 1758 Mus Linnaeus, 1758 Myrmecophaga Linnaeus, 1758 Ovibos Blainville, 1816 Entry relating to the determination of the type species of the genus specified in Col. (1) now proposed to be inserted in the “* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ (2) by monotypy by selection by Miller & Rehn, 1901, Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist. 30 : 298—299 by selection by Miller & Rehn, 1901, Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist. 30 : 8 by Linnean tautonymy (Opinion 16) by Linnean tautonymy (Opinion 16) by selection by Elliot, 1913, A review of the Primates 2 : 64 by Linnean tautonymy (Opinion 16) by selection by Miller & Rehn, 1901, Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist. 30 : 8 by selection by True, 1896, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 19(1101) : 77 by selection by Palmer, 1904, N. Amer. Fauna 23 ; 204 by selection by Allen, 1880, U.S. geol. geogr. Surv. Terr. Hayden Misc. Publ, 122 273 by selection by Thomas, 1888, Cat. Marsup. Monotremat. B.M. : 316 by original designation by Linnean tautonymy (Opinion 16) by selection by Allen, 1880, U.S. geol. geogr. Surv. Terr. Hayden Misc. Publ. 12 : 682 by Linnean tautonymy (Opinion 16) by Linnean tautonymy (Opinion 16) by selection by Thomas, 1901, Amer. Nat. 35 : 143—144 by selection by Elliot, 1901, Field Mus. Publ. (Zool.) 2 : 48 238 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Entry relating to the determination of the type species of the genus Name of Genus specified in Col. (1) now proposed to be inserted in the “‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology”’ (1) (2) Phyllostomus Lacépéde, 1799 by selection by Miller & Rehn, 1901, Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist. 30 : 282 Procyon Storr, 1780 by selection by Elliot, 1901, Field Mus. Publ. (Zool) 23a Rangifer Smith, 1827 by selection by Elliot, 1901, Field Mus. Publ. (Zool.) 2 : 35 Rhinolophus Lacépéde, 1799 by selection by Palmer, 1904, NV. Amer. Fauna 23 : 606 Sciurus Linnaeus, 1758 by Linnean tautonymy (Opinion 16) Sorex Linnaeus, 1758 by Linnean tautonymy (Opinion 16) Vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758 by Linnean tautonymy (Opinion 16) AUNUIN| EXE) 2 Relative dates of publication in 1901 of papers by Elliot (D. G.) (Field Museum Publ. (Zool.), vol. 2) and Miller (G. S.) & Rehn (J. A. G.) (Proc. Boston Soc., nat. Hist. vol. 30) containing competing type selections for genera of mammals Letter dated 14th March 1946 from Mrs. Leila F. Clark (Librarian, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) J am sorry to say that the library stamps in our copies of the journals about which you inquire in your letter of March 3rd, throw no light on the question of priority of publication, since the first is dated April 10, 1905, and the second May 1, 1902—both obviously long after they were issued. In those days little attention was given to noting the actual date of receipt of periodical parts, and our records do not show exactly what the stamped dates FQ peo ls the days on which the parts were catalogued. Dr. Remington Kellogg, Curator of Mammals, tells me, however, that the dates of publication of the two journals are on record in his Division. According to a letter dated January 1, 1902, written by the late Dr. Glover Allen who was, at that time, Secretary of the Boston Society of Natural History, the part of Volume 30 of its Proceedings DIRECTION 24 239 containing the paper by Miller and Rehn was available to the public ~ on December 27, 1901, at 10.55 a.m., while a memorandum from the Field Museum, undated, but presumably written at about the same time, gives the date of publication of the part of Volume 2 of the Zoology section of the Field Museum Publications containing page 307, as March 6, 1901. A NUNGE XCE 3 Proposed addition of certain invalid names to the ‘‘ Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names ”’ Section A :—Proposed addition of forty-one generic names to the ‘* Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ”’ 1. Alus Gray (J. E.), 1825, Ann. Phil. 26 : 342 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Alces Gray (J. E.), 1821, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) 2. Cebus Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nature : 53 (nom. nov. pro ae Cercopithecus Gronovius, 1763) (a junior homonym of Cebus Erxleben, 1777, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) 3. The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Colobus Illiger, 1811, placed on the Official List in Opinion 122 :— ~ (a) Colobus Merrem, 1820, Tent. Syst. Amph. : 13, 75 (b) Colobus Audinet-Serville, 1834, Ann. Soc. ent. France 2 : 554 (c) Colobus Schoenherr, 1842, Gen. Curcul. 6(2) : 267 (d) Colobus Albers, 1850, Die Heliceen : 177 4. The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Condylura Illiger, 1811, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91 :— (a) Condylura Barnes, 1826, Amer. J. Sci. 11 : 278 (b) Condylura Berthold, 1827, in Latreille, Nat. Fam. Thierr. : 269 : id., 1829, in Cuvier, Régne Anim. (ed. 2) 4 : 153 5. Condylurus Blainville, 1838, Ann. franc. étrang. Anat. Phys.2 : 219 (an Invalid Emendation of Condylura Illiger, 1811, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) 6. Condytura Bell, 1839, in Todd, Cyclop. Anat. Physiol. 2 : 996 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Condylura Illiger, 1811, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) 240 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS . Crocidurus Schultz, 1890, Schr. Ver. Harzes 5 : 28 (an Invalid Emendation of Crocidura Wagler, 1832, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) . Cystophora Yabe & Hayaska, 1916, J. geol. Soc. Tokio 23 (No. 271) : 70 (a junior homonym of Cystophora Nilsson, 1820) . Dasyprocla Lund, 1840, Echo Monde Savant 1840: 191 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Dasyprocta Mliger, 1811, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Erethizon Cuvier (G. F.), 1823 :— (a) Erethrizon Torne, 1885, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 7 : 600 (b) Erethryzon [Torne], 1891, Rep. U.S. nat. Mus. 1890 : 760 (c) Eretison Doughty, 1831, Cab. nat. Hist. Amer. Rural Sports. 1(11) : 241 (also McMurtrie, 1831, in Cuvier Régne Anim. (ed. 2) 1 : 154) (d) Eretizon Cuvier (G. F.), 1884, Dents Mamm. (Tabl.) : 256 (e) Erythizon Gray (J. E.), 1825, Ann. Phil. 26 : 341 Hylobates Dejean, 1834, Cat. coll. Coléopt. Dejean (ed. 2) (2) : 204 (a junior homonym of Hylobates Iliger, 1811, placed on the Official List in Opinion 122) Hylobatus Schlegel, 1876, Mus. Hist. nat. Pays-Bas, Rey. méth. 7 (Monogr. 40) : 338 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Hylobates Mlliger, 1811) Lagidium Malaise, 1933, Ent. Tidskr. 54 : 55 (a junior homonym of Lagidium Meyen, 1833, placed on the Official List in Opinion 110) Lemur Hubner, [1809—1813], Erste Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. : 4, 5 (ref. to Zutr. Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : pl. 5, fig. 17) (a junior homonym of Lemur Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 122) Myrmecopha Fischer de Waldheim, 1803, Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris, 2 : 333 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Myrme- cophaga Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) Myrmecophaga Lacépéde, 1799, Tabl. Ois. : 6 (a junior homonym of Myrmecophaga Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) Myrmecophagus Gray (J. E.), 1825, Ann. Phil. (2) 10 : 343 (an {Invalid Emendation of Myrmecophaga Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) DIRECTION 24 241 18. Nycteris Borkhausen, 1797, in Eisenach, Der Zoologe, 1 (21) : 66 (a junior homonym of Nycteris Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire (E.) & Cuvier (G. F.), 1795, placed on the Official List in Opinion 111) 19. Paralces Allen (J.A.), 1902, Proc. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist. 16 : 160 (a junior objective synonym of Alces Gray (J. E.), 1825, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) 20. Petalia Gray (J. E.), 1838, Mag. Zool. Bot. 2 (12) : 494 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy in Opinion 111) 21. Phyllostoma Cuvier (G. L. C. F. D.), 1800, Legons Anat. comp. 1 : Tab. 1 (an Invalid Emendation of Phyllostomus Lacépéde, 1799, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) 22. The under-mentioned names suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy :— (a) Pithecus Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire (E.) & Cuvier (G. F.), 1795, Mag. Ency. 3 (12) : 462 (b) Pithecus Cuvier (G. L. C. F. D.), 1800, Legons Anat. comp. fi iPab: | (c) Pithecus Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1812, Ann. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris 19 : 87 23. Rangifer Gistl, 1847, Handb. Naturgesch. 1850 : 430 (a junior homonym of Rangifer Serville, 1835, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) 24. The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Rhinolophus Lacépéde, 1799) :— (a) Rhinolophos Kaup, 1835, Thierr. Hauptform. 1 : 449 (b) Rhinolphus Fischer de Waldheim, 1803, Ann. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris 2 : 141 (c) Rhynolophus Gray (J. E.), 1821, London med. Reposit. 15 ; 300 25. Sciurur Temminck, 1844, in Siebold, Fauna japon. (Mamm.) : 44 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Sciurus Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) 26. Simia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1:25 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy in Opinion 114) 242 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 27. Trichechus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (1) : 49 (a junior homonym of 7 richechus Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 112) 28. Vespertilio Merch, 1852, Cat. Cénchyl. Yoldi 1 : 123 (a junior homonym of Vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 91) 29. Viscaccia Oken, 1816, Lehrb. Naturgesch. 3 (2) : 835 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy in Opinion 110) Section B :—Proposed addition of two names to the ‘‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology ”’ 1. satyrus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 25, as published in the combination Simia satyrus (suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy in Opinion 114) 2. tarsius Desmarest, 1804, Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. 24 (Tab.) : 10 as published in the combination Tarsius tarsius (an Invalid Emendation of tarsier, Erxleben, 1777, as published in the combination Lemur tarsier) ANNEXE 4 Gender attributable to the generic name ‘‘ Galago’’ Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire, 1796 Letter dated 20th February 1955 from Commissioner Angel Cabrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) I find in the Voting Paper about the gender of generic names of mammals—Z.N.(S.) 900—a point about which I have some doubts. It refers to the name Galago Geoffroy, 1796. This name appears in your list as feminine, but it has been treated as masculine by every mammalogist (Galago crassicaudatus Geoffroy ; G. zanzibaricus Matschie; G. umbrosus Thomas; G. argentatus Lennberg; G. anomurus Pousargues ; G. murinus Murray ; G. braccatus Elliot ; etc.). I suppose the feminine gender has been ascribed to the name Galago in your list because, with very few exceptions, Latin nouns with -ago ending are feminine ; but Galago is nota Latin noun. Itis a barbarous | word, borrowed from Adanson, and one of the Copenhagen decisions specified that ‘“‘ where a generic name consists of a barbarous word and no obvious Latin or Latinised suffix is added to it, the name is to be treated as of the masculine gender ’’. (Copenh. Decis., 84(5), p. 50). This decision is in accordance with the general use of the said name. DIRECTION 24 243 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of the action required to settle the questions raised therein regarding certain of the names of genera of mammals placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 918. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)11 : On 25th March 1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)11) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “that, in conformity with the General Directives issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, the assignment of an appropriate gender to each name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, and other matters on which action is required in order to complete, to clarify, or to correct Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the foregoing period, the action regarding the names of certain genera of mammals recommended in paragraph 14 of the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 918 [1.e., in paragraph 14 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper be now taken as there recommended ”’, and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate the item concerned. 4. Withdrawal of the proposal submitted in regard to the deter- mination of the method adopted for fixing the type species of the nominal genus ‘‘ Vespertilio ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 : On 19th April 1955, 244 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed the following Minute on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 918 :— Withdrawal from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)11 of the proposal submitted therewith relating to the determination of the type species of the genus ‘‘ Vespertilio’’ Linnaeus, 1758 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature In view of a communication received from Commissioner Tadeusz Jaczewski drawing attention to a paper in which Dr. Olof Ryberg (1947) has expressed the view that the name Vespertilio murinus Linnaeus, 1758, the name of the species currently accepted as the type species of the genus Vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758, is a nomen dubium, I have today executed a Minute on File Z.N.(S.) 913 withdrawing for further examination the proposal submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)9 that the specific name murinus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the foregoing combination should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. 2. The type species of this genus is currently treated as having been determined by Linnean tautonymy (i.e. under Rule (d) in Article 30, as clarified by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, when codifying and defining the Ruling given in Opinion 16). As no particulars as to how the type species of this and certain other genera then placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology had been determined under Article 30, were given in the Opinion (Opinion 91) in which those names were placed on that List, proposals to make good this deficiency were included in the paper submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)11. 3. In view of the fact that the question of the identity of the type species of the genus Vespertilio Linnaeus has been reserved for further examination, it would, in my view, be appropriate that no decision regarding any aspect of the name of this nominal genus should be taken by the Commission at the present time, the whole field thus being left open until the completion of the investigation of the problem raised by Commissioner Jaczewski. As Secretary to the Commission, I accordingly hereby withdraw from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)11 the proposals submitted therewith relating to the determination of the method by which the type species of the genus Vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758, was fixed under Article 30 of the Régles. — 5. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 25th April 1955. DIRECTION 24 245 6. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)11 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)11 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- two (22) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : . Stoll: Lemcehe; Vokes; WHering; Bradley (J.C); Riley ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Mayr; Bonnet; Esaki ; Prantl; do Amaral; Mertens; Tortonese ; Cabrera ; Hemming ; Bodenheimer ; Boschma; Dymond; Jac- zewski ; Kuhnelt ; Hanko; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) On Leave of Absence, three (3) : Holthuis ; Key ; Miller ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 7. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 28th April 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)11, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 6 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 8. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘* Direction ”’ : On 28th April 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate 246 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those — of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)11. 9. Original References : The original references for the names placed on the Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Generic — Names and Specific Names by the Ruling given in the present Direction are as set out in Sections A and B respectively of Annexe 3 to the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the said Direction. 10. Family-Group Names: No question relating to family- group names arises in connection with the Ruling given in the present Direction. 11. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, .Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 12. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Twenty- Four (24) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Eighth day of April, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING SEAT NE ts ee ds ae te Printed in England by Metcatre & Cooper Limitep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 ] OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION C. Part C.16. Pp. 247-258 DIRECTION 25 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Favus Lanchester, 1900 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (validation of an erroneous entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made by the Ruling given in Opinion 73) / YC iN f LAK \ JAN 1S 56 } IN fres rare © 4 | SSIGRARY 7 herein | | LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for | Zoological Nomenclature | and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Six Shillings i (All rights reserved) | SE ——_—_—————S ee | Issued 16th November, 1955 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 25 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President : Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) President : Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President: Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Joseph Pearson (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948) Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski (Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (A5th June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral GS. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice- President) Professor J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (A2th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla Hanko (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (2th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Nether- lands) (12th August 1953 DIRECTION 25 VALIDATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF THE GENERIC NAME ‘‘ FAVUS ”? LANCHESTER, 1900 (CLASS CRUSTACEA, ORDER DECAPODA) (VALIDATION OF AN ERRONEOUS ENTRY ON THE ‘“ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ”’ MADE BY THE RULING GIVEN IN ‘ OPINION ” 73) RULING :—(1) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby suppressed for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy :—Favus Schaf- heutel, 1850. (2) The generic name Favus Lanchester, 1900, is hereby confirmed in its position on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, on which it was inscribed by the Ruling given in Opinion 73. (3) The gender to be attributed to the generic name Favus Lanchester, 1900, is hereby determined as being the masculine gender. (4) The generic name Favus Schafheutel, 1850, as Suppressed under the Plenary Powers under (1) above, is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 378. (5) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 613 :—granulatus Lanchester, 1900, as published in the combination Favus granulatus (specific name of type species of Favus Lanchester, 1900). I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE In the course of a preliminary survey of the entries so far made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology carried 250 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS out in the period 1943/1944, Mr. Hemming noted that the generic name Favus Lanchester, 1900 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), which had been entered on that List by the Ruling given in Opinion 73, was invalid, by reason of being a junior homonym of the generic name Favus Schafheutel, 1850. It was not possible at that time to take any action in this case but a note was made in the records of the Commission that appropriate action would need to be taken before the Official List was published in book form. In 1951 work on this case was resumed by Mr. Hemming who, after consultation with Mr. Cameron D. Ovey (British Museum (Natural History), London) on the subject of the name Favus Schafheutel (paragraph 4 below) and with Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) on the subject of the name Favus Lanchester, 1900 (paragraph 5 below), submitted the following application to the Commission on 12th September 1951 :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to validate the name ‘‘ Fayus ”’ Lanchester, 1900 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (proposed correction of an error in ‘‘ Opinion ’’ 73) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The object of the present application is to ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its Plenary Powers for the purpose of validating the name Favus Lanchester, 1900 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) an invalid name inadvertently placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the Commission’s Opinion 73 (1922, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 1) : 27). The error involved was detected in the course of preparations for the publication of the first instalment of the Official List in book form. In view of the widespread demand for the early publication of the foregoing volume and the fact that publication cannot take place until a decision has been taken on this and certain other cases where errors have been detected, it is hoped that the International Commission will give all practicable priority to the consideration of the present application. 2. The name Favus Lanchester, 1900 (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1900 : 767) was published for a genus of which Favus granulatus Lanchester, 1900 (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1900 : 768) is the type species by mono- typy. This name was included in a long list of the names of genera of Decapoda recommended to the International Commission in 1915 for inclusion in the Official List as names that were nomenclatorially DIRECTION 25 251 available and taxonomically required. It was on this basis that it was placed on the Official List in the Commission’s Opinion 73. 3. The routine checking of names placed on the Official List involves, inter alia, looking up each name in the latest Nomenclator (Neave’s Nomencl. zool.) for the purpose of making as sure as possible that investigations carried out since the name in question was placed on the Official List have not brought to light the existence of an older homonym, thus rendering invalid the name placed on the Official List. In the present case this check brought to light the existence of the previously overlooked name Favus Schafheutel, 1850 (Geogn. Unters. stidbay. Alpengeb. : 44), established for a genus of fossils. 4. The name Favus Lanchester, 1900, is consequently an invalid name, and it is necessary therefore to consider what action should be taken in view of the fact that (as explained above) this name is on the Official List. The first point that has to be examined is whether the name Fayus Schafheutel, 1850 (the name which is responsible for invalidating Favus Lanchester, 1900) is a name in use in the group of fossils concerned, for, if this were found to be the case, the position would clearly be quite different from that which would arise if it were found that the name Favus Schafheutel was some old synonym that was not in use, the disappearance of which would cause no inconvenience whatever in the group concerned. It appears from inquiries made that not only is the name Favus Schafheutel not in use by palaeontologists but also that the indication given by Schafheutel for this genus is so scanty that it cannot be stated with certainty to which of the major groups of the Animal Kingdom this genus should be referred. Neave (in his Nomenclator 2 : 401) gave only the indication **? Protozoa’’. 5. It is quite clear therefore that, if the Commission were to decide to use its Plenary Powers to suppress the name Favus Schafheutel, 1850, for the purpose of validating the name Favus Lanchester, 1900, that action would not cause the slightest inconvenience to any palaeonto- logist, consisting (as it would) merely in the removal of an unwanted nomen dubium. On the other hand, it is through the action of the Commission itself that the name Favus Lanchester has for nearly thirty years been on the Official List, and for the whole of that period systematists have therefore been led to believe that it was an available name and the correct name to use for the genus concerned. The fact that a name has been on the Official List for so long a period would afford no ground for retaining it on the List, if it were to be found that to do so would involve the suppression of a name as commonly used, or more commonly used, in some other group. But this is not the position in the present instance, for the fact that the name Favus Lanchester is now seen to be invalid is due solely to the excavation from the literature of a name published a hundred years ago which is not only not in use but in addition applies to a nominal genus that was so badly characterised 252 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS by its original author that it is not possible definitely to establish the position of the genus in the Animal Kingdom and in consequence the name is a nomen dubium. In the present case, therefore, no incon- venience of any kind would result from the suppression of the name Favus Schafheutel, 1850, while the interests of stability would certainly be promoted by this course, enabling, as it would, the name Favus Lanchester, 1900, to retain the position which it has for so long occupied on the Official List. The Congress has clearly indicated that names, once placed on the Official List, are not lightly to be removed therefrom (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 268, point (c)), and it appears that the present is a case where it would be in accordance with the spirit of the foregoing decision that the unwanted and unused name Favus Schafheutel, 1850, should be suppressed under the Plenary Powers in order to permit the name Favus Lanchester, 1900, to retain the position which it has for so long occupied on the Official List. 6. It is accordingly recommended that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should :— (1) use its Plenary Powers to suppress for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy the generic name Favus Schafheutel, 1850 ; (2) confirm the name Favus Lanchester, 1900 (gender : masculine) in its position on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ; (3) place the name Favus Schafheutel, 1850, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ; (4) place the trivial name granulatus Lanchester, 1900, as published in the binominal combination Favus granulatus (trivial name of type species of Favus Lanchester, 1900) on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. I1—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application : At the time of the discovery in 1944 that the generic name Favus Lanchester, 1900, was an invalid name, the question of the action to be taken in this matter was registered with other matters relating to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the Commission’s File Z.N.(G.) 15. Upon the resumption of work on this case in 1951, it was re-registered under the Number Z.N.(S.) 557. DIRECTION 25 253 3. Consultations prior to publication: In addition to the consultations with Mr. Cameron D. Ovey and Dr. L. B. Holthuis, to which reference has already been made (paragraph 1 above), the Secretary invited the following specialists to furnish the Commission with statements of their views on the present case :— (1) Mr. M. F. W. Tweedie (Raffles Museum and Library, Singapore) ; (2) Professor Dr. Heinrich Balss (Hauptkonservator der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Miinchen, Germany); (3) Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London). The communications received from these specialists are repro- duced in the immediately following paragraphs. 4, Statement received from Mr. Cameron D. Ovey (British Museum (Natural History), London) on the subject of the unidenti- fiability of the nominal genus ‘‘ Favus ’’? Schafheutel, 1850: In response to an inquiry by the Secretary, Mr. Cameron D. Ovey (British Museum (Natural History), London) addressed the fol- lowing letter to the Commission on 5th July 1951 on the subject of the unidentifiability of the nominal genus Favus Schafheutel, 1850 :— The generic name ‘‘ Favus ’’ Schafheutel, 1850 (? Protozoa) This name is never used as it is only a probable synonym of the earlier described genus Ldgena Walker & Boys, 1784 (Foraminifera) ; hence “? Protozoa’”’ in Neave’s Nomenclator. (i was responsible for checking the Protozoa in the latter.) I should, therefore, suggest that Fayus Schafheutel, 1850, should be lost in obscurity, for it is indeed a nomen dubium. 5. Support received from Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) : The following is an extract from a letter dated 6th July 1951 in which Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) indicated his support for the action proposed in the present case (Holthuis, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 121) :— Your proposal to validate the generic name Favus Lanchester, 1900, by suppressing the name Favus Schafheutel, 1850, seems to me to be the best solution in the present case. 254 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 6. Support received from Mr. M. F. W. Tweedie (Raffles Museum and Library, Singapore): On 20th September 1952 Mr. M. F. W. Tweedie (Raffles Museum and Library, Singapore) addressed the following letter to the Commission in support of the present application (Tweedie, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 121) :-— I have your letter of 13th September regarding the name Favus under reference Z.N.(S.) 557. I entirely support your proposal to establish the Leucosiid genus Favus Lanchester as a valid genus. 7. Support received from Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London): On 25th September 1952 Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London) addressed the following letter to the Commission in support of the present application (Gordon, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 121) :-— I support the action proposed in the case of the name Favus Lan- chester, 1900. It seems the sensible thing to do, since the fossil genus Favus Schafheutel, 1850, is not in current use in palaeontology. 8. Support received from Professor Dr. Heinrich Balss (Haupt- konservator der Zoologischen Staatssammlung, Miinchen): On 9th October 1952 Professor Dr. Heinrich Balss (Hauptkonservator der Zoologischen Staatssammlung, Miinchen) addressed the following letter to the Commission in support of the present application (Balss, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 121) :— In Erwiderung Ihrer freundlichen Zeilen, die mir hierher nachgesandt wurden ; meine Meinung deckt sich ganz mit der Ihrigen und ich stimme dafuir, dass 1. der Name Favus Lanchester auf der offiziellen Liste der generischen Namen bestehen bleibt, und dass 2. der Name Favus Schafheutel, 1850, auf den offiziellen Index der rejected and invalid generischen Namen gesetzt wird. 9. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer on 21st September 1952 and was DIRECTION 25 255 published on 30th December of that year in Double-Part 4/5 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 119—120). 10. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 5t—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 30th December 1952 (a) in Double-Part 4/5 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which Mr. Hemming’s application was published) and (b) to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, such Notice was given also to a number of general zoological serial publications. 11. No objection received : The issue of the Public Notices specified in paragraph 10 above elicited no objection to the action proposed from any source. Ii.—THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 12. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(54)59 : On 5th April 1954, a Voting Paper (V.P.(54)59) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “the proposal relating to the name Favus Lanchester, 1900, as specified in Points (1) to (4) in paragraph 6 on page 120 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ’’ {i.e. in paragraph 6 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction}. 13. The Prescribed Voting Period : As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 5th July 1954. 256 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 14. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)59 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)59 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Holthuis ; Bonnet; Hering; Vokes; Esaki; Riley; Dymond ; Boschma ; Hemming ; Lemche ; do Amaral ; Hank6o ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Pearson ; Cabrera ; Sylvester- Bradley ; Stoll ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned, two (2) 21 Jaczewski ; Mertens. 15. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 6th July 1954, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(54)59, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in para- graph 14 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the © decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 16. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 28th April 1955 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate * After the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, affirmative votes were received from Commissioner Jaczewski on 13th July 1954, and from Commissioner Mertens on 23rd July 1954. DIRECTION 25 D1. that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)59. 17. Original References: The following are the original references for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Favus Schafheutel, 1850, Geogn. Unters. siidbay. Alpengeb. : 44 granulatus, Favus, Lanchester, 1900, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1900 : 768 18. Family-Group Names : The nominal genus Favus Lanchester is currently placed in the family LEUCOSHDAE, and accordingly no family-group name problem arises in the present case. 19. At the time of the submission of the application dealt with in the present Direction, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name” and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial ’’ appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording - rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “specific name’ was sub- stituted for the expression “trivial name’’ and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incor- porated in the Ruling given in the present Direction. 20. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary 258 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 21. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Twenty- Five (25) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Eighth day of April, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MretcaLtFe & Cooper LimITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION C. Part C.17. Pp. 259—272 DIRECTION 26 Determination of the gender to be attributed to the names of ninety-eight genera of birds placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and | Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Seven Shillings (All rights reserved) eS gS ene NY Issued 16th November, 1955 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OK. THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 26 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President: Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitadt zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (A2th August 1953). (President) Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla Hank6 (Mezégazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (42th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) oon August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (AS5th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand Prantl (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm Kuhnelt (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) a ct F. S. Bodenheimer (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico Tortonese (Istituto e Museo di Zoologia della Universita di Torino, Torino, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 26 DETERMINATION OF THE GENDER TO BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE NAMES OF NINETY-EIGHT GENERA OF BIRDS PLACED ON THE ‘“ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 RULING :—(1) The gender to be attributed to each of the under-mentioned names of genera in the Class Aves, which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, is hereby determined as being the masculine gender :-— Aechmophorus Coues, 1862; Aegotheles Vigors & Horsfield, 1826 ; Aepyornis Geoffroy, 1850; Apteno- dytes Miller, 1778 ; Aramus Vieillot, 1816 ; Balaeniceps Gould, 1850; Batrachostomus Gould, 1838; Bubo Dumeéril, 1806 ; Burhinus Mliger, 1811 ; Capito Vieillot, 1816 ; Cathartes Illiger, 1811 ; Centrocercus Swainson, 1832 ; Cephalopterus Geoffroy, 1809; Chrysolophus Gray, [1833—34]; Cicinnurus Vieillot, 1816; Cir- caetus Vieillot, 1816; Clamator Kaup, 1829; Coc- cyzus Vieillot, 1816; Colaptes Swainson, 1825 ; Dromas Paykull, 1805; Ectopistes Swainson, 1827; Elanus Savigny, 1809 ; Eurylaimus Horsfield, 1821 ; Fulmarus Stephens, 1826; Gampsonyx Vigors, 1825; Gypaetus Storr, 1784 ; Haematopus Linnaeus, 1758 ; Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809; Haliastur Selby, 1840; Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790; JLanius Linnaeus, 1758; Leistes Vigors, 1825 ; Manucodia Boddaert, 1783 ; Neophron Savigny, 1809; Notornis Owen, 1848; Ocdicnemus Temminck, 1815 ; Opisthocomus Ulliger, 1811 ; Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766; Pandion Savigny, 1809; Parus Linnaeus, 1758; Pezoporus Illiger, 1811; Phaethon Linnaeus, 1758; Pharomachrus de la Llave, 1832 ; Phoenicopterus Linnaeus, 1758; Platycercus Vigors, 1825 ; Psittacus Linnaeus, 1758 ; Prteroglossus Illiger, 1811; Ptiloris Swainson, 1825; Rallus Linnaeus, 1758 ; Sericulus Swainson, 1825 ; Spindalis Jardine & DEC 13 1968. 262 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Selby, 1836; Struthio Linnaeus, 1758; Sturnus Lin- naeus, 1758; Syrrhaptes Illiger, 1811; Tachyphonus Vieillot, 1816; Thamnophilus Vieillot, 1816; Tricho- glossus Stephens, 1826 ; Uratelornis Rothschild, 1895 ; Vireo Vieillot, 1807. (2) The gender to be attributed to each of the under- mentioned names of genera in the Class Aves, all of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, with the exception of the name Grus Pallas, 1766, which was so placed by the Ruling given in Opinion 103, is hereby determined as being the feminine gender :— Aegithina Vieillot, 1816; Aix Boie, 1828; Alauda Linnaeus, 1758; Anas Linnaeus, 1758; Apteryx Shaw, 1813 ; Ardea Linnaeus, 1758 ; Astrapia Vieillot, 1816; Asturina Vieillot, 1816; Brotogeris Vigors, 1825 ; Cairina Fleming, 1822 ; Campephaga Vieillot, 1816 ; Cereopsis Latham, 1801 ; Chauna Illiger, 1811 ; Coereba Vieillot, 1807 ; Colluricincla Vigors & Hors- field, 1826; Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790; Crotophaga Linnaeus, 1758 ; Diomedea Linnaeus, 1758; Egretta Forster, 1817; Eurypyga Illiger, 1811; Goura Stephens, 1819 ; Ibidorhyncha Vigors, [1832]; Jynx Linnaeus, 1758 ; Musophaga Isert, 1789; Nyctea Stephens, 1826; Pachycephala Vigors, 1825; Parotia Vieillot, 1816; Platalea Linnaeus, 1758; Porzana Vieillot, 1816; Psophia Linnaeus, 1758 ; Recurvirostra Linnaeus, 1758; Sitta Linnaeus, 1758; Strigops Gray, 1845; | Sturnella Vieillot, 1816 ; Surnia Duméril, 1806; Grus Pallas, 1766. (3) The gender to be attributed to each of the under- mentioned names of genera in the Class Aves, which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, is hereby determined as being the neuter gender :— Acryllium Gray, 1840; Apaloderma Swainson, 1833 ; Polyplectron Temminck, 1807. DIRECTION 26 263 I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT * DIRECTION ” The present Direction, which is concerned with the determina- tion of the gender attributable to names of genera of birds placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology prior to the opening of the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, has been prepared in compliance with a General Directive issued to the Commission by the foregoing Congress that all entries so far made on that List be completed in this way. The proposals upon which the decisions taken in the present Direction were based were submitted to the Commission by the Secretary on 29th April 1955 in the following paper :— Determination of the gender of names placed on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in the period up to the end of 1936 : Third Instalment (names of genera of the Class Aves) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature The present paper contains the third instalment of proposals for the determination of the gender to be attributed to generic names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology during the period up to the end of 1936 and is concerned with the gender to be attributed to the names of genera in the Class Aves. The previous instalments which were concerned respectively with the names of genera of mammals and Decapod Crustacea were submitted with Voting Papers V.P.(O.M.) (55)4 and 61. 2. Altogether, the pre-Lisbon Opinions contain Rulings placing the names of one hundred and three genera of birds on the Official List. All except one of these Rulings were given in Opinion 67. The one remaining generic name was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 103. 3. One of the names placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, namely, Gallinago Koch, 1816, has since been dis- covered to a junior homonym of Gallinago Brisson, 1760, and a junior subjective synonym of Capella Frenzel, 1801, the generic name now 1 For the decisions taken by the Commission on these Voting Papers see Direction - 10 and Direction 11 respectively, both of which have been published in the present Section of volume 1 (Direction 10, pp. 1—14 ; Direction 11, pp. 15—34). 264 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS commonly used for the Common Snipe. In this case the Commission has had under consideration a proposal that it should (i) suppress the name Gallinago Brisson, 1760, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy, (ii) delete the name Gallinago Koch, 1816, from the Official List, and (iii) substitute for that name the name Capella Frenzel, 1801. However, no decision has as yet been taken in this matter. The question of gender in this case, therefore, cannot be dealt with at present. The number of names which have now to be considered is thus reduced to one hundred and two. 4. As in the case of the previous instalments in the present series, the recommendations now submitted are based upon the Report on the gender to be assigned to generic names placed on the Official List before the Paris (1948) Congress, furnished, on the invitation of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, by Mr. F. J. Lelievre (at that time of Bedford College, London University). In every case also current standard catalogues, checklists and monographs have been consulted by this Office for the purpose of ascertaining whether the gender now proposed to be assigned to the names in question is also the gender currently used for those names by ornithologists. Finally, the list attached to the present paper as an Annexe was submitted in draft both to Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) and to Professor Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.). The investigations so undertaken and the con- sultations so made elicited one important comment of a general character. This is discussed in the immediately following paragraph. 