Sree 9 ey Toad ads t SYN hod te i “\ i Ue aheds ae eatiten’ e ne fo te ashy 1H 4 Set: iia os Ret at a seeae ay i, in nan ter Ba 24 he hen ea ny A vs ; 4% - es iF a 7 ist ai Atais hi Y Heer OEM A Pa Sih ia gH! ote rai ‘igh i} br Ma sy Me if he, vl 1 Pads ; Lute ABi9s all A . aa tobi phaee i 4% at 7 Mt if HERR penta a Tate a +h v4 (esuy Oy ey ae, in be) view Srehid a wel ition \ eebalestin pT ta ia / Rie Me ery Bri: Wied ti ‘ii tat Hi rat ei a ’ 7 + “ i Y * Hy a" sy 4 o¢ Hire HY ete HA et Paley perapy)) i AiG Dhue aat ledbp iil tf ' i HM) f ¥ OD PECLARA TIONS 3 oe ; THE INTER. eM oo MOLINE & seed OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE VOLUME 8 Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c..G., C.B.E. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office, 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954-1955 (All rights reserved) 2 Ge “he ie | oe i a »~). INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE OPINIONS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESENT VOLUME A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). rag Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January Be saa) J. R. DYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (\st January Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (ist January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. Sto (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (1st January 1947). Professor H. Boscuma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948). Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948). Dr. Henning Lemcue (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948). Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka. Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JAczEwsk1 (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950). Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universit dt zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950). IV INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE (continued) C. The Staff of the Secretariat of the Commission Honorary Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming, C.M.G., C.B.E. Honorary Personal Assistant to the Secretary: Mrs. M. F. W. Hemming Honorary Archivist : Mr. Francis J. Griffin, A.L.A. Administrative Officer : Mrs. 8S. C. Watkins, M.A. ** Official Lists”? Section ; Miss D. N. Noakes, B.Sc. Mrs. J. H. Newman Secretariat : Mrs. E. M. Lewis (to 31st October 1954) Miss D. G. Williams (from Ist November 1954) Indexer : Miss Mary Cosh, M.A. Translator : Mrs. R. H. R. Hopkin INTERNATIONAL TRUST FOR ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Chairman : The Right Hon. Walter Elliott, C.H., M.C., F.R.S., M.P. Managing Director and Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming, C.M.G., C.B.E. Publications Officer : Mrs. C. Rosner ADDRESSES OF THE COMMISSION AND THE TRUST Secretariat of the Commission: 28 Park Village East, Regent’s Park, London, N.W.1. Offices of the Trust : 41 Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7. FOREWORD The immediately preceding volume (volume 7) contained the last Opinion (Opinion 283) embodying a decision taken by the International Commission at its Session held in Paris in 1948. The eighteen months following the close of that Session were taken up entirely with the preparation and publication of the Official Records of the discussions on nomenclature which took place in Paris both in the Commission itself and in the Section on Nomenclature of the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology. It was therefore not until the latter part of 1950 that it was possible for the Office of the Commission to resume work on the preparation of individual applications for publication in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. The applications con- cerned were published in volume 2 of the Bulletin, the first part of which appeared on 20th April 1951. Voting on the applications so published took place in 1952. The present volume contains the first instalment of Opinions containing decisions taken in that year. It is much to be regretted that lack of funds, staff and other resources made it impossible at once to render Opinions embodying the decisions so taken. It is satisfactory, however, to be able to record that, as the result of the measures taken by the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature at the end of 1953 to strengthen the Office of the Commission, Opinions have now been rendered in respect of all the cases on which decisions were taken by the Commission in 1952 and 1953 and that, in addition, a substantial start has been made with the preparation of Opinions embodying decisions taken by the Commission in the year 1954. Thus, considerable progress has been secured in the wiping-off of arrears in this field. Some time will, however, be required before the remaining arrears can be wiped off and a position reached at which it will be possible for an Opinion to be prepared immediately a decision has been taken by the Commission on the case concerned. 2. The present volume comprises 417 pages (T.P.—XIII, 1— 404), and, though considerably larger than volume 7, is of about the same size as most of the preceding volumes. This volume contains twenty-eight Opinions. The Opinions concerned are Opinions 284 to 311. VI 3. Of the twenty-eight Opinions included in the present volume one of the applications so dealt with was submitted by two authors, thus bringing the total number of applicants to twenty- nine. 4. One of the applications dealt with in this volume was concerned with the status of books and the remaining twenty- seven with individual names. Of this latter group, twenty-four (88.9 per cent.) involved the use of the Plenary Powers. The use of these Powers was involved also in the application relating to the status of individual books. . 5. The twenty-seven applications relating to individual names dealt with in the Opinions published in the present volume, when grouped by reference to the Classes of the Animal Kingdom to which the genera or species concerned belong, are distributed as shown in the following table. In the same table the applications are arranged so as to distinguish those which involved the use of the Commission’s Plenary Powers from those which did not. TABLE 1 Distribution of applications (a) by Classes of the Animal Kingdom and (b) by whether they involved the use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers Number of applications Th [1 Class Involving the use of the Others Total Plenary Powers Insecta 5 3 8 Crustacea 3 -= 3 Gastropoda 1 — 1 Pelecypoda 3 — 3 Cephalopoda 10 — 10 Brachiopoda 1 — 1 (indeterminate) 1 — 1 Totals 24 3 eT VII 6. When the twenty-nine applicants are arranged by reference to the countries in which they are resident, applications are seen to have been received from the following countries (arranged in alphabetical order) :— TABLE 2 Distribution of applicants by country of residence Country of Residence | Number of Applicants Denmark Netherlands Switzerland United Kingdom United States of America Total 7. Under the Rulings given in the Opinions comprised in the present volume, forty-five names were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology and fifty-three names on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. In the same Opinions, fifty-one names were placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology and twelve names on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. Finally, the titles of four works (or editions of works) were placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature. 8. The twenty-seven Opinions dealing with individual names published in the present volume contain eighty-four comments received from interested specialists. These comments were in Vill many cases joint comments from a number of specialists. When account is taken of this consideration, the number of specialists who contributed comments in the foregoing block of Opinions is seen to number two hundred and fifteen. In addition, five comments were received in regard to the application relating to the status of books. 9. If the comments relating to individual names are grouped according to the Class in the Animal Kingdom to which the genus or species concerned belong, the distribution of the com- ments is found to be as follows :— TABLE 3 Distribution of comments on applications relating to individual names, by Classes of the Animal Kingdom Name of Class Insecta Crustacea Gastropoda Pelecypoda Cephalopoda Brachiopoda (indeterminate) Total Number of Comments 26 13 4 40 115 15 D 215 10. When the authors of the comments on individual names dealt with in the Opinions published in the present volume are IX grouped by reference to their country of residence, the distribution is found to be as follows :— TABLE 4 Distribution of comments on applications relating to individual names, by country of residence of the specialists concerned Country of Residence | Number of comments Australia Brazil Canada France Germany Spain Sweden Trinidad United Kingdom United States of America — DrerReRK QAON = N Total 11. For the preparation of the indexes published in the con- cluding Part of the present volume the Commission is indebted to Miss Mary Cosh, M.A., who succeeded Miss Joan Kelley, B.Sc. as Indexer to the Publications on the latter’s resignation of that appointment owing to pressure of other work. In style these indexes follow the model laid down for volume three of the present series and followed in all subsequent volumes. FRANCIS HEMMING Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 28 Park Village East, Regent’s Park, LONDON, N.W.1. 26th March 1955 TABLE OF CONTENTS OPINION 284 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Aphidius Nees, 1818 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera) and designation of a type species for that genus, in harmony with accustomed nomen- clatorial usage OPINION 285 Acceptance of the generic name Leptop- sylla Jordan & Rothschild, 1911 (Class Insecta, Order Siphonaptera) for the House-Mouse Flea ye OPINION 286 Suppression, under the Plenary Powers, of the specific name ajax Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Papilio ajax (Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera) Me ap OPINION 287 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Scaphander Montfort, 1810 (Class Gastropoda, Order Tectibranchiata) ; ss OPINION 288 Suppression, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Monoculus Linnaeus, 1758 (systematic position indeterminate) and matters incidental thereto OPINION 289 Acceptance of the type selection for the genus Rantus Dejean, 1833 (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera) made by Hope in 1839 and emendation of the foregoing name to Rhantus OPINION 290 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic names Acantholyda Costa, 1894 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera) and Acanthocnema Becker, 1894 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera) .. OPINION 291 Addition of the names of thirteen genera of the Order Collembola (Class Insecta) to the i List of Generic Names in Zoology ; Page 15 29 49 63 73 89 99 OPINION 292 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Cardinia (Class Lamellibranchiata) as from Agassiz (J.L. sae al for use in its accus- tomed sense : Ls oy OPINION 293 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Scyllarides Gill, 1898 soa ‘Crusta- cea, Order Decapoda) 4 :; OPINION 294 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852 (Class Crustacea, Order Stomatopoda) wy, A OPINION 295 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893 (Class Crustacea, Order Stomatopoda) : OPINION 296 Suppression, under the Plenary Powers, for nomenclatorial purposes, of volume 3 (Regnum Lapideum) of the Twelfth Edition of the Systema Naturae of Linnaeus published in 1768 and of the corresponding volume in the Houttuyn (1785), Gmelin (1793) and Turton (1806) editions of the above work. . OPINION 297 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Conchidium Oehlert, 1887 (Class Brachiopoda) for use in its accustomed sense. . OPINION 298 Designation, under the Plenary Powers, of a type species for the nominal genus Capsus Fabricius, 1803 (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera) in harmony with accustomed nomenclatorial practice a se OPINION 299 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic names Tettigonia and Acrida in the Order Orthoptera (Class Insecta) as from Linnaeus, 1758 (Ruling supplementary to the Ruling given in Opinion 124) ne ee Be: sf oe ee re XI Page LAs 131 143 (SS; 167 gS) 199 209 XII OPINION 300 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Sphaeroceras Bayle, 1878 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) OPINION 301 Designation, under the Plenary Powers, of a type species for Procerites Siemiradzki, 1898 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) in harmony with accustomed nomenclatorial usage. . ia OPINION 302 Designation, under the Plenary Powers, of a type species for the genus Aulacostephanus Torn- quist, 1896 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) in harmony with accustomed nomenclatorial usage .. OPINION 303 Designation, under the Plenary Powers, of type species in harmony with current usage for the nominal genera Kosmoceras, Perisphinctes and Harpo-— ceras (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) established by Waagen in 1869 OPINION 304 Suppression, under the Plenary Powers, of five early generic names for Ammonites (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) now fallen into desuetude .. OPINION 305 Suppression, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Ammonites Bruguiére, 1789, and addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic name Arietites Waagen, 1869 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) : OPINION 306 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Arisphinctes Buckman, 1924 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) OPINION 307 Designation, under the Plenary Powers, of a type species in harmony with accustomed usage for Arnioceras Hyatt, 1867 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), a genus based upon a misidentified type species Page 235i 249 261 NS 285 oor 313 323 OPINION 308 Designation, under the Plenary Powers, of a type species in harmony with accustomed usage for Liparoceras Hyatt, 1867 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), a genus based upon a mis- identified type species OPINION 309 Designation, under the Plenary Powers, of a type species in harmony with accustomed usage for Normannites Munier-Chalmas, 1892 (Class Cepha- lopoda, Order Ammonoidea), a genus based upon a misidentified type species OPINION 310 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the specific name virgula Deshayes, 1831, as published in the combination eee oes (Class Pelecypoda) (Jurassic) a OPINION 311 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the specific name asper Lamarck, 1819, as published in the combination Pecten asper (Class Pelecypoda) Corrigenda Index to Authors of Applications dealt with in the present volume and of comments on those applications Subject Index .. Particulars of dates of publication of the several Parts in which the present volume was published Instructions to Binders XUI Page 335 345 355 365 Syd) 379 383 403 404 Printed in England by MretcaLtre & Cooprer LimitTeED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E € 2 RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.™.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 1. Pp. 1—14 OPINION 284 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Aphidius Nees, 1818 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera) and designation of a type species for that genus, in harmony with accustomed nomenclatorial usage. Zant ae Al pee a LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Six Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS DL OnE. Ln ae 12th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 284 A. The Officers of the Commissicn Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (1st January 1944). Professor J. R. DyYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (ist January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold B. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (Ast January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. SToLu (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscHmMa (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948) - Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso ESAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy. (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professcr Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt- Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 284 VALIDATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF THE GENERIC NAME ‘ APHIDIUS ” NEES, 1818 (CLASS INSECTA, ORDER HYMENOPTERA) AND DESIGNA- TION OF A TYPE SPECIES FOR THAT GENUS IN HARMONY WITH ACCUSTOMED NOMEN- CLATORIAL USAGE RULING: (1) Under the Plenary Powers (a) the following names are hereby suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy: (i) the generic name IJncubus Schrank, 1802; (ii) the specific name picipes Nees, 1811 (as published in the combination Bracon picipes ; and (b) the nominal species Aphidius avenae Haliday, 1834, is hereby designated as the type species of the genus Aphidius Nees, 1818 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera). (2) The generic name Aphidius Nees, 1818 (gender : masculine), with the type species designated, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (b) above, is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 709. (3) The generic name Jncubus Schrank, 1802, as suppressed, under the: Plenary Powers, under (1) (a) (i) above, is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 97. (4) The specific name avenae Haliday, 1834, as published in the combination Aphidius avenae, is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 115. (5) The specific name picipes Nees, 1811, as published in the combination Bracon picipes and as suppressed, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (a) (ii) above, 1s hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 67. OCT 28 154 4 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS I—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 17th September 1943, Mr. W. D. Hincks (then of Leeds and now of Manchester University, England) addressed a tentative enquiry to the Secretary to the Commission on the subject of the generic name Aphidius Nees, 1818 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera). After an exchange of correspondence with the Secretary, Mr. Hincks on 23rd July 1944 submitted the following application in regard to the above name to the Commission for decision :— Proposed validation of ‘‘ Aphidius ’’ Nees, 1818 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera) under the Plenary Powers - By W. D. HINCKS (Department of Zoology, University Museum, Manchester, England) The well-known genus Aphidius Nees, 1818, was established in Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. 9 : 302, for two species, namely Bracon picipes Nees, 1811, Mag. Ges. Nat. Fr., Berlin 5 (1) : 28, and Bracon exoletus Nees, 1811, ibid. 5 (1) : 30. Ichneumon aphidum Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 568, was selected as the type species by Curtis, 1831 (Brit. Ent. 8 : 383) but this selection is invalid since that species was not originally included in the genus by Nees. Foerster’s selection (1862, Verh. naturh. Ver. preuss. Rheinl. 19 : 248) of Aphidius rosae Haliday, 1833 (Ent. Mag. 1 : 261) as the type species is untenable for the same reason. Viereck, 1914 (Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 83 : 14) stated that the type species of Aphidius Nees was Bracon picipes Nees, 1811, but as this is a species inquirenda, he preferred to follow Foerster’s interpretation. In 1942, Essig published a work under the title of “ College Entomology” (New York, The Macmillan Company), in which he used (: 644) the family name INCUBIDAE for APHIDIIDAE and (: 645) sank Aphidius Nees as a synonym of Incubus Schrank, 1802. Incubus Schrank, 1802, was established in Fauna boica 2 : 315, for Ichneumon aphidum Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 568, and is monotypical. This genus is identical with Aphidius Nees but the name Incubus Schrank has never previously been used. The replacement of Aphidius Nees by the obsolete name Jncubus Schrank OPINION 284 5 and the alteration of the family name from APHIDIIDAE to INCUBIDAE would clearly cause more confusion than uniformity. This seems to me therefore a case where the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature could properly exercise their Plenary Powers to prevent confusion from arising in the nomenclature of this group. The identity of neither of the two species originally included by Nees in the genus Aphidius Nees is altogether free from doubt, though personally I consider that Bracon picipes Nees can properly be identified with Aphidius avenae Haliday, 1834, Ent. Mag. 2 (1) : 99. This is the view taken by the former leading authority, Marshall (1896, in André, Spec. Hymen. Eur. 5 (1) : 574), though it is true that on that occasion Marshall overlooked the prior description (1811) of Nees, as will be noted from the following quotation: “‘ Le synonyme picipes Nees, portant la méme date que le nom spécifique imposé par Haliday, la priorité reste dans le doute ; j’ai donc préféré l’auteur de la meilleure description”’. The first author to introduce the doubt reflected by Viereck, as mentioned above, was the cataloguer Dalla Torre, 1898, Cat. Hymenopt. 4 : 5. If the rules are to be suspended for the purpose of validating the name Aphidius Nees, 1818, it is very desirable that at the same time the International Commission should designate as the type species of this genus a species the identity of which is free from doubt, for, in the case of a group of species of considerable economic importance such as that now under consideration, it is important to secure that there shall be no opportunity for doubt by reason of the nomenclature employed. The most appropriate type species for the genus Aphidius Nees, 1818, appear to me to be Aphidius avenae Haliday, 1834, (a) because the type specimen of this species is in the British Museum (Natural History) and therefore readily available for consultation and (b) because that species (as already stated) is almost certainly identical with Bracon picipes Nees, 1811, the species which, under the Code, is the type species of the genus Aphidius Nees. The difficulties in the present case would, therefore, be completely solved if the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, acting under their Plenary Powers, were to (i) suppress the name Incubus Schrank, 1802, (ii) validate Aphidius Nees, 1818, (ii) designate Aphidius avenae Haliday, 1834, as the type species of Aphidius Nees, 1818, (iv) place the name Aphidius Nees, 1818 (gender masculine), and with the above species as its type species, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, (v) place the trivial name avenae Haliday, 1834, as published in the binominal combination Aphidius avenae, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, and (vi) place the generic name Incubus Schrank, 1802, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. 6 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On receipt of Mr. Hincks’ preliminary enquiry in 1943, the present case was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 149. 3. Support by Dr. O. E. Essig (University of California, Division of Entomology and Parasitology, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) : During the correspondence with Mr. Hincks in the period 1943— 1944, the Secretary consulted Dr. E. O. Essig (University of Cali- fornia, Division of Entomology and Parasitology, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.), considering it desirable to appraise him at the earliest possible moment of the likelihood of an application being submitted in the present case, having regard to the fact that it was Dr. Essig who in his College Entomology published in 1942 was the first to draw attention to the fact that the generic name Incubus Schrank, 1802, had priority over the well-known generic name Aphidius Nees, 1818. On 20th October 1943 Dr. Essig replied as follows, giving his support for the proposed validation of the name Aphidius Nees under the Plenary Powers :— On the proposed validation of ‘‘ Aphidius ’’ Nees, 1818 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera) under the Plenary Powers By E. O. ESSIG Bree of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley, California) I very greatly appreciate your kind letter of 22nd September, in which you indicate that application has been made for the suspension of the Rules for the purpose of suppressing the name Incubus Schrank and for validating Aphidius Nees. I heartily recommend this procedure. I was very hesitant to make the radical changes which appear in “‘ College Entomology’, but I reasoned that only by so doing can these matters be permanently straightened out. 4. Publication of the present application : Mr. Hincks’ applica- tion and Dr. Essig’s note of support were sent to the printer in October 1944, but owing to difficulties arising from paper OPINION 284 7 rationing, shortage of labour at the printing works and similar causes, no progress had been made in this case by the time that . in 1946 circumstances made it necessary for the International Commission to change its printers. In the period immediately following, it was necessary to devote the whole of the resources of the Commission, first, to preparations for the Session of the Commission to be held in Paris in 1948, and afterwards, to the preparation and publication of the Official Records of the Paris Session. It was not until the autumn of 1950 that it was possible to resume preparations for the publication in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature of applications relating to individual nomenclatorial cases submitted to the International Commission for decision. The present case was included in the first instalment of applications sent to the new printers in September 1950 for publication in volume 2 of the Bulletin. Mr. Hincks’ application and Dr. Essig’s comments on it were published on 20th April 1951 (Hincks, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 18—19 ; Essig, 1951, ibid. 2 : 20). 5. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), public notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 20th April 1951 both in Part 1 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which the present applica- tion was published) and also to the other prescribed serial publica- tions. In addition Public Notice was given to a number of entomological serial publications in Europe and America. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed. 6. Support received from Dr. C. F. W. Muesebeck (United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) : On 13th November 1951, Dr. C. F. W. Muesebeck (Officer in Charge, Division of Insect Identification, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) addressed to the Commission the following letter 8 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS supporting the action proposed in this case (1952, Bull. zool. . Nomencl. 6 : 197) :— I am writing concerning the Commission’s reference Z.N.(S.) 149 (1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 18—19). As a worker in the BRACONIDAE with interests also in the applied field I wish to support thoroughly the proposal for conserving Aphidius Nees, 1818, for the group of aphid parasites to which this name has consistently been applied for well over a century. It would be unfor- tunate, especially in view of the large volume of literature that deals with this group of insects, to be compelled to substitute Incubus Schrank for Aphidius at this late date. IIl.—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 7. On 7th April 1952 a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)1) was issued, in which Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “relating to the name Aphidius Nees, 1818, as specified in the last paragraph on page 19 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ”’. 8. The prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper related to the matter not previously considered by the International Commission, the prescribed Voting Period was one of three calendar months. Accordingly, the Voting Period closed on 7th July 1952. 9. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)1: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)1 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Calman; Hering; do Amaral; Dymond; Riley ; Cabrera ; Stoll ; Esaki; Hanko ; Pearson; Bonnet ; Mertens; Lemche; Vokes; Bradley; Boschma ; Hemming ; OPINION 284 9 (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Paper V.P.(52)1 was not returned by the following one (1) Commissioner : Jaczewski. 10. A Supplementary Point raised by Commissioner J. Chester Bradley : In returning his affirmative vote on the present case, Commissioner J. Chester Bradley submitted the following memorandum in which he expressed the view that an unquestioned status for the specific name avenae Haliday, 1834, as published in the combination Aphidius avenae, could not be secured, so long as the nomen dubium picipes Nees, 1811, as published in the combination Bracon picipes, remained an available name :— While I strongly support the purport of the application, and vote yes, I feel that no case of this sort should be left with the status of some of the involved names undetermined. If the Commission places the trivial name avenae Hal. 1834 on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology : (a) Does that action suppress the trivial name picipes Nees as used in the combination Bracon picipes Nees, 1811? or (b) Does that action give precedence to the specific name avenae Haliday over picipes Nees for authors who consider them identical species ? or (c) Is the name avenae Hal. to be sunk as a junior subjective synonym of picipes Nees by those authors who so consider them ? (d) Is any author who does not look upon picipes Nees and avenae Hal. as synonymous at liberty to use picipes in some other sense, or sink it as a species inquirenda ? If the answer to (a) is ‘“‘ yes ’’, then picipes Nees should be placed on the List of Rejected Names. 66 Or equally, if the answer to (b) is “ yes”’, then picipes should be placed on the List of Rejected Names. If the answer to (c) is “‘ yes’’, then picipes Nees should also be added to the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. 10 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS The names to be included on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology should include “. . . (iii) the name of the type species of any genus . . . save where such a name is not, either objectively or subjectively, the oldest available name for the species in question, in which case there shall be added to the Official List . .. the oldest available name for the taxonomic species concerned ”’. 11. Proposal submitted for meeting the point raised by Commissioner Chester Bradley: On 31st December 1952 Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, prepared for the consideration of the Commission the following memorandum dealing with the point raised by Commissioner Chester Bradley, when returning his copy of Voting Paper V.P.(52)1 (See paragraph 10 above) and containing a proposal for meeting the point so raised :— Reference V.P.(52)1 (‘‘ Aphidius *’) (see ‘‘ Bulletin ’’ 2 : 18—19) The proposal in this case has been unanimously adopted by all the members of the Commission (with the exception of Professor Jaczewski who has not voted on any of the cases submitted this year and is presumably inaccessible), but Professor Chester Bradley has pointed out that it would be undesirable to designate Aphidius avenae Haliday, 1834 as the type species of Aphidius Nees, 1818, while leaving unsettled the status of the name Bracon picipes Nees, 1811. As will be appreciated, the point here is (1) that the trivial name picipes Nees has priority - over avenae Haliday, (2) that some authors have (as stated in the application) identified with one another the species to which these trivial names are respectively applicable, and therefore (3) that it is necessary in the decision now to be taken to make provision for the situation which would arise if, after A. avenae Haliday had been designated as the type species of the genus Aphidius, and the trivial name avenae had been placed on the Official List, some authors were to bring forward the older trivial name picipes Nees in competition with the name avenae Haliday, so established. 2. The foregoing is a valid point and I regret that I overlooked it at the time when the present case was under discussion between the applicant and myself. I therefore agree with Professor Bradley that this matter should be placed beyond possibility of doubt before a decision is promulgated in this case. 3. The object of the present application was (a) to validate the generic name Aphidius Nees, 1818, by the suppression of the older (but unused) name Incubus Schrank, 1802, (b) to secure that the type species of this genus should be Aphidius avenae Haliday, 1834, and (c) to ensure that the trivial name avenae Haliday should become the valid name for the type species of this genus. As drafted, the application secured objects (a) and (b), but not object (c). In order to secure the OPINION 284 11 last-named object, the nomen dubium represented by the trivial name picipes Nees, 1811, as published in the combination Bracon picipes, will need to be suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy, and, when so suppressed, placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. ‘12. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(53)6, dealing with a Supple- mentary Proposal: On 2nd January 1953 Mr. Hemming sub- mitted to the Commission the memorandum reproduced in paragraph 11 of the present Opinion and at the same time issued Voting Paper V.P.(53)6, calling for a vote on the proposal outlined in that memorandum. The additional matter included in that proposal was that the Plenary Powers should be used for the purpose of suppressing the nomen dubium picipes Nees, 1811, as published in the combination Bracon picipes, and that that name, so suppressed, should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. For the sake of clarity, Mr. Hemming submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper the draft of a revised Ruling including both the matters already approved by the Commission (paragraph 9 above) and also the supplementary proposal referred to above. It was on this revised draft Ruling that the Commission was asked to vote. 13. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 2nd April 1953. 14. Particulars of the Voliiee on Voting Paper V.P.(53)6: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(53)6 at the close of the Prescribed Voting Period was as follows! :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been received from the following fifteen (15) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Lemche; Hering; Bradley; Dymond; Esaki ; Vokes; Bonnet; Riley; Jaczewski; do Amaral ; Hanko; Stoll; Cabrera; Hemming; Boschma ; 1 The composition of the Commission at the time of the issue of Voting Paper V.P.(53)6 was the same as it had been at the time of the issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)1 (paragraph 9 above), except that during the interval the Commission had suffered the loss of Dr. W. T. Calman by death. 12 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers were not received from the following two (2) Commissioners : Mertens ; Pearson. 15. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 7th April 1953, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(53)6, signed a certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 14 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the fore- going Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 16. On 25th February 1954, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were identical with those of the draft Ruling submitted in Voting Paper V.P.(53)6 (paragraph 12 above) and approved by the Commission in the vote on that Voting Paper (paragraph 14 above). 17. The following are the original references for the names which appear in the Ruling given in the present Opinion :— Aphidius Nees, 1818, Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. 9 : 302 avenae, Aphidius, Haliday, 1834, Ent. Mag. 2 (1) : 99 Incubus Schrank, 1802, Faun. boic. 2 : 315 picipes, Bracon, Nees, 1811, Mag. Ges. Natur-Freund. 5 (1) : 28 18. The gender of the generic name Aphidius Nees, 1818, is masculine. 19. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name ”’ and the Official List reserved OPINION 284 13 for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial’ appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “specific name’ was substituted for the expression “trivial name” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 20. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 21. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Two Hundred and Eighty-Four (284) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this First day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.™.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 2. Pp. 15—28 OPINION 285 Acceptance of the generic name Leptopsylla Rothschild & Jordan, 1911 (Class Insecta, Order Siphonaptera) for the House-Mouse Flea NOV 2- 964 ) Liprant LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Six Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) eee Issued 12th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 285 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts. .England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amara 1(Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission {arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (\st January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. VoKes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (Ast January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947)., Dr. Norman R. Stow (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BOscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948) Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso ESAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RiLey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEwsKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 285 ACCEPTANCE OF THE GENERIC NAME ‘‘LEPTOPSYLLA’’ ROTHSCHILD & JORDAN, 1911 (CLASS INSECTA, ORDER SIPHONAPTERA) FOR THE HOUSE-MOUSE FLEA RULING: (1) The generic name Leptopsylla Roths- child and Jordan, 1911 (gender : feminine) (type species, by original designation: Pulex musculi Dugeés, 1832) (Class Insecta, Order Siphonaptera) is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 710. (2) The generic name Ctenopsyllus Kolenati, 1863 (a junior homonym of Crtenopsyllus Kolenati, 1856) is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 98. (3) The specific name segnis Schonherr, 1811, as published in the combination Pulex segnis, is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 116. I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On Ist September 1944, Dr. Karl Jordan, President of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (British Museum (Natural History), Tring, Herts, England) submitted the following application to the International Commission on the question whether the use of the generic name Ctenopsyllus by Kolenati in 1856 for a Bat Flea invalidated the same author’s separate use of that name in 1863 for the House-Mouse Flea, OCT 28 1954 18 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS a question on the answer given to which depended the availability of the generic name Leptopsylla Rothschild & Jordan, 1911, for the latter species :— On the question of the availability of the generic name ‘‘ Leptopsylla ”’ Rothschild & Jordan, 1911 (Class Insecta, Order Siphonaptera) By KARL JORDAN, Ph.D., F.R.S. (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) I petition the International Commission to terminate a controversy regarding the correct generic name for the House-Mouse Flea. This species was first described as Pulex segnis by Schonherr in 1811, K. Vet. Acad. Nya Handl. 32 (2) :98. As this flea is frequently referred to in the literature of Public Hygiene as Ctenopsyllus segnis and also as Leptopsylla segnis, it is a matter of practical importance that the International Commission should decide which of these generic names is the correct one for this species. The name Ctenopsyllus appears for the first time in print in Kolenati, 1856, Die Parasiten der Chiroptern : 31. Kolenati’s book was issued in identical form at Briinn in 1856 and at Dresden in 1857. The latter is the issue usually found and in consequence new names published by Kolenati in this work are commonly (but erroneously) dated 1857’ instead of “1856”. There is a copy of the scarce original Briinn issue in the library of the Zoological Museum, Tring. Kolenati there described several species of bat-flea, employing for them the generic name Ceratopsyllus Curtis, 1838, Brit. Entom. 15 (180) : errata in Index (an emendation of Ceratophyllus Curtis, 1831, Guide brit. ins (7) 3201): In a footnote to the name Ceratopsyllus Curtis, Kolenati said (: 31) (translation): “‘ From x«épas, x«éparos horn and #vAdos flea, should really be called Ctenopsyllus from xreis, xrevos the comb, because the species bear combs, so-called ctenidia, at the posterior margin of the pro- and meta-notum and often also on some terga, by means of which they hold on, hairs of the host being caught in between when the combs are pressed on to the segments ”’. In 1863, Hor. Soc. ent. ross. 2 : 37, Kolenati gave to a ““ subgenus ” of Ctenophthalmus Kolenati, 1857, Paras. Chiroptern:: 33, the name Ctenopsyllus, ignoring altogether the fact that he had previously published this name in 1856. On this occasion, Kolenati described two species, the first as Ctenopsyllus quadridentatus (which is the same species as Pulex segnis Schénherr, 1811, referred to above), the second as Ctrenopsyllus bidentatus, a distinct and at that time new species. The first of these species was selected as the type species of this genus by Baker in 1904 (Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 27 : 371) (as Pulex musculi). OPINION 285 19 In 1911, Novit. zool. 18 : 85, Jordan and Rothschild published the name Leptopsylla nom. nov. for “* Ctenopsyllus Keolenati, 1862 nec 1856’ (the first of these years should have been cited as “ 1863’ not “ 1862’). The type species of this genus by original designation is Pulex musculi Duges, 1832 (Ann. Sci. nat. 27 : 163), which is the same species as Pulex segnis. This name Leptopsylla for the House- Mouse Flea and some similar species has been rejected by some specialists and accepted by others. The question on which an Opinion from the Commission is now desired is whether the action by Jordan and Rothschild, 1911, was correct or wrong. In other words, was Ctenopsyllus published in 1856 as another name for Ceratopsyllus Curtis, 1838, and is it available from 1856 ? The decision one way or the other will affect a number of similar cases, where authors have tentatively published names which they thought were “ better’ or otherwise more suitable names than names already published. Il—_THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On receipt, Dr. Jordan’s application was given the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 166. 3. Despatch of the present application to the printer: The present application was sent to the printer in October 1944, but, owing to difficulties arising from paper rationing, shortage of labour at the printing works and similar causes, no progress had been made in this case by the time that in 1946 circum- stances made it necessary for the International Commission to change its printers. In the period immediately following, it was necessary to devote the whole of the resources of the Commis- sion, first, to the preparations for the Session of the Commission to be held in Paris in 1948, and, afterwards, to the preparation and publication of the Official Records of the Paris Session. It was not until the autumn of 1950 that it was possible to resume preparations for the publication in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature of applications relating to individual nomen- clatorial cases submitted to the International Commission for 20 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS decision. The present case was included in the first instalment of applications sent to the new printers in September 1950 for publication in Part | of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 4. Support for the name “ Leptopsylla”’ Rothschild & Jordan, 1911, received from Sir John Charles, Principal Medical Officer of Health in the United Kingdom: In view of the possible importance in Public Health literature of the name to be applied to the House-Mouse Flea, Mr. Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Commission, invited Sir John Charles, Principal Medical Officer of Health in the United Kingdom, to furnish a statement of his views on the present application. In his reply, dated 17th August 1950, Sir John Charles stated that, “so far as the literature of Public Health is concerned, it [the name Leptopsylla segnis| would be preferred”’’. Further reference to this con- sultation will be found in paragraph 6 of the paper by Mr. Hemming reproduced in the immediately following paragraph. 5. Supplementary note submitted by the Secretary to the Commission : When in September 1950 Dr. Jordan’s application was sent to the printer for inclusion in volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, took the view that it would be for the convenience of the Commission, if he were to set out the action which would be required in the event of the Commission reaching the conclusion that the name Ctenopsyllus Kolenati, 1856, invalidated the name Ctenopsyllus Kolenati, 1863, and, therefore, that the generic name Leptopsylla Rothschild & Jordan, 1911, was the oldest available generic name for the House-Mouse Flea. Mr. Hemming accordingly prepared the following paper which was sent to the printer at the same time as Dr. Jordan’s application :— On the relative merits of the generic names ‘‘ Ctenopsyllus ’’ Kolenati, 1863, and ‘* Leptopsylla ’’ Jordan and Rothschild, 1911, as the generic name of the House-Mouse Flea (Class Insecta, Order Siphonaptera) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The point raised by Dr. Karl Jordan regarding the relative merits from the nomenclatorial point of view of the generic names Crenopsyllus OPINION 285 21 Kolenati and Leptopsylla Jordan and Rothschild turns on the question whether the manner in which the name Cfenopsyilus was published by Kolenati in 1856 was such as to confer availability upon it under the Régles. If the answer to this question is in the affirmative, the name Crenopsyllus Kolenati, 1856, applies not to the House-Mouse Flea, but to a group of Bat Fleas. If, on the other hand, the answer to the foregoing question is in the negative, the name Crenopsyllus ranks for purposes of priority as from Kolenati, 1863, and is applicable to the House-Mouse Flea. This question was reviewed in 1911 by Jordan and Rothschild, who came to the conclusion that, despite the unsatisfactory way in which the name Crenopsyllus had been published by Kolenati in 1856, that name has nevertheless acquired rights under the Law of Priority in virtue of having been so published, and was accordingly applicable to the Bat Fleas. In the light of this conclusion, the name Crenopsyllus Kolenati, 1863, as applied to the House-Mouse Flea became an invalid (because junior) homonym of the name Ctenopsyllus Kolenati, 1856. The House-Mouse Flea was thus left without an available generic name and it was to meet this deficiency that Jordan and Rothschild published the name Leptopsylla. The Commission are now asked to decide whether the argument advanced by Jordan and Rothschild was in accordance with the Régles or not and therefore whether the name Ctenopsyllus Kolenati, 1863, or the name Leptopsylla Jordan and Rothschild, 1911, is the generic name properly applicable to the House-Mouse Flea. 2. The question with which we are here confronted is the status to be accorded under the Rég/es to a name that was rejected by its author at the time when it was first published and was treated by that author as a synonym of some other name. One aspect of this case was dealt with by the Commission as long ago as 1907 when they rendered Opinion 4, in which they ruled that a manuscript name acquired availability under the Régles when it was published with an ‘indication’, irrespective of whether or not the author by whom it was published himself accepted the name as an available name or whether he sunk it as a synonym of some other (older) name. Another aspect of this case was dealt with by the Commission in 1912 when in Opinion 49 they ruled that the status of a name was not to be regarded as being adversely affected by reason of the name having been published conditionally. Both the foregoing interpretations of Article 25 were incorporated into the Régles by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology at its meeting held in Paris in 1948. (For the terms of the decision in relation to Opinion 4, see Proceedings of the Commission, Paris Session, 6th Meeting, Conclusion 4, and for that in relation to Opinion 49, ibid. 6th Meeting, Conclusion 17, published in 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 144—146.) 3. The name Ctenopsyllus was admittedly published by Kolenati in 1856 as a conditional name, but, as we have seen, this does not deprive that name of any rights which it may otherwise possess under 22 : OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the Law of Priority. It is agreed also that, when Kolenati published this name in 1856, he himself rejected it and treated it as a synonym of an earlier name (Ceratophy/lus Curtis, 1838) ; but, as we have seen, the rejection of a name by its original author at the time of its first publication does not deprive that name of its rights under the Law of Priority if as here (through its identification with Ceratophyllus Curtis) it is published with an indication. We see therefore that the name Ctenopsyllus, as published by Kolenati in 1856, cannot be rejected either'on the ground that it was published conditionally or on the ground that it was rejected by its original author. It was in fact published as an emendation (on etymological grounds) of an earlier generic name ; its status from the present point of view is therefore the same as that of any other emendation. Now we know from the decision in Opinion 148, since clarified and incorporated into the Régles (Proceedings of the Commission, Paris Session, 6th Meeting, Conclusion 44, see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 163) that “ a generic name is to be rejected as a homonym, where the word of which that name consists has previously been published as an emendation, whether valid or invalid, of another generic name’’. It is clear from the foregoing passage, which is a direct quotation from the Paris Proceedings, that the Crenopsyllus as published by Kolenati in 1856 renders invalid, as a junior homonym, any later use of the word Ctenopsyllus as a generic name applied to some other group, for example, the later use of this name by Kolenati himself in 1863. (It is of interest to note that at Paris, 9th Meeting, Conclusion 20, the record of which was published in 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 256, the Commission considered a case relating to a trivial name, which resembles very closely the case here under discussion, for that was a case where (as here) an author (Strand) published a name (aegyptiellus) which he in fact rejected (just as in 1856 Kolenati rejected the emendation Ctenopsyllus which he then published for the first time). In this case the Commission ruled that the trivial name aegyptiellus having been published by Strand with an indication was not damnified by reason of having been rejected by its original author at the time when it was first published, and, therefore, that this trivial name was available, as from the date on which it had been first pub- lished by Strand. 4. For the reasons set forth above, itis clear that Jordan & Rothschild acted in strict accordance with the Rég/es, when, in 1911, they rejected Ctenopsyllus Kolenati, 1863, as an invalid homonym of Ctenopsyllus Kolenati, 1856, and therefore those authors were fully justified when they gave a new generic name (Leptopsylla) for the House-Mouse Flea. 5. In his application in relation to this case Dr. Jordan raised a point of importance, which requires to be considered, when he observed that the name to be given to the House-Mouse Flea was a matter of concern to workers in the field of Public Hygiene, some of whom had adopted the name Leptopsylla, while others had continued to use the name Cfenopsyllus, From this point of view, the present a OPINION 285 23 case resembles closely the case of the names Bi/harzia and Schistosoma dealt with by the Commission in Paris (Paris Session, 12th Meeting, Conclusion 11, for the record of which see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 319—323). In that case the Commission was satisfied that the name Bilharzia had been validly published with an indication by Meckel von Hemsbach in 1856, and therefore had priority over the name Schistosoma Weinland, 1858, but decided that, in view of the fact that in medical literature the name Schistosoma had come to be much more widely used than the name Bilharzia, the balance of advantage lay in suppressing the latter name under their Plenary Powers, and in validating the name Schistosoma. In these circum- stances, it appeared to me desirable to obtain a preliminary expression of opinion from a leading Public Hygiene authority, in order to ascertain whether on public hygiene grounds there was any case for using the Plenary Powers in order to validate Crtenopsyllus Kolenati, 1863 (by suppressing the earlier name Crenopsyllus:Kolenati, 1856) in preference to applying the Régles in this case in the ordinary way. 6. At this point therefore, I consulted Sir John Charles, Principal Medical Officer of Health, Ministry of Health in the United Kingdom, who replied (on 17th August, 1950) that “‘ though references to the House-Mouse Flea in Public Health literature are not numerous, there seems to be general agreement with the name of Leptopsylla segnis, and that so far as the literature of public hygiene is concerned, it would be preferred ”’. 7. In these circumstances it appears to me that there is no case for the use of the Plenary Powers and that the appropriate course would be for the Commission, after noting that the name Ctenopsyllus Kolenati, 1863 (applied to the House-Mouse Flea) is an invalid junior homonym of the name Cfenopsyllus Kolenati, 1856 (a name applied to a group of Bat Fleas), (1) to place the generic name Leptopsylla Rothschild & Jordan, 1911 (Novit. Zool. 18 : 85), (type species, by original designation: Pulex musculi Dugés, 1832 (Ann. Sci. nat. 27 (106) : 163) (= Pulex segnis Schonherr), 1811 (K. Sv. Vetensk Acad., Nya Handl. 32 (No. 2) : 98)) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, (2) to place the generic name Crenopsyllus Kolenati, 1863 (Hor. Soc. ent. ross. 2 : 37) on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, and (3) to place the trivial name segnis Schénherr, 1811, as published in the binominal combination Pulex segnis, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. 6. Publication of the present application : Dr. Jordan’s applica- tion and Mr. Hemming’s note on it were published on 20th April 1951 (Jordan, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 21—22 ; Hemming, 1951, ibid. 2 ; 22—25). 24 * OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 7. Support by Dr. Fritz Peus (Zoologisches Museum der Universitat Berlin) for the name “‘ Ctenopsyllus”’ Kolenati, 1863 : Under cover of a letter dated 26th May 1951, Professor Erich Martin Hering transmitted the following comment on the present case by Professor Fritz Peus (Chief of the Siphonaptera Division, Zoologisches Museum der Universitat Berlin) :— Nach den “ Regeln ” ist Leptopsylla segnis Schonh. als Name fur den Hausmausfioh eindeutig exakt und giltig. Dieser Name sollte allgemein anerkannt und gebraucht werden. Eine Ricksichtnahme auf die Interessen oder Gewohnheiten der Public Hygiene ist nicht zu empfehlen und ist nicht begriindet. Der Hausmausfloh wird in der hygienischen Literatur niemals allein mit dem Gattungsnamen, sondern immer auch mit dem Artnamen gennant ; da der Artname “ segnis ’ in der Ordnung Siphonaptera der Welt aber nur einmal vorkommt, kann es daher auch niemals eine Verwechslung geben. Ich erinnere daran, dass bei einem anderen Insekt, welches in der Public Hygiene eine viel gréssere und wichtigere Rolle spielt als der Hausmausfloh, namlich Anopheles claviger Meigen, der Artname “ claviger ”’ an die Stelle von “bifurcatus’’ gesetzt worden ist, obwohl der Name ** bifurcatus ”’ bisher allein in Gebrauch war ; beim Hausmausfloh ist in der Public Hygiene der Gattungsname Leptopsylla auch heute schon neben Ctenopsyllus durchaus haufig in Gebrauch. Bei Anopheles hat sich der Name claviger ansteile von bifurcatus in der hygienischen Literatur rasch und allgemein durchgesetzt. III—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 8. Issue of Voting Paper V.P. (52)2: On 7th April 1952 a Voting Paper (V.P. (52) 2) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “ the proposal relating to Leptopsylla Rothschild & Jordan, 1911, as specified in paragraph 7 on page 25 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature’ [i.e. the formulation by Mr. Hemming of the action which would be required if the Commission OPINION 285 PES) were to decide to accept the generic name Leptopsylla Rothschild & Jordan, 1911, given at the end of the paper reproduced in paragraph 5 of the present Opinion]. 9. The prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 7th July 1952. | 10. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P. (52) 2: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P. (52) 2 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following sixteen (16) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Calman; Hering; do Amaral; Dymond; Riley ; Cabrera ; “Stoll; Esaki; Hanko; Pearson; Bonnet ; Mertens ; Vokes ; Bradley ; Boschma ; Hemming ; (b) A Negative Vote had been given by one (1) Commissioner : Lemche ; (c) Voting Paper V.P. (52) 2 had not been returned by one (1) Commissioner : Jaczewski. 11. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 7th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. (52) 2, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 10 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 26 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 12. On 25th February 1954 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its vote on Voting Paper V.P. (52) 2. 13. The following are the original references for the names which appear in the Ruling given in the present Opinion : Ctenopsyllus Kolenati, 1863, Hor. Soc. ent. ross. 2 : 37 Leptopsylla Rothschild & Jordan, 1911, Novit. zool. 18 : 85 segnis, Pulex, Sch6nherr, 1811, K. svensk. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Hand. 32 (No. 2) : 98 14. The gender of the generic name Leptopsylla Rothschild and Jordan, 1911, is feminine. 15. At the time of the adoption of the decision recorded in the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name ” and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “ specific name ” was substituted for the expression “trivial name” and corre- sponding changes were made in the title of the Official List of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 16. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. OPINION 285 QT i7. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Two Hundred and Eighty-Five (285) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this First day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c™.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 3. Pp. 29—48 OPINION 286 Suppression, under the Plenary Powers, of the specific name ajax Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Papilio ajax (Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera) -HSOA ZaTHSON IN NOV 2- 954 ) LIBRARY A LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Ten Shillings (All rights reserved) = Issued 12th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 286 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DyYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (\st January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold B. VoKEs (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (ist January 1947).. Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (Ast January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948) Dr. Henning Lemcue (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) — (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso EsAki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh Ritty (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 286 SUPPRESSION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF THE SPECIFIC NAME ‘“ AJAX ”? LINNAEUS, 1758, AS PUB- LISHED IN THE COMBINATION “ PAPILIO AJAX ”’ (CLASS INSECTA, ORDER LEPIDOPTERA) RULING : (1) Under the Plenary Powers, the specific name ajax Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Papilio ajax, is hereby suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy. (2) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 117 :—xuthus (emend. of xanthus) Lin- naeus, 1767, as published in the combination Papilio xanthus (emended in the same work to xuthus). (3) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 68 and 69 respectively :—(a) ajax Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Papilio ajax, as suppressed, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) above ; (b) xanthus Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Papilio xanthus (an Invalid Original Spelling for xuthus). I—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 10th July 1945 Dr. A. Steven Corbet (British Museum (Natural History), London) submitted the following application, OCT 28 1954 32 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS asking for the suppression, under the Plenary Powers, of the specific name ajax Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Papilio ajax (Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera) :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to suppress the trivial name “* Ajax ”” Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination ‘‘ Papilio Ajax ”’ commonly but incorrectly applied to the species named ‘‘ Papilio marcellus ’’ by Cramer in 1777 (Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera) By A. STEVEN CORBET (British Museum (Natural History), London) In Linnaeus’ original diagnosis of Papilio ajax in 1758, Systema Naturae (ed. 10) 1 : 462, the very brief description (“‘ P/apilio/ E/ques/ alis obtuse caudatis concoloribus fuscis : fasciis falvescentibus, angulo ani fulvo’’) is followed by two citations and an indication of the habitat as follows :— Raj. ins Vln: 2 Edw. av. 34 “* Habitat in America boreal.” There is no mention of P: xu¢hus in the 10th edition and the description of P. ajax is followed by that of P. machaon. There is no mention of P. ajax in 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr. but in 1767, in the 12th edition (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 750) the description of P. ajax is repeated precisely as in the 10th edition. On the following page in the 12th edition, appears the first description of P. xanthus (corrected to xuthus in the index), with “‘ Habitat in India orientali ” and “*Simillimus P. Ajaci”’. The diagnosis of P. xuthus is more. detailed than that of P. ajax and there are no references to works of other authors. While there has been no doubt regarding the identity of P. xuthus, much confusion has been associated with the determination of P. ajax ; in fact, so involved had the position become that Rothschild and Jordan abandoned the name in their “ Revision of the American Papilios”” in 1906 (Novit. zool. 13 :413—414).- This confusion would not have arisen, had the Linnean collection been adequately studied, for therein is an undoubted Linnean specimen, low-set on a long, black, headless pin of the type which I called a “* Cantonese pin”? in an earlier paper (Corbet, 1942, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 11 : 91), and labelled “ ajax’ in Linnaeus’ writing and “ xuthus 751 ” by Smith. The specimen in question is P. xuthus and the pin may be OPINION 286 33 taken as evidence of its Cantonese origin ; almost certainly, it is one of the butterflies obtained by Peter Osbeck when he visited Canton in 1751. In Linnaeus’ own copy of the 10th edition of the Syst. Nat., there is the following manuscript note added to the description of P. ajax. ‘* Simillimus Machaon, sed magis flavis. Valde affinis Ajax, Machaon, Podalirius, Antilochus, Protesilaus ”’. P. ajax is among the species marked by Linnaeus as being in his collection in his own copy of the 12th edition, while xuthus is not so marked. There is nothing in the description of P. ajax in either the 10th or 12th editions, which conflicts with what must clearly be regarded as the type specimen. It appears that Linnaeus described this same species again under the name xanthus (recte xuthus) from the same or another specimen, but this is not a unique occurrence for both P. aonis and P. /emonias were described in the 10th edition from specimens of the dry-season form of the same species of Precis and, in the same volume, Linnaeus published names for three nominal “ species ’’, based upon specimens of two species only (Papilio perius and P. hylas). Unfortunately, however, the Linnean collection was not available to the early authors and, even if it had been, no convincing conclusion could have been drawn without research into the manner of setting, pinning and labelling, in order to judge the authenticity of any supposed Linnean specimens. The early entomologists were obliged to identify P. ajax on the basis of the meagre description and the conflicting citations and in consequence mistakes were inevitable. The Linnean description of P. ajax applies equally well to several species of Papilio (sensu stricto) of similar facies and the references to Edwards and Ray do nothing to clarify the position. The reference to Edwards, 1743, Natural History of Uncommon Birds 1 : 34, t. 34 given in the 1758 description of P. ajax was cited under P. protesilaus by Linnaeus in 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr., and yet again referred to P. ajax in 1767 in the 12th edition of the Syst. Nat. According to Rothschild and Jordan (1906, Novit. zool., 13 : 413), Edwards’ figure cannot be reconciled with the Linnean description of P. ajax and, in fact, represents the American species well known as Papilio marcellus Cramer [1777]. The reference to Ray, 1710, Historia Insectorum : 111 (no. 2), depends on a reference by the latter author to a rather fantastic figure in Moufet, 1634, Jnsectorum sive Minimorum Animalium Theatrum : 98 which Rothschild and Jordan identified as the American species P. glaucus Linnaeus, 1758. The coloured figure labelled “ajax 26” in Clerck, 1764, Icones Insectorum rariorum 2: t. 33. fig. 3 (a figure which was certainly seen by Linnaeus before 34 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS publication) represents yet another American species, P. polyxenes Fabricius, 1775. In view of this confusion of figures by Linnaeus, Rothschild and Jordan considered the wisest course was to discard the name ajax altogether ; on the other hand, Holland (1931, The Butterfly Book, Revised Edition : 321) continued to employ the name for the species P. marcellus Cramer, to which the name ajax had been applied since Linnaeus’ day. In the interests of stability of zoological nomenclature, it is clearly undesirable to leave the matter as it stands. Either the name ajax should be employed for the species which would be so designated under the usual procedure based on the Reégles Inter- nationales or application should be made to the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature for a suspension of the Rules in order to invalidate the name ajax on the grounds that a strict enforcement of the law of priority would result in greater confusion than uniformity. In my opinion, there is no doubt that the name Papilio ajax Linnaeus, 1758, should be applied to the oriental species universally known as Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, 1767. In previous papers I have attempted the identification of the Linnean names of oriental Rhopalocera by taking as the type specimen of the respective nominal species : (a) the specimen(s) in the Museum of Queen Ludovica Ulrica in the case of species where Linnaeus added the letters ““ M.L.U.”, to his original description. (With a few species marked “* M.L.U.” in the descriptions, the specimens were missing from the Queen’s collection but I found them in the Linnean collection.) (b) the specimen(s) in the Linnean collection when these were identifiable as Linnean with reasonable certainty and where the original description contained no reference to “*“ M.L.U.” (c) a figure cited by Linnaeus when the species was not in the Queen’s or the Linnean collection. It appears that in only two instances among the oriental butterflies (P. helena and P. eryx) did Linnaeus rely entirely on figures. It has been found that, if the above principles are followed, there is little or no trouble regarding the Linnean names of oriental Rhopalocera as these would continue to be employed in the sense used by the older authors. On the other hand, if preference were given to figures cited by Linnaeus over specimens in the Queen’s museum and the Linnean collection, ambiguity and uncertainty must follow. It has been pointed out in a previous paper (Corbet, 1942, Joc. cit. : 91) that, although Sir James Edward Smith added to the Linnean collection after he purchased it, there is no evidence of label-changing OPINION 286 35 and in very few instances is there more than a single pin-hole in the original label. Everything points to the specimen of P. xuthus referred to above as having been labelled “ ajax’’ by Linnaeus, and it has every claim to be regarded as the type specimen of P. ajax and as such I consider it. Thus, if the International Rules are followed, the species long-known as P. xuthus will in future have to be known as P. ajax Linnaeus and the former name will sink as a synonym. This would be deplorable, not so much because a well-known name would disappear, but because of the uncertainty which has surrounded the name P. ajax in the past. The name P. ajax Linnaeus has been applied almost consistently although, incorrectly, to P. marcellus Cramer and a voluminous literature has grown up around this name, and I think it will be conceded that its suppression is in the best interests of entomology. It is accordingly hoped that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature will exercise the Plenary Power conferred upon them by the International Congress of Zoology, and promulgate an Opinion to the following effect :— The name Papilio ajax Linnaeus, 1758, is not to be employed for the species generally known as Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, 1767, although it has priority over this latter name, nor is it to be used for any other species. Il.—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On receipt, Dr. Corbet’s application was given the Registered Number Z.N.(S:) 192. 3. Issue of Public Notices in 1947: On 14th November 1947 Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given to the serial publications prescribed by the Ninth International Congress of Zoology, Monaco, 1913. The publica- tion of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed, 36 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 4. Postponement of the present application at Paris in 1948: By the time that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature assembled in Paris in 1948 for the Session of Meetings arranged to be held during the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, the present application had reached a stage at which it would have been possible for the Commission to reach a decision upon it. In view, however, of the limited time then available, it was found impossible during the Paris Session to deal with all the cases then awaiting attention, and the present was one of those which was inevitably postponed for this reason. In the period immediately following the Paris Session, it was necessary to devote the entire resources of the International Commission to the preparation and publication of the Official Records of that Session. It was not until the autumn of 1950 that it was possible to resume preparations for the publication in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature of applications relating to individual nomenclatorial cases submitted to the International Commission for decision. The present case was included in the first instalment of applications sent to the printers in September 1950 for immediate publication in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 5. Supplementary Note by Mr. Francis Hemming: At the same time that Dr. Corbet’s application was sent to the printer, Mr. Francis Hemming, as Secretary to the Commission, prepared the following note on the procedural problems involved in that application :— On the proposal that the trivial name ‘‘ Ajax ’’ Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination ‘‘ Papilio ajax ’’ should be suppressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature under its Plenary Powers By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The late Dr. A. Steven Corbet, who at the time of his death was undoubtedly the foremost authority on the Linnean butterflies, has shown that the type specimen of the nominal species Papilio ajax Linnaeus, 1758, is still preserved in the Linnean collection in London and that, contrary to the universal belief of all previous workers (none of whom had studied the Linnean collection), the name Papilio ajax —— es OPINION 286 37 was not bestowed by Linnaeus upon a Nearctic species but upon the well-known Palaearctic and Oriental species to which Linnaeus himself in 1767 gave the name Papilio xuthus, by which it has ever since been known. 2. On making the foregoing disconcerting discovery, Dr. Corbet realised at once the appalling nature of the confusion which would ensue if, after having been applied for nearly two hundred years to Nearctic species, the trivial name ajax Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination Papilio ajax, were now to be applied to a very well-known species belonging to an entirely different zoo-geographical region, a species, moreover, which had been known by the trivial name (xuthus Linnaeus, 1767) currently applied to it ever since that name had been published nearly two hundred years ago. It was for this reason that in 1946 Dr. Corbet submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature a request that it should use its Plenary Powers to prevent the confusion which would be quite inevitable if the Régles were to be strictly applied in the present case. 3. The question which has now to be considered is therefore how best the International Commission could use its Plenary Powers to secure the desired end. There are two possible courses of action, each of which possesses certain advantages : (1) to suppress the trivial name ajax Linnaeus, 1758, altogether ; (2) to secure that the foregoing trivial name shall in future apply not to the species (Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, 1767) to which, as Dr. Corbet has shown, it properly belongs under a strict application of the Rég/les, but to the Nearctic species to which it is now usually applied. 4. Course (1) would suffice to secure the principal object in view, namely, to prevent the confusion which would follow if the trivial name ajax Linnaeus, 1758, were to replace the trivial name xuthus Linnaeus, 1767, for the well-known species to which that name has always been applied. If this course were to be adopted, the Nearctic species to which the name ajax Linnaeus, 1758, is currently applied would need to be found a new name. 5. Course (2), like Course (1), would prevent the confusion which would result from the transfer of the trivial name ajax Linnaeus to the species now known as Papilio xuthus. In addition, Course (2) would preserve the trivial name ajax Linnaeus for the Nearctic species, to which it is commonly applied. Course (2) corresponds exactly to the action taken by the Commission in regard to the trivial name iris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination Papilio iris ; in that case also, Dr. Corbet had brought forward evidence to show that a trivial name (iris) invariably applied to a very well-known 38 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS European species (“‘ The Purple Emperor’) properly applied to an allied, and also very well-known European species (Papilio ilia [Schiffermiiller and Denis], 1775). In that case, the Commission, in order to prevent the confusion which such a transfer of the trivial name iris would inevitably entail, used their Plenary Powers to direct that this trivial name was in future to apply to the common European ‘“*Purple Emperor’, and selected a well-known and easily accessible figure of that butterfly to be the figure by which the nominal species Papilio iris Linnaeus, 1758 (= Apatura iris (Linnaeus, 1758)) was in future to be identified (see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 540—S542). Under Course (2) similar action could be taken to preserve the trivial name ajax Linnaeus, 1758, for the North American Swallowtail commonly known by that name. bass 6. The question whether or not it is desirable that the trivial name ajax Linnaeus, 1758, should be preserved in the manner described above for the species to which that name is commonly used, is a matter of special interest to American lepidopterists, and is accordingly a question on which it would be valuable to the Commission to have the advice of such specialists. It is particularly requested that any lepidopterist who is interested in this subject, should notify his views to the Commission as soon as possible. 6. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion and the Secretary’s accompanying note on procedure were published on 20th April 1951 in Part 1 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Corbet, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 26—29 ; Hemming, 1951, ibid. 2 : 29—30). 7. Issue in 1951 of a Second Series of Public Notices : Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 50—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 20th April 1951, both in Part 1 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which Dr. Corbet’s application was published) and also to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, Public Notice was given to a number of entomological serial publications in Europe and America. The publication of these Notices, like that of the Notices issued in 1947 under the procedure prescribed by the Monaco Congress of 1913 (paragraph 3 above), elicited no objection to the action proposed. OPINION 286 39 8. Support received for Dr. Corbet’s application : The publica- tion of the foregoing public notices elicited support for Dr. Corbet’s proposal from :— (1) Mr. Cyril F. dos Passos (The American Museum of Natural History, New York) ; (2) Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt- Universitat zu Berlin) ; (3) Dr. Austin H. Clark (Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.); (4) Dr. William D. Field (United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.). Finally, Mr. Francis Hemming, as a lepidopterist, submitted a brief note of support. The communications so received are given in the immediately following paragraphs. 9. Support received from Mr. Cyril F. dos Passos (The American Museum of Natural History, New York): On 15th May 1951, Mr. Cyril F. dos Passos (The American Museum of Natural History, New York) addressed a letter to the International Commission, covering the following statement of support for the application submitted by Dr. Corbet (dos Passos, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 349—350) :— On the proposal that the trivial name ‘‘ ajax ’’ Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination ‘‘ Papilio ajax ’’, should be suppressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature under its Plenary Powers By CYRIL F. DOS PASSOS, LL.B. (Research Associate, Department of Insects and Spiders, American . Museum of Natural History, New York) Reference is made to two prior papers on this subject published by A. Steven Corbet (1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 (1) : 26—29) and by Francis Hemming (ibid. 2 (1) : 29—30). 2. It having been ascertained by Corbet from an examination of the Linnean collection that the trivial name ajax Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination Papilio ajax, was proposed for an Oriental species later named Papilio xuthus by Linnaeus in 1767, although never used for that insect, but by error having been applied by some authors to two Nearctic butterflies, the question arises whether it would be better (a) to suppress the name ajax, or (b) to apply it (incorrectly) by a suspension of the Régles to one of the Nearctic insects for which it has sometimes been used. 40 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 3. This problem involves the names of two Nearctic and one Oriental Papilio. I shall consider only the two former. One of these is a subspecies of Papilio polyxenes Fabricius, 1775, sometimes known as the common American on the Black (or Parsnip) Swallowtail, and the other is often referred to as Papilio marcellus Cramer, [1777], or the Papaw or Zebra Swallowtail. There has been considerable confusion as to which scientific names should be employed for these insects. Recent American authors have shown a tendency to abandon the name ajax for either of them, although one follows McDunnough (1938, ‘‘ Check List of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America”. Mem. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1 : 5) and uses ajax for the first-mentioned butterfly. Holland (1931, Butterfly Book (revised ed.) : 314) used asterius for the subspecies of polyxenes inhabiting North America, and ajax for the more southerly Papaw or Zebra Swallowtail in direct contradiction to the then current Barnes and Benjamin list (1926, “‘ Check List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America’. Bull. S. Calif. Acad. See. 25 (1) :5)) @Glaxke@gse ‘“* Butterflies of the District of Columbia and vicinity’, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 157: 191) used asterias for the Nearctic subspecies of polyxenes but marcellus Boisduval (recte Cramer) for the Papaw or Zebra Swallowtaill and omitted ajax entirely. Macy and Shepard ({1941], Butterflies, a Handbook of the butterflies of the United States, complete for the Region north of the Potomac and Chio Rivers and east of the Dakotas : 11) stated that “*. . . In order to achieve uniformity, ...°” they followed the nomenclature of the McDunnough check list, Brown (1951, ““The American Papilios’’, The Lepidopterists’ News 4 : 63) also used ajax for the species polyxenes. Finally, Klots (1951, A Field Guide to the Butterflies of North America, east of the Great Plains: 172) employed asterius Stoll, [1784], for the Nearctic subspecies polyxenes and omitted ajax, exept that (erroneously) he placed ajax Clerck, 1764, in the synonymy. 4. Thus we find ajax in recent years used for two different species of Nearctic butterflies which have valid names, /.e., asterius and marcellus, and on top of that it is now discovered that ajax is not properly applicable to either of them. In view of the improper use of ajax, the lack of uniformity among American authors respecting the applicability of that name to one Nearctic species, and the fact that some authors have dropped the name entirely, no harm and much good would be done by the suppression of the name ajax and that course is undoubtedly the most desirable one to follow. Therefore, I recommend that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature take such action. 10. Support received from Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitadt zu Berlin) : On 28th May 1951, Professor Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitét zu Berlin) addressed the OPINION 286 41 following letter to the Commission in support of Dr. Corbet’s proposal (Hering, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 350) :— Support for the proposal submitted by Dr. A. Steven Corbet for the suppression of the trivial name ‘‘ ajax ’’? Linnaeus, 1758, as pub- lished in the binominal combination ‘‘ Papilio ajax ’’ (Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera) By ERICH MARTIN HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin) There is no doubt that, under a strict application of the Rules, the trivial name ajax Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Papilio ajax, should be employed for the species generally known as Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, 1767. To prevent the confusion which would follow if ajax Linnaeus, 1758, were to replace xuthus Linnaeus, 1767, I propose that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should use its Plenary Powers to suppress the trivial name ajax Linnaeus, 1758, altogether. 11. Support received from Dr. Austin H. Clark (Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) : On 28th May 1951, Dr. Austin H. Clark (Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) addressed to the Commission the following letter of support for Dr. Corbet’s application (1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 167) :— On the proposed use of the Plenary Powers to suppress the trivial name ‘‘ajax ’’? Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination ‘* Papilio ajax ’’ (Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera) By AUSTIN H. CLARK (Smithsonian Institution, U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) Pray put me down as heartily in favor of suppressing the name (Papilio) ajax Linnaeus, 1758. With all due respect to the late Dr. Corbet I believe that he was in error in assuming that the name ajax was based on what we now know as Papilio xuthus. In the original description “‘ P.E. alis obtuse caudatis concoloribus fuscis : fasciis flavescentibus angulo ani fulvo ” the one really diagnostic feature is expressed by “‘ alis obtuse caudatis’’. 42 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS This cannot apply to xuthus, but does apply to specimens of what we know as P. cresphontes (see Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 157: pl. 31,. fig. 1). The rest of the description and the locality also fit P. cresphontes. Furthermore, the name ajax, the powerful and handsome son of Telemon, would be quite appropriate for the largest of North American butterflies. P. L. S. Muller (1775, vol. 5 : pi. 17, fig. 3) figures P. thoas under the name “ Das Gelbfeld, Papilio ajax’’ and other early authors figured thoas under the name ajax. I am quite convinced that the Linnean name ajax refers to P. cresphontes. But I am not suggesting that ajax replace cresphontes. | am bringing this to your attention merely to emphasise the desirability of suppressing the name ajax. 12. Support received from Dr. William D. Field (United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.): On 30th July 1951, Dr. William D. Field (United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) addressed a letter to the Commission, covering the following statement of support for the action proposed by Dr. Corbet’s proposal (Field, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 105—106) :— On the proposed suppression of the trivial name ‘‘ ajax ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera) By WILLIAM D. FIELD (United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) After reviewing the problem under discussion (Corbet, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 26—29), I find my thoughts reduced to four beliefs == (A) It is clear that Linnaeus confused three species under the trivial name ajax (Papilio ajax) : First, the species usually known as Papilio glaucus Linnaeus, which is the species described by Ray in the first reference listed by Linnaeus under ajax (Raj. ins. 111, n.2). Second, the species usually known as Jphiclides marcellus (Cramer), which is the species illustrated by Edwards in the second reference listed by Linnaeus under ajax (Edw. av. 34). Third, the species described in the very brief Linnean description. Although much debate has centred upon what species best fits this brief description, it is undeniable that neither of the above-mentioned species applies to it. OPINION 286 | 43 (B) Although there has been no uniformity in applying the name ajax, it has most frequently been applied to the species commonly known as Papilio polyxenes asterius Stoll and Iphiclides marcellus (Cramer). (C) The habitat cited by Linnaeus “‘ Habitat in America boreali ”’ does not necessarily throw light upon the correct appli- cation of the name ajax, as Linnaeus and other early workers were often led astray by false locality information. (D) Corbet has shown that in the Linnean collection there is an undoubted Linnean specimen of the Oriental species generally known as Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, 1767, labelled “‘ ajax’ in Linnaeus’ own handwriting. If this were regarded as a holotype (as it seems to be), then the name ajax would be transferred to a species not identified with this name for nearly the past 200 years. Therefore I support the Corbet proposal and consider that it would be better to eliminate the name Papilio ajax Linnaeus, 1758, from zoological nomenclature. 13. Support received from Mr. Francis Hemming (London) : On 15th March 1952, Mr. Francis Hemming (Londen) submitted the following statement in which he associated himself with the American and German entomologists who had already notified their support for the use by the International Commission of its Plenary Powers for the purpose of suppressing the specific name ajax Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Papilio ajax :— The need for removing the instability arising from Dr. Corbet’s discovery of the identity of the species to which the name ‘‘ Papilio ajax ”’ Linnaeus, 1758, is properly applicable By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (London) In common with all other students of the Holarctic butterflies, I have long been concerned with the confusion arising from the doubts as to the way in which the trivial name ajax Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Papilio ajax, should be applied. Dr. Corbet’s recent discovery that this name 1s not properly applicable to any of the Nearctic species for which it has at various times been used and that under the Régles it should replace the name xuthus Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Papilio xuthus, creates a situation 44 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS which, in my view, can be solved only by the use of the Plenary Powers by the Commission for the purpose of suppressing the name ajax Linnaeus for the purposes of the Law of Priority, though not for those of the Law of Homonymy. It would, I consider, be quite intolerable that Dr. Corbet’s discovery, interesting though it is, should be allowed both to transfer to the Palaearctic and Indo-Oriental lists a name (ajax) which has never been regarded as belonging to a Palaearctic or Indo-Oriental species and, when used, has always been applied to a Nearctic species and at the same time to replace a very well-known name (xuthus), which has been in continuous use for the Palaearctic and Indo-Oriental species concerned for the whole of the period of over one hundred and eighty years which has elapsed since the species concerned was given this name by Linnaeus in 1767. I, therefore, join my American and German colleagues in urging most strongly that the deadlock which would be created by the strict application of the Régles in this case should be broken by the Inter- national Commission through the use of its Plenary Powers to suppress the name ajax Linnaeus, 1758 (Papilio), a name which has never been consistently used in any one sense, which has already given rise to serious uncertainty and confusion in the literature of the North American ‘“‘ Swallowtails ’’ and which, if not killed by the Commission’s Plenary Powers, will now inject a ludicrous and quite unjustifiable element of confusion into the literature of the Palaearctic and Indo- Oriental species of this group. I1l—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 14. Issue of Voting Paper V.P. (52) 3: On 7th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P. (52) 3) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “relating to the trivial name ajax Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Papilio ajax, set out at the foot of the present Voting Paper’”’. The formula referred to in the foregoing sentence was as follows :— ‘“ The trivial name ajax Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Papilio ajax, is hereby suppressed under the Plenary Powers for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy, and is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. The trivial name xuthus OPINION 286 45 Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Papilio xuthus, is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology ’’. 15. The prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 7th July 1952. 16. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P. (52) 3: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P. (52) 3 at the close of . the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following sixteen (16) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Calman; Hering; do Amaral; Dymond; Riley ; Cabrera ; Stoll; Esaki; Pearson; Bonnet ; Mertens ; Lemche ; Vokes ; Bradley ; Boschma ; Hemming ; (b) A Negative Vote had been given by one (1) Commissioner : Hank ; (c) Voting Paper V.P. (52) 3 had not been returned by one (1) Commissioner : Jaczewski. 17. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 7th July 1954, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. (52) 3, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 16 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Com- mission in the matter aforesaid. — 18. Note on the place of first publication of the name “ Papilio xuthus”’ Linnaeus, 1767: On 24th February 1954, Mr. Francis 46 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Hemming, as Secretary to the Commission placed the following note regarding the place of first publication of the name Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, 1767, on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 192, relating to the present case :— On the place of first publication of the name ‘* Papilio xuthus ’’ Linnaeus, 1767 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) As part of its decision to use its Plenary Powers for the purpose of suppressing the specific name ajax Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Papilio ajax, the Commission has decided to place the specific name xuthus Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Papilio xuthus, on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. \t will be necessary to cite in the Opinion dealing with this case the original reference for the name Papilio xuthus Linnaeus, and, since there is, as I know as a lepidopterist, a slight complication in regard to this matter, it is desirable that the following short note should be added in regard to it. 2. The well-known Japanese and East Oriental Swallowtail Butterfly now known as Papilio xuthus was described by Linnaeus in 1767 in the 12th Edition of the Systema Naturae on page 751 in the (continuously paged) second section of volume 1. The name there applied to this species was Papilio xanthus. On the unnumbered page containing the Corrigenda inserted at the end of this volume Linnaeus corrected the spelling “‘ xanthus’’ to xuthus’’, and it is this latter spelling which has ever since been employed, except by an occasional author who looked up the original description on page 751 but did not notice the entry in the Corrigenda at the end of the volume, and therefore used the uncorrected spelling “ xanthus”. While until 1953 it was often a matter of doubt whether a given Original Spelling for a name was subject to emendation under Article 19 of the Régles, it was always agreed that such emendations ought to be accepted in cases where the correction of the Original Spelling was actually made in the book in which the name in question was first published. The view so taken in such cases was expressly endorsed as correct by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953 (1953, Copen- hagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 44, Point (1)(b)(i)). It is clear, therefore, that the spelling ‘‘ xuthus’’ is the correct spelling for this specific name. 3. Now that the foregoing specific name is to be placed on the Official List of such names, it will be necessary to note in that List that the spelling “ xuthus”’ is an Emendation and that the Original Spelling was “ xanthus’’. Under the General Directive that the > = OPINION 286 47 Ruling given in every Opinion is to cover all questions involved in the application dealt with in it and the Direction by the Paris Congress that every objectively valid or invalid name dealt with in an Opinion is to be placed on the appropriate Official List or Official Index, as the case may be, it becomes an obligation in the present case that the name xanthus Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Papilio xanthus, should, as an Invalid Original Spelling, now be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. 19. On 25th February 1954, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P. (52) 3, subject to the adjustment specified in paragraph 18 above. 20. The following are the original references for the names placed on the Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Opinion :— ajax, Papilio, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 462 xanthus, Papilio, Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 751 xuthus, Papilio, Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2): Corrigenda (ref. to Papilio xanthus on page 751) 21. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name’ and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “trivial”? appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “‘ specific name” was substituted for the expression “trivial name” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 48 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 22. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. . 23. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Two Hundred and Eighty-Six (286) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. DOoNneE in London, this First day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MetcaLFe & Cooper LimitEp 10-24 Scrutton St. .London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by | FRANCIS HEMMING, C..G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 4. Pp. 49—62 OPINION 287 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name SEG HES: Montfort, 1810 (Class Gastropoda, Order Tectibranchiata) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Seven Shillings (All rights reserved) ed Issued 12th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 287 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DYyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (Ast January 1944), Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944), Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (ist January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van WNatuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948). Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948). Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948). Professor Teiso ESAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RiLey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950). OPINION 287 VALIDATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF THE GENERIC NAME ‘ SCAPHANDER ” MONTFORT, 1810 (CLASS GASTROPODA, ORDER TECTIBRANCHIATA) RULING : (1) Under the Plenary Powers, the under- mentioned names are hereby suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy :—(a) the generic name Tricla Philipsson, 1788 ; (b) the generic name Gioénia Bruguiére, 1789 ; (c) the specific name gioéni Philipsson, 1788, as published in the combination Tricla gioéni ; (d) the specific name sicula Bruguiere, 1792, as published in the combination Gioénia sicula. (2) The generic name Scaphander Montfort, 1810 (gender : masculine) (type species, by monotypy : Bulla lignaria Linnaeus, 1758) (Class Gastropoda, Order Tectibranchiata) is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 711. (3) The specific name J/ignaria Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Bulla lignaria, is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 118. (4) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 99 and 100 respectively :—(a) Tricla Philipsson, 1788, as suppressed, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (a) above ; (b) Gioénia Bruguiére, 1789, as suppressed, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (b) above. (5) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid @CT 28 1954 52 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Specific Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 70 and 71 respectively :—(a) gioéni Philipsson, 1788, as published in the combination Tricla gioéni and as suppressed, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (c) above; (b) sicula Bruguiére, 1792, as published in the combination Gioénia sicula and as suppressed, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (d) above. I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On Sth July 1948, Dr. Henning Lemche (then of the Kei. Veterinaer- og Landbohgjskole, Zoologisk Laboratorium, Copen- hagen, and now of the Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copen- hagen) submitted a preliminary communication in regard to the name Scaphander Montfort, 1810 (Class Gastropoda, Order Tectibranchiata). Correspondence ensued between the Secretary and Dr. Lemche, as the result of which the following application was submitted by Dr. Lemche on 13th December 1950 :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to validate the generic - name ‘* Scaphander ’’ Montfort, 1810 (Class Gastropoda, Order Tectibranchiata) By HENNING LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) The object of the present application is to seek the assistance of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in providing a valid basis for the well-known generic name Scaphander Montfort, 1810 (Class Gastropoda, Order Tectibranchiata). The facts relating to this case are set out in the following paragraphs. Gioéni (G.) in 1783 (Descr. nuov. fam. .. . di Testacei trovati nel littorale di Catania: 25) described an “‘ animal”, which proved to be the stomach of Bulla lignaria Linnaeus, 1758, (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 727). The specimen described was given the name “ Gioéni”’ ; this, being uninominal, possesses no status in zoological nomenclature. A year later, however, Philipsson (not Retzius, as incorrectly stated a ee or eee a OPINION 287 53 by some authors) cited the record of “ Gioéni’’ under the binominal name Tricla gioéni (1788, Diss. Hist. nat. sist. nova Test. Gen. : 8). Further, Bruguiére in 1789 (Ency. méth. Hist. nat. Vers 1 : XII) referred to the reference to Gioéni’s “* Gioéni’’, which he cited under the generic name Gioénia ; the sole species referred to by him—and therefore the type species by monotypy—he later cited under the name Gioénia sicula (1792, ibid. 2 : 502). These “‘stomach-names’’ were not accepted by zoologists who have universally applied to the species in question the first generic name to be applied to the shell proper. This name is Scaphander Montfort, 1810 (Conch. syst. Class. méth. Coquilles 2 : 335); the type species of this genus is Bulla lignaria Linnaeus, 1758, by mono- typy. Further information is to be found in a paper by the present writer (Lemche, 1948, Danske Vid. Selsk. biol. (5)3 : 86—88), in which are enumerated all available records of this species from the North Atlantic; in the same paper is given a list of all known synonyms of this species. Winckworth (1932, J. Conch. 19 : 232 ; id., 1933, ibid. 19 : 334) is the only author who has argued in favour of reverting to the name Tricla Philipsson, 1788, in preference to the later but universally accepted name Scaphander Montfort, 1810. Winckworth’s action in reinstating the name Tricla has, so far as can be ascertained, been followed in only three subsequent papers, namely: (1) Fisher, 1935, J. Conch. 20:120; (2) Moore, 1937, Proc. Liverpool biol. Soc. 50 : 186; (3) Brouwer, 1945, Basteria 9 : 64. The large animals with which we are here concerned are extremely well known to zoologists, and the name Scaphander is known widely outside the narrow circle of specialists engaged in the study of the tectibranchs. The abandonment of the name Scaphander which has been universally used for these animals for about 150 years (except in the few papers referred to above) would lead to quite unnecessary confusion and would be quite unwarranted. It is for this reason that I now ask the _ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature :— (1) to use its Plenary Powers to suppress the undermentioned names for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy :— (a) the generic name Tricla Philipsson, 1788 ; (b) the generic name Gioénia Bruguiére, 1789 ; (c) the specific trivial name gioéni Philipsson, 1788, as pub- lished in the binominal combination Tricla gioéni ; (d) the specific trivial name sicu/a Bruguiére, 1792, as pub- lished in the binominal combination Gioénia sicula ; 54 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (2) to place the generic name Scaphander Montfort, 1810 (type species, by monotypy: Bulla lignaria Linnaeus, 1758) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ; (3) to place the trivial name /ignaria Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination Bulla lignaria, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology ; (4) to place the generic names specified on (1)(a) and (b) above, as proposed to be suppressed under the Plenary Powers, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ; (5) to place the trivial names specified in (1)(c) and (d) above, as proposed to be suppressed under the Plenary Powers, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. IlL—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On receipt of Dr. Lemche’s preliminary communication of July 1948, the case of the name Scaphander Montfort, 1810, was given the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 378. 3. Publication of the present application: Immediately upon its receipt in December 1950, Dr. Lemche’s definitive application was sent to the printer and it was published on 20th April 1951 (Lemche, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl.(2 : 35—36). 4. Issue of Public Notices: In accordance with the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 20th April 1951 both in Part 2 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr. Lemche’s application was published, and also to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, Notice of this OPINION 287 55 application was given to other serial publications likely to be interested. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed. 5. Support received for Dr. Lemche’s application: Letters of support for Dr. Lemche’s application were received from the following specialists :—(1) Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (San Diego, California, U.S.A.) ; (2) Dr. R. Ph. Dollfus (Muséum National d Histoire Naturelle, Paris); (3) Professor Dr. C. R. Boettger (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Senckenberg- Anlage, Frankfurt a. M.). The communications so received are given in the immediately following paragraphs. 6. Support received from Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (San Diego, California, U.S.A.): The following is an extract from a letter dated 22nd June 1951 received from Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (San Diego, California, U.S.A.), supporting Dr. Lemche’s application (Baily, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 34) :— The name Scaphander should, in my opinion, be placed on the Official List as requested, for the very convincing reasons given by Dr. Henning Lemche in his application to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 7. Support received from Dr. R. Ph. Dollfus (Muséum National d Histoire Naturelle, Paris): The following is an extract from a letter dated 25th June 1951 received from Dr. R. Ph. Dollfus (Muséum National dHistoire Naturelle, Paris), supporting Dr. Lemche’s application (Dollfus, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 211) :— Je suis pour la validation de Scaphander Montfort, 1810 (espéce type: Bulla lignaria Linnaeus, 1758). 8. Support received from Professor Dr. C. R. Boettger (Natur- Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Senckenberg-Anlage, Frankfurt a. M.): On 27th August 1951, Professor Dr. Robert Mertens communicated to the Commission a statement prepared by Professor Dr. C. R. Boettger (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs- Institut Senckenberg, Senckenberg-Anlage, Frankfurt a. M.), 56 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS commenting upon a number of then recently published applica- tions, from which the following is an extract relating to Dr. Lemche’s application regarding the name Scaphander Montfort :— Mit den Vorschlagen, nach denen dem Namen Scaphander Montfort, 1810 Geltung verschafft wird, bin ich einverstanden, da sonst in der Systematik der Cephalaspidaeen eine erhebliche Unordnung entstehen wurde. 9. Application submitted by Mrs. N. H. Ludbrook (Canberra, Australia): On 10th November 1951, Mrs. N. H. Ludbrook (Canberra, Australia), then on a visit to London, submitted the following application for the use of the Plenary Powers for the validation of the generic name Scaphander Montfort, 1811. At the time of the preparation of this application, Mrs. Ludbrook was unaware of the fact that an application in regard to the fore- going name had already been submitted by Dr. Henning Lemche, and, as her application was on the same lines as that of Dr. Lemche, she agreed (Ludbrook, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 211), on being informed of the earlier application, that her own application should be treated as a note of support for Dr. Lemche’s. Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to validate the generic name ‘** Scaphander ’’ (Class Gastropoda) as from Montfort, 1810, for use in its accustomed sense By N. H. LUDBROOK, M.A. The purpose of the present application is to ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to validate as from Montfort, 1810, the well-known generic name Scaphander in its accustomed sense, i.e., with Bulla lignaria Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 727) as type species. 2. The earliest described representative of this genus was referred by Linné to the genus Bulla Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 727) and described as Bulla lignaria from the external shell as follows (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1758 ; (ed. 12), 1767, p. 1184): “ B. testa obovata oblonguiscula transverse striata vertice subumbilicata. ... Testa statura fere apicem angustata minus umbilicata colore sere ligni; intus alba & columella flexuosa ut oculo aditus pateat ad verticem usque’””’. OPINION 287 57 3. In 1783 the Neapolitan naturalist Gioéni published a ‘‘ Des- crizione di una nuova famiglia a di un nuova genere di Testacei trovata nel littorale di Catania’’, and in considerable detail described and figured what he took to be a new trivalve mollusc, to which he gave his own name: “ Dovendo omporle un nome e trattandosi di una nuova famiglia non ancora at altri nota mi so lecito di chiamarla Gioéni”’ (p. 25). No genus or species was cited. He was unaware that his description was founded only on the gizzard of Bulla lignaria with its three gizzard plates, and portion of the oesophagus and intestine. His description and figures were accepted first by Retzius who, in 1758 (Dissertatio historica naturalis nova testaceorum genera ...), on the basis of Gioéni’s figures described the shell as follows (p. 8) : TRICLA ‘““Animal: Ascidiae species videtur. Testa : trivalvis, libera ; valvulis duabus undique inter se distantibus parallelis, subtriangulis, majoribus, planiusculis, tertia minore patelliforme compressa, subtus inter majores. Cardo nullus, sed valvulae undique tenui membrana connectuntur ”’. To the supposed trivalve mollusc he gave the name Tricla gioéni. 4. Secondly, Bruguiére, 1789 (Ency. Méth. (Vers.) 1 : 502, pl. 170, Char. Gioéna, figs. 1—7), accepted Gioéni’s description, publishing a detailed account of the anatomy of what he names the ‘ Char sicilien ’, Gioénia sicula (on pl. 170 misprinted as Gioéna). By the Law of Priority, Gioénia Bruguiére, 1789, is thus a synonym of Tricla Retzius. 5. Lamarck, 1799, in his Prodrome d’une nouy. class. Cog., accepted both the vernacular name “Char” and the generic name Gioénia and classified (p. 90) the shell described by Bruguiére as a multivalve shell. 6. The error was exposed by Draparnaud in 1800 in “ Observation sur la Gioénia”’, Jour. de Phys. 50 : 146—7, in which the papers of Gionéi, Retzius and Bruguiére are reviewed. He states: “Ce fameux Char sicilien, ce nouveau genre si anormal, n’est pas méme un animal complet; c’est seulement l’estomac musculo-osseux de Vanimal de l’oublie (Bulla lignaria Linn) .... Ony verra que la longue histoire du char sicilien donnée par Gioéni, n’est absolument qu’un roman, et que cet animal imaginaire déja trop célébre doit étre effacé pour jamais du tableau des testacées ”’. 7. In 1810, Montfort (Conch. Syst. : 334—6) erected the genus Scaphander for Bulla lignaria, cited monotypically as type species ; the shell was described in detail and an account of the anatomy given. Reference was made to the gizzard and the misconception surrounding 58 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS it: “Il se nourrit de petits mollusques testacés, dont il broie les coquilles au moyen de trois osselets qui garnissent son estomac ; osselets dont on voulut faire un genre de coquilles multivalves sous le nom de gioenie et de tricla”’. 8. The name Tricla was also employed by Oken, 1815 (Lehrb. Naturges. 3 (Zool.) : 327) for a genus of Pteropoda. By the Law of Homonymy, Tricla Oken is a junior homonym of Tricla Retzius. 9. The names Gioénia and Tricla next appear in print in Herrmann- sen, 1846 (Gen. Malac. 1 : 474) and 1847 (ibid. 2 : 588) as “‘ Genus Testaceorum fictitium antea per Gioenium indicatum Draparnaud ventriculum osseum Bulla lignaria pro testa habitum esse prohabit ”’. Gioénia Bruguiére is cited as a synonym of Tricla Retzius. 10. In 1847, Gray (Syst. List Rec. Moll.) published the names Gioénia Gioéni, Tricla Retzius, Char Bruguiére, in synonymy with Scaphander Montfort. This synonymy contains two errors in that Gioéni was introduced as a family name and not as a genus and Char is the vernacular name for Gioénia Bruguiére. 11. The next appearance of the name Tricla was in H. and A. Adams, 1858, Gen. Rec. Moll. where Tricla Retzius is regarded as a Pteropod and synonymous with Cavolina Gioéni. 12. Chenu, 1859 (Man de Conch.) was similarly mistaken in his interpretation of Tricla Retzius, which he placed in synonymy with the Pteropod Hyalea Lamarck. Both H. and A. Adams and Chenu were thus employing Tricla Oken and not Tricla Retzius. 13. Subsequent writers, with one exception, have generally used Scaphander Montfort for the genus, either placing Gioénia and Tricla in synonymy or ignoring them altogether :— S. P. Woodward, 1880 (Man. Moll.) does not include either of these names. Fischer, 1887 (Man. de Conch). cites Gioénia Bruguiére, 1789 and Tricla Retzius, 1788, as synonyms of Scaphanper Montfort, 1810. 14. Pilsbry, 1893 in Tryon (Man. Conch.) cites as synonyms of Scaphander Monfort Assula Schumacher, Gioéni Gioéni, Gioénia Bruguiére, and Tricla Philipsson (err. pro Retzius), 1788, with the statement “‘ Not unnaturally the gizzard with its plates has been described as an independent genus, and two generic names have been applied to it, both prior in date to Scaphander ; but Draparnaud in 1800 discovered their true nature, and it was also known to Montfort.”’ The name Scaphander is retained without apology. 15. Thiele, 1929 (Hand. Syst. Wecht.) omits reference to Tricla Retzius and Gioénia Gioéni but places Tricla Oken in synonymy with Cavolina Abildgaard. Ses TY ee oe OPINION 287 59 16. In 1932, however, Winckworth (“‘ Brit. Mar. Moll.’ in J. Conch. 19), revives the genus Tricla for Bulla lignaria, presumably on priority grounds and the name Tric/a has thus replaced Scaphander in the British list. Winckworth rightly followed Sherborne (nd. Anim.) and also Neave (Nom. Zool.) in not accepting Gioénia as having been validly introduced as a generic name by Gioéni. Sherborne states : “ Gioénia Gioéni 1783 Ag. does not occur ’’. Neave omits it. However, both Agassiz (Nom. Zool.) and Scudder (Nom. Zool.) list it as valid, Agassiz as Gioéni and Scudder as Gioénia. 17. Writing on the Opisthobranchiata from the Western and Northern coasts of Norway in 1939 (Kgl. Norske Vidensk. Selksabs. Skrifter. 1939 : 7) Odhner gives an opinion in favour of retaining the name Scaphander: “‘As to the name Scaphander it should be remarked that Winckworth replaced it by Tricla Retzius, 1788, a change which is in consequence of the nomenclatorial laws, but which I find far from necessary and therefore difficult to accept.” 18. After careful consideration, the writer has: come to the con- clusion that to prevent the introduction of needless confusion arising from the availability of the name Gioéni, and the application of the Law of Priority to the nominal genera Tricla Retzius and Gioénia Bruguiére, both of which were originally introduced as a result of a misconception of the anatomy of the species Bulla lignaria Linnaeus, the names of both of which have been by common usage suppressed since 1800, it is essential that the International Commission on Zoo- logical Nomenclature should exercise its Plenary Powers to such an extent as is necessary to validate the generic name Scaphander Montfort, 1810, as published in Montfort’s Conchyliologie Systematique (2 : 334—336) with Bulla lignaria Linnaeus, 1758, as type species. 19. Accordingly, the proposal is hereby submitted that the Inter- national Commission should :— (1) use its Plenary Powers :— (a) to suppress the under-mentioned generic names for the purpose of the Law of Priority, but not for those of the Law of Homonymy :— (i) Tricla Retzius, 1788 ; (ii) Gioénia Bruguiére, 1789 ; (b) to validate the generic name Scaphander Montfort, 1810, as published on p. 334 of Montfort’s Conchylio- logie with Bulla lignaria Linnaeus as type species ; (2) place the gerieric name Scaphander Montfort, 1810, as proposed above to be validated under the Plenary Powers under (1) (b) above (type species Bulla lignaria Linnaeus, 1758) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. 60 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (3) place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology the names specified in (1) (a) above, proposed to be suppressed for the purpose of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy. IiI—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 10. Issue of Voting Paper V.P(52)4: On 7th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)4) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “the proposal relating to the name Scaphander Montfort, 1810, as specified in Points (1) to (5) on page 36 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ”’ {i.e. the Points set out in the concluding paragraph of the application submitted by Dr. Lemche reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 11. The prescribed Voting period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 7th July 1952. 12. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)4: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)4 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received): Calman; Hering; do Amaral; Dymond; Riley ; Cabrera ; Stoll; Esaki; Hanko; Pearson; Bonnet ; Mertens; Lemche; Vokes; Bradley; Boschma ; Hemming. (b) Negative Votes: None ; OPINION 287 61 (c) Voting Paper V.P.(52)4 was not returned by one (1) Commissioner : Jaczewski. 13. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 8th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)4, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 12 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 14. On 26th February, 1954, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)4. 15. The following are the original references for the names which appear in the Ruling given in the present Opinion :— gioéni, Tricla, Philipsson, 1788, Diss. Hist. nat. sist. nova Test. Gen. : 8 Gioénia Bruguiére, 1789, Ency. méth. Hist. nat., Vers 1: XII lignaria, Bulla, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 727 Scaphander Montfort, 1810, Conch. syst. Class. méth. Coquilles 7) BBY) sicula, Gioénia, Bruguiere, 1792, Ency. méth. Hist. nat., Vers Zz: 502 Tricla Philipsson, 1788, Diss. Hist. nat. sist. nova Test. Gen. : 8 16. The gender of the generic name Scaphander Montfort, 1810, is masculine. 17. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name” and the Official List reserved 62 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “trivial”? appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “ specific name” was substituted for the expression “trivial name” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 18. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 19. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Two Hundred and Eighty-Seven (287) of the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this First day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MetcatFrr & Cooprr Limitren, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 5. Pp. 63—72 OPINION 288 Suppression, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Monoculus Linnaeus, 1758 (systematic position indeterminate) and matters incidental thereto LONDON : Printed -by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Five Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 12th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 288 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (\st January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (Ast January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) ({st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948) Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmee (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RiLey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 288 SUPPRESSION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF THE GENERIC NAME ‘*‘ MONOCULUS ” LINNAEUS, 1758 (SYSTEMATIC POSITION INDETER- MINATE) AND MATTERS INCIDENTAL THERETO RULING: (1) Under the Plenary Powers, the under- mentioned names are hereby suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy :—(a) the generic name Monoculus Linnaeus, 1758 (systematic position indeterminate) ; (b) the specific name felemus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Monoculus telemus. (2) The specific name tridentata Forskal, 1775, as published in the combination Anomia tridentata, is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 119. (3) The generic name Monoculus Linnaeus, 1758, as suppressed, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (a) above, is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 101. (4) The specific name felemus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Monoculus telemus and as suppressed, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (b) above, is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 72. I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 22nd June 1948 Professor H. Munro Fox (Bedford College for Women, London University, London) submitted a preliminary communication on the subject of the possible suppression, by the OCT 28 1954 66 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS International Commission under its Plenary Powers, of the generic name Monoculus Linnaeus, 1758, the name of a nominal genus for which no type species had ever been designated and the systematic position of which was in consequence indeterminate. Correspondence ensued between the Secretary and Professor Munro Fox, as the result of which the following application was submitted by Professor Munro Fox on 22nd January 1949 :— Proposed suppression under the Plenary Powers of the generic name ‘*‘ Monoculus ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 By H. MUNRO FOX, F.R.S. (Bedford College, London University) The Linnean genus Monoculus (1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 634) has now vanished from zoological literature. Each of its nine species has been put into a different newer genus. The genera are the following (using the enumeration in the Systema Naturae) :— Name of species Genus in which species now placed 1. Monoculus Polyphemus .. Limulus Miiller, 1785 2. M. foliaceus ne .. Argulus Miller, 1785 See ADUS ve .. Lepidurus Leach, 1819 4. M. Pulex .. se .. Daphnia Miller, 1785 5. M. Pediculus a .. Polyphemus Miiller, 1776 6. MM. quadricornis .. .. Cyclops Miiller, 1776 da VI conchaceus ee .. Cypris Miiller, 1776 8. M. lenticularis .. .. Limnadia Brongniard, 1820 9. M. Telemus Ay .. Cavolina Abildgaard, 1791 2. For the first seven species of Monoculus, Linnaeus gave references to publications, usually quoting figures, and from these figures and the description in the text we are certain to what animals the names apply. But species Nos. 8 and 9 cannot immediately be recognised from their descriptions and for each of them Linnaeus gave only a reference to one person. These were, for species No. 8, Uddman, a pupil of his, studying in Finland, and, for species No. 9, E. Brander, the Swedish consul at Algiers ; presumably they had sent him the specimens. 3. Species No. 8, Monoculus lenticularis, is difficult to recognise from its short description in 1758 in the Systema Naturae, but this description was improved in 1761 by the addition of the word “pellucida ’’ in the Second Edition of the Fauna Svecica (: 499). Hermann (1804) thought that his Daphnia gigas might be Monoculus lenticularis. Brongniard (1820) named the same animal Limnadia hermanni. Lilljeborg (1871) was sure that these animals, since they occur in Sweden, were Monoculus lenticularis, because there is no other 4 eS OPINION 288 67 flat and pellucid species of this kind in that country. Sahlberg (1875) pointed out that, as it is also found in Finland, it must be the Linnean species. It is now called Limnadia lenticularis (Linnaeus). 4. Species No. 9, Monoculus Telemus, is a pteropod mollusc belonging to the genus Cavolina Abildgaard, 1791. Telemus was a soothsayer in Homer’s “ Odyssey’. The species is today called Cavolina tridentata (Forskal). Davila (1767, vol. 1, plate 20 figs. D and e) figured the shell. Forskal (1775, Descr. Anim. : 124) described it as Anomia tridentata. Abildgaard (1791) named it Cavolina natans, because Cavolini of Naples had told him how this animal swims ; he referred to Davila. Hermann (1804) recognised that the species described by Davila, Forskal and Abildgaard corresponds to Mono- culus Telemus Linnaeus. I have been able to confirm this from a handwritten entry by Linnaeus in his copy of the 12th Edition of the Systema Naturae (1767), now in the library of the Linnean Society of London, which refers to the plate and figures of Davila. Philippi (1853) renamed the genus Cavolinia, but there is no justification for this. No advantage of any kind would be served by the re-introduction of the trivial name te/emus Linnaeus, 1758, for this species, in place of the well-known trivial name tridentata Forskal, 1775, by which it has been known continuously for nearly 150 years. I accordingly ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its Plenary Powers to suppress the trivial name felemus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination Monoculus telemus, and, having done so, (i) to place that trivial name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, and (ii) to place the trivial name tridentata Forskal, 1775, as published in the binominal combination Anomia tridentata, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. 5. While the nine species of Monoculus are now placed in nine other genera, the Linnean genus itself is still nomenclatorially available and every one of the generic names at present used for the nine species is liable to be superseded if one or other of those species were to be selected as the type species of Monoculus Linnaeus. This is highly undesirable, since the generic names in question have come to be very well known to zoologists. One of these names, Limulus Miller, has indeed already been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. I accordingly apply herewith to the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature to suppress the name Monoculus Linnaeus, 1758, under its Plenary Powers, on the grounds that reintroduction of this name would clearly lead to greater confusion than uniformity, and, having done so, to place this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. 1 The name Limulus Miller, 1785, was placed on the Ruling given in Opinion 104 (1928, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 5): 25). A technical defect in the foregoing Ruling has since been remedied by the Commission under its Plenary Powers in Opinion 320 (now in the press). 68 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS References Abildgaard, P. E., 1791. “‘ Nyere Efterretning om det Skaldyr fra Middelhavet, som Forskal har beskrevet under Navn af Anomia tridentata.” Skr. naturhist. Selsk., Copenhagen 1 : 171. Brongniard, A., 1820. ‘“‘ Mémoire sur la Limnadia.” Mém. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris 6 : 83. Davila (1767). Catalogue systématique et raisonné des curiosités de la Nature et de l'art qui composent le cabinet de M. Davila, Paris. Forskal, P. (1775). Descriptiones Animalium, Copenhagen. Hermann, J. F. (1804). Mémoire aptérologique, Strassburg. Leach, W. E. (1819). ‘*‘ Entomostracés ’’ in Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles 14. Lilljeborg, W. (1871). “ Limnadia gigas (J. F. Hermann) forekommande - 1 Sverige.” Ofvers. Vetensk. Akad. Stockh. 28 : 823. Miller, O. F. (1776). Zoologiae danicae Prodromus, Copenhagen. Miller, O. F. (1785). Entomostraca, seu Insecta Testacea, Leipzig and Copenhagen. Philippi, R. A. (1853). Handbuch der Conchyliologie und Malacozoolo- gie, Halle. Sahlberg, J. R. (1875). ‘‘ Om Finlands hiltills kanda phyllopodet och aterfinnandet af Linnés Monoculus lenticularis.”’ Faun. Flor. Fenn. Notiser, Helsingfors. Il.—_THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On receipt of Professor Munro Fox’s preliminary communication of June 1948, the case of the name Monoculus Linnaeus, 1758, was given the Registered — Number Z.N.(S.) 377. . 3. Publication of the present application: The present application was sent to the printer in September 1950, and publicatien took place on 20th April 1951 (Fox, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 37—39). 4. Issue of Public Notices: In accordance with the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress OPINION 288 69 of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 20th April 1951 both in Part 2 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which Professor Munro Fox’s application was published) and also to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, Notice of this application was given to other serial publications likely to be interested. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action. proposed. 5. Support received for Professor Munro Fox’s application: Letters of support for Professor Munro Fox’s application were received from the following specialists :—(1) Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (San Diego, California, U.S.A.) ; (2) Dr. R. Ph. Dollfus (Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris). The communica- tions so received are given in the immediately following para- graphs. 6. Support received from Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (San Diego, California, U.S.A.): The following is an extract from a letter dated 22nd June 1951 received from Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (San Diego, California, U.S.A.), supporting Professor Munro Fox’s application (Baily, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 345) :— With reference to the application submitted by Professor H. Munro Fox (1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 37—39) I am of the opinion that the generic name Monoculus Linnaeus, 1758, should be suppressed under the Plenary Power before someone selects a type species for the genus so named, and, by doing so, upsets a long-established and universally understood name. 7. Support received from Dr. R. Ph. Dollfus (Muséum National d Histoire Naturelle, Paris): The following is an extract from a letter dated 25th June 1951 received from Dr. R. Ph. Dollfus (Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris), supporting Pro- fessor Munro Fox’s application (Dollfus, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 211) :—Je suis pour la suppression de Monoculus Linnaeus, 1758. 70 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS i11—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 8. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)5: On 7th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)5) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “ the proposal relating to the generic name Monoculus Linnaeus, 1758, as specified in the last sentence of the concluding paragraph on page 38 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ” [i.ec. the proposal submitted in the last paragraph of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion and the associated proposal specified at the end of the immediately preceding paragraph]. 9. The prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 7th July 1952. 10. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P(52)5: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)5 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following sixteen (16) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received): Calman; Hering; do Amaral; Dymond; Riley; Cabrera ; Stoll; Esaki; Pearson; Bonnet; Mertens ; Lemche ; Vokes ; Bradley ; Boschma ; Hemming ; (b) A Negative Vote had been given by one (1) Commissioner: Hanko ; (c) Voting Paper V.P.(52)5 was not returned by one (1) Com- missioner: Jaczewski. 11. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 8th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)5; Fu OPINION 288.2) FA signed. a.Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in para- graph 10 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Com- mission in the matter aforesaid. 12. On 27th February 1954, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)5. 13. The following are the original references for the names _ which appear in the Ruling given in the present Opinion :— Monoculus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 634 telemus, Monoculus, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 635 tridentata, Anomia, Forskal, 1775, Descr. Anim. : 124. 14. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “trivial name’ and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial” appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “specific name” was substituted for the expression “trivial name” and corre- sponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 15. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the 72 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 16. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Two Hundred and Eighty-Eight (288) of the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this First day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by Metcatre & Cooper LIMITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c..G., C.B-E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 6. Pp. 73—88 OPINION 289 Acceptance of the type selection for the genus Rantus Dejean, 1833 (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera) made by Hope in 1839 and emendation of the foregoing name to Rhantus aN Nov 2- 1954 ) wut J LIBRARY le ts LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Eight Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 12th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 289 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (\st January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold B. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (Ast January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948). Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948). Dr. Henning LemMcue (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark (27th July 1948). Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RILey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 289 ACCEPTANCE OF THE TYPE SELECTION FOR THE GENUS ‘“‘ RANTUS ”’ DEJEAN, 1833 (CLASS INSECTA, ORDER COLEOPTERA) MADE BY HOPE IN 1839 AND EMENDATION OF THE FOREGOING NAME TO ‘* RHANTUS ”’ RULING: (1) The nominal genus Rantus Dejean, 1833 (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera) is a genus based upon a misidentified type species, but it is hereby directed that the selection by Hope in 1839 of Colymbetes pulverosus Stephens, 1828, one of the nominal species included by Dejean in the genus Rantus, as the type species of this genus is to be accepted as such, since the designation, under the Plenary Powers, of the nominal species Dytiscus notatus Bergstrasser, [1778], which Dejean misidentified as Colymbetes pulverosus Stephens, 1828, to be the type species of the genus Rantus Dejean would now cause confusion. (2) The spelling of the generic name Rantus Dejean, 1833, is to be emended to Rhantus. (3) The generic name Rhantus (emend. of Rantus) Dejean, 1833 (gender: masculine) (type species, by selection by Hope (1839), as confirmed under (1) above ; Colymbetes pulverosus Stephens, 1828) is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 712. (4) The specific name swturalis Macleay, 1825, as published in the combination Colymbetes suturalis 1s hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 120. (5) The generic name Rantus (an Invalid Original Spelling of Rhantus) Dejean, 1833, is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 102. OCT 28 1954 716 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 1.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 25th November 1944 Mr. J. Balfour-Browne (British Museum (Natural History), London) submitted a preliminary communication on the subject of the species to be accepted as the type species of the genus Rantus Dejean, 1833 (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera) and on the question of the orthography of that generic name. This subject ultimately formed—see para- graph 5 below—the subject of the following application :— Proposal that the generic name ‘‘ Rantus ’’ Dejean, 1833 (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera) should be emended to ‘‘ Rhantus ’’ under Article 19 and that the type species of this genus should be determined under the procedure laid down for dealing with genera based upon misidentified type species By J. BALFOUR-BROWNE, M.A. (Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History), London) I originally submitted the present proposal to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for the purpose of securing authority for the retention of the spelling Rhantus for the well-known coleopterous genus concerned, notwithstanding the fact that as originally published by Dejean in 1833, this name was spelt ‘“ Rantus”’. At the time when I submitted this application (April 1940), it was impossible for the Commission to take decisions on new cases, and I realised that considerable delay would be inevitable. Later, a second element entered into this case, when it was realised that under a Strict interpretation of the expression “ indication ’’, as given in the Commission’s Opinion 1, it would be necessary to review the literature for the purpose of determining the place where this generic name was first published. This particular difficulty disappeared in 1948 as the result of the decision of the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, to liberalise the provisions of Proviso (a) to Article 25, and to cancel the relevant portion of the Opinion referred to above (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 78—80). Finally, it was found that, when the generic name Rantus was published on what is now seen to be the first occasion on which this name appeared in the literature, in conditions which satisfy the provisions of Article 25, the genus so named was based upon a misidentified type species. In order that this matter also may be placed on a satisfactory footing, it is necessary to ask the Commission to give a ruling regarding the type species of this genus under the clarified and amended rules for dealing with genera based upon misidentified type species, laid down by the International Congress of Zoology in 1948 (see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 158— 159). OPINION 289 47 2. In the circumstances I have redrafted my application, in order both to take account of the decisions taken by the Paris Congress and to include within its scope each of the three problems involved. I deal with these separately in turn, in the following paragraphs. (1) Author and date of publication of the name ‘‘ Rantus ”’ 3. The generic name Rantus first appeared in print in 1833 in Dejean’s Cat. Coléopt (ed. 2) : 54. It was there attributed to Eschscholtz, by whom presumably it had been originally suggested in manuscript. Dejean cited four species as belonging to this genus and for three of them cited what he regarded as synonyms. In all, he cited under this generic name eight trivial names previously validly published for nominal species. He did not give any verbal diagnosis for this genus, nor did he designate or indicate a type species. Nevertheless, under the liberalisation of the definition of the expression “‘ indication ’’ adopted by the Paris Congress, the name Rantus Dejean, 1833, satisfies the requirements of Proviso (a) to Article 25 of the Rég/es and accordingly possesses rights under the Law of Priority. It is not a homonym of any previously published generic name consisting of the same word, and it is therefore an available name. Further, it is the oldest available generic name for the group of species associated with the species, hitherto recognised as the type species of the genus concerned. (2) Type species of the genus ‘‘ Rantus ’’ Dejean, 1833 4. The first author to select a type species for the genus Rantus Dejean was Hope, who in 1839 (Col. Mon, 2 : 131) selected what he called “ Dytiscus pulverosus Knoch”’ as the type species of this genus, which, however, he attributed to Eschscholtz, by whom (as shown above), this name was originally proposed in manuscript. Knoch never published the name Dytiscus pulverosus but there is no doubt that the species to which Hope was referring when he made the fore- going type selection was the species which in 1825, Stephens had named Colymbetes pulverosus (Stephens, 1825, Cat: 49 no. 489), for when dealing with the same species in 1828 (///. Brit. Ent. Mand. 2 : 69), Stephens added the following synonymy for this species : ‘““ Dy. pulverosus Knoch—Co. pulversosus Steph. Catal., p. 49, No. 489”. This species, as I have shown (1939, Ann. Mag. Hist. (11) 3 : 109, is the same as that to which MacLeay in 1825 (Annul. javan. (ed. 1) : 135) gave the name Colymbetes suturalis. On the basis of the foregoing identification, the oldest available trivial name for the species selected as the type species of Rantus by Hope in 1838 is suturalis MacLeay, 1825. 5. The generic name Rantus is universally interpreted in the sense indicated by Hope’s type selection, but, before we can accept that as a valid type selection, it is necessary that we should satisfy ourselves that the species selected by Hope was in fact one of Dejean’s originally included species. It is at this point that difficulties begin to arise. 78 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS The trivial names cited by Dejean under the generic name Rantus are as follows :— 1. notatus Fabr. Synonyms : conspersus Gyll. pulverosus Knoch 2. agilis Fabr. Synonym : suturalis Harr. [recte suturellus Harr.| 3. adspersus Fabr. Synonym: collaris Gyll. 4. suturalis Dejean. (a new name) Synonym: notatus Gyll. 6. It will be seen from the foregoing list that Dejean did include in his genus Rantus a species having the trivial name pulverosus, attributed by him to Knoch (doubtless for the same reasons as those explained above in connection with Hope’s 1839 type selection) and doubtless denoting the species named Colymbetes pulverosus by Stephens in 1825. This nominal species (as already explained) and also that referred to by Dejean as “‘ conspersus Gyll”’. (= Dytiscus conspersus Gyllenhal, 1808, Ins. suec. 1 : 482 (nec. Marsham, 1802)), are currently regarded as identical with the species represented by Colymbetes suturalis MacLeay, 1825 ; but, contrary to the view expressed in Dejean’s Catalogue, the species so named is considered to be quite distinct from the species cited by Dejean as Rantus notatus Fabr. Dejean was doubtless referring to Dytiscus notatus as published by Fabricius in 1781 (Spec. Ins. 1 : 296), where, however, Fabricius did not publish this as a new name, the name in question having already been published by Bergstrasser in 1778 (Nomencl. Ins. Hanau 1 : 31). 7. It is, however, not now accepted by specialists that the species referred to Dytiscus by Gyllenhal, 1808, under the trivial name notatus, is the same species as Dytiscus notatus Bergstrasser, 1778; on the other hand, it is accepted that the species so referred to by Gyllenhal is the same species as that referred to by Fabricius in 1781, as Dytiscus notatus. It is now considered by specialists that Fabricius misidentified the Dytiscus notatus of Bergstrasser (which is now considered to be the same species as Dytiscus nebolusus Forster, 1771, Nov. Spec. Ins. 1 : 56) and that Gyllenhal followed Fabricius in this misidentification. Accordingly, the species possessing the misapplied name Dytiscus notatus Fabricius, 1781 (nec Dytiscus notatus Bergstrasser, 1778), is now referred to as Rantus frontalis (Marsham, 1802) (=Dytiscus frontalis Marsham, 1802), the name frontalis Marsham being the earliest available name for the species (vide Balfour-Browne (J.), 1944, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (11) 11 : 354). Since Dejean listed as distinct species (1) notatus Gyllenhal (a preoccupied name which he proposed to replace by the name suturalis Dejean (not suturalis MacLeay, 1825) OPINION 289 79 and (2) notatus Fabricius (with synonyms conspersus Gyllenhal and pulverosus Knoch), it is perfectly clear that he misconceived the Fabrician species and that the species which he identified as notatus Fabricius is not that species but suturalis MacLeay, 1825 (=pulverosus (Knoch MS.) Stephens, 1828). 8. Two conclusions emerge from the data summarised above: (a) that the species Colymbetes pulverosus (Knoch MS.) Stephens, 1825, selected as the type species of Rantus (Eschscholtz MS.) Dejean by Hope in 1839, is a species which, under the decision taken by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology in Paris in 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 177—180), is to be treated as having been originally included in the genus, and therefore that Hope’s selection of this species as the type species of the genus Rantus, being the first such selection to be made, is valid under the Régles ; (b) that Dejean, in identifying the above species with Dytiscus notatus Fabricius, 1781, committed an error of identification and therefore that, as the above species was later validly selected to be the type species of this genus (by Hope in 1839), the genus Rantus Dejean, 1833, is a genus based upon a misidentified type species. 9. The position of a genus established on a misidentified type species (which already had been the subject of Opinions 65 and 169) was reviewed by the Commission and the Congress in 1948, when it was agreed that, where the Commission was satisfied that such an error had been committed by the original author of a genus, it should use its Plenary Powers to designate as the type species of the genus concerned, the species intended by the original author of the genus (or, if the identity of that species was doubtful, some other species in harmony with current nomenclatorial usage) but that, where the Commission was of the opinion that greater confusion than uniformity would result from using the Plenary Powers in this way, it should direct that the designation or indication, or, as the case might be, selection as the type species of the genus concerned, of the species cited by the original author of the genus be accepted (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 158— 159). When we consider the present case in the light of the foregoing decision, it is immediately apparent that greater confusion than uniformity would result if the Commission were to use its Plenary Powers to designate as the type species of the genus Rantus Dejean the nominal species “‘ Rantus notatus Fabr.”’, with which Dejean synonymised the nominal species Colymbetes pulverosus Stephens, 1825, for such a type designation would run entirely counter to the currently accepted treatment of this genus. It follows therefore that the present case is one which should be dealt with under the second part of the decision summarised above. I accordingly ask the Com- mission to direct that, notwithstanding the error of identification committed by Dejean at the time (1833) when he published the generic name Rantus, the nominal species Colymbetes pulverosus Stephens, 1828, included by him in this genus and (in 1839) selected by Hope, as the type species of this genus, is to be accepted as such. 80 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (3) The question whether the name ‘‘ Rantus ’’ Dejean, 1833, should be emended to ‘‘ Rhantus ’’ under Article 19 10. The name Rantus was published by Dejean in 1833, without any indication of the origin of the word so selected. Thirteen years later Agassiz (1846, Nomencl. zool. Index univ. : 321) pointed out that the correct orthography of the Greek word pavrds, when transliterated into the Latin alphabet, was not “rantus’’ but “‘rhantus”’, and he accordingly emended the spelling of this generic name to Rhantus. This emended spelling has ever since been generally adopted; in 1935, however, F. Balfour-Browne restored the original spelling (Rantus), arguing that no emendation of a generic name should be accepted “‘ unless made by the original author and within the same volume of the publication in which the original spelling appeared ”’. The question of the interpretation of Article 19 of the Régles was, I am aware, carefully considered by the Commission and the Congress in Paris in 1948, when certain clarifications were agreed upon and arrangements for a comprehensive review of the problems involved in the emendation of names to be carried out by the Secretary to the Commission, in consultation with interested specialists, with a view to a thorough-going clarification of Article 19 at the next (Copenhagen, 1953) meeting of the Congress (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 141—144).1 It is quite clear from the decisions taken in Paris that the grounds on which F. Balfour-Browne (1935) sought to justify the abandonment of the long-established spelling Rhantus, in favour of the original spelling Rantus, are invalid, because not in accordance with the Reégles. In view of the ambiguity of the wording of Article 19 (and, in par- ticular, the absence of guidance as to how to interpret the governing word, “ évident ’’), it is possible that for other reasons the emendation of the name Rantus to Rhantus is not justified under the provisions of this Article. In any case, there can clearly be no finality in this matter until the Commission has given a definite ruling one way or the other. 