5. Names having a ‘‘ -rhynchus ”’ termination : The generic names of birds placed on the Official List include three, the termination of which consists of the word ‘‘-rhynchus’’. The names in question are :— (1) Aulacorhynchus Gould, 1834 ; (2) Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821 ; (3) Sphenorynchus Lichtenstein, 1823. In each case the gender attributed to these names in Mr. Lelievre’s Report was neuter. This also is the gender attributable to such words under Decision 84(7) (c) (i) of the Copenhagen Congress (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 51). In commenting on the present list when sent to him in draft (paragraph 4) Professor Mayr wrote :—“‘All generic names in birds formed by combining the Greek word for bill, pvyxos, with some sort of an affix have invariably been treated as masculine words, even though grammatically they should be neuter. I strongly urge, in order to avoid confusion, that the genera listed by you under the numbers 25, 54, and 99 [i.e. the three generic names cited above] be listed among the genders in the masculine ’’. The present case is there- fore essentially similar to that presented by generic names in the Order Decapoda having the terminations “‘ -opsis ’’ and “ -gnathus ”’, DIRECTION 26 265 where, as explained in my paper Z.N.(S.) 906 submitted to the Com- mission? on 11th February 1955 concurrently with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)6, the gender universally attributed by specialists to the generic names concerned is different from that correctly attributable to those names. As in the earlier cases referred to above, I am of the opinion that the circumstances presented by bird names having the termination “‘-rhynchus’”’ merit separate consideration by the Com- mission.* I have therefore excluded these three names from the recommendations now submitted. The present recommendations are concerned therefore with ninety-nine only of the one hundred and three names of genera of birds placed on the Official List in the period up to the end of 1936. 6. The ninety-nine names for which recommendations are now submitted present no difficulty. In each case there appears to be no doubt as to the gender properly attributable. In each case also that gender is the gender commonly attributed to the name in question. 7. The gender attributable to each of the ninety-nine names con- cerned is given in the Annexe to the present paper, and for the reasons set out above I recommend that the International Commission should render a Direction that the gender specified in that Annexe for each of the names concerned be now entered against that name in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. ANNEXE Gender proposed to be inscribed in the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in respect of the names of ninety-nine genera of birds placed on that ‘‘ List ’’ in the pericd up to the end of 1936 Gender ““Opinion”’ in proposed which name to be assigned specified in Col. | to name speci- _—_ was placed on Generic name fiedin Col.1 “Official List ”’ (1) (2) (3) Acryllium Gray, 1840 Neuter 67 Aechmophorus Coues, 1862 Masculine os Aegithina Vieillot, 1816 Feminine a Aegotheles Vigors & Horsfield, 1826 Masculine 3; 2 See Direction 11 (pp. 15—34 of the present volume). ’ Proposals relating to this, and to the other matters here referred to have since been submitted to the International Commission. (See Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 260—262). 266 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Generic name (1) Aepyornis Geoffroy, 1850 Aix Boie, 1828 Alauda Linnaeus, 1758 Anas Linnaeus, 1758 Apaloderma Swainson, 1833 Aptenodytes Miller, 1778 Apteryx Shaw, 1813 Aramus Vieillot, 1816 Ardea Linnaeus, 1758 Astrapia Vieillot, 1816 Asturina Vieillot, 1816 Balaeniceps Gould, 1850 Batrachostomus Gould, 1838 Brotogeris Vigors, 1825 Bubo Dumeéril, 1806 Burhinus IMlliger, 1811 Cairina Fleming, 1822 Campephaga Vieillot, 1816 Capito Vieillot, 1816 Cathartes Illiger, 1811 Centrocercus Swainson, 1832 Cephalopterus Geoffroy, 1809 Cereopsis Latham, 1801 Chauna Illiger, 1811 Chrysolophus Gray, [1833—34] Cicinnurus Vieillot, 1816 Circaetus Vieillot, 1816 Clamator Kaup, 1829 Coccyzus Vieillot, 1816 Coereba Vieillot, 1807 Colaptes Swainson, 1825 Colluricincla Vigors & Horsfield, 1826 Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790 Crotophaga Linnaeus, 1758 Diomedea Linnaeus, 1758 Dromas Paykull, 1805 Ectopistes Swainson, 1827 Egretta Forster, 1817 Elanus Savigny, 1809 Eurylaimus Horsfield, 1821 Eurypyga Ulliger, 1811 Gender “Opinion”? in proposed which name to be assigned specified in Col. | to name speci- — was placed on fiedin Col.1 “Official List ”’ (2) (3) Masculine 67 Feminine by Feminine A Feminine ys Neuter 2 Masculine . a Feminine a Masculine ry Feminine a Feminine e: Feminine a Masculine in Masculine a Feminine Y Masculine e Masculine Bh Feminine ¥ Feminine is Masculine ht Masculine 5 Masculine a Masculine Feminine ~ Feminine i Masculine 5 Masculine { Masculine a Masculine i Masculine Ls Feminine i Masculine a Feminine 4 Feminine A Feminine a Feminine ss Masculine 5 Masculine i Feminine ie Masculine i Masculine A Feminine Fr DIRECTION 26 Generic name (1) Fulmarus Stephens, 1826 Gampsonyx Vigors, 1825 Goura Stephens, 1819 Gypaetus Storr, 1784 Haematopus Linnaeus, 1758 Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809 Haliastur Selby, 1840 Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790 Ibidorhyncha Vigors, [1832] Jynx Linnaeus, 1758 Lanius Linnaeus, 1758 Leistes Vigors, 1825 © Manucodia Boddaert, 1783 Musophaga Isert, 1789 Neophron Savigny, 1809 Notornis Owen, 1848 Numida Linnaeus, 1764 Nyctea Stephens, 1826 Oedicnemus Temminck, 1815 Opisthocomus Mlliger, 1811 Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766 Pachycephala Vigors, 1825 Pandion Savigny, 1809 Parotia Vieillot, 1816 Parus Linnaeus, 1758 Pezoporus Illiger, 1811 Phaethon Linnaeus, 1758 Pharomachrus de la Liave, 1832 Phoenicopterus Linnaeus, 1758 Platalea Linnaeus, 1758 Platycercus Vigors, 1825 Polyplectron Temminck, 1807 Porzana Vieillot, 1816 Psittacus Linnaeus, 1758 Psophia Linnaeus, 1758 Pteroglossus Mlliger, 1811 Ptiloris Swainson, 1825 Rallus Linnaeus, 1758 Recurvirostra Linnaeus, 1758 Sericulus Swainson, 1825 Sitta Linnaeus, 1758 Spindalis Jardine & Selby, 1836 267 Gender *““Opinion ”’ in proposed which name to be assigned _specifiedin Col. | to name speci- —_was placed on fiedin Col.\1 “Official List”’ (2) (3) Masculine 67 Masculine < Feminine 4 Masculine a Masculine My Masculine As Masculine eh Masculine Me Feminine a Feminine ‘ Masculine a Masculine i Masculine bs Feminine us Masculine a Masculine a Feminine ay Feminine iy Masculine i Masculine an Masculine ss Feminine m Masculine a Feminine . Masculine ae Masculine ws Masculine Li Masculine ES Masculine A Feminine is Masculine a Neuter es Feminine a Masculine 2 Feminine ss Masculine a Masculine A Masculine ie Feminine mA Masculine i Feminine if Masculine ry 268 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Gender *“‘Opinion ”’ in proposed which name to be assigned specified in Col. 1 to name speci- — was placed on Generic name fiedin Col... Official iaisr (1) (2) (3) Strigops Gray, 1845 Feminine 67 Struthio Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine re Sturnella Vieillot, 1816 Feminine 3 Sturnus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine i Surnia Duméril, 1806 Feminine - Syrrhaptes Mliger, 1811 Masculine a Tachyphonus Vieillot, 1816 Masculine Mi Thamnophilus Vieillot, 1816 Masculine af Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826 Masculine ol Uratelornis Rothschild, 1895 Masculine Bis Vireo Vieillot, 1807 Masculine us Grus Pallas, 1766 Feminine 103 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of the gender to be assigned to the names of genera of birds previously placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 925. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)16 : On 29th April 1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)16) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “ that, in conformity with the General Directive relating to the recording on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the gender of each name placed thereon prior to 1948, issued to the International Commission by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, the gender of the generic names of birds specified in Column (2) of the Annexe to the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 925 by the Secretary submitted simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. the application reproduced DIRECTION 26 269 in the first paragraph of the present Direction] should be entered in the foregoing Official List in respect of the names enumerated in that Annexe ’’ and (2), if he did not agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. 4. Supplementary note on the gender attributable to the generic names ‘*‘ Manucodia ”’ Boddaert, 1783, and ‘‘ Numida ’’ Linnaeus, 1764: During the Prescribed Voting Period questions were raised concerning the proposals in regard to two names submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)16. The first of these names was Manucodia Boddaert, 1783, on which communications were received from Commissioners Jaczewski and Kihnelt ; the second. was the name Numida Linnaeus, 1764, on which a communication was received from Commissioner do Amaral. The questions so raised were considered by the Secretary who on 29th May 1955 placed the following explanatory Minute on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 925 :— Supplementary Notes on the gender attributable to the generic names ‘* Manucodia ’’ Boddaert, 1783, and ‘‘ Numida ”’ Linnaeus, 1764 MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature _ The present Minute is concerned with the gender properly attributable to two generic names, as regards which Members of the Commission have asked to be furnished with additional information. The names concerned are :—(1) Manucodia Boddaert, 1783, on which communica- tions have been received from Commissioners Jaczewski and Kiihnelt ; (2) Numida Linnaeus, 1764, on which a communication has been received from Commissioner do Amaral. 2. The gender attributable to the name *‘ Manucodia’’ Boddaert, 1783 : In this case the acceptance of the masculine gender has been recommended, notwithstanding the fact that the “-a’’ termination gives this name the appearance of being a Latin noun of the First Declension. In fact, however, the word *“* Manucodia ”’ is a barbarous 270 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS word derived from the Malay words “‘ manuco ”’ (meaning “‘ a bird ’’) and ‘‘ deva’’ (meaning “‘ of the gods’’). As a barbarous word, this generic Name is properly assigned the masculine gender. On the question of usage, the Office of the Commission is advised that in works published in the last three or four decades the masculine gender has been attributed to this name. It appears therefore that both on merits as a word and on the ground of usage the generic name Manucodia Boddaert ought to be treated as being of the masculine gender. 3. The gender attributable to the name ‘‘ Numida ”’ Linnaeus, 1764 : In this case the gender recommended is the feminine gender. There is, is is true, a Latin noun “‘ numida’”’ derived from the Greek word Nouas, meaning a “‘nomad’’ which bears the masculine gender. There is nothing however to show that Linnaeus formed his generic name Numida from this word. In any case, it is clear that from the earliest times the name Numida has been treated as being feminine in gender. For each of the three species described in the XVIII century as belonging to this genus were so treated, two (cristata ; mitrata) by Pallas in 1767 and one (aegyptiaca) by Latham in 1790. In the next fifty years (1801—1850) four species were described as belonging to the genus Numida. Of these, two were given specific names consisting of adjectives and in each case the adjective was cited in the feminine gender : ptylorhyncha by Lesson in 1831 and coronata by Gray in 1844. In more modern times also it appears that this name has been treated as being feminine in gender. To sum up, it appears to me (1) that the question of what is the correct gender of the generic name Numida is open to doubt but (2) that on the question of usage there is the strongest case for the adoption of the feminine gender for this generic name. 4. In view, however, of the considerations in favour of the accep- tance of the masculine gender for the name Numida Linnaeus received from Commissioner do Amaral, I am of the opinion that the question of the gender to be attributed to this generic name in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology calls for further consideration before a decision is taken by the Commission. Accordingly, I hereby withdraw the foregoing name from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)16 and direct that the above question be made the subject of further study—on Commission File Z.N.(S.) 1012, which has this day been opened for this purpose—with a view to the submission to the Com- mission of revised proposals in this matter as soon as possible. 5, The Prescribed Voting Period : As Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (55)16 was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 29th May 1955. DIRECTION 26 0 DI 6. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)16 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)16 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- five (25) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Stoll ; Hering ; Vokes ; Boschma ; Mertens ; Lemche ; Bonnet ; Tortonese ; Hemming ; Key ; Holthuis ; Esaki ; Kihnelt ; do Amaral; Mayr; Hanko; Prantl; Riley ; Bodenheimer ;_ Bradley (J. C.) ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Dymond; Jaczewski; Miller; Cabrera ; (b) Negative Votes ; None. (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 7. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 29th May 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)16, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 6 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 8. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 15th June 1955 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)16. 272 OPINIONS AND’ DECLARATIONS 9. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 10. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Twenty- six (26) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature. Donk in London, this Fifteenth day of June, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission ; on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Note to subscribers The next two Directions in numerical sequence (Directions 27 and 28) contain decisions by the Commission on family-group-name problems arising tn con- nection with generic names dealt with in Opinions included in volume 10 of the ‘‘ Opinions and Declarations ’’ Series and have accordingly been published as Parts of that volume (Direction 27, pp. 481—492 ; Direction 28, pp. 493—510). Thus, in the present Section of volume 1 Direction 26 is followed immediately by Direction 29. Printed in England by MetcatFre & Cooper LimiTeD, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C..G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. Section C. Part C.18 Pp. 273—286 DIRECTION 29 Substitution of an amended entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the name Segestria Latreille, 1804 (Class Arachnida) in place of the incorrect entry thereon of the name Segestria Walckenaer, 1805, made by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Seven Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 16th November, 1955 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 29 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President : Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President: Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948). Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary). Dr. ey Pearson (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July . Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948). Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. oeat Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950). Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat — zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice- President). Professor J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953). Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President). Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953). Professor Béla Hanké (Mezogazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953). Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953). Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953). Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Nether- lands) (12th August 1953). DIRECTION 29 SUBSTITUTION OF AN AMENDED ENTRY ON THE — * OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ”’ RELATING TO THE NAME °** SEGESTRIA ’’ LATREILLE, 1804 (CLASS ARACHNIDA) IN PLACE OF THE INCORRECT ENTRY THEREON OF THE NAME ‘‘ SEGESTRIA ’? WALCKENAER, 1805, MADE BY THE RULING GIVEN IN ‘OPINION ” 104 RULING :—(]1) the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the name Segestria Walckenaer, 1805, erroneously made by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 is hereby deleted and the following revised entry is hereby made under the same Name No. (Name No. 506) :— Segestria Latreille, 1804 (type species, by subsequent selection by Latreille (1810): Aranea florentina Rossi, 1790) (2) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 400 :— Segestria Walckenaer, 1805 (a junior homonym of Segestria Latreille, 1804). (3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 675 :—/florentina Rossi, 1790, as published in the combination Aranea florentina (specific name of type species of Segestria Latreille, 1804). (4) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 258 :— perfida Walckenaer, 1802, as published in the combination Aranea perfida (a junior objective synonym of florentina Rossi, 1790, as published in the combination Aranea florentina). DEC 1 3 1955 . 276 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (5) The under-mentioned family-group name is hereby placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology with the Name No. 68 :—SEGESTRIINAE Simon (E.), 1893 (type genus: Segestria Latreille, 1804). (6) The under-mentioned family-group name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology with the Name No. 52 :— SEGESTRIENS Simon (E.), 1864 (type genus: Segestria Latreille, 1804) Gnvalid because a vernacular (French) word). I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE During the course of a preliminary survey of the earlier entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology undertaken for the purpose of making an estimate of the amount of work which would be needed before that Official List could be pub- lished in book-form, Mr. Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Commission, noted (in December 1943) that the entry of the name Segestria Walckenaer, 1805 (Class Arachnida) made on that List by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 appeared to be incorrect. As the result of further investigations, Mr. Hemming on 26th June 1951 submitted to the Commission the following application for the substitution on the Official List of a revised entry relating to the name Segestria which it had then been ascertained had first been published by Latreille in 1804, that is, one year before it had been published by Walckenaer, to whom it had been ~ attributed in Opinion 104 :-— Proposed correction of the entry in the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ relating to the name there recorded as ‘‘ Segestria ”’ Walckenaer, 1805 (Class Arachnida, Order Araneida) (proposed correction of an error in ‘° Opinion ”’ 104) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The object of the present application is to ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to correct an error in the osr DIRECTION 29 Bie entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the - name Segestria there attributed to Walckenaer, 1805 (Class Arachnida, Order Araneida), which was detected in the process of preparing the Official List for publication in book-form. 2. The above generic name was placed on the Official List in Opinion 104 (1928, Smithson, misc. Coll. 73 (No. 5) : 25, 27). Its type species was there stated to be “*florentina*’ by subsequent designation. 3. In the process of routine checking, I noted that Neave (1940, Nomencl. zool. 4 : 164) recorded two nominal genera as having been | established with the name Segestria. These were :— (1) Segestria Latreille, 1804, Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. 24 (Tabl. méth.) : 134. (2) Segestria Walckenaer, 1805, Tab. Aran. : 148. 4. It was immediately apparent from the above discovery that, unless the name Segestria Latreille, 1804, had been published without an ““ indication ’’ and was therefore a nomen nudum, the name Segestria Walckenaer, 1805, which had been placed on the Official List under Opinion 104, was an invalid junior homonym. At this point, I applied for assistance to Mr. R. J. Whittick, at that time in charge of the Arachnida collection in the British Museum (Natural History), to whom I am indebted for the information on which the proposals now sub- mitted are based. 5. The nominal genus Segestria Latreille, 1804, was established with the following diagnosis : “*“ Yeux écartés sur une ligne transversale, remontant deux bouts. (Segestrie, Segestria.) Les tubiformes de Walckenaer.’’ This is therefore a nominal genus established without any nominal species clearly referred thereto. As such, its type species could, until 1948, have been determined only under the provisions of the Commission’s Opinion 46. It will be recalled, however, that, on the recommendation of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology incorporated into the Régles revised and simplified provisions for determining the type species of nominal genera established in the foregoing manner, Opinion 46 (which had always been most unsatis- factory) being at the same time cancelled (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 159—160, 166, 346). Under the revised provisions referred to above, the first nominal species to be referred to the genus Segestria by a subsequent author becomes the type species of that genus, if only one such species is so referred, while if two or more nominal species are thus referred to the nominal genus Segestria, those species alone are to be treated as having been originally included species and therefore as the only species eligible for selection as the type species of the genus by a subsequent author. 278 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 6. Walckenaer in 1805 was the first author after Latreille, 1804, to deal with the genus Segestria, for which he gave a brief description under the heading ‘‘ Les Tubicoles (Tubulariae)’’ and cited two species as follows :— (1) Seg. perfida (Seg. perfida). Pl. 5, fig. 51 et 52. Walck., Faun. Paris, t. 2, p. 223, no. 73.—Rossi, Fauna Etrusca, pl. 19, fig. 3, ar. florentina. ; (2) Seg. senoculée (Seg. senoculata). Fab., Linn., Walck., DeGeer, t. 7, p. 258, no. 18, pl. 15, fig. 5,6, 7,8. Lister, de Araneis, p. 74, t. 24, fig. 24. 7. Under a decision taken by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology in 1948 a nominal species cited in a specific synonymy at the time when a new nominal genus is established (through the publication of a new generic name) is to be treated as having been an originally included species and is therefore eligible for selection as the type species of the genus concerned. Accordingly the nominal species referred to by Walckenaer as “‘ar. florentina’’ i.e. Aranea florentina Rossi, 1790 (Fauna etrusc. 2 : 133) is eligible for selection as the type species of Segestria Latreille, 1804, through having been cited (in a specific synonymy) by Walckenaer (1805), the first author subsequent to Latreille (1804) to refer to the generic name Segestria. It should be noted also that in this particular case the two nominal species concerned (Aranea florentina Rossi, 1790, and Aranea perfida . Walckenaer, 1802 (Faune paris, 2 : 223)) were not only subjectively identified with one another by Walckenaer in 1805 (see paragraph 6 above) but are, in fact, objectively identical with one another, for, when in 1802 Walckenaer first published the name Aranea perfida, he expressly cited the name Aranea florentina Rossi as a synonym. The name so published by Walckenaer was thus no more than a nom. noy. for that previously published by Rossi, of which it is therefore an objective junior (and therefore invalid) synonym. 8. The first author to select a type species for the genus Segestria was Latreille himself who in 1810 (Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 121, 424) selected “‘Aranea florentina Ross.’ That selection is perfectly valid, for the reasons explained in paragraph 7 above. 9. In the light of the foregoing review of the present case, we see that the name Segestria Walckenaer, 1805, placed on the Official List under Opinion 104, is an invalid homonym of an older name consisting of the same word (Segestria), i.e. Segestria Latreille, 1804, which applies to a nominal genus having as its type species the same species (Aranea florentina Rossi, 1790) as that cited by the International Commission as the type species of the later nominal genus Segestria Walckenaer, 1805. Accordingly, the error committed in Opinion 104 can easily be remedied by substituting on the Official List the valid DIRECTION 29 . 279 name Segestria Latreille, 1804, for the invalid name Segestria Walckenaer, 1805. This, therefore, is what is now proposed should be done. It is further proposed that the present opportunity should be taken to make such entries on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology and on the two Official Indexes of rejected and invalid names as are required in order to comply with the decisions taken by the International Congress of Zoology, when establishing ~ that Official List and those Official Indexes. 10. The specific action which it is now recommended that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should take to remedy the error disclosed in Opinion 104 is that it should :— (1) delete from the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the entry relating to the name Segestria Walckenaer, 1805, erro- neously made under Opinion 104 (which should be deemed to have been corrected accordingly) and in its place to insert the following corrected entry :— Segestria Latreille, 1804 (type species, by subsequent selection by Latreille (1810) : Aranea florentina Rossi, 1790) ; (2) place the generic name Segestria Walckenaer, 1805 (a junior homonym ‘of Segestria Latreille, 1804) on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ; (3) place the trivial name florentina Rossi, 1790, as published in the binominal combination Aranea florentina (trivial name of type species of Segestria Latreille, 1804) on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology ; (4) place the trivial name perfida Walckenaer, 1802, as published in the binominal combination Aranea perfida (trivial name of an objective junior synonym of Aranea florentina Rossi, 1790) on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s application, the question whether a revision should be made in the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Segestria Walckenaer, 1805, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 568. 280 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 3. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer on 30th January 1952 and was pub- lished in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature on 22nd May of that year (Hemming, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 198—200). 4. No objection received: The publication of the present application elicited no objection to the action proposed to be taken in the present case. I1l.—THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 5. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(54)27 : On 17th March 1954, a Voting Paper (V.P.(54)27) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “the proposal relating to the name Segestria Walckenaer, 1805, as set out in paragraph 10 on page 200 of volume 6 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ”’ [i.e. in paragraph 10 of the applica- tion reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction]. 6. The prescribed Voting Period for Voting Paper V.P.(54)27 : As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 17th June 1954. 7. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)27 : The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(54)27 at the close of the Prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following nineteen (19) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Riley ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Holthuis ; Hering ; Boschma; Lemche; Dymond; do Amaral; Vokes; Bonnet ; Esaki; Mertens; Hemming; Jaczewski; Bradley (J.C.) ; Hanké ; Pearson; Stoll; Cabrera ; DIRECTION 29 281 (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 8. Declaration of Result of Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)27 : On 18th June 1954, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(54)27, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 7 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 9. Family-Group-Name Problem involved in the present case : In the period following the adoption of the proposals submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(54)27, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, conferred with Dr. G. O. Evans (British Museum (Natural History), London) on the question of the family-group-name problem involved in the present case and on 29th April 1955 he submitted the following paper to the Commission on this subject :-— Proposed addition to the ‘‘ Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology ”’ of the family-group name based upon the generic name ** Segestria ’’ Latreille, 1804 (Class Arachnida) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature By its vote in June 1954 on Voting Paper V.P.(54)27 the Commission substituted the generic name Segestria Latreille, 1804, for Segestria Walckenaer, 1805, the later homonym bestowed upon the same genus which by some inadvertence had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 (published in 1928). 2. At the time of the submission of the proposal on which the fore- going decision was based, it was not possible to deal with the family- 282 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS group-name aspect of the problem involved. This has since been investigated in consultation with Dr. G. O. Evans, the specialist in charge of the Arachnida Collections at the British Museum (Natural History). It is desirable that a decision should now be taken by the Commission on this matter, for this will make it possible to include that decision in the Direction shortly to be prepared embodying the decision taken last year to correct the entry on the Official List of Generic Names regarding the authorship and date of the generic name Segestria. 3. It appears that there is a well-established family-group taxon based upon the name Segestria. The following recommendation is accordingly submitted to the Commission for consideration, namely that it should :— (1) place the under-mentioned name on the Official List of Family- Group Names in Zoology :—SEGESTRIINAE Simon (E.), 1893, Hist. nat. Araign. (ed. 2) 1(2) : 310, 3191 (type genus : Segestria Latreille, 1804) ; (2) place the under-mentioned name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology : SEGESTRIENS Simon (E.), 1864, Hist. nat. Araign. (ed. 1): 98 (type genus : Segestria Latreille, 1804) (invalid because a vernacular (French) word). 10. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)18 : On 29th April 1955, a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)18) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “that, in conformity with the General Directive relating to the recording on the Official List and Official Index of decisions in regard to family-group names issued to the Inter- national Commission by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the entries recording such decisions taken in relation to the family-group name SEGESTRIINAE and associated names in paragraph 3 of the statement bearing the number Z.N.(S.) 568 submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the Supplementary Applica- tion reproduced in paragraph 9 of the present Direction], should be made, as proposed, in the Official List and Official Index of Family-Group Names’”’, and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. 1 Professor Pierre Bonnet has drawn attention to the fact that the first volume of the Second Edition of Simon’s Histoire naturelle des Araignées was published in two parts, of which the first appeared in 1892 and the second in 1893. DIRECTION 29 283 11. The Prescribed Voting Period for Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (55)18 : As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 29th May 1955. 12. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)18 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)18 was as follows :—- (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-five (25) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received)? : Stoll; Hering ; Vokes ; Boschma; Mertens ; Lemche ; Beonet; Tortonese; Hemming; Key; Holthuis ; Esaki; Kiuthnelt; Jaczewski; do Amaral; Mayr ; Hanko ; Prantl ; Riley ; Bodenheimer ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Dymond; Miller ; Cabrera ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None ; 2 Dr. Joseph Pearson who participated in the vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(54)27 had retired from the Membership of the Commission by the time of the issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)18. In the meanwhile the following seven zoologists had been elected to the membership of the Commission :— Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) Dr. Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand Prantl (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) Professor Dr. Wilhelm Kihnelt (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) Professor F. S. Bodenheimer (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at aman College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) Professor Enrico Tortonese (Istituto e Museo di Zoologia della Universita de Torino, Torino, Italy) 284 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 13. Declaration of Result of Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (55)18 : On 29th May 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)18, signed a Certi- ficate that the Votes cast were as set out ir paragraph 12 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid, 14. Gender to be attributed to the generic name ‘‘ Segestria ”’ Latreille, 1804 : On 15th June 1955, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed the following Minute on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 568 :— Gender to be attributed to the generic name ‘* Segestria ’’ Latreille, 1804 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature The object of the application submitted in the present case was to secure from the International Commission a decision substituting the name Segestria Latreille, 1804, for the invalid name Segestria Walckenaer, 1805 on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. It was realised that at some later stage it would be necessary for the Commission to attribute a gender to the foregoing generic name in compliance with the General Directive given to it by the International Congress of Zoology that a gender should be attributed to every generic name placed on the Official List prior to 1948. It was con- sidered, however, that this could more conveniently be done at the time when a gender was attributed by the Commission to the other generic names placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 104. This matter will therefore be dealt with in the Direction to be issued by the Commission in regard to the foregoing matter. 15. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 15th June 1955 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)27, as supplemented by the Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)18. _ DIRECTION 29 285 16. Original references: The following are the original references for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction : florentina, Aranea, Rossi, 1790, Fauna etrusc. 2 : 133 perfida, Aranea, Walckenaer, 1802, Faune. paris. 2 : 223 Segestria Latreille, 1804, Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. 24 (Tab. méih.) : 134 Segestria Walckenaer, 1805, Tab. Aran. : 148° 17. The following are the original references for the family- group names placed on the Official List and Official Index of names of that category by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— SEGESTRIENS Simon (E.), 1864, Hist. nat. Araign. (ed. 1) : 98 SEGESTRIINAE Simon (E.), 1893, Hist. nat. Araign. (ed. 2) 1 (2) : 310, — 319 18. The following is the reference for the selection of a type species for the nominal genus Segestria Latreille, 1804, specified in the Ruling given in the present Direction :—Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 424, 121). 19. At the time of the submission of the application dealt with in the present Direction, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a Species was the expression “ trivial name” and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial ’’ appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “specific name’ was substituted for the expression “ trivial name ” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes 3 By the Ruling given in the present Direction the name Segestria Walckenaer, 1805, was, first, deleted from the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology and, second, placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. 286 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Direction. 20. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 21. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Twenty- Nine (29) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature. Done in London, this Fifteenth day of June, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Note to subscribers _ For an explanation of the reason why in the present volume Direction 29 follows immediately after Direction 26 see the note inserted at the foot of page 272. Printed in England by Mretcatre & Cooper LimiteD, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION C. Part C.19. Pp. 287—298 DIRECTION 30 Determination of the gender to be attributed to the names of fifty-seven genera of fishes, cyclostomes, reptiles and amphibia placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Six Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 16th November, 1955 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 30 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History). Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President: Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y... U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953): Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands). (1st January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Joseph Pearson (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948) Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (A7th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950): Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla Hanko (Mezégazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953). Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand Prantl (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. ee Kijhnelt (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954 ecu F. S. Bodenheimer (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 195 Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico Tortonese (Istituto e Museo di Zoologia della Universita di Torino, Torino, Italy) (146th December 1954) DIRECTION 30 DETERMINATION OF THE GENDER TO BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE NAMES OF FIFTY-SEVEN GENERA OF FISHES, CYCLOSTOMES, REPTILES AND AMPHIBIA PLACED ON THE ‘“ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOO- LOGY” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 RULING :—(1) The gender to be attributed to each of the under-mentioned names of genera in the Classes Pisces and Reptilia, which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Rulings given in the Opinions severally specified below, is hereby determined as being the masculine gender :— (a) Class Pisces (33 names) : (i) Names included in Opinion 75 : Ammodytes Linnaeus, 1758 ; Anarhichas Lin- naeus, 1758; Mugil Linnaeus, 1758; Tra- chinus Linnaeus, 1758; Uranoscopus Lin- naeus, 1758 ; Xiphias Linnaeus, 1758 ; (ii) Names included in Opinion 77 : Acipenser Linnaeus, 1758 ; Callionymus Lin- naeus, 1758 ; Cottus Linnaeus, 1758 ; Cyclop- terus Linnaeus, 1758; Cyprinus Linnaeus, 1758 ; Diodon Linnaeus, 1758; Gadus Lin- naeus, 1758; Gasterosteus Linnaeus, 1758 ; Gobius Linnaeus, 1758; Lophius Linnaeus, 1758; Mormyrus Linnaeus, 1758; Mullus Linnaeus, 1758; Mustelus Linck, 1790; Os- merus Linnaeus, 1758 ; Salmo Linnaeus, 1758 ; Scomber Linnaeus, 1758; Silurus Linnaeus, 1758 ; Zeus Linnaeus, 1758 ; DEC 12 1955 290 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (iii) Names included in Opinion 92 : Blennius Linnaeus, 1758; Esox Linnaeus, Wears, (iv) Names included in Opinion 93 : Conger Oken, 1817; Coregonus Linnaeus, 1758; Epinephelus Bloch, 1793; Gymno- thorax Bloch, 1795; Malapterurus Lacépeéde, 1803 ; Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758; Serranus Cuvier, 1817 ; (b) Class Reptilia (3 names) : (i) Name included in Opinion 75 : Draco Linnaeus, 1758 ; (ii) Names included in Opinion 92 : Alligator Cuvier, 1807; Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758 ; (2) The gender to be attributed to each of the under- mentioned names of genera in the Classes Pisces, Cyclo- stomata, Reptilia and Amphibia, which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Rulings given in the Opinions severally specified below, is hereby determined as the feminine gender :— (a) Class Pisces (12 names) : (1) Names included in Opinion 75 : Atherina Linnaeus, 1758 ; Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758 ; (ii) Names included in Opinion 77 : Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758; Clupea Linnaeus, 1758 ; Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758 ; Muraena Linnaeus, 1758 ; Perca Linnaeus, 1758 ; Scor- paena Linnaeus, 1758 ; (iii) Name included in Opinion 92 : Echeneis Linnaeus, 1758 ; DIRECTION 30 291 (iv) Names included in Opinion 93 : Eleotris Schneider, 1801; Sciaena Linnaeus, 1758 ; Teuthis Linnaeus, 1758 ; (b) Class Cyclostomata (one name) : Myxine Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 75) ; (c) Class Reptilia (5 names, all dealt with in Opinion 92): 7 Calamaria Boie, 1826; Chelydra Schweigger, 1812 ; Dermochelys Blainville, 1816 ; Lacerta Linnaeus, 1758; Mabuya Fitzinger, 1826 ; (d) Class Amphibia (one name) : | Siren Linnaeus, 1766 ; (3) The gender to be attributed to each of the under- mentioned names of genera in the Classes Pisces and Reptilia, which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Rulings given in the Opinions severally specified below, is hereby determined as the neuter gender :— (a) Class Pisces (one name) : Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 92) : (b) Class Reptilia (one name) : Phrynosoma Wiegmann, 1828 (Opinion 92). I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT * DIRECTION ” The present Direction contains the fourth instalment of deter- minations of the gender attributable to the names of genera placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. The following is the paper which formed the basis of the decisions taken by the Commission in 292 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the present case, which was submitted to the Commission by the Secretary on 6th April 1955 :— Determination of the gender of names placed on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 : Fourth Instalment (names of genera of fishes, cyclostomes, reptiles and amphibia) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature The present paper contains the fourth instalment of proposals for the determination of the gender to be attributed to generic names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology during the period up to the end of 1936 and is concerned with the gender to be attributed to the names of genera of fishes, cyclostomes, reptiles and amphibia. 