11. When I originally raised this question with the Commission (April, 1940) I did so because my correspondent Dr. Hugh B. Leach (Vernon, B.C.), had drawn my attention to the fact that in the then recently published Fourth Supplement to the Leng Catalogue of the Coleoptera of North America North of Mexico, Dr. R. E. Blackwelder (United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.), had used the accustomed spelling “‘ Rhantus’’, notwithstanding the paper published in 1935 referred to above. At the same time, Dr. Leach sent me an extract from a letter which he had received from Dr. Blackwelder, which reads as follows : “‘ Rantus and Dytiscus do come under Article 19, in my opinion, but each not as a /apsus calami but as an error of transcription. The reasons given by Balfour-Browne for not accepting the corrections seem to me to have no basis in the Rules, or in our attempts to get a stable nomenclature. And this in spite of the fact that I do not hesitate to back any change that seems necessary. There 1 See in this connection paragraph 15 of the present Opinion. OPINION 289 81 is nothing in the Rules that requires that corrections of original spellings must be made by the original author or within a set period of time, but the Appendix to the Rules does indicate that the proper way to transliterate Rantus from the Greek is Rhantus’’. It was because I agreed with Dr. Blackwelder that the emended spelling (Rhantus) ought to be retained in this case, that J then asked the Commission to give a Ruling in this sense. I am still of the opinion that nothing but unnecessary confusion and instability would result from the reversion from the spelling Rhantus to the original but defective spelling Rantus, and I accordingly ask the Commission to rule that under Article 19 the emended spelling Rhantus is to be accepted and therefore that this genus should be known as Rhantus (emend. of Rantus) Dejean, 1833. Recommendation submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 12. In the light of the considerations advanced in the present application, I ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature :— (1) to give a Ruling that the genus Rantus Dejean, 1833, is based upon a misidentified type species, since Colymbetes pulverosus Stephens, 1828, which was selected as its type species by Hope in 1839, is not, as erroneously stated by Dejean, the same species as that which he called Rantus notatus Fabr. (i.e., notatus Bergstrasser, 1778); that greater confusion than uniformity would result if the species with which Dejean misidentified Colymbetes pulverosus Stephens, 1828, were now to be designated under the Plenary Powers as the type species of the genus Rantus Dejean ; and therefore that the species Colym- betes pulverosus Stephens, 1828, is to be accepted as the type species of this genus ; (2) to declare that under Article 19 the spelling of the generic name published by Dejean in 1833 is to be emended from Rantus to Rhantus ; (3) to place the generic name Rhantus (emend. of Rantus) Dejean, 1833 (type species, by selection by Hope, 1839: Colymbetes pulverosus Stephens, 1828) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ; (4) to place the trivial name suturalis MacLeay, 1825, as published in the binominal combination Colymbetes suturalis, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. II.—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On receipt of Mr. Balfour-Browne’s preliminary communication of November 82 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 1944, the problems connected with the name Rantus Dejean were given the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 171. 3. Publication difficulties in the period 1944—1947 : Owing to difficulties arising from paper rationing, shortage of labour at the printing works and similar causes, deliveries by the printer of material sent for printing for the Bulletin were so slow that it was thought desirable to withhold further applications until the printer had delivered those already in his hands. In conse- quence, the present application had not been sent to the printer by the time that in 1946 the Commission found it necessary to make other arrangements for its printing. The delays so involved made it impossible to publish the present application in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature prior to the Session held by the International Commission in Paris in 1948. 4. Issue of Public Notices in 1947 : On 20th November 1947, however, Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was issued to the serial publications prescribed by the Ninth International Congress of Zoology, Monaco, 1913, for, although the applicant did not ask for the use of those Powers, the alternative to the grant of the application submitted would have been for the Commission to use its Plenary Powers to designate, as the type species of the genus Rantus Dejean, 1833, the nominal species intended by Dejean in place of the species which he misidentified with the species ultimately selected by Hope to be the type species of this genus. Thus, the publication of these Notices put the Commission in a position to deal with this case in whichever way it might think proper. The publica- tion of the foregoing Notices elicited no objection to the use of the Plenary Powers in this case. 5. Postponement of the present application at Paris in 1948 : The present application was not brought before the International Commission at its Session held in Paris in 1948, for it was not certain at that time as to what work should be treated as that in which the name Rantus had been first validly published by Dejean, having regard to the fact that on the first occasion on which he published this name (1833, in the 2nd edition of his Cat. Coléopt.) Dejean gave no diagnosis for the genus so named OPINION 289 . 83 and neither designated nor indicated a type species for it. The general problem of the interpretation to be given to Proviso (a) to Article 25 of the Régles so involved was settled by the Paris Congress in favour of recognising, as available, generic names published in the foregoing manner (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 78—80). It was accordingly necessary for the present case to be re-examined in the light of the foregoing decision. This was done in 1950, and the application, so revised, was received on 3rd November of that year. By that time the preparation and — publication of the Official Records of the Paris Session had been completed, and it had been possible to resume preparations for the publication in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature of applications relating to individual nomenclatorial cases submitted to the Commission for decision. 6. Publication of the present application: The present application, revised in the manner indicated in the immediately preceding paragraph, was sent to the printer in December 1950 and was published on 20th April 1951 in Part 2 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Balfour-Browne (J.), 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 40—45). 7. Issue in 1951 of a Second Series of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 5156), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 20th April 1951 both in Part 2 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which Mr. Balfour-Browne’s application was published) and also to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, Notice was given to a number of entomological serial publications likely to be interested. The publication of these Notices elicited the communications relating to the second part of the present application (i.e. that concerned with the orthography of the name Rantus) reproduced in the immediately following para- graphs. 8. Communication received from Professor W. A. F. Balfour- Browne (Collin, Dumfries, Scotland): On 11th June 1951, Professor W. A. F. Balfour-Browne (Collin, Dumfries, Scotland) addressed 84 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the following communication to the International Commission, raising an objection to the second part of the present application (i.e. the portion relating to the orthography of the generic name Rantus) (Balfour-Browne (W. A. F.), 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 170) :— I have just seen in the 11th May Science your notice of proposed suspensions of the Rules, and among the generic names mentioned I see Rantus. | have not got any previous literature on this subject but if the suggestion is that the spelling 1s to be changed to Rhantus, I hope that the Commission will not approve that proposal. The rule states that the original spelling is the correct one, and “ Rantus”’ is the original spelling. 9. Communication received from Dr. Per Brinck (Lunds Uni- versitets Zoologiska Institution, Lund, Sweden): On 9th April 1952 there was received in the Office of the Commission a letter dated 5th April 1952, with enclosure, from Dr. Per Brinck (Lunds Universitets Zoologiska Institution, Lund, Sweden) on the subject of the present case. In this letter Dr. Brinck drew attention to a passage on the subject of the orthography of the name Rantus Dejean in a paper by himself entitled ““ Nomenklatorische und systematische Studien tiber Dytisciden ” (1944, Férh. K. fysiogr. Sdllsk. Lund 13 (1943) : 134—146), of which he annexed a copy. The name Rantus was the tenth and last of the names dealt with in the foregoing paper. An English translation of the passage relating to it is summarised as follows :— The name Rantus was probably (though not certainly) based on the Greek verbal adjective paurds (derived from the verb “ to moisten ”’). Assuming this is the correct derivation, the question is whether it is wrong to transliterate with a simple “‘r’’ (not “rh’’). According to Poche (1938 : 313) this is not incorrect. He gives several examples to show that the Romans themselves were not so particular about always transliterating the Greek “spiritus asper”’ with an “h”. Poche regarded it as wrong therefore to emend names from spellings which the Romans themselves sometimes adopted. Stebbing (1896) came to the same conclusion in regard to another similar case (Oplophorus/ Hoplophorus) : ‘‘ The Latins themselves were uncertain whether an ‘““H ” was a letter or only a breathing... Why should we, then, be more Roman than the Romans?” I therefore regard the Agassiz emendation as unnecessary and prefer to return to the original spelling. OPINION 289 85 10. Note by the Secretary on Dr. Brinck’s comment: The prescribed period of notice relating to the present case had expired at the time when Dr. Brinck’s letter was received and the Voting Paper (V.P.(52)6) relating to the name Rantus Dejean had just been issued to the Members of the International Com- mission. In replying to Dr. Brinck, Mr. Hemming explained the stage which had been reached in the consideration of this case, but undertook to bring his representations to the International Commission in a separate note to be circulated as soon as possible. This note, which contained an English translation of the relevant portion of Dr. Brinck’s paper, was issued to the Commission on 12th April 1952. Annexed to this note was the following postscript prepared by the Secretary :— With reference to Dr. Brinck’s comment I should draw the attention of the Commissioners to the fact that Section ‘“‘ F”’ of the Appendice to the Régles (on the transliteration of Greek words into the Latin alphabet) states in the penultimate example cited that the correct transliteration of a word beginning with the letter “r’’ surmounted by a rough breathing (Spiritus asper) is “rh”, the example cited being the word “ Rhea”. The Poche/Stebbing argument advanced by Dr. Brinck is thus rejected in the Appendice to the Régles. IIl—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 11. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)6: On 7th April 1952 a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)6) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “* the proposal relating to the name Rantus Dejean, 1833, as specified in Points (1) to (4) in the last paragraph on pp. 44—45 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ”’ [i.e. in paragraph 12 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 12. The prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 7th July 1952. 86 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 13. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)6 : The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)6 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following sixteen (16) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received): Calman ; Hering; do Amaral; Dymond; Riley; Cabrera ; Stoll ; Esaki ; Hank6 ; Pearson ; Bonnet; Lemche ; Vokes ; Bradley ; Boschma ; Hemming ; (b) Negative Votes: None ; (c) Voting Paper V.P.(52)6 was not returned by two (2) Com- missioners: Jaczewski ; Mertens?. 14. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 8th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)6, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 13 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 15. The provisions of Article 19 of the Régles, relating to the emendation of incorrectly formed zoological names, were com- pletely revised by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953. Under the decision so taken, the emendation (to Rhantus) of a name published in the manner 2 Professor Mertens indicated (in a letter dated 7th July, 1952) that he desired to be excused from voting on the present case. OPINION 289 87 in which the name Rantus Dejean, 1833, was published will not in future be permissible under the foregoing Article, and such an emendation, in order to acquire valid force, will require to be the subject of a direction by the International Commission. The Copenhagen Congress adopted, however, a further provision protecting decisions interpreting Article 19 previously taken by the Commission (see, 1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 45, Decision 74). This latter decision confirms and validates the Ruling in regard to the foregoing name given in the present Opinion. 16. On 28th February 1954 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)6. 17. The following are the original references for the names which appear in the Ruling given in this Opinion :— Rantus (Invalid Original Spelling of Rhantus) Dejean, 1833, Cat. Coléopt. (ed. 2) : 54 Rhantus (emend. of Rantus) Dejean, 1833, Cat. Co/éopt. (ed. 2) : 54 suturalis, Colymbetes, MacLeay, 1825, Annul. javan. (ed. 1) : 135 18. The reference for the type selection for the genus Rhantus (emend. of Rantus) Dejean, 1833, specified in the Ruling given in the present Opinion is :—Hope, 1839, Col. Mon. 2 : 131. 19. The gender of the generic name Rhantus Dejean, 1833, is masculine. 20. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name ”’ and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “trivial ’’ appearing also in 88 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “ specific name ’’ was substituted for the expression “trivial name’’ and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 21. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the undersigned Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 22. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Two Hun- dred and Eighty-Nine (289) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this First day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MetcaLre & Cooper LimiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, cM.c., CBE. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 7. Pp. 89—98 OPINION 290 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic names Acantholyda Costa, 1894 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera) and Acanthocnema Becker, 1894 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera) Z-AISONs a Za HSON/, W\ NOV 2- 1954 ) LippaRt 7 2. JT. —" LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Four Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 12th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 290 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (1st January 1944). Professor J. R. DYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) ({1st January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold B. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (ist January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). ° Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th ~ July 1948) Dr. Henning Lemcue (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEY (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950). Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M,, Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 290 VALIDATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF THE GENERIC NAMES ‘*‘ ACANTHOLYDA ” COSTA, 1894 (CLASS INSECTA, ORDER HYMENOPTERA) AND ** ACANTHOCNEMA ”’ BECKER, 1894 (CLASS INSECTA, ORDER DIPTERA) RULING: (1) Under the Plenary Powers the generic name Acanthocnema Costa (A.), 1859, is hereby suppressed for the purposes of both the Law of Priority and of the Law of Priority. (2) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 713 and 714 respectively :—(a) Acan- thocnema Becker, 1894 (gender : feminine) (type species, by original designation : Cordylura nigrimana Zetterstedt, 1846) (Class Insecta, Order Diptera) ; (b) Acantholyda Costa, 1894 (gender : feminine) (type species, by selection by Rohwer (1910) : Yenthredo erythrocephala Linnaeus, 1758) (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera). (3) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 121 and 122 respectively ; (2) erythroce- phala Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Tenthredo erythrocephala; (b) nigrimana Zetterstedt, 1846, as published in the combination Cordylura nigrimana. (4) The generic name Acanthocnema Costa (A.), 1859, as suppressed, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) above, is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 103. act 28 195 92 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 7th November 1944 Dr. R. B. Benson (British Museum (Natural History), London) submitted a preliminary application for the suppression, under the Plenary Powers of the name Acanthocnema Costa (A.), 1859 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenop- tera) for the purpose of validating the generic name Acantholyda Costa (A.), 1894. This subject formed ultimately—see paragraph 3 below—the subject of the following application by Dr. Benson:— Proposed validation under the Plenary Powers of the names ‘‘ Acan- tholyda ’’ Costa, 1894 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera) and ** Acanthocnema ”’ Becker, 1894 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera) By R. B. BENSON, M.A. (Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History), London) In 1859 A. Costa in O. Costa, Fauna Regno Napoli, tmen. 3, Lididei : 2, described a genus Acanthocnema without any included species. In 1894 in Prosp. Im. Ital. : 232, he emended the name to Acantholyda. There is no possible doubt that Acantholyda was meant to replace Acanthocnema because there is only one group in the family LYDIDAE (now known as PAMPHILIIDAE) in which the key character used, the presence of a pre-apical fore-tibial spine, is present. The name Acantholyda Costa, 1894, has been in general use in the Order Hymenoptera now for about 30 years, and the group to which it is attached contains a number of forestry pests in the Old and New Worlds and occurs frequently in economic literature. The name Acanthocnema Costa, 1859, on the other hand, has been entirely overlooked in the Order Hymenoptera and has never been used since its inception. Furthermore, Becker, 1894, Berlin. ent. Z. 39: 136, gave the name Acanthocnema to a valid genus of CORDYLURIDAE (Order Diptera) and the name is at present in use in that Order. The strict application of the Rég/es in this case would clearly result in greater confusion than uniformity, since it would involve the transfer of the well-known name Acanthocnema from the Order Diptera to the Order Hymenoptera. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature are accordingly asked to use their Plenary Powers to suppress the name Acanthocnema Costa, 1859, and to validate the names Acantholyda Costa, 1894 (Order Hymenoptera) and Acanthoc- nema Becker, 1894 (Order Diptera). At the same time the International Commission are asked to place the above names, so validated, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. The gender of the name OPINION 290 93 Acantholyda Costa is feminine, as also is that of Acanthocnema Becker. The type species of the first of these genera is Tenthredo erythrocephala Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 558, that species having been so selected by Rohwer in “ The Genotypes of the Sawflies and Wood- wasps, or the Super-Family Tenthredinoidea’’, published in 1911 (Tech. Ser. U.S. Bur. Ent.20 : 73). The type species of Acanthocnema Becker, 1894, is Cordylura nigrimana Zetterstedt, 1846, Dipt. Scand. 5 : 2040, by original designation. The foregoing names are regarded as being the oldest available names for the species concerned and it is accordingly proposed that the trivial name erythrocephala Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination Tenthredo erythro- cephala, and the trivial name nigrimana Zetterstedt, 1846, as published in the binominal combination Cordylura nigrimana, should be placed on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. Finally, on the suppression of the name Acanthocnema Costa, 1859, that name should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On receipt of Dr. Benson’s preliminary communication of November 1944, the case of the name Acantholyda Costa was given the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 175. 3. Postponement of the present application at Paris in 1948 : Owing to the limited amount of time available, it was not possible for the International Commission at its Session held in Paris in 1948 to consider all the cases then awaiting attention, and the present is one of the cases which was postponed on this account. In the period immediately following, it was necessary to devote the entire resources of the Commission to the preparation and publication of the Official Records of the Paris Session, and it was not until the autumn of 1950 that it was possible to resume preparations for the publication in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature of applications on individual nomenclatorial cases submitted to the Commission for decision. It was necessary slightly to revise the present application in the light of certain of the decisions of the Paris Congress, and this was done in the summer of 1950. Dr. Benson’s application was finally settled on 16th August 1950. 94 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 4. Publication of the present application: The present applica- tion, as revised in the manner explained in the immediately preceding paragraph, was sent to the printer in September 1950 and was published on 20th April 1951 in Part 2 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Benson, 1951, Bull, zool. Nomencl. 2 : 46). 5. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 20th April 1951 both in Part 2 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr. Benson’s applica- tion was published, and also to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, Notice was given to a number of entomological serial publications in Europe and America. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed. 6. Support received from Dr. R. Lambert and Dr. O. Peck (Department of Agriculture, Ottawa): On 13th October 1951, Dr. R. Lambert and Dr. O. Peck (Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Ottawa, Canada) addressed the following joint letter to the Commission in support of Dr. Benson’s application (Lambert and Peck, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 170) :— On page 46 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, Mr. R. B. Benson sets forward reasons for conserving the generic name Acantholyda Costa, and the name Acanthocnema Becker in Diptera. The proposed preservation of these names with its related details are approved by the undersigned upon the basis of Mr. Benson’s reasoning. However, it should be noted that the pertinent Costa articles have not been available to us. Your attention should be drawn to an error by Benson in his statement of the selection of the type species of Acantholyda Costa by Rohwer. While Rohwer did mention the name of the type species in 1911 (Tech. Ser. U.S. Bur. Ent. 20 : 73), as stated by Benson, yet this was antedated in his paper in 1910 (Can. Ent. 42 : 216). The latter publication was mailed on 4th June, according to a statement on page 220 of that volume. OPINION 290 - 95 IN.—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 7. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)7: On 7th April 1952 a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)7) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “relating to the names Acantholyda Costa, 1894, and Acanthocnema Becker, 1894, as set out at the foot of the present Voting Paper”’. The formula so set out embodied the proposals submitted by Dr. Benson, which had not been summarised at the conclusion of his application. 8. The prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 7th July 1952. 9. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)7: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)7 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Calman; Hering; do Amaral; Dymond; Riley ; Cabrera ; Stoll; Esaki; Hanko ; Pearson; Bonnet ; Mertens; Lemche; Vokes; Bradley; Boschma ; Hemming ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Paper V.P.(52)7 was not returned by one (1) Commissioner : Jaczewski. 10. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 8th July 1952, Mr. - Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)7, 96 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 9 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the fore- going Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 11. On Ist March 1954 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)7. 12. The following are the original references for the names which appear in the Ruling given in the present Opinion :— Acanthocnema Costa (A.), 1859, in Costa (O.), Fauna Regno Napoli, Imen. 3 Lididei : 2 Acantholyda Costa (O.), 1894, Prosp. Im. Ital. : 232 erythrocephala, Tenthredo, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 127558 nigrimana, Cordylura, Zetterstedt, 1846, Dipt. Scand. 5 : 2040 13. The following is the reference for the type selection for the genus Acantholyda Costa, 1894, specified in the Ruling given in the present Opinion :—Rohwer, 1910, Canad. Ent. 42 : 216 14. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name” and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial”? appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “ specific name” was substituted for the expression “trivial name” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such OPINION 290 97 names (1953, Copenhagen Decisons zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 15. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 16. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Two Hundred and Ninety (290) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this First day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.c., CBE. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 8. Pp. 99—114 OPINION 291 Addition of the names of thirteen genera of the Order Collembola (Class Insecta) to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Eight Shillings (All rights reserved) a Issued 12th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 291 A. The Officers cf the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (\st January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold B. Voxes (Johns Hopkins: University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (Ast January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (st January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948) Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh Ritey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEwskI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt- Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 291 ADDITION OF THE NAMES OF THIRTEEN GENERA OF THE ORDER COLLEMBOLA (CLASS INSECTA) TO THE ‘ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ”’ RULING : (1) The under-mentioned names of genera of the Order Collembola (Class Insecta) are hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 715 to 727 respectively :—(a) Actaletes Giard, 1889 (gender: masculine) (type species, by monotypy : Actaletes neptuni Giard, 1889); (b) Bour- letiella Banks, 1899 (gender : feminine) (type species, by original designation : Sminthurus hortensis Fitch, 1863) ; (c) Cyphoderus (emend. of Cyphodeirus) Nicolet, 1842 (gender: masculine) (type species, by selection by Borner (1903): Cyphoderus albinus Nicolet, 1842) ; (d) J/sotoma Bourlet, 1839 (gender: feminine) (type species, by selection by Borner (1903): Jsotoma viridis Bourlet, 1839); (e) Jsotomurus Borner, 1903 (gender : masculine) (type species, by original designation : Podura palustris Miller (O.F.), 1776) ; (f) Lepidocyritus Bourlet, 1839 (gender : masculine) (type species, by monotypy : Lepidocyrtus curvicollis Bourlet, 1839) ; (g) Neelus Folsom, 1896 (gender: masculine) (type species, by monotypy : Neelus murinus Folsom, 1896) ; (h) Onychiurus Gervais, 1841 (gender: masculine) (type species, by original designation: Podura ambulans Linnaeus, 1758); (i) Orchesella Templeton, 1835 (gender: feminine) (type species, by selection by Bérner (1903): Podura cincta Linnaeus, 1758); (j) Paronella Schott, 1893 (gender : feminine) (type species, by monotypy: Paronella fusca Schétt, 1893); (k) Sminthurides Borner, 1900 (gender : masculine) (type species, by selection by Borner (1906) : Sminthurus aquaticus Bourlet, 1842); (1) Sminthurus @CT 28 1554 102 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (emend. of Smynthurus) Latreille, 1802 (gender: mas- culine) (type species, by selection by Bérner (1906) : Podura viridis Linnaeus, 1758) ; (m) Tullbergia Lubbock, 1876 (gender: feminine) (type species, by monotypy : Tullbergia antarctica Lubbock, 1876). (2) The under-mentioned specific names, as published in combination with the generic names cited in brackets —parentheses—immediately after each name, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 123 to 135 respectively :—(a) albinus Nicolet, 1842 (Cyphoderus); (b) ambulans Linnaeus, 1758 (Podura) ; (c) antarctica Lubbock, 1876 (Tullbergia) ; (d) aquaticus Bourlet, 1842 (Sminthurus); (e) cincta Linnaeus, 1758 (Podura) ; (f) curvicollis Bourlet, 1839 (Lepidocyrtus) ; (g) fusca Schott, 1893 (Paronella) ; (h) hortensis Fitch, 1863 (Sminthurus); () murinus Folsom, 1896 (Neelus) ; (j) neptuni Giard, 1889 (Actaletes) ; (k) palustris Miller (O.F.), 1776 (Podura) ; (1) viridis Bourlet, 1839 (Isotoma) ; (m) viridis Linnaeus, 1758 (Podura). (3) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 104 to 107 respectively :—(a) Cyphodeirus (Invalid Original Spelling of Cyphoderus) Nicolet, 1842; (b) Jsotoma Dejean, 1834 (a nomen nudum); (c) Isotoma Dejean, 1837 (a nomen nudum); (d) Smynthurus (Invalid Original Spel- Ing of Sminthurus) Latreille, 1802. I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 9th January 1946, M. Hermann Gisin (Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle, Genéve, Switzerland) submitted to the International Commission an application for the addition of the names of thirteen genera in the Order Collembola (Class Insecta) to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. For the reasons explained in paragraph 3 below, it was found necessary at a later date to expand this application in certain respects, and it was OPINION 291] 103 not until 8th September 1950 that the following definitive applica- tion was submitted to the Commission :— Proposed addition to the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ of the names of thirteen genera in the Order Collembola (Class Insecta) By HERMANN GISIN (Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle, Genéve) I submit to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature the proposal that the under-mentioned thirteen names of genera in the Order Collembola (Class Insecta), should be placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. Each of these names is an available name and has, as its type species, the species specified below, that species having been duly so designated, indicated or selected under the Régles. The names now submitted are among the most important and most generally used in the Order Collembola. Each forms the basis, moreover, either of a family or subfamily name. Names proposed to be added to the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology” Actaletes Giard, 1889, Le Naturaliste (2) 11 : 123 (type species, by monotypy: Actaletes neptuni Giard, 1889, Le Naturaliste (2) ies 23)) Bourletiella Banks, 1899, J. N. Y. ent. Soc. 7 : 194 (type species, by original designation: Sminthurus hortensis Fitch, 1863, 8th Ann. Rep. N. Y. agric. Soc. : 668). Cyphoderus (emend. of Cyphodeirus) Nicolet, 1842, N. D. Allg. schweiz. Ges. 6 (3) : 63 (type species, by selection by Borner, 1903 (S. B. naturf. Fr. Berlin 1903 : 180): Cyphoderus albinus Nicolet, 1842, N. D. Allg. schweiz. Ges. 6 (3) : 67). Isotoma Bourlet, 1839, Mém. Soc. R. Sci. Lille 1839 (1) : 339 (type species, by selection by Borner, 1903 (S. B. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin 1903 : 171): Jsotoma viridis Bourlet, 1839, Mém. Soc. R. Sci. Lille 1839 (1) : 401). Isotomurus Borner, 1903, S. B. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin 1903 : 171 (type species, by original designation: Podura palustris Muller, 1776, Zool. dan. Prodr. : 184). 104 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839, Mém. Soc. R. Sci. Lille 1839 (1) : 391, 392 (type species by monotypy: Lepidocyrtus curvicollis Bourlet, 1839, Mém. Soc. R. Sci. Lille 1839 (1) : 392). Neelus Folsom, 1896, Psyche 7 : 391 (type species, by monotypy : Neelus murinus Folsom, 1896, Psyche 7 : 391). Onychiurus Gervais, 1841, Echo Monde savant 8 : 372 (type species, by original designation: Podura ambulans Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 608). Orchesella Templeton, 1835, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1 (2) : 92 (type species, by selection by Bérner, 1903 (S. B. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin 1903 : 180): Podura cincta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 609). Paronella Schott, 1893, Bih. svensk. Vetensk Akad. Handl., Stockholm 19 (4) (no. 4) : 18 (type species, by monotypy: Paronella fusca Schott, 1893, Bih. svensk. VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 19 (4) (No. 4) : 18). Sminthurides Borner, 1900, Zool. Anz. 23: 616 (type species, by selection by Borner, 1906 (Mitt. naturh. Mus. Hamburg 23 : 182) : Sminthurus aquaticus Bourlet, 1842, Ann. Soc. ent. France 10 : xii). Sminthurus (emend. of Smynthurus) Latreille, 1802, Hist. nat. Crust. Ins. 3 : 72 (type species, by selection by Borner, 1906) Mitt. naturh. Mus. Hamburg 23 : 183): Podura viridis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 608). Tullbergia Lubbock, 1876, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 18 : 324 (type species, by monotypy: Tullbergia antarctica Lubbock, 1876, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist.'(4) 18 : 324). 2. I have to add, with reference to the decision by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology that in future the gender of generic names added to the Official List is to be specified therein (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 341), that the gender of the words constituting the generic names included in the present application is as follows :— (a) Masculine nouns: Actaletes Giard, 1889 ; Cyphoderus Nicolet, 1842 ; Isotomurus Borner, 1903 ; Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 ; Neelus Folsom, 1896; Onychiurus Gervais, 1841; Smin- thurides Borner, 1900 ; Sminthurus Latreille, 1802 ; (b) Feminine nouns: Bourletiella Banks, 1899; Jsotoma Bourlet, 1839 ; Orchesella Templeton, 1835 ; Paronella Schott, 1893 ; Tullbergia Lubbock, 1876. OPINION 291 105 3. In conformity with the decision, taken by the foregoing Congress, when establishing the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology (1950, Bull. zoo. Nomencl. 4 : 269—271), the adoption of the present proposals relating to the addition of names to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology will involve also the placing of the following specific trivial names on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the names in question being the trivial names of the species which are respectively the type species of the thirteen genera, the names of which it is proposed should be placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. In every case the trivial name concerned is both itself an available name and also the name currently accepted by specialists as the oldest such name for the species concerned. Trivial names proposed to be added to the “* Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology ” albinus Nicolet, 1842, as published in the binominal combination Cyphoderus albinus. ambulans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination Podura ambulans). antarctica Lubbock, 1876, as published in the binominal combination Tullbergia antarctica. aquaticus Bourlet, 1842, as published in the binominal combination Sminthurus aquaticus. cincta Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal conbination Podura cincta. curvicollis Bourlet, 1839, as published in the binominal combination Lepidocyrtus curvicollis. fusca Schott, 1893, as published in the binominal combination Paronella fusca. hortensis Fitch, 1863, as published in the binominal combination Sminthurus hortensis. murinus Folsom, 1896, as published in the binominal combination Neelus murinus. neptuni Giard, 1889, as published in the binominal combination Actaletes neptuni. 106 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS palustris Miiller, 1776, as published in the binominal combination Podura palustris. viridis Bourlet, 1839, as published in the binominal combination Isotoma viridis. viridis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination Podura viridis. Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On receipt of M. Gisin’s preliminary communication of January 1946, the project for the addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of a group of names of genera in the Order Collembola was given the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 207. 3. Postponement of the present application at Paris in 1948: Owing to the limited amount of time available, it was not possible for the International Commission at its Session held in Paris in 1948 to consider all the cases then awaiting attention, and partly for this reason and partly because of the need for a study at leisure of the details involved in proposals for the addition of names to the Official List, the present was one of the cases which it was decided not to place before the Commission on that occasion. In the period immediately following, it was necessary to devote the entire resources of the Commission to the prepara- tion and publication of the Official Records of the Paris Session, and it was not until the autumn of 1950 that it was possible to resume preparations for the publication in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature of applications on individual nomen- clatorial cases submitted to the Commission for decision. It was necessary at that stage to invite M. Gisin to revise his application in the present case, in view of the decision taken by the Paris Congress in 1948 that, when generic names are placed on the Official List of Generic Names, the specific names of the type species of the nominal genera concerned should, if the oldest available names for the species in question, be placed at the same time on a corresponding Official List established OPINION 291 107 by that Congress. This revision was completed by 8th September 1950. 4. Publication of the present application: The present applica- tion, revised in the manner indicated in the immediately preceding paragraph, was sent to the printer in September 1950 and was published on 20th April 1951 in Part 2 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Gisin, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomenci. 2 : 56—S8). I1l.—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 5. Issue of Voting Paper V.P(52)8: On 7th April 1952 a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)8) was issued in which Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “for the addition of thirteen names to the Official List of Generic Names and of the same number of trivial names to the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, as specified respectively on pp. 56—57 and page 58 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature’? [i.e., the proposals set out in paragraphs 1 and 3 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 6. The prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 7th July 1952. 7. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)8: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)8 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received); subject to the exception made by one (1) Commissioner in the case of two of the names included in the foregoing Voting Paper : Calman ; Hering ; do Amaral; Dymond ; Cabrera ; Stoll; Esaki; Hanko; Riley; Bonnet; Mertens ; 108 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Lemche; Vokes; Bradley (except as regards the names Cyphoderus and Sminthurus); Boschma ; Pearson! ; Hemming ; (b) A Negative Vote had been given by one (1) Commissioner in regard to the names included in the foregoing Voting Paper specified below : Bradley (in respect of the names Cyphoderus and Sminthurus) ; (c) Voting Paper V.P.(52)8 was not returned by one (1) Commissioner : Jaczewski. 8. Comments by two Commissioners in regard to individual names included in M. Gisin’s application: In returning their completed Voting Papers, two Commissioners (J. Chester Bradley ; N. D. Riley), commented on certain of the names included in M. Gisin’s application. These comments are reproduced in the immediately following paragraphs. 9. Comment by Professor J. Chester Bradley : In returning his copy of Voting Paper V.P.(52)8, Professor J. Chester Bradley voted against the proposal relating to the names Cyphoderus and Sminthurus, and added the following note :—“‘ We are asked to vote for the invalid emendations Cyphoderus and Sminthurus. This we cannot do, except under Plenary Powers. But no proposal has been made to employ the Plenary Powers and no argument presented in favor of the emendations ”’. 10. Comment by Mr. N. D. Riley: In returning his copy of Voting Paper V.P.(52)8, Mr. N. D. Riley drew attention, with reference to M. Gisin’s proposal regarding the name Jsotoma Bourlet, 1839, to the fact that no mention was made in that application to the earlier name /Jsotoma Dejean, 1834 (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera). 1 Commissioner Pearson exercised in this case the right conferred by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, under which a Commissioner may, if he so desires, signify his willingness to support the view, or the majority view, of other members of the Commission (1950, Bull. zool, Nomencl. 4 : SO—S1). Ta ne a eee OPINION 291 109 11. Action taken by the Secretary on the points raised by Commissioners Bradley and Riley: On 30th December 1952, Mr. Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Commission, in his capacity as Returning Officer for the vote taken on V.P.(52)8, placed the following Minute on the File setting out the action taken by him in the light of the considerations advanced by Commissioner Bradley (paragraph 9) and Commissioner Riley (paragraph 10) :— Points raised by Commissioners Bradley and Riley on certain of the hames of genera of Collembola proposed by M. Gisin for addition to the ‘* Official List of Generic Names on Zoology ”’ Minute by Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)8 In the following Minute, I set out the action taken in regard to the points raised by Commissioners Bradley and Riley on certain of the names of genera proposed by M. Gisin for addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. (1) Commissioner Bradley’s points in regard to the emended names ** Cyphoderus ”’ and ‘‘ Sminthurus ”’ 2. In a note dated 18th May 1952 annexed to his completed copy of Voting Paper V.P.(52)8 (received on 3rd July 1952), Commissioner Bradley, after voting against the addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology (1) of the name Cyphoderus (emend. of Cyphodeirus) Nicolet, 1842, and (2) of the name Sminthurus (emend. of Smynthurus) Latreille, 1802, added that he took this course on the ground that he regarded these emendations to be invalid. 3. On 3rd December 1952 I drew the attention of M. Gisin to the points raised by Commissioner Bradley and invited him to furnish his comments thereon. This M. Gisin did in the following letter dated 12th December 1952 :— Letter from M. Hermann Gisin, dated 12th December 1952 ‘Je crois que lorthographe originelle des deux mons génériques Cyphodeirus et Smynthurus, au sujet desquels vous me demandez des complements d’information, peut étre considérée comme une faute de transcription au sens de l’article 19 des Regles. Pour Sminthurus, voice ce que Mr. J. T. Salmon vient d’écrire dans une publication toute recente (Key and Bibliography 110 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS to the Collembola, 1951): “ The original spelling of this generic name as given by Latreille in 1804, when he founded the genus, was Smynthurus. It would appear to have been derived from the Greek words cpivfos (meaning a mouse) and odpa (a tail), in which case the amendment which has been made by most authors to the spelling Sminthurus is grammatically correct and allowable under the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature ”’. Agassiz (Nomenclator, 1846) donne la méme étymologie de ce mot. Je souscris pleinement 4 l’avis de Mr. Salmon qui exprime trés certainement l’avis de tous les spécialistes. 99 Cyphoderus est tiré des mots grecs pour “ bosse”’ et “ cou Je ne suis pas competant pour la langue grecque, mais mon dictionaire donne comme racine grecque dSep-, et non decp- qui semble étre une orthographe aberrante (incorrecte) (en francais il n’y aurait d’ailleurs pas de différence de prononciation entre “‘ der” et “ deir’’, et Nicolet parlait effectivement frangais). Quant a l’usage actuel des deux noms, je puis dire quaucun spécialiste n’emploie actuellement encore l’ancienne orthographe, qui a presque complétement disparue aussit6t que leur amende- ment a été proposé. Un coup d’oeil sur mes fiches bibliographiques montre que, dans l’ensemble, chacun des deux noms en question est utilisé dans la litterature scientifique plusieurs centaines de fois avec l’orthographe amendée, et une dizaine de fois seulement avec l’orthographe originelle et cela seulement par des anciens auteurs et quelques copistes sans importance. (2) Commissioner Riley’s point in regard to the name ‘° Isotoma ”’ 4. The point raised by Commissioner Riley in regard to the name Isotoma Bourlet, 1839, unlike Commissioner Bradley’s points in regard to the names Cyphoderus and Sminthurus, raised an issue which, at least in the first instance, was not one of direct concern to specialists in the Collembola, raising, as it did, the question whether the generic name /sotoma had been validly published for a genus in some other part of the Animal Kingdom (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera) prior to its having been published in the Collembola by Bourlet in 1839. I, therefore, asked Commissioner Riley, in his capacity as Keeper of the Department of Entomology at the British Museum (Natural History), London, to investigate further, with his colleagues, the point which he had raised in regard to the foregoing generic names. Mr. Riley kindly consented to do this and on 27th November 1952 furnished the following Report :— Isotoma Bourlet, 1839 I have looked up the occurrence of the generic name /sotoma in Dejean’s Catalogue and I find that it does not. occur in the OPINION 291 Pit First Edition. It does, however, occur in the Second Edition (1834 : 214) and in the Third Edition (1837 : 236) in exactly the same form each time, as below :— Trachélides Isotoma Dejean rufescens De}. Buenos Ayres In each case the name /sotoma Dejean is clearly a nomen nudum, for the sole species on which it is based (rufescens) is also a nomen nudum. I think that this effectively disposes of the issue. (3) Determination of the issues raised by Commissioners Bradley and Riley 5S. As Returning Officer for the vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)8, I have carefully considered what action is incumbent upon me in the light of the points raised by Commissioners Bradley and Riley, and I now give as follows the decision which I have reached in this matter :— (a) The emendations “ Cyphoderus”’ and“ Sminthurus’’. The problem of the revision of the provision in the Rég/es (Article 19) relating to the emendation of names is due to be considered at the next International Congress of Zoology. It would be incorrect, however, to postpone decisions on individual cases because of the possibility or even the likelihood that a given provision will be revised at some later date. It is necessary therefore that decisions should be taken in the light of the provisions existing at the time that cases are submitted for that purpose. In the case of the emendation of names, the issue submitted now falls to be decided in the light of the interim decision taken by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 142). In the present case, the applicant clearly stated that the spelling Cyphoderus was an emendation of the original spelling Cyphodeirus and that the spelling Sminthurus was an emendation of the original spelling Smynthurus. In the light of the information so afforded, sixteen out of the seventeen Members of the Commission have voted in favour of accepting the emended spellings as emendations made in accordance with Article 19 of the Régles. I therefore rule : (i) that no case has been established for the recommittal of the proposals submitted in regard to the emended names Cyphoderus and Sminthurus ; (ii) that, in 112 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS accordance with the provisions governing the Official Lists and Official Indexes, the decision taken, by sixteen votes to one vote, to accept the foregoing emended spellings carries with it automatically a decision to place the original spellings Cyphodeirus and Smynthurus so rejected on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. (b) The generic names “ Isotoma”’ Dejean, 1834, and “ Isotoma” Dejean, 1837: It has been shown that the names Isotoma Dejean, 1834, and Isotoma Dejean, 1837, either of which, if an available name, would have invalidated the name IJsotoma Bourlet, 1839 (one of the names included in the proposal voted upon in Voting Paper V.P.(52)8) are both nomina nuda. I therefore rule: (i) that the name Jsotoma Bourlet, 1839, is an available name and, in accordance with the unanimous vote of the seventeen Members of the Commission who have returned completed copies of Voting Paper V.P.(52)8, is eligible for admission to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology; (ii) that under the provisions governing the Official Lists and Official Indexes, the decision to place the name J/sotoma Bourlet, 1839, on the foregoing Official List carries with it automatically a decision to place the nomina nuda Isotoma Dejean, 1834, and Isotoma Dejean, 1837, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. FRANCIS HEMMING Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)8 30th December 1952 12. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 31st December 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)8, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 7 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper, as clarified in his Minute of 30th December 1952, had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 13. The provisions of Article 19 of the Régles, relating to the emendation of incorrectly-formed zoological names, were com- pletely revised by the Fourteenth International Congress of OPINION 291 iis Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953. Under the decision so taken, the approval of the emendation Cyphoderus of the name published as Cyphodeirus by Nicolet in 1842, and of the emendation Sminthurus of the name published as Smynthurus by Latreille in 1802 could not have been effected by an interpretative Opinion and, in order to acquire valid force, would have required the use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers. The Copenhagen Congress adopted, however, a further provision protecting decisions interpreting Article 19 previously taken by the Com- mission (see 1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 45, Decision 74). This latter decision confirms and validates the Ruling in regard to the foregoing names given in the present Opinion. 14. On 3rd March 1954 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)8, as clarified by the Minute by the Secretary reproduced in paragraph 11 of the present Opinion. 15. The original references for the generic names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, and for the specific names placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, by the Ruling given in the present Opinion are set out in full in the application reproduced in the first paragraph of this Opinion. The application contains also full particulars of the manner in which the type species of the nominal genera concerned were designated, indicated, or, as the case may be, selected as such. The original references for the names Jsotoma Dejean, 1834, and Jsotoma Dejean, 1837, placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the present Opinion are cited in the letter from Mr. N. D. Riley quoted in paragraph 4 of the Minute by the Secretary reproduced in paragraph 11 of the Opinion. 16. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name” and the Official List reserved 114 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “trivial” appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “ specific name” was substituted for the expression “trivial name ”’ and corresponding - changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisons zool. Nomencl. :21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 17. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 18. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Two Hundred and Ninety-One (291) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Third day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by Metcatre & Cooper LimitED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER. NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., c.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 9. Pp. 115—130 OPINION 292 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Cardinia (Class Lamellibranchiata) as from Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841], for use in its accustomed sense x HSON SS OX Ke, 2- 1954 ) —LIBRARL LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Eight Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 12th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 292 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. VoKes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (\st January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (\st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948). Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948). Professor Teiso ESAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RiLey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Prefessor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950). Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 292 VALIDATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF THE GENERIC NAME ‘“ CARDINIA ” (CLASS LAMELLI- BRANCHIATA) AS FROM AGASSIZ (J.L.R.), [1841], FOR USE IN ITS ACCUSTOMED SENSE RULING: Under the Plenary Powers, the action specified below is hereby taken :—(a) The under-men- tioned generic names are hereby suppressed for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy :—(i) Cardinia Roemer, 1839 ; (ji) Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1840]; (b) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy :—(i) Thalassides Berger, 1833; (ii) Sine- muria de Christol, 1841 ; (c) The generic name Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R-), [1841], as published on page 207 of the German Edition of Sowerby’s Mineral Conchology, is hereby validated with Unio listeri Sowerby (J.), 1817, as type species; (d) The specific name coburgensis Berger, 1833, as published in the combination Thalassides coburgensis, is hereby suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy. (2) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 728 :—Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841], as validated under (1) (c) above (gender: feminine) (type species, by designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (c) above : Unio listeri Sowerby (J.), 1817). (3) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. severally specified below :—(a) the following generic names sup- pressed, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (a) above for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy ; (i) Cardinia Roemer, 1839 (Name No. 108) ; (ii) Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1840] (Name OCT 28 1954 118 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS No. 109); (b) the following generic names suppressed, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (b) above for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not those of the Law of Homonymy :—(1) Thalassides Berger, 1833 (Name No. 110); (ii) Sinemuria de Christol, 1841 (Name No. 111); (c) the name Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1838 (an invalid name because not published with an indication) (Name No. 112); (d) the name Ginorga Gray, 1840 (a nomen nudum) (Name No. 113); (ce) the under- mentioned names which are invalid by reason of being junior objective synonyms of the name Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841], as validated, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (c) above :—(i) Ginorga Strickland, 1842 (Name No. 114); (ii) Dihora [Anon.], 1842 (Name No. 115) ; (iii) Storhodon Zittel, 1881 (Name No. 116); (f) the under-mentioned names which are invalid by reason of being junior homonyms :—(i) Pachyodon Stutchbury, 1842 (a junior homonym of Pachyodon Meyer, 1838) (Name No. 117); (ii) Thalassites Quenstedt, 1843 (an emendation of Thalassides Berger, 1833, and a junior homonym of Thalassites Swainson, 1837) (Name No. 118). (4) The specific name Jisteri Sowerby (J.), 1817, as published in the combination Unio listeri (specific name of the type species of Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841]) is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 136. (5) The specific name coburgensis Berger, 1833, as published in the combination Thalassides coburgensis and as suppressed, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (d) above, is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 73. I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE: On 15th January 1946 Dr. L. R. Cox (British Museum (Natural History), London) submitted an application for the use by the OPINION 292 119 Commission of its Plenary Powers for the purpose of preserving the well-known Lamellibranch generic name Cardinia for use in its accustomed sense with Unio listeri Sowerby (J.), 1817, as type species. For the reasons explained in paragraph 3 below, it was necessary at a later stage to expand this application in certain respects. The definitive application, so revised, which was received from Dr. Cox on 22nd December 1950, was as follows :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to validate the generic name ** Cardinia ’’? (Class Lamellibranchiata) as from Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841], for use in its accustomed sense By L. R. COX, Sc.D., F.R.S. (Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural History), London) The purpose of the present application is to ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its Plenary Powers to validate, as from Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841], the well-known generic name Cardinia in its accustomed sense, i.e., with Unio listeri Sowerby (J.), 1817 (Min. Conch. 2 : 123) as type species. The earliest described representatives of this genus were mainly referred by J. Sowerby and other authors to the genus Unio Retzius, 1788 (Diss, nova Test. Gen. : 16). In 1833 a shell from the Lower Lias of the neighbourhood of Coburg was described by a Dr. Berger (Neues Jahrb. Min. 1833 : 69) under the name Thalassides coburgensis (gen. et sp. nov.). The description reads as follows: “Sie gehéren zu den Dimyarien, und haben eine der Lange nach eif6rmige Gestalt. Die dussere Flache scheint glatt, nur etwa mit Zuwachs-Streifen versehen ? An einem Exemplar fand ich an der Stelle des Schlosses ein seichtes Griibchen, wahrend die andern weder Griibchen noch Zahn besitzen. Beiderseits des Schlosses ist ein Seitenzahn. Das randliche Band liegt in einer Vertiefung des Schlossrandes. Die zusammenliegenden Klappen sind nicht klaffend”’. No figure was given by Berger. Subsequent authors have recognized that the fossil so named and described was some representative of the genus now known as Cardinia, but its specific identity is doubtful and the trivial name coburgensis has nowhere been adopted. The generic name Cardinia, now universally employed for the genus typified by Unio listeri Sowerby, was first published by Agassiz (J.L.R.) in 1838 (Verh. schweiz. naturf. Ges. 23 : 104). No species was cited and the genus was merely defined as including “ ci-devant Unio des terrains secondaires”. This cannot be regarded as sufficient to constitute an “‘indication’’ for the purposes of Article 25 of the 120 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Régles. Accordingly the name Cardinia has no status in zoological, nomenclature as from Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1838. The name Cardinia was next published by F. A. Roemer in 1839 (Verstein. norddeutsch. Oolithengebirges, WNachtr. : 38), where the following passage appears immediately after the description of an unfigured species to which was applied the name Cardita obtecta, attributed to Goldfuss : “‘ Agassiz bildet aus dieser Art seine Gattung Cardinia, und nennt jene Cardinia sulcata ; wir haben indessen keine Kennzeichen zu finden vermocht, welche die Trennung der Gattung verlangten’’. Goldfuss never described a species under the name Cardita obtecta, and this name should therefore be attributed to Roemer. Brauns considered that the species to which Roemer applied this name was identical with Unio listeri Sowerby ; he was, however, notoriously sweeping in his synonymies and his judgment in this matter cannot be accepted in the absence of supporting evidence from other sources. The name Cardinia sulcata referred to by Roemer as having been given by Agassiz (J.L.R.) was not published by that author until 1843 (Etudes crit. Moll. foss. (3) : 227). The species so named by Agassiz (J.L.R.) was (like Cardita obtecta) regarded by Brauns as identical with Unio listeri Sowerby ; Brauns accordingly treated the trivial name sul/cata Agassiz (J.L.R.) as a junior synonym of listeri Sowerby. Although Roemer did not accept the genus Cardinia (erected, as he believed, by Agassiz (J.L.R.)), it could be argued that his use of the name Cardinia constituted the establishment of a nominal genus Cardinia Roemer with Cardita obtecta Roemer as type species, by monotypy. The genus Cardinia, so established, would be indeterminate, it being impossible definitely to establish the identity of its type species The status of the nominal genus Cardinia (Agassiz MS.) of Roemer, 1839, is therefore just as unsatisfactory as that of Thalassides Berger. The next occasion on which the name Cardinia appeared in print was in the German edition by Agassiz (J.L.R.) of Sowerby’s Mineral Conchology (: 58). The exact dates on which the various parts of the German edition were published are not known, but the portion containing page 58 was considered by Sherborn (Index Anim. Pars secunda: cxvili) as having been published in 1840. That date is accepted here, though it is possible that the portion in question was not published until 1841. In this work it was suggested that the two Carboniferous species Unio subconstrictus Sowerby, 1813, and Unio acutus Sowerby, 1813, and the Cornbrash species Unio uniformis Sowerby, 1813, should be referred to this genus, ‘“‘ welche ich nach einer iasischen [?liasischen] Species desselben Typus aufgestellt habe’’. The distinctive characters of the hinge were described. The work referred to in the above passage (the Etudes crit. Moll. foss. (3)) in which the genus was founded on Liassic species was at that time still in manuscript. Of the three species cited under the name Cardinia in the passage referred to above, the first and second are now referred to OPINION 292 121 the genus Carbonicola McCoy, 1855 (in Sedgwick & McCoy, Synop. Class. brit. palaeozoic Rocks 2: 514), and the third to the genus Pleuromya Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1842—1844] (German ed. of Sowerby’s Min. Conch. : 439). In consequence, the selection of any of these species as the type species of Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1840], would be most undesirable and would certainly lead to confusion. The name Cardinia was next published in 1841, again by Agassiz (J.L.R.), on page 207 of the same translation of the Mineral Conchology. No descriptive remarks were given for the genus, but three species were cited, as being referable to it, namely Unio crassissima Sowerby, 1817, Unio listeri Sowerby, 1817, and Unio hybrida Sowerby, 1817. Up to July, 1948, the name Cardinia as published by Agassiz (J.L.R.) in the foregoing manner would, apart from any other consideration, have been invalid, for, being published without a generic diagnosis and without either a designated or indicated type species, it would have been a name published without an “ indication’ within the meaning of that expression as used in Proviso (a) to Article 25 of the Régles. Under a decision taken by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology at its Paris meeting in July, 1948, the definition of the expres- sion “‘indication”’ as applied to generic names published prior to Ist January, 1931, has been liberalised (see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 78—80) and in consequence a name such as Cardinia Agassiz, [1841], now ranks as a name published with an ” indication’’, and, if not invalidated in some other way, such a name is now an available name. Unfortunately, however, as we have seen, the name Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841], is invalid by reason of being a junior homonym of Cardinia Roemer, 1839. We may note, however, that if this difficulty were to be overcome by the suppression by the Commission of the ‘name Cardinia Roemer, 1839, under its Plenary Powers, Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841], would become the oldest available generic name objectively available for the genus now universally known as Cardinia, provided that Unio listeri Sowerby (the second of the species cited by Agassiz (J.L.R.)) was the type species of this genus ; it would still be necessary, however, for the Commission to suppress under its Plenary Powers all generic names of earlier date that are subjectively identical with Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841], as defined above, before the name Cardinia Agassiz could validly be applied to this genus. As regards the type species of the genus Cardinia, it may be noted that in the year following the second publication of this name by Agassiz (J.L.R.) in the German edition of the Mineral Conchology, an anonymous reviewer, discussing the genus Cardinia wrote (1842, Neues Jahrb. f. Min. 1842 : 497) “* Unio listeri Dow. dient am besten als Typus”. This observation was made, however, with reference not to Agassiz’s use of the name Cardinia in the Mineral Conchology, but to the use of this name by Strickland (H.E.), when discussing Agassiz’s then unpublished Etudes critiques, in the Report of the British Association for the year 1842. Under a ruling given by ie OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 348), such action does not constitute the selection of a type species for the nominal genus Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), that genus not having been under consideration at the time when the anonymous reviewer of Strickland’s paper made the fore- going selection (even if the passage quoted above could be regarded as a selection under Rule (g), if “rigidly construed”, as required by the Régles). Quite apart from the foregoing special considerations relating to the action of the anonymous reviewer of 1842, it cannot be supposed that Agassiz’s use of the generic name Cardinia on page 207 of the German edition of the Mineral Conchology (in a sense not, in his eyes, materially different from the manner in which he had used this name on page 58 of the same work) constitutes the establishment of a new generic name ranking from the later of the two pages cited above. In order to secure such a status for Cardinia, as so used, it would be necessary for the Commission to use its Plenary Powers ; similarly, those Powers would be needed to provide a type species for this genus. From the particulars given above, it will be seen that the difficulties in the present case could be overcome, (1) if the generic names Cardinia Roemer, 1839, and Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1840], were to be suppressed by the Commission under its Plenary Powers (thereby making the name Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841], objectively available), (2) if all generic names of older date that have as their type species species which are today subjectively regarded as being referable to the genus Cardinia (as universally understood) were to be suppressed under the same powers, and (3) if Unio listeri Sowerby were to be designated as the type species of Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841]. In addition to the generic name Thalassides Berger, 1833 (to which reference has already been made), there is another generic name which is subjectively identical with, Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841], and may have priority over that name. This is the name Sinemuria de Christol, 1841 (Bull. Soc. géol. France (1) 12 : 92), which was applied by its original author to a species which is now considered to belong to the genus Cardinia. The difficulty which arises in this case is that, whereas it is known that the name Sinemuria de Christol was published in 1841 just before 26th May (the- date of the recorded receipt by the Geological Society of London of the part of the Bull. Soc. géol. France in which this name appeared), no evidence has yet been found as to the exact date of publication of page 207 of Agassiz’s German edition of the Mineral Conchology, although it is believed to have been in the same year. Thus, Sinemuria may have been published before the foregoing publication of the name Cardinia. In any case, the latter can at present rank for priority only as from 3lst December, 1841 (see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 223—225). Accordingly, as matters now stand, the name Sinemuria de Christol, May, 1841, has priority over Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841] (cranking as from 31st December OPINION 292 123 of that year). It is essential therefore that, as part of the general settlement of the problem raised by the name Cardinia, the name Sinemuria de Christol should be suppressed, since otherwise it would take precedence over the name Cardinia. In addition, there are several names which, on the validation of the name Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841], it would be desirable should finally be disposed of, by being placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. Three of these names are objective synonyms of Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841]; one is a nomen nudum ; two are invalid junior homonyms of older names. The six names in question are: (1) Ginorga Gray, 1840 (Syn. Contents Brit. Mus. (ed. 42) : 150) (a nomen nudum) ; (2) Ginorga Gray, (nom. nud.) Strickland, 1842 (Rep. Brit. Ass. (Plymouth, 1841) Trans. Sect. : 65) (cited as a synonym of Cardinia) ; (3) Dihora (“‘ Gray ’’) [Anon.], 1842 (Neues Jahrb. Min. 1842 : 496) (cited as a synonym of Cardinia) ; (4) Pachyodon Stutchbury, 1842 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 8 : 481) (a homonym of Pachyodon Meyer, 1838, Jahrb. f. Min. 1838 : 414) ; (5) Thalassites Quenstedt, 1843 (Floezgeb. Wuertemb. 1843 : 143) (an emendation of Thalassides Berger, 1833) (a homonym of Thalassites Swainson, 1837, Nat. Hist. Classif. Birds 2 : 372); (6) Storthodon (“ Brown’’) Zittel, 1881 (Palaeozool. 2:62) (name attributed to Brown without a bibliographical reference and cited as a synonym of Cardinia). After careful consideration, I have come to the conclusion that, in order to prevent the most serious confusion, accompanied by a far- reaching disturbance in the nomenclature of this group, it is essential that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should use its Plenary Powers to such extent as is necessary to validate the generic name Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841] (as published on page 207 of the German edition of Sowerby’s Mineral Conchology) with Unio listeri Sowerby, 1817, as type species. The proposal which I accordingly submit is that the International Commission should :— (1) use its Plenary Powers :— (a) to suppress the under-mentioned names for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy :— (i) Cardinia Roemer, 1839 ; (11) Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1840] ; (b) to suppress the under-mentioned generic names for the purposes of the Law of Priority, but not for those of the Law of Homonymy :— (i) Thalassides Berger, 1833 ; (ii) Sinemuria de Christol, 1841 ; 124 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (c) to validate the generic name Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841] (as published on page 207 of the German edition of Sowerby’s Mineral Conchology), with Unio listeri Sowerby, 1817, as type species ; (d) to suppress for the purposes of the Law of Priority, but not for those of the Law of Homonymy the trivial name coburgensis Berger, 1833, as published in the binominal combination Thalassides coburgensis ; (2) place the generic name Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841], as proposed under (1) (c) above to be validated under the Plenary Powers (type species, by designation under the Plenary Powers under (1) (c) above: Unio listeri Sowerby, 1817) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ; (3) place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology the under-mentioned rejected or invalid names :— (a) the two names specified in (1) (a) above, proposed to be suppressed for all purposes under the Plenary Powers ; (b) the two names specified in (1) (b) proposed to be suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority, but not for those of the Law of Homonymy, under the Plenary Powers ; (c) the name Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1838 (an invalid name, because not published with an indication) ; (d) the name Ginorga Gray, 1840 (a nomen nudum) ; (e) the under-mentioned objective synonyms of Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1841 (as proposed under (1) (c) to be validated under the Plenary Powers) :— (1) Ginorga Strickland, 1842 ; (11) Dihora [Anon.], 1842 ; (111) Storthodon Zittel, 1881 ; (f) the under-mentioned invalid homonyms — (i) Pachyodon Stutchbury, 1842 ; (ii) Thalassites Quenstedt, 1843 ; (4) place the specific trivial name /isteri Sowerby, 1817, as published in the binominal combination Unio listeri, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology ; (5) place the specific trivial name coburgensis Berger, 1833, as published in the binominal combination Thalassides coburgensis (as proposed under (1) (d) above to be suppressed under the OPINION 292 125 Plenary Powers for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy) on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. Il.—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On receipt of Dr. Cox’s preliminary application in January 1946, the problem represented by the name Cardinia was given the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 208. 3. Postponement of the present application at Paris in 1948: Owing to the limited amount of time available, it was not possible for the International Commission at its Session held in Paris in 1948 to consider all the cases then awaiting attention, and partly for this reason and partly because of the complicated nature of the issues involved, the present was one of the cases which it was decided not to place before the Commission at that Session. In the period immediately following, it was necessary to devote the entire resources of the Commission to the preparation and publication of the Official Records of the Paris Session, and it was not until the autumn of 1950 that it was possible to resume preparations for the publication in the Bulletin of Zoologica Nomenclature of applications on individual nomenclatorial cases submitted to the Commission for decision. It was necessary at that stage to ask Dr. Cox to revise his application in the present case, in order to take account of the decisions taken by the Paris Congress to establish an Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (then styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology) and Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names (both generic and specific). Correspondence on this subject ensued between the Secretary and Dr. Cox in the period September-December 1950, and (as already explained), Dr. Cox submitted his revised application in this case on 22nd December of that year. 4. Publication of the present application: The present applica- tion was sent to the printer immediately upon the receipt of the 126 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS revised text (paragraph 3 above) and was published on 20th April 1951 in Part 2 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Cox, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 59—64). 5. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 20th April 1951, both in Part 2 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which Dr. Cox’s application was published) and to the other prescribed serial publications. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed. 6. Support received for Dr. Cox’s application: Letters of support for Dr. Cox’s application were received from the following specialists :—({a) Dr. W. J. Arkell (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge); (b) Professor Dr. C. R. Boettger (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Senckenberg-Anlage, Frankfurt a. M., Germany); (c) the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America. The communications so received are given in the immediately following paragraphs. 7. Support received from Dr. W. J. Arkell (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge): On 3rd June 1951, Dr. W. J. Arkell (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cam- bridge) wrote a letter to the Commission on a number of cases, including the present application, as regards which he said :— ““ Z.N.S.) 208. I agree with this application and wish to support it’ (Arkell, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 334). 8. Support received from Professor Dr. C. R. Boettger (Natur- Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Senckenberg-Anlage, Frankfurt a. M., Germany): On 27th August 1951, Dr. Robert Mertens transmitted to the Commission a communication from Professor Dr. C. R. Boettger (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs- Institut Senckenberg, Senckenberg-Anlage, Frankfurt a. M), commenting upon a number of recently published cases. Dr. Boettger’s comment on Dr. Cox’s application was as follows :— ““ Ich schliesse mich den Ausfihrungen von Dr. L. R. Cox an”. OPINION 292 7 9. Support received from the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America: On 9th April 1952 there was received in the Office of the Commission a large number of letters from Professor G. Winston Sinclair (then of University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.), Chairman of the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America, submitting statements of the views of members of the Committee on applications published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. \t appeared that the despatch of these letters had been held back by Professor Sinclair until he was in a position to send the entire set to the Commission, and it was presumably on this account that the letter relating to the present case, though dated 6th February 1952, was not received until 9th April. By that time the prescribed period of notice had expired and the Voting Paper (V.P.(52)9) relating to the present case -had just been issued to the Members of the Commission (see paragraph 10 below), and it was too late to include in it particulars of the views of the Joint Committee. A note giving the information contained in Professor Sinclair’s letter was, however, issued on 12th April 1952 to the Members of the Commission who were thus placed in possession of the views of the Joint Committee. The following is the text of Professor Sinclair’s letter :— The Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America has considered this subject, and I wish to inform you that, being polled, they voted : To support the petition (8) : A. Myra Keen Siemon W. Muller Katherine V. W. Palmer John B. Reeside, Jr. J. Marvin Weller Bobb Schaeffer Bryan Patterson R. C. Moore To oppose the petition (3) : Don L. Frizzell G. Winston Sinclair J. W. Wells 128 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS In registering their support, Miss Keen and Dr. Muller comment that they do so although the case seems to them to be weak. My own opposition is due to the absence of any proof that confusion is threatened. II1.—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 10. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)9: On 7th April 1952 a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)9) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the ‘ proposal relating to the generic name Cardinia (Class Lamelli- branchiata) as specified in Points (1) to (5) on pages 63 and 64 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature” |i.e., the points set out in the concluding paragraph of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 11. The prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 7th July 1952. 12. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)9: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)9 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Calman; Hering; do Amaral; Dymond; Riley ; Cabrera ; Stoll ; Esaki; Hank6 ; Bonnet ; Mertens ; Lemche ; Vokes; Bradley; Boschma; Pearson! ; Hemming ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; 1 Commissioner Pearson exercised in this case the right conferred by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, under which a Commissioner may, if he so desires, signify his willingness to support the view, or the majority view, of other members of the Commission (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 50—S51). OPINION 292 129 (c) Voting Paper V.P.(52)9 was not returned by one (1) Com- missioner : Jaczewski. 13. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 8th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)9, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 12 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the fore- going Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 14. On 4th March 1954, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)9. 15. The following are the original references for the names which appear in the Ruling given in the present Opinion :— Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1838, Verh. schweiz. naturf. Ges. 23 : 104 Cardinia Roemer, 1839, Verstein. norddeutsch. Oolithengebirges, Nachtr. : 38 Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1840], Sowerby’s Min. Conch. (German ed.) : 58 Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841], Sowerby’s Min. Conch. (German ede)s 207 coburgensis, Thalassides, Berger, 1833, Neues Jahrb. Min. 1833 : 69 Dihora [anon.], 1842, Neues Jahrb. Min. 1842 : 496 Ginorga Gray, 1840, Syn. Contents Brit. Mus. (ed. 42) : 150 Ginorga Strickland, 1842, Rep. Brit. Ass. (Plymouth, 1841) Trans. Sect. : 65 listeri, Unio, Sowerby (J.), 1817, Min. Conch. 2 : 123 Pachyodon Stutchbury, 1842, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 8 : 481 Sinemuria de Christol, 1841, Bull. Soc. géol. France (1) 12 : 92 Storthodon Zittel, 1881, Palaeozool. 2 : 62 Thalassides Berger, 1833, Neues Jahrb. Min. 1833 : 69 Thalassites Quenstedt, 1843, Floezgeb. Wuertemb. 1843 : 143 130 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 16. The gender of the generic name Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841], is feminine. 17. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name ”’ and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial’ appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “ specific name’’ was substituted for the expression “trivial name” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 18. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion 1s accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 19. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Two Hundred and Ninety-Two (292) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Fourth day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MretcaLFe & Cooper LimiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 10. Pp. 131—142 OPINION 293 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Scyllarides Gill, 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) NOV 2- 1954 LIBRARY A AW HS = y, LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Six Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 12th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 293 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DyMonD (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (\st January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold B. VoKes (Johns Hopkins University, olnarene. Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (\st January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. Stotu (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (st January 1947). Professor H. BoscumMa (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948). Mr. Francis HemmMiInG (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948) Dr. Henning Lemcue (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh Ritey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz Jaczewsk1 (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 293 VALIDATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF THE GENERIC NAME ‘* SCYLLARIDES ”’ GILL, 1898 (CLASS CRUSTACEA, ORDER DECAPODA) RULING : (1) Under the Plenary Powers, the under- mentioned generic names are hereby suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy :—(a) Pseudibacus Guérin-Méneville, 1855; (b) Scyllaridia Bell, 1857. (2) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 729 :—Scyllarides Gill, 1898 (gender: mas- culine) (type species, by original designation : Scyllarus aequinoctialis Lund, 1793) (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda). (3) The under-mentioned generic names, as suppressed under the Plenary Powers, under (1) above, are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 119 and 120 respectively :—(a) Pseudibacus Guérin-Meéneville, 1855 ; (b) Scyllaridia Bell, 1857. 3 (4) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 137 :—aequinoctialis Lund, 1793, as published in the combination Scyllarus aequinoctialis. I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 27th May 1946, Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) submitted to the @CT 28 1958 134 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Commission a paper containing proposals in regard to the names of seven genera of the Orders Stomatopoda and Decapoda (Class Crustacea). One of the names dealt with in this paper was Scyllarides Gill, 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda). Later, the separate elements comprised in the foregoing applica- tion were split up, and on 4th September 1950 the following definitive application relating exclusively to the present case was submitted to the Commission :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to render the generic name ‘* Scyllarides ’’ Gill, 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) the oldest available name for the species currently referred thereto By L. B. HOLTHUIS (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) The present application relates to a generic name, Scyllarides Gill, 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), which is in general use, but which is not the oldest available name for the genus concerned. The ruthless application of the Rég/es in the present case would give rise to much quite unnecessary confusion, and I accordingly ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to prevent this confusion by using their Plenary Powers in such a way as to permit the continued use of the above generic name. 2. The following are the original references to the generic names dealt with in the present application :— Scyllarides Gill, 1898, Science (n.s.) 7 : 98 (type species, by original designation : Scyllarus aequinoctialis Lund, 1793, Skr. naturh. Selsk. Kbh. (2) 2 : 21). Scyllaridia Bell, 1857, Monogr. foss. malacostr. Crust. Great Brit. 1 : 35 (type species, by monotypy : Scyllaridia koenigi Bell, 1857, Monogr. foss. malacostr. Crust. Great Brit. 1 : 35). Pseudibacus Guérin-Méneville, 1855, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 7: 137 (type species, by monotypy : Pseudibacus veranyi Guérin-Meneville, 1855, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 7 : 137). OPINION 293 135 3. The name Scyllarides Gill, 1898, is the generally accepted name for a well-known genus of large Decapoda Macrura Reptantia. Strictly, however, this name, though available nomenclatorially, is not, under current taxonomic ideas, available for the genus to which it is at present applied, for twice before the publication of Gill’s paper, other authors published different names for genera, having, as their respective type species, species now regarded as congeneric with Scyllarus aequinoctialis Lund, the type species of Scyllarides Gill, 1898. 4. First, Guérin-Méneville in 1855 described a new Crustacean from the Mediterranean under the name Pseudibacus veranyi. Later, it was found that this Crustacean was the natant stage of the species at present best known as Scyllarides latus (Latreille, 1803) (=Scyllarus latus Latreille, 1803, Hist. nat. Crust. Ins. 6 : 182), a common inhabitant of the Mediterranean and West African coasts. The generic name Pseudibacus Guérin-Méneville, 1855, is the oldest available generic name for any of the species at present recognised as belonging to the genus Scyllarides Gill, 1898, and accordingly the latter name should be replaced by the name Pseudibacus Guérin-Méneville. 5. Second, Bell in 1857 described a new genus of fossil Crustacea, for which he published the generic name Scyllaridia. The type species of this genus is Scyllaridia koenigi Bell, 1857. This species was con- sidered by Woods (1925, Mon. palaeontol. Soc. Lond. 1922—1923 : 39) and by Glaessner (1929, in Fossilium Catalogus 9 (41) : 375) to be referrable to the genus at present known by the name Scy/larides Gill, 1898. 6. Thus, on the basis of current taxonomic ideas, the generic name Scyllarides Gill, 1898, is twice over a subjective synonym of an older available generic name, first to Pseudibacus Guérin-Méneville, 1855, second, to Scyllaridia Bell, 1857. Under the Law of Priority, the correct name for this genus is therefore Pseudibacus Guérin-Méneville, 1855. But the name Pseudibacus is not at present used as a generic name at all, being employed only to denote an immature stage (the so-called Pseudibacus stage), while the name Scyllaridia has never been used for any but fossil species, while even for these it was dropped by Woods (1925) in favour of the well-known name Scyllarides Gill, 1898. As the name Scyllarides Gill is at present in general use, both for immature and adult forms of living species and also for fossil species, no useful purpose would be served—and, indeed, only un- necessary confusion caused—if the well-known name Scyllarides Gill, 1898, were to be replaced by either of the little-known names (Pseudi- bacus Guérin-Méneville, 1855, and Scyllaridia Bell, 1857) referred to above. I accordingly ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to prevent confusion from arising in the nomenclature of this group, by using their Plenary Powers in such a way as to secure that the generic name Scyllarides Gill, 1898, is the oldest available generic name for the species at present referred to that genus. The 136 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS concrete proposals which I therefore submit for consideration are that the Commission should :— (1) use their Plenary Powers to suppress the under-mentioned generic names for the purposes of the Law of Priority, but not for those of the Law of Homonymy :— (a) Pseudibacus Guérin-Meéneville, 1855 : (b) Scyllaridia Bell, 1857 ; (2) place on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the generic name: Scyllarides Gill, 1898 (type species, by original designa- tion : Scyllarus aequinoctialis Lund, 1793) ; (3) place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology the generic names (a) Pseudibacus Guérin-Méneville, 1855, and (b) Scyllaridia Bell, 1857, suppressed under (1) above ; (4) place on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology the trivial name aequinoctialis Lund, 1793, as published in the binominal combination Scyllarus aequinoctialis. 7. I should add, with reference to the decision by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, that in future the gender of every generic name added to the Official List is to be specified therein (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 341), that the gender of the generic name Scyllarides 1s masculine. Il.—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On receipt in June 1946 of Dr. Holthuis’ proposals relating to the names of genera of the Order Stomatopoda and to the name Scyllarides Gill and other names of genera of the Order Decapoda, it was decided, as an interim measure, to register the whole of Dr. Holthuis’ pro- posals as a single unit, and the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 231 was assigned to the File so opened. When in August 1950 an active start was made with the preparation for publication of the various cases comprised in Dr. Holthuis’ original application of 1946, it was decided to break up that application into its component parts and to allot a separate Registered Number to OPINION 293 Syl each case. The original Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 231 was retained for the application relating to the name Crangon Fabricius,! and the new Number Z.N.(S.) 473 was allotted to the present case. 3. Postponement of the present application at Paris in 1948 : Owing to the limited amount of time available, it was not possible for the International Commission at its Session held in Paris in 1948 to consider all the cases then awaiting attention, and the present was one of the cases which for this reason was not placed -before the Commission for discussion at that Session. In the period immediately following, it was necessary to devote the entire resources of the Commission to the preparation and publication of the Official Records of the Paris Session, and it was not until the autumn of 1950 that it was possible to resume preparations for the publication in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature of applications on individual nomenclatorial cases submitted to the Commission for decision. As has already been explained, it was decided that the case of the name Scyllarides Gill should be treated as constituting a separate application, and this inevitably involved a certain amount of redrafting. In addition, it was necessary to expand the application somewhat, in order to take account of the decisions by the Paris Congress to establish an Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (then styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology) and also Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names (both generic and specific). The application, so revised, was received on 4th September 1950. 4. Publication of the present application: The present applica- tion, revised in the manner indicated in the immediately preceding paragraph, was sent to the printer in September 1950, and was published on 20th April 1951 in Part 3 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Holthuis, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 81—82). 5. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological 1 The decision of the Commission in regard to the name Crangon Fabricius, 1793, has since been embodied in Opinion 333. 138 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 20th April 1951, both in Part 3 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which Dr. Holthuis’ application was published) and also to the other prescribed serial publications. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed. 6. Support received for Dr. Holthuis’ application: Letters of support for Dr. Holthuis’ application were received from the following specialists :—(a) Professor Dr. Heinrich Balss (Zoolo- gische Staatssammlung, Miinchen a.D., Germany); (b) Professor E. Sollaud (Université de Lyon, Faculté des Sciences, Lyon, France); (c) Dr. Ricardo Zariquiey (Enfermedades de la Infancia, Barcelona, Spain) ; (d) Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London). The communications so received are given in the immediately following paragraphs. 7. Support received from Dr. Heinrich Balss (Hauptkonservator der Zoologischen Staatssammlung, Miinchen a.D., Germany) : On 6th July 1951, Professor Dr. Heinrich Balss (Hauptkonservator der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Miinchen a.D., Germany) wrote the following letter in support of the present and certain other applications relating to the names of genera of the Class Crustacea (Balss, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 344) :— Mr. L. B. Holthuis hat mir eine Reithe von Antragen an die inter- nationale Nomenklaturkommission zugesandt (Commission’s references Z.N.(S.) 231 (Crangon), 209 (Ligia), 473 (Scyllarides), 474 (Lysiosquilla), 475 (Odontodactylus) ). Ich erlaube mir, Ihnen mitzuteilen, dass ich mit allen seinen Vor- schl4gen einverstanden bin. 8. Support received from Professor E. Sollaud (Université de Lyon, Faculté des Sciences, Lyon, France) :—On 11th July 1951 Professor E. Sollaud (Université de Lyon, Faculté des Sciences, Lyon) wrote the following letter in support of the present and certain other applications relating to the names of genera of the Class Crustacea (Sollaud, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 344) :— Je regois de mon collégue et ami Mr. Holthuis, du Museum de Leide, cing notes relative 4 des propositions faites 4 l’ International Commission OPINION 293 139 on Zoological Nomenclature au sujet d’un certain nombre de noms de genres de Crustacés (Commission’s references Z.N.(S.) 231 (Crangon), 209 (Ligia), 473 (Scyllarides), 474 (Lysiosquilla), 475 (Odontodactylus)). Je vous informe que, aprés avoir lu attentivement ces notes, j’approuve entiérement les propositions de Mr. Holthuis. Jestime qu’une application rigoureuse, en toutes circonstances, du loi de priorité conduirait 4 d’inextricables confusions et, bien loin de servir notre science, lui serait tres préjudiciable. Il est impossible d’abandonner de noms tel que Ligia, Crangon, Alpheus, . . . ., qui sont passés dans le langage courant, et votre Commission fera oeuvre bien utile en freinant l’ardeur des “ puristes ”’ de la Priorité. 9. Support received from Dr. Ricardo Zariquiey (Enfermedades de la Infancia, Barcelona, Spain) : On 25th July 1951, Dr. Ricardo Zariquiey (Enfermedades de la Infancia, Barcelona, Spain) wrote the following letter in support of the present and certain other applications relating to the names of genera of the Class Crustacea (Zariquiey, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 72) :— Estudiadas detenidamente las propuestas Z.N.(S.) 231 sobre el uso de los nombres genéricos Crangon Fabricius, 1798, y Alpheus Fabricius, 1798, la Z.N.(S.) 209 sobre el uso del nombre genérico Carcinus Leach, 1814, y la Z.N.(S.) 473 sobre el nombre genérico Scyllarides Gill, 1898, debo manifestarle que estoy de acuerdo con las conclusiones de las mismas y que Voto “Si” a lo que propone el Dr. L. B. Holthuis, ponente de las mismas. 10. Support received from Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London): On 29th October 1951, Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London) wrote the following letter in support of the present and certain other applications relating to the names of genera of the Class Crustacea (Gordon, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 183) :— I wish to say that I am willing to add my support to all the proposals submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature by Dr. L. B. Holthuis : Commission’s Reference Z.N.(S.) 231 (Crangon) . aa Z.N.(S.) 209 (Ligia) Ls Pe Z.N.(S.) 473 (Scyllarides) mo As Z.N.(S.) 474 (Lysiosquilla) = “5 Z.N.(S.) 475 (Odontodactylus) 140 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS IIl.—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 11. Issue of Voting Paper V.P. (52)10 : On 7th April 1952 a Voting Paper (V.P. (52)10) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “relating to Scyllarides Gill, 1898, as specified in Points (1) to (4) on page 82 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature” [i.e. in the penultimate paragraph of the applica- tion reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 12. The prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 7th July 1952. 13. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P. (52)10 : The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P. (52)10 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following fifteen (15) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Calman; Hering; do Amaral; Dymond; Riley ; Stoll ; Esaki; Hanko; Bonnet ; Mertens ; Lemche ; Vokes ; Bradley ; Boschma ; Hemming ; (b) Negative Votes had been given by two (2) Commissioners : Cabrera ; Pearson ; (c) Voting Paper V.P. (52)10 was not returned by one (1) Com- missioner : Jaczewski. 14. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 8th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper OPINION 293 141 V.P. (52)10, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 13 above and declaring that the proposal sub- mitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 15. On 4th March 1954 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P. (52)10. 16. The following are the original references for the names which appear in the Ruling given in the present Opinion :— aequinoctialis, Scyllarus, Lund, 1793, Skr. naturh. Selsk. Kbh. QO) 2 321 Pseudibacus Guérin-Meéneville, 1855, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 7 : 137 Scyllarides Gill, 1898, Science (n.s.) 7 : 98 Scyllaridia Bell, 1857, Monogr. foss. malacostr. Crust. Great Brin les 35 17. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “trivial name” and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial’? appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress on Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “specific name” was substituted for the expression “ trivial name ” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 18. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing 142 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 19. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Two Hundred and Ninety-Three (293) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Fourth day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MretcatFre & CoorEer LimitEp 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C™.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 11. Pp. 143—154 OPINION 294 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852 (Class Crustacea, Order Stomatopoda) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Five Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 26th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 294 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) ([st January 1944), Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (Ast January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. SToii (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948). Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948). Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948). Professor Teiso Esaxt (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh Ritey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JAcZEwsk1 (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950). Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950). OPINION 294 VALIDATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF THE GENERIC NAME ‘* LYSIOSQUILLA ”? DANA, 1852 (CLASS CRUSTACEA, ORDER STOMATOPODA) RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers, the generic name Erichthus Latreille, 1817, is hereby suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy. (2) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 730 :—Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852 (gender ; feminine) (type species, by selection by Fowler (1912) : Lysiosquilla inornata Dana, 1852). (3) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 121 :—Erichthus Latreille, 1817, as suppressed, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) above. (4) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 138 :—inornata Dana, 1852, as published in the combination Lysiosquilla inornata (specific name of type species of Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852). I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 27th May 1946, Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) submitted to the Commission a paper containing proposals in regard to the names of seven genera of the Orders Stomatopoda and Decapoda (Class Crustacea). One of the names dealt with in this paper was Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852 (Class Crustacea, Order Stomatopoda). Later, the separate elements comprised in the foregoing application NOV 17 1954 146 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS were split up, and on 4th September 1950 the following definitive application relating exclusively to the present case was submitted to the Commission :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to render the generic name ** Lysiosquilla ’? Dana, 1852 (Class Crustacea, Order Stomatopoda) the oldest available name for the species currently referred thereto By L. B. HOLTHUIS (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) The present application relates to a generic name, Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852 (Class Crustacea, Order Stomatopoda), which is in general use and is extremely well known, but which is not the oldest available generic name for the group of species concerned. The ruthless application of the Rég/es in the present case would give rise to enormous confusion, without serving any useful purpose whatever. I accordingly ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use their Plenary Powers in such a way as to permit the continued use of the above generic name. 2. The following are the original references to the generic names dealt with in the present application :— Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852, U.S. explor. Exped. 13 : 616 (type species, by selection by Fowler, 1912, Ann. Rep. New Jersey State Mus. 1911 : 539 : Lysiosquilla inornata Dana, 1852, U.S. explor. Exped. 13 : 616). Erichthus Latreille, 1817, Cuvier’s Régn. anim. (ed. 1) 3: 43 (type species, by monotypy : Astacus vitreus Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 417). 3. The name Lysiosquilla is in general use for a genus of Stomato- poda which inhabits the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the globe. Some of the species of this genus are very common, and the name occurs in many places in carcinological literature. In fact, every carcinologist who acknowledges the distinctness of this genus from the genus Squilla Fabricius, 1793 (Ent. syst. 2 : viii, 511) uses the name Lysiosquilla Dana for the adult forms of the species of this genus. 4. As far back, however, as the year 1817 larvae of species of this genus were placed by Latreille in a genus to which he gave the name Erichthus. As the name Erichthus Latreille, 1817, is much older than the name Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852, it should, under the Law of Priority, be used in place of that generic name by all who subjectively identify these genera with one another. The name Erichthus Latreille was often used by the older authors to denote larval forms, but is today used as a term to denote a certain group of larvae rather than as a generic OPINION 294 147 name. This may be seen from the fact that at present the term Lysi- erichthus is used to denote the larvae of species of the genus Lysiosquilla Dana (i.e., the true Erichthus of Latreille), the term Pseuderichthus to denote the larvae of the genus Pseudosquilla Dana, 1852, and the term Gonerichthus to denote the larvae of species of the genus Gono- dactylus Berthold, 1827, while the original name Erichthus has fallen into disuse. 5. The substitution of the name Erichthus Latreille for the name Lysiosquilla Dana would cause such very great confusion that I ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to take the necessary preventive action under their Plenary Powers. The concrete proposals which I accordingly submit are that the Commission should : (1) use their Plenary Powers to suppress for the purposes of the Law of Priority, but not for those of the Law of Homonymy, the generic name Erichthus Latreille, 1817 ; (2) place the generic name Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852 (type species, by selection by Fowler, 1912: Lysiosquilla inornata Dana, 1852) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology; (3) place the generic name Erichthus Latreille, 1817, as suppressed under (1) above, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology; (4) place the trivial name inornata Dana, 1852, as published in the binominal combination Lysiosquilla inornata, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. 6. The gender of the generic name Lysiosquilla is feminine. Il.—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application : On receipt in June 1946 of Dr. Holthuis’ proposals relating to the names of genera of the Order Decapoda and to the name Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852, and other names of the Order Stomatopoda, it was decided, as an interim measure, to register the whole of Dr. Holthuis’ proposals as a single unit, and the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 231 was assigned to the File so opened. When in August, 1950 an active start was made with the preparation for publication of the various cases comprised in Dr. Holthuis’ original application of 1946, it was decided to break that application into its component 148 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS parts and to allot a separate Registered Number to each case. The original Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 231 was retained for the application relating to the name Crangon Fabricius, and the new Number Z.N.(S.) 474 was allotted to the present case. 3. Support received from Mr. Robert Gurney (Oxford): On 28th December 1946, Mr. Robert Gurney (Boars Hill, Oxford) wrote the following letter in support of Dr. Holthuis’ application (Gurney, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 85) :— I am entirely in agreement with Dr. Holthuis’ proposal in regard to the generic name Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852. I can hardly believe that any one would be so anti-social as to propose to use the name Erichthus in place of Lysiosquilla even if such action were justified under the Rules. But in any case such a proposal, if made at the present time, could not, I think, be successfully maintained, since there is as yet no positive proof that “ Erichthus ”’ is the larva of any species of the genus Lysio- squilla, still less that it is the larva of any particular species of that genus. There is no reasonable doubt about Lysiosquilla having a larva of that type ; but, in order to prove his case, such a mischief-maker would, I take it, have to prove that Erichthus vitreus (Fabricius) is the larva of a particular species of Lysiosquilla. That at the moment he could not do, but the proof may be forthcoming some day and it is very necessary to avoid any more upheavals in nomenclature. I hope that the Commission will get the name Lysiosquilla permanently established. 4. Publication of the present application: Owing to the limited amount of time available, it was not possible for the International Commission at its Session held in Paris in 1948 to consider all the cases then awaiting attention, and the present was one of the cases which for this reason was not placed before the Commission for discussion at that Session. In the period immediately following, it was necessary to devote the entire resources of the Commission to the preparation and publication of the Official Records of the Paris Session, and it was not until the autumn of 1950 that it was possible to resume preparation for the publica- tion in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature of applications on individual nomenclatorial cases submitted to the Commission for decision. As has already been explained, it was decided that the case of the name Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852, should be treated as constituting a separate application, and this inevitably involved a certain amount of re-drafting. In addition, it was necessary to OPINION 294 149 expand the application somewhat, in order to take account of the decisions by the Paris Congress to establish an Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (then styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology) and also Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names (both generic and specific). The application, so revised, was received on 4th September 1950, and about a fortnight later was sent to the printer. Publication took place on 20th April 1951 in Part 3 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoo- logical Nomenclature (Holthuis, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 83— 84). 5. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, - Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 20th April 1951, both in Part 3 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr. Holthuis’ appli- cation was published, and also to the other prescribed serial publications. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed. 6. Support received for Dr. Holthuis’ application: In addition to the letter received from Mr. Robert Gurney in 1946 (paragraph 3), letters of support for Dr. Holthuis’ application were received from the following specialists :—(a) Professor Dr. Heinrich Balss (Zoologische Staatssammlung, Miinchen a.D., Germany); (b) Professor E. Sollaud (Université de Lyon, Faculté des Sciences, Lyon, France) ; (c) Dr. R. P. Bigelow (Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U.S.A.); (d) Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London). The communications so received are given in the immediately following paragraphs. 7. Support received from Dr. Heinrich Balss (Hauptkonservator der Zoologischen Staatssammlung, Miinchen a.D., Germany): On 6th July 1951, Professor Dr. Heinrich Balss (Hauptkonservator der Zoologischen Staatssammlung, Miinchen a.D., Germany) wrote the following letter in support of the present and certain other 150 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS applications relating to the names of genera of the Class Crustacea (Balss, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 344) :— Mr. L. B. Holthuis hat mir eine Reihe von Antragen an die inter- nationale Nomenklaturkommission zugesandt (Commission’s refer- ences Z.N.(S.) 231 (Crangon), 209 (Ligia), 473 (Scyllarides), 474 (Lysio- squilla), 475 (Odontodactylus)). Ich erlaube mir, Ihnen mitzuteilen, dass ich mit allen seinen Vor- schlagen einverstanden bin. 8. Support received from Professor E. Sollaud (Université de Lyon, Faculté des Sciences, Lyon, France):—On 11th July 1951, Professor E. Sollaud (Université de Lyon, Faculté des Sciences, Lyon) wrote the following letter in support of the present and certain other applications relating to the names of genera of the Class Crustacea (Sollaud, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 344) :— Je regois de mon collégue et ami Mr. Holthuis, du Museum de Leide, cing notes relative a des propositions faites a Il’ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature au sujet d’un certain nombre de noms de genres de Crustacés (Commission’s references Z.N.(S.) 231 (Crangon), 209 (Ligia), 473 (Scyllarides), 474 (Lysiosquilla), 475 (Odontodactylus)). Je vous informe que, aprés avoir lu attentivement ces notes, j approuve entiérement les propositions de Mr. Holthuis. J’estime qu’une appli- cation rigoureuse, en toutes circonstances, du loi de priorité conduirait a d’inextricables confusions et, bien loin de servir notre science, lui serait tres préjudiciable. Il est impossible d’abandonner de noms tels que Ligia, Crangon, Alpheus, .... , qui sont passés dans le langage courant, et votre Commission fera oeuvre bien utile en freinant l’ardeur des “ puristes ”’ de la Priorité. 9. Support received from Dr. R. P. Bigelow (Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) : On 2nd August 1951 Dr. R. P. Bigelow (Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) wrote the following letter in support of Dr. Holthuis’ application (Bigelow, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 220) :— May I ask you to present to the International Commission my endorsement of the proposals of L. B. Holthuis (1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 83—84 and 86—87) that the Commission use their Plenary Powers to validate the following generic names :— Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852 Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893 OPINION 294 151 It certainly is true that the ruthless application of the Rég/es in these cases would cause endless confusion, and it would not serve any useful purpose. 10. Support received from Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London): On 29th October 1951, Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London) wrote the following letter in support of the present and certain other applications relating to the names of genera of the Class Crustacea (Gordon, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 183) :— I wish to say that I am willing to add my support to all the pro- posals submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by Dr. L. B. Holthuis : Commission’s Reference Z.N.(S.) 231 (Crangon) 5 x Z.N.(S.) 209 (Ligia) ie 3 Z.N.(S.) 473 (Scyllarides) a ay Z.N.(S.) 474 (Lysiosquilla) a a Z.N.(S.) 475 (Odontodactylus) I11—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 11. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)11: On 15th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)11) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “relating to the name Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852, as specified in Points (1) to (4) on page 84 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature’? {i.c. the Points specified in para- graph 5 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 12. The prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 15th July 1952, 152 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 13. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)11 : The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)11 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received): Hering; Calman; Riley; Dymond; Esaki; Pear- son ; do Amaral ; Hanko ; Bonnet ; Lemche ; Vokes; Cabrera; Bradley; Boschma; Stoll; Méertens; Hemming ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Paper V.P.(52)11 was not returned by one (1) Com- missioner: Jaczewsk1. 14. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 16th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)11, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in pata- graph 13 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 15. On 5th March 1954, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)11. 16. The following are the original references for the names which appear in the Ruling given in the present Opinion:— Erichthus Latreille, 1817, Régn. anim. (ed. 1) 3 : 43 inornata, Lysiosquilla, Dana, 1852, U.S. explor. Exped. 13 : 616 Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852, U.S. explor. Exped. 13 : 616 OPINION 294 153 17. The following is the reference for the type selection for the genus Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852, specified in the Ruling given in the present Opinion :—Fowler, 1912, Ann. Rep. New Jersey State Mus. 1911 : 539. 18. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name ”’ and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial”? appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress on Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “specific name” was substituted for the expression “trivial name” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl.: 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 19. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 20. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Two Hundred and Ninety-Four (294) of the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Fifth day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c..G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 12. Pp. 155—166 OPINION 295 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893 (Class Crustacea, Order Stomatopoda) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, $.W.7 1954 Price Five Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 26th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 295 ‘A. Tke Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Sennor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). BE. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944), Professor J. R. DyMoND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) ({\st January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (Ast January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (st January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948) Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) ; Professor Teiso ESAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RiLey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (A5th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950). OPINION 295 VALIDATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF THE GENERIC NAME ‘* ODONTODACTYLUS ” BIGELOW, 1893 (CLASS CRUSTACEA, ORDER STOMATOPODA) RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers, the generic name Gamaris [H.S.], 1876, is hereby suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy. (2) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 731 :—QOdontodactylus Bigelow, 1893 (gender : masculine) (type species, by subsequent selec- tion by Bigelow (1931) : Cancer scyllarus Linnaeus, 1758) (Class Crustacea, Order Stomatopoda). (3) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 122 :—Gamaris [H.S.], 1876, as suppressed, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) above. (4) The undermentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 139 :—scyllarus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer scyllarus (specific name of the type species of Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893). I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 27th May 1946, Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) submitted to the mov 3% 1954 158 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Commission a paper containing proposals in regard to the names of seven genera of the Orders Stomatopoda and Decapoda (Class Crustacea). One of the names dealt with in this paper was Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893 (Class Crustacea, Order Stomatopoda). Later, the separate elements comprised in the foregoing application were split up, and on 6th September 1950 the following definitive application relating exclusively to the present case was submitted to the Commission :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to validate the generic name ‘* Odontodactylus ’’ Bigelow, 1893 (Class Crustacea, Order Stomatopoda) By L. B. HOLTHUIS (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) The present application relates to a generic name Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893, which is in universal use for a well-known genus of Stomatopoda, but which is technically invalid, being a synonym of an earlier generic name which has hitherto been completely overlooked in the literature. The substitution of a totally unknown name for the well-established name Odontodactylus would give rise to great confusion and would serve no useful purpose of any kind. I accordingly ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to prevent the ruthless application of the Law of Priority in this way by using their Plenary Powers to validate the generic name Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893. 2. The following are the references to the generic names dealt with in the present application :— Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893, Johns Hopkins Uniy. Circ. 12 : 100 (type species, by subsequent selection by Bigelow, 1931 (Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. 72 : 144): Cancer scyllarus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed10) 1633): Gamaris [H.S.], 1876, Ceylon, 2 : 275 (type species, by monotypy : Cancer scyllarus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 633). 3. In the second volume of a work published in 1878 under the title ““ Ceylon, a general Description of the Island, historical, physical, statistical, Containing the most recent information, by an Officer, late of the Ceylon Rifles. London. 1876’’, the author, whose identity is unknown and who wrote over the initials ““ H.S.”’, gave, at the end of the twenty-ninth chapter, a list of the species of Crustacea recorded by H. Milne Edwards (1837, Hist. nat. Crust. 2) as occurring in the OPINION 295 159 Indian seas. In this list “‘ H.S.’’ inserted the entry ‘“‘ Gamaris scyllarus, Rump.” There is no doubt that the species so referred to is the species Cancer scyllarus Linnaeus, 1758. 4. The above species is, however (as shown above), the type species of the well-known genus Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893. Accordingly, under the Law of Priority, the name Odontodactylus Bigelow is invalid, being an objective junior synonym of the name Gamaris [H.S.], 1876. It would, however, be ridiculous to abandon so well established a name as Odontodactylus in a favour of a name (Gamaris) that has never been in use, is quite unknown and was published by an author who was almost certainly not a carcinologist. I accordingly ask the International Commission to use their Plenary Powers to prevent the quite unneces- sary confusion which follow such a change. The concrete proposals neh I therefore submit for consideration are that the Commission should :— (1) use their Plenary Powers (a) to suppress the generic name Gamaris [H.S.], 1876, for the purposes of the Law of Priority, but not for those of the Law of Homonymy, and (b) to validate the generic name Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893 ; (2) place on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the generic name Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893 (type species, by subse- quent selection by Bigelow, 1931 : Cancer scyllarus Linnaeus, 1758), as validated in (1) (b) above ; (3) place the generic name Gamaris [H.S.], 1876, as suppressed under (1) (a) above, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology; (4) place on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology the trivial name scyllarus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination Cancer scyllarus. 5. I should add, with reference to the decision by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, that in future the gender of every generic name added to the Official List is to be specified therein (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 341), that the gender of the generic name Odontodactylus is masculine. Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On receipt in June 1946 of Dr. Holthuis’ proposals relating to the names of genera of the Order Decapoda and to the name Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893, and other names of genera of the Order Stomatopoda, 160 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS it was decided, as an interim measure, to register the whole of Dr. Holthuis’ proposals as a single unit, and the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 231 was assigned to the File so opened. When in August 1950 an active start was made with the preparation for publication of the various cases comprised in Dr. Holthuis’ original application of 1946, it was decided to break up that application into its component parts and to allot a separate Registered Number to each case. The original Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 231 was retained for the application relating to the name Crangon Fabricius, and the new Number Z.N.(S.) 475 was allotted to the present case. 3. Publication of the present application: Owing to the limited amount of time available, it was not possible for the International Commission at its Session held in Paris in 1948 to consider all the cases then awaiting attention, and the present one was one of the cases which for this reason was not placed before the Com- mission for discussion at that Session. In the period immediately following, it was necessary to devote the entire resources of the Commission to the preparation and publication of the Official Records of the Paris Session, and it was not until the autumn of 1950 that it was possible to resume preparations for the publica- tion in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature of applications on individual nomenclatorial cases submitted to the Commission for decision. As has already been explained, it was decided that the case of the name Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893, should be treated as constituting a separate application, and this inevitably involved a certain amount of redrafting. In addition, it was necessary to expand the application somewhat, in order to take account of the decisions by the Paris Congress to establish an Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (then styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology) and also Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names (both generic and specific). The application, so revised, was received on 4th September 1950, and about a fortnight later was sent to the printer. Publication took place on 20th April 1951 in Part 3 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Holthuis, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 86—87). 4. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, OPINION 295 161 Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoo- logical Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 20th April 1951, both in Part 3 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr. Holthuis’ application was published, and to the other prescribed serial publications. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed. 5. Support received for Dr. Holthuis’ application : Letters of support for Dr. Holthuis’ application were received from the following specialists :—(a) Professor Dr. Heinrich Balss (Zoologische Staatssammlung, Miinchen a.D., Germany); (b) Professor E. Sollaud (Université de Lyon, Faculté des Sciences, Lyon, France) ; (c) Dr. R. P. Bigelow (Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U.S.A.); (d) Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London). The communications so received are given in the immediately following paragraphs. 6. Support received from Dr. Heinrich Balss (Hauptkonservator der Zoologischen Staatssammlung, Miinchen a.D., Germany): On 6th July 1951, Professor Dr. Heinrich Balss (Hauptkonser vator der Zoologischen Staatssamlung, Miinchen a.D., Germany) wrote the following letter in support of the present and certain other applications relating to the names of genera of the Class Crustacea (Balss, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 344) :— Mr. L. B. Holthuis hat mir eine Reihe von Antragen an die inter- nationale Nomenklaturkommission zugesandt (Commission’s refer- ences Z.N.(S.) 231 (Crangon), 209 (Ligia), 473 (Scyllarides), 474 (Lysiosquilla), 475 (Odontodactylus) ). Ich erlaube mir, Ihnen mitzuteilen, dass ich mit allen seinen Vor- schlagen einverstanden bin. 7. Support received from Professor E. Sollaud (Université de Lyon, Faculté des Sciences, Lyon, France) :—On 11th July 1951, Professor E. Sollaud (Université de Lyon, Faculté des Sciences, Lyon) wrote the following letter in support of the present and 162 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS certain other applications relating to the names of genera of the Class Crustacea (Sollaud, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 344) :— Je regois de mon collégue et ami Mr. Holthuis, du Museum de Leide, cing notes relative 4 des propositions faites 4 l’International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature au sujet d’un certain nombre de noms de genres de Crustacés (Commission’s references Z.N.(S.) 231 (Crangon), 209 (Ligia), 473 (Scyllarides), 474 (Lysiosquilla), 475 (Odontodactylus)). Je vous informe que, aprés avoir lu attentivement ces notes, j approuve entiérement les propositions de Mr. Holthuis. J’estime qu’une applica- tion rigoureuse, en toutes circonstances, du loi de priorité conduirait a d’inextricables confusions et, bien loin de servir notre science, lui serait tres préjudiciable. [1 est impossible d’abandonner de noms tels que Ligia, Crangon, Alpheus, ...., qui sont passés dans le langage courant, et votre Commission fera oeuvre bien utile en freinant l’ardeur des “‘ puristes ’’ de la Priorité. 8. Support received from Dr. R. P. Bigelow (Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) : On 2nd August 1951 Dr. R. P. Bigelow (Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) wrote the following letter in support of Dr. Holthuis’ application (Bigelow, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 220) :— May I ask you to present to the International Commission my endorsement of the proposals of L. B. Holthuis (1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 83—84 and 86—87) that the Commission use their Plenary Powers to validate the following generic names :— Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852 Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893 It certainly is true that the ruthless application of the Rég/es in these cases would cause endless confusion, and it would not serve any useful purpose. 9. Support received from Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London): On 29th October 1951, Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London) wrote the following letter in support of the present and certain other applications relating to the names of genera of the Class Crustacea (Gordon, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 183) :— OPINION 295 163 I wish to say that I am willing to add my support to all the proposals submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature by Dr. L. B. Holthuis : Commission’s Reference Z.N.(S.) 231 (Crangon) Z.N.(S.) 209 (Ligia) Z.N.(S.) 473 (Scyllarides) Z.N.(S.) 474 (Lysiosquilla) is %, Z.N.(S.) 475 (Odontodactylus) -III.—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 10. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)12: On 15th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)12) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “ relating to the name Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893, as specified in Points (1) to (4) on page 87 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature” [i.e. the Points specified in para- graph 4 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 11. The prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 15th July 1952. 12. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)\12: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)12 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period closed on 15th July 1952. (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received): Hering ; Calman; Riley; Dymond; Esaki; Pear- son ; do Amaral ; Hanké ; Bonnet ; Lemche ; Vokes; Cabrera; Bradley; Boschma; Stoll; Mertens ; Hemming ; 164 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) Negative Votes: None ; (c) Voting Paper V.P.(52)12 was not returned by one (1) Com: missioner: Jaczewski. 13. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 16th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)12, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in para- graph 12 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 14. On Sth March 1954, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)12. 15. The following are the original references for the names which appear in the Ruling given in the present Opinion:— Gamaris |H.S.], 1876, Ceylon 2 : 275 Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ. 12. : 100 scyllarus, Cancer, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 633 16. The following is the reference for the type selection for the genus Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893, specified in the Ruling given in the present Opinion :—Bigelow, 1931, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. 72 : 144. 17. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion OPINION 295 165 of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name ”’ and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial”’ appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress on Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “ specific name” was substituted for the expression “trivial name” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl.: 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 18. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 19. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Two Hundred and Ninety-Five (295) of the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in Lendon, this Fifth day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. ‘ Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER. NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C™M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 13. Pp. 167—178 OPINION 296 Suppression, under the Plenary Powers, for nomenclatorial purposes, of volume 3 (Regnum Lapideum) of the Twelfth Edition of the Systema Naturae of Linnaeus published in 1768 and of the corresponding volume in the Houttuyn (1785), Gmelin (1793) and Turton (1806) SST ab the above work. —< = LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Six Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 26th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 296 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary.: Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (1st January 1944) Professor J. R. DYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (1st January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (1st January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. SToLu (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (ist January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum~-van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Zasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948) Dr. Henning LEMcHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso ESAki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). . Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RiILey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWwskKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 296 SUPPRESSION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, FOR NOMENCLATORIAL PURPOSES, OF VOLUME 3 (“REGNUM LAPIDEUM ”’) OF THE TWELFTH EDITION OF THE “ SYSTEMA NATURAE ” OF LINNAEUS PUBLISHED IN 1768 AND OF THE CORRESPONDING VOLUME IN THE HOUTTUYN (1785), GMELIN (1793) AND TURTON (1806) EDITIONS OF THE ABOVE WORK RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers, the volumes specified below of the under-mentioned works are hereby suppressed for nomenclatorial purposes :— (a) Linnaeus, 1768, Systema Naturae (12th Edition), volume 3 (Regnum Lapideum) ; (b) Houttuyn (M.), 1785, Natuurlyke Historie, volume 3; (c) Gmelin (J.F.), 1793, Linnaeus, Systema Naturae (13th Edition), volume 3; (d) Turton (W.), 1806, A General System of Nature . . . Charles Linné, volume 7. (2) The volumes suppressed for nomenclatorial pur- poses, under the Plenary Powers, in (1) above, of the four editions of the Systema Naturae there specified are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature as Works Nos. 17 to 20 respectively. I—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 10th March 1949, Mr. R. Winckworth (London) submitted the following application for the suppression, under the Plenary Powers, of the names of fossils published in 1768 in volume 3 (Regnum Lapideum) of the 12th Edition of the Systema Naturae wov 17 195 170 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS of Linnaeus and of the corresponding volumes in three later editions of the same work :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to suppress certain names published for fossil animals by Linnaeus in 1768 and by other authors in later editions of the works of Linnaeus By R. WINCK WORTH (London) The twelfth edition of Linnaeus’ Systema Naturae includes a third volume “‘ Regnum Lapideum ”’, published in 1768. Part of this (pages 153—174) treats of Petrificata and contains a number of binominal names for fossil animals. If, however, an attempt is made to use these names, confusion at once arises: for the generic names correspond to the classes, not to the genera, of the first volume, e.g., Zoolithus is the fossil genus equivalent to Mammalia, and Helmintholithus to Vermes. The trivial names may correspond to species or to groups of species or to genera. Thus, Helmintholithus Hammonites contains four general references and nine further (lettered) references, which are stated to be “‘ totidem distinctae species’ : Helmintholithus Anomites contains references to eleven species of Anomia named in volume | : Helmintholithus Gryphites is the same as Anomia Gryphus of volume 1. It seems difficult to apply these names of fossils without introducing confusion. Application is hereby made to the Commission to suppress the names introduced in Linnaeus, 1768, Systema Naturae, (ed. 12) 3 : 153—174, and also in such other works as are later editions of, or amplifications based on, this volume of the Systema. 2. In particular the suppression should apply to :— Linnaeus, 1768, Systema Naturae, (ed. 12) 3 J. F. Gmelin, 1793, Systema Naturae, (ed. 13) 3 M. Houttuyn, 1785, Natuurlyke Historie, 3 W. Turton, 1806, A general System of Nature, 7 3. This application has the unanimous support of the Nomenclature Committee of the Malacological Society of London. Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On receipt in March 1949 of Mr. Winckworth’s application, the problem presented OPINION 296 171 by the names given to fossils in the volume of the 12th Edition of the Systema Naturae devoted to minerals was given the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 418. 3. Application submitted independently by Dr. Thomas W. Amsden (The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.): On 28th November 1949, Dr. Thomas W. Amsden (The Johns Hopkins University, Department of Geology, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.), who was not aware of the proposals submitted to the International Commission by Mr. Winckworth, inde- pendently submitted the following request for a ruling on the question of the availability of the names published in the volume referred to above :— Question on the status of names used in the ‘‘ Systema Naturae ’’, Edition 12, volume 3, 1768 ; with special reference to the term ‘‘ Conchidium ”’ By THOMAS W. AMSDEN (The Johns Hopkins University, Department of Geology, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) I wish to have an Opinion on the status of the names used by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae, edition 12, volume 3, 1768. I am especially interested in the terms Helmintholithus, Conchidium and bilocularis as used on pages 162—163. 2. Helmintholithus was used as a major heading or group followed by the descriptive phrase “* Petrificatum vermis’. The name Conchidium was placed by Linnaeus under Helmintholithus along with a number of other names such as Hammonites and Anomites. After the word Conchidium is a string of terms, ““ Helminthol. Patellae? bilocularis. Conchidium’”’ followed by a reference to his Museum Tessinianum of 1753. 3. In the years following the publication of this work these names were given different interpretations by different authors. Hisinger in 1799 (Minerographiske anmarkningar 6fver Gottland : 285) used bilocularis as a species, placing it in the genus Anomia. Hisinger’s usage as quoted in St. Joseph (1937, Norsk Geolisk Tidsskift, 17 : 260) (I have not seen the original paper) ) is as follows : Anomia bilocularis testa obovata multisulcata, nate incurvata : valva longiore sepimento longitudinali in duo loculamenta divisa. 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Finnes vid Klinteberg til myckenhet med och utan hopsittande parskal, och 4r den samma hvars ena skal i Syst. Nat. T. II, 101. 33B blifvit rdknad til Helminth. Patellaria. Conchidium. 4. It would appear from this that Hisinger was referring to the same form as Linnaeus. 5. On the other hand, Wahlenberg (1819, Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal, 8 : 67) regarded conchidium of Linnaeus as a species in the genus Anomites (A. bilocularis of Hisinger was listed as a synonym). Dalman (1828, K. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl., for 1827 : 125) also regarded conchidium as a species and placed it in the new genus Gypidia. This usage was followed by Davidson in 1853 (British Fossil Brachiopoda 1:99) who placed conchidium a sa species in Sowerby’s genus Pentamerus. 6. Sherborn (1902, Index Animalium, 1758—1800 : 236) was apparently uncertain as to the status of conchidium as he refers to it as ‘“conchidium Helmintholithus”’. He lists He/mintholithus on page 453 of this volume with a note stating ‘““ The Helmintholithi are referred to in groups, e.g. H. lepadis, H. veneris and are therefore not quoted ”’. On page 1125 he gives “‘ ‘ Helmintholithus ’. . . conchidium.” 6. In later years Conchidium has come to be regarded as a genus with bilocularis as the type species (e.g. Hall and Clarke 1894, Pale- ontology volume 8, part 2, p. 233; Schuchert and Cooper 1932, Mem. Peabody Museum of Natural History, 4 : 181). 8. St. Joseph in 1937 (Norsk Geologiscke Tidsskrift, 17 : 258—261) discussed the problem at some length and concluded that Linnaeus had used these names in a trinomial sense and hence they were invalid. He decided, however, that the generic name Conchidium and the specific name bilocularis were correctly used by Hisinger in 1799 (see above) and could therefore be retained but should be credited to this author. It appears to me that Hisinger’s usage of bilocularis is clear enough but the manner in which Conchidium is employed would seem to be equivocal. 9. In view of these uncertainties, I would like to propose the following questions : (1) Are the organic names used in the Systema Naturae, edition 12, vol. 3 valid ? (2) If these names are valid, what is the status of the terms Helmintho- lithus, Conchidium and bilocularis? 