2. During the pre-Lisbon (1935) period the number of names of genera belonging to the Classes here under consideration was as follows :—Pisces (sens. lat.), 48 names ; Cyclostomata, one name ; Reptilia, 10 names ; Amphibia, 3 names. The names concerned were placed on the Official List in the Opinions shown below :— Cyclo- | Opinion| Fishes | ads | Reptilia | Amphibia Total —__ | — | | Ef | 15 8 1 1 — 10 Wad. 25 as aoe DE 92 4 a 9 3 16 93 11 a —_ oe 11 Totals 48 1 | 10 3 62 3. The first point to which it is necessary to draw attention is the position of two names, each having the termination “-gnathus’”’. The names concerned are: the fish Syngnathus ; the amphibian Desmo- gnathus. Under one of the decisions taken by the Copenhagen Congress a generic name having the above termination is to. be treated as being of the feminine gender (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 51, Decision 84(7)(b)(j)). These names have, however, been universally treated by specialists in the group concerned as being masculine in gender. The position as regards these names is therefore essentially similar, so far as gender is concerned, to the names in the Class Aves having the termination “‘ -rhynchus *’ to which reference was made in paragraph 5 of the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 925 regarding the gender to be attributed to the names of birds placed on the Official List up to the end of 1936, which was submitted to the Commission in connection DIRECTION 30 293 with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)16!. For reasons similar to those explained in that paper it is proposed to defer asking the Commission to take a decision on the gender to be attributed to the two names specified above until it has taken a decision on the underlying question _ of principle involved. 4. Class Pisces (sens. lat.) : In addition to the name Syngnathus referred to in paragraph 3 above, attention must be drawn to the name Stolephorus, on which also no recommendation is now submitted. This is because there are other matters connected with the entry of this name of the Official List which require consideration by the Com- mission and on which recommendations have been submitted in a paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 569 circulated with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (55)12?._ A proposal relating to the gender to be attributed to this name was included in the recommendations referred to above. Proposals regarding the gender to be attributed to the remaining forty-six names of genera of fishes are submitted in Part | of the Annexe to the present paper. 5. Class Cyclostomata : A proposal in regard to the single name (Myxine) here concerned is submitted in Part 2 of the Annexe to the present paper. 6. Class Reptilia : In the case of one name (Eremias), the gender which is believed to be the correct gender differs from that currently in use. This matter is being further investigated, and in the mean- while no recommendation is submitted to the Commission. As regards the gender to be assigned to the remaining nine names, recom- mendations are submitted in Part 3 of the Annexe to the present paper. 7. Class Amphibia : In addition to the name Desmognathus to which reference has already been made, attention must be drawn to the case of the name Cryptobranchus, the correct gender for which has not been finally determined. No recommendation is therefore submitted in regard to this name. Accordingly, the only recommendation sub- mitted in Part 4 of the Annexe to the present paper is in respect of the gender to be attributed to the name Siren Linnaeus. 8. As in the case of the previous instalments in the present series, the recommendations now submitted are based upon the Report on the gender to be assigned to generic names placed on the Official List before the Paris (1948) Congress, furnished, on the invitation of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, by Mr. F. J. Lelievre 1 See pp. 264—265 of the present volume (Direction 26). * A last minute complication has arisen in regard to this case which renders necessary its re-submission to the Commission for further consideration. 294 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (Bedford College, London University). In every case also current standard catalogues, checklists and monographs have been consulted by this Office for the purpose of ascertaining whether the gender now proposed to be assigned to the names in question is also the gender currently used for those names by specialists in the groups concerned. In addition, copies of the list prepared by Mr. Lelievre were com- municated to the under-mentioned specialists both for the purpose of obtaining confirmation on the question of the gender attributable to each of the names concerned and for the purpose also of verifying that the gender in question is that currently used for the generic names in question :—(1) Dr. W. I. Follett (California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.) ; (2) Dr. Karl P. Schmidt (Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.) ; (3) Dr. Ethelwynn Trewavas (British Museum (Natural History), London). It is believed therefore that the gender which it is now recommended should be attributed to each of the names concerned is both the correct gender and also the gender currently used by specialists. ANNEXE Gender proposed to be inscribed in the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in respect of the names of genera of Vertebrates (excluding Mammals & Birds) placed on that ‘° List ’’ in the Period up to the end of 1936 Gender *“Opinion’”’ in proposed which name to be assigned specified in Col. | to name speci- was placed on Generic Name fiedin Col.1 “Official List” (1) (2) 3) Part 1. Class Pisces Ammodytes Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine 15 Anarhichas Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine a Atherina Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine - Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine be Mugil Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine os Trachinus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine “i Uranoscopus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine 3 Xiphias Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine cho Acipenser Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine VW Callionymus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine By Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine of Clupea Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine cal Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine i DIRECTION 30 295 Gender “Opinion ’’ in proposed which name to be assigned specified in Col. 1 2 to name speci- _—_was placed on Generic Name fiedin Col.1 “Official List ”’ (1) (2) (3) Part 1. Class Pisces—cont. Cottus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine hh Cyclopterus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine ‘ Cyprinus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine 7 Diodon Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine mn Gadus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine x Gasterosteus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine a Gobius Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine i Lophius Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine ve Mormyrus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine les, Mullus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine at Muraena Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine s. Mustelus Linck, 1790 Masculine fi Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine a Perca Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine a Salmo Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine i Scomber Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine Scorpaena Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine cs Silurus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine 3 Zeus Linnaeus, 1758 | Masculine 46 Blennius Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine 92 Echeneis Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine _ Esox Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine ay Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758 Neuter . Conger Oken, 1817 Masculine 93 Coregonus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine i Eleotris Schneider, 1801 Feminine aa Epinephelus Bloch, 1793 Masculine Gymnothorax Bloch, 1795 Masculine is Malapterurus Lacépéde, 1803 Masculine Ke Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine — Se Sciaena Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine ie Serranus Cuvier, 1817 Masculine ws Teuthis Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine ee Part 2. Class Cyclostomata Myxine Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine 75 296 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Gender ** Opinion”’ in proposed which name to be assigned specified in Col. 1 to name speci- was placed on Generic Name fied in Col.1 “ Official List” (1) (2) (3) Part 3. Class Reptilia Draco Linnaeus, 1758 | Masculine 75 Alligator Cuvier, 1807 Masculine 92 Calamaria Boie, 1826 Feminine ¥ Chelydra Schweigger, 1812 Feminine 2 Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine ne Dermochelys Blainville, 1816 Feminine be Lacerta Linnaeus, 1758 : Feminine Y Mabuya Fitzinger, 1826 Feminine a Phrynosoma Wiegmann, 1828 Neuter a Part 4. Class Amphibia Siren Linnaeus, 1766 Feminine b 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of the gender to be assigned to the names of genera of fishes, cyclostomes, reptiles and amphibia previously placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 939. II. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)19 : On 4th May 1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)19) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed that “in conformity with General Directive relating to the recording in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the gender of each name placed thereon prior to 1948, issued to the International Commission by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, the gender of the generic names of fishes, cyclostomes, reptiles and amphibians specified in Column (2) in the Annexe to the Paper bearing the number DIRECTION 30 DOT, Z.N.(S.) 939 by the Secretary, submitted simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the Annexe to the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction], should be entered in the foregoing Official List in respect of the names enumerated in the first column of that Annexe ”’ and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 4th June 1955. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)19 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)19 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- five (25) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which _ Votes were received) : Vokes; Boschma; Mertens; Bonnet; Tortonese ; Hering ; Holthuis; Esaki; Kuthnelt; Mayr; Miller ; Hanko ; Prantl; Riley; Bradley (J. C.); Hemming ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Jaczewski; Key; Bodenheimer ; Dymond ; Stoll; Cabrera ; do Amaral ; Lemche ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 4th June 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)19, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 298 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present °° Direction ”’ : On 6th July 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)19. 8. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commisson on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 9. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Thirty (30) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature. Done in London, this Sixth day of July, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MretcaLFe & Cooper LIMITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London KC 2 RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, cMG., CBE. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION C. Part C. 20. Pp. 299—306 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Determination of the gender to be attributed to the generic name Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling DIRECTION 31 given in Opinion 73 Ke hol f ee f ie fi r i | i. 4 Oo A : AD LONDON : — Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Four Shillings and Sixpence | (All rights reserved) | Issued 20th April, 1956 i ay y INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 31 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) President: Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (2th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera ( La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski (/nstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum wu. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral GS: Papin. Brazil) (42th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) ce J. ve Bradley (Cornell University, "Ithaca, N. Y., U5S: A, ) (2th August 1953) resident Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla Hank6 (Mezdgazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand Prantl (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm Kiihnelt (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) eee F. S. Bodenheimer (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zentaey at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico Tortonese (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘G. Doria,’ Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 31 DETERMINATION OF THE GENDER TO BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE GENERIC NAME “ BATHYNECTES ” STIMPSON, [1871] (CLASS CRUSTACEA, ORDER DECAPODA), A NAME PLACED ON THE ‘OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” BY THE RULING GIVEN IN ‘‘ OPINION ” 73 RULING :—The gender to be attributed to the generic name Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871] (Class Crustacea, . Order Decapoda) placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 73 1s hereby determined as being the masculine gender. I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT * DIRECTION ” On 11th February 1955, Mr. Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Commission, submitted to the Commission a paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 906, in which he put forward for consideration proposals for determining, in accordance with a General Directive issued by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, the gender to be attributed to the names of one hundred and seventy-seven genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea) which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. In the light of the voting by Members of the Commission on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (55)6, the Voting Paper issued in connection with the foregoing proposals, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, withdrew from the scope of the foregoing Voting Paper the proposals which he had sub- mitted in regard to three of the names concerned, in order to permit of the further study of the issues involved in these cases. The remaining proposals were approved by the Commission, whose decision in this matter has since been embodied in Direction 111. One of the names so withdrawn from the purview 1 Direction 11 was published on 19th May 1955 as Part C.2 (pp. 15-34) of the present Section (Section C) of volume 1 of the ‘‘ Opinions and Declarations ”’ Series. MAY i 41956 302 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS of the foregoing Voting Paper was the name Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871], which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in 1922 by a Ruling given in Opinion 73. On 4th May 1955, Mr. Hemming submitted to the Commission the following Report in which he set out the action which he had taken on the foregoing Voting Paper and placed before the Commission proposals for disposing of the question of the gender attributable to the name Bathynectes Stimpson :— Decapod Crustacea (gender of generic names placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in the pre-Lisbon (1935) period) : Report on action taken in the light of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)6 and submission of a proposal in relation to one outstanding case (‘‘ Bathynectes ’’ Stimpson, 1871) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature The purpose of the present Report is to inform the International Commission of the action taken by myself, as Secretary, after the close of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)6, the Voting Paper concerned with the gender to be assigned to the names of genera of Decapod Crustacea placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. At the same time I take the opportunity to report on the position reached in regard to seven names belonging to the above group which were withheld from the foregoing Voting Paper. Finally, I submit a recommendation regarding the gender to be assigned to the one remaining name on which a decision is still required. 2. The total number of generic names of Decapods placed on the Official List in the pre-Lisbon (1935) period was one hundred and ninety (190), but the number of names in respect of which proposals were submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)6 was only one hundred and seventy-seven (177). The thirteen (13) names so held back fell, it will be remembered, into two groups :—(a) six names on which decisions had already been taken separately by the Commission or on which proposals for separate action had already been published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ; (b) seven names having terminations, the gender for which was prescribed by the Copenhagen (1953) Congress but for which a different gender was habitually used by carcinologists. 3. The seven names, as regards which there was a conflict, in the matter of the gender to be used, between the Copenhagen Rules and the habitual practice of specialists in the group concerned consisted of DIRECTION 31 ’ 303 three names having an “ -opsis ” termination and four names having a ‘““-snathus’’ termination. As regards these names, I have since taken the view that the Commission will wish to consider the use of its Plenary Powers for the purpose of giving valid force to current usage. I have accordingly prepared an application, numbered Z.N.(S.) 942, in which I submit recommendations in this sense both as regards the _ foregoing names and as regards the names of certain genera of birds, Where an exactly similar problem arises. This application is being sent to the printer forthwith and will, it is hoped, be published at a very early date. 4. The voting on the gender to be assigned to the one hundred and seventy-seven names dealt with in Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)6 showed complete unanimity in all except three cases. The names so involved were :—(1) Nephrops [Leach], [1814]; (2) Varuna Milne Edwards (H.), 1830 ; (3) Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871]. At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, I executed a Minute withdrawing these three cases from the scope of the above Voting Paper, in order to permit of a further examination of the issues involved in these cases. ‘The unanimous decision taken by the Commission in regard to the remaining one hundred and seventy-four (174) names has since been embodied in Direction 11 (now in the press)?._ The position as regards each of the three remaining names is set out below. 5. Nephrops [Leach], [1814]: In this case the Commission’s Classical Adviser reported that the gender to be accepted ought to be masculine, and, as this corresponded with current usage, a recom- mendation in favour of the acceptance of this gender was included in the Paper Z.N.(S.) 906 issued with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)6. Unfortunately, in making this recommendation, I overlooked the fact that under the Copenhagen Rules words having an “ -ops ”’ termination are to be treated as feminine. I have since consulted Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London) and Dr. A. Fenner Chace, Jr. (United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) who are agreed that in view of the Classical Adviser’s Report and also of current usage, the masculine gender should be retained in this case. I have therefore included this case in Application Z.N.(S.) 9423 referred to in paragraph 3 of the present Report with a recommendation that the Plenary Powers should be used to validate the use of the masculine gender for this name. 6. Varuna Milne Edwards (H.), 1830: This looks like a neo-Latin word formed on the analogy of a noun of the Latin first declension and for this reason the Classical Adviser recommended the adoption of the feminine gender. This corresponds also with the universal practice of carcinologists, including Milne Edwards himself. Accord- ingly, in Paper Z.N.(S.) 906 I recommended the adoption of this gender. Unfortunately, it now transpires that Milne Edwards stated that he had named the animal after “‘ Varuna’’, the Sea God of the Hindoo ® This Direction has since been published. See Footnote 1. 3 See Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 260—262. 304 * OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS mythology. There seems therefore to be no doubt that the correct gender of this generic name is masculine. After consulting Dr. Gordon and Dr. Fenner Chace, I have prepared a short application, numbered Z.N.(S.) 943, recommending the use of the Plenary Powers to validate the use of the feminine gender for this name. This recommendation is supported also by Professor H. Boschma, who was the first to draw my attention to the complication arising in this case. 7. Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871]: In this case, it will be recalled, I explained in Paper Z.N.(S.) 906 (paragraph 8(2)) that both Mr. Lelievre, the Commission’s Classical Adviser, and Mr. A. Cockburn Townsend, the Librarian at the British Museum (Natural History) had reported that this word should be treated as masculine. On the question of usage, Dr. Fenner Chace reported that this name was commonly treated as feminine, Dr. Gordon stated that there was no unanimity in the literature as to the gender to be used. She recom- mended the adoption of the correct, i.e. masculine, gender. In the vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)6, two Commissioners (Miller ; Sylvester-Bradley), expressed the view that, having regard to Dr. Fenner Chace’s Report, the feminine gender ought to be accepted in this case. After removing this case from the scope of the foregoing Voting Paper, I again consulted Dr. Fenner Chace and Dr. Gordon, both of whom reported that, in their view, the masculine gender should (as recommended in Paper Z.N.(S.) 906) be accepted for this name (letters of 22nd March and 12th April 1955 respectively). Dr. Fenner Chace added the following interesting note on this case :— There seems to be no reason to consider this as other than masculine. In her 1930 monograph on the cancroid crabs, Mary J. Rathbun treated Bathynectes as feminine but Callinectes, which seems to differ not at all as far as gender is concerned, as masculine. This is a little disturbing, for Miss Rathbun was a good classical scholar in her own right, but there seems to be no way of explaining it except as one of her infrequent lapses. 8. As there is now unanimity among the consultants (a) that the correct gender for the name Bathynectes is masculine, and (b) that there is no ground from the point of view of usage for adopting any other gender, I now re-submit the proposal originally made in Paper Z.N.(S.) 906 that the masculine gender should be assigned to the above generic name. 2. Registration of the present application : When, as explained in paragraph 4 of the application reproduced in the first para- graph of the present Direction, the question of the gender attributable to the generic name Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871], was withdrawn from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)6 for further study, this question was registered as a separate problem under the Number Z.N.(S.)921. DIRECTION 31 305 Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)20 : On 4th May 1955, a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)20) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “the proposal relating to the gender to be attributed to the generic name Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871], set out in paragraph 8 of the paper bearing the Number Z.N.(S.) 921 [i.e. the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper ’”’. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 4th June 1955. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)20 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)20 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following (25) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Vokes ; Boschma ; Mertens ; Bonnet ; Tortonese ; Hering ; Holthuis; Esaki; Kuhnelt; Mayr; Miller; Hank ; Prantl ; Riley; Bradley (J.C.) ; Hemming; Sylvester- Bradley ; Jaczewski; Key; Bodenheimer ; Dymond ; Stoll ; Cabrera ; Lemche ; do Amaral ; (b) Negative Votes: None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 306 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 4th June 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. (O.M.)(55)20, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal sub- mitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 22nd October 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)20. 8. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 9. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Thirty-One (31) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature. Done in London, this Twenty-Second day of October Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MetcaLtFe & Cooper LimiTeED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE fr ‘e) Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission ) S J UN15 195 VOLUME 1. SECTION C. Part C.21. Pp. 307—328 DIRECTION 32 Addition to the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature of the titles of certain works dealt with in Opinions rendered in the period up to the end of 1936 and to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature of certain works similarly dealt with in the same period and matters incidental thereto LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Twelve Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 171th May, 1956 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 32 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President: Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President ; Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitadt zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Ree) J. co Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) resident Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla Hank6o (Mezégazdasadgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953). Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand Prantl (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm Kitjhnelt (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. Bodenheimer (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico Tortonese (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘ G. Doria’, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 32 ADDITION TO THE ‘“ OFFICIAL LIST OF WORKS APPROVED AS AVAILABLE FOR ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE ” OF THE TITLES OF CERTAIN WORKS DEALT WITH IN *“* OPINIONS ” RENDERED IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 AND TO THE “* OFFICIAL INDEX OF REJECTED AND INVALID WORKS IN ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE ” OF CERTAIN WORKS SIMILARLY DEALT WITH IN THE SAME PERIOD AND MATTERS INCIDENTAL THERETO RULING.—(1) The titles of the under-mentioned works dealt with in the Opinions severally specified below are hereby placed on the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature with the Title Numbers specified below :— (a) Weber (F.), 1795, Nomenclator Entomologicus secundum Entomologiam Systematicam ill. Fabricii, adjectis speciebus recens detectis et varietatibus (Opinion 17) (Title No. 17) ; (b) Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), [1800]—1805, Lecons d’ Ana- tomie Comparée .. . Dice et publiées sous ses yeux par C. Dumeéril, 5 volumes, the entry to be made to bear the endorsement that the Latin names in the systematic tables in volume | are to be treated as available names, in so far as they are provided with “ indications for the purposes of Article 25 through the citation of bibliographical references on page xix of the Introduction (Opinion 39) (Title No. 18) ; (c) Brehm (C.L.), 1828, “‘ Uebersicht der Deutschen Vogelarten ”’ in Jsis (Oken) 1828 : 1268—1285, the entry to be made to bear the endorsement that, in so far as any generic name included in this paper is dependent solely upon vernacular names, that name is to be treated as a nomen nudum (Opinion 48) (Title No. 19); JUN 8 1956 310 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (d) Brehm (C.L.), 1830, ‘‘ Beschluss der Uebersicht der Deutschen Végel. Fortsetsung von B [rehm] XXI 1268 bis 1285” in Jsis (Oken 1830 : 985—1013, the entry so made to be endorsed as directed in (c) above (Opinion 48) (Title No. 20) ; (ec) Brehm (C.L.), 1831, Handbuch der Naturgeschichte aller Végel Deutschlands (Opinion 48) (Title No. 21); | (f) Westwood (J.O.), 1839—1840, An Introduction to the modern Classification of Insects, 2 volumes, the entry to be made to bear the endorsement that in the separately paged “* Synopsis ” (p. 158) attached to volume 2 the species specified against the names of the genera enumerated are to be treated as having been there definitely selected to be the type species of those genera (Opinion 71) (Title No. 22) ; (g) Lamarck (J.B:-P.A. de M. de), 1801, Systéme des Animaux sans Vertébres, the entry to be made to bear the endorsement that nothing in this work is to be treated as constituting the designa- tion or selection of type species for the genera discussed therein (Opinion 79) (Title No. 23) ; (h) Brauer (F.) & Bergenstamm (J.E. von), 1889—1894, “Die Zweifliigler des kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. IV—VII. Vorarbeiten zu einer Mono- graphie der Muscaria schizometopa (exclusive Anthomyidae)”’. 4 parts, 494 pp. Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften volumes 56, 58, 60, 61, the entry to be made to bear the endorsement that in this work Brauer & Bergenstamm are not to be treated as having selected type species for previously estab- lished nominal genera, except where they ex- pressly state that a given species is the type species of a particular genus (Opinion 98) (Title No. 24) ; DIRECTION 32 311 (i) Orbigny (A.D.d’), 1849—1852, Prodrome de Paléon- tologie stratigraphique universelle des Animaux Mollusques et Rayonnés faisant suite au Cours élémentaire de Paléontologie, 3 volumes, the entry so made to bear the endorsement that the names introduced in this work are not to be treated as nomina nuda (Opinion 126) (Title No. 25). (2) The titles of the under-mentioned works dealt with in the Opinions severally specified below are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature with the Title Numbers specified below :— (a) [Humphrey (G.)], 1797, Museum Calonnianum, a work rejected for nomenclatorial purposes (Opinion 51) (Title No. 34) ; (b) Hasselquist (F.), 1757, Iter Palaestinum (a work published before the starting point of zoological nomenclature (Opinion 57) (Title No. 35) ; (c) Hasselquist (F.), 1762, D. F. Hasselquists . . . Reise nach Paldstina (a German translation by T. H. Gadebusch of the Jter Palestinum of 1757), the entry to bear the endorsement that the pre-1758 names reproduced in this edition are not available for nomenclatorial purposes, those names not having been reinforced by adoption or acceptance (Opinion 57) (Title No. 36) ; (d) Barker (F.D.) & Covery (G.W.), 1911, “A new species of Trematode from the painted Terrapin, Chrysomys marginata Agassiz’, the entry to be made to bear the endorsement that this paper, as issued as a preprint, is not available for nomen- clatorial purposes and did not acquire avail- ability for such purposes until duly published as No. 103 of Studies from the Zoological Laboratory, The ayer fe of Nebraska (Opinion 59) (Title No. 37); a12 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (e) Herrera (A.L.), 1901—1904, ‘ Nouvelle Nomen- clature des Etres organisés et des Minéraux ”’, Mexico City, 88 pp., the entry to be made to bear the endorsement that the designations for animals used in this paper are formulae and not names and accordingly possess no status in zoological nomenclature (issued in instalments with the Memorias of the Sociedad Cientifica ‘** Antonio Alzate ’’) (Opinion 72) (Title No. 38) ; (f) Commerson 1803, footnotes in Lacépéde (B.G.E. de La V.), Histoire naturelle des Poissons, suppressed for nomenclatorial purposes under the Plenary Powers (Opinion 89) (Title No. 39) ; (g) [? Muller (P.L.S.) of Erlangen], 1775—1781, Neuer Schauplatz der Natur, nach den_ richtigsten Beobachtungen und Versuchen, in alphabetischer Ordnung ; Durch eine Gesellschaft der Gelehrten, 10 volumes, suppressed for nomenclatorial pur- poses under the Plenary Powers (Opinion 89) (Title No. 40) ; (h) Browne (P.), 1789, Civil and Natural History of Jamaica (2nd ed. of a work published in 1756, i.c., before the starting point of zoological nomenclature), suppressed for nomenclatorial purposes under the Plenary Powers (Opinion 89) (Title No. 41) ; (i) Valmont de Bomare (J.C.), 1764, Dictionnaire Raisonnée Universelle d>Histoire Naturelle, also the editions published in 1768, 1775 and 1791, suppressed for nomenclatorial purposes under the Plenary Powers (Opinion 89) (Title No. 42) ; (j) Danilewsky (B.), 1891, “‘ Contribution a l’étude de la microbiose malarique ’’ in Annales de [ Institut Pasteur 5(12) : 758—782, the entry to be made to bear the endorsement that names in this DIRECTION 32 313 paper are to be rejected for nomenclatorial purposes as not being in harmony with the Régles (Opinion 101) (Title No. 43) ; (k) Dybowski (B.), 1926, “Synoptisches Verzeichnis | mit kurzer Besprechung der Gattungen und Arten dieser Abteilung der Baikalfiohkrebse ”’ published in Bull. int. Acad. pol. Sci. Lettr. (Cl. Sci. math. nat.) (B) 1926 : 1—77, suppressed for nomenclatorial purposes under the Plenary Powers (Opinion 105) (Title No. 44) ; (1) Gmelin (P.F.), 1758—1777, Onomatologia medica completa seu Onomatologia Historiae naturalis, 7 volumes, suppressed for nomenclatorial pur- poses under the Plenary Powers (Opinion 123) (Title No. 45) ; (m) Sobolew (J.), 1914, “ Skizzen zur Phylogenie der Goniatiten ” I[zvjestija Varshavskago Poli- tekhnicheskago Instituta 1914, Fasc. 1', the entry to be made to bear the endorsement that the designations for animals used in this paper are formulae and not names and accordingly possess no status in zoological nomenclature (Opinion 132) (Title No. 46) ; (n) Sobolew (J.), 1914, “* Ueber Clymenien und Goniatiten’’, a paper published in Pal. Z. 1 : 348, in which Sobolew employed the same designations as those rejected in (m) above, the entry to be made in the present case to bear the same endorsement as that prescribed above for his earlier paper (Opinion 132) (Title No. 47). (3) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid 1 Full particulars of the method adopted in publishing this paper are given in paragraph 2 of the present Direction. 314 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) Monedula Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758 (a name published in a work rejected for nomenclatorial purposes under Opinion 241) (Name No. 447) ; (b) Monedula Hasselquist, 1762 (a name published in a work rejected for nomenclatorial purposes under the Ruling given in Opinion 57) (Name No. 448) ; (c) Monedula Brehm, 1828 (a name rejected as a nomen nudum under the Ruling given in Opinion 48 but which, even if it had been published with an “indication ”’ by Brehm in 1828, would never- theless have been invalid as a junior homonym of Monedula Latreille, [1802—1803] (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera) (Name No. 449) ; (d) Monedula Kaup, 1829 (a junior homonym of Monedula Latreille, [1802—1803]) (Name No. 450) ; (ec) Monedula Brehm, 1831 (a junior homonym of Monedula Latreille, [1802—1803], and a junior objective synonym of Monedula Kaup, 1829) (Name No. 451). I—THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT ** DIRECTION ” The present Direction is concerned with the codification of Rulings in regard to the status of individual zoological books and papers given by the International Commission on Zoo- logical Nomenclature in Opinions rendered up to the end of 1936. Under a General Directive issued by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, the Commission DIRECTION 32 315 was instructed to prepare lists of decisions taken by it on this and other subjects, so that the lists so prepared might be annexed as Schedules to the revised text of the Régles when promulgated. So far as concerns the titles of books and papers dealt with by the Commission in the period referred to above, the form of the Directive issued to the Commission by the Paris Congress was modified in 1953 by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, when it decided that the list of valid and invalid books prescribed by the previous Congress should be compiled in two sections ; the first, which was to be concerned with works accepted as available for zoological nomenclature, was to take the form of an Official List, while the second, which was to be concerned with rejected and invalid works, was to take the form of an Official Index. The following paper submitted by the Secretary on Ist September 1955 formed the basis upon which the Ruling given in the present Direction was adopted :— Proposed addition to the ‘° Official List ’’ or, as the case may be, the ‘** Official Index ’’ of the titles of books and papers dealt with by the International Commission in ‘* Opinions ’’ rendered in the period up to the end of 1936, and matters incidental thereto By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature I attach for the consideration of the International Commission a statement in which I have enumerated all the Opinions rendered in the period up to the end of 1936 in which it gave Rulings regarding the status of individual books and papers, in order that thereby the Commission may have before it the material needed to enable it to comply with the Directive issued to it by the International Congress of Zoology that the titles of all such books or papers be entered either on the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature or on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature. The reason why the list now submitted stops short at the end of 1936 is that the foregoing Directive has already been complied with by the Commission as respects all Rulings in regard to the status of individual books and papers given by it since that date. 2. Recommendations designed to secure compliance with the foregoing Directive are now submitted in the case of all except five of 316 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the Opinions concerned, namely Opinions 21, 28, 38, 87 and 96, which are omitted from the present paper for the reasons set out in the Annexe. 3. It is accordingly recommended that, in order to dispose of this portion of the Commission’s obligations under the Directives issued to it by the International Congress of Zoology in relation to the completion of Rulings given in previously published Opinions, approval should now be given to the recommendations for the addition to the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of the titles of books and papers and of individual names specified in the Annexe to the present paper. ANNEXE Particulars of ‘‘ Opinions ’’ relating to the titles of books and papers rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in the period up to the end of 1936 OPINION 11: In Opinion 11 the Commission gave a Ruling as to the method to be followed in interpreting Latreille, 1810, Considerations générales sur l Ordre naturel des Animaux composant les classes des Crustacés, des Arachnides et des Insectes. Later, the Ruling so given was clarified in Opinion 136. The title of this work has been placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Direction 4. OPINION 13: In Opinion 13 the Commission gave a Ruling by which it reyected for nomenclatorial purposes the edition by George Edwards of Mark Catesby’s Natural History of Carolina published in 1771. This decision was repeated in Opinion 89 under the Plenary Powers except that on this occasion an exception was granted in favour of the Linnean concordance at the end of the volume. By Opinion 259, in which Opinion 13 was cancelled and a revised Ruling given in its place, the title of the Edwards edition of Catesby, exclusive of the Concordance, was placed on the Official Index, the Concordance being at the same time placed on the Official List. OPINION 17: In this Opinion the Commission accepted Weber’s Nomenclator entomologicus Fabricii of 1795 as an available work. The title of this work should now be placed on the Official List. OPINION 20: In this Opinion the Commission accepted Gronovius’ Zoophylacium Gronovianum, 1763—1781, as an available work on the ground that in it Gronovius had adopted a “ binary ”’, though not a binominal, system of nomenclature. This decision was invalidated by the action of the Paris (1948) Congress when it ruled that, in order to satisfy the requirements of Proviso (b) to Article 25, an author DIRECTION 32 Sui must in any given work have applied the principles of binominal nomenclature. The title of this work by Gronovius was placed on the Official Index by the Ruling given in Opinion 261. OPINION 21: In this Opinion the Commission gave a Ruling that in his re-issue of Klein’s pre-1758 work on fishes published in 1792 Walbaum did not confer availability, by adoption or acceptance, on the names reprinted in it, as required by the Ruling previously given in Opinion 5. This is a poorly prepared Opinion, for it does not state the title of the work by Walbaum concerned. It may, however, be inferred from the date “‘1792”’ cited in the Ruling that the volume in question was the “ Petri Artedi Sueci Genera Piscitum . . . Ich- thyologiae Pars II] Emendata’’ which bears the above date. This volume is, however, only the third of five volumes by Walbaum published with slightly varying titles (all of which contain an attribution to Artedi) which were published in the six-year period 1788—1793, and in which a very similar style of nomenclature is employed. At the early date at which this Opinion was adopted it was not the practice of the Commission to give a comprehensive Ruling when (as here) a decision was asked on what was in fact only a part of a larger subject. Now, however, that the International Congress has established an Official Index for recording the titles of works which are not available for zoological nomenclature, it would clearly be undesirable—because both illogical and confusing—to place on the Official Index the title of a single volume which does not stand by itself as an independent work but which is in fact, if not in actual name, only one volume of a larger work consisting of five volumes. J am in communication with interested specialists with a view to preparing a comprehensive recommendation in regard to this case (File Z.N.(S.) 847). In the meanwhile I recommend that no attempt should be made to codify the unsatisfactory and inadequate Ruling given in Opinion 21. OPINION 28: In this Opinion the Commission ruled that Meigen’s Nouvelle Classification des Mouches a deux Ailes of 1800 was an available work and therefore that, where Meigen published different names for the same taxon (a) in the foregoing work and (b) in his “Versuch ’”’ of 1803 (.e. in the paper by Meigen entitled “‘ Versuch einer neuen Gattungseintheilung der europdischen zweifliigligen Insecten’ published in volume 2 ( : 259—281) of Illiger’s Magazin f. Insektenk.), the name published in the Nouvelle Classification was to take precedence. Since the Commission has before it at the present time an application for the suppression of Meigen’s Nouvelle Classi- fication under the Plenary Powers (Sabrosky, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 131—141), no action is called for on this matter on the present occasion. OPINION 37: In this Opinion the Commission ruled that Brisson’s Ornithologia of 1760 was an available work, in view of the fact that, 318 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS although Brisson had not used a binominal, he had used a “ binary ”’, system of nomenclature. This Ruling was found to be invalid, when in Paris in 1948 the International Congress of. Zoology ruled that, as used in the Rég/es, the expression “‘ nomenclature binaire ’’ had always had the same meaning as that which would have been conveyed if the expression so used had been “‘ nomenclature binominale’’. At the same time, in the interests of stability, the Commission validated Brisson’s Ornithologia under its Plenary Powers. This decision has since been embodied in Direction 16, in which the title of this work was placed on the Official List. : OPINION 38: In this Opinion the Commission gave a qualified acceptance of the names occurring in Tunstall’s anonymously- published Ornithologia britannica of 1771. In giving this Ruling the Commission expressly recognised that in this work Tunstall employed a ““binary’”’ (i.e. non-binominal) system of nomenclature. Thus, under the redefinition of Proviso (b) to Article 25 by the Thirteenth Inter- national Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, Tunstall’s book is not available for nomenclatorial purposes unless it is validated under the Plenary Powers. The question of the action which it is desirable should be taken in this case has been examined separately on the Commission’s file Z.N.