1s Helmintholithus or Conchidium the generic name? If Conchidium is the generic OPINION 296 173 name, is bilocularis the specific name, or is this merely a descrip- tion phrase and Conchidium a genus without species ? (3) In the event that these names are invalid, is Conchidium of Hisinger, 1799, available as a generic name ? 4. Publication of the present application: At the time of the receipt of the applications submitted by Mr. Winckworth and Dr. Amsden, the entire resources of the International Com- mission were concentrated upon the preparation and publication, in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, of the Official Records of the Session held by the Commission at Paris in 1948. It was not until the autumn of 1950 that it was possible to resume preparations for the publication in the Bulletin of applications relating to individual nomenclatorial cases submitted to the Commission for decision. Mr. Winckworth’s application was sent to the printer in December 1950, and was published in Part 3 of volume 2 of the Bulletin on 20th April 1951 (Winck- worth, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 88). 5. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 20th April 1952, both in Part 3 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Mr. Winckworth’s application was published, and also to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, Notice was given to certain other serial publications likely to be interested in this application. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed. 6. Support received for Mr. Winckworth’s application: In addition to the support unanimously tendered by the Malaco- logical Society of London (paragraph 1), support for the present application was received from the following specialists :— (a) Dr. F. Elizabeth S. Alexander (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge); (b) Professor Dr. Rudolf Richter (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Senckenberg- Anlage, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) ; (c) Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (San Diego, California, U.S.A.) ; (d) Mr. Leslie Bairstow (British 174 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Museum (Natural History), London); (e) The Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America. The communications so received are given in the immediately follow- ing paragraphs. 7. Support received from Dr. F. Elizabeth S. Alexander (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge): In submitting an application to the Commission on the names Conchidium and Pentamerus, Dr. F. Elizabeth Alexander (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) had occasion to refer to the use of the name Conchidium by Linnaeus in volume 3 of the 12th edition of the Systema Naturae and in this connection submitted the following statement of support for Mr. Winckworth’s applica- tion for the suppression for nomenclatorial purposes of the fore- going volume (Alexander, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 89)!:— I understand that Mr. R. Winckworth submitted an application supported by the Nomenclature Committee of the Malacological Society of London, asking the Commission to remove all doubts regarding the availability of names published in this volume [volume 3 of Linnaeus, 1768, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12)] by suppressing it for nomen- clatorial purposes (Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 418). I feel strongly that this course is desirable, since until this is done, confusion is bound to arise, at least as far as the Brachiopoda are concerned. 8. Support received from Professor Dr. Rudolf Richter (Natur- Museum u. Forschungs-Institute Senckenberg, Seckenberg-Anlage, Frankfurt a.M., Germany): In a letter dated 30th May 1951 (transmitted by Professor Dr. Robert Mertens, with a large number of comments on other cases, under cover of a letter dated 27th August 1951) from which the following is an extract, Professor Dr. Rudolf Richter (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs- Institut, Senckenberg, Senckenberg-Anlage, Frankfurt a.M.) gave his support to Mr. Winckworth’s application (Richter, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 :213):—Der Vorschlag, die Namen zu unterdriicken ist zweckmassig. 1 The passage here quoted was inserted by Dr. Alexander in her revised application dated 10th October 1950 in regard to the generic name Conchidium. For the decision of the Commission in regard to that name see Opinion 297. — se OPINION 296 175 9. Support received from Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (San Diego, California, U.S.A.): In a letter dated 22nd June 1951 (concerned mainly with other matters), Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (San Diego, California, U.S.A.) wrote as follows as regards the present case : “Z.N.(S.) 418 : I am in complete agreement with this proposal, although I am not familiar with the work in question ”’. 10. Support received from Mr. Leslie Bairstow (British Museum (Natural History), London): In a letter dated 23rd August 1951, Mr. Leslie Bairstow (British Museum (Natural History), London) indicated as follows his support for Mr. Winckworth’s proposal (Bairstow, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 213):— I strongly support the proposal in regard to the above matter submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature by Mr. R. Winckworth (1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2: 88), for I have had in mind for eighteen years the desirability of the suppression of the names for fossil animals introduced in the Systema Naturae, Regnum Lapideum, by Linnaeus, 1768, and Gmelin, 1793. 11. Support received from the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America: On 9th April 1952 there was received in the Office of the Commission a large number of letters from Professor G. Winston Sinclair (then of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.), Chairman of the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America, submitting statements of the views of the members of the Committee on applications published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. It appeared that the despatch of these letters had been held tack by Professor Sinclair until he was in a position to send the entire set to the Commission, and it was presumably on this account that the letter relating to the present case, though dated 6th February 1952, was not received until 9th April. By that time the Prescribed Period of Notice had ex- pired, and the Voting Paper (V.P.(52)13) relating to the present case had already been prepared. It was therefore impossible to include in that Voting Paper a reference to Professor Sinclair’s letter, but, when a few days later the Voting Paper was despatched (15th April), a supplementary sheet containing the particulars included in Professor Sinclair’s letter was issued to the Members of the Commission, who were thus placed in possession of the 176 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS views of the Joint Committee at the same time that they received the Voting Paper relating to the present case. The following is the text of Professor Sinclair’s letter :— The Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America has considered this subject, and I wish to inform you that, being polled, they voted : To support the petition (9) Don L. Frizzell Bobb Schaeffer Katherine V. W. Palmer Bryan Patterson Siemon W. Muller A. Myra Keen John B. Reeside, Jr. John W. Wells G. Winston Sinclair I1I—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 12. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)13: On 15th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)13) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “relating to the suppression, for nomenclatorial purposes, of the four volumes specified in the penultimate para- graph on page 88 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ”’ [i.e. paragraph 2 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 13. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 15th July 1952. —-. OPINION 296 shh) 14. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)13 : The State of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)13 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received): Hering ; Calman; Riley; Dymond; Esaki; Pear- son; do Amaral; Hankd; Bonnet; lLemche; Vokes; Cabrera; Boschma; Stoll; Bradley ; Mertens ; Hemming ; (b) Negative Votes: None ; (c) Voting Paper V.P. (52)13 was not returned by one (1) Commissioner: Jaczewski. 15. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 16th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)13, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 14 above and declaring that the proposal sub- mitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 16. At its meeting held at Copenhagen in August 1953, the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology decided to insert a provision in the Rég/les establishing an “ Official Index ” to be styled the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoo- logical Nomenclature, and directing the insertion therein of the title of any work or part of a work which the International Commission might either reject under its Plenary Powers or declare to be invalid for the purposes of zoological nomenclature (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 23—24). Since the foregoing decisions apply to past, as well as to future, decisions 178 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS by the International Commission in cases of this kind, the opportunity presented by the preparation of the present Opinion has been taken to record the insertion in the foregoing Official Index of entries relating to the four volumes suppressed under the Plenary Powers in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 17. On 6th March 1954, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)13, as supplemented. by the action taken under the General Directive issued to the Commission by the International Congress of Zoology, as ‘specified in paragraph 16 above. 18. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 19. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Two Hundred and Ninety-Six (296) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Seventh day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MetcaLFre & CoorEer LiMiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 14. Pp. 179—198 OPINION 297 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Conchidium Oehlert, 1887 (Class Brachiopoda) for use in its accustomed sense LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Nine Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Tssued 26th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 297 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (A{st January 1944), Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. VoKxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (Ast January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (Ast January 1947). Dr. Norman R. Sto“ (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948). Mr. Francis HEmMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948) Dr. Henning LemMcue (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RiLey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950). Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950). OPINION 297 VALIDATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF THE GENERIC NAME ‘*‘ CONCHIDIUM ”? OEHLERT, 1887 (CLASS BRACHIOPODA) FOR USE IN ITS ACCUSTOMED SENSE RULING :—(1) It is hereby ruled :—(a) that neither Hisinger (1799) nor Bronn (1848) re-inforced the pre- 1758 generic name Conchidium by adoption or acceptance (Opinion 5) and therefore that that name acquired no rights in zoological nomenclature in virtue of having been published by either of those authors ; (b) that the term Conchidium, as published by Wahlenberg in 1821, was not used as a generic name and therefore that the alleged generic name Conchidium Wahlenberg, 1821, is a cheiro- nym; (c) that the generic name Conchidium ranks in zoological nomenclature from Oehlert (1887), the first author by whom it was published in conditions which satisfy the requirements of Article 25 of the Régles. (2) Under the Plenary Powers, (a) all selections of type species for the genus Pentamerus Sowerby (J.), 1813, made prior to the present Ruling, are hereby set aside ; (b) Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby (J. de C.), 1839, is hereby designated to be the type species of the genus Pentamerus Sowerby, 1813; (c) the specific name /aevis Sowerby (J.), 1813, as published in the combination Pentamerus laevis, is hereby suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy. (3) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 732 and 733 respectively :—(a) Conchi- dium Ocehlert, 1887 (gender: neuter) (type species, by original designation : Anomia bilocularis Hisinger, 1799) ; (b) Pentamerus Sowerby (J.), 1813 (gender : masculine) wnw 18 eapa 182 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (type species, by designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (2)(b) above: Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby (J. de C.), 1839). (4) The under-mentioned generic names and alleged generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 123 to 129 respectively :—(a) the under- mentioned generic names declared under (1)(a) above to possess no status in zoological nomenclature :—() Conchidium Hisinger, 1799; (i) Conchidium Bronn, 1848 ; (b) Conchidium Wahlenberg, 1821, ruled, under (1)(b) above, to be a cheironym ; (c) Gypidia Dalman, 1828 (a junior objective synonym of Pentamerus Sowerby (J.), 1813); (d) the under-mentioned nomina nuda :— (i) Trimurus Caldwell, 1934; (ii) Miopentamerus Alex- ander (née Caldwell), 1936 ; (e) Miopentamerus Woods, 1937 (a junior objective synonym of Pentamerus Sowerby (J.), 1813, as defined under the Plenary Powers, under (1)(c) above). (5) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 140 to 142 respectively :—(a) bilocularis Hisinger, 1799, as published in the combination Anomia bilocularis (specific name of the type species of Conchi- dium Oehlert, 1887); (b) knightii Sowerby (J.), 1813, as published in the combination Pentamerus knighitii ; (c) oblongus Sowerby (J. de C.), 1839, as published in the combination Pentamerus oblongus (specific name of the type species of Pentamerus Sowerby (J.), 1813, under the fees given, under the Plenary Powers, under (2)(b) above). (6) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 74 :—laevis Sowerby (J.), 1813, as published in the combination Pentamerus laevis and as suppressed, under the Plenary Powers, under (2)(c) above. OPINION 297 183 I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 28th March 1947, Dr. F. Elizabeth S. Alexander submitted to the Commission a paper in which she drew attention to the serious confusion which would arise if the Régles were to be strictly applied to the names of the Brachiopod genera Conchidium and Pentamerus, and asked that steps should be taken by the Commission to legalise the current usage of these generic names. For the reasons explained in paragraph 3 below, it was necessary at a later stage to revise and expand this application in certain respects. The definitive application in this case, which was sub- mitted to the Commission by Dr. Alexander on 10th October 1950, was as follows :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to prevent the confusion which would result, under a strict application of the ‘‘ Régles ’’, from the sinking of the name ‘‘ Conchidium ’’ as a synonym of ‘‘ Pentamerus ”’ Sowerby, 1813 (Class Brachiopoda) and the transfer of the latter name to the genus now known as ‘‘ Conchidium ”’ By F. ELIZABETH S. ALEXANDER, M.A., Ph.D. (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) The object of the present application is to ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to prevent the serious confusion, both in systematic zoology and in stratigraphy, which would result from the strict application of the Régles to the generic names Pentamerus Sowerby (J.), 1813, and Conchidium Oehlert, 1887. I. History of the generic name ‘‘ Conchidium ’’ commonly, though erroneously, attributed to Linnaeus 2. The earliest reference to the generic name Conchidium which has so far been traced is in Linnaeus’ Museum Tessinianum (: 90, pl. V, fig. 8) published in 1753, where a species is described (with a locality) and figured under the accidentally binominal name Conchidium bilo- culare. The species so described and figured is perfectly recognisable and is the species named Anomia bilocularis by Hisinger in 1799. Neither the generic name Conchidium nor the trivial name biloculare, as published by Linnaeus in the Mus. Tess., possesses any availability in zoological nomenclature, since that work, being published prior to 1758, was published before the starting point of zoological nomen- clature (Article 26). 3. The next occasion on which the generic name Conchidium appears is in 1768 in volume 3 of the 12th edition of the Systema Naturae. 184 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS In that volume a trinominal system of nomenclature is used and accordingly the name Conchidium acquired no standing in zoological nomenclature in virtue of being so published. (I understand that Mr. R. Winckworth submitted an application supported by the Nomenclature Committee of the Malacological Society of London, asking the Commission to remove all doubts regarding the availability of names published in this volume by suppressing it for nomenclatorial purposes (Commission File Z.N.(S.) 418). I feel strongly that this course is desirable since, until this is done, confusion is bound to arise at least so far as the Brachiopods are concerned.) 4. As already mentioned, Hisinger in 1799 gave the name Anomia bilocularis to the species described and figured by Linnaeus in 1753 under the name Conchidium biloculare. In doing so, Hisinger added the note that the species had previously been referred to other genera ; his note reads: “‘ Helminth. Patellaria. Conchidium’’. He did not, however, either accept or adopt the name Conchidium and accordingly, under Opinion 5, he did not bestow any availability under the Régles on the pre-1758 name Conchidium. (See Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 150 for the decision taken in Paris in 1948 to incorporate the substance of Opinion 5 in the Régles.) 5. The term “ Conchidium ”’ was next used by Wahlenberg in 1821, where in a general description of Septate Anomites reference is made to the group of the “‘Conchidiums”. Wahlenberg used the word ““ Conchidium ”’ as a specific trivial name, applying the specific name Anomites conchidium to the species which he was then describing. The fact that the word “ conchidium ”’ was there printed with a capital initial letter (as ““ Conchidium ”’) misled Sherborn (1926, Index Anim. (Pars secund) : 1444, line 11) into thinking that Wahlenberg had used this word as a generic name. (The description given by Wahlenberg and the references that he gave make it clear that the species which he was describing was Anomia bilocularis Hisinger, 1799.) 6. The next appearance in the literature of the name Conchidium was in 1848 when it was used by Bronn (1 : 322). Like Hisinger (1799), Bronn (1848) did not reinforce this pre-1758 name by acceptance or adoption (as required by Opinion 5) and accordingly he conferred no availability upon this name. 7. At last in 1887 we come upon the first occasion when the name Conchidium was published in conditions which satisfy the requirements of Article 25; this was by Oehlert, who (1) gave characters for the genus, (2) designated what he called ‘‘ Conchidium bilocularis Linn.” as the type species of this genus. As already explained, the pre-1758 name Conchidium biloculare possesses no status in zoological nomen- clature, but that does not invalidate Oehlert’s selection, as the type OPINION 297 185 species of Conchidium, of the species represented by the foregoing invalid name, that is, Anomia bilocularis Hisinger, 1799. 8. Under the Régles, therefore, Anomia bilocularis Hisinger, 1799, is the type species of the genus Conchidium, and has been so accepted by all subsequent authors, some of whom, however, have continued to attribute this generic name to Linnaeus instead of to Oehlert. II. History of the generic name ‘‘ Pentamerus ’’ Sowerby (J.), 1813 9. The generic name Pentamerus Sowerby (J.), 1813 (Min. Conch. 1 : 73*—76*) was published without a designated type species ; three nominal species were referred to this genus, of which the first was Pentamerus knighti (incorrectly spelt knightii), a new species, and the third Pentamerus laevis, also a new species. 10. In 1853, Davidson (: 97) selected Pentamerus knighti Sowerby (J.), 1813, to be the type species of the genus Pentamerus Sowerby, 1813. This is a valid selection under Rule (g) in Article 30 of the Reégles, and accordingly this species is the type species of this genus. 11. In 1894 (: 236—240), Hall and Clarke revised the genera Penta- merus and Conchidium and, in doing so, selected Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby (J. de C.), 1839, as the type species of Pentamerus Sowerby (J.), 1813, either being ignorant of, or ignoring, the earlier selection by Davidson (1853) of Pentamerus knighti Sowerby (J.), 1813, as the type species of this genus. The nominal species Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby (J. de C.), 1839, was not (and, by reason of the date of the publication of its name, could not have been) one of the nominal species originally included in the genus Pentamerus Sowerby, but it was regarded as such by those authors because, following Davidson (1867), they regarded the names Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby (J. de C.), 1839, and Pentamerus laevis Sowerby (J.), 1813, as names given to the adult and immature forms respectively of a single species, and the latter name had been cited by James Sowerby when he first published the name Pentamerus. 12. Although, as shown above, the action by Hall and Clarke was entirely contrary to the present Rég/es, it has been generally followed by subsequent authors, except that Schuckert and Le Vene (1929) and Schuckert and Cooper (1932) treated the nominal species Pentamerus laevis Sowerby (J.), 1813, and not Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby (J. de C.), 1839, as the type species of the genus Pentamerus. Ilf. The result which would follow from the strict application of the ** Régles ’’ in the present case 13. We have seen in the preceding Section that under the Régles (1) the type species of Conchidium Oehlert, 1887, is Anomia bilocularis 186 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Hisinger, 1799 (the species currently accepted as such) and that the type species of Pentamerus Sowerby (J.), 1813, is Pentamerus knighti Sowerby (J.), 1813 (a species which has never been accepted as such by any author, other than Davidson in 1853) and not Pentamerus laevis Sowerby (J.), 1813, or Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby (J. de C.), 1839, which are commonly accepted as forms of a single species and one or other of which is universally accepted as the type species of Pentamerus. 14. According to currently accepted taxonomic ideas, the species Anomia bilocularis Hisinger, 1799, and Pentamerus knighti Sowerby (J.), 1813, are congeneric with one another and are both referable to the genus Pentamerus Sowerby (J.), 1813. The acceptance of the applica- tion of the Rég/es in this way would inevitably lead to the greatest confusion: (1) the well-known generic name Conchidium would dis- appear as a synonym of Pentamerus; (2) the species now referred to the genus Pentamerus would have to be placed in a genus with a different name; (3) the names of the Order, Superfamily and Family would have to be changed to conform with the change in the generic name ; (4) stratigraphical literature would suffer also through the beds known as “‘ Pentamerus beds”’ being characterised (as they would have to be) by some genus other than Pentamerus, while the genus which in future would have to be called by the name Pentamerus would be a genus occurring in a different horizon. IV. Action by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature recommended 15. In view of the intolerable confusion both in systematic zoology and in stratigraphical literature to which the strict application of the Régles in the present case would at once give rise, I think it essential to ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its Plenary Powers in order to give valid force to current practice. 16. Before formulating my proposals for this purpose, I think that consideration should be given to the question whether Pentamerus laevis Sowerby (J.), 1813, or Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby (J. de C.), 1839, should be designated as the type species of the genus Pentamerus Sowerby (J.), 1813. The only advantage of selecting the first of these species as the type species is that it is one of the nominal species actually placed in the genus Pentamerus by Sowerby when he first published that generic name. Against this must be set the consideration that, although it is probable that the name Pentamerus laevis applies to an immature form of the species, the adult form of which was named Pentamerus oblongus by Sowerby (J. de C.) in 1839, there can be no certainty about this identification, as James Sowerby’s holotype of laevis cannot be traced and in consequence the name Pentamerus laevis Sowerby (J.) is at present a nomen dubium. If at some future date the holotype of P. /aevis were to be found and it was shown that this name OPINION 297 187 was applicable to some species not congeneric with P. oblongus, fresh confusion would arise in the use of the generic name Pentamerus. In these circumstances it appears to me that it would be most unwise to ask the Commission to use its Plenary Powers for the purpose of designating the doubtfully identifiable P. /aevis as the type species of Pentamerus and that the only way of eliminating all risk of further confusion would be for the Commission to use its Plenary Powers to designate P. oblongus as the type species of this genus. 17. Having regard to the decision taken by the International Com- mission in Paris in 1948 (Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 355) that Opinions should deal with all questions that arise in connection with any given case submitted, I think it right to draw attention to the following generic names which are involved in the synonymy of the name Pentamerus Sowerby: (1) Gypidia Dalman, 1828, is an uncalled-for substitute for the name Pentamerus Sowerby, of which therefore it is an objective synonym ; (2) the names TJrimurus Caldwell, 1934, and Miopentamerus Alexander, 1936, which were both accidentally published in an attempt strictly to apply the Rég/es in the present case, are both nomina nuda; (3) Miopentamerus Woods, 1937, which was published with Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby, 1839, as the sole cited species, which is thus its type species by monotypy, will become an objective synonym of Pentamerus Sowerby (J.), 1813, if, as I recommend below, the Commission under its Plenary Powers designates P. oblongus as the type species of Pentamerus. 18. In the light of the considerations set forth in the present applica- tion and, in particular, the need for avoiding the serious confusion which would result from the strict application of the Régles in the present case, I ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature :— (1) to rule :— (a) that neither Hisinger (1799) nor Bronn (1848) reinforced the pre-1758 generic name Conchidium by adoption or accept- ance (Opinion 5) and therefore that that name acquired no rights in zoological nomenclature in virtue of having been published by either of those authors ; (b) that the term Conchidium, as published by Wahlenberg in 1821, was not used as a generic name and therefore that the alleged generic name Conchidium Wahlenberg, 1821, is a cheironym ; (c) that the generic name Conchidium ranks in zoological nomen- clature from Oehlert (1887), the first author by whom it was published in conditions which satisfy the requirements of Article 25 of the Régles; 188 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (2) to use its Plenary Powers :— (a) to set aside all selections of type species for the genus Penta- merus Sowerby (J.), 1813, made prior to the proposed decision ; (b) to designate Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby (J. de C.), 1839, to be the type species of Pentamerus Sowerby, 1813 ; (c) to suppress for the purposes of the Law of Priority the trivial name /aevis Sowerby (J.), 1813, as published in the binominal combination Pentamerus laevis; (3) to place the under-mentioned generic names on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology:— (a) Conchidium Oehlert, 1887 (type species, by original designation : Anomia bilocularis Hisinger, 1799) (gender of generic name : neuter) ; (b) Pentamerus Sowerby (J.), 1813 (type species, by designation under the Plenary Powers as proposed in (2)(b) above : Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby (J. de C.), 1839) (gender of generic name : masculine). (4) to place the under-mentioned generic names and alleged generic names on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology:— (a) the under-mentioned generic names proposed, under (1)(a) above, to be declared to possess no status in zoological nomenclature :— (1) Conchidium Hisinger, 1799 ; (ii) Conchidium Bronn, 1848 ; (b) Conchidium Wahlenberg, 1821, proposed under (1)(b) to be declared a cheironym ; (c) Gypidia Dalman, 1828 (an objective synonym of Pentamerus Sowerby, 1813) ; (d) the under-mentioned nomina nuda:— (i) Trimurus Caldwell, 1934 ; (ii) Miopentamerus Alexander (née Caldwell), 1936 ; (e) Miopentamerus Woods, 1937 (type species, by monotypy : Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby, 1839) (an objective synonym of Pentamerus Sowerby (J.), 1813, when, as recommended in (2)(b) above, the foregoing species is designated under OPINION 297 189 the Plenary Powers as the type species of Pentamerus Sowerby) ; (5) to place the under-mentioned trivial names on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology:— (a) bilocularis Hisinger, 1799, as published in the binominal combination Anomia bilocularis; (b) knighti Sowerby (J.), 1813, as published in the binominal combination Pentamerus knighti, the trivial name then being incorrectly given as knightii}; (c) oblongus Sowerby (J. de C.), 1839, as published in the binominal combination Pentamerus oblongus; (6) to place the trivial name /aevis Sowerby (J.), 1813, as published in the binominal combination Pentamerus laevis, as proposed under (2)(c) above, to be suppressed under the Plenary Powers, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. References ALEXANDER (Née Caldwell), 1936, “A revision of the genus Pentamerus J. Sowerby 1813... ”. Abstr. geol. Soc. Lond. No. 1315 : 116—117 BRONN, 1848, Index Palaeontologicus oder Uebersicht der bisjetzt bekannten Fossilen Organismen 1 : 322 CALDWELL, 1934, “‘ Studies in the Aymestry”’. Abstr. Diss. Univ. Camb. 1933—1934 : 56 DALMAN, 1828, Uppstallning och Beskrifning af de i Sverige funne Terebratuliter. Kongl. Vetenskaps. Academicus Handlingar., Fir Ar 1827 : 97 and footnote 19 DAVIDSON, 1853, British Fossil Brachiopoda Vol. 1, General Introduction. Mon. Pal. Soc. : 97 , 1867, British Fossil Brachiopoda Vol. 3, Part VII Silurian, No. 2D Mon. Pal. Soe. : 153 HALL and CLARKE, 1894, An Introduction to the study of the genera of Palaeozoic Brachiopoda. Nat. Hist. N.Y., Palaeontology 8 (2) : 231—240 1 This statement was correct at the time of the preparation of Dr. Alexander’s application, but, as explained in paragraph 16 below, the provisions in the Régles on this question were amended by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953. 190 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS HISINGER, 1799, Minerographiske anmarkingar ofver Gottland. Nya Handl. Kongl. Veten. Acad. 19 : 285 LINNAEUS, 1753, Museum Tessinianum : 90, pl. V, fig. 8 LINNAEUS, 1768, Systema Naturae (ed. 12) 3 OEHLERT, 1887, in Fischer’s Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Palae- ontologie Conchyliologique Part XI : 1311 ST. JOSEPH, 1938, The Pentameracea of the Oslo Region. Norsk. geol. Tidsskr. : 256—265 and 299 SCHUCHERT and COOPER, 1932, “Synopsis of the Brachiopod genera...” Am. J. Sci. (5) 22 : 241—251 and , Brachiopod genera of the sub-orders Orthoidea and Pentameroidea. Mem. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist. 4, pt. 1 SCHUCHERT and LE VENE, 1929, Fossilium Catalogus | Animalia Pars 42 Brachiopoda : 44, 95 SHERBORN, C. D., 1925, Index Animalium Pars VI : 1444 SOWERBY, J., 1813, The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain... . 1 : 73—76 SOWERBY, J. DE C., 1839, in Murchison’s The Silurian System... . Part II : 615, pl. xix, fig. 10 WAHLENBERG, 1821, Petrificata Tellaris svecanae examinata. Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Scient. Upsal. 8 : 63, 67 WOODS, 1937, Palaeontology : 209—210 Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On receipt of Dr. Alexander’s communication of March 1947, the case of the names Conchidium and Pentamerus was given the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 286. 3. Publication of the present application: Owing to the limited amount of time available, it was not possible for the International Commission at its Session held in Paris in 1948 to consider all the cases then awaiting attention, and, partly for this reason and because of the complicated nature of the problems involved, the case of the name Conchidium was one of those which it was decided not to place before the Commission at that Session. OPINION 297 191 In the period immediately following, it was necessary to devote the whole of the resources of the Commission to the preparation and publication of the Official Records of the Paris Session, and it was not until the autumn of 1950 that it was possible to resume preparations for the publication in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature of applications on individual nomenclatorial cases submitted to the Commission for decision. Correspondence took place between the Secretary and the applicant in September and October 1950 on the question on the form and scope of the application required in this case, and on 10th October 1950 the application revised in the light of these discussions was submitted to the Commission. It was at once sent to the printer, and publication took place on 20th April 1951 (Alexander, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 89—94). 4. Support received prior to publication: Prior to the publication of the present application in the Bulletin, support for it had been received from the following specialists :—(a) Dr. Thomas W. Amsden (The Johns ‘Hopkins University, Department of Geology, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) ; (b) Dr. J. E. St. Joseph (Cam- bridge University, Department of Geology, Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge) ; (c) Dr. G. Arthur Cooper (Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.). The communications so received are given in the immediately following paragraphs. 5. Support received from Dr. Thomas W. Amsden (The Johns Hopkins University, Department of Geology, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.): On 31st October 1950, Dr. Thomas W. Amsden (The Johns Hopkins University, Department of Geology, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) wrote the following letter in support of the present application (Amsden, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 96) :— I received your letter of 24th October with the enclosed copy of the application by Dr. Elizabeth Alexander pertaining to the names Conchidium and Pentamerus. The problem concerned with these generic names 1s a complicated one and it seems to me that Dr. Alexander has proposed the best possible solution. 6. Support received from Dr. J. E. St. Joseph (Cambridge University, Department of Geology, Sedgwick Museum, Cam- bridge): On 7th November 1950, Dr. J. E. St. Joseph (Cambridge 192 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS University, Department of Geology, Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge) wrote the following letter in support of the present application (St. Joseph, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 95) :— I understand that Mrs. Elizabeth Alexander has submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature an application concerning the names of the fossil brachiopod genera Conchidium auctt. and Pentamerus auctt. Since I have also worked on these genera and have had an oppor- tunity of reading through Mrs. Alexander’s statement in the form in which it has been submitted to the Commission, I write to say that I am entirely in agreement with the principles of the case as she has outlined them, and that I hope that action may be taken to render valid the usage of these generic names in the way they are customarily used at present. 7. Support received from Dr. G. Arthur Cooper (Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.); On 30th November 1950, Dr. G. Arthur Cooper (Curator, Invertebrate Paleontology and Paleobotany, Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) wrote the following letter in support of the present application (Cooper, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 96) :— Dr. Helen Muir-Wood, who is visiting here at the U.S. National Museum, turned over to me your letter concerning Conchidium and Pentamerus. As far as I am personally concerned, I would be agreeable to the Commission using its Plenary Powers to designate Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby, 1839, as type species of Pentamerus and to suppress the name Pentamerus laevis, which has priority over P. oblongus. 8. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—S6), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 20th April 1951, both in Part 3 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr. Alexander’s application was published, and to the other prescribed serial publications. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed. OPINION 297 193 9. Support received after the publication of the present applica- tion: Letters of support for the present application were received from the following specialists after the publication of the present application in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature :— (a) Dr. Herta Schmidt (Natur-Museum wu. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Senckenberg-Anlage, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) ; (b) the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Pale- ontology in America (by a majority). The communications so received are given in the immediately following paragraphs. 10. Support received from Dr. Herta Schmidt (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Senckenberg-Anlage, Frank- furt a.M., Germany): On 4th June 1951, Dr. Herta Schmidt (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Senckenberg- Anlage, Frankfurt a.M.) wrote the following letter in support of the present application (Schmidt, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 179) :— Die von Dr. Elizabeth Alexander vorgeschlagene Lésung zur Beseitigung der bestehenden Unklarheiten erscheint mir zweckmiassig. 11. Support received from the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America: On 9th April 1952 there was received in the Office of the Commission a large number of letters from Professor G. Winston Sinclair (then of the Uni- versity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.), Chairman of the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleonto- logy in America, submitting statements of the views of members of the Committee on applications published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. \t appeared that the despatch of these letters had been held back by Professor Sinclair until he was in a position to send the entire set to the Commission, and it was presumably on this account that the letter relating to the present case, though dated 6th February 1952, was not received until 9th April. By that time the Prescribed Period of Notice had expired, and the Voting Paper (V.P.(52)14) relating to the present case had already been prepared. It was therefore impossible to include in that Voting Paper a reference to Professor Sinclair’s letter, but, when a few days later the Voting Paper was despatched (15th April), a supplementary sheet containing the particulars included in Professor Sinclair’s letter was issued to the Members of the Commission, who were thus placed in possession of the views of the Joint Committee at the same time that they received 194 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the Voting Paper relating to the present case. The following is the text of Professor Sinclair’s letter :— The Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America has considered this subject, and I wish to inform you that, being polled, they voted : To support the petition (six) :—(1) Katherine V. W. Palmer ; (2) Bryan Patterson ; (3) J. Marvin Weller ; (4) Bobb Schaeffer ; (5) John B. Reeside, Jr. ; (6) R. C. Moore. To oppose the petition (five) :—(1) Don L. Frizzell ; (2) A. Myra Keen ; (3) John W. Wells ; (4) Siemon W. Muller ; (5) G. Winston Sinclair. I1l—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 12. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)14: On 15th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)14) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “ relating to the names Conchidium and Pentamerus as specified in Points (1) to (6) on pages 93 and 94 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature” [i.e. the Points specified in paragraph 18 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 13. The prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 15th July 1952. 14. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)14: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)14 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received): Hering; Calman; Riley; Dymond; Esaki; do Amaral; Hanko; Bonnet: Lemche somes Pearson”; Cabrera; Bradley; Boschma; _ Stoll; Mertens ; Hemming ; 2 Commissioner Pearson exercised in this case the right conferred by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology in Paris, 1948, under which a Commissioner may, if he so desires, signify his willingness to support the view, or the majority view, of other members of the Commission (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 50—51). . OPINION 297 195 (b) Negative Votes: None ; (c) Voting Paper V.P.(52)14 was not returned by one (1) Com- missioner: Jaczewski. 15. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 16th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)14, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in para- graph 14 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Com- mission in the matter aforesaid. 16. At the time when the present application was submitted to, and approved by, the International Commission, the Régles provided that, where, contrary to the provisions of the third paragraph of Article 14, a specific name based upon the modern patronymic of a man was formed in the genitive singular otherwise than by the addition of the letter “-i” to the patronymic con- cerned, the error so committed was to be subject to automatic correction by later authors (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 67—68). This problem arose in the present application in connection with the specific name of the nominal species Pentamerus knightii Sowerby (J.), 1813, which the applicant asked should be placed on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology in the corrected form knighti. The foregoing was one of the proposals which was submitted to, and approved by the Commission in Voting Paper V.P.(52)14 (paragraphs 12—15) in 1952. This aspect of Article 14 was further considered by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, which decided to replace the provision described above by a provision that in a case of this kind “‘ the terminations “‘-i”’ and “-ii””’ are” to be treated as “‘ permissible variants, the differences between them having no nomenclatorial significance ’’ (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 54). Since the foregoing decision 196 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS applies to all names of the type discussed above, it supersedes the decision taken on this point by the Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)14. 17. On 7th March 1954, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)14, as modified in respect of the formation of the specific name knightii Sowerby (J.), 1813, as published in the combination Pentamerus knightii, in accordance with the decision of the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, specified in paragraph 16 above. 18. The following are the original references for the names which appear in the Ruling given in the present Opinion:— bilocularis, Anomia, Hisinger, 1799, K. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Hand. 19°3 285 Conchidium Hisinger, 1799, K. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Hand]. 19 : 285 Conchidium Wahlenberg, 1821, Nov. Acta. Soc. Sci. Upsal. 8 : 63, 67 Conchidium Bronn, 1848, Index palaeont. 1 : 322 Conchidium Ocehlert, 1887, in Fischer’s Manuel Conchyliologie (uD 3 ai Gypidia Dalman, 1828, K. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 1827 : 93 knightii, Pentamerus, Sowerby (J.), 1813, Min. Conch. 1 : 73* laevis, Pentamerus, Sowerby (J.), 1813, Min. Conch. 1 : 76* Miopentamerus Alexander (née Caldwell), 1936, Abstr. geol. Soc. Lond. 1315 : 116—117 Miopentamerus Woods, 1937, Palaeontology : 209—210 oblongus, Pentamerus, Sowerby (J. de C.), 1839, in Murchison (R.I.), Silurian System : 641, pl. 19, fig. 10 Pentamerus Sowerby (J.), 1813, Min. Conch. 1 : 73*, 76* Trimurus Caldwell, 1934, Abstr. Diss. Univ. Cambridge 1933— 1934 : 56 19. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion : | » OPINION 297 197 of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name ”’ and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial” appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “specific name” was substituted for the expression “trivial name” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl.: 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 20. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accord- ingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 21. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Two Hundred and Ninety-Seven (297) of the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Seventh day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 15. Pp. 199—208 OPINION 298 Designation, under the Plenary Powers, of a type species for the nominal genus Capsus Fabricius, 1803 (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera) in harmony with accustomed nomenclatorial practice LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Four Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Le enn ene ee eee eee Te ee Issued 26th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 298 _A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts. England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (1st January 1944). Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) ((1st January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The ~ Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948) Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RiILey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEwsKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 298 DESIGNATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF A TYPE SPECIES FOR THE NOMINAL GENUS ‘** CAPSUS ”” FABRICIUS, 1803 (CLASS INSECTA, ORDER HEMIPTERA) IN HARMONY WITH ACCUSTOMED NOMENCLATORIAL PRACTICE RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers, (a) all type selections for the nominal genus Capsus Fabricius, 1803 (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera) made prior to the present Ruling are hereby set aside, and (b) the nominal species Cimex ater Linnaeus, 1758, is hereby designated to be the type species of the foregoing genus. (2) The under-mentioned generic name is_ hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 734: Capsus Fabricius, 1803 (gender : masculine) (type species, by designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) above : Cimex ater Linnaeus, 1758). (3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 143 :—ater Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cimex ater (specific name of the type species of Capsus Fabricius, 1803, as designated, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) above). I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 8th February 1946 Dr. W. E. China (British Museum (Natural History), London) submitted an application to the Commission for the designation, under the Plenary Powers, of a nov 2% 1954 202 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS type species for the genus Capsus Fabricius, 1803 (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera) in harmony with current nomenclatorial usage. This application was slightly revised in June 1948 and for the reasons explained in paragraph 3 below was further revised in 1950. The application so revised, which was received on 22nd September 1950, was as follows :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to vary the type species of ** Capsus ”’ Fabricius, 1803 (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera) in order to validate existing nomenclatorial practice By W. E. CHINA, Sc.D. (Deputy Keeper, Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History), London) The object of the present application is to seek the help of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in preventing the confusion which would inevitably arise if the Régles were strictly applied in the case of the generic name Capsus Fabricius, 1803 (Syst. Rhyng. : 241) (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera). 2. The relevant facts are as follows : The genus Capsus Fabricius, as recognised by the majority of hemipterists, is based upon the species included in it by Fabricius as Capsus ater ( = Cimex ater Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 447). This species is treated as the type species of this genus, Reuter, Kirkaldy and other authors having claimed that Fabricius himself so designated this species in 1803. Fabricius did not, however, designate any type species in the work under consideration and it is necessary therefore to ascertain which of the species included in this genus in 1803 was first subsequently selected as the type species of the genus. 3. The first type selection made for this genus was that made by Latreille in 1810 (Consid. gén. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 433), the species so selected being cited as Cimex spissicornis Fabr., i.e., the species originally described as Cimex spissicornis Fabricius, 1777 (Gen. Ins. : 300). The species so named is currently accepted as being identical with Cimex meriopterus Scopoli, 1763 (Ent. carn. : 131). 4. The acceptance of this species as the type species of the genus Capsus Fabricius would involve the transfer of the well-known generic name Capsus from the sub-family now known as CAPSINAE to the sub-family now known as CYLLECORINAE, the introduction of the name MIRINAE for the sub-family now known as CAPSINAE, and the replace- ment of the genus Capsus, as at present understood, by the genus Rhopalotomus Fieber, 1858 (Wien. ent. Monats. 2 : 307). OPINION 298 203 5. The acceptance of the foregoing changes would undoubtedly lead, at the generic level, to greater confusion than uniformity. Further, such a change in the meaning to be attached to the generic name Capsus would involve the loss of a group name based upon the name of this genus. This would be very regrettable since the term “‘ Capsid ”’ for the family is well established among economic entomologists in Britain. In order to prevent the confusion which would follow the strict application of the Régles in this case, I ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature :— (1) to use its Plenary Powers :— (a) to set aside all selections of type species for the genus Capsus Fabricius, 1803, made prior to the proposed decision ; (b) to designate Cimex ater Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type species of the foregoing genus ; (2) to place the generic name Capsus Fabricius, 1803 (type species, by designation under the Plenary Powers, as proposed in (1) (b) above : Cimex ater Linnaeus, 1758) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology (gender of generic name : masculine); (3) to place the trivial name afer Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination Cimex ater, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. IlL—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On the receipt in February 1946 of Dr. China’s preliminary communication, the case of the generic name Capsus Fabricius, 1803, was given the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 211. 3. Publication of the present application: Owing to the limited amount of time available, it was not possible for the International Commission at its Session held in Paris in 1948 to consider all the cases then awaiting attention, and the present application was one of those which for this reason was not placed before the Com- mission at that Session. In the period immediately following, it was necessary to devote the entire resources of the Commission to the preparation and publication of the Official Records of the Paris Session, and it was not until the autumn of 1950 that it was possible to resume preparations for the publication in the Bulletin 204 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS of Zoological Nomenclature of applications on individual nomen- clatorial cases submitted to the Commission for decision. The establishment by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, of an Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (then styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology) called for a slight expansion of the application relating to the present case. The application so revised was received on 22nd September 1950, and was. at once sent to the printer. Publication took place on 20th April 1951 (China, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 103—104). 4. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 20th April 1951, both in Part 4 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr. China’s applica- tion was published, and also to the other prescribed serial pub- lications. In addition, Notices were issued to a number of entomological serial publications, both in Europe and America. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed. 5. Support received for Dr. China’s application: Letters of support for Dr. China’s application were received from the following specialists :—(a) Dr. S. v. Kéler (Chief of the Hemiptera Department, Zoologisches Museum der Uniyersitdt Berlin) ; (b) Dr. J. C. M. Carvalho (Universidade do Brasil, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil). The communications so received are given in the immediately following paragraphs. 6. Support received from Dr. S. v. Kéler (Zoologisches Museum der Universitat Berlin): On 18th May 1951, Dr. S. v. Kéler (Chief of the Hemiptera Department, Zoologisches Museum der Universi- tit Berlin) wrote the following letter in support of the present application (Kéler, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 338) :— Nach Kenntnisnahme und Ueberpriifung der Belange zu dem im 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2(4) :. 103—104, veréffentlichten Antrag von OPINION 298 205 W. E. China iiber die Bestimmung von Cimex ater Linnaeus, 1758, als Typus der Gattung Capsus Fabricius, 1803, erklare ich, dass ich den Antrag in allen Punkten unterstiitze. 7. Support received from Dr. J. C. M. Carvalho (Universidade do Brasil, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil): On 18th September 1951, Dr. J. C. M. Carvalho (Universidade do Brasil, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) wrote the following letter in support of the present application (Carvalho, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 179) :— As I mentioned to you at Amsterdam, this letter is being written to support Dr. China’s proposal for the International Commission to use its Plenary Powers to vary the type species of the genus Capsus Fabricius, 1803 (China, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 103—104). The proposal is very desirable and will help considerably the specialists working in the Hemiptera. IIl—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 8. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)15: On 15th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)15) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “relating to Capsus Fabricius, 1803, as specified in Points (1) to (3) on page 104 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoo- logical Nomenclature’ [i.e. the Points specified in paragraph 5 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 9. The prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 15th July 1952. 206 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 10. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)15: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)15 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :-— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received): Hering ; Calman ; Riley ; Dymond ; Esaki ; Pearson ; do Amaral; Hanko; Bonnet; Mertens; Lemche ; Vokes ; Cabrera ; Bradley ; Boschma ; Stoll ; Hemming; (b) Negative Votes: None ; (c) Voting Paper V.P.(52)15 was not returned by one (1) Commissioner: Jaczewski. 11. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 16th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)15, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 10 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the fore- going Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 12. On 8th March 1954, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certi- ficate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)15. 13. The following are the original references for the names which appear in the Ruling given in the present Opinion :— ater, Cimex, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 447 Capsus Fabricius, 1803, Syst. Rhyng. : 241 OPINION 298 207 14. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name” and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial”? appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “ specific name’ was substituted for the expression “ trivial name ”’ and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 15. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accord- ingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 16. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Two Hundred and Ninety-Eight (298) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Seventh day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 16. Pp. 209—236 OPINION 299 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic names Tettigonia and Acrida in the Order Orthoptera (Class Insecta) as from Linnaeus, 1758 (Ruling supple- mentary to the Ruling given in Opinion 124) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and | Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Thirteen Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 26th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 299 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) ([st January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (Ast January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (8ékéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (st January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum yan Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948) Dr. Henning LemcuHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso ESAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh Rmey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (A5th Sune 1950) Professor Robert MertTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth Juiy 1950). OPINION 299 VALIDATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF THE GENERIC NAMES “ TETTIGONIA ” AND “ACRIDA ” IN THE ORDER ORTHOPTERA (CLASS INSECTA) AS FROM LINNAEUS, 1758 (RULING SUPPLE- MENTARY TO THE RULING GIVEN IN ‘© OPINION ”° 124) RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers, (a) the names Acrida and Tettigonia are hereby validated as having been published as subgeneric names by Linnaeus in 1758 in volume | of the Tenth Edition of the Systema Naturae, (b) Gryllus turritus Linnaeus, 1758, is hereby designated to be the type species of Acrida Linnaeus, 1758, and (c) Gryllus viridissimus Linnaeus, 1758, is hereby designated to be the type species of Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758. (2) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 735 to 738 respectively :—(a) Acheta Fabricius, 1775 (gender: feminine) (type species, by selection by Curtis (1830) : Gryllus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) ; (b) Acrida Linnaeus, 1758, as validated, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (a) above (gender : feminine) (type species, by designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (b) above: Gryllus turritus Linnaeus, 1758) ; (c) Ledra Fabricius, 1803 (gender : feminine) (type species, by selection by Latreille (1810) : Cicada aurita Linnaeus, 1758) ; (d) Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758, as validated, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (a) above (gender : feminine) (type species, by designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (c) above: Gryllus_ viridissimus Linnaeus, 1758). (3) The under-mentioned generic names and reputed generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 130 to 138 respectively: (a) Acheta Linnaeus, wov 2 t 1954, IMD OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 1758 (a reputed but non-existent name); (b) Bulla Linnaeus, 1758 (: 427) (a reputed but non-existent name) ; (c) Gryllulus Uvarov, 1935 (a junior objective synonym of Acheta Fabricius, 1775); (d) Mantes Geoffroy, 1762 (a name published in a work rejected for nomenclatorial purposes) ; (e) Mantis Linnaeus, 1758 (a reputed but non-existent name); (f) Tetigonia Geoffroy, 1762 (a name published in a work rejected for nomenclatorial purposes); (g) Tetigonia Fourcroy, 1785 (a junior homonym of Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758") ; (h) Tetigonia Blanchard, 1852 (a junior homonym of Tetigonia Four- croy, 1785); (i) Tettigonia Fabricius, 1775 (a junior homonym of Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758, as validated, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (a) above). (4) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 144 to 149 respectively :—(a) aurita _ Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cicada aurita (specific name of the type species of Ledra Fabricius, 1803) ; (b) domesticus Linnaeus, 1758, as pub- ‘lished in the combination Gryllus domesticus (specific name of the type species of Acheta Fabricius, 1775) ; (c) migratorius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Gryllus migratorius (specific name of the type species of Locusta Linnaeus, 1758, as validated, under the Plenary Powers, in Opinion 158) ; (d) religiosus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gryllus religiosus (specific name of the type species of Mantis Linnaeus, 1767) ; (e) turritis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gryllus turritus (specific name of the type species, by designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (b) above, of Acrida Linnaeus, 1758, as validated, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (a) above); (f) viridissimus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Gryllus viridissimus (specific name of the type species, by designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (c) above, of Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758, as validated, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (a) above). 1 See paragraph 18 below. OPINION 299 213 I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 25th September 1947, Dr. Ashley B. Gurney (United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) submitted an application for the use of the Plenary Powers for the validation of the names Tettigonia and Acrida as from Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, Tenth Edition, the work in which they had appeared as terms for subdivisions of the genus Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera). Intermediate terms of this type had been rejected by the International Commission in Opinion 124 as not possessing the status of subgeneric names as from the date on which they were so published by Linnaeus, but at the same time the Commission had issued an open invitation to specialists to submit applications for the validation of such terms as subgeneric names dating from Linnaeus, 1758, in cases where they considered this necessary in order to prevent confusion from arising. It was under this invitation that the present application was submitted by Dr. Gurney. In December 1947 Mr. Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Commission, visited Washington and while there discussed this case with Dr. Gurney. These discussions led Dr. Gurney to revise his application in certain respects, and on 28th September 1948 he submitted the following revised application :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to validate the terms ‘‘ Tettigonia ”’ and ‘‘Acrida ’’ (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera) as subgeneric names as from Linnaeus, 1758 (application submitted in response to the invitation given in ‘ Opinion’ 124) By ASHLEY B. GURNEY (Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Agricultural Research Administration, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) The following application is hereby submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: (1) that Tettigonia Linnaeus be accepted as of subgeneric value as from 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 429), under the Plenary Powers. and that it be added to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, with Gryllus viridissimus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species ; (2) that Acrida Linnaeus be accepted as of subgeneric value as from 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 427), under the Plenary Powers, and that it be added to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, with Gryllus turritus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species. 214 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 1. Tettigonia 2. Tettigonia is one of six subdivisions* of Gryllus recognised by Linnaeus, 1758, and used by him in a sense corresponding to subgenera of modern workers. Although this term was invalidated as of 1758 by Opinion 124 (1936), most taxonomic workers in the Orthoptera use the generic name Tettigonia Linnaeus, and the great majority of taxono- mists and general entomologists utilise the orthopterous name TEITIGONIIDAE}. This family name dates from the supergeneric group Tettigoniae of Stoll, 1787 (Spectres, Mantes, etc. T. 1, Amsterdam), which was given the now accepted family-ending -idae by Krauss, 1902 (Zool. Anz. 25 : 538). The only other family names that have been widely used in the same sense are LOCUSTIDAE and PHASGONURIDAET. The former is obviously unavailable here because Locusta is restricted to another family by Opinion 158 (1945). The name PHASGONURIDAE dates from Kirby, 1891 (Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1891 : 405), but has been used less generally than TETTIGONIIDAE, and in recent years relatively little, partly because of the assumption on the part of many workers that Phasgonura Stephens, 1835 (d/l. Brit. Ent., Mand. 6 : 15) (type species : Gryllus viridissimus Linnaeus) is a synonym of Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758 (see discussion of type species below). Validation of Tettigonia Linnaeus would permit the continued general use of the family name TETTIGONIIDAE, thus avoiding further confusion in the nomenclature of an Order, the family names of which were formerly subject to frequent changes, but which in recent years have gradually become more standardised. The practice of working orthopterists indicates the desirability of validating Tettigonia Linnaeus. 3. There are differences of opinion concerning the species to be accepted as the type species of Tettigonia Linnaeus, and in the event of Tettigonia being validated, it is important that the type species be fixed beyond further argument. The use of the Plenary Powers may be necessary to fix as the type species the species which will create least confusion in the nomenclature of the Orthoptera. The majority of current workers accept Gryllus viridissimus Linnaeus as the type species, but I agree with Roberts, 1941 (Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 67 : 30—31) that the first definite selection was that of Kirby, 1890 (Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc. 6 : 481), Gryllus verrucivorus Linnaeus. If the latter selection is accepted, as should be done under a strict interpretation of the Rules, the genus Decticus Serville, 1831 (Ann. Sci. nat., Paris 22 : 159) (type species : Gry/lus verrucivorus Linnaeus) would fall as a synonym of Tettigonia Linnaeus, at the same time invalidating the well-known subfamily name DECTICINAE. 4. Uvarov, 1923 (Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1923 : 493) and others have considered that Leach, 1815 (Edinburgh Encyclopedia : 120) selected Gryllus viridissimus Linnaeus as the type species of Tettigonia. Since Leach merely listed the species with no indication of type significance that I have discovered, type selection is not evident. Karny, 1908 (Zool. Annalen, Z. f. Ges. Zool. 2 :202—208) has argued that OPINION 299 215 G. viridissimus became the type species through the removal of all the other 16 species originally placed in Tettigonia by Linnaeus, 1758. Although selection of type species by elimination was once an accepted practice, it is believed to have no standing under present Rules except in the case of a genus containing two species when one is removed to be type species of another genus (Opinion 6, 1910) (also see Opinion 62, 1914)2._ Rehn, 1901 (Canad. Ent. 33 : 121) also reasoned by the method of elimination that G. viridissimus is the type species of Tettigonia, but his conclusion is so definite that it clearly constitutes a type selection, the first clear cut selection of that species, regardless of the reasoning involved’. 5. Kirby, 1890 (/.c.) reviewed the originally included species of Tettigonia Linnaeus and by the method of elimination concluded that G. verrucivorus should be the type species. (Quotation from Kirby : ‘“‘_____ which leaves G. verrucivorus as the type of Tettigonia”’.) While not accepting Kirby’s method of arriving at a conclusion on the type species of Tettigonia, 1 believe, however, that his concluding statement, quoted above, constitutes a type selection, irrespective of the method used in reaching that conclusion. 6. In the interest of nomenclatorial stability, it appears advisable to fix Gryllus viridissimus Linnaeus, 1758, as the type species of Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758. 2. Acrida 7. Acrida is the second subdivision of Gry/lus recognised by Linnaeus, 1758. It is of prime importance as the basis of the family name ACRIDIDAE, and, since the acridids include a very large number of highly economic locusts and shorthorned grasshoppers, it is very desirable that stability of the family name be achieved. A great majority of both systematists and economic entomologists now use the name ACRIDIDAEf, which is derived from the supergeneric group Acridites of Latreille, 1825 (Fam. Nat. Régne Anim. : 414—416). All other names for the family are unsatisfactory because they lack priority, have had only a small amount of usage, or because they have been applied to different zoological groups in a manner that leads to confusion. For example, the name LOCUSTIDAE dates from the group Locustariae of Latreille, 1804 (Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. 12 : 127—136), but at that time it was 2 Even this last vestige of the principle of “ elimination ’’ was deleted from the Reégles by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, for all future cases, though protection was given to cases where type species had already been determined under Opinion 6 (see 1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 72, Decision 135). * By a decision taken by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, a definite statement by an author that a given species is the type species of a particular genus is to be accepted, other things being equal, as a valid type selection, even if the author making that statement did not regard himself as making a selection and considered that the species in question was already the type species “ by elimination ” (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 131). 216 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS applied to katydids or long-horned grasshoppers (the TETTIGONIIDAE of most current usage). In 1829, Stephens (Brit. Ins. : 301) applied the name LOCUSTIDAE to grasshoppers and locusts for the first time, and it has recently been done by Comstock, 1930 (Untrod. Ent. : 252), Essig, 1942 (College Ent. : 90) and several others, though the name ACRIDIDAE is used by most modern taxonomistst. To add to the confusion, Comstock, 1930 (/.c. : 254) used LOCUSTINAE for the subfamily of ** spine-throated locusts ’’, though the genus Locusta is not included in that subfamily, actually belonging to the group usually called the OEDIPODINAE. 8. A family name based on Acrydium has also been used, but Acrydium has been almost universally§ applied to the grouse-locusts (TETRIGIDAE), and so ACRYDIIDAE would be confusing if applied to locusts and grasshoppers. 9. In order for Acrida to be available as a basis for the family name ACRIDIDAE, it appears necessary that it be dated from Linnaeus, 1758, as that generic name was not subsequently brought into general use by orthopterists until the time of Stal, 1873 (Rec. Orthopt. 1 : 88, 95—100). Between the time of Linnaeus and Stal, Kirby, 1825 (Zool. J. 1 : 432) and Curtis, 1825 (Brit. Ent. 2 : 82) applied the name Acrida to katydids rather than to short-horned grasshoppers (see Roberts, /.c. : 5) so that it becomes essential to establish the validity of Acrida as from Linnaeus, 1758. Krauss, 1902 (Zool. Anz. 25 : 541) first selected a type species for Acrida Linnaeus : Gryllus turritus Linnaeus, 1758. * Regarding the other sub-divisions of Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758: Locusta was added to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology under Opinion 158 (1945) ; Bulla was suppressed as a homonym of Bulla Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 725) (Mollusca) under the amendment to Article 34 of the International Code adopted at Padua, 1930 (referred to in Opinion 124, 1936) ; Mantis, as of 1767 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12).1 : 689), was added to the Official List under Opinion 149 (1943). Although, under the existing Rules, Acheta was not at any time validly proposed by Linnaeus, this generic name is available for use, dating from Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 279). Curtis, 1830 (Brit. Ent. 7 : 293) selected Gryllus domesticus Linnaeus, as the type species of the genus “ Acheta Fab., Lea., Sam,”’ this being the first valid selection, and it establishes Acheta in the same sense as formerly used, dating from Linnaeus, 1758. Karny, 1937 (Gen. Insectorum fasc. 206, Gryllacrididae : 213) listed Acheta Fabricius, 1775 (nec. Linnaeus) as a synonym of Schizodactylus Brullé, 1835, but that is a misapplication of the name, since Acheta has priority. Furthermore, no type selection of Gryllus monstrosus Drury, 1773, the type species of Schizodactylus and in included in Acheta by Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 826), prior to 1830 has come to my attention. (Linnaeus, 1767, used Mantis in a generic sense, Acrida and Acheta in a subgemeric sense.) + The general use of TETTIGONIIDAE and ACRIDIDAE is evidence by the utilisation of these family names in the volumes of the Zoological Record since 1922 (27 years). Both are the names currently used by the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, in the United States, and the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, for the British Commonwealth. The guidance in systematic entomology and large number of routine identifications furnished by these two organizations constitute a great influence on the nomenclatorial usage of entomologists as a whole. Specialists in three outstanding centres of systematic OPINION 299 Dig work on Orthoptera, namely, London, Philadilphia and Paris, use the above family names. They also appear in the handbook, “‘ Locusts and Grass- hoppers ’’, published by B. P. Uvarov in 1928 and are familiar to nearly all economic workers on grasshoppers. ACRIDIDAE is the family name used in correspondence from the Anti-Locust Research Centre, in London, which organization is now co-ordinating most of the international work on large-scale grasshopper control and research. Finally, a survey of published work by leading orthopterists throughout the world during the past fifteen years shows that the preponderance of usage favours the family names TETTIGONIIDAE and ACRIDIDAE. Although the Rules are definite on certain aspects of family names, there is need for further clarification. (See Sabrosky, 1947, Amer. Naturalist 81 : 153— 160). (Articles 4 and 5 of the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, and Opinions 133 (1936) and 141 (1943) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature concern family names.)* Roberts, 1941 (Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 67 : 24) has recently shown that, contrary to the traditional orthopterological practice, Acrydium Geoffroy, 1762, actually applies to a zoological unit included in the ACRIDIDAE rather than the TETRIGIDAE. ws 2) Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On the receipt in September 1947 of Dr. Gurney’s first communication, the question of the validation, under the Plenary Powers, of certain of the terms used by Linnaeus in 1758 for subdivisions of the genus Gryllus Linnaeus was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 328. 3. Preliminary consultations in 1949 : At the time of the receipt of Dr. Gurney’s definitive application in September 1948, the whole of the available resources of the Commission were being devoted to the preparation of the Official Records of the Session held by the Commission at Paris in July of that year. In view, however, of the importance of the present case and of the fact that it affected nomenclature not only in the Order Orthoptera— from which point of view it had been submitted by Dr. Gurney— but also in the Order Hemiptera, Mr. Hemming judged it desirable to initiate discussions with specialists in both these groups as a preliminary to the publication of Dr. Gurney’s application. Accordingly, in January 1949 Mr. Hemming invited the following specialists to furnish statements of their views :—(a) Dr. W. E. China (British Museum (Natural History), London) ; (b) Mr. R. G. 4 The provisions in the Rég/es relating to family-group names were completely revised by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953 (see 1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 32—37, Decisions 43—58). 218 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Fennah (U/mperial College of Tropical Agriculture, St. Augustine, Trinidad) ; (c) Dr. B. P. Uvarov (Anti-Locust Research Centre, London). All these specialists gave their support for the action proposed. The communications so received are given in the immediately following paragraphs. 4. Support received from Dr. W. E. China (British Museum (Natural History), London): On 11th January 1949, Dr. W. E. China (British Museum (Natural History), London) wrote the following letter in support of Dr. Gurney’s application :— No confusion would result in the nomenclature of the Hemiptera from the disappearance of Tetigonia Geoffroy, 1762 (either by invalida- tion or as a homonym of Tettigonia L., 1758)°. The only change in the nomenclature resulting from such a disappearance would be the restora- tion of the well-known generic name Ledra Fabricius, 1803, type species of the family LEDRIDAE. This would, of course, be all to the good. This fact is set out in China and Fennah, October 1945, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (11) 12: 711—712: “ By the above dispositions the only nomenclatorial change in Hemiptera which would result from any future invalidation of Tetigonia Geoffroy or from any validation of Tettigonia L. (Orthoptera) would be the restoration of the generic name Ledra.”’ 5. Support received from Mr. R. G. Fennah (Imperial College oj Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad) : On 12th January 1949, Mr. R. G. Fennah U/mperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad) wrote a letter in support of Dr. Gurney’s application, and on 30th January 1949, he followed this up with a further letter, in which he drew attention to the name Tetigonia Fourcroy, 1785, and suggested that in the decision to be taken on this case the Com- mission should make it clear that the above name—and also Tetigonia Geofiroy, 1762—were to be treated as junior homonyms of the name Tettigonia now proposed to be validated as from Linnaeus, 1758, i.e. the fact that the names published by Geoffroy and Fourcroy on the one hand and by Linnaeus on the other hand differed from one another in spelling by the use, in the first case, of a single “t”’ in the middle of the name, and, in the second case, by the use of a double “ t ” was to be ignored for the 5 By a decision taken by the International Commission in 1948 and since embodied in Opinion 228 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 209—220), it has been ruled that Geoffroy’s Histoire abrégée is not available for nomen- clatorial purposes. The name Tetigonia Geoffroy, 1762, here Rene. to by Dr. China is in any case, an invalid name. OPINION 299 219 purposes of the Law of Homonymy*. The letters so received from Mr. Fennah were as follows :— A. Extract from letter dated 12th January 1949. I understand that Dr. China has supplied you with the technical details regarding the change which will occur in Hemiptera, if Tettigonia of Linnaeus is validated. The consequential suppression of Tetigonia Geoffroy would un- doubtedly be welcomed by hemipterists, as the generic name Ledra, which was displaced by China & Fennah in 1945, is well known and long established. Moreover, the combination Tetigonia aurita (Lin- naeus) is still novel and has not entered into literature, apart from the original proposals, as far as I know. B. Extract from letter dated 30th January 1949. There is one trivial item worthy of mention when you are writing up the case, and that is the generic name TJetigonia Fourcroy, which was not mentioned in the China & Fennah paper. Tetigonia Geoffroy, 1762, is, as you say in your letter of 14th January, invalid under the decision of the Paris Congress. But the generic name was cited and validated by Fourcroy, 1785, Ent. paris. 1 : 193, with the original spelling. It would accordingly be advisable to make it quite plain that Tettigonia with two “‘ t’s”’ is, for the purposes of judging preoccupation of the name, the same as Tetigonia with one “t”’. This would squarely place Fourcroy’s Tetigonia in homonymy. 6. Support received from Dr. B. P. Uvaroy (Anti-Locust Research Centre, London): On 19th January 1949, Dr. B. P. Uvarov (Anti-Locust Research Centre, London) communicated the follow- ing statement in support of Dr. Gurney’s proposal :— The proposal that Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758, be accepted as of sub- generic value under the Plenary Powers, and that it be added to the Official List with Gryllus viridissimus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species, is supported and it is considered that such action will eliminate confusion. Tetigonia Geoffroy, 1762, should be definitely rejected as a homonym of Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758, as this action would prevent further confusion. 6 See paragraph 18 of the present Opinion. 220 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS The proposal that Acrida Linnaeus, 1758, be accepted as of sub- generic value, under the Plenary Powers and that it be added to the Official List with Gryllus turritus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species, is supported. This action will stabilise the use of the family name ACRIDIDAE in the sense in which it is now used by all taxonomic workers in the group. The name ACRIDIDAE has formed the basis of the French designation of five successive international anti-locust con- ferences (1931, 1932, 1934, 1936 and 1938) as “‘ Conferences internationales anti-acridiennes”’. It is also incorporated in the name of the ‘* Office National Anti-Acridien ’’, which is the French central institution for anti-locust research ; and in the name of the ““ Comite Interamericano Permanente Antiacridiano’”’ established in 1948 by a Convention of nine South and Central American States. ¢ b) Finally, the term “ acridology ”’ is now being increasingly used to define that branch of entomology which deals with ACRIDIDAE. 7. Review in 1950 by Mr. Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, of out- standing problems in connection with the terms used to denote subdivisions of the genus “ Gryllus”’ by Linnaeus in 1758 : When, after the publication in the summer of 1950 of the volumes of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature containing the Official Records of the Session held by the Commission at Paris in 1948, Mr. Hemming was able to resume preparations for the publication in the Bulletin of applications relating to individual nomenclatorial cases, he formed the view that it was desirable that the opportunity presented by the application submitted by Dr. Gurney should be taken to clear off all outstanding questions relating to the status of the terms used by Linnaeus in 1758 to denote subdivisions of the genus Gryllus Linnaeus. He accordingly prepared the following Report on this subject for consideration by the Com- mission :— First Report on matters left unsettled in ‘‘ Opinion ’’ 124, in relation to the status of the terms used by Linnaeus in 1758 to denote sub- divisions of genera established in the 10th edition of the ** Systema Naturae ”’ The subdivisions of the genus ‘* Gryllus ’? Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) 1. At its meeting held in Paris in 1948 the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature placed on record their disapproval of the OPINION 299 PD practice sometimes adopted in the past, under which the decision given in an Opinion dealt with part only of the issues involved, and agreed to invite the Secretary to the Commission (a) to examine all the Opinions so far rendered, with a view to ascertaining every instance where an application had been dealt with incompletely and (b) to submit proposals as soon as possible for the rendering, as a matter of urgency, of supplementary Opinions dealing with the questions left unanswered in the earlier Opinions concerned (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 355). This decision was endorsed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 5 : 104—105). 2. Opinion 124 provides a conspicuous example of the class of case covered by the foregoing decision, for that Opinion lays down a general principle applicable to all the terms used by Linnaeus to denote subdivisions of genera, but discusses the effect of that decision in relation to one only of the genera concerned (Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758) and, even in that case, in relation to one only of the six terms used by Linnaeus to denote subdivisions of that genus. The submission by Dr. Ashley B. Gurney of proposals relating to two other of the terms used by Linnaeus to denote subdivisions of the genus Gryllus provides a convenient opportunity for placing before the Commission proposals for such further action as is necessary in order to fill in all the gaps in Opinion 124, in so far as that Opinion is concerned with the status to be accorded to the terms used by Linnaeus in 1758 to denote subdivisions of the foregoing genus. I accordingly decided to devote to this subject the first of the Reports which, under the decision of the International Congress of Zoology quoted in paragraph 1 above, I have been asked to prepare in regard to matters left unsettled by Opinion 124. This Report I now submit for consideration by the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature. Further Reports dealing with terms used by Linnaeus in 1758 to denote subdivisions of genera, other than Gry/lus Linnaeus, will be submitted, as and when opportunity offers. 3. Arrangement of Report: In the present Report, I deal, in turn, with each of the six terms used by Linnaeus in 1758 to denote subdivisions of the genus Gryllus. In each case I indicate such action, if any, as has already been taken by the Commission in regard thereto and refer to the proposals in regard to certain of those terms which have been submitted to the Commission by Dr. Ashley B. Gurney. Where necessary, I indicate such further consequential action as is necessary, in order completely to dispose of the cases concerned. 4. The term Mantis as used by Linnaeus: At Lisbon in 1935 the International Commission decided to place on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the generic name Mantis Linnaeus as from 22D OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 1767, that being the date on which this name was first validly used aS a generic name, its use on that occasion being acceptable to specialists as it was in accordance with current nomenclatorial practice. By this decision therefore the Commission decided also that there were no grounds for the use of the Plenary Powers for the purpose of validating the name Mantis as from Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 425). All therefore that is now required in this connection is that the reputed but non-existent. generic name Mantis Linnaeus, 1758, should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. It should be noted that some others have suggested that the name Mantis Linnaeus, 1767, is ante-dated by the name Mantes Geoffroy, 1762 (Hist. abrég. Ins. Paris 1 : 399), but this is not correct, for the Commission has decided that, in the work quoted, Geoffroy did not apply the principles of binominal nomenclature and therefore that no name published therein acquires availability in zoological nomenclature on that account (see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 366—369)’. It would be well, however, finally to dispose of this matter by placing the reputed but non-existent generic name Mantes Geoffroy on the Official Index. Finally, it is necessary at this point to refer to the decision taken by the International Congress of Zoology in 1948 that the trivial names of the type species of genera placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology should, when they are the oldest available names for the species concerned, be placed on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology; this decision is retrospective and will therefore in any case apply in the present instance when the foregoing Official List comes to be compiled. It will be convenient, however, to take the present opportunity to deal with this matter by placing on the Official List the trivial name religiosus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 426, as published in the binominal combination Gryllus religiosus, that being the trivial name of the type species of Mantis Linnaeus, 1767. 5. The term Acrida as used by Linnaeus: Dr. Gurney’s proposal (that Acrida should be placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with status as from Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 427), and with Gryllus turritus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species) covers all the principal matters which call for action in this case. It should be noted, however, that, since at present the term Acrida possesses no status as a subgeneric name as from Linnaeus, 1758. it follows automatically that there is at present no nominal genus (or subgenus) Acrida Linnaeus, 1758, and consequently that, if (as proposed by Dr. Gurney) the Plenary Powers are used to bring into existence the subgeneric name Acrida Linnaeus, 1758, the same Powers will need to be used to provide that newly created nominal subgenus with a type species. Further, for the reasons explained (in paragraph 4) in connection with the generic name Mantis Linnaeus, 1767, it will be necessary to - place on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology the trivial name turritus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal * See footnote 5. OPINION 299 223 combination Gryllus turritus, the trivial name of the species proposed by Dr. Gurney to be designated as the type species of this genus. 6. The term Bulla as used by Linnaeus: The International Commission, in Opinion 124, pointed out that, even if Linnaeus had in 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 427) published the name Bulla as the name of a subgenus of Gryllus Linneaus, 1758 (Class Insecta), that name, being a subgeneric name, would have fallen (under a rule then recommended by the Commission to the Congress) as a homonym of the Gastropod name Bulla Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 725), the latter name having been published as a generic name and accordingly, being of the same date, possessing priority over its homonym published as a sub- generic name. The Gastropod name Bulla Linnaeus has now been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology (see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 305) ; all that is called for therefore to complete the action required in the present case is to place the reputed but non-existent name Bulla Linnaeus, 1758 (in the Class Insecta) on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. 7. The term Acheta as used by Linnaeus: Dr. Gurney has explained in the first of the footnotes to his application that, while in the past some authors have treated Acheta as having acquired subgeneric status as from Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 428), others have used this name as published by Fabricius in 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 279—282, 826), when it was employed in a strictly binominal sense. It was there used by Fabricius for ten species, of which the second was Gryllus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 428). This species was selected as the type species by Curtis in 1830 (Brit. Ent. 7 : 293), and this generic name is currently used in this sense. As, under Opinion 124, the name Acheta has no standing as a subgeneric name as from Linnaeus, 1758, and as Fabricius (1775) was the first author to use the word Acheta as a generic or subgeneric name, the name Acheta Fabricius, 1775, is an available name. Further, as its type species under the Régles (Gryllus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) is the species currently accepted as such, there is no reason why the International Commission should use its Plenary Powers to validate the name Acheta as from Linnaeus, 1758, the present position by which that name ranks from Fabricius, 1775, being perfectly satisfactory. All that is required to make the position clear is (1) to place the generic name Acheta Fabricius, 1775, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology and the trivial name domesticus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination Gryllus domesticus, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, and (2) to place the reputed but non-existent subgeneric name Acheta Linnaeus, 1758, .on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. Dr. Gurney and Dr. B. P. Uvarov, whom I have consulted, both support this proposal. Dr. Uvarov points out that his name Gryllulus (Uvarov, 224 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 1935, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 16 : 320) is an objective synonym of Acheta Fabricius, 1775; it is accordingly proposed that that name should be added to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names. 8. The term Tettigonia as used by Linnaeus: Dr. Gurney and Dr. Uvarov (supported from the point of view of hemipterological litera- ture by Dr. W. E. China and Mr. R. G. Fennah) recommend that the Commission should use its Plenary Powers to validate the name Tettigonia as of subgeneric status as from Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 429); Dr. Gurney and Dr. Uvarov further propose that the nominal species to be accepted as the type species of this genus should be Gryllus viridissimus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 430). For the reasons already explained in the parallel case of Acrida Linnaeus, 1758 (paragraph 5 above), it will be necessary for the Commission to use its Plenary Powers for the latter, just as much as for the former, of these purposes. The only other action called for in connection with this name is (for the reasons explained in para- graph 4 above in connection with the name Mantis) to place on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology the trivial name viridissimus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination Gryllus viridissimus, that being the trivial name of the nominal species recommended by Dr. Gurney for recognition as the type species of Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758. 9. The reputed generic name Tetigonia Geoffroy, 1762: The action proposed by Dr. Gurney and Dr. Uvarov will serve two valuable purposes, quite unconnected with one another : first, it will (as they desire) provide a legal foundation for the name Teftigonia as a generic name in the Order Orthoptera ; second, it will eliminate, as an invalid junior homonym (under the provision which is to replace (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 161—162) subsection (d)8 in the third paragraph of Article 35, as applied to Article 34), the confusingly similar name Tetigonia in the Order Hemiptera. The disappearance of this name is welcomed by both Dr. China and Mr. Fennah. It is desirable that the present opportunity should be taken to make the position clear by placing on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology both (1) the name Tetigonia Geoffroy, 1762, Hist. abrég. Ins. Paris 1 : 429 (which, quite apart from the application submitted by Dr. Gurney, is already an invalid name having been published in a work in which the author (Geoffroy) did not apply the principles of binominal nomenclature—see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 366—369), (2) the name Tettigonia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 678 (which, pending the approval of Dr. Gurney’s proposal, is an available name), (3) Tetigonia Fourcroy, 1785, Ent. paris. 1 : 193 (an invalid homonym of Tettigonia Fabricius, 1775) ,and (4) Tetigonia Blanchard, 1852, in Gay, Hist. Chile (Zool.) 7 : 282. 8 See paragraph 18 of the present Opinion. OPINION 299 DDS 10. Effect of eliminating the name Tetigonia from hemipterological literature: Dr. China has pointed out that the final elimination of the name Tetigonia from the literature of the Order Hemiptera will be to restore to unquestioned availability the generic name Ledra Fabricius, 1803 (Syst. Rhyngot. : 24), and consequently also the family name LEDRIDAE. Dr. China, after examining and (rightly) rejecting the claim advanced by Kirkaldy that Fabricius had himself designated a type species for the genus Ledra, has reported (in Jitt., 18th January 1949) that the first valid selection of a type species for this genus was that by Latreille in 1810 (Consid. gén. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 434) of Cicada aurita Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 435. In view of the uncertainty that has existed regarding the status of the generic name Ledra, having regard to the competing (but now finally rejected) claims of Tetigonia Geoffroy, 1762, it is clearly desirable that the name Ledra Fabricius should be placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, with the above species as type species, the trivial name aurita Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination Cicada aurita, the trivial name of that species, being at the same time placed on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. 11. The term Locusta as used by Linnaeus: At Lisbon in 1935 the International Commission used its Plenary Powers (a) to validate the name Locusta, as from Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 431), and (b) to designate Gryllus migratorius Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type species of that genus. The decision was later embodied in Opinion 158. The only supplementary action now required is (for the reasons explained in paragraph 4 above in connection with the name Mantis) to place the trivial name migratorius Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 432), as published in the binominal combination Gryllus migratorius, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology that List not having been in existence at the time when the Commission dealt with this name in 1935. 12. Having now reviewed (a) the action already taken by the International Commission in regard to the terms used by Linnaeus in 1758 to denote subdivisions of the genus Gryllus Linnaeus, and (b) the proposals in regard to two of those terms submitted by Dr. Ashley B. Gurney, and having submitted also certain supplementary recom- mendations on various matters either connected with the status to be accorded to the foregoing terms or arising incidentally in connection therewith, we may summarise as follows the proposals now laid before the International Commission. These are that the Commission should :— (1) use its Plenary Powers to validate, as of subgeneric status, the names specified in Column (1) below, those names to be treated as having been published by Linnaeus in 1758 on the pages of the 10th edition of the Systema Naturae there specified, and 226 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) to designate, as the type species of the nominal subgenera in question, the species severally specified in Column (2) below : Name of subgenus Nominal species designated as the type species of subgenus specified in Col. (1) (1) (2) Acrida Linnaeus, 1758, Gryllus turritus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 427 427 Tettigonia Linnaeus, Gryllus _ viridissimus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 430 10) 1 : 429 (2) place the under-mentioned generic names on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, with the type species severally specified below :— (a) Acheta Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 279—282, 826 (type species, by subsequent selection by Curtis, 1830 (Brit. Ent. 7: 293): Gryllus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 428) (b) Acrida Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 427 (as proposed, under (1) above, to be validated under the Plenary Powers) (type species, by designation, as proposed in (1) above, under the Plenary Powers: Gryllus turritus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 427) (c) Ledra Fabricius, 1803, Syst. Rhyngot. : 24 (type species, by subsequent selection by Latreille, 1810 (Consid. gén. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 434) : Cicada aurita Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 435) (d) Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 429 (as proposed, under (1) above, to be validated under the Plenary Powers) (type species by designation, as proposed in (1) above, under the Plenary Powers: Gryllus_ viridissimus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 430) ; (3) place the under-mentioned generic names and alleged generic names on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology:— (a) Acheta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 428 (a reputed but non-existent name) (b) Bulla Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 427 (a reputed but non-existent name) OPINION 299 Qi, (c) Gryllulus Uvarov, 1935, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10 16 : 320 (an invalid junior synonym of Acheta Fabricius, 1775) (d) Mantes Geoffroy, 1762, Hist. abrég. Ins. Paris 1 : 399 (a name possessing no status because published by an author who did not apply the principles of binominal nomenclature) (e) Mantis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 425 (a reputed but non-existent name) (f) Tetigonia Geoffroy, 1762, Hist. abrég. Ins. Paris 1 : 429 (a name possessing no status because published by an author who did not apply the principles of binominal nomenclature) (g) Tetigonia Fourcroy, 1785, Ent. paris. 1 : 193 (an invalid junior homonym of Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758, as proposed, under (1) above, to be validated under the Plenary Powers)® (h) Tetigonia Blanchard, 1852, in Gay, Hist. Chile (Zool.) 7 : 282 (an invalid junior homonym of Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758, as proposed, under (1) above, to be validated under the Plenary Powers)? (i) Tettigonia Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 678 (an invalid junior homonym of Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758, as proposed, under (1) above, to be validated under the Plenary Powers) ; (4) place the undermentioned trivial names on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology:— (a) aurita Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal com- bination Cicada aurita (trivial name of type species of Ledra Fabricius, 1803) (b) domesticus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination Gryllus domesticus (trivial name of type species of Acheta Fabricius, 1775) (c) migratorius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination Gryllus migratorius (trivial name of type species of Locusta Linnaeus, 1758) (d) religiosus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal com- bination Gry/llus religiosus (trivial name of type species of Mantis Linnaeus, 1767) (e) turritus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal com- bination Gryllus turritus (trivial name of species proposed, under (1) above, to be designated under the Plenary Powers as type species of Acrida Linnaeus, 1758) (f) viridissimus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the binominal combination Gryllus viridissimus (trivial name of species proposed, under (1) above, to be designated under the Plenary Powers as type species of Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758) ® See paragraph 18 of the present Opinion. 228 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 8. Publication in 1951 of Dr. Gurney’s application and associated documents: Dr. Gurney’s application and the associated docu- ments reproduced in the immediately preceding paragraphs were sent to the printer on Ist January 1951 and were published in Part 4 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature on 20th April 1951 (Gurney, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 106— 109; China, 1951, ibid. 2): 109) Fennah, 1951, 7bid Zea Uvarov, 1951, ibid. 2 : 111 ; Hemming, 1951, ibid. 2 : 112—118). 9. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was issued on 20th April 1951, both in Part 4 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr. Gurney’s application and the associated documents were published, and also to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, Notice was given to a number of entomological serial publications in Europe and America. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed. 10. Support received for Dr. Gurney’s application after publica- tion: After the publication of Dr. Gurney’s application and the associated documents in the Bulletin, support for the action proposed was received from the following specialists: (a) Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (San Diego, California, U.S.A.) ; (b) Dr. Klaus Ginther (Unstitut fiir Genetik der Freien Universitat, Berlin) ; (c) Mr. D. K. McE. Kevan (University of Nottingham, School of Agriculture, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, England). The communications so received are given in the immediately following paragraphs. 11. Support received from Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (San Diego, California, U.S.A.): In a letter dated 22nd June 1951 (which was mainly concerned with other cases), Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr. (San Diego, California, U.S.A.) wrote of the present case: “ It would seem logical to place the name Bulla as the name of a subgenus of Gry/lus on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ”’. OPINION 299 229 12. Support received from Dr. Klaus Giinther (Institut fiir Genetik der Freien Universitat, Berlin): On 5th July 1951, Dr. Klaus Giinther (Institute fiir Genetik der Freien Universitat, Berlin) wrote the following letter in support of the action proposed in the present case (Giinther, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 84- - 85) :— I beg leave to state my decided support of the proposals submitted by Dr. Ashley B. Gurney (1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 106—109) that the names Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758, and Acrida Linnaeus, 1758, in the Order Orthoptera (Class Insecta) should be validated by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature under its Plenary Powers with Gryllus viridissimus Linnaeus, 1758, and Gryllus turritus Linnaeus, 1758, as the respective type species of these genera. This action appears to be the best and almost the only way to avoid further unbearable confusion in the nomenclature of the Orthoptera. 13. Support received from Mr. D. K. McE. Kevan (University of Nottingham, School of Agriculture, Sutton Bonington, Lough- borough, England): On 25th July 1951, Mr. D. K. McE. Kevan (University of Nottingham, School of Agriculture, Sutton Bonington Loughborough, England) submitted the following statement supporting the action proposed in the present case and making certain suggestions :— On the subdivisions of the genus “ Gryllus ’? Linnaeus, 1758 By D. KEITH McE. KEVAN (School of Agriculture, University of Nottingham) In connexion with the communications of Gurney, China, Fennah, Uvarov and Hemming (1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 106—118), I should like to make the following comments :— (1) I wish fully to endorse the measures already adopted or proposed in respect of the reputed but non-existent names Mantis, Acrida, Bulla, Acheta, Tettigonia and Locusta, all as of Linnaeus, 1758, for the reasons advanced by the various authors concerned. (2) I would, however, seek the assurance of the Commission that they do not create (or, in the case of Locusta, have not created) any unfor- 230 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS tunate precedent by validating such reputed but non-existent names since I am not certain of the logic of this procedure, however desirable it may be. Presumably “ suspension of the rules ’’ does permit invalid terms to be brought into existence as valid names. (3) If, as I presume, the above is permissible, I feel that it should be made clear that, in the case of Acrida, Tettigonia and Locusta, this course (virtually of name-creation) has been deliberately adopted in favour of the alternative one involving the suppression (by means of the Commission’s Plenary Powers) of all senior homonyms in favour of the earliest generally acceptable valid junior homonym because of the great confusion which would occur as a result of permitting the offending senior homonyms to retain their priority. (4) It should be noted that the latter of the two courses would be more consistent—since, under the Régles and Opinion 124, Mantis does not and Acheta would not date as from Linnaeus, 1758, but from (the first) valid usage in each case—but, although the difficulties in the way of pursuing this course would probably not be insur- mountable, the means of achieving a satisfactory solution to the confused problem of nomenclature, particularly in respect of Tettigonia, would be unnecessarily involved. Therefore, since the term Locusta has already been validated as a subgeneric name as of Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 158)—albeit originally in an unusual manner (see Roberts, 1941, Trans. amer. ent. Soc. 67 : 27)—a precedent exists and it seems more expedient to follow it by validating, also as subgeneric names, the terms Acrida and Tettigonia as of Linnaeus, 1758, rather than from later authors and dated. Whether it would also be preferable, for the sake of consistency, to adopt the same course in respect of Mantis and Acheta also, as suggested by Roberts (/.c. : 5), is, I think, a matter for the Commission to decide when considering Dr. Gurney’s applica- tion. Personally, I am not in favour of doing so since adherence to the Régles and Opinion 124, in the case of these two names, raises no complicated issues ; each case should be considered on its merits and not on the basis of consistency, and in any event the case of Mantis is virtually a closed book. . (5) It should perhaps also be mentioned that, irrespective of which of the two courses referred to is adopted, the family names ACRIDIDAE and TEITIGONIIDAE are not jeopardized since a family name does not need to be derived from the oldest valid generic name contained within the family (Opinions 133 and 141). I fully endorse that it is essential that these family names (especially the former) be retained in their current sense for the reasons already advanced by Gurney and Uvaroy (/.c.). OPINION 299 231 (6) In respect of the type species of the genera and subgenera con- cerned, I am in full agreement with the measures already adopted or proposed for their designation. In connexion with the type species of Tettigonia, however, some comment is called for. This is that the desig- nation by Kirby (1890, Sci. Proc. R. Dubl. Soc. (n.s.) 6 : 581) of Gryllus verucivorus Linnaeus, 1758, is the type species of Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758 is not, according to the present rules, in order since under the Régles and Opinion 124, the latter name is not valid as of that author and date and cannot be considered so until such time as the Commission, by its Plenary Powers, makes it so. Thus the accept- ance by Roberts (/.c. : 30—31) of Kirby’s designation now seems unnecessary—a point which Gurney (/.c. : 107) does not make— and the complications in respect of the names Decticus Audinet- Serville, 1831, DECTICINAE and TETTIGONIINAE considered inevitable by Roberts (/.c.) and mentioned also by Gurney (/.c.) and the attendant resurrection of Phasgonura Stephens, 1835, may be avoided. III—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 14. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)16: On 15th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)16) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “relating to the names Teftigonia, Acrida, etc., as originally published for subdivisions of the genus Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 (application made under the invitation issued in Opinion 124), as specified in Points (1) to (4) on pages 116 to 118 in volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ” [i.e. the Points set out in paragraph 12 of the Secretary’s Report reproduced in paragraph 7 of the present Opinion]. 15. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 15th July 1952. 232 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 16. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)16 : The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)16 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Hering; Calman; Riley; Dymond; Esaki; do Amaral; Hanko; Bonnet; Mertens; lLemche; Vokes; Pearson!®; Cabrera; Bradley; Boschma ; Stoll ; Hemming ; (b) Negative Votes: None ; (c) Voting Paper V.P.(52)16 was not returned by one (1) Com- missioner : Jaczewski. 17. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 16th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)16, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 16 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 18. On Ist March 1954, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary to the Commission, placed on File Z.N.(S.) 328 the following Minute 10 Commissioner Pearson exercised in this case the right conferred by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology in Paris, 1948, under which a Commissioner may, if he so desires, signify his willingness to support the view, or the majority view, of other members of the Commission (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 5S0—51). OPINION 299 233 drawing attention to the decision taken by the Fourteenth Inter- national Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, to protect rulings previously given by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature on the status of individual generic names under the Law of Homonymy (Article 34) from being subject to review in the light of the amendment of the foregoing Law then adopted and taking note that under this provision the decision taken in Voting Paper V.P.(52)16 that the name Tetigonia Fourcroy, 1785, was to be rejected as a junior homonym of Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758 remained unaffected :— Attention is drawn to the fact that the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, modified the provision in the Rég/es relating to the criteria to be adopted in determining whether the components of any given pair of generic names are to be treated as homonyms by substituting for the provisions adopted by the Thir- teenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 130—131, 161—162) a provision that “‘ a generic name is not to be rejected as a homonym of another such name if it differs from it in spelling by even one letter ’’. Under this provision the name Tetigonia Fourcroy, 1785, proposed for rejection as a junior homonym of Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758, in paragraph 12(3) (g) of the Report —reproduced in paragraph 7 of the present Opinion—, though correct under the provisions then in force, would not be liable to be so rejected without resort to the use of the Commission’s Plenary Powers. At the same time, however, the Copenhagen Congress inserted a saving clause protecting the position as regards any name which had already been rejected by the Commission under the previously existing provisions in the Régles on this subject (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 78). Accordingly, as the result of the Voting in the present case (on Voting Paper V.P.(52)16) was declared prior to the Copenhagen Congress, the decision taken in the Vote on the foregoing Voting Paper to reject the name Tetigonia Fourcroy, 1785, on the foregoing ground is not adversely affected by the amendment of Article 34 made by the Copenhagen Congress. 19. On 8th March 1954, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certi- ficate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)16. 20. The original references for the names which appear in the Ruling given in the present Opinion are set out in paragraph 12 234 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS of the Report by the Secretary reproduced in paragraph 7 of the said Opinion. In the same paragraph are given also the references to the places where the type species of the nominal genera Acheta Fabricius, 1775, and Ledra Fabricius, 1803, were first validly selected under Rule (g) in Article 30. 21. The genders of the generic names cited in the Ruling given in the present Opinion are as follows : Acheta Fabricius, 1775—feminine. Acrida Linnaeus, 1758—feminine. Ledra Fabricius, 1803—feminine. Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758—feminine. 22. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “trivial name” and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial’ appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and ‘invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “specific name” was substituted for the expression “trivialname” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 23. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. OPINION 299 Pue2os 24. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Two Hundred and Ninety-Nine (299) of the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Eighth day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Conimission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER.- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 17. Pp. 237—248 OPINION 300 Validation, onder the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Sphaeroceras Bayle, 1878 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and . Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Five Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 26th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 300 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (1st January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) ({st January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. Stoxw (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van WNatuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angle CABRERA (Zva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948), Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948). Dr. Henning LemMcue (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark (27th July 1948). Professor Teiso ESAK! (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh Ritey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u, Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 300 VALIDATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF THE GENERIC NAME ‘‘SPHAEROCERAS ” BAYLE, 1878 (CLASS CEPHALOPODA, ORDER AMMONOIDEA) RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers, the generic name Sphaeroceras Hope, 1840 (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera) is hereby suppressed for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy. (2) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 739 and 740 respectively: (a) Sphaeroceras — Bayle, 1878 (gender: neuter) (type species, by selection by Douvillé (1879): Ammonites brongniarti Sowerby (J.), 1817); (b) Globicornis Latreille, 1829 (gender : feminine) (type species, by monotypy : Dermestes rufitarsis Panzer, 1796). (3) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 158 and 159 respectively :—(a) brongniarti Sowerby (J.), 1817, as published in the combination Ammonites brongniarti ; (b) nigripes Fabricius, 1792, as published in the combination Dermestes nigripes. (4) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and_Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 150 :—Sphaero- ceras Hope, 1840, as suppressed, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) above. NOV 1% 4954 240 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS I—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 28th February 1949 Dr. W. J. Arkell (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) submitted an application for the validation of the generic name Sphaeroceras Bayle, 1878 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea). In November of the same year, Dr. Arkell submitted a supplementary note by Mr. C. E. Tottenham (Zoological Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) on the entomological aspects of his proposal—that is, on the question whether any ill-effects in the nomenclature of the relevant genus of the Order Coleoptera (Class Insecta) would result from the suppression as proposed, under the Plenary Powers of the generic name Sphaeroceras Hope, 1840. In order to ensure the presentation of a comprehensive statement of the issues involved in the present case, it was arranged that Mr. Tottenham’s paper should be annexed to Dr. Arkell’s application as an Appendix. Correspondence ensued between the Secretary and Dr. Arkell on various matters arising on his application. Dr. Arkell’s application, as finally settled on 10th September 1950, was as follows :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to validate the generic name ** Sphaeroceras *’ Bayle, 1878 (Class Cephalopeda, Order Ammonoidea) (Jurassic) By W. J. ARKELL, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) 1. The generic name Sphaeroceras Bayle, 1878 (Explic. Carte géol. France 4 (Atlas) : pls. 52, 53) has as its type species Ammonites brong- niarti Sowerby (J), 1817 (Min. Conch. 2 : 190), that species having been so selected by Douvillé in 1879 (Bull. Soc. géol. France (3) 7 C.R. : 91). 2. The name Sphaeroceras is widely disseminated in the literature of the Jurassic, as will be seen from the list of references given by Roman (1938, Ammonites jurass. crét. : 197). 3. Further, the genus Sphaeroceras Bayle is the type species of the family SPHAEROCERATIDAE Buckman (1920, Type Ammonites 3 : 22). 4. I found however on consulting Neave’s Nomenclator zoologicus (4 : 239) that the name Sphaeroceras Bayle, 1878, is an invalid junior homonym of the name Sphaeroceras Hope, 1840 (Coleopterist’s Manual 3 : 143), the name of a genus in the Order Coleoptera (Class Insecta). OPINION 300 241 5. If the generic name Sphaeroceras Hope was a name currently used by coleopterists for a genus of beetles, I should not have considered that it would have been right to ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use their Plenary Powers to suppress that name, in order to validate the generic name Sphaeroceras Bayle in ammonites. When however I consulted Mr. C. E. Tottenham of the Zoological Museum here, I learnt that the generic name Sphaeroceras Hope, 1840, was, as from the moment of its original publication, a junior synonym of the generic name Globicornis Latreille, 1829, each of these genera having the same taxonomic species as its type species. The Report kindly furnished by Mr. Tottenham is annexed to the present application as an Appendix. In the circumstances disclosed in this Report it was evident that not the slightest inconvenience of any kind would be experienced by coleopterists if the International Com- mission were to suppress the name Sphaeroceras Hope, 1840, while that action would be of great value to students of ammonites by validating the name Sphaeroceras Bayle, 1878, which (as I have explained) is the name for a well-known genus of the Jurassic and forms the basis of a family name. 6. I accordingly ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1) to use their Plenary Powers to suppress the generic name Sphaeroceras Hope, 1840, and to validate the name Sphaeroceras Bayle, 1878, (2) to place the name Sphaeroceras Bayle, 1878 (gender of generic name : neuter) (type species, by selection by Douvillé, 1879 : Ammonites brongniarti Sowerby, 1817) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, (3) to place the trivial name brongniarti Sowerby, 1817, as published in the binominal combination Ammonites brongniarti, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, and (4) to place the name Sphaeroceras Hope, 1840, suppressed under (1) above, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. Appendix to Dr. Arkell’s application On the question whether the suppression of the name ‘‘ Sphaeroceras ”’ Hope, 1840 (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera), under the Plenary Powers, would cause any inconvenience to coleopterists (Memorandum, dated Sth November 1949) By C. E. TOTTENHAM (Zoological Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) From the point of view of the coleopterist there can be no objection to a request being made to the International Commission on Zoological 242 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Nomenclature for the suppression, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Sphaeroceras Hope, 1840. 2. The position is this :—Hope, 1840 (Coleopterist’s Manual 3 : 143) first employed the name Sphaeroceras for a genus of beetles belonging to the family DERMESTIDAE. In doing so, he gave no generic characters but merely cited the name in a list of genera and typical species. He gave the name as a synonym of Globicornis Latreille, thus :— Genus Typical species 7. Globicornis Latr. | D. rufitarsis Pz. Sphaeroceras Hope ) 3. Globicornis Latreille, 1829 (Régne anim. (ed. 2) 4 : 511) is a valid name and is currently in use. The genus so named is monobasic, the only species cited by name by Latreille being Dermestes rufitarsis Panzer, 1796, which is therefore the type species of the genus Globicornis Latreille, 1829 (in Cuvier, Régne anim. (ed. 2) 4 : 511). 4. Since Globicornis Latreille, 1829, and Sphaeroceras Hope, 1840, have the same type species, namely Dermestes rufitarsis Panzer, 1796 (Faun. Ins. germ. 3 (Heft 35) : No. 6) which is a synonym of Dermestes nigripes Fabricius, 1792 (Ent. syst. 1(1) : 233), Hope’s generic name Sphaeroceras was strangled at birth and can never be required. 5. I have been able to find no mention of Sphaeroceras Hope, 1840, in the literature and it is not even given as a synonym of Globicornis Latreille by Junk (1911, Coleopt. Catalogus 25, Pars 33). 6. Since it is an unused and useless name in the Order Coleoptera, there is very good reason why this name, as published by Bayle, should be retained in its well-known sense as the name of a genus of ammonites. 7. If the Commission decide to use their Plenary Powers to suppress the name Sphaeroceras Hope, 1840, it would be convenient if at the same time they would add the name Globicornis Latreille, 1829 (gender of generic name: feminine) (type species, by monotypy : Dermestes rufitarsis Panzer, 1796 ( = Dermestes nigripes Fabricius, 1792)) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, and the trivial name nigripes Fabricius, 1792, as published in the binominal combination Dermestes nigripes, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. OPINION 300 243 II.—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On the receipt of Dr. Arkell’s preliminary communication in February 1949, the problem arising in connection with the name Sphaeroceras Bayle, 1878, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.)405. 3. Publication of the present application: The present applica- tion was sent to the printer in December 1950 and publication took place in Triple Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature on 4th May 1951 (Arkell, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl.2 : 164—165 ; Tottenham, 1951, ibid.2 : 165—166). 4. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoo- logical Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 4th May 1951, both in Triple Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr. Arkell’s and Mr. Tottenham’s applications were published, and also to the other prescribed serial publications. In addi- tion, Notices were issued to certain palaeontological and entomo- logical serial publications in Europe and America likely to be interested in these applications. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed either from the palaeontological, or from the entomological, point of view. 5. Support received from Dr. Helmut Hélder (Geologisch- Paldontologisches Institut der Universitat Tiibingen, Germany): On 6th October 1951, Dr. Helmut H6lder (Geologisch-Paldonto- logisches Institut der Universitat Tiibingen) submitted a statement setting out his views on the applications relating to the names of ammonites submitted by Dr. W. J. Arkell published in Triple Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. The following is an extract from Dr. Hélder’s communication 244 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS indicating his support for the proposal relating to the generic name Sphaeroceras Bayle, 1878 :— Stellungnahme zu Arkell’s Antragen zur Nomenklatur jurassischer Ammoniten in Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2, 1951 Den Antraégen Arkell’s auf Suspension der Regeln sowie den vorgeschlagenen type species ist im Interesse einer Regelung der verworrenen Ammoniten-Nomenklatur und -Taxonomie im allge- meinen zuzustimmen. Besonders zu begriissen ist der Schutz der Gattungsnamen Arietites und Perisphinctes gegentiber Ammonites und Planites sowie der Schutz von Sphaeroceras und Phylloceras. 6. Support received from the Joint Committee cn Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America: On 9th April 1952 there was received a large number of letters commenting upon various applications previously published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, including a letter of support for the present application, from Professor G. Winston Sinclair (then of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.), Chairman of the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America. The letter in question was dated 6th February 1952, and its late receipt was apparently due to a decision to defer the despatch to the Commission of the letters containing comments by the members of the Joint Committee until all the letters in question had been prepared. By the date on which this letter was received, the Prescribed Period of Notice had expired and the Voting Paper (V.P.(52)17) relating to the present case had been prepared. It was therefore impossible to include in that Voting Paper a reference to Professor Sinclair’s letter, but, when a few days later the Voting Paper was despatched (15th April), a supplementary sheet containing the particulars included in Professor Sinclair’s letter was issued to the Members of the Commission, who were thus placed in possession of the views of the Joint Committee at the same time that they received the Voting Paper relating to the present case. The following is the text of Professor Sinclair’s letter :-— The Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America has considered this subject, and I wish to inform you that, being polled, they voted :—To support the petition (ten) : (1) J. Marvin OPINION 300 245 Weller ; (2) Bobb Schaeffer ; (3) Don L. Frizzell ; (4) Bryan Patterson ; (5) Siemon W. Muller ; (6) A. Myra Keen; (7) Katherine V. W. Palmer ; (8) John B. Reeside, Jr. ; (9) G. Winston Sinclair ; (10) R. C. Moore. To oppose the petition (one) :—John W. Wells. I1l.—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE ' 7. Issue of Voting Paper V.P(52)17: On 15th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)17) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “relating to the names Sphaeroceras Bayle, 1878, and Sphaeroceras Hope, 1840, as specified (a) in paragraph 6 of Dr. Arkell’s application and (b) in paragraph 7 of Mr. Tottenham’s supplementary application on pages 164—165 and 166 respectively in volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomen- clature”’ [i.e. in the paper by Dr. Arkell and its Appendix by Mr. Tottenham reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 8. The prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 15th July 1952. 9. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)17: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)17 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received): Hering ; Calman ; Riley ; Dymond ; Esaki ; Pearson ; do Amaral; Hanko; Bonnet; Mertens; Lemche ; Vokes ; Cabrera ; Bradley ; Boschma ; Stoll ; Hemming; 246 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) Negative Votes: None ; (c) Voting Paper V.P.(52)17 was not returned by one (1) Commissioner : Jaczewski. 10. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 16th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)17, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 9 above and declaring that the proposal sub- mitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 11. On 8th March 1954, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certi- ficate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)17. 12. The following are the original references for the names which appear in the Ruling given in the present Opinion :— brongniarti, Ammonites, Sowerby (J.), 1817, Min. Conch. 2 : 190 Globicornis Latreille, 1829, Régne anim. (ed. 2) 4 : 511 nigripes, Dermestes, Fabricius, 1792, Syst. ent. 1(1) : 233 Sphaeroceras Hope, 1840, Coleopterist’s Manual 3 : 143 Sphaeroceras Bayle, 1878, Explic. Carte géol. France 4 (Atlas : pls. 52553) 13. The following is the type selection for the genus Sphaero- ceras Bayle, 1878, specified in the Ruling given in the present Opinion :—Douvillé, 1879, Bull. Soc. géol. France (3) 7 C.R. : 91. OPINION 300 247 14. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name ”’ and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial’ appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “specific name’’ was substituted for the expression “ trivial name ”’ and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 15. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 16. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Three Hundred (300) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Ninth day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 18. Pp. 249—260 OPINION 301 Designation, under the Plenary Powers, of a type species for Procerites Siemiradzki, 1898 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) in harmony with accustomed. nomenclatorial usage LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International. Commission on Zoological Womsteanns by the International Trust at its Publications Office ~ 41, Queen’s Gate, London, Se nd on OSS ry Price Five Shillings and Sixpence las (All rights reserved) Issued 26th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON — ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 301. “A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). ; prs Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January — 1944). Professor J. R. DYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. VoKes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (Ast January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (Ast January 1947). Dr. Norman R. StToLt (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948) Dr. Henning LEMcHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor. Teiso. Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RiLey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th : June 1950). - Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950). Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 301 DESIGNATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF A TYPE SPECIES FOR ‘** PROCERITES ” SIEMIRADZKI, 1898 (CLASS CEPHALOPODA, ORDER AMMONOI- DEA) IN HARMONY WITH ACCUSTOMED NOMENCLATORIAL USAGE RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers, all selec- tions of type species for the genus Procerites Siemiradzki, 1898 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) made prior to the present Ruling are hereby set aside, and the nominal species Procerites schloenbachi de Grossouvre, 1907, is hereby designated as the type species of the fore- going genus. (2) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 741 and 742 respectively :—(a) Procerites Siemiradzki, 1898 (gender: masculine) (type species, by designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) above: Procerites schloenbachi de Grossouvre, 1907) ; (b) Siemiradzkia Hyatt, 1900 (gender : feminine) (type species, by original designation: Ammonites aurigerus Oppel, 1857). (3) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 151 :—Euprocerites Wetzel, 1950 (a junior objective synonym of Procerites Siemiradzki, 1898, as defined, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) above). (4) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 160 and 161 respectively :—(a) schloen- bachi de Grossouvre, 1907, as published in the com- bination Procerites schloenbachi ; (b) aurigerus Oppel, 1857, as published in the combination Ammonites aurigerus. NOV 17 195 Sy OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 28th February 1949, Dr. W. J. Arkell (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) submitted an application for the use of the Plenary Powers for the purpose of designating a type species for the genus Procerites Siemiradzki, 1898 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) in harmony with accustomed -nomenclatorial usage. Minor revisions were made in this applica- tion in the course of 1950, and its terms were finally settled on 23rd August 1950. The application so submitted was as follows :— Proposed designation, under the Plenary Powers, of the type species of the genus °° Procerites ’’? Siemiradzki, 1898 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) (Jurassic) By W. J. ARKELL, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) 1. The generic name Procerites was published by Siemiradzki (1898, Palaeontographica 54 : 78, 303). Numerous species were included in the genus, but no type species was designated or indicated. 2. One of the species originally included was cited as Ammonites procerus Seebach, 1865. This species as interpreted by Siemiradzki (i.e. Siemiradzki, 1898, nec Seebach, 1864) was selected as the type species of Procerites by Buckman in 1914 (2 : ix) and 1920 (3 : 30). 3. De Grossouvre (1892; 1907; 1919; 385, 387) showed that Procerites procerus Seebach, as interpreted by Siemiradzki, was based on Ammonites procerus Seebach, as interpreted by Schloenbach (1865 : pl. xxx, fig. 1), which (1907 : 8) he renamed Procerites schloen- bachi de Grossouvre, pointing out that it was generically different from A. procerus Seebach. 4. According to the decision taken by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology in 1948, it is necessary to assume that the original author of a genus correctly identified the nominal species referred by him thereto but where there are grounds for considering that the original author of a genus misidentified the species selected as the type species of the genus by a later author, the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature, if satisfied that the species in question was so misidentified, is, under its Plenary Powers, to designate OPINION 301 253 as the type species of the genus concerned, either (a) the species intended by the original author when citing the name of the erroneously deter- mined species or ()), if the identity of that species is doubtful, a species in harmony with current nomenclatorial practice (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 158—159). Further, an author selecting a type species of a previously established genus is to be assumed to have correctly identified the species so selected (1950, ibid. 4 : 157—158). It follows therefore (1) that, as matters now stand, Siemiradzki is to be assumed to have correctly identified Ammonites procerus Seebach, 1865, when he cited that species as one of the species then included by him in the genus Procerites, and (2) that Buckman (1914) is to be assumed to have correctly identified that species when he selected it as the type species of the above genus. In the present case it is perfectly clear that such assumptions are not justified, for (a) it is certain that Siemeradzki did misidentify the species to which he applied the name Ammonites procerus Seebach, and (b) Buckman, in selecting the type species for Procerites, expressly stated that the species so selected was not the true Ammonites procerus of Seebach but the species misidentified therewith by Siemeradzki. It is for this reason that the Commission is now asked to rectify the position under its Plenary Powers. 5. At my request Professor Hermann Schmidt has searched in Gottingen Museum for the type specimen of A. procerus Seebach and has found it and sent it to me on loan. It is a nucleus, difficult to interpret with certainty. In my opinion de Grossouvre (1919) was correct in referring it to the genus Siemiradzkia Hyatt, 1900. Therefore if A. procerus Seebach were to be recognised as type species of Procerites, the usage of half a century would be overturned and that generic name would have to replace Siemiradzkia Hyatt, 1900, a well-known and widely-distributed genus, which is now regarded as belonging to a different sub-family (PSEUDOPERISPHINCTINAE, whereas Procerites as hitherto understood belongs to ZIGZAGICERATINAE). 6. When the present application had been in the hands of the International Commission for over a year, the subgenus Euprocerites Wetzel (1950 : 76) was proposed with type species by original designa- tion Procerites schloenbachi de Grossouvre, “‘ because a subgenus Procerites (sensu Stricto) as fixed by Buckman is not admissible according to the Rules of Nomenclature ’’. Incidentally Wetzel gives no indication of how Procerites (sensu stricto) should be understood, for he mentions no type species, and he assigns A. procerus Seebach to the subgenus Phanerosphinctes Buckman, 1921. This genus is based on a nucleus which is too small to be interpreted with certainty, but which is not congeneric with either A. procerus Seebach or Procerites schloenbachi de Grossouvre, and comes from older beds: Phanerosphinctes is probably a synonym of Vermisphinctes Buckman, 1920. 7. Wetzel’s new subgenus Euprocerites cannot, however, stand under the Régles. He assigns to Euprocerites. Wetzel, 1950, the species 254 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Parkinsonites fullonicus Buckman, 1922, which is type species by original designation of Parkinsonites Buckman, 1922. Parkinsonites fullonicus is certainly congeneric with Procerites schloenbachi de Grossouvre and is a closely allied species. If the name Procerites were to be rejected for the subgenus containing the species P. fullonicus Buckman, Parkinsonites would become the valid name and Euprocerites on Wetzel’s own showing would fall as a synonym. 8. In order to provide a legal basis for the universal usage of the last half century and to avoid the revolutionary changes and consequent confusion in the nomenclature of the Bathonian PERISPHINCTIDAE which the strict application of the Rég/es would involve, the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature is asked to use its Plenary Powers to secure that the type species of the genus Procerites Siemiradzki, 1898, shall be the species hitherto accepted as such. The specific action requested is that the Commission should :— (1) use its Plenary Powers (a) to set aside all selections of the type species of the genus Procerites Siemiradzki, 1898, hitherto made, and (b) to designate Procerites schloenbachi de Gross- ouvre, 1907, as the type species of this genus ; (2) place the undermentioned generic names on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology:— Procerites Siemiradzki, 1898 (gender of generic name: masculine) (type species, designated under the Plenary Powers: Procerites schloenbachi de Grossouvre, 1907, VIe Congres Assoc. Franc-Comtoise, Vesoul: 8) ; Siemiradzkia Wyatt, 1900 (in Eastman-Zittel, Text-Book Palaeont. 1 : 582) (gender of generic name : feminine) (type species by original designation : Ammonites aurigerus Oppel, 1857, Wiirttemb. naturw. Jahreshefte 13 : 178) ; (3) place the name Euprocerites Wetzel, 1950 (an objective synonym of Procerites Siemiradzki, 1898, as proposed to be defined under (1) (6) above) on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology: (4) place the under-mentioned trivial names on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology: schloenbachi de Grossouvre, 1907, as published in the bi- nominal combination Procerites schloenbachi, aurigerus Oppel, 1857, as published in the binominal combination Ammonites aurigerus. OPINION 301 255 References BUCKMAN, S. S., 1909—30. ‘‘ Yorkshire Type Ammonites ”’. GROSSOUVRE, A. DE., 1892. ‘‘ Observations sur l’ Ammonites Procerus auct.”. Bull. Soc. géol. France (3) 20 : xli. , 1907. “‘ Sur la variabilité de l’espéce chez les ammonites ’’. VIe Congres de I’ Assoc. Franc-Comtoise, Vesoul, | Aug. 1906. , 1919. “ Bajocien-Bathonien dans la Niévre’’. Bull. Soc. géol. France (4) 18 : 337. SCHLOENBACH, U., 1865. “Beitrage zur Paldontologie der Jura- und Kreide-Formation ... *’ Palaeontographica 13 : |. SEEBACH, K. von, 1864. “‘ Der Hannoversche Jura ’’, Hannover. SIEMIRADZKI, J. von, 1898. ‘‘ Monographische Beschreibung der Ammonitengattung Perisphinctes ”’, Part 1, Palaeontographica 54 : 69. WETZEL, W., 1950. “‘ Fauna und Stratigraphie der Wuerttem- bergica-Schichten insbesondere Norddeutschlands’’. Palaeonto- graphica 99A : 63. Il.—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On the receipt of Dr. Arkell’s application in February 1949, the problem involved in regard to the generic name Procerites Siemiradzki, 1898, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.)403. 3. Publication of the present application: The present applica- tion was sent to the printer in December 1950 and publication took place in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoo- logical Nomenclature on 4th May 1951 (Arkell, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2: 167—169). 4. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, 256 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoo- logical Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 4th May 1951, both in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr Arkell’s application was published, and also to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, Notice was given to certain palaeonto- logical serial publications in Europe and America. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed. 5. Support received from the Joint Committee on Zoological _ Nomenclature for Paleontology in America: On 9th April 1952 there was received a large number of letters commenting upon various applications previously published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, including a letter of support for the present application, from Professor G. Winston Sinclair (then of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.), Chairman of the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America. The letter in question was dated 6th February 1952, and its late receipt was apparently due to a decision to defer the despatch to the Commission of the letters containing comments by the members of the Joint Committee until all the letters in question had been prepared. By the date on which this letter was received, the Prescribed Period of Public Notice had expired and the Voting Paper (V.P.