(S.) 944. Proposals on this subject are being submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)23,? simultaneously with the submission of the present paper. OPINION 39 : In this Opinion the Commission ruled in favour of the availability of Cuvier’s Lecons d’ Anatomie comparée of 1800, and added that the names given on the tables included in this work were acceptable in so far as they were identifiable through the bibliographical references cited on page xix of the introduction. The title of Cuvier’s Lecons should now be placed on the Official List, together with the foregoing supplementary ruling given in this Opinion. OPINION 48: The title of this Opinion is :—‘‘ The Status of Certain Generic Names of Birds Published by Brehm in Isis in 1828 and 1830’. It contains a discussion of the status of generic and specific names published by Brehm in 1818 and 1830, which is compared with the status of the same names as published by the same author in 1831. Neither of the titles of, nor adequate bibliographical data for, the papers or books discussed are given in this Opinion. An inspection of the literature shows, however, that the references to 1828 and 1830 are to a paper by Brehm (C.L.) published in the serial sis (Oken) in two instalments, the first, on pages 1268—1285 of the 1828 volume, the second, on pages 985—1013 in the 1830 volume. The first of these instalments bore the title “‘ Uebersicht der Deutschen Vogelarten ”’, the second, the title “‘ Beschluss der Uebersicht der Deutschen Vogel ”’, 2 For the Ruling since given in this matter, see Direction 38 (in the press). DIRECTION 32 319 to which were added the words “‘ Fortsetsung von Bl[rehm] XXI 1268 pisi26).. Lhe reference to Brehm, 1831, is, no doubt, to that author’s Handb. Naturg. Végel Deutschl. .The Commission ruled that : “In so far as the names in question are dependent solely upon a vernacular name, the generic names of Brehm, 1828 and 1830, are nomina nuda, and are not entitled to citation from the dates in question’. A large part of the body of the Opinion is devoted to a discussion of the generic name Monedula Brehm published in 1828 on page 1273 of the first of the two instalments of the Jsis paper. This name was rejected under the Ruling given in this Opinion, though it was accepted as having been validly published in Brehm’s Handbuch (: 172) of 1831. The latter name was, however, a junior objective synonym of Monedula Kaup, 1829 (Skizz. Entwickel. Gesch. u. naturl. Syst. europ. Thierwelt 1 : 193). It was pointed out also that the name Monedula had first been published in 1762 by Hasselquist but that the status of the work in which it was so published (ter Palaestinum : 294) was at that time doubtful. (As shown below this work was later rejected by the Commission in its Opinion 57.) The discussion failed, however, to note that the generic name Monedula had been validly published for a genus of insects (Order Hymenoptera) by Latreille [1802—1803] Gm Sonnini’s Buffon, Hist. nat. gén. partic. Crust. Ins. 3 : 345) and therefore that the later usages of Brehm and Kaup were in any case invalid. The title of Brehm’s /sis paper, with a note setting out the Ruling given in this Opinion should now be placed on the Official List, together with the title of Brehm’s Handbuch of 1831. At the same time the various invalid usages of the generic name Monedula discussed above, together with the name Monedula Nozeman & Vosmaer (ex Moehring), 1758, published in those authors’ Geslach. Vogel. (: 1, 16), a work which has been rejected by the Commission for nomenclatorial purposes (Opinion 241), should now be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. OPINION 51: In this Opinion the Commission ruled that the anony- mous work prepared by George Humphrey and issued in 1797 under the title Museum Calonnianum is not available for the purposes of zoological nomenclature. The title of this work should therefore be placed on the Official Index. OPINION 57 : In this Opinion the Commission ruled (a) that, although in Hasselquist’s Iter Palaestinum published in 1757 the nomenclature used was edited by Linnaeus, this work was not available since it was published before the starting point of zoological nomenclature (1758), and (b) that the German translation of this work by Gadebusch published in 1762 did not give availability to the names published in the original edition of 1757. Both the original edition and the trans- lation of 1762 should now be entered on the Official Index. 320 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS OPINION 59: In this Opinion the Commission ruled against the availability of the preprint of a paper on Trematodes by Barker (F.D.) and Covey (G.W.) entitled ‘“* A new species of Trematode from the painted Terrapin, Chrysemys marginata Agassiz’’ issued in advance of the publication of that paper in 1911 as No. 103 of the Studies from the Zoological Laboratory, The University of Nebraska. This preprint should be entered on the Official Index. OPINION 71: In this Opinion the Commission ruled that the species cited as “‘ typical species”? by Westwood, 1840, An Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects, vol. 2, Synopsis (separately paged as pp. 1—158) are to be treated as having been selected as the type species of the genera concerned by Westwood under Rule (g) in Article 30. The title of Westwood’s Introduction with the foregoing note regarding the interpretation of the entries in the Synopsis annexed to volume 2, should now be entered on the Official List. OPINION 72: In this Opinion the Commission ruled that the designations for animals published by Herrera were formulae and not names and accordingly possessed no status in zoological nomen- clature. This Opinion contained no particulars as to the title of the paper by Herrera under consideration or as to the date on which it was published, though in the brief application included in the Opinion the date of publication was given as “‘ 1900’. An examination of the literature shows that the paper referred to is one by Herrera (A.L.) entitled ‘“‘ Nouvelle Nomenclature des Etres organisés et des minéraux ’’ which was published in the period 1901—1904 by the Sociedad Cientifica “‘ Antonio Alzate’’ of Mexico City. It was published in instalments which were issued with the Memorias of the above Society. It consists of 88 pages (pp. 1—88). The paper is divided into two sections, the first containing a list of the abbreviations adopted, the second, a list of the genera proposed for animals and plants. The title of the foregoing paper should now be placed on the Official Index together with a note setting out the Ruling given in this Opinion. : OPINION 79: In this Opinion the Commission ruled that in the Systéme des Animaux sans Vertébres published in 1801 Lamarck did not select type species for the genera discussed in that work. The title of this book, with a note to the foregoing effect, should be entered in the Official List. OPINION 87 : In this Opinion the Commission rejected as not having been duly “‘ published” a paper by Binney (W.G.) entitled “Synopsis of the species of Air-breathing Mollusks of North America ”’ which had been printed for issue as a Part of the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections and which was distributed as an unnumbered proof to a number of persons in 1863. The title of this paper should clearly _ DIRECTION 32 321 be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature. A proposal to this end has already been submitted to the Commission (Hemming, 1954, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 327, para. 4(1)) and accordingly no action in this matter is called for on the present occasion. OPINION 89: In this Opinion the Commission suppressed six books or papers under the Plenary Powers. Of these, the titles of two have already been entered on the Official Index, namely :—(a) Gronovius, 1763, Zoophylacium Gronovianum, by the Ruling given in Opinion 261 (see note above on Opinion 20); (b) the George Edwards edition (1771) of Mark Catesby’s Natural History of Carolina, by the Ruling given in Opinion 259 (see note above under Opinion 13). The four other items suppressed by the Commission under Opinion 89 are: (1) Commerson, 1803, footnotes in Lacépéde, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons ; (2) [anon.], 1775—1781, Neuer Schauplatz der Natur, nach den richtigsten Beobachtungen und Versuchen, in alphabetischer Ordnung ; Durch eine Gesellschaft der Gelehrien, 10 vols. (an anony- mously compiled dictionary doubtfully attributable to P. L. S. Miiller, Professor of Erlangen); (3) Browne (P.), 1789, Civil and Natural History of Jamaica, 2nd Edition of this pre-1758 work ; (4) Valmont de Bomare, Dictionnaire Raisonnée Universelle d’Histoire Naturelle, all four editions published respectively in 1764, 1768, 1775 and 1791. (Note: The application submitted to, and approved by, the Com- mission was that all the four editions of Valmont de Bomare’s Dictionnaire should be suppressed, but by some oversight reference was made in the so-called “‘ summary” of this Opinion only to the first three.) The titles of the works enumerated above should now be placed on the Official Index. OPINION 96: In this Opinion the Commission ruled in favour of the availability of the anonymous work entitled Museum Boltenianum published in 1798. New names published in this work have been attributed by some authors to Bolten, of whose collection this book is a catalogue, and by others to Réding, by whom this book was prepared for publication. The Commission now has before it an application for a Ruling as to which of these authors should be treated as the author of this book (Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 56—57). That application contains a request for the title of this book to be placed on the Official List. In consequence, no action in regard to this case is required on the present occasion. OPINION 97: In this Opinion the Commission ruled against the availability of the leaflet entitled Tentamen Determinationis Digestionis atque Denominationis singularium Stirpium Lepidopterorum by Jacob Hiibner, which is undated but is believed to have been distributed in 1806. The somewhat ambiguous nature of the Ruling so given was clarified by the Commission at Paris in 1948. The revised Ruling so a32 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS adopted has since been embodied in Opinion 278, in which also the title of this leaflet was placed on the Official Index. OPINION 98: In this Opinion the Commission gave a ruling that in the under-mentioned work the authors did not select type species for previously established nominal genera except where they expressly stated as regards any given species that it was “‘ the type of the genus ” concerned: Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889—1894, ‘‘ Die Zweifliigler des kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. IV—VII. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Muscaria schizometopa (exclusive Anthomyidae) ”’, 4 pts., 494 pp., published in Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien. ‘The title of this work, together with the foregoing note, should now be entered on the Official List. OPINION 101: In this Opinion the Commission ruled against the availability for the purposes of zoological nomenclature of the terms used by Danilewsky in a paper entitled “‘ Contribution a létude de la microbiose malarique”’ published in 1891, Annales de I’Institut Pasteur 5(12) : 758—782. The title of the paper should now be placed on the Official Index, together with a note in the foregoing sense. OPINION 105: In this Opinion the Commission used its Plenary Powers to suppress names given to genera and species of Crustacea by Dybowski (B.) in a paper entitled ‘‘ Synoptisches Verzeichnis mit kurzer Besprechung der Gattungen und Arten dieser Abteilung der Baikalflohkrebse ’’ published in 1926 in the Bull. int. Acad. pol. Sci. Lettr. (Cl. Sci. math. nat.) (B) 1926 : 1—77. The title of this paper should be entered on the Official Index. OPINION 123: In this Opinion the Commission used its Plenary Powers to suppress the under-mentioned work for the purposes of zoological nomenclature—Gmelin (P.F.), 1758—1777, Onomatologia medica completa seu Onomatologia Historiae naturalis, 7 vols. The title of this work should now be placed on the Official Index. OPINION 124: In this Opinion the Commission ruled against the availability as subgeneric names of the terms placed by Linnaeus between generic and specific names in certain instances in the 10th edition of the Systema Naturae. By Opinion 279 this Ruling was extended to all the works of Linnaeus and an appropriate entry was made in the Official List and the Official Index respectively. OPINION 126: In this Opinion the Commission ruled in favour of the new names published in the under-mentioned work, for this purpose rejecting an application that these names should be treated as nomina nuda:—d’Orbigny (A.D.), 1849—1852, Prodrome de Paléontologie stratigraphique universelle des Animaux Mollusques et Rayonnés faisant suite au Cours élémentaire de Paléontologie, 3 vols. DIRECTION 32 323 (In this case the Commission cited the date “‘ 1850” for the whole work, but this is clearly due, not to a considered opinion, but to this question not having been investigated at first hand. The first volume was published in 1849, the third in 1852 ; there was, however, another issue of vol. 1, which was dated * 1850” (see 1910, Cat. Library Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) (3) : 1475).) The title of this work should be entered on the Official List. OPINION 132: In this Opinion the Commission ruled against the availability for the purposes of zoological nomenclature of the new terms introduced by Sobolew (D.) in a paper entitled “‘ Skizzen zur Phylogenie der Goniatiten ”’ published in 1914 in the Mitteilungen der warschauer polytechnischen Institut, Warsaw. The title of this paper should now be placed on the Official Index with a note of the decision taken by the Commission. The same terms were published by Sobolew in the same year in another paper entitled “‘ Ueber Clymenien und Goniatiten’’ (Pal. Z. 1 : 348), and the title of this paper also should now be placed on the Official Index. 2. Method of publication in 1914 of Sobolew’s paper ‘‘ Skizzen zur Phylogenie der Goniatiten ’’ : At the time of the preparation of the paper reproduced in the preceding paragraph it had been found impossible to trace full bibliographical particulars regarding the publication in 1914 of Sobolew’s paper “ Skizzen zur Phylogenie der Goniatiten’’, a matter which had not been dealt with in the Commission’s Opinion 132. Mr. Hemming took the view that the lack of information on the foregoing matter offered no obstacle to the submission of the above paper to the Commission, though it was clearly necessary that the missing information should be obtained before the time came to prepare the Direction embodying the Commission’s decision in this case. Accordingly, he submitted the paper reproduced in paragraph 1 above to the Commission without the information referred to (paragraph 4 below) but at the same time applied for information to Professor Dr. Tadeusz Jaczewski, the Polish Member of the Commission, who was particularly well placed for clearing up this matter in view of the fact that Sobolew’s paper had been published in Warsaw. From the ensuing correspondence it appeared that the serial in which the above paper had appeared was one of great rarity even in the country Where it had been published. Ultimately, however, Professor Jaczewski was able to report that at the period in question the parts in which the serial concerned was issued were commonly 324 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS given independent pagination, that this course had been followed in the case of Sobolew’s paper and therefore that the pagination shown in so-called separata of this paper was the same as that employed at the time of the original publication of the paper in question. The position is fully explained in the following extracts from letters addressed to the Secretary by Professor Jaczewski :— (a) Extract from a letter from Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski dated 22nd September 1955 The paper of D. Sobolew entitled “‘ Skizzen zur Phylogenie der Goniatiten”’, although published in Warszawa in 1913 or 1914, proved to be an extreme bibliographical rarity even here. I succeeded only a few days ago in getting a separate copy of the paper in question, but it was impossible to find the corresponding fascicle of the journal. I am not sure therefore whether the numeration of the pages was the same in the separate copy as in the whole volume of the journal. The full bibliographical reference of this paper, based on the separate copy, is as follows :— D. Sobolev. Nabroski po filogenii Goniatitov.? D. Sobolew. Skizzen zur Phylogenie der Goniatiten. On the cover of the reprint the name of the author and the title of the paper are printed both in Russian and in German, on the title-page (which is p. 1 of the reprint) in Russian only. In the text the title of the paper, but not the name of the author, appears in German only on p. 131 which is the first page of the extensive German summary. On the cover the place and year of publication are given (in Cyrillic type) : Varshava, 1914; on the title-page Varshava, 1913. On the verso of the cover is printed in Russian: “* Reprinted from Izvjestija Varshavskago Politekhnicheskago Instituta, 1914, fasc. 1”. The title of the journal means “‘ Bulletin of the Warsaw Polytechnical Institute ’’. I was able to see several fascicles of the journal, although not the one with the paper in question, and I could verify that they have only the Russian title given above. The number of pages of the reprint is as follows: pp. 1—193+ 18 pp. not numbered (explanation of plates), 131 text fig., pl. I—IX (photographs), 3 phylogenetic tables (one in colour); pp. 1—130 3 The name and title here quoted by Professor Jaczewski was given in his letter | also in Cyrillic characters, together with the above transliteration. DIRECTION 32 325 form the Russian text of the paper, pp. 131—162 the summary in - German, pp. 163—193 list of literature, indices and table of contents. I shall write you immediately if I manage to get some additional particulars about the journal in question... (b) Extract from a letter from Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski dated 15th October 1955 In addition to the information given in my letter of September 22nd, 1955, I managed to ascertain that the paper of D. Sobolew, “‘ Skizzen zur Phylogenie der Goniatiten ’’, was never issued with a numeration of pages corresponding to the whole volume of the journal /zvjestija Varshavskago Politekhnicheskago Instituta. Every paper was published in this journal, at least in those years, with its separate pagination. The bibliographical data given in my previous letter are thus all that is available... 3. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s application, the question of placing upon the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature the titles of works accepted by the Commission in Opinions adopted in the period up to the end of 1936 and of placing upon the corresponding Official Index the titles of works rejected in Opinions adopted in the same period was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 945. I.—THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 4. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)22 : On Ist September 1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)(22) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed that, “in conformity with the General Directive relating to the recording on the various Official Lists and Official Indexes of decisions in regard to particular names and particular books issued to the International Commission by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, and with the General Directive supplementary thereto issued to the Com- mission by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, 326 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Copenhagen, 1953, the entries on Official Lists and Official Indexes recommended in paragraph 3 of the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 945 submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in paragraph 3 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] and specified in detail in the Annexe to the foregoing paper, should be approved ”’, and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate the item concerned. 5. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on Ist October 1955. 6. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)22 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)22 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-five (25) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Bodenheimer (except item relating to Opinion 57)*; Holthuis ; Lemche ; Hering; Riley; Mayr ; Vokes; Miller; Prantl; Key; Esaki; Bradley sdie@je Cabrera; Stoll; do Amaral; Boschma; Kuhnelt ; Hemming ; Dymond; Sylvester-Bradley ; Tortonese ; Jaczewski; Mertens; Bonnet ; Hanko; (b) Negative Votes, one (1) as respects one only of the included items : Bodenheimer (item relating to Opinion 57 only)? ; 4 In returning his Voting Paper Commissioner Bodenheimer indicated that he strongly dissented from the Ruling given in Opinion 57 in which the Commission (in 1914) had rejected Hasselquist’s Jter Palaestinum for nomenclatorial purposes, that he would have been glad to see that Opinion reversed but that, if this were judged to be impracticable, it was his intention to submit a proposal to the Commission for the validation under the Plenary Powers of at least one important specific name published in the above work which was in current use. DIRECTION 3yy 327 (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 7. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 4th October 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. (O.M.)(55)22, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 6 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 8. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 26th November 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)22. 9. Original References: Full bibliographical references for the works placed on the Official List and Official Index res- pectively by the Ruling given in the present Direction are cited in the relevant portions of that Ruling. 10. The following are the original references for the names placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic _ Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Monedula Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758, Geslacht. Vogel. : 1, 16 (Dutch translation of Moehring’s Avium Genera published in 1752) Monedula Hasselquist, 1762, D. F. Hasselquists . . . Reise nach Paldstina : 294 (German translation of the work by Hasselquist entitled [ter Palaestinum published in 1757) 328 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Monedula Brehm, 1828, Isis (Oken) 1828 : 1273 Monedula Kaup, 1829, Skizz. Entwickel. Gesch. u. naturl. Syst. europ. Thierwelt 1 : 193 Monedula Brehm, 1831, Handb. Naturgesch. Vogel Deutschl. : 172 11. Family-Group Names: No problems relating to family- Zroup names arise in connection with the Ruling given in the present Direction. 12. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 13. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Thirty- Two (32) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Sixth day of November, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by Mretcatre & Cooper Limitep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE ges Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission eNN HSON/4) JUN15 1955 VOLUME 1. SECTION C. Part C.22. Pp. 329—340 DIRECTION 33 Addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic name Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Actinopterygii) (Direction supplementary to Opinion 68) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature : and | Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Seven Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 17th May, 1956 IBRAR INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 33 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) President: Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y... U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands). (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera ( La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark). (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (A5th June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (42th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) ey J. ae Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953); President Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla Hank6 (Mezdgazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953): Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand Prantl (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm Kithnelt (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. Bodenheimer (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico Tortonese (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘ G. Doria,’ Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 33 ADDITION TO THE ‘“ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” OF THE GENERIC NAME * PLEURONECTES ” LINNAEUS, 1758 (CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII (* DIRECTION ” SUPPLE- MENTARY TO “ OPINION ”’ 68) RULING :—(1) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1010: Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758 (gender : masculine) (type species, by selection by Bleeker (P.) (1862): Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus, 1758). (2) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 758: platessa Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Pleuronectes platessa teas name of type species of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758). (3) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 452: Platessa Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), 1817 (a junior objective synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758). (4) The under-mentioned family-group name is hereby placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology with the Name No. 70: PLEURONECTIDAE (correction of PLEURONECTIA) Rafinesque, 1815 (type genus : Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758) (family-group name first published in correct form as PLEURONECTIDAE by Bonaparte (C.L.J.L.), [1832)]). (5) The under-mentioned family-group names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid iN Q 1956 332 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Family-Group Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. 55 and 56 respectively :— (a) PLEURONECTIA Rafinesque, 1815 (type genus : Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758) (an Invalid Original Spelling for PLEURONECTIDAE) ; (b) PLEURONECTIDES Risso, 1826 (type genus: Pleuro- nectes Linnaeus, 1758) (an Invalid Original Spelling for PLEURONECTIDAE). I.—THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT ** DIRECTION ” The question dealt with in the present Direction was brought before the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature in the following Report submitted by the Secretary on Ist September 1955 :— Report relating to the generic name ‘‘ Pleuronectes ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Actinopterygii) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature The present Report relating to the generic name Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 268) is submitted to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in response to a request addressed to myself, as Secretary, at the Session held by the Commission in Paris in 1948. The relevant issues are set out below. 2. Action taken by the Commission in 1922: The question of the type species of this genus was referred to the Commission on some— now unascertainable—date early in the inter-war period by the late Dr. David Starr Jordan, who at the same time submitted a similar application regarding the species to be accepted as the type species of the genus Sparus Linnaeus, 1758. The decisions reached by the Commission in these two cases were embodied in Opinion 68 and Opinion 69 respectively. These Opinions were published in January DIRECTION 33 333 1922 (Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 1) : 1—8 (Pleuronectes), 9—12 (Sparus)). Each of these Opinions was given the title ““ The Type Species of ...” the genus concerned, but neither of these Opinions gave a Ruling on this subject. In each case the Ruling given was limited to the negative statement that “‘ Fleming, 1828 . . . does not designate the type of’? Pleuronectes in the first case, Sparus in the second case. 3. Action taken by the Commission in 1948 : At its Session held in Paris in 1948 the Commission reviewed a number of its older Opinions and gave instructions as regards the further action which it considered to be necessary in order to complete or clarify the Rulings given in the Opinions concerned. The decisions then taken in regard to Opinions 68 and 69 were recorded jointly as follows (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 ; 337) :— THE COMMISSION agreed :— (2) as regards Opinion 68 (“The Type Species of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758’) and Opinion 69 (‘‘ The Type Species of Sparus Linnaeus, 1758 ”’) :— (a) that the incomplete and unhelpful decisions given in the foregoing Opinions should be supplemented as soon as possible by Opinions specifying the type species of the genera concerned and placing the generic and trivial names concerned on the relevant Official Lists ; (b) that the Secretary to the Commission be invited to confer with specialists for the purpose of submitting proposals to the Commission to give effect to the decision recorded in (a) above ; 4. Consultations with specialists: It was not possible to make any progress with this and other similar cases until after the publication in 1950 (in vol. 4 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature) of the Official Record of the Paris Session of the Commission. After myself making some preliminary investigations relating to the history of the name Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1 prepared in 1951 a note on the issues involved in the present case, in which I concluded with an appeal to specialists to assist the Commission in reaching a decision. This note was published on 15th April 1952 (Bull. zool. Nomencl. 7 : 202— 203), but it failed to elicit the whole of the information required. In addition, the Directive given to the Commission by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, when estab- lishing the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology, made it necessary to investigate the family-group-names problem involved in the present case. Accordingly, I decided to address a direct appeal for 334 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS assistance to the following leading specialists: (1) Dr. Ethelwynn Trewavas (British Museum (Natural History), London) ; Dr. Leonard P. Schultz (United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) ; (3) Professor Enrico Tortonese (Istituto e Museo di Zoologia della Universita di Torino, Italy)’. The Commission is much indebted to them for the valuable help given. 5. The type species of the genus ‘‘ Pleuronectes ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 : The nominal genus Pleuronectes, as established by Linnaeus in 1758, contained sixteen nominal species, but no type species was designated or indicated. The eighth of the species included in this genus was Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 269). In this as in similar cases, it was many decades before the importance of the ‘‘ type-species ’’ concept was realised. In the mean time, however, various other nominal genera were established, the included species of which comprised one or more of the species which Linnaeus had placed in his genus Pleuronectes. In these circumstances, the lack of any international rules—and in consequence the absence of any authoritative guidance as to how the type species of genera were to be determined—led to necessarily inconclusive discussions as to the effect on the concept represented by the nominal genus Pleuronectes Linnaeus of the action taken by later authors such as Rafinesque (1810), Cuvier (1817), Fleming (1822) and others. As late as the end of the XIXth century there were three rival ideas as to how the type species of a genus ought to be determined. The first of these schools of thought argued that the proper way to determine the type species of a genus, for which no type species had been designated or indicated by the original author, was by an examination of the history of the generic name concerned to ascertain which of the originally included species had been removed to other genera and thus “ eliminated ’’ from consideration, the field of choice for a type species being thus restricted to those of the originally included species which had not been removed in this way. The second school of thought argued that the so-called ‘““ Law of Elimination ’’ could not be relied upon to produce satis- factory results and itself gave rise to many difficulties of interpretation. According to this argument the only reliable means for determining the type species of a genus of the kind under consideration was to accept as the type species the first of the originally included species to be selected as such by a subsequent author. Some authors however rejected both these methods, claiming that the first of the species included in a genus by its original author should be accepted as the type species. Even the adoption of the present Rég/es at Berlin in 1901 failed to provide a definite answer to the question as to how the type species of a genus was to be determined, the Article (Article 30) then adopted on this subject being ambiguous in phraseology and bearing all the signs of a compromise formula designed to conceal unresolved | 1 Now of the Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy. DIRECTION 33 335 differences of opinion. It was not until 1907 that this old controversy was set at rest by the decision of the Seventh International Congress of Zoology at Boston, Massachusetts, to substitute for the unsatisfactory Article adopted by the Berlin Congress a revised Article 30 which contained a series of reasonably clear rules for determining the type species of nominal genera, the most important of these from the present point of view being Rule (g) which provided that, where a genus was established without a designated or indicated type species, the type species shall be the first of the originally included species subsequently to be selected as such. The adoption of this Rule, which governs the matter to this day, made it necessary to review the history of every nominal genus of the kind in question for the purpose of ascertaining which of the originally included species had first been selected, under Rule (g) in Article 30, to be the type species. 6. History of the name ‘‘ Pleuronectes ’’ : The history of the name Pleuronectes in the XIXth century provides many examples of attempts to secure a type species for the genus so named by the method of *“ elimination ”’ but, as that method is not recognised in the Régles, it is not necessary to examine these early efforts in detail. Part of that history is set out in a statement included in the Commission’s Opinion 68, which is of interest from this point of view, although (it must be noted) many of the speculations in that statement on the nomen- clatorial effects of action by the authors cited are out of date and, so far as the present Régles are concerned, incorrect. The first point which does call for note is that it has sometimes been argued—though not in the statement referred to above—that the nominal species Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus became the type species of Pleuronectes by selection by Swainson in 1839 (Nat. Hist. Class. Fish. Amph. Rept. 2 : 187, 302). Reference to Swainson shows, however, that, although he clearly considered that P. platessa Linnaeus typified the genus Pleuronectes and his action would have constituted a “ restriction ” of Pleuronectes to that species if the principles of restriction and elimina- tion had been recognised in the Rég/es, that action does not constitute a selection “ rigidly construed ’’ of P. platessa as the type species of Pleuronectes within the meaning of Rule (g) in Article 30. It is necessary, therefore, to resume the search of the literature for the purpose of finding an author who did make an effective type selection for this genus. This turns out to have been Bleeker, 1862 (Versi. Akad. Amsterdam 13: 427 (reprint: 6)) who definitely selected P. platessa Linnaeus to be the type species of this genus. This, being the first selection made, is the valid type selection for this genus. It was not immediately accepted as such, for as late as 1887 (Ann. Rep. Comm. Fish & Fisheries 1886 : 255—256) Jordan & Goss, who were adherents of the principle of elimination, accepted P. maximus Linnaeus as the type species of Pleuronectes. Two years later Gill, who was also an eliminationist, rebutted the thesis advanced by Jordan & Goss, and by his own application of the principle of elimination, which involved the acceptance of the action by Swainson in 1839, arrived at 336 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the conclusion that P. platessa Linnaeus was the type species of Pleuronectes. That this species is the type species was accepted by later workers and in particular by Jordan himself in 1917 in his Genera of Fishes ((1) : 13). It is so treated by all modern authors. 7. A junior objective synonym of ‘‘ Pleuronectes ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 : It should be noted that in the first major effort made to split up the genus Pleuronectes Linnaeus, Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.) in 1817 (Régne Anim. 2 : 220) erected a nominal genus Platessa in which, without designating a type species, he placed Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus and two other species, thus making P. platessa the type species by absolute tautonymy. The name Platessa Cuvier, 1817, is accordingly a junior objective synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758. 8. Family-Group Name Problems : The generic name Pleuronectes Linnaeus was taken as the base for a family-group name by Rafinesque in 1815 (Analyse Nature : 83), who published the name PLEURONECTIA. Nine years later Risso (1826, Hist. nat. princip. Prod. Eur. mérid. 3 ; 245) published the name PLEURONECTIDES as the name for a family. This family name was first published in the correct form PLEURONECTIDAE by Bonaparte (C.L.j.L.) in [1832] (Saggio Distrib. met. Anim. Vert. : So, I): 9. Recommendations now submitted: [In discharging the task entrusted to me in this matter, I recommend that in the light of the particulars given in the present Report the International Commission should complete the Ruling given in its Opinion 68 by :— (1) placing the under-mentioned generic name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology: Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758 (gender: masculine) (type species, by selection by Bleeker (1862): Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus, 1758) ; (2) placing the under-mentioned specific name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology: platessa. Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Pleuronectes platessa (specific name of type species of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758) ; (3) placing the under-mentioned generic name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology: Platessa Cuvier, 1817 (a junior objective synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758) ; (4) placing the under-mentioned family-group name on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology : PLEURONECTIDAE (correction of PLEURONECTIA) Rafinesque, 1815 (type genus ;: Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758) (name first published in correct form aS PLEURONECTIDAE by Bonaparte ({1832])) ; DIRECTION 33 337 (5) placing on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology the under-mentioned family-group names, each of which is an Invalid Original Spelling for PLEURONEC- TIDAE : (a) PLEURONECTIA Rafinesque, 1815 ; (b) PLEURONEC- TIDES Risso, 1826. 2. Registration of the present application: Following the decision by the International Commission at its Session held in Paris in 1948 that arrangements should be made for the com- pletion of the Ruling in regard to the generic name Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758, given in 1922 in Opinion 68, the problem so involved was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 606. Il.—THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)24 : On Ist September 1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)24) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed that “ in conformity with the General Directive relating to the giving of Rulings on matters left unsettled in previously rendered Opinions issued to the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, and to the further Directives relating to the maintenance and development of the Official Lists and Official Indexes issued by the foregoing Congress and by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the entries on the said Lists and Indexes in regard to the generic name Pleuronectes and associated names recommended in paragraph 9 of the Report bearing the number Z.N.(S.) 606 submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.c. in the paragraph numbered as above in the Report reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] be made thereon as proposed ”’, and (2), if he was of the opinion that any of the suggested entries was not in harmony with the General Directives referred to above, to indicate that entry. 338 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on Ist October 1955. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)24 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)24 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-five (25) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Bodenheimer ; Holthuis; Lemche; Hering; Riley ; Mayr; Vokes; Miller; Prantl; Key; Esaki; Bradley (J.C.) ; Cabrera ; Stoll ; do Amaral ; Boschma ; Kuhnelt; Hemming; Dymond; Sylvester-Bradley ; Jaczewski; Tortonese; Mertens; Bonnet; Hank6o; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 4th October 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. (O.M.)(55)24, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5. above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. DIRECTION 33 339 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘* Direction ”’ : On 14th December 1955 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)24. 8. Original References: The following are the original references for the generic and specific names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Platessa Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), 1817, Régne Anim. 2 : 220 platessa, Pleuronectes, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 269 Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 268 9. The following is the reference for the selection of a type species for the genus Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758, specified in the Ruling given in the present Direction: Bleeker (P.), 1862, Versi. Akad. Amsterdam 13 : 427 (reprint : 6). 10. The following are the original references for the family- group names specified in the Ruling given in the present Direction :— PLEURONECTIA Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nature : 83 PLEURONECTIDAE Bonaparte (C.L.J.L.), [1832], Saggio Distrib. met. Anim. Vert. : 96, 117 PLEURONECTIDES Risso, 1826, Hist. nat. princip. Product. Eur. meérid. 3 : 245 11. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly 340 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of © all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 12. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Thirty- Three (33) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. DONE in London, this Fourteenth day of December, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING a Printed in England by MetcatFe & Cooper LimiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, CM.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission JUN15 1953} LIBRARY AN HSON;, yy VOLUME 1. SECTION C. Part C.23. Pp. 341—352 DIRECTION 34 Addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic name Sparus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Actinopterygii) (Direction supplementary to Opinion 69) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Seven Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 17th May, 1956 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 34 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) President: Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.. U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953). Secretary: Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands). (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski (/nstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) ee J. Soe Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) . resident Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla Hanko (Mezégazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand Prantl (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm Kiihnelt (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) eae F. S. Bodenheimer (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November | 5 Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, | Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954 Professor Enrico Tortonese (Museo di Storia Naturale, *‘G. Doria,’’ Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 34 ADDITION TO THE ‘“* OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” OF THE GENERIC NAME “* SPARUS ” LINNAEUS, 1758 (CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII) (‘*‘ DIRECTION ” SUPPLEMEN- TARY TO ‘* OPINION ”’ 69) RULING :—(1) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1011: Sparus Linnaeus, 1758 (gender: masculine) (type species, by selection by Bleeker (P.), (1876) : Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758). (2) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 759: aurata Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Sparus aurata (specific name of type species of Sparus Linnaeus, 1758). (3) The under-mentioned family-group name is hereby placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology with the Name No. 71: SPARIDAE Bonaparte (C.L.J.L.), [1832] (type genus: Sparus Linnaeus, 1758). (4) The under-mentioned family-group name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology with the Name No. 57: SPAROIDES Cuvier (G.J.C.F.D.), 1817 (type genus : Sparus Linnaeus, 1758) (invalid because a vernacular (French) word). 344 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS I.—THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT * DIRECTION ” The question dealt with in the present Direction was brought before the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature in the following Report submitted by the Secretary on Ist September 1955 :— Report relating to the generic name ‘‘ Sparus ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Actinopterygii) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature The present Report relating to the generic name Sparus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 277) is submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in response to a request addressed to myself, as Secretary, at the Session held by the Commission in Paris in 1948. The relevant issues are set out below. 2. Action taken by the Commission in 1922 : The question of the type species of this genus was referred to the Commission on some— now unascertainable—date early in the inter-war period by the late Dr. David Starr Jordan, who at the same time submitted a similar application regarding the species to be accepted as the type species of the genus Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758. The decisions reached by the Commission in these two cases were embodied in Opinion 68 (Pleuronectes) and Opinion 69 (Sparus). These Opinions were published in January 1922 (Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 1) 1—8 (Pleuronectes), 9—12 (Sparus)). Each of these Opinions was given the title “‘ The Type Species of ...’’ the genus concerned, but neither of them gave a Ruling on this subject. In each case the Ruling given was limited to the negative statement that “‘ Fleming, 1828 .. . does not designate the type of’? Pleuronectes in the first case, Sparus in the second case. | 3. Action taken by the Commission in 1948 : At its Session held in Paris in 1948 the Commission reviewed a number of its older Opinions _ and gave instructions as regards the further action which it considered _ DIRECTION 34 345 to be necessary in order to complete or clarify the Rulings given in the Opinions concerned. The decisions then taken in regard to Opinions 68 and 69 were recorded jointly as follows (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 337) :-— THE COMMISSION agreed :— (2) as regards Opinion 68 (“The Type Species of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758’) and Opinion 69 (‘‘ The Type Species of Sparus Linnaeus, 1758’) :-— (a) that the incomplete and unhelpful decisions given in the foregoing Opinions should be supplemented as soon as possible by Opinions specifying the type species of the genera concerned and placing the generic and trivial names concerned on the relevant Official Lists; (b) that the Secretary to the Commission be invited to confer with specialists for the purpose of submitting proposals to the Commission to give effect to the decision recorded in (a) above. 4. Consultations with specialists : It was not possible to make any progress with this and similar cases until after the publication in 1950 Gn vol. 4 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature) of the Official Record of the Paris Session of the Commission. After myself making some preliminary investigations relating to the history of the name Sparus Linnaeus, I prepared in 1951 a note on the issues involved in the present case, in which I concluded with an appeal to specialists to assist the Commission in reaching a decision. This note was published on 15th April 1952 (Bull. zool. Nomencl. 7 : 203) but it failed to elicit the whole of the information required. In addition, the Directive given to the Commission by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, when establishing the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology, made it necessary to investigate the family-group-names problem involved in the present case. Accordingly, I decided to address a direct appeal for assistance to the following leading specialists: (1) Dr. Ethelwynn Trewavas (British Museum (Natural History), London) ; Dr. Leonard P. Schultz (United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.); (3) Professor Enrico Tortonese (Istituto e Museo di Zoologia della Universita di Torino, Italy).1_ The Commission is much indebted to them for the valuable help given. 1 Now of the Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy. 346 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 5. The type species of the genus ‘‘ Sparus ”’ Linnaeus, 1758: The nominal genus Sparus as established by Linnaeus in 1758 contained twenty-two nominal species, but no type species was designated or indicated. The first of these species was Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 277). The early history of this nominal genus was essentially similar to that of the genus Pleuronectes Linnaeus, an outline of which has been given in the Report submitted in regard to that case (Z.N.(S.) 606). It is sufficient here to note that during the XIXth century efforts were made to determine the type species of the genus Sparus both by the “ elimination ’’ principle and by that of “‘ subsequent selection ’’, but that it was impossible, in this as in similar cases, to reach any finality in this matter until in 1907 the Seventh International Congress of Zoology, at its meeting held in Boston, Massachusetts, adopted the present Article 30, which for the first time supplied zoologists with a reasonably clear set of rules for determining the type species of genera. Rule (g) in this Article represented a complete victory for the principle of “‘ type species by subsequent selection’’. The application of this Rule in the present | case showed that the first of the originally included species to be selected as the type species of Sparus Linnaeus, 1758, was Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758, that species having been so selected by Bleeker (P.) in 1876 (Arch. néerl. Sci. nat., Haarlem 11 : 281). This species is now universally accepted as the type species of this genus. 6. Family-Group-Name Aspects : The generic name Sparus Linnaeus was first taken as the base for a family-group name by Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.) in 1829 (Régne Anim. (ed. 2) 2 : ix, 180) who established a nominal family-group taxon to which he gave the vernacular (French) name “‘ Les Sparoides’’. This family-group name was first published in correct form, as SPARIDAE, by Richardson in 1848 (Zool. Erebus & Terror 2(2) (Ichth.) : iv). Under the rules relating to family-group names, names published as vernacular words rank for priority only if this is considered necessary in order to avoid name- changing. In the present case it is considered that, having regard to the considerable period—nearly twenty years—between Cuvier’s Régne Animal and Richardson’s book, and bearing in mind also the confused state of the literature relating to this group of fish during that period, it would be a desirable precaution to accept this family- group name as from Cuvier rather than as from Richardson. 7. Recommendations now submitted : In the discharge of the task entrusted to me in this matter, I recommend that in the light of the particulars given in the present Report the International Commission should complete the Ruling given in its Opinion 69 :— (1) by placing the under-mentioned generic name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology: Sparus Linnaeus, 1758 2 The Report here referred to has now been reproduced in paragraph 1 of Direction 33 (published in the immediately preceding Part of the present Section of Volume 1. * DIRECTION 34 347 (gender : masculine) (type species, by selection by Bleeker (P.) (1876) : Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758) ; (2) by placing the under-mentioned specific name on the Official : List of Specific Names in Zoology: aurata Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Sparus aurata (specific name of type species of Sparus Linnaeus, 1758) ; (3) by placing the under-mentioned family-group name on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology: SPARIDAE (correction of SPAROIDES) Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), 1829 (type genus : Sparus Linnaeus, 1758) ; (4) by placing the under-mentioned family-group name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology : SPAROIDES Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), 1829 (an Invalid Original Spelling for SPARIDAE). 2. Registration of the present application: Following the decision by the International Commission at its Session held in Paris in 1948 that arrangements should be made for the com- pletion of the Ruling in regard to the generic name Sparus Linnaeus, 1758, given in 1922 in Opinion 69, the problem so involved was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 607. Il.—THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)25 : On Ist Sep- tember 1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)25) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed that “‘ in conformity with the General Directive relating to the giving of Rulings on matters left unsettled in previously rendered Opinions issued to the International Com- mission by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, and to the further Directives relating to the main- tenance and development of the Official Lists and Official Indexes issued by the foregoing Congress and by the Fourteenth Inter- national Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the entries on 348 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the said Lists and Indexes in regard to the generic name Sparus and associated names recommended in paragraph 7 of the Report bearing the number Z.N.(S.) 607 submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the para- graph numbered as above in the Report reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] be made thereon as proposed ”’ and (2), if he was of the opinion that any of the suggested entries was not in harmony with the General Directives referred to above, to indicate that entry. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on Ist October 1955. 5. Revision of proposal relating to the family-group name based on the generic name ‘‘Sparus’’ Linnaeus, 1758: On 25th September 1955 Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed the following Minute of Direction on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 607 :— Family-group name based on the generic name ‘‘ Sparus ”’ Linnaeus, 1758 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature The purpose of the present Minute is to place on record certain supplementary investigations in regard to the family-group name based upon the generic name Sparus Linnaeus, 1758, which I have carried out since the submission to the Commission of the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 607, and to formulate a revised proposal in regard to this matter. 2. At the time of the preparation of the foregoing paper the earliest use in the literature of the name SPARIDAE in proper form which it had been possible to trace was that by Richardson in 1848. On the other hand a family-group name based on the generic name Sparus had DIRECTION 34 349 been introduced many years earlier, by Cuvier in 1829, but unfor- tunately the name so used consisted of a vernacular (French) word and not a Latinised word. The further investigations since undertaken have shown (a) that the Latin name SPARIDAE Richardson, 1848, is antedated by sixteen years by the name SPARIDAE Bonaparte (C.L.J.L.) [1832] (Saggio distrib. met. Anim. Vert. : 91, 105) and (b) that the generic name Sparus Linnaeus was taken as the base for a vernacular (French) family-group name SPAROIDES twelve years earlier than had previously been supposed, by Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), 1817 (Régne Anim. 2 : 269). 3. In the paper referred to above I took the view (paragraph 6) that, having regard to the relatively late date (1848) which was then believed to be the first occasion on which a Latin family-group name based on the generic name Sparus Linnaeus had been published, there was a risk that, if the name SPARIDAE were to rank for priority only from Richardson, 1848, this family-group name might be found to have been anticipated by some other family-group name based upon the name of an allied genus. I accordingly recommended that, in order to ward against this danger, the Commission should have resort to the permission granted by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953 for use in such cases under which a family-group name published in vernacular form may be accepted as being available for nomenclatorial purposes. Now however that it is seen that a family-group name was published in due Latin form as early as 1832 it seems to me that the risk previously apprehended may be regarded as having been substantially met. 4. For the reasons set forth above I now, as Secretary, direct : that the following amended proposals be substituted for the proposals submitted in Points (3) and (4) in paragraph 7 of the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 607 submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)25 :— (a) The under-mentioned family-group name to be placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology : SPARIDAE Bonaparte (C.L.J.L.), [1832] (type genus: Sparus Linnaeus, WS). (b) The under-mentioned family-group name to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology : SPAROIDES Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), 1817 (type genus : Sparus Linnaeus, 1758) (invalid because a vernacular (French) word), 350 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 6. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)25 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)25 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-five ~ (25) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Bodenheimer ; Holthuis; Lemche; Hering; Riley ; Mayr; Vokes; Miller; - Prantl; ‘Keys esakae Bradley (J.C.) ; Cabrera; Stoll; do Amaral ; Boschma ; Kiuhnelt ; Hemming; Dymond; Sylvester- Bradley ; Jaczewski; Tortonese; Mertens ; Bonnet ; Hanko ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 7. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 4th October 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as — Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. (O.M.)(55)25, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 6 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 8. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 16th December 1955 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling | given in the present Direction and at the same time’ signed a — Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord DIRECTION 34 351 with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)25, as adjusted by the Minute of Direction executed by the Secretary on 25th September 1955. The text of the foregoing Minute has been reproduced in paragraph 5 of the present Direction. 9, Original References: The following are the original references for the generic and specific names placed on Official Lists by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— aurata, Sparus, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 277 Sparus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 277 10. The following is the reference for the selection of a type species of the genus Sparus Linnaeus, 1758, specified in the Ruling given in the present Direction: Bleeker (P.), 1876, Arch. néerl. Sci. nat., Haarlem 11 : 281. 11. The following are the original references for the family- group names specified in the Ruling given in the present _ Direction :— SPARIDAE Bonaparte (C.L.J.L.), [1832], Saggio distrib. met. Anim. Vert. : 91, 105 SPAROIDES Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), 1817, Régne Anim. 2 : 269 12. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 13. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Thirty- Four (34) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 352 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Done in London, this Sixteenth day of December, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. 3 Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by Mrercatre & Cooprr Limitep, 10-24 Scrutton St. London EC 2 PA / OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE > Edited by > FRANCIS HEMMING, cmc. cp. {2 Secretary to the Commission © % VOLUME 1. SECTION C. Part C.24. Pp. 353—364 DIRECTION 35 Addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic name Columbina Spix, 1825 (Class Aves) (Direction in replacement of Opinion 31) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Seven Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 17th May, 1956 JUN15 1953 LG eh ’ he ae ee — — : — = : y 2 | —— LIBRARY. Sasix INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 35 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President: Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning Lemche (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz Jaczewski (/nstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (A5th June 1950) Professor Robert Mertens (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) ee ls ee Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) resident Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla Hank6 (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) r. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, © California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) | Doc. Dr. Ferdinand Prantl (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm Kiuhnelt (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) aaa F. S. Bodenheimer (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, | Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) "h| Professor Enrico Tortonese (Museo di Storia Naturale, ‘‘G. Doria,’ Genova, Italy) | | (16th December 1954) | DIRECTION 35 ADDITION TO THE ‘“ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” OF THE GENERIC NAME ** COLUMBINA”’ SPIX, 1825 (CLASS AVES) (** DIRECTION ” IN REPLACEMENT OF ‘* OPINION ” 31) RULING :—(1) The Ruling given in Opinion 31 is hereby cancelled as being erroneous and misleading and the foregoing Opinion is accordingly repealed for all except historical purposes. (2) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. 1012 and 1013 respectively :— (a) Columbina Spix, 1825 (gender: feminine) (type species, by selection by Gray (G.R.) (1841): Columbina strepitans Spix, 1825) ; (b) Columbigallina Boie, 1826 (gender : feminine) (type species, by monotypy : Columba passerina Lin- naeus, 1758). (3) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. 760 to 763 respectively :— (a) strepitans Spix, 1825, as published in the combina- tion Columbina strepitans (specific name of type species of Columbina Spix, 1825) ; JUN 8 19 56 356 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) picui Temminck, 1813, as published in the com- bination Columba picui ; (c) passerina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Columba passerina (specific name of type species of Columbigallina Boie, 1826) ; (d) griseola Spix, 1825, as published in the combination Columbina griseola. (4) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) Chaemepelia Swainson, 1827 (a junior objective synonym of Columbigallina Boie, 1826) (Name No. 453) ; (b) The under-mentioned Invalid Emendations of Chaemepelia Swainson, 1827 (Name Nos. 454 to 458) :— (1) Chaemapelia Allen, 1908 ; (i1) Chaemepella Bangs, 1907 ; (111) Chaemepilia Lawrence, 1862 ; (iv) Chamaepelia Cuvier, 1829 ; (v) Chamaepilea Bryant, 1866 ; (c) Columbigallina Oken, 1817 (a nomen nudum) (Name No. 459) ; (d) Columbigallus Streubel, 1842 (an Invalid Emenda-_ tion of Columbigallina Boie, 1826) (Name No. | 460). DIRECTION 35 357 I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT * DIRECTION ” The decision embodied in the present Direction is based upon material submitted to the Commission by the Secretary in the following paper dated Ist September 1955 :— Proposed adoption of a ‘‘ Direction’ giving effect to the decision taken by the Commission in Paris in 1948 that the Ruling regarding the type species of the genus ‘°° Columbina ’”’ Spix, 1825 (Class Aves) given in ‘‘ Opinion ’’ 31 be cancelled as being erroneous and misleading, and matters incidental thereto By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature The purpose of the present paper is to lay before the Commission certain particulars relating to the type species of the genus Columbina Spix, 1825 (Avium Spec. nov. Brasil. 2 : 57) and associated questions, and to submit proposals for the adoption of a revised Ruling in place of the incorrect and misleading Ruling given in Opinion 31 (July 1911, Smithson. Publ. 2013 : 73—75) which the Commission decided in 1948 should be cancelled and replaced. 2. The basic facts of this case are very simple. In the Ruling (then styled ““Summary’’) given in Opinion 31, the Commission stated that up to that date no valid type selection had been made for the genus Columbina Spix, 1825, the selection of Columba passerina Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 165) as the type species of this genus made by Gray (G.R.) in 1840 (List Genera Birds (ed. 1) : 58) being invalid, as that species was not included by Spix in the genus Columbina at the time when he first published that name. Already by the time that this Opinion was in proof, the statement that none of the originally included species had been selected as the type species of the genus Columbina Spix was out of date and incorrect, for the issue of Science for 3rd March 1911, had contained a note by Allen in which he so selected Columbina griseola Spix, 1825 (Avium Spec. nov. Brasil 2 : 58) (Allen, 1911, Science 33 : 336—337). It was not apparently considered necessary to resubmit this case to the Commission for the amendment of the proposed Ruling in the light of Allen’s action, and the Ruling as previously adopted duly appeared in the Opinion, although it was by that time known to be incorrect. All that was done was to add a footnote (: 74) to the Section of the Opinion headed *“ Discussion’ drawing attention to Allen’s action. It must be assumed that this procedure was considered adequate to correct the 358 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS erroneous statement in the Ruling given in this Opinion and to place on record that the first type selection, and therefore the valid type selection, for the genus Columbina Spix was that of Columbina griseola Spix made by Allen in March 1911. 3. Unfortunately, it was not long before it was discovered that the Ruling given in Opinion 31 was incorrect, even after it had been amended in the manner described above. For in an undated note by the late Dr. Leonhard Stejneger printed as a footnote at the bottom of the first page of Opinion 38 (an Opinion which dealt with an entirely different subject, namely the status of names in Tunstall’s anonymous work the Ornithologia britannica of 1771) (Feb. 1912, Smithson. Publ. 2060 : 89) attention was drawn to the fact that in 1841 (List Genera Birds (ed. 2) : 75), Gray (G.R.) had selected Columbina strepitans Spix, 1825 (Avium Spec. nov. Brasil. 2 : 57) to be the type species of Columbina Spix. This was one of the originally included species, and Gray’s selection of it as the type species, long ante-dating that of C. griseola Spix by Allen in 1911, takes priority and is the valid type selection for this genus. As will be seen in paragraph 6 (6) below, the fact that strepitans and not griseola was found to be the valid type species of Columbina Spix altered the taxonomic content of that genus. 4. The last sentence of the footnote on the first page of Opinion 38 reads as follows :—“‘ In view of this fact [i.e. in view of the fact that the true type species of Columbina is C. strepitans], brought to the attention of the Commission by Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd, Opinion 31 is hereby changed accordingly, and will be submitted to the members of the Commission for approval”’. ‘“‘ Opinion 31 is hereby changed ” must be read in conjunction with the later part of the sentence in which it was stated that the Opinion, as so changed, would be “ submitted to the members of the Commission for approval’’. Accordingly, this sentence must be taken as indicating an intention on the part of the author to recommend the Commission to amend the Ruling given in Opinion 31 so as to include the statement that the type species of the genus Columbina Spix, 1825, was C. strepitans Spix, 1825, by selection by Gray, 1841. However, no steps were taken to give effect to the announced intention of seeking the approval of the Commission for the amendment of Opinion 31 in the manner indicated. 5. At Paris in 1948 the Commission reviewed certain of its older Opinions for the purpose of bringing them up to a standard at which the Rulings given in them could be incorporated in the Schedules which it was then decided to add to the Rég/es for this purpose. The first of the Opinions reviewed from this point of view was Opinion 31, as regards which the Commission agreed “ that the erroneous decision in Opinion 31 in regard to the type species of the genus Columbina — | | | Spix should be cancelled and that there should be substituted therefor | the amended decision suggested by the late Dr. Stejneger and published DIRECTION 35 359 in 1911 (the year following the issue of the erroneous decision referred to above) as a footnote to the first page of Opinion 38” (1950; Bull. — Zool. Nomencl. 4 : 337). 6. I have examined current standard catalogues and checklists in order to determine the recommendations which should be submitted to the Commission for the purpose of giving effect to the decision taken by it in 1948. In doing so I have borne in mind also the need for complying with the General Directives then issued to the Com- mission by the International Congress of Zoology in regard to the content and form of Rulings to be given in Opinions regarding nomen- clatorial problems. The result of these investigations may be sum- marised as follows :— (1) Columbina Spix, 1825, is accepted as a taxonomically valid genus and Gray’s (1841) selection of Columbina strepitans -Spix, 1825, as the type species of this genus is accepted as the earliest, and therefore the valid, type selection for this genus. (2) The nominal species Columbina strepitans Spix, 1825, is accepted as representing a taxonomically valid unit, but the taxon so named is not regarded as being of specific rank, being treated as a subspecies of Columba picui Temminck, 1813 (Hist. nat. gén. Pigeons Gallinacés 1 : 435). (3) The nominal genus Chaemepelia Swainson, 1827 (Zool. J.3(11) : 361) has as its type species Columba passerina Linnaeus, 1758, by selection by Gray (G.R.), 1841 (List Genera Birds (ed. 2) : 75) as correctly stated in Opinion 31. (4) The name Chaemepelia Swainson, 1827, is a junior objective synonym of Columbigallina Boie, 1826 (Isis (Oken) 19 : 977), of which Columba passerina Linnaeus, 1758, is the type species by monotypy. (5) The name Columbigallina Boie, 1826, is an available name, as the earlier name Columbigallina Oken, 1817 Usis (Oken) 1 : 1184) 1s a nomen nudum and accordingly possesses no status in zoological nomenclature. The genus Columbigallina Boie is currently accepted as a taxonomically valid genus. (6) The nominal species Columbina griseola Spix, 1825, which Allen (1911) invalidly selected as the type species of Columbina Spix, is currently referred to the genus Columbigallina Boie where it is treated as representing a taxon not of specific rank but of subspecific rank only, the taxon in question being regarded as a subspecies of Columba passerina Linnaeus, which (as shown in (4) above) is the type species of Columbi- gallina Boie. 360 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 7. The name Chaemepelia Swainson, 1827, was emended to Chamae- pelia by Cuvier in 1829 (Régne anim. (ed. 2) 1 : 584) and during the time that this genus was accepted as taxonomically valid (i.e. before Swainson’s name was sunk as a junior synonym of Columbigallina Boie, 1826) Cuvier’s emendation was used by most authors. Ih view of the fact that Chaemepelia Swainson is now known to be an invalid name, it is not necessary to consider whether steps should be taken to validate Cuvier’s emendation. In addition to the foregoing emenda- tion of this name by Cuvier, no less than four other emendations are known in the literature. These, in alphabetical order, are :—(1) Chaemapelia Allen, 1908, Bull. amer. Mus. nat. Hist. 24:46; (2) Chaemepella Bangs, 1907, Auk, 24 : 292 ; (3) Chaemepilia Lawrence, 1862, Ann. Lyceum New York 7 : 301 ; (4) Chamaepilea Bryant, 1866, Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist. 10 : 257. In the case of Columbigallina Boie, one emendation only has been published, namely, Columbigallus Streubel, 1842, in Ersch & Gruber, Allg. Ency. (3) 17:94. This is an Invalid Emendation. The name Columbina Spix has not been emended by any later author. 8. No family-group-name problem arises in the present case, the genera Columbina Spix and Columbigallina Boie being both currently referred to the family COLUMBIDAE. 9. In the light of the information set forth above, I recommend that, in order to give effect to the decision taken in Paris in 1948 to cancel and replace the erroneous Ruling given in Opinion 31 (para- graph 5 above), the Commission should now adopt a Direction dealing with this matter as proposed below. This Direction should include also such Rulings as are required to comply with the General Directives issued by the International Congress of Zoology regarding the placing on Official Lists and Official Indexes of all names involved in applications submitted for decision. The Direction which the Commission is now recommended to adopt, should, it is proposed, provide as follows :— (1) that the Ruling given in Opinion 31 be cancelled as being erron- eous and misleading, and that the foregoing Opinion be accord- — ingly repealed for all except historical purposes (decision — taken by the Commission in Paris in 1948) ; (2) that the under-mentioned generic names be placed on the Official” | List of Generic Names in Zoology :— (a) Columbina Spix, 1825 (gender: feminine) (type species, by selection by Gray (G.R.) (1841) : Columbina strepitans | Spix, 1825) ; (b) Columbigallina Boie, 1826 (gender : feminine) (type species, | by monotypy : Columba passerina Linnaeus, 1758) ; | | | | | DIRECTION 35 361 (3) that the under-mentioned specific names be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :— (a) strepitans Spix, 1825, as published in the combination Columbina strepitans (specific name of type species of Columbina Spix, 1825) ; (b) picui Temminck, 1813, as published in the combination Columba picui ; (c) passerina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Columba passerina (specific name of type species of Columbigallina Boie, 1826) ; (d) griseola Spix, 1825, as published in the combination Columbina griseola ; (4) that the under-mentioned generic names be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :— (a) Chaemepelia Swainson, 1827 (a junior objective synonym of Columbigallina Boie, 1826) ; (b) the under-mentioned Invalid Emendations of Chaemepelia Swainson, 1827 :— | (i) Chaemapelia Allen, 1908 ; (ii) Chaemepella Bangs, 1907 ; (iii) Chaemepilia Lawrence, 1862 ; (iv) Chamaepelia Cuvier, 1829 ; (v) Chamaepilea Bryant, 1866 ; (c) Columbigallina Oken, 1817 (a nomen nudum) ; (d) Columbigallus Streubel, 1842 (an Invalid Emendation of Columbigallina Boie, 1826). 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s Report the question of the Commission adopting a revised Ruling in regard to the generic name Columbina Spix in place of that given in Opinion 31 was allotted the Regis- tered Number Z.N.(S.) 932. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)26 : On Ist September 1955, a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)26) was issued in which 362 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS each Member of the Commission was asked to state (1) whether he agreed that, “in order to give effect to a decision taken by the Commission in Paris in 1948 that the Ruling relating to the type species of the genus Columbina Spix, 1825 (Class Aves) given in Opinion 31 be cancelled as being erroneous and misleading, and in compliance also with the General Directives issued to the Commission by the International Congress of Zoology relating to the maintenance and development of the Official Lists and Official Indexes, approval be given to the recommendations specified in paragraph 9 of the Report bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 932 submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper ”’ [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the Report reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any of the items included in the recommendations specified above, to indicate that item. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on Ist October 1955. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)26 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)26 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- five (25) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Bodenheimer ; Holthuis; Lemche; Hering; Riley > Mayr ; Vokes ; Miller ; Prantl; Key; Esaki; Bradley (J.C.) ; Cabrera ; Stoll ; do Amaral ; Boschma ; Kthnelt ; Hemming ; Dymond; Sylvester-Bradley ; Jaczewski ; Tortonese ; Mertens ; Bonnet ;. Hanko ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. DIRECTION 35 363 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 4th October 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)26, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 17th December 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)26. 8. Original References : The following are the original references for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Chaemapelia Allen, 1908, Bull. amer. Mus. nat. Hist. 24 : 46 Chaemepelia Swainson, 1827, Zool. J. 3(i1) : 361 | Chaemepella Bangs, 1907, Auk 24 : 292 Chaemepilia Lawrence, 1862, Ann. Lyceum New York 7 : 301 Chamaepelia Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), 1829, Regn. anim. (ed. 2) 1 : 584 Chamaepilea Bryant, 1866, Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist. 10 : 257 Columbigallina Oken, 1817, Isis (Oken) 1 : 1184 Columbigallina Boie, 1826, Isis (Oken) 19 : 977 Columbigallus Streubel, 1842, in Ersch & Gruber, Allg. Ency. (3) 17 : 94 Columbina Spix, 1825, Avium Spec. nov. Brasil. 2 : 57 griseola, Columbina, Spix, 1825, Avium Spec. nov. Brasil. 2 : 58 passerina, Columba, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 165 picui, Columba, Temminck, 1813, Hist. nat. gén. Pigeons Gallinacés 1: 435 strepitans, Columbina, Spix, 1825, Avium Spec. noy. Brasil. 2 : 57 9. The following is the reference for the selection of a type Species for the genus Columbina Spix, 1825, specified in the 364 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Ruling given in the present Direction :—Gray (G.R.), 1841, List Genera Birds (ed. 2) : 75. 10. Family-Group-Name Position : Both the genera, the names of which are dealt with in the present Direction, are currently referred to the family COLUMBIDAE and no. family-group-name problem arises in their case. 11. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 12. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Thirty- Five (35) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature. Done in London, this Seventeenth day of December, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS The present Section (Section C) of Volume 1 will be complete on the | publication of one further Part (Part 25) oe the Title Page and | Indexes for the Section. | The next Part containing a ‘‘ Direction ’’ relating to some matter arising on an ‘‘ Opinion ”’ published in the period up to the end of 1936 | will be issued as the first Part of Section D. | Printed in England by MetcatFE & Cooper LimitED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 $2 is OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION C. Part C.25. (Concluding Part) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 =- \ | | Price Two Pounds, Fifteen Shillings | (All rights reserved) Issued 20th December, 1956 L RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, cC.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commissicn OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS = VOLUME 1. SECTION C. Part C.25. Pp. 365—434 (also published with this Part : T.P.—XIV) CONTENTS Corrigenda ; Subject Index ; Particulars of the dates of publication of the several Parts in which the present Section of this volume was published ; Instructions to Binders Also published with this Part: Title Page, Foreword ; Table of Contents. LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Two Pounds, Fifteen Shillings (All rights reserved) ETE EOD: Issued 20th December, 1956 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE DIRECTIONS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESENT SECTION OF VOLUME 1 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Terese (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canadu) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Eiolessar Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August ee Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, Me U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HottHuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum vy Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm EL (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954 Protester F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (41th November 1954) Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954 Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “ G. Doria”, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) Corrigenda _ page 57. Title : substitute “‘ Index ’’ for “‘ List’. page 59. Ruling (1) (a), second and fourth lines : delete bracket after “‘ 1758 ’’ and insert bracket after “‘ 541’. page 176. Line 4 fromend: substitute “‘ 3, 39” for “3: 39”’. P) page 249. Ruling (1), second line: insert “‘ under the Plenary Powers’”’ after the word ““ suppressed ”’. page 289. Ruling (1)(a)(i), last line but four (Ruling regarding names in Opinion 77) : delete “* Mustelus Linck, 1790”’. page 290. Ruling (1)(a)(iv), last line but one (Ruling regarding names in Opinion 93) : | insert “‘ Mustelus Linck, 1790” before the word “* Polynemus ”’. page 291. Point (d), second line: insert ‘“‘ (Opinion 92) ”’ after “‘ 1766”. page 295. Line 12 of list of names: delete ‘“‘ Mustelus Linck, 1790 ”’ and insert the entry so deleted before the name “* Polynemus ”’ in the fifth line from the end in the list of names there given. page 311. Ruling (2) (c), line 3: substitute ‘‘ Palaestinum’”’ for ‘‘ Palestinum’’. Special Note : Wherever in the present Section of Volume | reference is made to “‘ Geoffroy _ de Saint-Hilaire ’’, the name of that author is to be corrected to read: ‘‘ Geotiroy Saint- @ilaire ’’. D ayy evap % oy 1s: ae eins, Volume 1, Section C SUBJECT INDEX Acanthocyclus Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas (P.H.), 1844, (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in a in Opinion 7 WS, determination of gender of Acheta (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), published as a term intermediate between the generic name Gry/lus and the specific names of a number of species by Linnaeus in 1758 and as such invalid under the Ruling given in Opinion 124, addition of, to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology and addition of the same name as from Fabricius, 1775, to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Ruling given in Opinion 299 Acipenser Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion ie determination of gender of : an oil Acmaeopleura Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Acrida (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), published as a term intermediate between the generic name Gryllus and the specific names of a number of species by Linnaeus in 1758 and as such invalid under the Ruling given in Opinion 124, validation of, as from Linnaeus, 1758, under the Plenary Powers and addition of, to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with ee turritus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by Ruling given in Opinion 299 : , Acryllium Gray, 1840 (Class Aves), placed on the ee List as Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Actaea de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the cas List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Actaeomorpha Miers, [1877] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Sige List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender oO ae i ays a ae oe : é we ae Aciumnus Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of : Aechmophorus Coues, 1862 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List ole Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of : Aegithina Vieillot, 1816 (Class Aves), placed on the nia List one Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of ; Aegocera Berthold, 1827 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Egocerus Desmarest (A.G.), 1804), placed on the ees I Index o Reseered and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 332.. JAN - 8 1957 369 Page 17 XXX1V 289 20 XXXIV 262 19 19 17 261 262 204 370 Opinions and Declarations Aegoceros Pallas, 1811 (a junior objective synonym of Capra Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the ‘Official Index a Roce and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with name No. 336 oth ; Aegocerus Wagner, 1844 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Egocerus Desmarest (A.G.), 1804), placed on the ee Index of cn: and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 335. Aegotheles Vigors & Horsfield, 1826 (Class Aves), placed on the One List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of ; Aepyornis Geoffroy, 1850 (Class Aves), placed on the eed List A Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of aguti Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mus aguti (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 577 fe Aigocerus Smith (H.), 1827 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Egocerus Desmarest (A.G.), 1804), placed on the Official Index oe nackee” and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 333 4 Aix Boie, 1828 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List es Generic Names in igre in Opinion 67, determination of gender of .. Alauda Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Ofer List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of . alba Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Motacilla alba (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 528 ‘ Alca Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), the name of a nominal genus ruled in Opinion 16 to have had its type species determined by Linnean tautonymy, placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Ruling given in Opinion 271.. on Alces Gray (J.E.), 1821 (Class Mammalia), placed on the Ones List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 91, determination of gender of alces Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cervus alces (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 563 sth Alligator Cuvier, 1807 (Class