(52)18) relating to the present case had been prepared. It was therefore impossible to include in that Voting Paper a reference to Professor Sinclair’s letter, but, when a few days later the Voting Paper was despatched (15th April), a supplementary sheet containing the particulars included in Professor Sinclair’s letter was issued to the Members of the Commission, who were thus placed in possession of the views of the Joint Committee at the same time that they received the Voting Paper relating to the present case. The following is the text of Professor Sinclair’s letter :— The Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America has considered this subject, and I wish to inform you that, being polled, they voted : To support the petition (six) :—(1) J. Marvin Weller; (2) Bobb Schaeffer; (3) Bryan Patterson; (4) Katherine V. W. Palmer ; (5) John B. Reeside, Jr. ; (6) R. C. Moore. To oppose the petition (three) :—(1) A. Myra Keen; (2) Siemon W. Muller ; (3) John W. Wells. OPINION 301 DSI W.—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 6. Issue of Voting Paper V.P(52)18: On 15th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)18) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “ relating to the name Procerites Siemiradzki, 1898, as specified in Points (1) to (4) at the foot of page 168 and con- tinued on page 169 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ”’ [i.e. the Points set out in the concluding paragraph of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 7.. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 15th July 1952. 8. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)18: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)18 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received): Hering ; Calman; Riley; Dymond ; Esaki ; Pearson ; do Amaral; Hanko; Bonnet; Mertens ; Lemche ; Wokessy Cabrera. Bradley > Boschma; ) Stoll’; Hemming ; (b) Negative Votes: None ; (c) Voting Paper V.P.(52)18 was not returned by one (1) Com- missioner: Jaczewski. 9. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 16th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting 258 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)18, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in para- graph 8 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Com- mission in the matter aforesaid. 10. On 11th March 1954, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)18. 11. The following are the original references for the names which appear in the Ruling given in the present Opinion:— aurigerus, Ammonites, Oppel, 1857, Wiirttemb. naturw. Jahres- hefte 13 : 178 (p. 476 of the reprint under the title Die Jura- formation Englands, Frankreichs und der Stidwestlichen Deutsch- lands) Euprocerites Wetzel, 1950, Palaeontographica 99A : 63 Procerites Siemiradzki, 1898, Palaeontographica 54 : 78, 303 schloenbachi, Procerites, de Grossouvre, 1907, VI® Congrés Assoc. Franc-Comtoise, Vesoul : 8 Siemiradzkia Hyatt, 1900, in Eastman—Zittel, T ext-Book Palaeont. hes Sts 12. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “trivial name” and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial” appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “ specific name’ was substituted for the expression “ trivial name’ and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names OPINION 301 259 (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 13. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 14. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Three Hundred and One (301) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature Done in London, this Eleventh day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by Metcatre & Cooper LimiTeD, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 19. Pp. 261—272 OPINION 302 Designation, under the Plenary Powers, of a type species, for the genus Aulacostephanus Tornquist, 1896 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) in harmony with accustomed nomenclatorial usage LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Five Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) . y Issued 26th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 302 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) ({\st January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (A{st January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van WNatuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Zasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948). Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948). Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEY (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWsKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950). Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 302 DESIGNATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF A TYPE SPECIES FOR THE GENUS ** AULACOSTEPHANUS ” TORNQUIST, 1896 (CLASS CEPHALOPODA, ORDER AMMONOIDEA) IN HARMONY WITH ACCUSTOMED USAGE RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers all type selections for the genus Aulacostephanus Tornquist, 1896 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) made prior to the present Ruling are hereby set aside, and the nominal species Ammonites pseudomutabilis de Loriol, 1874, is hereby designated to be the type species of the foregoing genus. (2) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 743: Aulacostephanus Tornquist, 1896 (gender : masculine) (type species, by designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) above: Ammonites pseudo- mutabilis de Loriol, 1874). (3) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 162 and 163 respectively :—(a) mutabilis Sowerby (J. de C.), 1823, as published in the combination Ammonites mutabilis; (b) pseudomutabilis de Loriol, 1874, as published in the combination Ammonites pseudomutabilis (specific name of type species, by designa- tion, under the Plenary Powers under (1) above, of Aulacostephanus Tornquist, 1896). NOV 17 iG4R4 264 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 20th January 1949 Dr. W. J. Arkell (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) submitted an application to the Commission for the designation, under the Plenary Powers, of a type species for the genus Aulacostephanus Tornquist, 1896 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) in harmony with accustomed nomenclatorial usage. Minor revisions were made in this application in the course of 1950, and its terms were finally settled on 13th September 1950. The following application so submitted was as follows :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to designate the type species of the genus ‘‘Aulacostephanus ’? Tornquist, 1896 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) (Jurassic) By W. J. ARKELL, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) The case of the generic name Aulacostephanus was fully reviewed by me in 1935 (Geol. Mag. 72 : 252—253, 256), when I recommended that the Commission should stabilize usage by ruling that the type be Am. mutabilis d@Orbigny nec Sowerby, which the authors presumably had in mind and intended (= Am. pseudomutabilis de Loriol). No published dissent from this recommendation has come to my notice, nor has any been received privately ; hence I now ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its Plenary Powers to stabilise current usage by giving effect to my recommendation of 1935; The relevant facts are as follows :— (1) The name Aulacostephanus first appears on page 5 of Tornquist’s memoir (1896), where he remarked that Olcostephanus berryeri, eumelus and pseudoeumelus are of interest on account of their relationship to **Aulacostephanus (Am. mutabilis)”. On page 7 he explained that Pompeckj in a letter had informed him of von Sutner’s and Pompeckj’s intention to propose the name Aulacostephanus for “* Reineckeia” mutabilis Sowerby and its allies. No other species is mentioned by name in either place. Hence on the strict interpretation of the Régles, the nominal species Ammonites mutabilis J. de C. Sowerby, 1823 (Min. Conch. 4 : 145 pl. ccccv) is the type species of this genus. (2) Ammonites mutabilis J. de C. Sowerby, from the Glacial Drift, was obscurely figured by Sowerby and inadequately described. The holotype has since been refigured by me (1933: pl. xxxix, figs. 5, 5a) OPINION 302 265 and it does not belong to the group which, like Reineckeia, has a ventral smooth band. Had Sutner and Pompeckj consulted Sowerby’ s holotype, they would never have referred to this species as “‘ Reineckeia muta- bilis”. It is, in fact, a species of the genus which Salfeld (1914) called Rasenia ; Salfeld (1914 : 129) in his important stratigraphical work assigned it to Rasenia, and it has ever since been known as a zonal index fossil under the name Rasenia mutabilis. (3) Sutner and Pompeckj and Tornquist, therefore, were inter- preting Am. mutabilis by some other figure, and it is highly probable that this figure was that of d’Orbigny (1850 : 553, pl. ccxiv), which shows admirably one of the smooth-ventered forms with ribs inter- rupted over the siphuncle. The species so figured was later renamed | Ammonites pseudomutabilis by de Loriol (1874 : 28, pl. v, figs. 1—3). The specimen figured by d’Orbigny was selected as the lectotype of this species by Durand (1932 : 306). (4) Salfeld (1914, Joc. cit.) when establishing his zonal classification of the Upper Jurassic placed Am. pseudomutabilis de Loriol, together with the allied Am. yo d’Orbigny and Am. eudoxus d’Orbigny, in the genus Aulacostephanus, without comment. These species and others have been called Aulacostephanus by authors ever since, and Salfeld’s separate zones of Rasenia mutabilis and Aulacostephanus pseudo- mutabilis are in current use by all stratigraphers. (5) To reverse current usage by transferring the name Aulaco- stephanus to what has always been known as Rasenia, and to rename Aulacostephanus auct. would cause serious confusion, in stratigraphy as well as in palaeontology. (6) Two attempts have been made to fix the name Aulacostephanus on the Reineckeia-like genus for which it was certainly intended. Spath (1925: 152) wrote, without stating that he was selecting a type species, ““Aulacostephanus (type: A. eudoxus dOrbigny)”’. Schinde- wolf (1925 : 339) selected A. phorcus Fontannes, but aded in a footnote that he had been forestalled by Spath who had selected A. eudoxus. (7) Since neither A. eudoxus nor A. phorcus was mentioned by the original author (Tornquist) in connexion with the generic name Aulacostephanus, neither is eligible for selection as the pe species of the genus so named. (8) In order to stabilise the nomenclature of this group and to prevent the serious confusion, both in stratigraphy and palaeontology, 266 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS which would result from the strict application of the Rég/es in this case, the International Commission is asked :-— (1) to use its Plenary Powers :— (a) to set aside the indication by monotypy of Ammonites mutabilis Sowerby (J. de C.), 1823, as the type species of Aulaco- stephanus Tornquist, 1896 ; (b) to designate Ammonites pseudomutabilis de Loriol, 1874, to be the type species of the foregoing genus ; (2) to place the generic name Aulacostephanus Tornquist, 1896 (gender of generic name: masculine) (type species, by designation under the Plenary Powers under (1) (b) above : Ammonites pseudomutabilis de Loriol, 1874) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology; (3) to place the under-mentioned trivial names on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology:— (a) mutabilis Sowerby (J. de C.), 1823, as published in the binominal combination Ammonites mutabilis; (b) pseudomutabilis de Loriol, 1874, as published in the binominal combination Ammonites pseudomutabilis. References ARKELL, W. J., 1933, The Jurassic System in Great Britain. (Oxford). , 1935, ““ On the Lower Kimeridgian ammonite genera Pictonia, Rasenia, Aulacostephanus and Ataxioceras”’, Geol. Mag. 72 : 246. DURAND, A., 1932, “* L’étage Kiméridgien dans les départements de la Meuse et de la Haute-Marne”’, Bull. Soc. géol. France (5) 2: 293. LORIOL, P. de, 1874, ““ Monographie paléontologique et géologique des €tages supérieurs de la formation jurassique des environs de Boulogne-sur-Mer ”’, Mém. Soc. Phys. d’ Hist. nat. Genéve, 23 : 28. ORBIGNY, A.d’, 1842—S0, Paléontologie francaise, Terrains juras- siques, I. Céphalopodes. (Paris). SALFELD, H., 1914, “‘ Die Gliederung des Oberen Jura in Nord- westeurona ’’, Neues Jahrb. fiir Min., etc., Beil.-Bd. 37 : 125. SCHINDEWOLF, O. H., 1925, “ Entwurf einer Systematik der Perisphincten ”’, ibid. 52 : 309. OPINION 302 267 SOWERBY, J. and J. de C., 1812—29, The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, 7 vols. (London). SPATH, L. F., 1925, “Ammonites and Aptychi”’ in Wyllie and Smellie, “‘ Collection of fossils and rocks from Somaliland ’’, Mon. Hunterian Mus. Glasgow, 1 : 111, pt. 7. TORNQUIST, A., 1896, “Die degenerierten Perisphinctiden des Kimmeridge von le Havre’, Mém. Soc. pal. Suisse, 23 : 1. Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On the receipt of Dr. Arkell’s application in January 1949, the question of the species to be accepted as the type species of the genus Aulaco- stephanus Tornquist, 1896, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.)384. 3. Publication of the present application: Following upon its receipt in September 1950, Dr. Arkell’s revised application was sent to the printer in December 1950, and publication took place in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomen- clature on 4th May 1951 (Arkell, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 188—190). 4. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 4th May 1951, both in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr. Arkell’s application was published, and also to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, Notice was given to certain - palaeontological serial publications in Europe and America. The publication of these Notices elicited the comment from the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America reproduced in the immediately following paragraph. 268 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 5. Communication received from the Joint Committee on Zoo- logical Nomenclature for Paleontology in America: On 9th April 1952 there was received a large number of letters commenting upon various applications previously published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, including a letter stating that the mem- bers of the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature were equally divided in regard to the present application, from Professor G. Winston Sinclair (then of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.), the Chairman of the Joint Com- mittee. The letter in question was dated 6th February 1952, and its late receipt was apparently due to a decision to defer the despatch to the Commission of the letters containing comments by the members of the Joint Committee until all the letters in question had been prepared. By the date on which this letter was received, the Prescribed Period of Public Notice had expired and the Voting Paper (V.P.(52)20) relating to the present case had been prepared. It was therefore impossible to include in that Voting Paper a reference to Professor Sinclair’s letter, but, when a few days later the Voting Paper was despatched (15th April), a supplementary sheet containing the particulars furnished by Professor Sinclair was issued to the Members of the Commission, who were thus placed in possession of the views of the members of the Joint Committee at the same time that they received the Voting Paper relating to the present case. The following is the text of Professor Sinclair’s letter :— The Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America has considered this subject, and I wish to inform you that, being polled, they voted : To support the petition (five) :— (1) Katherine V. W. Palmer ; (2) Bobb Schaeffer ; (3) Bryan Patterson ; (4) J. Marvin Weller ; (5) John B. Reeside, Jr. To oppose the petition (five) :-— (1) Don L. Frizzell ; (2) A. Myra Keen ; (3) Siemon W. Muller ; (4) G. Winston Sinclair ; (5) John W. Wells. II—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 6. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)20: On 15th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)20) was issued in which the Members of OPINION 302 269 the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “relating to Aulacostephanus Tornquist, 1896, as specified in Points (1) to (3) at the foot of page 189 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature’? [i.e. in the last paragraph of the application reproduced in paragraph 1 of the present Opinion]. 7. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 15th July 1952. 8. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)20: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)20 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following sixteen (16) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received): Hering ; Calman; Dymond; Esaki; Pearson; do Amaral ; Hanko ; Bonnet ; Lemche ; Vokes ; Mertens!; Cabrera; Bradley; Boschma; Hemming; Riley ; (b) A Negative Vote had been given by one (1) Commissioner: Stoll ; (c) Voting Paper V.P.(52)20 was not returned by one (1) Commissioner: Jaczewsk1. 9. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 16th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. a Commissioner Mertens exercised in this case the right conferred by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology in Paris, 1948, under which a Commissioner may, if he so desires, signify his willingness to support the view, or the majority view, of other members of the Commission (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 50—S1). 270 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (52)20, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 8 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commis- sion in the matter aforesaid. 10. On 17th March 1954 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certi- ficate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)20. 11. The following are the original references for the names which appear in the Ruling given in the present Opinion :— Aulacostephanus Tornquist, 1896, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. 23 : 5,7 mutabilis, Ammonites, Sowerby (J. de C.), 1823, Min. Conch. 4 : 145, pl. ccccv pseudomutabilis, Ammonites, de Loriol, 1874, Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. nat. Genéve 23 : 28, pl. 5, figs. 1—3 12. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name ”’ and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology the word “ trivial”? appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “ specific name” was substituted for the expression “ trivial name ” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl.: 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 13. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in OPINION 302 I) dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accord- ingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 14. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Three Hundred and Two (302) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. DonE in London, this Seventeenth day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c™.G. CBE. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 20. Pp. 273—284 OPINION 303 Designation, under the Plenary Powers, of type species in harmony with current usage for the nominal genera Kosmoceras, Perisphinctes and MHarpoceras (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) established by Waagen in 1869 LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Six Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 26th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 303 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (Ast January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (ist January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (ist January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMa (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948) Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Tieso ESAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (A7th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh Ritey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). Opinion 303. Volume 8. Part 20. Page 275. Ruling (2) Line 9 :— Substitute ‘“‘ Buckland, 1836” for “‘ Waagen, 1869”’. io eon nie ape OPINION 303 DESIGNATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF TYPE SPECIES IN HARMONY WITH CURRENT USAGE FOR THE NOMINAL GENERA ‘“ KOSMO- — CERAS”, “PERISPHINCTES” AND ‘* HARPOCERAS ” (CLASS CEPHALO- PODA, ORDER AMMONOIDEA) ESTABLISHED BY WAAGEN IN 1869 RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers all type selections for the under-mentioned genera made prior to the present Ruling are hereby set aside and the following nominal species are hereby designated to be their respec- tive type species :—(a) Ammonites spinosus Sowerby (J. de C.), 1826, to be the type species of Kosmoceras Waagen, 1869; (b) Ammonites variocostatus Buckland, 1836, to be the type species of Perisphinctes Waagen, 1869 ; (c) Ammonites falcifer Sowerby (J.), 1820, to be the type species of Harpoceras Waagen, 1869. (2) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 744 to 746 respectively :—(a) Kosmoceras Waagen, 1869 (gender : neuter) (type species, by designa- tion, under the Plenary Powers, under (1)(a) above: Ammonites spinosus Sowerby (J. de C.), 1826); (b) Perisphinctus Waagen, 1869 (gender: masculine) (type species, by designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (1)(b) above : Ammonites variocostatus Buckland, 1836) ; (c) Harpoceras Waagen, 1869 (gender: neuter) type species, by designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (c) above: Ammonites falcifer Sowerby (J.), 1820). .(3) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 164 to 166 respectively :—(a) falcifer Sowerby (J.), 1820, as published in the combination Ammonites falcifier (specific name of type species, by 276 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (c) above, of Harpoceras Waagen, 1869); (b) spinosus Sowerby (J. de C.), 1826, as published in the combination Ammonites spinosus (specific name of type species, by designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (a) (a) above, of Kosmoceras Waagen, 1869); (c) variocostatus Buckland, 1836, as published in the combination Am- monites variocostatus (specific name of type species, by designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) (b) above, of Perisphinctes Waagen, 1869). I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 21st December 1949 Dr. W. J. Arkell (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) submitted an application for the use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers for the purpose of designating type species in harmony with accustomed usage for the following nominal genera established by Waagen in 1869, (a) Kosmoceras, (b) Perisphinctes, and (c) Harpoceras (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea). This application, as finally settled on 8th February 1950, was as follows :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to designate the type species of Waagen’s (1869) Ammonite genera ‘‘ Kosmoceras’’, ‘‘ Harpo- ceras’’ and ‘‘ Perisphinctes ’’ (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) (Jurassic) By W. J. ARKELL, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) 1. In a long footnote Waagen (1869 : 247—248) founded six new genera of Jurassic ammonites, the names given to which have since become “‘ household words ’’, but the three here dealt with are without satisfactory type species. 2. Kosmoceras Waagen, 1869 (: 248). This name rests on the following original diagnosis alone: “‘ The third group comprises the Ornati, which can appropriately be named Kosmoceras and distinguished OPINION 303 DT. by its short body-chamber, which occupies hardly more than half a whorl’. No species was cited by Waagen. Haug (1887) made a family KOSMOCERATIDAE, and Buckman (1926) a superfamily KOsMo- CERATACEAE. Buckman (1921 : 54) considered all the Ornati named before 1869 as included species and therefore available for selection as the type species. He accordingly selected Am. ornatus rotundus Quenstedt, 1846, as the type species. This species is subjectively identified with Am. spinosus J. de C. Sowerby, 1826 (Min. Conch. 6 : 78) (refigured Arkell, 1939 : 184, 187, pl. xi, fig. 1), from the Oxford Clay, Lamberti Zone, Weymouth. 3. Perisphinctes Waagen, 1869 (: 248). This rests on a somewhat longer diagnosis to which Waagen added: “To this subgenus (of Stephanoceras) belong all the true Planulati of the Middle and Upper Jurassic, and besides them Per. anceps, astierianus, etc.’ It so happens, therefore, that the only two nominal species cited by Waagen are species which he mentioned for the reason that they do not fall within the well-known group for which primarily he introduced the name Perisphinctes. He was stretching the concept to include them. Stein- mann (1890) made a family PERISPHINCTIDAE, and Wedekind (1917) a superfamily PERISPHINCTACEAE, while as yet no type species had been selected. Buckman (1920 : 26—27) considered all Planulates of the Middle and Upper Jurassic named before 1869 should be regarded as originally included species and therefore available for selection as the type species. He accordingly so selected Am. biplex J. Sowerby, 1821. The holotype of this species (refigured Arkell, 1947 : 362) is a distorted fragment of inner whorls, not identifiable specifically, from the Drift, ex Ampthill Clay, Upper Oxfordian. It might belong to one of at least three species, of which the best-known and earliest named and most probable is P. variocostatus Buckland, 1836, and this has been taken as the standard for defining the genus and subgenus Perisphinctes (see Arkell, 1947 : 363, pl. Ixxxvi, figs. 1—4). 4. Harpoceras Waagen, 1869 (: 245, 250). This genus is in the same position as Perisphinctes. Waagen (1869 : 245) proposed it for the Falciferi of the Lias but named no species of the true Falciferi, only (: 250) ten species for which he was stretching the definition to bring them in. None of these ten species has had a well-known generic name for less than 50 years. To consider them the sole species eligible for selection as the type species would be disastrous. Neumayr (1875) made a subfamily HARPOCERATINAE, Zittel (1884) and a family HARPO- CERATIDAE, and Wedekind (1917) a superfamily HARPOCERACEA. The first selection of a type species seems to have been by Fischer (1882 : 392) who selected A. serpentinus Schlotheim, 1813, an unfigured and problematic species. Buckman (1919 : pls. cxxxviii, A, B, and 1926: pl. cxxxviii, C) considered that the species should be interpreted by Reinecke’s figure of 1818, which he reproduced ; at the same time he named the genus Hildoceratoides ; this species does not belong to 278 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the subfamily HARPOCERATINAE Neumayr (1875) but to the family and subfamily HILDOCERATIDAE Hyatt, 1867, so that if it were accepted as the type species, HARPOCERATINAE would disappear as a synonym of HILDOCERATINAE. Buckman (1928 : pl. dcclxiv), apparently unaware of Fischer’s type selection, selected Am. falcifer J. Sowerby 1820, (Min. Conch. 3: 99), as the type species of Waagen’s Harpoceras and refigured Sowerby’s holotype, from the Upper Lias of Barrington, Somerset, a readily identifiable specimen of a species on which von Buch’s “ family Falciferi’’ was founded and of which it was always regarded as the type species by virtual tautonomy. The genus Harpo- ceras having been founded expressly for the Falciferi ought to have A. falcifer as its type species, notwithstanding Fischer’s designation. Buckman did in fact regard this species in this light as from 1887, although he did not so select it in the strict meaning of the term. 5. In order to avoid the serious disturbance in the literature of Jurassic ammonites and the confusion both in nomenclature and systematics which would follow the strict application of the Régles in the case of the generic names discussed above, I ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature :— (1) to use its Plenary Powers (a) to set aside all selections of type species for the under-mentioned genera made prior to the proposed decision and (b) to designate as their respective type species the species severally specified below :— Name of Species proposed to be Gender of __|designated as the type species of Name of Genus generic name the genus specified in Col. 1 (1) (2) 3 Kosmoceras Waagen, Ammonites spinosus Sowerby 1869 N Gade: ©) 91826 Perisphinctes Waagen, Ammonites variocostatus 1869 M Buckland, 1836 Harpoceras Waagen, Ammonites falcifer Sowerby (J.) 1869 N 1820 (2) to place on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the three generic names specified in Col. (1) in point (1) above with the type species specified in Col. (3) in point (1) above, proposed to be so designated under the Plenary Powers :— (3) to place on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology the under-mentioned trivial names :— (a) falcifer Sowerby, 1820, as published in the binominal com- bination Ammonites falcifer ; OPINION 303 279 (b) spinosus Sowerby, 1826, as published in the binominal com- bination Ammonites spinosus; (c) variocostatus Buckland, 1836, as published in the binominal combination Ammonites variocostatus. References ARKELL, W. J., 1939, Quart. J. geol. Soc. Lond. 95 : 184, 187 , 1947, Monograph on the Ammonites of the English Corallian Beds, part 13 : 362, 363. (Palaeont. Soc. Lond.) BUCKMAN, S. S., 1887, ““On Ammonites serpentinus, Am. falcifer, Am. elegans, etc.” Geol. Mag. (3) 4 : 396 FISCHER, P., 1882, Manuel de Conchyliologie : 392 SCHLOTHEIM, E. F. von, 1813, In Leonhard’s Taschenbuch fir die gesamte Mineralogie (Frankfurt) WAAGEN, W., 1869, “‘ Die Formenreihe des Ammonites subradiatus.”’ Geognost. Paldont. Beitrdge, 2 (Heft 2) : 181 IlL.—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On receipt of Dr. Arkell’s application, the question of the species to be accepted as the type species of the genera Kosmoceras. Waagen, 1869, Perisphinctes Waagen, 1869, and Harpoceras Waagen, 1869, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 445. 3. Publication of the present application: The present applica- tion was sent to the printer in December 1950 and was published on 4th May 1951 in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Arkell, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 191—193). 280 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 4. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull, zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoo- logical Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 4th May 1951, both in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr. Arkell’s application was published, and also to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, Notice was given to certain palaeontological serial publications in Europe and America. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed. 5. Support received from Dr. Helmut Hélder (Geologisch- Paldontologisches Institut der Universitat Tiibingen, Germany): On 6th October 1951, Dr. Helmut Hélder (Geologisch-Padlonto- logisches Institut der Universitat Tiibingen) submitted a statement setting out his views on the applications relating to the names of ammonites submitted by Dr. Arkell published in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. The following is an extract from Dr. Hélder’s communication indicating his support for the proposal relating to the generic name Perisphinctes Waagen, 1869 :— Stellungnahme zu Arkell’s Antragen zur Nomenklatur jurassischer Ammoniten in ‘‘ Bull. zool. Nomencl.’’ 2, 1951 Den Antragen Arkell’s auf Suspension der Regeln sowie den vor- geschlagenen type species ist in Interesse einer Regelung der verworrenen Ammoniten-Nomenklatur und -Taxonomie im allgemeinen zuzu- stimmen. Besonders zu begriissen ist der Schutz der Gattungsnamen Arietites und Perisphinctes gegeniiber Ammonites und Planites sowie der Schutz von Sphaeroceras und Phylloceras. 6. Support received from the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America: On 9th April 1952 there was received a large number of letters commenting on various applications previously published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, from Professor G. Winston Sinclair (then of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.), OPINION 303 281 Chairman of the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America. Included among these was a letter reporting that the members of the Joint Committee supported the application relating to the name Kosmoceras Waagen, 1869, by eight votes to three and the applications relating to the names Perisphinctes Waagen, 1869, and Harpoceras Waagen, 1869, by six votes to five. The foregoing letter was dated 18th February 1952, and its late receipt was apparently due to a decision to defer the despatch to the Commission of the letters containing comments by members of the Joint Committee until all the letters in question had been prepared. By the date on which this letter was received the Prescribed Period of Public Notice had expired and the Voting Paper (V.P.(52)21) had been prepared. It was therefore impossible to include in that Voting Paper a reference to Professor Sinclair’s letter, but, when the Voting Paper was despatched (24th April), a supplementary sheet containing the particulars furnished by Professor Sinclair was issued to the Members of the Commission, who were thus placed in possession of the views of the members of the Joint Committee at the same time that they received the Voting Paper relating to the present case. The following is the text of Professor Sinclair’s letter :— The Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Palaeontology in America has considered this subject, and I wish to inform you that, being polled, they voted : To support the petitions (six) :—(1) Kather- ine V. W. Palmer; (2) J. Marvin Weller ; (3) Bobb Schaeffer ; (4) Bryan Patterson; (5) John B. Reeside, Jr.; (6) R. C. Moore. To support the petition concerning Kosmoceras, but to oppose the other petitions (two) :—(1) A. Myra Keen; (2) Siemon W. Muller. To oppose all the petitions (three) :—(1) Don L. Frizzell ; (2) John W. Wells ; (3) G. Winston Sinclair. IIl—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 7. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)21: On 24th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)21) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, 282 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the proposal “ relating to the names Kosmoceras, Perisphinctes and Harpoceras, all of Waagen, 1869, as specified in Points (1) to (3) at the foot of page 192 and concluded on page 193 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ”’ {i.e. in the last para- graph of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 8. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 24th July 1952. 9. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)21 : The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)21 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received): Calman; Hering; Dymond; Esaki; do Amaral ; Hanko ; Bonnet ; Lemche ; Vokes ; Cabrera ; Pearson; Bradley ; Boschma; Stoll (except as respects Peri- sphinctes and Harpoceras); Hemming; Riley; Mertens ; (b) A Negative Vote had been given by one (1) Commissioner in respect of two of the names dealt with in the foregoing Voting Paper : Stoll (as respects Perisphinctes and Harpoceras) ; (c) Voting Paper V.P.(52)21 was not returned by one (1) Com- missioner: Jaczewski. 10. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 25th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)21, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set outin paragraph 9 above and declaring that the proposal submitted OPINION 303 283 in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Com- mission in the matter aforesaid. 11. On 19th March 1954 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)21. 12. The following are the original references for the names which appear in the Ruling given in the present Opinion:— falcifer, Ammonites, Sowerby (J.), 1820, Min. Conch. 3 : 99 Harpoceras Waagen, 1869, Geogn.-pal. Beitr. 2 (Heft 2) : 245, 250 Kosmoceras Waagen, 1869, Geogn.-pal. Beitr. 2 (Heft 2) : 248 Perisphinctes Waagen, 1869, Geogn.-pal. Beitr. 2 (Heft 2) : 248 spinosus, Ammonites, Sowerby (J. de C.), 1826, Min. Conch. 6 : 78 variocostatus, Ammonites, Buckland, 1836, Bridgewater Treatise No. 6 : pl. 42, fig. 7 (no text) 13. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name” and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial’ appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “specific name” was substituted for the expression “trivial name’ and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl.: 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 14. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly 284 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 15. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Three Hundred and Three (303) cf the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. DoneE in London, this Nineteenth day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MercatFre & Cooper LimiTep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 21. Pp. 285—296 OPINION 304 Suppression, under the Plenary Powers, of five early generic names for Ammonites (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) now fallen into desuetude LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Six Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 26th October, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 304 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (1st January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Haroid E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (ist January 1947) Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (ist January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van WNatuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948) Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso ESAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RILey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Sopeonbae Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 304 SUPPRESSION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF FIVE EARLY GENERIC NAMES FOR AMMONITES (CLASS CEPHALOPODA, ORDER AMMONOIDEA) NOW FALLEN INTO DESUETUDE RULING :—(1) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority, but not for those of the Law of Homonymy :— (a) Planulites Lamarck, 1801; (b) Orbulites Lamarck, 1801; (c) Pelagus Montfort, 1808; (d) Ellipsolithes Montfort, 1808 ; (e) Globites de Haan, 1825. (2) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 747 and 748 respectively :—(a) Hildoceras Hyatt, 1867 (gender : neuter) (type species, by selection by Buckman (S.) (1889) : Ammonites bifrons Bruguicre, 1789) ; (b) Phylloceras Suess, 1865 (gender: neuter) (type species, by original designation : Ammonites hetero- phyllus Sowerby (J.), 1820) (3) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 167 and 168 respectively : (a) heterophyllus Sowerby (J.), 1820, as published in the combination Ammonites heterophyllus (specific name of type species of Phylloceras Suess, 1865); (6) bifrons Bruguicre, 1789, as published in the combination Ammonites bifrons (specific name of type species of Hildoceras Hyatt, 1867). (4) The five generic names specified in (1) above and as there suppressed under the Plenary Powers are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 152 to 156 respectively. 288 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS I—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 28th February 1949 Dr. W. J. Arkell (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) submitted applications (a) for the suppression of certain early generic names for ammonites which had fallen into desuetude, and (b) for the validation of the generic name Phylloceras Suess, 1865. These applications were closely connected with one another, for it was the existence of three of the disused generic names referred to in proposal (a) which made it necessary to invite the Commission to use its Plenary Powers, if the generic name Phylloceras Suess was to be preserved. Accordingly, it was decided at a later stage to combine these two applications. The terms of this revised application were settled on 2nd October 1950. The application so submitted was as follows :— Application for the suppression under the Plenary Powers of five early generic names now fallen into desuetude published for Ammonites (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) By W. J. ARKELL, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) 1. The following generic names have ceased to be used for genera of Ammonites for at least a century, but recent attempts to revive some of them by the selection of type species has shown that they constitute a menace to ammonite nomenclature and classification :— Planulites Lamarck, 1801, Syst. Anim. sans Vertébr. : 101. Orbulites Lamarck, 1801, ibid. : 100. Pelagus Montfort, 1808, Conch. syst. 1 : 62. Ellipsolithes Montfort, 1808, ibid. 1 : 86. Globites de Haan, 1825, Specimen philosophicum exhibens Mono- graphiam Ammoniteorum et Goniatiteorum: 37. (The same work was published later in 1825 under the title : Monographiae Ammoni- teorum et Goniatiteorum Specimen). 2. Planulites Lamarck, 1801. In 1923 Buckman (pl. ccexciii) revived this name and reproduced Bourget’s figure cited by Lamarck. It is unrecognizable, but might be a Hildoceras. If so, it invalidates the long-established genus Hildoceras Hyatt, 1867, and the family HILDO- CERATIDAE Hyatt, 1867, in universal use. 3. Orbulites, Pelagus, Globites. It is uncertain whether some of these names correctly apply to ammonites or foraminifera, but OPINION 304 289 Breistroffer (1947 : 81—82) has recently stated that at least the first two, and the third pro parte, invalidate Phylloceras Suess, 1865, one of the most important ammonite genera and the type genus of the family PHYLLOCERATIDAE Zittel, 1884. 4. Ellipsolithes Montfort, 1808. According to Fischer (1882 : 395) this is a synonym of Perisphinctes Waagen, 1869, another of the most important ammonite genera, and the type genus of the family PERISPHINCTIDAE Steinmann, 1890. 6. I accordingly request the International Commission to use its Plenary Powers to suppress the five generic names specified in the first paragraph of the present application on the ground that their re- introduction at the present time would lead to serious confusion and would serve no useful purpose whatever. I further ask that, when these names are suppressed, they be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. 7. Further, since the object of the present application is to protect, from attack by the long forgotten names now proposed to be suppressed, the important generic names Hildoceras Hyatt, 1867, Phylloceras Suess, 1865, and Perisphinctes Waagen, 1869, I recommend that the two first of these names should at once be placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology and that the trivial names of their respective type species should at the same time be placed on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. \ do not make an immediate similar recommenda- tion in the case of the name Perisphinctes Waagen, for in this case there is a further difficulty in regard to its type species, on which I have submitted a separate proposal to the International Commission (file Z.N.(S.)445).1 My immediate proposals for additions to the Official Lists are therefore as follows :— (1) Names proposed to be added to the “ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’. Hildoceras Hyatt, 1867, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. 1(5) : 99 (type species, by subsequent selection, by Buckman (S.), 1889 (Monogr. Inferior Oolite Ammonites (Pal. Soc.) : 111): Ammonites bifrons Bruguiére, 1789, Ency. méth. (Vers) (1) : 40) (gender of generic name : neuter). Phylloceras Suess, 1865, SitzBer. Akad. Wiss. Wien 52(1) : 76 (type species, by original designation : Ammonites heter- ophyllus Sowerby (J.), 1820, Min. Conch. 3: 119) (gender of generic name : neuter). 1 See Opinion 303, 1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 8 : 273—284. 290 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (2) Names proposed to be added to the *“* Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology”. heterophyllus Sowerby (J.), 1820, as published in the binominal combination Ammonites heterophyllus : bifrons Bruguiere, 1789, as published in the binominal com- bination Ammonites bifrons. References BREISTROFFER, M., 1947, Trav. Lab. Géol. Univ. Grenoble, 26 : 1. BUCKMAN, S. S., 1923, Type Ammonites, 4. FISCHER, P., 1882, Manuel de Conchyliologie. HYATT, A., 1867, The fossil Cephalopods of the Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool., Harvard, 3, No. 5. , 1900, Eastman’s Zittel, Text-book of Palaeontology, Ist ed. Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On the receipt of Dr. Arkell’s preliminary communication of 28th February 1949, the problem presented by the generic name Phylloceras Suess, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.)404. The problem presented by the five early generic names for Ammonites which had fallen into desuetude then brought to notice was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.)423. Later (as has been explained in paragraph 1 above), it was decided that, owing to the inter-connection between these two cases, it would be more convenient to treat them as constituting a single application. The File Z.N.(S.)404 was thereupon closed and the combined application was dealt with under the Number Z.N.(S.)423. 3. Publication of the present application: As soon as practicable after the present application had been finally settled in October 1950, it was sent to the printer and it was published on 4th May 1951 in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Arkell, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 198—199). OPINION 304 291 4. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoo- logical Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 4th May 1951, both in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr. Arkell’s application was published, and also to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, Notice was given to certain palaeontological serial publications in Europe and America. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed. 5. Support received for the present application: Support for the present application was received from the following specialists :— (a) Mr. C. W. Wright (London) ; (b) Mr. R. Casey (Geological Survey and Museum, London) ; (c) Dr. Helmut Hélder (Geologisch- Paldontologisches Institut der Universitaét Tiibingen, Germany) ; (d) The Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America. The communications so received are given in the immediately following paragraphs. 6. Support received from Mr. C. W. Wright (London): On 17th July 1951 Mr. C. W. Wright (London) submitted the following letter in support of the present application (Wright, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 337) :— As a worker in Cretaceous ammonites, I am writing to support strongly Dr. W. J. Arkell’s application (1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 198—199) for the suppression of the five early names of ammonite _ genera, Planulites and Orbulites Lamarck, 1801, Pelagus and Ellipso- lithes Montfort, 1808, and Globites de Haan, 1825. As he says, these names constitute a menace to ammonite nomenclature and that menace should be removed. 7. Support received from Mr. R. Casey (Geological Survey and Museum, London): On 5th October 1951 Mr. R. Casey (Geological Survey and Museum, London) included the following note of support for the present application in a letter which was, in part, concerned with other cases (Casey, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 212) :— The disturbance in current ammonite nomenclature which would result from the resuscitation of the early generic names Planulites and Orbulites Lamarck, 1801, Pelagus and Ellipsolithes Montfort, 1808, 292 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS and Globites de Haan, 1825, is considerable and I consider there is a clear case for suppression of these names under the Plenary Powers, as advocated by Dr. Arkell. 8. Support received from Dr. Helmut Hélder (Geologisch- Paldontologisches Institut der Universitét Tiibingen, Germany): On 6th October 1951, Dr. Helmut Hélder (Geologisch-Paldonto- logisches Institut der Universitat Tiibingen) submitted a statement setting out his views on the applications relating to the names of Ammonites submitted by Dr. Arkell published in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. The following is an extract from Dr. Hélder’s communication indicat- ing his support for the grant of protection for the name Phylloceras Suess, 1865 :— Stellungnahme zu Arkell’s Antrageu zur Nomenklatur jurassischer Ammoniten in ‘‘ Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2, 1951 ”’ Den Antragen Arkell’s auf Suspension der Regeln sowie den vorge- schlagenen type species ist im Interesse einer Regelung der verworrenen Ammoniten-Nomenklatur und -Taxonomie im allgemeinen zuzu- stimmen. Besonders zu begriissen ist der Schutz der Gattungsnamen Arietites und Perisphinctes gegentiber Ammonites und Planites sowie der Schutz von Sphaeroceras und Phylloceras. 9. Support received from the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America: On 9th April 1952 there was received a large number of letters commenting on various applications previously published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature from Professor G. Winston Sinclair (then of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.), Chairman of the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleon- tology in America. Included among these was a letter, reporting that the members of the Joint Committee supported the present application by seven votes to two. The foregoing letter was dated 18th February 1952, and its late receipt was apparently due to a decision to defer the despatch to the Commission of the letters containing comments by members of the Joint Committee until all the letters in question had been prepared. By the date on which this letter was received the Prescribed Period of Public Notice had expired and the Voting Paper (V.P.(52)22) had been prepared. It was therefore impossible to include in that Voting OPINION 304 293 Paper a reference to Professor Sinclair’s letter, but, when the Voting Paper was despatched, a supplementary sheet containing the particulars furnished by Professor Sinclair was issued to the Members of the Commission, who were thus placed in possession of the views of the members of the Joint Committee at the same time that they received the Voting Paper relating to the present case. The following is the text of Professor Sinclair’s letter :-— The Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America has considered this subject and I wish to inform you that, being polled, they voted: To support the petition (seven) :—(1) Katherine V. W. Palmer ; (2) J. Marvin Weller ; (3) Bryan Patterson ; (4) A. Myra Keen ; (5) John B. Reeside, Jr. ; (6) Siemon W. Muller ; (7) Bobb Schaeffer. To oppose the petition (two) :—(1) Don L. Frizzell ; (2) John W. Wells. I1l.—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 10. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)22: On 24th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)22) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “relating to the suppression and relegation to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names of the five names specified in paragraph | (as recommended in paragraph 6) and the addition to the Official Lists of the names specified in Points (1) and (2) in paragraph 7 on pages 198 and 199 respectively in volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature’? |1.e. in the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 11. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the prescribed Voting Period closed on 24th July 1952. 294 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 12. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)22: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)22 at the close of the prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received): Calman; Hering; Dymond; Esaki; do Amaral ; Hanko ; Bonnet ; Lemche ; Vokes ; Cabrera ; Pearson ; Bradley (J. C.) ; Boschma ; Stoll ; Mertens ; Riley ; Hemming ; (b) Negative Votes: None ; (c) Voting Paper V.P.(52)22 was not returned by one (I) Commissioner: Jaczewski. 13. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 25th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)22, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 12 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Com- mission in the matter aforesaid. 14. On 20th March 1954 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)22. 15. The following are the original references for the names which appear in the Ruling given in the present Opinion: — bifrons, Ammonites, Bruguiére, 1789, Ency. méth. (Vers) (1) : 40 Ellipsolithes Montfort, 1808, Conch. syst. 1 : 86 OPINION 304 295 Globites de Haan, 1825, Specimen philosoph. exhib. Monogr. Ammonit. Goniatit. : 37 heterophyllus, Ammonites, Sowerby (J), 1820, Min. Conch. 3 : 119 Hildoceras Hyatt, 1867, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. 1(5) : 99 Orbulites Lamarck, 1801, Syst. Anim. sans Vertébr. : 100 Pelagus Montfort, 1808, Conch. syst. 1 : 62 Phylloceras Suess, 1865, SitzBer. Akad. Wiss. Wien 52(1) : 76 Pilanulites Lamarck, 1801, Syst. Anim. sans Vertébr. : 101 16. The following is the type selection for the genus Hildoceras Hyatt, 1867, referred to in the Ruling given in the present Opinion: Buckman (S.), 1889, Monogr. Inferior Oolite Ammonites (Pal. Soc): 111 17. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name ” and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial’’ appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “ specific name’ was substituted for the expression “ trivial name ” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 18. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 296 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 19. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Three Hundred and Four (304) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twentieth day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MetcaLtFe & Cooper Limitep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 22. Pp. 297—312 OPINION 305 Suppression, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Ammonites Bruguiére, 1789, and addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic name Arietites Waagen, 1869 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) ENT HSONAS JAN & 1955 LIBRARY LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Seven Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 6th December, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 305 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (1st January 1944). Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (1st January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (Ast January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). ‘Professor H: BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The » Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr.; Angel, CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948). Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948). Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948). Professor Teiso ESAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEY (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950). Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 305 SUPPRESSION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS OF THE GENERIC NAME ‘**‘ AMMONITES ”? BRUGUIERE, 1789, AND ADDITION TO THE ‘ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” OF THE GENERIC NAME ‘“ ARIETITES ”’ WAAGEN, 1869 (CLASS CEPHALO- PODA, ORDER AMMONOIDEA) RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers, the generic name Ammonites Bruguiére, 1789 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) is hereby suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy. (2) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 749: Arietites Waagen, 1869 (gender : masculine) (type species, by monotypy: Ammonites bucklandi Sowerby (J.), 1816). (3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 169: bucklandi Sowerby (J.), 1816, as published in the combination Ammonites bucklandi (specific name of type species of Arietites Waagen, 1869). (4) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 157: Ammonites Bruguiére, 1789, as suppressed, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) above. Aeaeas es - 2» 2 ie eee 300 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS I.—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE In June, 1949, Dr. W. J. Arkell (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) approached the Secretary to the Com- mission on the subject of the future status of the generic name Ammonites Bruguiére, 1789 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea). The position in regard to this generic name was at that time somewhat confused from the point of view of the Commission in view of the fact that in 1946 Dr. L. F. Spath had published a note that he had submitted an application to the Commission that it should designate a type species for the genus Ammonites Bruguiere (Spath, 1946, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (11) 12 : 490), thus fixing the taxonomic position of this genus. No such application had ever been received in the Office of the Commission, and Mr. Hemming took the view that the correct course in the first instance was to inform Dr. Spath, with reference to his paper of 1946 that, if he still wished to submit an application in regard to the generic name Ammonites, immediate arrangements would be made for its publication in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. When later Mr. Hemming informed Dr. Arkell that it appeared to him unlikely that Dr. Spath would pursue his original intention of submitting an application to the Commission in regard to the foregoing generic name, Dr. Arkell decided himself to approach the Commission on this subject. In pursuance of this decision, Dr. Arkell accordingly on 3rd January, 1950, submitted an application in which he asked the Commission to suppress the generic name Ammonites Bruguiére, 1789, under its Plenary Powers. This application was slightly revised in the course of the year 1950, its terms being finally settled on 23rd August, 1950. The application so submitted was as follows :— Proposal to suppress the generic name ‘‘ Ammonites ’’ Bruguiére, 1789, under the Plenary Powers and to place the generic name ** Arietites °’ Waagen, 1869 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ By W. J. ARKELL, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) 1. The question of the type species of the genus Ammonites Bruguiére, 1789, has been discussed at length by Buckman (1923, 1924) and OPINION 305 301 Spath (1924, 1946) and others. From these discussions the following essential points have emerged (paras. 2, 3, 4). 2. The type species of Ammonites Bruguiére, 1789, is A. bisulcatus Bruguiére, 1789, so selected by Meek, 1876. 3. A. bisulcatus Bruguiére was based on a number of cited figures in 17th and 18th century authors. 4. The lectotype of A. bisulcatus Bruguiére is the perspective figure in Lister, 1678 (vi, fig. 3), so selected by Buckman, 1923. 5. Buckman identified Lister’s figure as a Paltopleuroceras (recte Pleuroceras) from the Upper Domerian and thought it came from Northamptonshire (Buckman, 1923 : 56—57, pl. cccxcii, Lister’s figure reproduced). 6. Lister’s text contains nothing to connect particular figures with particular localities, but of the localities mentioned by Lister the two rightly chosen by Buckman as most likely, the banks of Bugthorpe Beck and the hill above Byland Abbey, are both in Yorkshire as stated by Lister. The most likely locality is the banks of Bugthorpe Beck, which Fox-Strangways (1892 : 68) mentions as exposing sections principally in the zones of A. bucklandi and A. angulatus. 7, The detail of the carina, which is clear in Lister’s engraving, is lost in Buckman’s half-tone reproduction. What Buckman apparently took for a serrated carina is seen in Lister’s engraving to be the rib- endings on the far side, shown (quite correctly) in perspective ; the carina is clearly shown in Lister’s engraving as smooth. 8. These morphological data, combined with the probable locality, make it highly probable that the type specimen of Lister’s pl. vi, fig. 3, is an Arietid (sensu lato) from the Sinemurian of Yorkshire, and it is possible that topotypes may one day be found sufficiently like Lister’s figures to enable the genus to be interpreted. 9. Meanwhile a search of the Leckenby collection of Yorkshire ammonites and other rich Lias material in the Sedgwick Museum has failed to reveal to me anything identifiable beyond doubt as the genus figured by Lister. Spath (1946) has declared Lister’s figure to be generically indeterminable, and Mr. D. T. Donovan, who has been specialising on Lias ammonites, agrees (in Jitt.). 10. The present position in accordance with the Rules, therefore, is that the genus Ammonites Bruguiére, 1789, the family AMMONITIDAE 302 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Owen, 1836, and the superfamily AMMONITACEA Buckman, 1905, and ultimately the order Ammonoidea de Haan, 1825, rest upon a species of which the type specimen (“ultimate standard of reference ’’) is unidentifiable generically, although probably one of the Sinemurian family ARIETITIDAE Hyatt, 1874. 11. If the position were left thus, a large part of the classification of Ammonoidea would be liable to be overturned at any time by authors who might claim to be able to identify the genus Ammonites from Lister’s figure, and their nomenclature would be different from those who were unable to recognise that figure, and from those again who might interpret it differently. 12. Accordingly it is desirable that the International Commission should take action under their Plenary Powers at the earliest opportunity to stabilise the matter. 13. Two proposals have already been published : (A) Spath (1924 and 1946) has argued that a much later figure by some more modern author should be designated as the neotype of A. bisulcatus Bruguieére, and the figure which he has proposed should be so selected is that by d’Orbigny (1843), which he considers represents what Meek (1876) had in mind when he designated A. bisulcatus lectotype of Ammonites. (B) Roman (1938) and Arkell (1940) have expressed the opinion that the genus Ammonites ought never to have been revived and should be abolished like many other ancient names long fallen into desuetude (e.g., Ostracites, Pectinites, etc.). 14. The disadvantages of the course in Para. 13(A) are (1) that as pointed out by Buckman (1924) such action is arbitrary in the extreme : if the genus Ammonites Bruguiére, 1789, is to be revived, it should stand or fall by its legitimate type species, not have made for it a type species which was not known to exist until more than 50 years later ; (2) that d’Orbigny’s drawings are notoriously inaccurate and often syntheto- graphs, and pl. 43 is apparently not based on a type specimen ; (3) that the group to which d’Orbigny’s pl. 43 belongs has for 80 years had a familiar and widely-used generic name, Arietites Waagen, 1869 (type species by monotypy Ammonites bucklandi J. Sowerby, 1816, Sinemurian zonal index fossil), which is in turn type genus of the widely-used family ARIETITIDAE Hyatt, 1874. Apart from the little-known paper by Meek, 1876 (unknown even to Buckman), the genus Arvietites and the family ARIETITIDAE (or ARIETIDAE) had been used for half a century in all world literature on Liassic ammonites and in text-books. One of the classics of ammonites is Hyatt’s book “Genesis of the ARIETIDAE”” (1889), and the leading palaeontological text-book to this day, Eastman’s translation of Zittel (1913 : 655) has a figure “ Arietites bisulcatus Bruguiére”’ to illustrate the family ARIETINAE, OPINION 305 303 and the figure is d’ Orbigny’s pl. 43 ; and the same figure and the same name are repeated in the latest (German) edition of the same book (1924 : 571). 15. The facts adduced in paragraph 14 above, emphasise that Ammonites as used by Buckman and Spath since 1923 was a revival not a survival, and paragraphs 5 to 13 indicate that it was a revival on the flimsiest foundations. Roman (1938) in his comprehensive work on the Jurassic and Cretaceous ammonites rightly refused to displace Arietites and AR{ETITIDAE by Ammonites and AMMONITIDAE. 16. If the generic name Ammonites were to be revived, it would become automatically the type genus of the family AMMONITIDAE, which for reasons of priority is attributed (as by Meek) to Owen, with the date 1836. This is misleading, for AMMONITIDAE Owen 1836 was a vastly wider and altogether different concept. Most families as now used have been emended (which usually means restricted) to some extent, but none to such a degree as this. AMMONITIDAE Owen, 1836, was in fact almost the same as the order AMMONOIDEA, and as de Hann’s “family AMMONITEA’”’, 1825. Consequently, the revival of Ammonites as a generic name would involve either its attribution to the family ““ AMMONITIDAE Owen” which is really something totally different, or the establishment of a new family AMMONITIDAE dating from some later author such as Meek or Spath, arbitrarily chosen (Meek, however, still included Cretaceous genera in AMMONITIDAE) ; _ but this would be a homonym of AMMONITIDAE Owen and invalid. 17. Dr. Spath in his paper of 1946 stated that he proposed to submit an application concerning the type of Ammonites to the International Commission, but I learn from the Secretary that no such application has yet been received by the Commission (January, 1950). Since a decision on this important matter is urgently needed, I hereby make the following applications (paragraphs 18, 19). 18. That the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should use their Plenary Powers to suppress the generic name Ammonites Bruguiére, 1789, for the purposes of Article 25 but not for those of Article 34 (thereby continuing to render invalid as a homonym any later use of the word Ammonites as a generic name) and should place this name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. 19. That the Commission should place on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the generic name Arietites Waagen, 1869 (gender of generic name: masculine) (type species, by monotypy : Ammonites bucklandi Sowerby (J.), 1816) and on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology the trivial name bucklandi Sowerby (J.), 1816, as published in the binominal combination Ammonites bucklandi. 304 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 20. In making this application I assume that when (if ever) the Commission draws up Rules governing the names of taxonomic categories higher than families, it will, if necessary, make provision for retention of the order name AMMONOIDEA, so that it shall not require to be replaced because of the abolition of the generic name Ammonites and family name AMMONITIDAE. References : Arkell, W. J., 1940. Monograph on the Ammonites of the English Corallian Beds : \xv. (Palaeontographical Soc.) Bruguiére, M., 1789. Encyclopédie méthodique, Hist. nat. des Vers, 12 3940) Wo Buckman, S. S., 1923. Type Ammonites 4 : 56—57, pl. cccxcii. Buckman, S. S., 1924. ibid. 5 : 12. Fox-Strangways, C., 1892. “Jurassic Rocks of Britain, vol. 1, Yorkshire ’’. Mem. geol. Survey. Haan, G. de, 1825. Monographia Ammoniteorum et Goniatiteorum of Aon ON Hyatt, A., 1874. ‘“‘ Remarks on two new genera of ammonites, Agassiceras and Oxynoticeras’’. Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., 17 : 22>) Hyatt, A., 1889. ‘‘ Genesis of the Arietidae’’. Smithsonian Mis- cellaneous Collections No. 673. Lister, M., 1678. Cochlitarum Angliae, 1 : 208. Meek, F. B., 1876. ‘‘ Report on the Invertebrate Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils of the Upper Missouri country’. U.S. geol. Survey of the Territories 9 : 446. Orbigny, A. d’, 1843. Paléontologie Frangaise, Terrains jurassiques: pl. 43. Owen, R., 1836. Cephalopoda. dm R. B. Todd, Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology 1 : 517. Roman, F., 1938. Les Ammonites jurassiques et crétacées : 88. Sowerby, J., 1816. Mineral Conchology 2 : 69, pl. 130. OPINION 305 305 Spath, L. F., 1924. ‘‘ The Ammonites of the Blue Lias’’. Proc. geol. Assoc. 35 : 202. Spath, L. F., 1946. ‘‘ The Type of the Genus Ammonites”. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist.-(11) 12 : 490. Waagen, W., 1869. ‘‘ Die Formenreihe des Ammonites subradiatus ”’. Geognost.-Pal. Beitrdge 2 : 247. Zittel, K. A. von, 1913. Text-Book of Palaeontology, transl. edited by C. R. Eastman : 655, fig. 1264. Zittel, K. A. von, 1924. Grundziige der Paldontologie, ed. F. Broili : Sie te, 1271. Il.—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On the receipt of Dr. Arkell’s preliminary communication of 25th June 1949, the question of the future status of the generic name Ammonites Bruguiére, 1789, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 425. 3. Publication of the present application : As soon as practicable after the present application had been finally settled in August 1950, it was sent to the printer and it was published on 4th May 1951 in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Arkell, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 200—203). 4. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 4th May 1951, both in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr. Arkell’s application was published, and also to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, Public Notice was given to certain palaeontological serial publications in Europe and America. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed. 306 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 5. Support received for the present application : Support for the present application was received from the following specialists :— (a) Dr. D. T. Donovan (University of Bristol, Department of Geology, Bristol); (b) Dr. R. Ph. Dollfus (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris); (c) Mr. C. W. Wright (London) ; (d) Mr. R. Casey (Geological Survey and Museum, London) ; (e) Dr. Helmut Hélder (Geologisch-Paldontologisches Institut der Universitat Tiibingen, Germany); (f) The Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America. The communications so received are given in the immediately following paragraphs. 6. Support received from Dr. D. T. Donovan (University of Bristol, Department of Geology, Bristol): On 28th May 1951, Dr. D. T. Donovan (University of Bristol, Department of Geology, Bristol) addressed a letter to the Commission commenting upon a number of applications, including the present one. The following is an extract from the foregoing letter of the passage in which Dr. Donovan indicated his support for the present application (Donovan, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 335—336) :— I agree with Dr. Arkell that it is undesirable for this name to remain, as at present, based on an eighteenth-century figure of uncertain identity, owing to the possibility of different interpretations, as pointed out in paragraph 11 of the proposal. The alternative procedure, namely the definition of the type species by reference to a later figure is liable to displace other current names; as regards the particular proposal mentioned by Dr. Arkell (paragraph 13(A)) that d’Orbigny’s 1843 plate 43 should be selected as “‘ neotype ”’ of Ammonites bisulcatus, Bruguiére, I have personally examined d’Orbigny’s collection in Paris and have satisfied myself that his plate 43 does not represent any now existing specimen ; it may be a figure of a lost specimen but is more likely to be an idealised drawing. It is therefore undesirable that the interpretation of any genus should depend on this figure. In. my own work I have not used the genus, since it cannot be defined to the agreement of all, and I feel that Dr. Arkell’s Prepe for suppression would be an acceptable solution. 7. Support received from Dr. R. Ph. Dollfus (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris): On 25th June 1951 Dr. R. Ph. Dollfus (Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris) furnished a statement dealing with a number of cases previously published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. ‘The following is an OPINION 305 307 extract from the foregoing statement of the passage in which Dr. Dollfus indicated his support for the proposals submitted in the present case (Dollfus, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 212) :— Je suis pour la suppression d’Ammonites Bruguiére, 1789, et pour Vadoption d’Arietites Waagen, 1869. 8. Support received from Mr. C. W. Wright (London): On 17th July 1951 Mr. C. W. Wright (London) addressed to the Commission the following letter of support for the present application (Wright, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 336) :— I should like to support Dr. W. J. Arkell’s application (1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 200—203) for the suppression of the generic name Ammonites Bruguiére, 1789. Although it might be argued that this name is comparable in its double connotation, as the name of a genus and, almost in the vernacular, as the name of an Order or Sub-Order, to such names as Nautilus, the scale of the vernacular use of Ammonites is so vast that its use as the name of a nominal genus would be bound to be confusing and misleading, quite apart from the arguments adduced by Dr. Arkell. 9. Support received from Mr. R. Casey (Geological Survey and Museum, London): On Sth October 1951 Mr. R. Casey (Geological Survey and Museum, London) addressed a letter to the Commission, commenting upon a number of applications previously published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, including that relating to the name Ammonites Bruguicre. The following is an extract from the foregoing letter of the passage in which Mr. Casey indicated his support for the present application (Casey, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 213) :— In view of the additional evidence advanced by Dr. Donovan in the case of the nominal genus Ammonites Bruguiére, 1789 (Donovan, D.T., 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2(11) : 335) I wish to be associated with those workers who have given their support to Dr. Arkell’s application for the suppression of the generic name Ammonites Bruguiere, 1789. 10. Support received from Dr. Helmut Holder (Geologisch- Paldontologisches Institut der Universitaét Tiibingen, Germany) : On 6th October 1951 Dr. Helmut Hélder (Geologisch-Paldonto- logisches Institut der Universitat Tiibingen) submitted a statement 308 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS setting out his views on the applications relating to the names of ammonites submitted by Dr. Arkell which had been published in Triple Part 6/8 of Volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. The following is an extract from Dr. Hoélder’s communication of the passage in which he indicated his support for the proposal for the grant of protection to the name Arietites Waagen, 1869, as against the name Ammonites Bruguiére :— Stellungnahme zu Arkell’s Antragen zur Nomenklatur jurassischer Ammoniten in “ Bull. zool. Nomencl.’’, 2, 1951 Den Antrégen Arkell’s auf Suspension der Regeln sowie den vorgeschlagenen type species ist im Interesse einer Regelung der verworrenen Ammoniten-Nomenklatur und -Taxonomie im_all- gemeinen zuzustimmen. Besonders zu begriissen ist der Schutz der Gattungsnamen Arietites und Perisphinctes gegenuiber Ammonites und Planites sowie der Schutz von Sphaeroceras und Phylloceras. 