Reptilia), placed on the Biine List pure Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 92, determination of gender of .. Alpheus Weber, 1795 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), a name discussed in Opinion 17, suppression of, under the Plenary Powers a peer given in Opinion 334 oy a Kb Re t ae ns Alus Gray (J.E.), 1825 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Alces Gray (J. E.), 1821), placed on the Official Index e. eS and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 337 5 Ammodytes Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List Hie Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 75, determination of gender of Page 204 204 261 261 184 204 262 262 92 XVi 290 XVI 224 289 Volume 1, Section C amphibius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Hippopotamus amphibius (Class Mammalia), placed on the ain List ven Spenee Names in cae with Name No. 554... amphibius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mus amphibius (Class Mammalia), maces on the Seal List Lit Ps Names in a ae with Name No. 564. Anarhichas Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List a 4 Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 75, determination of gender of Anas Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List ee Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of .. Apaloderma Swainson, 1833 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List is Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of ; Aptenodytes Miller, 1778 (Class Aves), placed on the ee List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Apteryx Shaw, 1813 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Aramus Vieillot, 1816 (Class Aves), placed on the ee lesars List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of . araneus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Sorex araneus (Class Mammalia), placed on the eat List bie oy Names in Mga with Name No.595is Arcania Leach, 1817 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the crea List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinicn 73, determination of gender of Archias Paulson, 1875 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of _.. arctos Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ursus arctos (Class ae aeaeana), placed on the yeaa List es ag) Names in Bees with Name ING 562), : Ardea Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the gene List ue Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of.. ne Arenaeus Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of aries Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ovis aries (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 558 Arvicola Lacépéde, 1799 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 .. ov Page 182 183 289 262 262 261 262 261 186 1S 17 183 262 17 372 Opinions and Declarations Astacus Pallas, 1772 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy ae Acs re es te as Aye aa oe ET deletion of entry concerning, in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology placed on the Official Index x bakin and Invalid Generic Names in oe with Name No. 259 .. Astacus, any otherwise available use of, as a generic name prior to Astacus Fabricius, 1775 ; suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy see as oss ae placed on the Official Index a ee and Invalid Generic Names in meee with Name No. 260 .. Astacus Fabricius, 1775 (Class Crustacea, Order seconeny: validation of, under the Plenary Powers ae a is as’ gender of name ; he is he we a ad a che placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 490, with Cancer astacus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species astacus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer astacus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), designation of, to be the type Species of Astacus Fabricius, 1775, in lieu of Astacus fluviatilis Fabricius, 1775 placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 479 ASTACIDAE (correction by Samouelle (1819) of AsTracini) Latreille, [1802—1803] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology with Name No. 9, with Astacus Fabricius, 1775, as type genus. . ASTACINI Latreille, [1802—1803] (an Invalid Original Spelling for ASTACIDAE), placed on the Official Index ofp Releeted and Invalid LAE RSnORe Names in CORY with Name No. 27 ‘ Astrapia Vieillot, 1816 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List eo Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of .. Asturina Vieillot, 1816 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List S08 Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of .. Ateles Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1806 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of nt ah ite ae 5 ie at sh =f ». completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 Atergatis de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Atherina Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the eee List ee Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 75, determination of gender of.. atra Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Fulica atra (Class Aves), ei on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 529 n ; Page oy 37 38 Sil 38 Su 38 38 od 38 39 39 262 Volume 1, Section C aurata Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Sparus aurata (Class Actinopterygii), placed « on the ipa List A peecine Names in A Bogery with Name No. 759 .. Balaena Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), placed on the a a List S Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 75, determination of gender of Balaeniceps Gould, 1850 (Class Aves), correction of ony SOuecunne: in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ; : placed on the Official List er Generic Names in eee in ee 67, determination of gender of ; Bh Ne Banareia Milne Edwards (A.), 1869 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List pee Generic Names in ae. in 1 Opinion 73, determination of oe of ie Barker (F.D.) & Covery (G.W.), 1911, “A new species of Trematode from the painted Terrapin, Chrysomys marginata Agassiz ” , addition of title of, to the Official Index of hoe and Invalid Works in ceca! Nomenclature with Title No. 37 ee Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Bathyplax Milne Edwards (A.), 1880 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in ey in Opinion 85, determination of gender of aa a : A ae =o Batrachostomus Gould, 1838 (Class Aves), placed on the ee List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of.. Bellia Milne Edwards (H.), 1848 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Belone Cuvier, 1817 (Class Pisces), a name discussed in Opinion 58, validation of, under the Plenary Powers by Ruling given in Opinion 225 .. at aD u's Benthochascon Alcock (A.W.) & Anderson (A.R.S.), 1899 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List oy Generic Names in Lee in Opinion 7 Bs determination of gender of Bison Smith (C.H.), 1827 (Class Mammalia), placed on the il List ot Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 91, determination of gender of bison Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Bos bison (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 566 d Blennius Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the inane List ag Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 92, determination of gender of.. Bos Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), placed on the aca List or. Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 75, determination of gender of.. 261 19 311 301 20 261 19 4.4 374 Opinions and Declarations Bradypus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 Brauer (F.) & Bergenstamm (J.E. von), 1889—1894, ‘‘ Die Zweifliigler des kaiser- lichen Museums zu Wien. IV—VII. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Muscaria schizometopa (exclusive Anthomyidae) ’’, addition of title of, to the hee ay of Works aes as Available ue oa ee Nomenclature with Title No. 24 ; Brehm (C.L.), 1828, ““ Uebersicht der Deutschen Vogelarten ”’ in Isis (Oken) 1828 : 1268—1285, addition of title of, to the Official List Works DPR as Available for Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 19 : Brehm (C.L.), 1830, ‘“‘ Beschluss der Uebersicht der Deutschen Végel. Fortsetsung von B[rehm] XXI 1268 bis 1285 ”’ in Isis (Oken) 1830 : 985—1013, addition of title of, to the Official List a) Works ABDI Ove as Available oe Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 20.. : Brehm (C.L.), 1831, Handbuch der Naturgeschichte aller Vogel Deutschlands, addition of title of, {o the as List oie) Works approved as Available ehar Aonteniee Nomenclature with Title No. 21. Brisson (M.J. ), 1760, Ornithologia sive Synopsis methodica sistens Avium Divisionem in Ordines, validation of, under the Plenary Powers : ze placed on the Official List of Works Rls as Available fei mie Nomen- clature with Name No. 17. Brotogeris Vigors, 1825 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List tele Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Browne (P.), 1789, Civil and Natural History of Jamaica (2nd ed. of a work published in 1756), addition of title of, to the Official Index of RO and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 41... Bubo Brisson, 1760 (Class Aves), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy sid placed on the Official Index 2 wee and Invalid Generic Names in aoe with Name No. 320 .. Bubo Duméril, 1806 (Class Aves), validation, under the Plenary Powers, and con- firmation of position of, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology determination of gender of ‘ @ Bubo Rambur, 1842 (a junior homonym of Bubo Duméril, 1806), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 324 .. Bulla (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), published as a term intermediate between the generic name Gry/lus and the specific names of certain species by Linnaeus in 1758 and as such invalid under the Ruling given in Opinion 124, addition of, to the Official Index of Boletos and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology Py Ruling given in Opinion 299 : Page 3 221 310 309 310 310 83 83 262 3120 163 Volume 1, Section C Burhinus Iiliger, 1811 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List tee Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Cairina Fleming, 1822 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List Ae: Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Calamaria Boie, 1826 (Class Reptilia), placed on the as List oe Generic Names in Zoology in ‘Opinion 92, determination of gender of.. Callionymus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the ie List - Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), a name discussed in Opinion 82, addition of, to the es List 1 of ¢ Generic Names in Hovey oe Ruling given in Opinion 274 ie ; Cambaroides Faxon, 1884 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Offi cial List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 869, with Astacus japonicus de Haan, 1841, as type species Kes gender of name Campephaga Vieillot, 1816 (Class Aves), placed on the ea List o Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of.. Camptandrium Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Camptoplax Miers, 1884 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Cancer Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of Canis Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of.. completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 canorus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cuculus canorus (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 530 Caphyra Guérin-Ménéville, 1832 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Capito Vieillot, 1816 (Class Aves), placed on the oe List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of . Capra Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of. . completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 37/5 Page 261 262 Zon 289 XX 38 38 262 20 20 19 93 19. 376 Opinions and Declarations Capr imulgus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 906, with ee imulgus aiieas Linnaeus, 1758, as type species ae ae ue ; ne ; Sit sity Ae gender of name capucina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Simia capucina (Class Mammalia), placed on the no List poe saa Names in eee! with Name NowS0) ae carolinensis Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Columba carolinensis (Class Aves), placed on the oe List eh ee Names in 0 with Name Noy S45\n Carpilius Desmarest (A.G.), 1823 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in A aay in Ciiee 73, determination of gender of : a d ; ae Ae Carpilodes Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the wee List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Carpoporus Stimpson, [1871] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Carupa Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of .. Castor Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), placed on the eile List oe Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 75, determination of gender of.. Catesby, Natural History of Carolina, edition by Edwards (G.), 1771, interpretation of status of, in Ruling given implicitly i in Opinion 13 re-affirmed in express terms by Ruling given in Opinion 259 sis wes a pe gs ae Cathartes Illiger, 1811 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List oo) Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of .. Catoptrus Milne Edwards (A.), 1870 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in eee in Opinion 85, determination of gender of A a ne hig ae at ff ‘ it catta Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Lemur catta (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 604 Rs catus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Felis catus (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 580 Cebus Erxleben, 1777 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of. . completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 Cebus Rafinesque, 1815 (a junior homonym of Cebus Erxleben, 1777), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 338 Page Of Il 184 115 17 La 19 X1V 261 18 187 Volume 1, Section C Centrocercus Swainson, 1832 (Class Aves), placed on the Goes List oN Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Cephalopierus Geoffroy, 1809 (Class Aves), placed on the one F List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of : Ceratoplax Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Cercopithecus (Class Mammalia), a term used by Linnaeus in 1758 to denote a group of species of the genus Simia, incorrectly placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104, validation of, as of subgeneric status as from Linnaeus, 1758, under the Plenary Powers and confirma- tion of, on the Official List by Ruling given given in Opinion 238 : Cereopsis Latham, 1801 (Class Aves), placed on the ee List oe Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Certhia Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Naines in Zoology with Name No. 907, with Certhia aE a a Linnaeus, 1758, as type species Li : gender of name Cervus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 Chaemapelia Allen, 1908 (an Invalid Emendation of Chaemepelia Swainson, 1827), placed on the Official Index oF elected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 454 ae Chaemepelia Swainson, 1827 (a junior objective synonym of Columbigallina Boie, 1826), placed on the Official Index a wean and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 453 : Chaemepella Bangs, 1907 (an Invalid Emendation of Chaemepelia Swainson. 1827), placed on the Official Index a Hae and Invalid Generic Names in Zee with Name No. 455 se Chaemepilia Lawrence, 1862 (an Invalid Emendation of Chaemepelia Swainson, 1827), placed on the ie Index of ght and Invalid Names in oo an: with Name No. 456 .. Chamaepelia Cuvier, 1829 (an Invalid Emendation of Chaemepelia Swainson, 1827), placed on the Official Index af goes and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 457. .. Chamaepilea Bryant, 1866 (an Invalid Emendation of Chaemepelia Swainson, 1827), placed on the Official Index of Rojecid and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 458 a 377 Page 261 261 20 XKIX 262 356 356 356 356 378 Opinions and Declarations Chasmocarcinus Rathbun (M.J.), 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of ye x oh a oF ae As es Met mn Chauna Mlliger, 1811 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of .. Chelydra Schweigger, 1812 (Class Reptilia), placed on the ae, List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 92, determination of gender of : Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List oh Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 77, determination of gender of 4 Choloepus Wliger, 1811 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 Chr ysolophus Gray [1833—34] (Class Aves), placed on the Official List 2 Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of : Cicinnurus Vieillot, 1816 (Class Aves), placed on the Ee List oe Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Circaetus Vieillot, 1816 (Class Aves), placed on the Bane List oe Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of : Clamator Kaup, 1829 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List a, Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of .. Clistocoeloma Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of ay ie gus ie we ae oe ae Clupea Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the sae List Hoes Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of Coccyzus Vieillot, 1816 (Class Aves), placed on the ee IEA one Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of coelebs Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Fringilla coelebs (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 531 Coenophthalmus Milne Eswards (A.), 1879 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in eee a in Opinion 73, determina- tion of gender of ae aS - Coereba Vieillot, 1807 (Class Aves), placed on the oe cial List ey Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of . Colaptes Swainson, 1825 (Class Aves), placed on the sa JE ISD a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Page 18 262 291 261 261 261 261 20 290 261 262 261 Volume 1, Section C colchicus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Phasianus colchicus (Class Aves), placed on the la JERS ua ene Names in Zoology with Name No: 532,..... hy us ef Colluricincla Vigors & Horsfield, 1826 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List o Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Colobus illiger, 1811 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of correction of entry on Official List of Generic Names in Zoology a to type species of, given in Opinion 122 ate ay a Colobus Merrem, 1820 (a junior homonym of Colobus Illiger, 1811), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 339 Colobus Audinet-Serville, 1834 (a junior homonym of Colobus Ulliger, 1811), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in EASY with Name No. 340... Colobus Schoenherr, 1842 (a junior homonym of Colobus Illiger, 1811), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. Colobus Aibers, 1850 (a junior homonym of Colobus Miliger, 1811) placed on the Official Index oe Oe and Invalid Generic Names in ear ey with Name INO. 342°". . Columbizallina Oken, 1817 (a nomen nudum), placed on the Official Index os cae and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 459 Columbigallina Boie, 1826 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1013, with Columba passerina Linnaeus, he as type species a3 i ba 3 : ao i os gender of name Columbigallus Streubel, 1842 (an Invalid Emendation of Columbigallina Boie, 1826), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 460 me me ays we me au : Columbina Spix, 1825 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1012, with Columbina eS ee 1825, as mL species Bi gender of name Cancellation of Ruling given in Opinion 31 as being incorrect and substitution therefor of a revised Ruling He. MS oe Commerson, 1803, footnotes in Lacépéde (B.G.E. de La V.), Histoire naturelle des Poissons, addition of reference to, to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 39 - Bs ee so Condylura Uliger, 1811 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 3) (2) Page 224 224 224 356 380 Opinions and Declarations Condylura Barnes, 1826 (a junior homonym of Condylura Illiger, 1811), placed on the Official Index of pelea. and Invalid Generic Names in neni with Name No. 343 a Condylura Berthold, 1827 (a junior homonym of Condylura lliger, 1811) placed on the Official Index if ROSE and Invalid Generic Names in Pee with Name No. 344 .. ; Condylurus Blainville, 1838 (an Invalid Emendation of Condylura Illiger, 1811), placed on the Official Index is ceed and Invalid Generic Names in aor with Name No. 345 a : Condytura Bell, 1839 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Condylura Hliger, 1811), placed on the Official Index of Cee and Invalid Generic Names in Aa with Name No. 346 Me Conger Oken, 1817 (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List high Generic Names in Zoology in ‘Opinion 93, determination of gender of .. corax Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Corvus corax (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 533 Coregonus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 93, determination of gender of ; Corvus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 908, with Corvus corax Linnaeus, 1758, as type species gender of name Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Che List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of . Corystoides Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas (P.H.), 1844 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in pe in Opinion 7 73, determination of gender of Crangon Weber, 1795 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), a name discussed in Opinion 17, SupEreteus of, under the Plenary Powers, ae ee given in pray 334 “i ae be : i ou Cottus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Cian List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of Coturnix Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758 (a name published in a work rejected for nomenclatorial purposes), placed on the Official Index o Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 325 ba. ; a Br lege Coturnix Brisson, 1760 (Class Aves), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy ; placed on the Official Index AE eee and Invalid Generic Names in Ae with Name No. 321 .. Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790 (Class Aves), validation of, under the Plenary Powers, and confirmation of position of, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology determination of gender of Page 224 224 225 225 290 93 290 | 91 290 17 XVI 289 163 163 163 163 262 Volume 1, Section C Cricetus Leske, 1779 (Class Mammalia), placed on the aes List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 91, determination of gender of : cricetus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mus cricetus (Class uae), placed on the el ck List ee es Names in yA Oocey with Name On STA... cristata Erxleben, 1777, as published in the combination Phoca cristata (Class neato), placed on the a aaa List ve ine Names in aeee with Name os ae cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Hystrix cristatus (Class oe ae on the Ceili List se ara Names in eae, with Name OLS 8.4 cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Pavo cristatus (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 534 d cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Sorex cristatus (Class neta), placed on the Oe List er oa! Names in Aosta with Name fo) fi Crocidura Wagler (J ‘Gi 1832 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 Crocidurus Schultz, 1890 (an Invalid Emendation of Crocidura Wagler, 1832), placed on the Official ‘Index an Rocce and Invalid Generic Names in ate with Name No. 347... Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Reptilia), placed on the Se List or Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 92, determination of gender of Crotophaga Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List o Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of ‘ Cryptocnemus Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Cuculus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 909, with Cuculus canorus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species gender of name curvirostra Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Loxia curvirostra (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 535 Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), [1800]—1805, Legons d’ Anatomie Comparée . .. Recueillies et publiées sous ses yeux par C. Dumeéril, 5 volumes, addition of title of, to the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 18 184 184 182 93 p65) 290 262 1 91 91 95 309 382 Opinions and Declarations Cyclodius Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of G yclopterus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List os Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of ; Cymo de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the a List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Cyprinus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the cna List on Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of.. Cyrtograpsus Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Ome List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Cystophora Nilsson (S.), 1820 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 Cystophora Yabe & Hayaska, 1916 (a junior homonym of Cystophora Nilsson (S.), 1820), placed on the Official Index Hee cleat and Invalid Generic Names in bas fo o0 with Name No. 348 a : Dacryopilumnus Nobili, 1906 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Daira de Haan, [18331 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Danilewsky (B.), 1891, “ Goutibrtien a l’étude de la microbiose malarique” in Annales de P’ Institut Pasteur 5(12) : 758—782, addition of title of, to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 43.. Dasyprocla Lund, 1840 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Dasyprocta Illiger, 1811), placed on the Official Index oe egal and Invalid Generic Names in ge with Name No. 349 F 4 Dasyprocta Uliger, 1811 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of substitution of revised particulars for those specified by Ruling given in Opinion 91 Deckenia Hilgendorf, [1869] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Delphinus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), placed on the OT List gs Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 75, determination of gender of.. delphis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination De/phinus delphis (Class Mammalia), placed on the See List Ay ees Names in ake” with Name INOns52 "ae Page i, 289 17 289 22) 17 19 ell 182 Volume 1, Section C Dermochelys Blainville, 1816 (Class Reptilia), placed on the thera List on Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 92, determination of gender of 2 didactylus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Bradypus didactylus (Class Mammalia), placed on the ee aca List por cee Names in Ae Oes with Name No. 572... Didelphis Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 Diodon Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the ne List ale Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of Diomedea Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the nae List oni Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of. . Dissodactylus Smith (S.1.), 1870 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Domecia Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Neate in ee 73, determination of gender of : sp: ae : ais a5 dorcas Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Capra dorcas (Class Mammalia), placed on the ee List or ee Names in a Aeeiey with Name INON 596.7). dorsata Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Hystrix dorsata (Class Mammalia), placed on the aes List es name Names in E Coney with Name No. 579... Draco Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Reptilia), placed on the nes List ois Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 75, determination of gender of Dromas Paykull, 1805 (Class Aves), placed on the bee, List aon Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of . Durckheimia de Man, 1889 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the ees List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Dybowski (B.), 1926, ‘“‘Synoptisches Verzeichnis mit kurzer Besprechung der Gattungen und Arten dieser Abteilung der Baikalflohkrebse ’’ published in Bull. int. Acad. pol. Sci. Lettr. (Cl. Sci. math. nat.) (B) 1926 : 1—77, addition of title of, to the Official Index of a and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 44. : Ebalia Leach, [1817] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the aa List of Generic ‘Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of . 13 19 187 185 290 261 20 313 19 384 Opinions and Declarations Echeneis Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Ruling given in Opinion 92, discovery that type species of, not the species commonly accepted as such and designation of that species under the Plenary Powers to be type species of, under the Ruling given in Opinion 242.. determination of gender of Ectopistes Swainson, 1827 (Class Aves), placed on the Wane List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of. . s Edwards (G.), pre-1758, A Natural History of Birds, designation, under the Plenary Powers, of specimen described and figured on page 15 of, to be the lectoE es of Columba macroura Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves) : ne oe Sis Egocerus Desmarest (A.G.), 1822, placed on the Official Index a Relies and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 330 Ee Egretta Brisson, 1760 (Class Aves), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for : the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy.. placed on the Official Index a Reged and Invalid Generic Names in cee with Name No. 322 .. ae ; Egretta Forster, 1817 (Class Aves), validation of, under the Plenary Powers, and confirmation of position of, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology . determination of gender of Elanus Savigny, 1809 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List oe Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of.. : elaphus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cervus elaphus (Class Mammalia), placed on the ees List ok aes Names in " foe with Name INGA Oilers Eleotris Schneider, 1801 (Class Pisces), placed on the Cine List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 93, determination of gender of.. Entamoeba Casagrandi & Barbagallo, 1895 (Class Rhizopoda), a name implicitly treated as a junior homonym of Endamoeba Leidy, 1879, by the Ruling given in Opinion 99, acceptance of, as an available name and designation of Amoeba coli Grassi, 1879, as type species of, by Ruling given in Opinion 312 j a3 a Epilobocera Stimpson, 1860 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of 34 te a as ue ae ah . se Epimelus Milne Edwards (A.), 1878 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Epinephelus Bloch, 1793 (Class Pisces), placed on the ae ies List on Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 93, determination of gender of.. Page XXll 290 261 1S 203 163 163 163 262 261 184 291 XXV 290 Volume 1, Section C 385 Page Epixanthus Heller (C.), 1861 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of 18 epops Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Upupa epops (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 536 .. 93 Eques Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), the name of a nominal genus ruled in Opinion 16 to have had its type species determined by Linnean tautonymy, placed : on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Ruling given in Opinion 271.. XVI equina Desmarest (A.G.), 1804, as published in the combination Antilope equina (Class Mammalia), bid on the Stan List na ae Names in ee with Name No. 612... 204 Erethizon Cuvier (G.F.), 1823 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of ee 3 completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 ue a - ae Be Pere 7/4 Erethrizon Torne, 1885 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Erethizon Cuvier (G. F.), 1823), placed on the Official Index we, Adis and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 350 uf 225 Erethryzon [Torne], 1891 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Erethizon Cuvier (G. F.), 1823), placed on the Ses Index a Rojee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoolcgy with Name No. 351. 225 Eretison Doughty, 1831 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Erethizon Cuvier (G.F.), 1823), placed on the Cs Index a ee aaa and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 352 225 Eretizon Cuvier (G.F.), 1824 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Erethizon Cuvier (G. F.), 1823), placed on the Official Index ey neat and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 353 : DDS Erimacrus Benedict, 1892 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of ae 17 Erimetopus Rathbun (M.J.), 1894 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of 7) Erinaceus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), placed on the oe List a Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 75, determination of gender of. . ’ ae 3 Erythizon Gray (J.E.), 1825 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Erethizon Cuvier (G. F.), 1823), placed on the Official Index ap Beleored and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 354.. DOS Esox Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List non Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 92, determination of gender of .. 9290 Euchirograpsus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List el Generic Names in Zoolog gy in Opinion 85, determina- tion of gender of 18 386 Opinions and Declarations Page Eucratodes Milne Edwards (A.), 1880 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in oe. in Opinion 85, determination of gender of ot id a Aa 3 : oe ats me 18 Eucrate de Haan, [1835] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of .. 20 Euphylax Stimpson, 1860 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of .. 17 europaea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Talpa europaea (Class Mammalia), placed on the ane List nee eee Names in 1 Om ee with Name No. 561 .. 183 europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Caprimulgus europaeus (Class Aves), placed on the Ohce List eh Sree Names in Hage” with Name No. 537)4% 93 europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Erinaceus europaeus (Class Mammalia), placed on the mee as List ot ae Names in 0 with Name No. 553... 182 Euryetisus Cano, 1889 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of .. 18 Eurylaimus Horsfield, 1821 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of A 261 Euryplax Stimpson, 1859 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of .. 20 Eurypyga Illiger, 1811 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List 2 Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of : 262 Eurytium Stimpson, 1859 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of .. 20 Fabia Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of familiaris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Canis familiaris (Class Mammalia), placed on the = OOS List ee SpeOnET Names in eh with Name ie INO: 568).5; : familiaris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Certhia familiaris (Class Ayes), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 538 94 Volume 1, Section C Favus Schafheutel, 1850 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the ae both of the Law of poy and of the Law of Homonymy placed on the Official Index of eReicered and Invalid Generic Names in FOREN with Name No. 378 .. Favus Lanchester, 1900 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), validation of, under the Plenary Powers, and confirmation of position of; on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology = Be He oy me gender of name Felis Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 ferrumequinum Schreber, [1774], as published in the combination Vespertilio ferrum- equinum (Class Mammalia), pared on the Oa ILA ae Specie Names in ee ene with Name No. 592 ie fiber Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Castor fiber (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 551 : Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List Che Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 75, determination of gender of florentina Rossi, 1790, as published in the combination Aranea florentina (Class ean placed on the eee List Ue a Names in ace with Name INO:-675."". fluviatilis Fabricius, 1775, as published in the combination Astacus fluviatilis (a junior objective synonym of astacus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Cancer astacus), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 124 ue a a Fringilla Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 910, with nee coelebs Linnaeus, 1758, as BES species gender of name Fulica Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 911, with Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758, as type species gender of name Fulmarus Stephens, 1826 (Class Aves), placed on the ee! List ag LER Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Gadus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the aaa List ons Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of Galago Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1796 (Class Mammalia), correction of entry on Official List of Generic Names in ace ae to le specie of, given in Opinion 122 sa BN a , a: BS determination of gender of 186 182 290 aS 39 9] 91 91 91 261 289 223 223 388 Opinions and Declarations Galene de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Meleagris gallopavo (Class Aves), placed on the Cae List Or ae: Names in ngoieey with Name INOs3539 >). Gampsonyx Vigors, 1825 (Class Aves), placed on the ees List oe Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of : Gasterosteus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List ah Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of a Gazella Pallas, 1769 (Class Mammalia), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy placed on the Official Index aL oa and Invalid Generic Names in ee with Name No. 326 Gazella Lichtenstein, 1814 (Class Mammalia), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy placed on the Official Index of Relceied and Invalid Generic Names in be with Name No. 327 .. Gazella Rafinesque, 1815 (Class Mammalia), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy placed on the Official Index of Baitaie and Invalid Generic Names in eer with Name No. 328 .. Gazella Blainville, 1816 (Class Mammalia), validation of, under the Plenary Powers substitution of amended entry for, on the Official List of Generic Names in 0g, in place of entry made by Ruling given in Opinion 108 : es determination of gender of gazella Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Capra gazella (Class Mammalia), placed on the Sie List et ns Names in hea with Name No. 608 .. Gecarcinucus Milne Edwards (H.), 1844 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Cees in Opinion 73, determination of gender of ws fs Sie ev : e ae es Be Geryon Krgyer, 1837 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Glyptograpsus Smith (S.I.), 1870 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Glyptoplax Smith (S.1.), 1870 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Page 20 94 261 289 203 203 203 203 204 1, 18 18 208 Volume 1, Section C Gmelin (P.F.), 1758—1777, Onomatologia medica completa seu) Onomatologia Historiae naturalis, 7 volumes, addition of title of, to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 45 a Gobius Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List op Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of Gomeza Gray (J.E.), 1831 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Goneplax [Leach], [1814] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Gorilla Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (I.), 1852 (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 122, determination of gender of gorilla Savage, 1847, as published in the combination Troglodytes gor illa (Class Mammalia), placed on the eae List es eed Names in Eee with Name Now 602... Goura Stephens, 1819 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List ooh Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of granulatus Lanchester, 1900, as published in the combination Favus granulatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Suet on the ies List a ees ae in Zoology with Name No. 613... griseola Spix, 1825, as published in the combination Columbina griseola (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 763 Gronovius, Zoophylacium gronovianum, cancellation of acceptance of, in Opinion 20 as an available work and addition of title of, to Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature by Ruling given in Opinion 261 Re Grus Pallas, 1766 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List ar Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 103, determination of gender of : grypus Fabricius, 1791, as published in the combination Phoca grypus (Class Mammalia), placed on the oe List ao nes Names in eee with Name No. 606. Gulo Pallas, 1780 (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 91, determination of gender of gulo Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mustela gulo (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 581 : Gymnothorax Bloch, 1795 (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 93, determination of gender of name of Gypaetus Storr, 1784 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List EOF Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of ie 389 Page S13 289 20 20 262 249 356 XVil 262 188 290 261 390 Opinions and Declarations Haematopus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Ait List BY Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of.. Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809 (Class Aves), placed on the Oa List oh Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of. . Haliastur Selby, 1840 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List Le Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of .. FHalichoerus Nilsson (S.), 1820 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 Halimede de Haan, [1835] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of hastatus Pallas, 1767, as published in the combination Vespertilio hastatus (Class Mammalia), placed on the as List et species Names in es with Name INOS S88) = 2: Hasselquist (F.), 1757, Iter Palaestinum (a work published before the starting point of zoological nomenclature) addition of title of, to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 35 ro a Hasselquist (F.), 1762, D. F. Hasselquists ... Reise nach Paldstina (a German trans- lation by T. H. Gadebusch of the Iter Palaestinum of 1757), addition of title of, to the Official Index of pans and Invalid Works in mia. Nomenclature with Title No. 36.. : Helice de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Of List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790 (Class Aves), placed on the OT List ue Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of. . Hepatella Smith (S.1.), 1869 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Hephthopelta Alcock (A.W.), 1899 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on ~ the Official List a Generic Names in ee in een 85, determination of gender of : : Herrera (A. L. ), 1901—1904, ‘‘ Nouvelle Nomenclature des Etres organisés et des Minéraux ”’, Mexico City, 88 pp., addition of title of, to the Cf Index af Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 38. ; Feterolithadia Alcock (A.W.), 1896 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Podeey in PRIOR 73, determination of gender of 5 mis es : o- Heteronucia Alcock (A.W.), 1896 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Heterozius Milne Edwards (A.), 1867 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in ees in Cringe 73s deter of Senger Of «13 - me ae ‘ ve , 20 186 311 311 20 261 19 20 312 i) 17 Volume 1, Section C Hexapus de Haaii: [1833], (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Oia List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Hippopotamus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List oe Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 75, determination of gender of ks Hippotragus Sundevall, 1845 (Class Mammalia), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy placed on the ihe Index of Hojeeicd and Invalid Names in EO OY with Name No. 329 Ma : determination of gender of Hippotragus Sundevall, 1846 hes ey validation of, under the oe Powers hircus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Capra hircus (Class Mam- malia), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 569 hirundo Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Sterna hirundo (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 540 hispidus Schreber, [1774], as published in the combination Vespertilio hispidus (Class Mammalia), braced on the eet List se iene Names in se with Name No. 599... Holometopus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in oe in Opinion 85, determination of gender of ae Se: ere m : ie ee ae Holothuriophilus Nauck, 1880 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Hubner (J.), 1807, Tentamen Determinationis Digestionis atque Denominationis singularum Stirpium Lepidopterorum, a work rejected for nomenclatorial purposes by the Ruling given in Opinion 97, addition of title of, to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature by Ruling given in Opinion 278 : os Ath a : [Humphrey (G.)], 1797, Museum Calonnianum, a work rejected for nomenclatorial purposes, addition of title of, to the Official Index a Rees and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 34.. Hydrothelphusa Milne Edwards (A.), 1872 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on ihe Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of bi : ae a a we : a: ng Hylobates Illiger, 1811 (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List oe Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 122, determination of gender of 3 Hylobates Dejean, 1834 (a junior homonym of Hylobates Illiger, 1811), placed on the Official Index of ee and Invalid Generic Names in di hes with Name ING: 355), *:.. 184 94 187 18 18 XXIV Si 225 392 Opinions and Declarations Hylobatus Schlegel, 1876 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Hylobates Illiger, 1811), placed on the Official Index os none and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 356 . : Hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), placed on the State List a Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 75, determination of gender of.. Ibidorhyncha Vigors, [1832] (Class Aves), placed on the Slag List eh Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of. . Iliacantha Stimpson, [1871] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Iphiculus Adams (A.) & White (A.), 1849 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Halle in Opinion 73, determination of gender of : : aa : t : Ixa Leach, 1815 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Oh List of Generic ‘Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of 3 japonicus de Haan, 1841, as published in the combination Astacus japonicus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), aareg as on the ee List deb nae Names in Zoology with Name No. 480... Jynx Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the One List we Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of . Lacerta Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Reptilia), placed on the Bie List oe Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 92, determination of gender of.. Lachnopodus Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Lagidium Meyen, 1833 (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 110, determination of gender of f Lagidium Malaise, 1933 (a junior homonym of Lagidium Meyen, 1833), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 357 Lamarck (J.B.P.A. de M. de), 1801, Systéme des Animaux sans Vertébres, addition of title of, to the Official List of Works Approved as Available 12s Zoological Nomen- clature with Title No. 23 Lanius Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List ges Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of genderof .. lar Linnaeus, 1771, as published in the combination Homo lar (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 603 Page 262 19 17 19 38 262 pay) | 226 310 261 187 Volume 1, Section C Latreille (P.A.), 1810, Considérations générales sur l’Ordre naturel des Animaux composant les Classes des Crustacés, des Arachnides et des Insectes, Ruling regarding interpretation of the Table des Genres avec Vindication de l’espéce qui leur sert de type annexed to, given in Opinion 11 expanded and clarified by ee een in Opinion 136 f , ve aI Ss as oe ; Laverania Feletti & Grassi, 1889 (Class Sporozoa), a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in a, 104, validation and completion of entry relating to, by Ruling given in Opinion 283. B Leistes Vigors, 1825 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List oe Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Lemur Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of.. substitution of revised particulars for those specified by Ruling given in Opinion 122 Lemur Hibner, [1809—1813] (a junior homonym of Lemur Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index reed ede and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name No. 358 Leptodius Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in ee ORY in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Lepus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of.. completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 leucodon Hermann, 1780, as published in the combination Sorex leucodon (Class Mammalia), placed on the cancel List net es Names in Lge, with Name IN@R E57 Sie as : leucophaea Pallas, 1766, as published in the combination Antilope leucophaea (Class Mammalia), placed on the eas List ve ee. Names in Bee ey with Name No. 597 Leucosilia Bell (T), 1855 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Liagore de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Libystes Milne Edwards (A.), 1867 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Limulus Miller (O.F.), 1785 (Class Merostomata), a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104, discovery of, to be an invalid name and validation of, under the Plenary Powers oy Ruling given in Opinion 320 ; uP ie sm is ae : Linnaeus, terms intermediate between generic and specific names published in 1758 in Tenth Edition of Systema Naturae, rejection of, by Ruling given in Opinion 124 extended to all works by Linnaeus and also to all works by Fabricius (J.C.) by Ruling given in Opinion 279 ; ae ae a 393 Page Xlil XXV1 226 184 187 Do 20 18 XXVil XXX 394 Opinions and Declarations Liomera Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the ee: List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of . : Lipaesthesius Rathbun (M.J.), 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of ie fe an si we se : ae Lissocarcinus Adams (A.) & White (A.), 1849 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List os Generic Names in i eae in Orne 73, deter- mination of gender of 5 Lithadia Bell (T.), 1855 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Litocheira Kinahan, 1856 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Locusta (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), published as a term intermediate between the generic name Gryllus and the specific names of certain species by Linnaeus in 1758 and as such invalid under the Ruling given in Opinion 124, validation of, as from Linnaeus, 1758, under the Plenary Powers, and addition of, to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Ruling given in Opinion 158 Lophius Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the hae List ous Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of Lophopanopeus Rathbun (M.J.), 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in aes in Opinion 85, determination of gender of ae uh ea mM 4 we es oe Lophopilumnus Miers, 1886 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of lotor Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ursus lotor (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 589 : Loxia Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 912, with Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus, 1758, as type species gender of name Luidia Forbes, 1839 (Class Echinoidea), a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Ruling given in Opinion 129, addition to Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of ciliaris Philippi, 1837, as published tn the combination Asterias ciliaris, as the oldest specific name subjectively pyanable for ‘ype species of, by Ruling given in Opinion 210 a a Lupocyclus Adams (A). & White (A.), 1849 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List oN Generic Names in Re in Ones 73, deter- mination of gender of : at Lybia Milne Edwards (H.), 1834 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Page 20 18 17 19 20 XXXli 289 18 18 186 92 92 . XXXVI 17 20 Volume 1, Section C lynx Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Felis lynx (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 583. Lynx Kerr (R.), 1792 (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List oF Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 91, determination of gender of ; Mabuya Fitzinger, 1826 (Class Reptilia), a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Ruling given in Opinion 92, discovery that type species for, incorrectly entered thereon and substitution therefor of the correct entry by Ruling given in Opinion 240 : a = e te By determination of gender of macroura Linnaeus, 1758, Columba ies SS eteuaven of a pee oe for, under the Plenary Powers ; ; 3 : a placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 543 magnirostris Latham, 1801, as published in the combination Charadrius magnirostris (Class Aves), placed on the Oneal List ac meee Names in FO. with Name No. 547... Malapterurus Lacepede, 1803 (Class Pisces), placed on the a List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 93, determination of gender of y Manatus Briinnich, 1771 (a junior objective synonym of Trichechus Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index 2 ees and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 262 Manatus Storr, 1780 (a junior homonym of Manatus Briinnich, 1771), placed on the Official Index a ee and Invalid Generic Names in 1 Zoology with Name No. 263 manatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Trichechus manatus (Class Mammalia), placed on the ae List eer nes Names in Pee ey with Name No. 481... Mantis (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), published as a term intermediate between the generic name Gryllus and the specific names of certain species by Linnaeus in 1758 and as such invalid under the Ruling given in Opinion 124, addition of, to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology and addition of the same name as from Linnaeus, 1767, to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Ruling given in Opinion 299 and Opinion 149 respectively , Manucodia Boddaert, 1783 (Class Aves), placed on the eile List Hie Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of marginata Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Columba marginata, placed on the Official Index * of aes and Invalid acca) Names in One with Name No. 249... marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Didelphis marsupialis (Class Mammalia), placed on the euciie cial List me, pees Names in ae with Name No. 578 ... XXil 291 JS 115 147 290 59 aby 59 XXXill 261 116 185 396 Opinions and Declarations Meigen, 1800, Nouvelle Classification des Mouches a deux Ailes accepted as an available work by Ruling given in Opinion 28, ga een of an sadam for rejection of, under the Plenary Powers : : : Meleagris Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 913, with pe is eee Linnaeus, 1758, as type species gender of name Melybia Stimpson: [1871] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Merocryptus Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of ; A MG 4 ’ : Metasesarma Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in ae in Opinion 85, determination of gender of ; oe aa oe t g : Metopocarcinus Stimpson, 1860 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Meuschen, Museum gronovianum, interpretation of status of, implicit in Ruling given in Opinion 13 re-affirmed in express terms by Ruling given in Opinion 260 Meuschen, Index to Gronovius’s Zoophylacium gronovianum, interpretation of status of, implicit in Ruling given in Opinion 13, affirmed in express terms by Ruling given in Opinion 261 : a Micropanope Stimpson, [1871] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of migratoria Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Columba migratoria (Class Aves), placed on the pepe! List bot SBE Names in 1 apc with Name No. 544... migratorius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gryllus migratorius, designation of, as type species of Locusta Linnaeus, 1758, by Ruling given in Opinion 299 : $i A Hs oe at oe : Monedula Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758 (a name published in a work rejected for nomenclatorial purposes), placed on the Official Index a Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 447 a 3 &: ot ie Monedula Hasselquist, 1762 (a name published in a work rejected for nomen- clatorial purposes), placed on the Official Index ap peleeicn and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 448 : xe i ay at Monedula Brehm, 1828 (a name rejected as a nomen nudum but in any case a junior homonym of Monedula Latreille, [1802—1803)), placed on the Official Index o Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 449 ee Monedula Kaup, 1829 (a junior homonym of Monedula Latreille, [1802—1803}), placed on the Official Index ay Ps and Invalid Generic Names in nL with Name No. 450... Page XViii 92 2 20 17 20 18 XV XV 20 115 XXXIl 314 314 314 314 Volume 1, Section C Monedula Brehm, 1831 (a junior homonym of Monedula Latreille, [1802—1803], and a junior objective synonym of Monedula Kaup, 1829), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 451 monoceros Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Monodon monoceros (Class Mammalia), placed on the eee List an pegs Names in iehaciiaay with Name No. 555 Li 5 Monodon Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), ae on the ae List a Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 75, determination of gender of : monodon Weber, 1795, as published in the combination Peneus monodon (a nomen nudum), placed on the Official Index a, sie ache and Invalid as Names in Zoology with Name No. 132 : monodon Fabricius, 1798, as published in the combination Penaeus monodon (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), as on the oe List a aa Names in Zoology with Name No. 527... Mormyrus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the ene List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of moschatus Zimmermann, 1780, as published in the combination Bos moschatus (Class Mammalia), placed on the re ae List oe Re Names in ae eey with Name No. 587... moschiferus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Moschus moschiferus (Class Mammalia), placed on the SOS List io Spee Names in Brae ey with Name No. 557 ; Moschus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List oe Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 75, determination of gender of Ny Motacilla Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 914, with Moracilla alba Linnaeus, 1758, as type species gender of name Mugil Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Citas List ane Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 75, determination of gender of [?Muller (P.L.S.) of Erlangen], 1775—1781, Neuer Schauplatz der Natur, nach den richtigsten Beobachtungen und Versuchen, in alphabetischer Ordnung ; Durch eine Gesellschaft der Gelehrten, 10 volumes, addition of title of, to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 40 : Mullus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Sc List on Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of Muraena Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Opieian List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of.. Mus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of.. completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 297 Page 314 182 69 69 289 186 289 31 398 Opinions and Declarations Page musculus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mus musculus (Class Mammalia), placed on the asia List ah aon Names in ikwanes with Name No. 584... 185 Musophaga Isert, 1789 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of name of. . 262 Mustelus Linck, 1790 (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List oe Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 93, determination of gender of .. ues 289, 367 Myrmecopha Fischer de Waldheim, 1803 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Myrmecophaga Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index 2 Relea and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 359 te 226 Myrmecophaga Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of ae 4 completion of Ruling givenin Opinion91 _.. ae Ae "4 ce SOR PIN Myrmecophaga Lacépéde, 1799 (a junior homonym of Myrmecophaga Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index oF Bee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 360 _ .. , 226 Myrmecophagus Gray (J.E.), 1825 (an Invalid Emendation of Myrmecophaga Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Cantal Index pi OSes and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 361. 226 Myrodes Bell (T.), 1855 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of ee 17 mysticetus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Balaena mysticetus (Class Mammalia), placed on the Cee List ee Loe Names in oe with Name No. 549... 181 Mytilus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pelecypoda), addition of, to Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Ruling given in Opinion 94, with Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, ae 1758, as type species, confirmation of, by Ruling given in Opinion 333 .. eo Myxine Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Cyclostomata), placed on the OF ILI a Generic Names in Z oology i in Opinion 75, determination of gender of.. 291 Nabis \atreille, [1802—1803] (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104, protection of, from Coriscus Schrank, 1796, a possible senior subjective synonym, by the suppression of that name under the eae: Powers by Ruling one in Opinion 244 BS Wi ae He ae : rs ie : 2 ERI Nasua Storr, 1780 (Class Mammalia), placed on the eS List os Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 91, determination of gender of.. 4 nasua Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Viverra nasua (Class a Mammalia), placed on the oS List ete auc ic Names in OY with Name ine INoxa86) 4. 7e Volume 1, Section C Necator Stiles, 1903 (Class Nematoda), a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Ruling given in Opinion 66, discovery of, to be an invalid name and validation of, under the Plenary Powers by Ruling given in Opinion 201 Neophron Savigny, 1809 (Class Aves), placed on the pad List os Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of niger Harris, 1838, as published in the combination Aigocerus niger (Class Mammalia), placed on the ee Opidial List ot earchied Names in suas with Name INO; 6bl. 2: : Notonyx Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in ee in eas 85, determination of gender of , ; : Notornis Owen, 1848 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of. . Nucia Dana, 1852 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Nummulites Lamarck, 1801 (Class Rhizopoda), a name discussed but left unsettled in Opinion 127, validation of, by suppression under the Plenary Powers of Camerina Bruguiére, 1789, by Ruling given in Opinion 192.. es ot Nursia Leach, 1817 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Nursilia Bell (T.), 1855 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the ee. List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Nyctea Stephens, 1826 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List nes Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of .. Nycteris Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.) & Cuvier (GG. F.), 1795 (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List oS Generic Names in Zeeleey. | in eae 111, deter- mination of gender of Nycteris Borkhausen, 1797 (a junior homonym of Nycteris Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.) & Cuvier (G. F), 1795), placed on the oa! Index of aes and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 362 . ocyrophus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Tringa orcophus (Class Aves), rejection of, as an Invalid Original Spelling for ochropus ie 4 placed on the Official Index a et and Invalid pes Names in ane with Name No. 248 .. ochropus (acceptance of, as an Emendation of ocrophus) Linnaeus, 1758, as pub- lished in the combination Tringa ocrophus (Class Aves), and name so amended placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 541 399 Page XIX 261 204 261 WW Re ORO 19 19 262 9] 94 400 Opinions and Declarations Page Oedicnemus Temminck, 1815 (Class Aves), addition of a note to the entry concerning, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology He ay ni nae ny 147 determination of gender of .. ate as sf i ts se eo oedicnemus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Charadrius oedicnemus (Class Aves), placed on the fee List ag? nee Names in eas with Name No. 548... 147 Oediplax Rathbun (M.J.), 1893 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in he in Opinion 85, determination of gender ee of of a oe Hie ; a) a ce ae Oegocerus Lesson, 1842 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Egocerus Desmarest (A.G.), 1804), placed on the Official Index oF Reece and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 334.. 204 Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology, names placed on: ASTACINI Latreille, [1802—1803 | hs igs ae Ae ee os oe 39 PENEDIA Rafinesque, 1815 a ee Ah Ps a cf ae ss 70 PLEURONECTIA Rafinesque, 1815 als ae a oe oh ud Md eas 5). PLEURONECTIDES Risso, 1826... oe fs me as a Pe waters oe POTAMOBIIDAE Stebbing, 1893 .. cr iy ve ahs nus a ae 39 SEGESTRIENS Simon (E.), 1864 .. ee ye si a i aes NDP ATK S SPAROIDES Cuvier (G.J.C.F.D.), 1817 .. ae sie st Mi As Jas, Bas Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, names placed on: Acheta Linnaeus, 1758 ae id 1 ne ae As wa sia KIN Aegocera Berthold, 1827 Ke ste hd it an AP dd, .. 204 Aegoceros Pailas, 1811 oa mi ait Pe a ae “ei .. 204 Aegocerus Wagner, 1844 as hi site ws +h of ae .. 204 Aigocerus Smith (H.), 1827 oe Mis hi ee ok ae ie Veh. 208 Alus Gray (J.E.), 1825 .. ie Ne: se ea ig ee a Cemeeenne se Astacus Pallas, 1772 i Me Li fo 205 a 38 Astacus, all uses of, prior to Fabricius, 1775 . =k a i i ys 38 © Bubo Brisson, 1760 aie Aye : ae i a a Ai ae 163 Bubo Rambur, 1842 ae NG ie Ns ae = aS an am 163 Bulla Linnaeus, TSS ou aX a iit FA de ae ae Led ORM Cebus Rafinesque, 1815 ie aA b ie oe a os a, lee Chaemapelia Allen, 1908 ee ie use ms 8 4 ue nani SOG Chaemepelia Swainson, 1827 .. si vee bi a Be mit Ae >): Chaemepella Bangs, 1907 a ie a Ack a ye ae 356 Chaemepilia Lawrence, 1862... me a8 e. dus a es ae 356 Chamaepelia Cuvier, 1829 35 oe Ne Mi iy, aa ie Sy uaeatals 55) Chamaepilea Bryant, 1866 aes th a He ay we me Rapes) Colobus Merrem, 1820 wi ye Ar ie Sed Ps uf wr Se22E Colobus Audinet-Serville, 1834 ae ny ie oe the Pe Diya) eee Colobus Schoenherr, 1842 om a oe me iS Ks a 2 Dae Colobus Albers, 1850... Ws Rs ae tee a ae ia 1. 1 22e Columbigallina Oken, 1817 We a we A a a ae Oe Columbigallus Streubel, 1842 .. sh es is fe aN Bs oe) | OOM Condylura Barnes, 1826 .. ie me a te e ue ie 2. 228 Volume 1, Section C 401 Page “dba aS of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, names placed on contd.) : Condylura Berthold, 1827 ty ah Ap ve ie ae ae a ee Condylurus Blainville, 1838 ws ae i wd ie a by, Kownee Condytura Bell, 1839 a te ” eH a Mae eDDS Coturnix Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758 . as Rs ae me ae Pie 163 Coturnix Brisson, 1760 .. AA $6 ya Bis as Re te ie 163 Crocidurus Schultz, 1890 a ee Me i AE sy ax 225 Cystophora Yabe & Hayaska, 1916... a a bs ne si Sees Dasyprocla Lund, 1840 .. ae ue 4s oe i ey: 2a peta Egocerus Desmarest (A.G.), 1822 on se cs sf ce ast a LOS: Egretta Brisson, 1760... es A - pa oe mie ve 163 Erethrizon Torne, 1885 .. aie se A ate ae a ab se 225 Erethryzon [Torne], 1891 Ee his an a si a te aR 225) Eretison Doughty, 1831 .. Eye a be iM i ¥ Ve a 2-5) Eretizon Cuvier (G.E.), 1824 _.. eg is os, sas ae ne a 225: Erythizon Gray (J.E.), 1825 ae ne up es i ao se Arerae25) Favus Schafheutel, 1850 .. .. a sis 5 Le in Ne cn hao Gazella Pallas, 1769 RAN ae se ie sa i ue aA Bs 203 Gazella Lichtenstein, 1814 a a mS a ie He we PAS Gazella Rafinesque, 1815 5 ic oe ae ah bre Ae ees 2205 Hippotragus Sundevall, 1845... a ye ee oe a a rs 204 Aylobates Dejean, 1834 , Bis te ae Ms ns ud Me 2) Hylobatus Schlegel, 1876 ae ae Lik me oe a site Hatha Lagidium Malaise, 1933 we a3 a oe uit Ao ee seth 294 64 Lemur Hubner, [1809—1813] .. ss rs ef ae Me ye me 226 Manatus Briimnich, 1771 ie i oF “i. te i Me sa 59 Manatus Storr, 1780 te ao ay ae a ae pL we ae 59 Mantis Linnaeus, SS) ape sh me a We 2 OX XX Monedula Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758 Ae Be the e i .. 314 Monedula Hasselquist, 1762 .. fae a a fa ie si Bperiy 2))12) Monedula Brehm, 1828 .. aA if te ae Ap ne iy ie 314 Monedula Kaup, 1829 .. oa oe: Bi Us 5 ts on a 314 Monedula Brehm, 1831 .. a ok sf ae “e be 314 Myrmecopha Fischer de Waldheim, 1803 se Ais me os lg OG Myrmecophaga Lacépéde, 1799 . : ais oh io a fe, Pea PA) Myrmecophagus Gray (J.E.), 1825 or Lib ive sae bs oe React 20 6 Nycteris Borkhausen, 1797 . is ye ad om me e ER iAP Ay 6 Oegocerus Lesson, 1842 ik ‘a MP x ig AY a i 204. Oriolus Brisson, 1760... io i, we si by us 4 ve 163 Ozanna Reichenbach, 1845 i. — a we Ba ue Ae Sus 203 Paralces Allen (J.A.), 1902 ee as ee a se iA: ie Re 226 Penaeus Stiles, 1926 3) a = AE es sibs xa! uh wl 69 Peneus Weber, 1795 a ae ee ae Le es oe at si 69 Petalia Gray (I. E.), 1838 es ES ae: Y, ues Peer) 226 Phyllostoma Cuvier (G.L.C.F. D. ), 1800. “A ia pine eLe Pithecus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.) & Cuvier (G. F. ) 1795 Ae ae a) wee PA Pithecus Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), 1800... a ve Bae sey2 7 Pithecus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1812 .. aN au ZO Volume 1, Section C 407 Page Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names already placed on, determin- ation of gender of (contd.) : Leistes Vigors, 1825 ah es oe Re a i it aN Ag 261 Lemur Linnaeus, 1758 e. ae a Su) a es ie 4 Leptodius Milne "Edwards (A. ); 1863 a aii as se We Be ate 18 Lepus Linnaeus, 1758 ... : s si 42 ae it a a 3 Leucosilia Bell (nr). 1855 ss gi at mi ae of: ue on 19 Liagore de Haan, [1833] AS gS BA ae ate fh ay 20 Libystes Milne Edwards (A..), Se ee si sie ie ‘3 a a 18 Liomera Dana, 1851 ‘ a af he bes a we ra 20 Lipaesthesius Rathbun (M. J); 1898 ae Mi ig. ne be 18 Lissocarcinus Adams (A.) & White (A.), 1849 en a: a he; aN 17 Lithadia Bell (T.), 1855 .. 2 iy iy Ay ne 19 Litocheira Kinahan, 1856 ie ais as a ett aye i ih 20 Lophius Linnaeus, 1758 . a a das 2 net a 289 Lophopanopeus Rathbun (M. J. ), 1898 . as 3 by a i es 18 Lophopilumnus Miers, 1886 : is ‘2 af ud aA a 18 Lupocyclus Adams (A.) & White (A.), 1849 a EY ae a bat wy 17 Lybia Milne Edwards (H.), 1834 ae ie a a aie ay ia 20 lynx Wert (RK?) 1792. . .. ae ae a ae Be Be fe 3 Mabuya Fitzinger, 1826 ne ot a8 ie oe yd bis a eek Malapterurus Lacépéde, 1803 .. a ge ae i ue At ape 290 Manucodia Boddaert, 1783 ae as ee oo 55 a a Wa e261 Melybia Stimpson, [1871] a is oe tat mt ay, 20 Merocryptus Milne Edwards (A, ‘i 1873. re is ae be A Ap 17 Metasesarma Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 ers AF a i fs a 20 Metopocarcinus Stimpson, 1860 3 iS bee Ry aw a BL 18 Micropanope Stimpson, [1871] . Oe oe ae My fe Yo: ae 26 Monodon Linnaeus, 1758 as ay os ue nee me ai tt 3 Mormyrus Linnaeus, 1758 Me oe He ih ee oy at yoo, Moschus Linnaeus, 1758 abe gs us Ki ke am ee ve 3 Mugil Linnaeus, 1758 .. ae ae as if 2% Be #e ue 289 Mullus Linnaeus, 1758 48 s ae bs ips aye A a 289 Muraena Linnaeus, 1758 ne Ps ier es ie Ne fe eae 290 Mus Linnaeus, 1758 ue Be ws oe ay Be 5 a te 3 Musophaga Isert, 1789 .. eA ae te ae ae om, ae eh Oz Mustelus Linck, 1790 am i cx: fb bie a sa te Sal 289 Myrmecophaga Linnaeus, 1758 ae ne Me a ay gh ie 4 Myrodes Bell (T.), 1855 Ee we a ee ae $2 a8 ae 17 Myxine Linnaeus, 1758 Be Hs he ome af e3 ae Pen ph Pe Nasua Storr, 1780 oF al oe a xa ie af oi ye 4 Neophron Savigny, 1809 En se oe a Ba oe we 261 Notonyx Milne Edwards (A.), Sian a ec ate oy sm Mo dee 18 Notornis Owen, 1848 .. By ae ae ae te Me i 261 Nucia Dana, 1852 Ree. the ae Re aN Ne es at se 19 Nursia Leach, 1817 aN as Mu na a ee it a hs 19 Nursilia Bell (T.), 1855 .. “i fe a - hee i at Ee 19 Nyctea Stephens, 1826 .. La Ae es ZOD Nycteris Geoffroy Saint- Hilaire (E. ) & Cuvier (G F.), 1795 a) ne a 5 Oedicnemus Temminck, 1815 .. : ve de a3 261 Oediplax Rathbun (M. J. ), 1893 Me pe PO Rae by ms me 20 Ommatocarcinus White (A.), 1852 ae Si ae ia ce cis Aa ES Onychomorpha Stimpson, 1858 ae neh aa 38 ns it 8 19 Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758 a wus ie a ae He ip tems eee Opisthocomus Illiger, 1811 mS Bae nif xe ay ae aap ye2Gl Opisthopus Rathbun (M.J.), 1893 ¥ a ca Be ne pg f 18 Oreophorus Rippell, 1830 ae: he ae ap ae ays de 2 17 Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766 . ee a ie a Ps. ea ee A Orphnoxanthus Alcock (A. W.), 1898 ide HF ae Be ay asf 18 Osachila Stimpson, [1871] is ee an A Ps a ae ae 19 408 Opinions and Declarations Page Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names already placed on, determin- ation of gender of (contd.) : Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758 ey ay Ne a me af as 2% 289 Ovibos Blainville, 1816 .. es ae hit me be a Mi ” 3 Ovis Linnaeus, 1758 ne, ays oe a ie ah a! a ma 4 Pachycephala Vigors, 1825 a ne ue of Ne AA * e262 Pandalus Leach, 1815" .. sie oa ne ay bn sal Be Sa 19 Pandion Savigny, 1809 .. a bi re | a =) A, PBR 262 Panoplax Stimpson, [1871] ae ay ae a 4s Ha at 5 20 Paracyclois Miers, 1886 ae ne ah Ne ae i ye ve 19 Paragalene Kossmann, 1878 ... nit ys ae a ai as ve 20 Parapanope de Man, 1895 i i Fs a as ws we ve 20 Par apleurophrycoides Nobili, 1906 ye we ae as ee. si 18 Parathelphusa Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 Am sy oe ths 3 M 19 Parathranites Miers, 1886 Be aM ue as 17 Paraxanthus Milne Edwards (H. ) & Lucas PH H. Hs sag ae) uy Ms A 18 Parilia Wood-Mason, 1891 : ua a ay ah 19 Pariphiculus Alcock (A. W.), 1896 se as me a xy Ep i 17 Parotia Vieillot, 1816 .. a be oe ae #2 Boe . BPO 6D Parus Linnaeus, ESN aes ca a oe Be oe a i LM eQGI Perca Linnaeus, 1758 .. He fe ie om iy Le ry aaa 5) Percnon Gistl, 1848 fe ie ne “a A 444 PL oS 20 Perigrapsus Heller (C.), 1862 oH ve es a A 38 aa Ay 18 Persephona Leach, 1817 an oF ste Bue ais Ae a A 19 Pezoporus Illiger, 1811 re a Me ae x AS be us Dee Re< 2OZ Phaethon Linnaeus, 1758 ; ae oe A Ke m Bi oil Pharomachrus de la Llave, 1832 a a Be Be ae aM Be Gil iEhiyxia BelluGh.) A855... ae ae ee sed A fe oe 19 Phoca Linnaeus, 1758 .. ie an ft at ans e, a of 4 Phoenicopterus Linnaeus, 1758 .. si ue ve is oa I eG Phrynosoma Wiegmann, 1828 .. Ae ee Me be bod oH Mise ts, I Phyllostomus Lacépede, 1799... ee big Py a 2D Pilumnoides Milne Edwards (H. » & Lucas oe H. 1), 1844 bit Ae ie he 18 Pilumnus Leach, 1815... Bs ae as oe 18 Pinnaxodes Heller (ED), Daal Me Au Ee Ate Bh bes ms 18 Pinnixa White (A.), 1846 ay Ast My a 20 Pinnotherelia Milne Edwards (H. ) & Lucas ®. H. Me Maa. st ah ve 20 Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803 | ie ey iat iY ss 18 Pirimela Leach, [1816] ath ee a ba en shy At we 19 Pithecia Desmarest (A.G.), 1804 Be ce we ae us as ae D) Planes Bowditch, 1825 .. ate: A hie a ue s% a 18 Platalea Linnaeus, 1758 Ms ie a Ne be La ie S268 Platycercus Vigors, 1825 : ae a a af A ie De ZO Platychirograpsus de Man, 1896 ae wi: i ay es a Ay 18 Platymera Milne Edwards, 1837 Ma A ae Ay Ne fe a 19 Platypilumnus Alcock (A.W.), 1894 .. mA Mie a ie ie ki 18 Platyxanthus Milne Edwards (A), 1863 a oe ue or ae Hy 18 Podophthalmus Lamarck, 1801 . sits es sibs ea is uit a 17 Polybius Leach, [1820] .. : 50 aN. Ae ne AG me 17 Polydectus Milne Edwards Go soca" ee ne a ue Le a 18 Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758 ts : ce ww. bs 2 aS ae 290 Polyplectron Temminck, 1807 ave a os ah on LY Py 62 Portumnus [Leach], [1814] ee a4 iy a te has ag aa 17 Porzana Vieillot, 1816 .. Me es i, a an 22 262 Potamocarcinus Milne Edwards (H. ): 1853 Sue Me ne Bie eH “i 18 Potamonautes Macleay, 1838 .. : ae Z ae fe Le a 18 Prionoplax Milne Edwards (H.), 1852 ue aa a aft a 2b) 20 Procyon Storr, 1780 : ap Le se ve ie Ae 3 Pseudocarcinus Milne Edwards (H. V5 Ig oa ae ta oy Be 18 Pseudophilyra Miers, 1879 : a sie a, fe ue he 19 Volume 1, Section C 409 Page Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names already placed on, determin- ation of gender of (contd.) : Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894 BE oR te ae ans bs 20 Pseudorhombila Milne Edwards (H. et 1837 oe ay) ae a 4 ia 20 Pseudothelphusa Saussure, 1857 of ae nm Sy, Bus ys 19 Psittacus Linnaeus, 1758 ee ye ae es a ais ws 261 Psopheticus Wood- ‘Mason, 1892 ar ee fe io ie a es 18 Psophia Linnaeus, 1758 oe ay Ba a As Fe Ay sate 2OZ Pteroglossus Illiger, 1811 5% ue ae an Ee A bi Sae Zoi Priloris Swainson, 1825 te a ee Le Si: KA Weveis (25) Putorius Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), 1817 fe ae ue ae =e as ae 3 Rallus Linnaeus, 1758 .. age a Be Be 48 kok Ve Zol Randallia Stimpson, 1857 oe a a 543 oe rite tke i 19 Rangifer Smith (C.H.), 1827... ee Kos Me BE ae, He, ca 3 Recurvirostra Linnaeus, 1758 .. me ae a a es +" ae 262 Rhinolophus Lacépéde, 1799 a ah we : be wn 3 Rhithropanopeus Rathbun (M.J. ) 1898 a BY 5 us ae 3 18 Rhizopa Stimpson, 1858 ees Be a oe re ie 20 Rupicapra Blainville, 1816 oe ay bf bis ae sy 4 Ruppellioides Milne Edwards (A. ), 1867 2 =e Be of ay a 18 Salmo Linnaeus, 1758 .. a Ets oe Re ats Bi a) Wty) Samartium Dana, SSIs 6 si a se ie oe es ye ce 20 Scalopidia Stimpson, 1858 an ee i ve BY. ae ih a 20 Sciaena Linnaeus, 1758 Pia ae ae os oe oA bie ve 291 Sciurus Linnaeus, 1758 .. ae a Bre bis ne ee Se eS Scleroplax Rathbun (M.J.), 1893 ee ae iS i ne Ms oe 20 Scomber Linnaeus, 1758. ns ne ws ae abe an eee, Scorpaena Linnaeus, 1758 Me oe ae ie Nee oe ae, Sere OASK) Scylla de Haan, [1833] us ie 1 op. 2m ie be ne ae 19 Sericulus Swainson, 1825 aid By a ne He ve Ae sl mn Git Serranus Cuvier, 1817 .. ay wc be te: Ba at Me ere OU) Silurus Linnaeus, 1758 29 a oF be ae Bs Be A 289 Siren Linnaeus, 1766 _—.... a ex ae ie va A Mi 2s DOKL Sitta Linnaeus, 1758 as ap Bis oo nes oe ts ae eM ey) Sorex Linnaeus, iN aicyes aes a ye ay as a ie 3 Speloeophorus Milne Edwards (A. ), 1865 He ee re es es a 18 Speocarcinus Stimpson, 1859 .. BA a us RS sh Be 18 Sphaerocarcinus Zehnter, 1894 . ae Se =o ae ae Re aa 18 Sphaerozius Stimpson, 1858. ; iP Ans ve Be “94 fis Rs 18 Spindalis Jardine & Selby, 1836 au av ss = ae we Beat Ne 921651 Strigops Gray, 1845 a A fers ae, ve as 55 ‘es 262 Struthio Linnaeus, 1758 ia “Ki ae at ee gi ae 56 tna OD Sturnella Vieillot, 1816 .. ms =e aa Ft ot “a ci ts 262 Sturnus Linnaeus, 1758 ie: ibs ee ae nied om ate ni 262 Surnia Dumeéril, 1806... Re ae ae a Se, rs ge TA dp OL. Sus Linnaeus, 1758 Be An es se Sy a As bis BA 3 Syrrhaptes Ulliger, 1811 .. de uf ua oe ae os ae Wel Or Tachyphonus Vieillot, 1816 aA Bs es my! aye bes ah PEN UG OL) 52 Talpa Linnaeus, 1758 =i. a i ay ms aye Sa ae tk 4 Tarsius Storr, 1780 Ze ae re Oe Me Si aa ae fe 4 Telmessus White (A.), 1846 ; ie ae Ss ars an abe ae 18 Tetraxanthus Rathbun (M.J.), ECR a r & re ic el 19 Tetrias Rathbun (M.J.), 1898 .. i oe eo ye ae is Bu 19 Teuthis Linnaeus, 1758 .. as BG nis ae ae a a pees! | Thalamita Latreille, 1829 ae Bs ye oe he se My) Thalamitoides Milne Edwards (A.), 1869 i sii ae ee Be rt 18 Thalamonyx Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 a ae ae i a me 18 Thamnophilis Vieillot, 1816 a 3 ae bi Me ae ue Ja ey OL Thaumastoplax Miers, 1881 ai ae mA ae as ae 20 Tlos Adams (A.), & White (A), 1849 . ne ae At ays un ae 18 410 Opinions and Declarations Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names already placed on, determin- ation of gender of (contd.) : Trachinus Linnaeus, 1758 Trachycarcinus Faxon, 1893 Trichechus Linnaeus, 1758 Trichodactylus Latreille, [1828] Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826 .. Trichopeltarion Milne Edwards (A..), 1880 Uranoscopus Linnaeus, 1758... Uratelornis Rothschild, 1895 Ursus Linnaeus, 1758... Utica White (A.), 1847 .. Valdivia White, 1847 , Vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758 Vireo Vieillot, 1807 i, Xanthasia White (A.), 1846 Xanthodius Stimpson, 1859 a Xenophthalmodes Richters, 1880 Xenophthalmus White (A.), 1846 Xiphias Linnaeus, 1758 .. : Zeus Linnaeus, 1758 Zosimus Leach, 1823 Zozymodes Heller (E>), 1861 Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names confirmed in their position on : Bubo Duméri, 1806 : i Cercopithecus as from Linnaeus, 1758 Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790 ae Egretta Forster, 1817 Favus Lanchester, 1900 .. Mytilus Linnaeus, 1758 Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766 .. Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names placed on : Acheta as from Fabricius, 1775 Acrida as from Linnaeus, 1758 Alca Linnaeus, 1758 Astacus Fabricius, Mig va Calliphora Robineau- Desvoidy, | 1830 aye Cambaroides Faxon, 1884 : is Caprimulgus Linnaeus, 1758 Certhia Linnaeus, 1758 a Columbigallina Boie, 1826 Columbina Spix, 1825 Corvus Linnaeus, 1758 Cuculus Linnaeus, 1758 .. Fringilla Linnaeus, 1758 Fulica Linnaeus, 1758 Bid Locusta as from Linnaeus, 1758 Loxia Linnaeus, 1758... : Mantis as from Linnaeus, 1767 Meleagris Linnaeus, 1758 Motacilla Linnaeus, 1758 Oryx Blainville, 1816 Pavo Linnaeus, 1758 Page XXXill 4 92 92 204 92 | | Volume 1, Section C Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names placed on (contd.) : Penaeus Fabricius, 1798 Phasianus Linnaeus, 1758 Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758 Scolopax Linnaeus, 1758 Segestria Latreille, 1804 Sparus Linnaeus, 1758 Sterna Linnaeus, 1758 .. Tettigonia as from Linnaeus, 1758 Tringa Linnaeus, 1758 : Upupa Linnaeus, 1758 Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names removed from : Astacus Pallas, 1772 Peneus Weber, 1795 ie Segestria Walckenaer, 1805 Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, names placed on : aguti Linnaeus, 1758, Mus ae alba Linnaeus, 1758, Motacilla alces Linnaeus, 1758, Cervus amphibius Linnaeus, 1758, Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus, 1758, Mus araneus Linnaeus, 1758, Sorex ye. arctos Linnaeus, 1758, Ursus aries Linnaeus, 1758, Ovis astacus Linnaeus, 1758, Cancer atra Linnaeus, 1758, Fulica aurata Linnaeus, 1758, Sparus bison Linnaeus, 1758, Bos canorus Linnaeus, 1758, Cuculus capucina Linnaeus, 1758, Simia ce carolinensis Linnaeus, 1766, Columba catta Linnaeus, 1758, Lemur catus Linnaeus, 1758, Felis ciliaris Philippi, 1837, Asterias .. coelebs Linnaeus, 1758, Fringilla colchicus Linnaeus, 1758, Phasianus cricetus Linnaeus, 1758, Mus. cristata Erxleben, 1777, Phoca cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, Hystrix cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, Sorex curvirostra Linnaeus, 1758, Loxia delphis Linnaeus, 1758, Delphinus didactylus Linnaeus, 1758, Bradypus dorcas Linnaeus, 1758, Capra dorsata Linnaeus, 1758, Hystrix edulis Linnaeus, 1758, Ostrea elaphus Linnaeus, 1758, Cervus epops Linnaeus, 1758, Upupa oe, equina Desmarest (A. @ ), 1804, Antilope 412 Opinions and Declarations Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, names placed on (contd.) : europaea Linnaeus, 1758, Talpa europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, Caprimulgus europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, Erinaceus familiaris Linnaeus, 1758, Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758, Certhia ferrumequinum Schreber, (1774], eve fiber Linnaeus, 1758, Castor florentina Rossi, 1790, Aranea .. gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758, Meleagris gazella Linnaeus, 1758, Capra gorilla Savage, 1847, Troglodytes granulatus Lanchester, 1900, Favus griseola Spix, 1825, Columbina .. grypus Fabricius, 1791, Phoca .. gulo Linnaeus, 1758, Mustela hastatus Pallas, 1767, Vespertilio hircus Linnaeus, 1758, Capra hirundo Linnaeus, 1758, Sterna hispidus Schreber, [1774], Vespertilio japonicus de Haan, 1841, Astacus lar Linnaeus, 1771, Homo f leucodon Her mann, 1780, Sorex leucophaea Pallas, 1766. ‘Antilope lotor Linnaeus, 1758, Ursus lynx Linnaeus, 1758, Felis ; macroura Linnaeus, 1758, Columba magnirostris Latham, 1801, Charadrius manatus Linnaeus, 1758, Trichechus marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758, Didelphis .. migratoria Linnaeus, 1766, Columba monoceros Linnaeus, 1758, Monodon .. monodon Fabricius, 1798, Penaeus moschatus Zimmermann, 1780, Bos moschiferus Linnaeus, 1758, Moschus musculus Linnaeus, 1758, Mus mysticetus Linnaeus, 1758, Balaena nasua Linnaeus, 1766, Viverra .. niger Harris, 1838, Aigocerus ‘ ochropus (emend. of ocrophus) Linnaeus, 1758, Tringa oedicnemus Linnaeus, 1758, Charadrius oryx Pallas, 1766, Antilope 5 paniscus Linnaeus, 1758, Simia passerina Linnaeus, 1758, Columba peruanum Meyen, 1833, Lagidium picui Temminck, 1813, Columba pithecia Linnaeus, 1766, Simia .. platessa Linnaeus, 1758, Pleuronectes polykomos Zimmermann, 1780, Simia putorius Linnaeus, 1758, Mustela rex Gould, 1850, Balaeniceps rupicapra Linnaeus, 1758, Capra rusticola Linnaeus, 1758, Scolopax scrofa Linnaeus, 1758, Sus senegalensis Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E. ), 1796, , Galago strepitans Spix, 1825, Columbina : subgutturosa Giildenstaedt, 1780, Antilope syrichta Linnaeus, 1758, Simia aa tarandus Linnaeus, 1758, Cervus taurus Linnaeus, 1758, Bos Volume 1, Section C Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, names placed on (contd.) : timidus Linnaeus, 1758, Lepus. .. tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758, Myrmecophaga tridactylus Linnaeus, 1758, Bradypus .. vitulina Linnaeus, 1758, Phoca Bs vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758, Sciurus Official List of Works approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature, titles of works placed on: Brauer (F.) & Bergenstamm (J.E. von), 1889—1894, ‘“‘ Die Zweifliiger des kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. IV—VII. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Muscaria schizometopa (exclusive Anthomyidae) ”’, 4 parts Brehm (C.L.), 1828, ‘‘ Uebersicht der Deutschen Vogelarten”’ in Jsis (Oken) 1828 : 1268—1285 _... me ae He ae ii a ae a Brehm (C.L.), 1830, ‘‘ Beschluss der Uebersicht der Deutschen Vogel. Fortsetsung von Bi[rehm] XXI 1268 bis 1285 ”’ in Jsis (Oken) 1830 : 985—1013 ae a Brehm (C.L.), 1831, Handbuch der Naturgeschichte aller Vogel Deutschlands Brisson (M.J.), 1750, pe eeee sive S$ ees methodica sistens Avium Divisionem in Ordines ; ae 3 a gts Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), [1800]—1805, Lecons d’ Anatomie coe ... Recueillies et publiées sous ses yeux par C. Dumeéril, 5 vols. . Le ke Lamarck (J.B.P.A. de M. de), 1801, Systéme des Animaux sans Vertébres Orbigny (A.D.d’), 1849—1852, Prodrome de _ Paléontologie stratigraphique universelle des Animaux Mollusques et Rayonnés faisant suite au Cours élémentaire de Paléontologie, 3 vols. M4 id gs Weber (F.), 1795, Nomenclator Entomologicus secundum Entomologiam System- aticum ill. Fabricii, adjectis speciebus recens detectis et varietatibus Westwood (J.O.), 1839—1840, An Introduction to the modern Glossneguen a Insects, 2 vols. é Ommatocarcinus White (A.), 1852 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List eh Generic Names in Pe in Re 85, determination of gender of i 4 . Onychomorpha Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Ophiceras Griesbach, 1880 (Class Ammonoidea), a name discussed by, left unsettled in Opinion 130, validation of, by suppression under the Plenary Powers of Ophiceras Suess, 1865, by Ruling given in Opinion 194 be oe 413 Page 185 185 183 182 186 310 309 310 310 83 309 310 Syiat 309 nS) XXXVI 414 Opinions and Declarations Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the cease List ene Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 92, determination of gender of : Opinions rendered during the period up to the end of 1936, additions to, and clarifica- tions and corrections of, Rulings given in, by Rulings given in Opinions published in the period 1939—1955 prior to the establishment of the ‘* Directions ”’ Series : Opinion 11 (interpretation of Latreille, 1810, Considérations générales . . .) clarifica- tion and amplification of Ruling in, by Ruling given in Opinion 136 f Opinion 13 (specific name of Sand Crab), substitution of a revised determination of specific name for sand crab, by Ruling given in Opinion 262 A ee works referred to in, interpretation of status of, by Rulings given in the under- mentioned Opinions :— Catesby, Natural History of Carolina, edition by Edwards we Sanne in 1771, status of, re-affirmed by Ruling given in Opinion 259. Meuschen, Museum gronovianum, status of, defined by ies given in Opinion 260 : ae a a Meuschen’s Index to Gronovius’ aa gronovianum, status of, defined by Ruling given in Opinion 261 B35 ne ne Opinion 16 (definition of Linnean tautonymy), addition to Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the names Alca Linnaeus, 1758, and Torda Linnaeus, 1758, names cited in, as examples of genera having type species determined by Linnean tautonymy, by Ruling given in Opinion 271 ; es an we a Opinion 17 (status of Weber, 1795, Nomenclator entomologicus Fabricii), suppres- sion under the Plenary Powers of two names (Alpheus Weber, 1795, and Crangon Weber, 1795) discussed in, by Ruling given in Opinion 334 : he a Opinion 20 (status of Gronovius, Zoophylacium gronovianum), reversal of Ruling given in, and addition of title of above work to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature by Ruling given in Opinion 261.. Opinion 31 (type species of Columbina Spix, 1825), cancellation of Ruling in, as being incorrect and substitution therefor of a revised Ruling be He Opinion 32 (acceptance of Sphex sabulosa Linnaeus, 1758, as type species of Sphex Linnaeus, 1758, under Article 30), designation under the Plenary Powers of Sphex fiavipennis Linnaeus, 1758, to be type species of | SHES Linnaeus, 1785, by Ruling given in Opinion 180 Opinion 37 (status of Brisson, 1760, iene ae cancellation of, for all mine's historical purposes ; s ; ae ae a an : Opinion 58 (discussion of status of Belone Cuvier, 1817), validation of Belone Cuvier, 1817, under the Plenary Powers by Ruling given in Opinion 225.. Page 291 Xill XIV X1V XV XV XVI XVI XVil 355 XViil 83 4 XIX — Volume 1, Section C Opinions rendered during the period up to the end of 1936, additions to, and clarifica- tions and corrections of, Rulings given in, by Rulings given in Opinions published in oe period 1939—1955 prior to the establishment of the “ Directions” Series (contd) : Opinion 66 (addition of Necator Stiles, 1903 and other names, to Official List of Generic Names in Zoology), validation of Necator Stiles, 1903, under the Plenary Powers and confirmation of peeOn of, on the Official List by Pune ey in Opinion 201 ‘ an 3 as , M8 Opinion 77 (addition of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858, to Official List of Generic Names in Zoology), validation of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858, under the Plenary Powers and confirmation of pesion of, on the Official List by Ruling given in Opinion 226 .. ; 5 ; : as ee me ae Opinion 82 (Musca Linnaeus, 1758, and Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), addition to Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of igen eer Robineau- Desvoidy, 1830, by Ruling givenin Opinion 274 .. Opinion 84 (addition of Taenia Linnaeus, 1758, to Official List of Generic Names in Zoology), designation for Taenia Linnaeus, 1758, under the Plenary Powers of Taenia solium Linnaeus, 1758 (incorrectly entered as such on Official List by Opinion 84), by Ruling given in Opinion 272 ‘ es iN : Opinion 92 (addition to the Official List of Geiere Names in Zoology of Echeneis Linnaeus, 1758, and Mabuya Fitzinger, 1826) :—(a) Echeneis Linnaeus, 1758, designation as type species of, under the Plenary Powers of Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758 (species incorrectly cited in Opinion 92 as type species) by Ruling given in Opinion 242 ; (b) Mabuya Fitzinger, 1826, correction of inad- vertent statement in Opinion 92 as to pee oe of, by Sennee given in Opinion 240 ; ws iN ; 5 : Opinion 94 (addition of Mytilus Linnaeus, 1758, and Ostrea Linnaeus, 1758, to Official List of Generic Names in Zoology) ; (a) confirmation of Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758, as type species of Mytilus Linnaeus, 1758, by Ruling given in Opinion 333 ; (b) addition of edulis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Ostrea edulis (specific name of type species of Ostrea Linnaeus, 1758) to Official List of Specific Names in Zoology by Ruling given in Opinion 356 4T5 Page X1X XX KX XXil XXil XXili, XXIV Opinion 97 (Hiibner’s Tentamen rejected), addition of title of Hiibner’s Tentamen to Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature Opinion 99 (Endamoeba and Entamoeba), Entamoeba Casagrandi & Barbagallo, 1895, ruled not to be a homonym of Endamoeba Leidy, 1879, and placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Ruling given in Opinion 312 Opinion 104 (addition of various names to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology), validation of entries in, relating to under-mentioned names :— Laverania Feletti & Grassi, 1889, and Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli, 1885, correction and in part validation under the Plenary Powers of entries on Official List relating to, by Ruling given in Opinion 283. . oe d Limulus Miller (O.F.), 1785, validation of, under the ay Powers, 2 Ruling given in Opinion 320 b XXIV XXV XXVI1 XXVil 416 Opinions and Declarations . Opinions rendered during the period up to the end of 1936, additions to, and clarifica- tions and corrections of, Rulings given in, by Rulings given in Opinions published in the period 1939—1955 prior to the establishment of the ‘* Directions ”’ Series (contd) : Podura Linnaeus, 1758, designation under the Plenary Powers of Re species for, in harmony with current usage by Ruling given in Opinion 293 . Nabis Latreille, [1802—1803], protection of, by suppression under the Plenary Powers of Coriscus Schrank, 1796, a possible senior ei sie - Ruling given in Opinion 244 ave A ae Be Cercopithecus, validation of, under the Plenary Powers, as from Linnaeus, 1758, by Ruling given in Opinion 238 a ne ee Opinion 124 (rejection, as of subgeneric status, of names intermediate between generic and specific names published in 1758 in Tenth Edition of Systema Naturae), extension of Ruling in, to other works ty Linnaeus and to works by Fabricius (J.C.) by Ruling in Opinion Dis : names rejected under Ruling given in Opinion 124, addition of to Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :— Acheta Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 299) .. ; Bulla Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta) (Opinion 299) .. Mantis Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 149) names rejected under Ruling given in Opinion 124, validation of, under the Plenary Powers and addition of, to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology :— Acrida Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 299) .. Locusta Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 158) Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 299) Opinion 127 (Camerina Bruguiére, 1789, and Nummulites Lamarck, 1801, discussed), validation of Nummulites Lamarck, 1801, under the Plenary Powers by suppres- sion under the same Powers of Camerina Bruguiére, 1789, - ues given in Opinion 192 ve, : ae : Opinion 129 (Luidia Forbes, 1839), addition to Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of ciliaris Philippi, 1837, as published in the combination Asterias ciliaris, oldest specific name subjectively available for type species of Luidia Forbes, 1839, by Ruling given in Opinion 210 32 Bs ie oe ; Opinion 130 (Ophiceras Suess, 1865, and Ophiceras Griesbach, 1880, discussed), validation under the Plenary Powers of Ophiceras Griesbach, 1880, by sup- pression under the same Powers of Ophiceras Suess, 1865, by Ruling piven in Opinion 194 j ae ay fi ‘ Opisthocomus Illiger, 1811 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List oe Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Opisthopus Rathbun (M.J.), 1893 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Page XXVIII XXI1X XXiX XXX XXXIV XXXI XXXIil XXXIV XXXil XXXIV XXXVI XXXVI . XXXVil Volume 1, Section C Orbigny (A.D.d’), 1849—1852, Prodrome de Paléontologie stratigraphique universelle des Animaux Mollusques et Rayonnés faisant suite au Cours élémentaire de Paléontologie, 3 volumes, addition of, to the Official List of Works PET OUEGE as Available for Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 25 : Oreophorus Rippell, 1830 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Oriolus Brisson, 1760 (Class Aves), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy placed on the Official Index a od and Invalid Generic Names ii as: with Name No. 323 .. Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766 (Class Aves), validation of, under the Plenary Powers, and confirmation of position of, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology determination of gender of Orphnoxanthus Alcock (A.W.), 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in CaO eeey in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Oryx Blainville, 1816 (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Rocreey with Name No. 921, with eee oryx Pallas, 1777, as ee species gender of name oryx Pallas, 1766, as published in the combination Antilope oryx (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 609 : oryx Pallas, 1777, as published in the combination Antilope oryx (a junior primary homonym of oryx Pallas, 1766, as published in the combination Antilope oryx), placed on the Official Index of es and Invalid ae Names in eee with Name No. 251 a Osachila Stimpson, [1871] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the est EAST a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of Ostrea Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pelecypoda), a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Ruling given in Opinion 94, addition to Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of edulis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Ostrea edulis, specific name of Ee species of, ie ene elven in Opinion 356 4 uf aN : : ’ Ovibos Blainville, 1816 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 Ovis Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), placed on the a se List on Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 75, determination of gender of A417 Page Sut 17 163 163 163 261 18 204 204 204 205 19 289 418 Opinions and Declarations Ozanna Reichenbach, 1845, placed on the Official Index hy ee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 331 3 Pachy cephala Vigors, 1825 (Class Aves), placed on the Pee List Uh Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Pandalus Leach, 1815 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of ‘ Pandion Savigny, 1809 (Class Aves), placed on the ean List ek Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of . paniscus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Simia paniscus (Class Mammalia), placed on the es List nh eels Names in Sa with ae No. 565 : é Panoplax Stimpson, [1871] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Paracyclois Miers, ‘1886 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of : Paragalene Kossmann, 1878 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Paralces Allen (J.A.), 1902 (a junior objective synonym of Alces Gray (J. E.), 1825), placed on the Official Index a es and Invalid Generic Names in ag with Name No. 363 oe : Parapanope de Man, 1895 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Parapleurophrycoides Nobili, 1906 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Parathelphusa Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of oe oe a Bis ie oe i Pe Parathranites Miers, 1886 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Paraxanthus Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas (P.H.), 1844 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List o) Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of : Pa bt ab re Parilia Wood-Mason, 1891 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Page 203 262 19 262 183 20 19 20 226 20 Wy) Volume 1, Section C Pariphiculus Alcock (A.W.), 1896 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Parotia Vieillot, 1816 (Class Aves), placed on the guia! List aia Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of . Parus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Onieias List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of . i : Aas ae passerina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Columba passerina (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 762 Pavo Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 915, with Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species gender of name PENAEIDAE (correction of PENEDIA) Rafinesque, 1815 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in n Zoology with Name No. 35, with Penaeus Fabricius, 1798, as type genus Penaeus (emend. of Peneus) Weber, 1795 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, ruled to be a nomen nudum and replacement of, by Penaeus Fabricius, 1798 .. 5 : placed on the Official Index oy Re and Invalid Generic Names in Cee with Name No. 316 a : Penaeus Fabricius, 1798 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as a correction for Penaeus (emend. of Peneus) Weber, 1795, with Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798, as type species : gender of name Penaeus Stiles, 1926 (an Invalid Emendation of the nomen nudum Peneus Weber, 1795, and a junior homonym of Penaeus Fabricius, 1798), placed on the Official index oh Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 317 whe PENEDIA Rafinesque, 1815 (an Invalid Original Spelling for PENAEIDAE), placed on the Official Index of Gees: and Invalid eee Names in Hig: with Name No. 42 “Ge Peneus Weber, 1795 (a nomen nudum), removal of, from the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ae : : Ast ae me bas i placed on the Official Index of ol age and Invalid Generic Names in Zooey with Name No. 316.. Perca Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List oe Generic Names Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of in Percnon Gistl, 1848 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of ; 419 Page 17 262 261 356 92 92 70 69 69 69 69 69 70 69 69 290 20 420 Opinions and Declarations perfida Walckenaer, 1802, as published in the combination Aranea perfida (a junior objective synonym of florentina Rossi, 1790, as published in the combination Aranea florentina), placed on the Official Index * of ne and Invalid hes ic Names in Zoology with Name No. 258... Perigrapsus Heller (C.), 1862 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Persephona Leach, 1817 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoolcgy in Opinion 73, determination of gender of peruanum Meyen, 1833, as published in the combination Lagidium peruanum (Class Mammalia), pared on the She eet: List ee Hees Names in ait. with Name No. 598 : Petalia Gray (J.E.), 1838 (a name suppressed under the Plenary Powers in Opinion 111 for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy), placed on the Official Index oF a and Invalid Generic Names in poy with Name No. 364 Bs : uy ; Pezoporus Ulliger, 1811 (Class Aves), placed on the Pe List ares Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of . ; Phaethon Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the a List vie Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of . Pharomachrus de la Llave, 1832 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List e Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of : Phasianus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 916, with Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species gender of name Phlyxia Bell (T.), 1855 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Phoca Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List oe Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 75, determination of gender of ; Phoenicopterus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the eae List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Phrynosoma Wiegmann, 1828 (Class Reptilia), placed on the Ora List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 92, determination of gender of é Phyllostoma Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), 1800 (an Invalid Emendation of Phyllostomus Lacépéde, 1799) placed on the pire ae Index of Reece and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 365 Phyllostomus Lacépéde, 1799 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 Page 275 18 19 187 226 262 261 261 Volume 1, Section C picui Temminck, 1813, as published in the combination Columba picui (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 761... Pilumnoides Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas (P.H.), 1844 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List eh Generic Names in cae in Opinion 8 85, determination of gender of i Pilumnus Leach, 1815 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender abs Pinnaxodes Heller (C.), [1865] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Pinnixa White (A.), 1846 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of d Pinnotherelia Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas (P.H.), 1844 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List oF Generic Names in Ce in Opinion 8 85, determination of gender of ; Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Pirimela Leach, [1816] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Pithecia Desmarest (A.G.), 1804 (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List oh Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 122, determination of gender of pithecia Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Simia pithecia (Class Mammalia), ee on the Gu List io aa Names in Weep cae with Name No. 605... Pithecus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.) & Cuvier (G.F.), 1795 (a name suppressed under the Plenary Powers in Opinion 114 for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy), placed on the Official Index et Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 366 ie Pithecus Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), 1800 (a name suppressed under the Plenary Powers in Opinion 114 for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy) placed on the Sa Index a ROE and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 367 : Pithecus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1812 (a name suppressed under the Plenary Powers in Opinion 114 for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy), placed on the Official Index a ene and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 368 : | Planes Bowditch, 1825 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official | List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli, 1885 (Class Sporozoa), a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104, validation and completion of entry relating to, by Ruling given in Opinion 283 .. 421 Page 356 18 18 18 20 20 18 19 188 227 227 227 18 XXVi 422 Opinions and Declarations Platalea Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Oe sie List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Platessa Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), 1817 (a junior objective synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of lat and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 452 ate platessa Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Pleuronectes platessa (Class Actinopterygii), placciine on the comics List os Apes Names in ee with Name No. 758 Platycercus Vigors, 1825 (Class Aves), placed on the Ss List ls: Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of . : Platychirograpsus de Man, 1896 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Platymera Milne Edwards, 1837 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Platypilumnus Alcock (A.W.), 1894 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in area: in Cee 85, determination of gender of 3 Me a ive a Platyxanthus Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List co Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of ats ae - Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Actinopterygii), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1010, with Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus, 1758, as type species sas iy By m si oy gender of name PLEURONECTIA Rafinesque, 1815 (an Invalid Original Spelling for PLEURONECTIDAE), placed on the Official Index Po hes and Invalid Family- eae Names in Geo with Name No. 55 : PLEURONECTIDAE (correction of PLEURONECTIA) Rafinesque, 1815 (Class Actinop- terygil), placed on the Ofjicial List of Family-Group Names in a with Name No. 70, with Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758, as type genus PLEURONECTIDES Risso, 1826 (an Invalid Original Spelling for PLEURONECTIDAE), placed on the Official Index of ROECEE and Invalid Eas areue Names in Z Foes with Name No. 56 Be Podophthalmus Lamarck, 1801 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Podura Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104, designation under the Plenary Powers of Podura aquatica Linnaeus, 1758, as type species of, by Ruling given in Opinion 239 ne gi. at a Page 262 331 331 261 18 19 18 18 331 ge) 332 331 332m 17a XXVIL Volume 1, Section C Polybius Leach, [1820] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of polycomos Schreber, deletion of, as specific name of type species of Colobus Illiger, 1811, from entry on Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, given in ree 122 and substitution therefor of polykomos Zimmermann, 1780, Simia Polydectus Milne Edwards (A.), 1837 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List ee Generic Names in Zoology in | Opinion 85, determination of gender of ape : 4 he ee polykomos Zimmermann, 1780, as published in the combination Simia polykomos (Class Mammalia), placed on the oe List te nie Names in Ee coleey with Name No. 600... insertion of, on Official List ae Generic Names in Zoology as name of Pp Beas of Colobus Illiger, 1811 (correction of Opinion 122) Si ; Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the nue List an Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 93, determination of gender of Polyplectron Temminck, 1807 (Class Aves), placed on the ee List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of ; Portumnus [Leach], [1814] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Porzano Vieillot, 1816 (Class Aves,) placed on the nan List oo Generic Names in Zoolagy in Opinion 67, determination of gender of . POTAMOBIIDAE Stebbing, 1893 (a junior objective synonym of ASTACIDAE (correction of ASTACINI) Latreille, [1802—1803]), placed on the Official Index a eas and Invalid Family-Group "Names in Zoology with Name No. 28 Potamobius Samouelle, 1819 (a junior objective synonym of Astacus Fabricius, 1775), placed on the Official Index u es nea and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 261 A : : Potamocarcinus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the ee List of Generic Names in cee in Opinion 73, determina- tion of gender of . ae sie ; : Potamonautes Macleay, 1838 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Prionoplax Milne Edwards (H.), 1852 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on ae i List of Generic Names in poe in Opinion 85, determination of genderof .. a ate oe Ea : : we F Procyon Storr, 1780 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of .. completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 423 Page 17 223 18 187 D3 290 262 Wy 3) 38 18 18 222, 424 Opinions and Declarations © Pseudocarcinus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the ee List oe Generic Names in ee in Opinion 85, determina- tion of gender of . 5 : Pseudophilyra Miers, 1879 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Pseudorhombila Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Angee in Opinion 85, determination of gender of : 3 ‘ an a Pseudothelphusa Saussure, 1857 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Psittacus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the tip List He Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of i Psopheticus Wood-Mason, 1892 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Psophia Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Sess List ee Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Pteroglossus Iliger, 1811 (Class Aves), placed on the noe List an Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of : Ptiloris Swainson, 1825 (Class Aves), placed on the ie Sf List one Generic Names in Zoolegy in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Putorius Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), 1817 (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 91, determination of gender of putorius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mustela putorius (Class Mammalia), placed on the ee List ees aur Names in ig with Name No. 590)" Rallus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List oD Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of .. Randallia Stimpson, 1857 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Rangifer Smith (C.H.), 1827 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of.. completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 Rangifer Gistl, 1847 (a junior homonym of Rangifer Serville, 1835), placed on the ree Index a; ane and Invalid Generic Names in ee Ge with Name Ons6 Page 18 19 20 20 19 261 18 262 261 186 Volume 1, Section C 425 Page Recurvirostra Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List 2 Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of.. a, ‘ oe ei OD. rex Gould, 1850, as published in the combination Balaeniceps rex (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 546 __.... 135 Rhinolophus Lacépéde, 1799 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of.. ay 3 completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 ane As ae oY se Saab p22) Rhinolophos Kaup, 1835 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Rhinolophus Lacepede, 1799), placed on the Official Index of ee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 370 DH Rhinolphus Fischer de Waldheim, 1803 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Rhinolophus Lacépede, 1799), placed on the Official Index ay eee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 371 Hie DOT, Rhithropanopeus Rathbun (M.J.), 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of a Le me Ke a oe re Bs ae Me 18 Rhizopa Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the les List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of 3 20 Rhynolophus Gray (J.E.), 1821 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Rhinolophus Lacépede, 1799), placed on the Official Index of eee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 372 ‘ 227 Rupicapra Blainville, 1816 (Class Mammalia), placed on the offical List OL Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 91, determination of gender of : 4 rupricapra Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Capra rupicapra (Class Mammalia), placed on the ee List hes ie Names in Zoolog ey with Name INO: 593) -. 186 Ruppellioides Milne Edwards (A.), 1867 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List Hee Generic Names in meee in Opinion 85, determination of gender of : a BO : wis we 18 rusticola Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax rusticola (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 542 94 Salmo Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the ae cial List Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of . 4 : 8 289 Samartium Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of ah 20 Sand Crab, specific name of, eee ene. given in Opinion 13 replaced by a revised Ruling in Opinion 262. By is aS sus Be Sie XiV 426 Opinions and Declarations satyrus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Simia satyrus (a name suppressed under the Plenary Powers in Opinion 114 for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 252 Scalopidia Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858 (Class Trematoda), a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Ruling given in Opinion 77, discovery of, to be an invalid name and validation of, under the Hlenary Powers ai: Ruling onee in Opinion 226 ha Ap se : bie Sciaena Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the qua List aes Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 93, determination of gender of . re ot Ze Sciurur Temminck, 1844 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Sciurus Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index 2 eas and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 373... Sciurus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of completion of Ruling given in Opinion 91 Scleroplax Rathbun (M.J.), 1893 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Scolopax Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with ‘Name No. 917, with RUE rusticola Linnaeus, 1758, as type species : fe gender of name Scomber Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the eae List vi Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of.. Scorpaena Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the oie List one Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of.. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Sus scrofa (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 560 iM Scylla de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of : Segestria Walckenaer, 1805, removal of, from Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, on which placed by Opinion 104, and insertion of, on Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as a umoy homonym of Segestria Latreille, 1804, with Name No. 400 .. ny is, Aa pe Segestria Latreille, 1804 (Class Arachnida), substitution of, on the One List of Generic Names in Zoology for Segestria Walckenaer, 1805 . i Page 228 20 XX 291 20 ee | 92 289 290 183 19 273 21g Volume 1, Section C 427 Page SEGESTRIENS Simon (E.), 1864 (invalid because a vernacular (French) word), placed on the Official Index i eee and Invalid ee Names in ee with Name No. 52 : 276 SEGESTRIINAE Simon (E.), 1893 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Seeeey with Name No. 68, with a ae Latreille, 1804, as type genus a 276 senegalensis Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1796, as published in the combination Galago senegalensis (Class ea: placed on the te List a aa Names in Zoology with Name No. 601. 187 insertion of an Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name of type species of Galago Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (E.), 1796 (correction of Opinion 122) DIS Sericulus Swainson, 1825 (Class Aves), placed on the rs List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of. . ; 261 Serranus Cuvier, 1817 (Class Pisces), placed on the a List OG Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 93, determination of gender of . wi 290. Silurus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the a List oy Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of. . 289 Simia Linnaeus, 1758 (a name suppressed under the Plenary Powers in Opinion 114 for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy), placed on the Official Index 2 BCT and Invalid Generic Names in he ee with Name No. 374 ah PaypaT Siren Linnaeus, 1766 (Class Amphibia), placed on the oe List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 92, determination of gender of.. 291 Sitta Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the See eas ee Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of . 262 Sobolew (J.), 1814, ““ Skizzen zur Phylogenie der Goniatiten ”’ Izvjestija Varshavskago Politekhnicheskago Instituta 1914, Fasc. 1, addition of title of, to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 46 313 Sobolew (J.), 1914, “ Ueber Clymenien und Goniatiten ”’, published in Pal. Z.1 : 348, addition of title “of, to the Official Index oi Oeste! and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 47 4 313 Sorex Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), determination of gender of ae are 3 - completion of Ruling givenin Opinion 91... ‘a Ay iy ait BCP Mea | SPARIDAE Bonaparte (C.L.J.L.), [1832] (Class Actinopterygii), placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in hc with Name No. 71, with gle tlon Linnaeus, 1758. as type genus Eon ; wy 343 SPAROIDES Cuvier (G.J.C.F.D.), 1817 (invalid because a vernacular (French) word), placed on the Official Index ae Paty and Invalid hee Se Names in Z ee with Name No. 57 ? 343 428 Opinions and Declarations Sparus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Actinopterygii), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1011, with Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758, as type species : we as ai : ih gender of name spectrum Pallas, 1778, deletion of, as specific name of type species of Tarsius Storr, 1780 (Class Mammalia), from entry on Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, given in Opinion 122 and substitution therefor of tarsier Erxleben, 1777, Lemur. . Speloeophorus Milne Edwards (A.), 1865 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in eee in Opinion 73, determination of gender of We . re ny ; a Speaocarcinus Stimpson, 1859 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Sphaerocarcinus Zehnter, 1894 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Sphaerozius Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Sphex Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera), a name for a genus accepted as having Sphex sabulosa Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by Ruling given in Opinion 28, designation under the Plenary Powers of Sphex pee Linnaeus, 1758, as type species of, by Ruling given in Opinion 180. . : Spindalis Jardine & Selby, 1836 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Sterna Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 918, with Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758, as type species gender of name strepitans Spix, 1825, as published in the combination Columbina strepitans (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 760 Strigops Gray, 1845 (Class Aves), placed on the ee List eL Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of . Struthio Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the ee List ge Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of . Sturnella Vieillot, 1816 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List 4 Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of : Sturnus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the eta List sh Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of subgutturosa Gildenstaedt, 1780, as published in the combination Antilope subgutturosa (Class Mammalia), nee on the aoe List on ea: Names in Zoology with Name No. 610 : : Page 343 343 223 18 18 | 355 | 262 Volume 1, Section C Surnia Duméril (Class Aves), placed on the Official List ee Generic Names in cooley in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Sus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), placed on the al tea List on Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 75, determination of gender of : syrichta Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Simia syrichta (Class Mammalia), placed on the Cua, List moh eee Names in eae with Name No. 607 Syrrhapies Wiger, 1811 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zeclogy in Opinion 67, determination of gender of : T achyphonus Vieillot, 1816 (Class Aves), placed on the ne List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Taenia Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Cestoidea), a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Ruling given in Opinion 84, discovery that type species of, was not Taenia solium Linnaeus, 1758 (the species commonly accepted as such) and designation of that species to be the type ee of, under the Plenary Powers by Ruling given in Opinion 272 Ae : : oe Talpa Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List oe Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 75, determination of gender of : tarandus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cervus tarandus (Class Mammalia), placed on the ess List aon ae Names in ga with Name No. 591 tarsier Erxleben, 1777, Lemur (Class Mammalia), insertion of, on Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name of type species of Tarsius Storr, 1780 (correction of Opinion 122) ; cas a a 7 5 Tarsius Storr, 1780 (Class Mammalia), placed on the poe e List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 122, determination of gender of correction of entry on Official List of Generic Names in Couey a relating to ee species of, given in Opinion 122 Y oe : uy : a tarsius Desmarest (A.G.), 1804, as published in the combination Tarsius tarsius (an Invalid Emendation of tarsier Erxleben, 1777, as published in the combination Lemur tarsier), placed on the ea Index a Rejected and Invalid Maen Names in Zoology with Name No. 253 taurus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Bos taurus (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 550 ; Telmessus White (A.), 1846 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of _Tetraxanthus Rathbun (M.J.), 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the ! t . | Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of 262 262 XX1 186 224 18 19 430 Opinions and Declarations Tetrias Rathbun (M.J.), 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Tettigonia (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), published as a term intermediate between the generic name Gry/lus and the specific names of a number of species by Linnaeus in 1758 and as such invalid under the Ruling given in Opinion 124, validation of, as from Linnaeus, 1758, under the Plenary Powers and addition of, to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Gryllus viridissimus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by Ruling given in Opinion 299 He: ft on : Teuthis Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Circial List hohe Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 93, determination of gender of . Thalamita Latreille, 1829 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Thalamitoides Milne Edwards (A.), 1869 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of che sy By, A ne hes se He ie oi Thalamonyx Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List ei Generic Names in LOS in Opinion 73, determination of gender of oe ue ee 5 ae ae Thamnophilus Vieillot, 1816 (Class Aves), placed on the eae List ce Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Thaumastoplax Miers, 1881 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of timidus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Lepus timidus (Class Mammalia), placed on the hee NSE Deh peed Names in ee with Name INOX38203 Tlos Adams (A.) & White (A.), 1849 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in oehgey, in Opinion | 73, determination of gender of .. : te te i : ig 2 Trachinus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the oes | List Ke Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 75, determination of gender of Trachycarcinus Faxon, 1893 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Trichechus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List ee Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 112, determination of gender of Trichechus Linnaeus, 1766 (a junior homonym of Trichechus Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of RO and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name No. 375 a : Trichodactylus Latreille, [1828] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Page Le XXXIV 291 19 18 18 262 20 185 18 289 227 Volume 1, Section C Trichoglossus Stephens, 1826, (Class Aves), placed on the Ogee EASt bin Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of ; Trichopeltarion Milne Edwards (A.), 1880 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of ~ ve bas Me at: ce ae at ie un tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Myrmeccphaga tridactyla (Class Mammalia), placed on the Gia List et Paee | Names in uAaeeey with IName No: 585... tridactylus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Bradypus tridactylus (Class Mammalia), placed on the auc ies List ae ere Names in a with IName No. 567... Tringa Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 919, with Tringa ares eae of ocrophus) Linnaeus, 1758, as type species wi i : gender of name Upupa Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 920, with Upupa epops Linnaeus, 1758, as type species gender of name Uranoscopus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 75, determination of gender of ; Uratelornis Rothschild, 1895 (Class Aves), placed on the ens List os Generic ' Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of gender of Ursus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List ane Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 75, determination of gender of ; Utica White. (A.), 1847 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Oninion 85, determination of gender of : Valdivia White, 1847 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the ee List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Valmont de Bomare (J.C.), 1764, Dictionnaire Raisonnée Universelle d’ Histoire Naturelle, also editions of 1768, 1775 and 1791, addition of title of, to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 42 Vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mammalia), placed on the Official List nh Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 91, determination of gender of Vespertilio Merch, 1852 (a junior homonym of Vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index toh pone and Invalid Generic Names in | Zoology with Name No. 376 mo : Vireo Vieillot, 1807 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 67, determination of genderof .. 431 Page 262 20 185 183 20 19 BZ No ON N 432 Opinions and Declarations Viscaccia Oken, 1816 (suppressed under the Plenary Powers in Opinion 110 for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy), placed on the Official Index 4 seca and Invalid Generic Names in Rs. with Name No. 110 a vitulina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Phoca vitulina (Class Mammalia), placed on the Age List ae ree Names in eee ee with Name No. 5590.8: vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Sciurus vulgaris (Class Mammalia), placed on the ia List ee ie Names in gee with Name No. 594 .. vulgaris Kerr, 1792, as published in the combination Lynx vulgaris (a junior objective synonym of /ynx Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Felis lynx), placed on the Official Index a Rejected and Invalid ne Names in Baik with Name No. 250 a Weber (F.), 1795, Nomenclator Entomologicus secundum Entomologiam System- aticam ill. Fabricii, adjectis speciebus recens detectis et varietatibus, addition of tite of, to the Official List of Works Approves. as Available us Zoological Nomen- clature with Title No. 17 Westwood (J.O.), 1839—1840, An Introduction to the modern Classification of Insects, 2 volumes, addition of title “of, to the Official List on Works APRONS as Available for Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 22 Xanthasia White (A.), 1846 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Xanthodius Stimpson, 1859 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Xenophthalmodes Richters. 1880 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Xenophthalmus White (A.), 1846 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Xiphias Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the be List eg Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 75, determination of gender of . Zeus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List no Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of Zosimus Leach, 1823 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Opies List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Zozymodes Heller (C.), 1861 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 85, determination of gender of Page 228 182 186 188 309 310m 20 195 19 19 289 289 19 | 19 ‘ Volume 1, Section C 433 PARTICULARS OF DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE SEVERAL PARTS. IN WHICH THE PRESENT VOLUME WAS PUBLISHED Part No. Page Nos. Contents of Part Date of Publication Cc] 114 Direction 10 oe / Explanatory Note o} 5th April 1955 Section C C2 15—34 Direction \1 19th May 1955 C3 35—56 Direction 12 19th May 1955 C.4 57—66 Direction 13 19th May 1955 Cs 67—80 Direction 15 27th June 1955 C.6 81—88 Direction 16 27th June 1955 Cul Vii—xxxvili =1935—1955 Survey 14th July 1955 C.8 89—112 Direction 17 14th July 1955 C9 113—132 Direction 18 ~ Sth August 1955 C.10 133—144 Direction 19 Sth August 1955 Gt 145—160 Direction 20 5th August 1955 eA 161—178 Direction 21 4th November 1955 C3 179—200 Direction 22 4th November 1955 C.14 201—218 Direction 23 4th November 1955 C15 219—246 Direction 24 4th November 1955 C.16 247—258 Direction 25 16th November 1955 Cy 259—272 Direction 26 16th November 1955 C.18 273—286 Direction 29 16th November 1955 C19 287—298 Direction 30 16th November 1955 C.20 299—306 Direction 31 20th April 1956 C21 307—328 Direction 32 17th May 1956 (CO 329—340 Direction 33 17th May 1956 C23 341—352 Direction 34 17th May 1956 C.24 353—364 Direction 35 17th May 1956 C25 365—434 Corrigenda and a a cuiane \ st Recon er ear y of Contents j 434 Opinions and Declarations INSTRUCTIONS TO BINDERS The present volume should be bound up as follows: T.P.—XIV, i—xxxvill, 1—434, coloured wrapper (cover) to Part C.25. Note: The wrappers (covers) to the Parts of which this volume is composed form, with the exception of the coloured wrapper (cover) ~ issued with Part C.25, an integral part of those Parts, being included for © purposes of pagination. These wrappers should therefore be bound up ~ in the position in which they were issued. The brown wrapper (cover) © to Part C.25 should be bound in at the end of the volume. ae Printed in England by Mretcatrre & CoopreR LimitTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 wy: 3 fed in England by Mercare ope —l 3 9088 0157 | | ————