11. Support received from the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America: On 9th April 1952 there was received a large number of letters commenting on various applications previously published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature from Professor G. Winston Sinclair (then of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.) Chairman of the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America. Included among these was a letter, reporting that the members of the Joint Committee supported the present application by eight votes to three. The foregoing letter was dated 18th February 1952, and its late receipt was apparently due to a decision to defer the despatch to the Commission of the letters containing comments by members of the Joint Committee until all the letters in question had been prepared. By the date on which this letter was received, the Prescribed Period of Public Notice had expired and the Voting Paper (V.P.(52)23) relating to this case had been prepared. It was therefore impossible to include in that Voting Paper a reference to Professor Sinclair’s letter, but, when the Voting Paper was despatched (on 24th April), a supplementary sheet containing the particulars furnished by Professor Sinclair was issued to the Members of the Commission, who were thus placed in possession of the views of the members of the Joint Committee OPINION 305 309 at the same time that they received the Voting Paper relating to the present case. The following is the text of Professor Sinclair’s letter :— The Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America has considered this subject, and I wish to inform you that, being polled, they voted : To support the petition (eight): (1) J. M. Weller; (2) Don L. Frizzell; (3) Bryan Patterson; (4) Katherine V. W. Palmer; (5) Bobb Schaeffer ; (6) John B. Reeside, Jr. ; (7) R. C. Moore; (8) G. Winston Sinclair. To oppose the petition (three) : (1) A. Myra Keen ; (2) S. W. Muller ; (3) J. W. Wells. III—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 12. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)23 : On 24th April 1952 a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)23) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “relating to the names Ammonites Bruguiére and Arietites Waagen specified in paragraphs 18 and 19 on page 202 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature’ {i.e., in the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 13. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 24th July 1952. 14. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)23 : The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)23 at the close of the Prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Calman; Hering; Dymond; Esaki; do Amaral ; Hanko ; Bonnet ; Lemche; Vokes; Cabrera; Pearson ; Bradley; Boschma; Stoll; Mertens; Hemming; Riley ; 310 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Paper not returned, one (1) : Jaczewski. 15. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 25th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)23, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 14 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 16. On 20th March 1954 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)23. 17. The following are the original references for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Opinion :— Ammonites Bruguiére, 1789, Ency. méth., Vers 1 (1) : xvi, 28 Arietites Waagen, 1869, Geogn.-pal. Beitr. 2 (Heft 2) : 247 bucklandi, Ammonites, Sowerby (J.), 1816, Min. Conch. 2 : 69 18. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name ”’ and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial’ appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and OPINION 305 311 invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “ specific name” was substituted for the expression “trivial name’ and correspinding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl.: 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 19. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 20. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Three Hundred and Five (305) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twentieth day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, cCM.c., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 23. Pp. 313—322 OPINION 306 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Arisphinctes Buckman, 1924 (Class Cephalopoda, ‘Order Ammonoidea) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Five Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 6th December 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 306 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (Ast January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van WNatuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel .CaBrera (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis: HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr, Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948) Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEY (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt- Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 306 VALIDATION UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF THE GENERIC NAME ‘“* ARISPHINCTES ”? BUCKMAN, 1924 (CLASS CEPHALOPODA, ORDER AMMONOIDEA) RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers, the generic name Joxosphinctes Buckman, 1923, is hereby suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy. (2) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 750: Arisphinctes Buckman, 1924 (gender : masculine) (type species, by original designation : Arisphinctes ariprepes Buckman, 1924) (Class Cephalo- poda, Order Ammonoidea). (3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 170: cotovui Simionescu, 1907, as pub- lished in the combination Perisphinctes cotovui. (4) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 158: Toxo- sphinctes Buckman, 1923, as suppressed, under the Plenary Powers, under (1) above. I—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 21st January 1949 Dr. W. J. Arkell (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) submitted an application for the protection under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Arisphinctes Buckman, 1924, as against the name Toxosphinctes Buckman, 1923 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea). The - problem involved in this case was the subject of correspondence between the Secretary and Dr. Arkell in 1949 and 1950, but 316 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS by 10th December 1950 all outstanding questions had been settled and the following definitive application was submitted to the Commission :— Proposed validation of the name ‘‘ Arisphinctes ’’ Buckman, 1924, by the suppression, under the Plenary Powers, of the name ‘‘ Toxosphinctes ”” Buckman, 1923 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) (Jurassic) By W. J. ARKELL, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) 1. The present application is concerned with the relative precedence to be accorded to the generic names Arisphinctes Buckman, 1924, and Toxosphinctes Buckman, 1923 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) (Jurassic). This case was fully discussed by me in 1939 in “ A Mono- graph on the Ammonites of the English Corallian Beds’ (Palaeont. Society) (Part 5 : lv-Ivii). The relevant facts are as follows. 2. S. Buckman published the name Arisphinctes (1924, Type Ammonites 5 : 33, pls. dxi, dxii) for a genus of large Perisphinctids of Upper Oxfordian date, characterised by ribbing that gradually modifies on the outer whorl and fades on the venter and by sutures with a long suspensive lobe. Buckman designated Arisphinctes ariprepes Buckman 1924 (loc. cit. : pl. dxi) as the type species of this genus. He also figured the holotype of this species which was a complete and well preserved specimen. 3. Arisphinctes Buckman, 1924, is now regarded (Arkell, 1939 : Ivi-lvii) as a subgenus of the genus Perisphinctes Waagen, 1869. Further, the nominal species Arisphinctes ariprepes Buckman, 1924, is now identified with the nominal species Perisphinctes cotovui Simionescu, 1907 (: 151, pl. vii, fig. 1). Accordingly the trivial name ariprepes Buckman is now treated as a subjective junior synonym of the trivial name cotovui Simionescu. 4. In 1923 (the year before that in which the name Arisphinctes was published), Buckman had published another generic name Toxosphinctes (Type Ammonites 5 : pl. cdxlvii) ; the genus so named was based upon a single specimen, the re-discovered holotype of Ammonites pickeringius Young and Bird, 1822 (: 251, pl. xii, fig. 9), which is therefore the type species of Toxosphinctes. The holotype of this species, which was refigured by Buckman, shows characters quite different from those of Arisphinctes ; it has fine sharp ribbing all over, not modified, not faded on the venter, and suture with short suspensive lobe. Buckman evidently did not suspect any close affinity with Arisphinctes. The OPINION 306 317 species which are the respective type species of these two genera came from different parts of England but from the same zone. 5. When the Corallian ammonites came to be monographed and all available material was compared, it was discovered that the holotype of the type species of Toxosphinctes was an incomplete specimen, probably representing only the inner and middle whorls of a large species which later acquires the characters of Arisphinctes. Peri- sphinctes pickeringius (Young and Bird, 1822) as interpreted in the monograph cited above, is closely allied to Perisphinctes (Arisphinctes) cotovui Simionescu, 1907, the type species of Arisphinctes. 6. Since the specimen upon which Buckman founded the genus Toxosphinctes is incomplete and there are several subgenera with similar inner and middle whorls which cannot be distinguished from one another, except by the outer whorls, it can never be proved that this specimen belongs to a species having the same characteristics as Arisphinctes. \t will always remain an uncertain factor, liable to re-interpretation by subsequent authors. 7. On the other hand, although the name Arisphinctes was published a few months later than Toxosphinctes, the genus Arisphinctes was founded upon a complete specimen and in consequence the characters of the type species of this genus can never be in doubt. In my mono- graph, therefore, I discarded ( : lvi et seq.) the name Toxosphinctes and used the name Arisphinctes. In the twelve years which have since elapsed, no published dissent from this procedure has come to my notice nor has any dissent been received by me in correspondence. 8. Accordingly, in order to secure that the currently used generic name Arisphinctes shall be secure from possible supersession merely on grounds of priority by the nomen dubium Toxosphinctes (which never to my knowledge has been used in print since it was first published in 1923) and to prevent the confusion and inconvenience which an unnecessary change of this kind would involve, I ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its Plenary Powers to stabilise the generic nomenclature of this group and, having done so, to place the name Arisphinctes on the Official List. The specific proposals which I therefore submit are that the Commission should :— (1) use its Plenary Powers to suppress the generic name Toxosphinctes Buckman, 1923, for the purposes of the Law of Priority, but not for those of the Law of Homonymy ; (2) place the generic name Arisphinctes Buckman, 1924 (type species, by original designation: Arisphinctes ariprepes Buckman, 1924) (gender of generic name : masculine) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ; 318 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (3) place the trivial name cotovui Simionescu, 1907, as published in the binominal combination Perisphinctes cotovui, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology ; (4) place the generic name Toxosphinctes Buckman, 1923 (as proposed, under (1) above, to be suppressed under the Plenary Powers) on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. References : Arkell, W. J., 1935—1948. A Monograph on the Ammonites of the English Corallian Beds (Palaeontograph. Soc.). Buckman, S. S., 19191930. Type Ammonites, vols. 3—7 (Thame). Simionescu, I., 1907. Studii geologice si pal. din Dobrogea, 1, Fauna cefalopodelor jurasice dela Harsova (Dobrogea). Public. Fond. Adamachi Acad. Romana 4 (21) : 151, pl. vii, fig. 1 (lectotype selected by Arkell, 1939, Joc. cit. : 126). Young, G. and Bird, J., 1822. A Geological Survey of the Yorkshire Coast, 1st Edition. (Whitby). Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: Upon the receipt of Dr. Arkell’s preliminary communication of 21st January 1949, the problem involved in connection with the name Arisphinctes Buckman, 1924, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 389. 3. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer immediately after its terms had been finally settled in December 1950 and it was published on 4th May 1951 in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Arkell, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 214—216). 4. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological OPINION 306 319 Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 4th May 1951, both in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr. Arkell’s application was published, and also to the other prescribed “serial publications. In addition, Public Notice was given to certain palaeontological serial publications in Europe and America. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed during the prescribed period but after the close of that period the objection reproduced in the immediately following paragraph was received in the Office of the Commission. 5. Objection received from the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America: On 9th April 1952 there was received a large number of letters commenting on various applications previously published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature from Professor G. Winston Sinclair (then of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.), Chairman of the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America. Included among these was a letter reporting that six members of the Joint Committee were opposed to the present proposal as against four who were in favour of it. The foregoing letter was dated 6th February 1952, and its late receipt was apparently due to a decision to defer the despatch to the Commission of the letters containing comments by members of the Joint Committee until all the letters in question had been prepared. By the date on which this letter was received, the Prescribed Period of Public Notice had expired and the Voting Paper (V.P.(52)25) relating to this case had been prepared. It was therefore impossible to include in that Voting Paper a reference to Professor Sinclair’s letter, but, when the Voting Paper was despatched (24th April) a supplementary sheet con- taining the particulars furnished by Professor Sinclair was issued _to the Members of the Commission, who were thus placed in possession of the views of the members of the Joint Committee at the same time that they received the Voting Paper relating to the present case. The following is the text of Professor Sinclair’s letter :— The Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America has considered this subject, and I wish to inform you 320 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS that, being polled, they voted: To support the petition (four) :— (1) Bryan Patterson ; (2) John B. Reeside, Jr. ; (3) Bobb Schaeffer ; (4) R. C. Moore. To oppose the petition (six) :—(1) Katherine V. W. Palmer ; (2) A. Myra Keen; (3) Don L. Frizzell; (4) Siemon W. Muller ; (5) John W. Wells ; (6) G. Winston Sinclair. IIl.—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 6. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)25: On 24th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)25) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “ relating to the names Arisphinctes and Toxosphinctes, as specified in Points (1) to (4) in paragraph 8 on page 215 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature [i.e., para- graph 8 in the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 7. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 24th July 1952. 8. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)25 : The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)25 at the close of the Prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following fifteen (15) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Calman; Hering; Dymond; Esaki; do Amaral; Hank6o ; Bonnet ; Lemche ; Vokes ; Pearson ; Bradley ; Boschma ; Mertens ; Hemming; Riley ; (b) Negative Votes had been given by two (2) Commissioners : Cabrera ; Stoll ; OPINION 306 321 (c) Voting Paper not returned, one (1): Jaczewsk1i. 9. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 25th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)25, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 8 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 10. On 21st March 1954 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)25. 11. The following are the original references for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Opinion :— Arisphinctes Buckman, 1924, Type Ammonites 5 : 33, pl. dxi cotovui, Perisphinctes, Simionescu, 1907, Public. Fond. Adamach. Acad. Romana 4 (21) : 151, pl. vii, fig. 1 (lectotype selected by Arkell (1939, Monogr. Ammonites Engl. Corall. Beds (Pal. Soc.) : 126) Toxosphinctes Buckman, 1923, Type Ammonites 5 : pl. cdxlvii 12. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name” and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial’ appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and 322 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “ specific name” was substituted for the expression “trivial name” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl.:21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 13. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 14. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Three Hundred and Six (306) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-First day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission - on Zoological Nomenclature - FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by METCALFE & Cooper LimiTED 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C..G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 24. Pp. 323—334 OPINION 307 Designation, under the Plenary Powers, of a type species in harmony with accustomed usage for Arnioceras Hyatt, 1867 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), a genus based upon a misidentified type species LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Six Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 6th December, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 307 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) ({st January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (\st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948). Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948). Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948). Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). - Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950). Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950). OPINION 307 DESIGNATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF A TYPE SPECIES IN HARMONY WITH ACCUSTOMED USAGE FOR ‘* ARNIOCERAS ” HYATT, 1867 (CLASS CEPHALOPODA, ORDER AMMONOIDEA), A GENUS BASED UPON A MISIDENTIFIED TYPE SPECIES RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers, (a) all type selections for the genus Arnioceras Hyatt, 1867 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) made prior to the present Ruling are hereby set aside, and (b) Arnioceras cuneiforme Hyatt, 1867, is hereby designated to be the type species of the foregoing genus. (2) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 751: Arnioceras Hyatt, 1867 (gender : neuter) (type species, by designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (1)(b) above: Arnioceras cuneiforme Hyatt, 1867). (3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 171: cuneiforme Hyatt, 1867, as published in the combination Arnioceras cuneiforme (specific name of type species, by designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (1)(b) above, of Arnioceras Hyatt, 1867). I—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 23rd February 1951, Dr. W. J. Arkell (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) submitted the following application for the use by the International Commission, under the special procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4: 158—159), of its Plenary Powers for the purpose of 326 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS designating a type species in harmony with accustomed usage for Arnioceras Wyatt, 1867 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), a genus based upon a misidentified type species :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to designate the type species of the genus ‘‘ SOTNDGE HS »? Hyatt, 1867 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) By W. J. ARKELL, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) 1. The present application for the use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers to designate, as the type species of the genus Arnioceras Hyatt, 1867 (Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. 1:73) (Class Cephalopoda, Order Am- monoidea), a species, other than that which would be the type species under the Rég/es, is submitted under the procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, July 1948 (see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 158—159) as that to be followed in the case of genera based upon misidentified type species. 2. The facts in this case are as follows: The generic name Arnioceras was first published by Hyatt in 1867, and has been in constant use ever since. No type species was designated or indicated at the time of publication; seven nominal species were cited as belonging to the genus so named. These species were : (1) Arnioceras cuneiforme Hyatt (a species then named—on page 73—for the first time) ; (2) Arnioceras incipiens Hyatt (also then a new nominal species but which later Hyatt (1889 : 170) identified with the earlier nominal species Ammonites falcaries Quenstedt, 1858 : 70); (3) Arnioceras semicostatum (Young & Bird, 1828 : 257, 259); (4) Arnioceras kridiforme Hyatt (a new nominal species based upon the species identified by d’Orbigny in 1844 as Ammonites kridion Hehl in Zieten [1830]) ; () Arnioceras tardecrescens (Hauer, 1856: 20); (6) Arnioceras ceratitoides (Quenstedt, 1847: 239); (7) Arnioceras falcaries (Quenstedt, 1858: 70). In accordance with his normal practice, Hyatt attributed all but one of these names to himself, because he placed the species concerned in a genus different from that in which they had originally been described. The one exception made by Hyatt was in regard to the sixth of the nominal species referred by him to this genus ; this species he cited as “‘ A. ceratitoides L. Agassiz ”’. The probable explanation is provided by Hyatt’s statement (1867 : 71) ~that Agassiz had selected five genera which Hyatt “referred to his authority ’’, and that Agassiz was responsible for suggesting the work to Hyatt and for proposing to classify the ammonites dealt with into families and genera. Presumably ceratitoides was a specific trivial name also suggested by Agassiz. It had not, however, been published by Agassiz at the time that Hyatt’s paper appeared. OPINION 307 897/ 3. The first author to select a type species for the genus Arnioceras was Buckman (S.), who in 1911 (1 : vi) wrote: “‘ The type [species] is definitely indicated by the generic name and by the species credited to Agassiz Arnioceras (apve.ds, a ram) indicates a type with trivial name ceras or similar”. Buckman drew attention also to the fact that in 1889 ( : 169) Hyatt identified Ammonites ceras Giebel & Hauer, with Ammonites ceras Agassiz. ‘‘On this evidence’’, Buckman thought it desirable to select Am. ceras as figured by Hyatt in 1889 (Gen. Ariet.: pl. ii, fig. 20) as the type species of Arnioceras Hyatt ; Buckman wrote: “ Result: Genus Arnioceras Agassiz-Hyatt, 1867. Type A. ceratitoides Agassiz, of which A. ceras Agassiz (Hyatt, Gen. Arietidae, ii, 20) is genolectotype’’. It should be noted that in 1867 ( : 74) Hyatt had placed A. ceras Giebel, 1852 ( : 757) in the synonymy of “ Arnioceras ceratitoides Agassiz ’’. 4. The first name placed by Hyatt (1867 : 74) in the synonymy of “A. ceratitoides Agassiz ’’, was Ammonites ceratitoides Quenstedt, 1847 ( : 239, pl. xix, fig. 13—not fig. 3, as erroneously stated by Hyatt). Quenstedt’s publication of this name in 1847 was the first occasion on which it was used for this ammonite species. Thus, under the decision of the Paris (1948) Congress defining the species which are to be regarded as having been originally included in any given genus (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 :179—180), Buckman’s action in 1911 constitutes a valid selection of Ammonites ceratitoides Quenstedt, 1847, as the type species of Arnioceras Hyatt, 1867. 5. Ammonites ceratitoides Quenstedt, the type specimen of which is lost (Jaworski, 1931 : 117), is a Triassic ammonite, entirely different morphologically and in age from the Liassic group for which the generic name Arnioceras Hyatt has always been used. To transfer the name Arnioceras to Quenstedt’s species would produce chaotic confusion. 6. Ammonites ceras Agassiz, as identified by Hyatt in 1889 ( : 169, pl. ui, fig. 20), which is the species which Buckman intended to make the “ genolectotype ” of Arnioceras Hyatt, was merely Hyatt’s attempted interpretation of Ammonites ceras Giebel, 1852 ( : 757), a species, the identity of which is uncertain. It is possible that, if his type specimens were to be found and re-studied, the species identified by Hyatt with Ammonites ceras Giebel might be found to be different and might need to be given a new name. In any case, under the decision of the Paris Congress to which reference has already been made, it would not have been possible to accept, as the type species of Arnioceras, . Hyatt’s interpretation of A. ceras Giebel, for, even if it had been permissible under the Rég/les to treat ‘‘ A. ceras”’ as the type species of this genus, the species concerned would have to be the true Ammonites ceras of Giebel, which (as already explained) is an unknown quantity. 328 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 7. The genus Arnioceras Hyatt is thus a genus based upon a misidentified type species and in consequence the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature is bound by the instructions given to it by the Congress to use its Plenary Powers to designate as the type species of this genus either (a) the species intended by the original author when citing the name of the erroneously determined species, or (b), if the identity of that species is doubtful, a species in harmony with current nomenclatorial usage, except where (as is not the case in the present instance) such action would itself lead to confusion. We have seen that the identity of the species which Buckman intended to refer to, when selecting the type species of Arnioceras Hyatt, is doubtful; accordingly, under the foregoing decision, it is necessary under the Plenary Powers to select, as the type species of this genus, a species in harmony with current practice. It is not necessary for this purpose that the species to be so selected should be one of the species originally included in the genus, though it is clearly preferable that, if practicable, such a species should be selected. 8. I have accordingly examined from the foregoing point of view each of the seven nominal species originally included by Hyatt in the genus Arnioceras. This examination indicates that Arnioceras cuneiforme Hyatt, 1867, is nearest to the figure that has hitherto been regarded as representing the type species of this genus, and is the most free from objections of various kinds. I accordingly recommend that it should now be designated as the type species of Arnioceras Hyatt. 9. The proposal which I now submit is therefore that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should :— (1) under the procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology for determining the type species of a genus based upon a misidentified type species, use its Plenary Powers (a) to set aside all selections of type species for the genus Arnioceras Hyatt, 1867, made prior to the proposed decision, and (b), having done so, to designate Arnioceras cuneiforme Hyatt, 1867, to be the type species of the foregoing genus ; : (2) place the generic name Arnioceras Hyatt, 1867 (type species, as proposed in (1) above to be designated under the Plenary Powers: Arnioceras cuneiforme Hyatt, 1867) (gender of generic name: neuter) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ; (3) place the trivial name cuneiforme Hyatt, 1867, as published in the binominal combination Arnioceras cuneiforme, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. OPINION 307 329 References : Buckman, S. S., 1911. Yorkshire Type Ammonites, 1 Giebel, C. G., 1852. Fauna der Vorwelt. (Leipzig) Hyatt, A., 1867. “‘ Fossil Cephalopods in the Museum of Com- parative Zoology”. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. 1 (No. 5) : 71—74 Hyatt, A., 1889. ‘Genesis of the Arietidae”. Smithson. Publ. No. 673 (Washington) Jaworski, E., 1931. “‘ Ueber Arnioceras geometricum Oppel, 1856 und verwandte Spezies; nebst einen Anhang uber Ammonites natrix v. Schlotheim. 1820”. Neues Jahrb. Min. Geol. Pal. 65B (Beil.-Bd.) : 84 Oppel, A., 1856—1858. “‘ Die Juraformation”’ (Stuttgart) (repaged reprint from Wiirttemb. naturw. Jahreshefte) d’Orbigny, A., 1842—1851. Paléontologie francaise, Terr. jurass., Mollusques (Paris) Spath, L. F., 1924. ‘“‘ The ammonites of the Blue Lias’’. Proc. geol. Assoc. 35 : 186 Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On the receipt of Dr. Arkell’s application, the question of the species to be accepted as the type species of the genus Arnioceras Hyatt, 1867, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 509. 3. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer in April 1951 and was published on 4th May 1951 in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Arkell, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 217—219). 4. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, 330 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 4th May 1951, both in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr. Arkell’s application was published, and also to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, Public Notice was given to certain palaeontological serial publications in Europe and America. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed. 5. Support received from Dr. D. T. Donovan (University of Bristol, Department of Geology, Bristol): On 28th May 1951, Dr. D. T. Donovan (University of Bristol, Department of Geology, Bristol) addressed a letter to the Commission commenting upon a number of applications, including the present one. The following is an extract from the foregoing letter of the passage in which Dr. Donovan indicated his support for the present application (Donovan, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 335—336) :— I write to comment on certain of the applications submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by Dr. W. J. Arkell and published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, vol. 2, Parts 6/8. I have been specialising in Liassic Ammonites for several years and have just completed an account of certain of them, while I am preparing revisions of two old monographs, namely Thomas Wright’s “ Mono- graph on the Lias Ammonites of the British Isles ’’ and Pierre Reynes’ ‘““Monographie des Ammonites’. Consequently, I am directly concerned with the effects of some of Dr. Arkell’s proposals. Page 217. Type Species of Arnioceras Hyatt, 1867 (Z.N.(S.) 509) I agree with Dr. Arkell’s proposals for the type species of this genus. 6. Support received from the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America: On 9th April 1952 there was received a large number of letters commenting on OPINION 307 331 various applications previously published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature from Professor G. Winston Sinclair (then of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.), Chairman of the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America. Included among these was a letter reporting that the Committee supported the present application by six votes to five. The foregoing letter was dated 18th February 1952, and its late receipt was apparently due to a decision to defer the despatch to the Commission of the letters containing comments by members of the Joint Committee until all the letters in question had been prepared. By the date on which this letter was received, the Prescribed Period of Public Notice had expired and the Voting Paper (V.P.(52)26) relating to this case had been prepared. It was therefore impossible to include in that Voting Paper a reference to Professor Sinclair’s letter, but, when the Voting Paper was despatched (24th April), a supplementary sheet containing the particulars furnished by Professor Sinclair was issued to the Members of the Commission, who were thus placed in possession of the views of the Joint Committee at the same time that they received the Voting Paper relating to the present case. The following is the text of Professor Sinclair’s letter :— The Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America has considered this question, and I wish to inform you that, being polled, they voted : To support the petition (six) : (1) Katherine V. W. Palmer ; (2) J. Marvin Weller ; (3) Bobb Schaeffer ; (4) Bryan Patterson ; (5) John B. Reeside, Jr. ; (6) R. C. Moore. To oppose the petition (five) : (1) Don L. Frizzell ; (2) A. Myra Keen ; (3) Siemon W. Muller ; (4) John W. Wells ; (5) G. Winston Sinclair. IIl—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 7. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)26: On 24th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)26) was issued in which the Members of 332 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “relating to the name Arnioceras Hyatt, 1867, as specified in Points (1) to (3) in paragraph 9 on page 219 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature” {i.e., in paragraph 9 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 8. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 24th July 1952. 9. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)26: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)26 at the close of the Prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following fifteen (15) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Calman; Hering; Dymond; Esaki; do Amaral; Hanko ; Bonnet ; Lemche ; Vokes ; Cabrera ; Pearson ; Bradley ; Boschma ; Mertens ; Hemming ; (b) Negative Votes had been given by two (2) Commissioners : Stoll ; Riley ; (c) Voting Paper not returned, one (1): Jaczewski. 10. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 25th July 1942, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)26, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph OPINION 307 333 9 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 11. On 22nd March 1954 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)26. 12. The following are the original references for the names placed on Official Lists by the Ruling given in the present Opinion :— Arnioceras Hyatt, 1867, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. 1 (No. 5) : 73 cuneiforme, Arnioceras, Hyatt, 1867, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. 1 (No. 5) : 73 13. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name” and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial”? appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “specific name” was substituted for the expression “ trivial name ” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 14. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International 334 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 15. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Three Hundred and Seven (307) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Second day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Bl ee ee Printed in England by Mercatre & Cooper Limirep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, cC™.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 25. Pp. 335—344 OPINION 308 Designation, under the Plenary Powers, of a type species in harmony with accustomed usage for Liparoceras Hyatt, 1867 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), a genus based upon a misidentified type species LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological ~ Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Five Shillings (All rights reserved) se ee Issued 6th December, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 308 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). ac J. R. DymMonD (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (A\st January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). - Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (1st January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscuMa (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948). Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948). Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948). Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). © Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JAcZEwskI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950). Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 308 DESIGNATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF A TYPE SPECIES IN HARMONY WITH ACCUSTOMED USAGE FOR ‘* LIPAROCERAS ” HYATT, 1867 (CLASS CEPHALOPODA, ORDER AMMONOIDEA), A GENUS BASED UPON A MISIDENTIFIED TYPE SPECIES RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers, (a) all type selections for the genus Liparoceras Hyatt, 1867 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) made prior to the present Ruling are hereby set aside, and (b) Liparoceras bronni Spath, 1938, is hereby designated to be the type species of the foregoing genus. (2) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 752: Liparoceras Hyatt, 1867 (gender : neuter) (type species, by designation, under the Plenary ae under (1)(b) above: Liparoceras bronni Spath, 1938). (3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 172: bronni Spath, 1938, as published im the combination Liparoceras bronni (specific name of type species, by designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (1)(b) above, of Liparoceras Hyatt, 1867). I—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 15th February 1951 Dr. W. J. Arkell (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) submitted the following application for the use by the International Commission, under the special procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 158— 159), of its Plenary Powers for the purpose of designating a type 338 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS species in harmony with accustomed usage for Liparoceras Hyatt, 1867 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), a genus based upon a misidentified type species :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to designate the type species of ‘* Liparoceras ’’ Hyatt, 1867, a genus based upon a misidentified type species (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) (Jurassic) By W. J. ARKELL, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) 1. The present application for the use by the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers to designate, as the type species of Liparoceras Hyatt, 1867 (Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. 1 (No. 5) : 83), a species other than that which would be type species under the Rég/es, is submitted under the procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, July, 1948 (see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 158—159) as that to be followed in the case of genera based upon misidentified type species. The facts of the case‘are as set forth below. 2. Hyatt (1867 : 83, 84) established the genus Liparoceras, in which he placed three nominal species, but for which he did not designate or indicate a type species. 3. One of the originally included species was cited as “‘ Liparoceras henleyi Hyatt’ in the synonymy of which Hyatt cited the following synonyms :— Ammonites henleyi Sowerby Nautilus striatus Reinecke Ammonites striatus Zieten Ammonites henleyi Bronn 4. Buckman (1911 : ii) selected as the type species of Liparoceras Hyatt what he referred to as “‘ Ammonites henleyi Hyatt, pars = A. striatus Bronn, 1838, pl. xxi, fig. 7’. Buckman explained that what Bronn, copying Zieten (1830 : pl. v, fig. 6), called “A. striatus’ was the same species as that cited by Hyatt as “ Ammonites henleyi Bronn ”’. In his later editions, Bronn (1851, ed. 3 : 373) referred figure 7 on his plate xxiii to Ammonites henleyi Sowerby. 5. Spath (1938: 43) accepted Buckman’s type selection for Liparoceras. He pointed out, however, that the species so selected was still without a valid name. There is no such specific name as Ammonites striatus Bronn, 1838, or Ammonites striatus Zieten, 1830, OPINION 308 339 both those authors having misidentified Nautilus striatus Reinecke, 1818 (which, in any case, is an invalid junior homonym of Nautilus striatus Sowerby (J.), 1817). Similarly, there is no such specific name as Ammonites henleyi Hyatt, 1867, Hyatt’s use of the trivial name henleyi being based upon a misidentification of Ammonites henleyi Sowerby (J.), 1817. Spath accordingly published the name Liparoceras bronni, basing this nominal species upon a holotype which he selected from the British Museum collection. As Spath did not base Liparoceras bronni upon Bronn’s figure of his “ Ammonites striatus’’—a course which would have made Liparoceras bronni Spath objectively identical with the species figures by Bronn—the trivial name bronni Spath is only subjectively applicable to Hyatt’s species. There is, however, no doubt as to the identity of the species to which Spath’s trivial name bronni is applicable ; that name is therefore the oldest available name for the species which Hyatt included in the genus Liparoceras under the misidentified name henleyi and which Buckman later selected as the type species of Liparoceras. 6. This is a clear case of a nominal genus based upon a misidentified type species, where the misidentification has been recognised by specialists and where the acceptance as the type species (of Liparoceras) of the species to which the name (Nautilus striatus Reinecke) cited by the author of the genus (Hyatt) correctly applies would lead to an undesirable change in current nomenclatorial practice. Accordingly, I ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature :— (1) under the procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology for determining the type species of a genus based upon a misidentified type species, to use its Plenary Powers (a) to set aside all selections of type species for the genus Liparoceras Hyatt, 1867, made prior to the proposed decision, and (b), having done so, to designate Liparoceras bronni Spath, 1938, to be the type species of the foregoing genus ; (2) to place the generic name Liparoceras Hyatt, 1867 (type species, as proposed in (1) above to be designated under the Plenary Powers : Liparoceras bronni Spath, 1938) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology (gender of generic name : neuter) ; (3) to place the trivial name bronni Spath, 1938, as published in the binominal combination Liparoceras bronni, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. References : Bronn, H. G., 1838. Lethea geognostica (ed. 2), Stuttgart Bronn, H. G., 1851, ibid. (ed. 3) 340 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Buckman, S.S., 1911. Yorkshire Type Ammonites, 1 Hyatt, A., 1867. “ Fossil Cephalopods in the Museum of Comparative Zoology ”. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. 1 (No. 5) : 83 Reinecke, J. C. M., 1818. Maris protogaei Nautilos et Argonautas .. descripsit ... J. C. M. Reinecke Sowerby, J., 1817. Mineral Conchology, 2 : 161 (Ammonites henleyi), 183 (Nautilus striatus) Spath, L. F., 1938. “* Catalogue of the Ammonites of the Liassic family Liparoceratidae’’. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London Zieten, C. H. von, 1830, Die Versteinerungen Wiirttembergs : pl. v, fig. 6 Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On the receipt of Dr. Arkell’s application, the question of the species to be accepted as the type species of the genus Liparoceras Hyatt, 1867, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 507. 3. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer in March 1951 and was published on 4th May 1951 in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Arkell, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 220—222). 4. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 4th May 1951, both in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr. Arkell’s application was published, and also to the other prescribed serial OPINION 308 341 publications. In addition, Public Notice was given to certain palaeontological serial publications in Europe and America. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed. 5. Support received from Dr. D. T. Donovan (University of Bristol, Department of Geology, Bristol): On 28th May 1951, Dr. D. T. Donovan (University of Bristol, Department of Geology, Bristol) addressed a letter to the Commission commenting upon a number of applications, including the present one. The following is an extract from the foregoing letter of the passage in which Dr. Donovan indicated his support for the present application (Donovan, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 335—336) :— JI write to comment on certain of the applications submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by Dr. W. J. Arkell and published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, vol. 2, Parts 6/8. I have been specialising in Liassic Ammonites for several years and have just completed an account of certain of them, while I am preparing revisions of two old monographs, namely Thomas Wright’s *“ Monograph on the Lias Ammonites of the British Islands”’ and Pierre Reynes’ ““ Monographie des Ammonites’’. Consequently, I am directly concerned with the effects of some of Dr. Arkell’s proposals. Page 220. Type species of Liparoceras Hyatt, 1867 (Z.N.(S.) 507) I agree with Dr. Arkell’s proposals for the type species of this genus. _ 6. Communication received from the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America: On 9th April 1952 there was received a large number of letters commenting on various applications previously published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature from Professor G. Winston Sinclair _ (then of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.), Chairman of the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America. Included among these was a letter reporting that the members of the Committee were equally divided for and against the present application. The foregoing letter was dated 18th February 1952, and its late receipt was apparently due to a decision to defer the despatch to the 342 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Commission of the letters containing comments by members of the Joint Committee until all the letters in question had been prepared. By the date on which this letter was received the Prescribed Period of Public Notice had expired and the Voting Paper (V.P.(52)27) relating to the present case had been prepared. It was therefore impossible to include in that Voting Paper a reference to Professor Sinclair’s letter, but, when the Voting Paper was despatched (24th April), a supplementary sheet containing the particulars furnished by Professor Sinclair was issued to the Members of the Commission, who were thus placed in possession of the views of the Joint Committee at the same time that they received the Voting Paper relating to the present case. The following is the text of Professor Sinclair’s letter :— The Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America has considered this subject, and I wish to inform you that, being polled, they voted : To support the petition (five) : (1) Katherine V. W. Palmer ; (2) J. Marvin Weller ; (3) Bryan Patterson ; (4) Bobb Schaeffer ; (5) John B. Reeside, Jr. To oppose the petition (five) : (1) Don L. Frizzell; (2) Siemon W. Muller; (3) A. Myra Keen ; (4) G. Winston Sinclair ; (5) John W. Wells. Ill—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 7. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)27: On 24th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)27) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “ relating to the the name Liparoceras Hyatt, 1867, as specified in Points (1) to (3) in paragraph 6 on page 221 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature” {i.e., in paragraph 6 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph - of the present Opinion]. 8. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 24th July 1952. OPINION 308 343 9. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)27: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)27 at the close of the Prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following sixteen (16) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Calman; Hering; Dymond; Esaki; do Amaral ; Hanko ; Bonnet ; Lemche ; Vokes ; Cabrera ; Pearson ; Bradley ; Boschma; Mertens; Hemming; Riley ; (b) A Negative Vote had been given by one (1) Commissioner : Stoll ; (c) Voting Paper not returned, one (1): Jaczewski. 10. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 25th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)27, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 9 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 11. On 22nd March 1954 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52) 27. 12. The following are the original references for the names placed on Official Lists in the Ruling given in the present Opinion :— bronni, Liparoceras, Spath, 1938, Cat. Ammon. Liass. Fam. Liparocerat. : 43 Liparoceras Hyatt, 1867, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. 1 (No. 5) : 83 344 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 13. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name ”’ and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the- word “ trivial’? appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression ‘ specific name” was substituted for the expression “ trivial name ” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 14. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly | hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 15. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Three Hundred and Eight (308) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Second day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MretcaLtre & Cooper Limitep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZQVOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c..G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 26. Pp. 345—354 OPINION 309 Designation, under the Plenary Powers, of a type species in harmony with accustomed usage for Normannites Munier-Chalmas, 1892 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), a genus based upon a misidentified type species THSON; 4S A eee = JAN 21 £59 LIBRARY A, LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Four Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 17th December, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 309 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944), Professor J. R. DyMoND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (Ast January 1944), Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (Ast January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948). Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948). Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948). Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RiILey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950). Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950). OPINION 309 DESIGNATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF A TYPE SPECIES IN HARMONY WITH ACCUSTOMED USAGE FOR ‘*‘ NORMANNITES ”’ MUNIER-CHALMAS, 1892 (CLASS CEPHALOPODA, ORDER AMMONOIDEA), A GENUS BASED UPON A MISIDENTIFIED TYPE SPECIES RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers, (a) all type selections for the genus Normannites Munier- Chalmas, 1892 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) made prior to the present Ruling are hereby set aside, and (b) Normannites orbignyi Buckman, 1908, is hereby designated to the type species of the foregoing genus. (2) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 753: Normannites Munier-Chalmas, 1892 (gender : masculine) (type species, by designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (1)(b) above: Normannites orbignyi Buckman, 1908). (3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 173: orbignyi Buckman, 1908, as published in the combination Normannites orbignyi (specific name of type species, by designation, under the Plenary Powers, under (1)(b) above). I—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 15th February 1951 Dr. W. J. Arkell (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) submitted the following application for the use by the International Commission, under the special procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 158— (159), of its Plenary Powers for the purpose of designating a type species in harmony with accustomed usage for Normannites GG@eaean Aa... * 348 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Munier-Chalmas, 1892 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammon aaa a genus based upon a misidentified type species : ae Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to designate a type species for ‘* Normannites ’’ Munier-Chalmas, 1892, a genus based upon a misidentified type species (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea) (Jurassic) By W. J. ARKELL, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) 1. The present application for the use by the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers to designate, as the type species of Normannites Munier-Chalmas, 1892 (Bull. Soc. géol. France (3) 20:C.R.: clxxii) (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), a species other than that which would be the type species under the Rég/es, is submitted under the procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, July 1948 (see 1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 158—159) as that to be followed in the case of genera based upon misidentified type species. 2. The facts of this case are simple. Munier-Chalmas, when first publishing the generic name Normannites, stated that the type species of this genus was Ammonites braikenridgei! d@Orbigny. The species so referred to is that figured by d’Orbigny in 1846 ( : 400, pl. 135, figs. 3, 4). 3. The difficulty in this case arises from the fact that d’Orbigny never published the name Ammonites braikenridgei as a new name, his use of that binominal combination being due to his having misidentified the species which he figured on his plate 135 (figs. 3, 4) with the previously described species Ammonites braikenridgei Sowerby, 1817 (Min. Conch. 2: 187). The genus Normannites Munier-Chalmas is thus a genus based upon a misidentified type species, that type species having been designated by the original author at the time of the first publication of the generic name. 4. Subsequent authors have followed Munier-Chalmas in treating the species figured by d’Orbigny (i.e., the species misidentified by d’Orbigny as Ammonites braikenridgei Sowerby) as the type species of Normannites and not the true Ammonites braikenridgei. The species figured by d’Orbigny remained without a name until Buckman, in 1927,” gave it the name Normannites orbignyi. 5. It is important from the point of view of securing stability in nomenclature that current nomenclatorial practice in this matter should 1 For a note on the orthography of this name see paragraph 10 of the present Opinion. 2 For Dr. Arkell’s correction of this date to 1908 see paragraph 11 of the present Opinion. ee ee er OPINION 309 349 be given a firm legal foundation. I accordingly submit the present application under the procedure prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology for adoption in cases such as the present. The application now submitted is that the International Commission on ~ Zoological Nomenclature should : (1) under the procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology for determining the type species of a genus based upon a misidentified type species, use its Plenary Powers (a) to set aside all selections of type species for the genus Normannites Munier-Chalmas, 1892, made prior to the proposed decision, and (b), having done so, to designate Normannites orbignyi Buckman, 1927, to be the type species of the foregoing genus ; (2) place the generic name Normannites Munier-Chalmas, 1892, (type species, as proposed in (1) above to be designated under the Plenary Powers: Normannites orbignyi Buckman, 1927) (gender of generic name: masculine) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ; (3) place the trivial name orbignyi Buckman, 1927, as published in the binominal combination Normannites orbignyi, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. References : Buckman, S. S., 1927. Type Ammonites 7 : pl. dccxxxiv. Orbigny, A. C.d’, 1846. Pal. frang., Terr. jurass. : 400, pl. 135, figs. 3, 4. Munier-Chalmas, E. C. P. A., 1892. “Sur la possibilité d’admettre un dimorphisme sexuel chez les Ammonitidés”’. Bull. Soc. géol. France (3) 20 C.R. : clxxii Sowerby, J., 1817. Mineral Conchology 2 : 187 Il.—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On the receipt of Dr. Arkell’s application, the question of the species to be accepted as the type species of the genus Normannites Munier-Chalmas, 1892, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 508. 3. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer in March 1951 and was published on 4th Mav 1951 in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin 350 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS of Zoological Nomenclature oar 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 222—223). 4. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 4th May 1951, both in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr. Arkell’s application was published, and also to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition Public Notice was given to certain palaeontological serial publications in Europe and America. The publication of these Notices elicited no objection to the action proposed during the Prescribed Period of Public Notice, but after the close of that period the objection reproduced in the immediately following paragraph was received in the Office of the Commission. 5. Objection received from the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America: On 9th April 1952 there was received a large number of letters commenting on various applications previously published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature from Professor G. Winston Sinclair (then of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.), Chairman of the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America. Included among these was a letter reporting that the members of the Committee were opposed to the present application by six votes to five. The foregoing letter was dated 18th February 1952, and its late receipt was apparently due to a decision to defer the despatch to the Commission of the letters containing comments by members of the Joint Committee until all the letters in question had been prepared. By the date on which this letter was received the Prescribed Period of Public Notice had expired and the Voting Paper (V.P.(52)28) relating to this case had been prepared. It was therefore impossible to include in that Voting Paper a reference to Professor Sinclair’s letter, but, when the Voting Paper was despatched (24th April), a supple- mentary sheet containing the particulars furnished by Professor Sinclair was issued to the Members of the Commission, who were thus placed in possession of the views of the Joint Committee OPINION 309 35% at the same time that they received the Voting Paper relating to the present case. The following is the text of Professor Sinclair’s letter :— The Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America has considered this subject, and I wish to inform you that, being polled, they voted : To support the petition (five) : (1) Katherine V. W. Palmer ; (2) J. Marvin Weller ; (3) Bobb Schaeffer ; (4) John B. Reeside, Jr.; (5) Bryan Patterson. To oppose the petition (six) : (1) R. C. Moore ; (2) A. Myra Keen ; (3) Don L. Frizzell ; (4) John W. Wells ; (5) Siemon W. Muller ; (6) G. Winston Sinclair. I1l—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 6. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)28: On 24th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)28) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “ relating to the name Normannites Chalmas-Munier, 1892, as specified in Points (1) to (3) in paragraph 5 on page 223 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature”? {i.e., in paragraph 5 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 7. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 24th July 1952. 8. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)28 : The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)28 at the close of the Prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following sixteen (16) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Calman; Hering; Dymond; Esaki; do Amaral ; Hank6o ; Bonnet ; Lemche ; Vokes ; Cabrera ; Pearson ; Bradley ; Boschma ; Mertens ; Hemming ; Riley ; (b) Negative Vote, one (1): Stoll ; 352 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (c) Voting Paper not returned, one (1) : Jaczewski. 9. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 25th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)28, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 8 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 10. Note on the correct form for a specific name formed in the genetive singular when based upon the modern patronymic of a man, where that patronymic ends with the letter “-e” as in the patronymic “ Braikenridge”’ : On 1st March 1954, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary to the Commission placed the following Minute on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 508 relating to the present case :— “Although under the decision taken by the Commission in the case of the generic name Normannites Munier-Chalmas, 1892, there is no longer a question of the type species of this genus being a species, the name of which is based upon the modern patronymic “ Braikenridge ’”’, it may be convenient for purposes of record to note the position in regard to such a name under the decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, when amending and clarifying the provisions of Article 14 of the Régles, for there might otherwise be a risk of misunderstanding on this subject. The Copenhagen Congress confirmed (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 51—52, Decision 86(1)(b)) as a mandatory provision the provision adopted by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 205—206) that a name based upon the modern patronymic of a man and formed in the genitive singular is to be formed by the addition of the termina- tion “-i” to the exact form of that patronymic. Under this decision such a name, if incorrectly formed, is, as a mandatory provision, subject to automatic correction by later authors (1953, ibid. : 53, Decision 87). Thus, a specific name based on the modern patronymic “ Braikenridge ’’, if published (as in the present case by d’Orbigny) in the incorrect form “ braikenridgii ” (i.e. with an “i” instead of an “e” as the penultimate vowel) OPINION 309 353 is subject to automatic correction to “ braikenridgei”. This case, it will be noted, is entirely distinct from the case where a specific name formed in the genitive singular and based upon the modern patronymic of a man ending in a consonant is formed with a termination consisting of a double “i” (as “‘ -1i’’) ; under a decision taken by the Copenhagen Congress (modifying a decision taken by the Paris (1948) Congress), the terminations “1” and “-ii”’ in such a case are permissible variants without nomenclatorial significance (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 54, Decision 91).”’ 11. Substitution of an earlier reference for the specific name “ Normannites orbignyi” Buckman: On 20th March 1954 Dr. Arkell notified the Secretary that although, as stated in the present application, the name Normannites orbignyi had been published by Buckman in 1927 as a new name for the nominal species since designated by the Commission under its Plenary Powers to be the type species of the genus Normannites Munier- Chalmas, 1892, it had since been ascertained that Buckman had previously bestowed the same name on the same species. This was in a paper published in 1908 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 1 : 146). The name so published was put forward as a substitute name (nom. noy.) for Ammonites braikenridgii d’Orbigny, 1846 : plate 135, figs. 3, 4 (nec Ammonites braikenridgii Sowerby (J.), 1817 (Min. Conch. 2 : 187)). Immediately upon the receipt of the foregoing communication, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed a Minute on the Commission File Z.N.(S.) 508, directing that the reference for the name Ammonites orbignyi Buckman to be given in the Ruling on the present case be corrected accordingly. In doing so, Mr. Hemming noted that in the circumstances disclosed by Dr. Arkell the holotype of the foregoing nominal species was the specimen figured by d’Orbigny on his plate 135 (figs. 3, 4) and not the specimen figured by Buckman in 1927. 12. On 22nd March 1954 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposals approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)28, subject to the correction specified in the Minute executed by the Secretary on 20th March 1954 (paragraph 11 above). 354 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 13. The following are the original references for the names placed on Official Lists by the Ruling given in the present Opinion :— Normannites Munier-Chalmas, 1892, Bull. Soc. géol. France (3) 20 C.R. : clxxii orbignyi, Normannites, Buckman, 1908, Ann. ‘Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 1 : 146. 14. The nominal genus Normannites Munier-Chalmas, 1892, is not the type genus of a family-group taxon and accordingly no question arises in the present case of placing any name on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology. 15. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name” and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial” appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “ specific name” was substituted for the expression “‘ trivial name ”’ and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 21). The changes i terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 16. The prescribed procedures were duly compuee with 6g the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is — accordingly rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 17. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Three Hundred and Nine (309) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Second day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by Metcatre & CoorEer LimITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 A’ OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER. NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C..G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 27. Pp. 355—364 OPINION 310 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the specific name virgula Deshayes, 1831, as published in the combination Gryphaea virgula (Class Pelecypodar (Jurassic) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Five Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 17th December, 1954 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 310 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DyYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (1st January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. VoKxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (Ast January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948). Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Zasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948). Dr. Henning LEMcHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948). Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RiLey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEwsKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950). OPINION 310 VALIDATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF THE SPECIFIC NAME ‘‘ VIRGULA ”’? DESHAYES, 1831, AS PUBLISHED IN THE COMBINATION ,‘‘ GRYPHAEA VIRGULA ” (CLASS PELECYPODA) (JURASSIC) RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers, the under- mentioned specific names are hereby suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy : (a) striata Smith, 1817, as published in the combination Chama striata; (b) angusta Lamarck, 1819, as published in the combination Gryphaea angusta. (2) The specific names specified in (1) above, as there suppressed under the Plenary Powers, are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology as Names Nos. 75 and 76 respectively. (3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 174: virgula Deshayes, 1831, as published in the combination Gryphaea virgula. I—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 28th February 1949 Dr. W. J. Arkell (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) suomitted an application for the use of the Plenary Powers to suppress certain little-used names for the purpose of providing a valid basis for the use of the specific name virgula Deshayes, 1831, as published in the com- bination Gryphaea virgula (Class Pelecypoda). Correspondence ensued between the Secretary and Dr. Arkell on certain points arising in connection with this application, but these were cleared fae 4 L2} @fasce 358 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS up on 2nd October 1950, when the following application was submitted to the Commission :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers for the Purpose of making the trivial name ‘‘virgula’’? Deshayes, 1831, as published in the binominal combination ‘‘ Gryphaea virgula’’ (Class Pele- cypoda) (Jurassic) the oldest available name for the species in question By W. J. ARKELL, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) 1. The small sickle-shaped oyster characteristic of the lower part of the Kimeridge Clay all over England and Europe has been known for about 130 years, in the literature of all languages, as Exogyra virgula Deshayes (=Gryphaea virgula Deshayes, 1831 ( : 90, pl. v, figs. 12, 13)). (The name Ostrea virgula, as published by Defrance, 1820, was intended to denote the same species, but the name, as then published, was a nomen nudum.) 2. The “‘ Marnes a Ostrea virgula ’’ have figured in French literature at least since 1833 (Thirria : 145), and the Virgulaschichten in German literature at least since 1864 (von Seebach : 56); and Thurmann’s Virgulian Stage (1852) has been adopted by many geologists. Exogyra virgula is the only name used for this species in all geological text-books of all languages. 3. In 1930, Dr. L. R. Cox discovered (Cox, 1930 : 298) that. the species named Exogyra virgula by Deshayes in 1831 had been named and briefly diagnosed, but not figured, by William Smith fourteen years earlier (1817 : 45) under the name Chama striata. The description was ‘* Oblong, elongated, curved, longitudinally striated ; striae irregular ”’, and two Kimeridge Clay localities were given. Two syntypes survive in the William Smith collection and Cox selected one of those as the lectotype and published a figure of it. There is also another long rejected trivial name which unfortunately has priority over the name virgula Deshayes, 1831; this is the name angusta Lamarck, 1819 ( : 200), as published in the binominal combinationeGryphaea angusta. - 4, On the advice of Dr. F. L. Kitchin, then Chief Palaeontologist of the Geological Survey, I continued to use the name Exogyra virgula in my Jurassic System (1933), and on the advice of his successor, Mr. C. P. Chatwin, I did the same in the official memoir on the type- area of the Kimeridge Clay (Arkell, 1947). 5. In view of the geological importance of this fossil and the length of time during which it has been known by the name Exogyra virgula and OPINION 310 359 the needless confusion and inconvenience which would arise if that name were to be discarded in favour of the totally neglected name bestowed upon it by William Smith, or by the equally neglected name angusta Lamarck, 1819, I recommend the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1) to suppress the trivial name striata Smith, 1817, as published in the binominal combination Chama striata, and angusta Lamarck, 1819, as published in the binominal combination Gryphaea angusta, (2) to place the foregoing trivial names on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, and (3) to place the trivial name virgula Deshayes, 1831, as published in the binominal combination Gryphaea virgula, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. References : Arkell, W. J., 1933. The Jurassic System in Great Britain Arkell, W. J., 1947. “ Geology of the country around Weymouth, Swanage, Corfe and Lulworth ”’, Mem. geol. Survey Cox, L. R., 1930. “‘ On British Fossils named by William Smith ”’, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 6 : 287 Wemance, Me JL (824. Dict. ‘Sct. nat., 22: 26 Deshayes, G. P., 1831. Coquilles caract. des Terrains Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de, 1819. Ajist. nat. Anim. s. Vertébr., 6 (1) : 200 Seebach, K. von, 1864. Der Hannoversche Jura Smith, W., 1817. Stratigraphical System of Organised Fossils Thirria, 1833. Statisque de la Haute Sadne Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application : On the receipt of Dr. Arkell’s application, the question whether the Plenary Powers should be used for the purpose of providing a valid basis for the use of the specific name virgula Deshayes, 1831, as published in the combination Gryphaea virgula (Class Pelecypoda) was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 407. 360 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 3. Support received from Dr. L. R. Cox (British Museum (Natural History), London) : On 11th September 1950 Dr. L. R. Cox (British Museum (Natural History), London) wrote the following letter in support of the present application :— Thank you for your letter of 23rd August referring to the application for the protection of the names Gryphaea virgula and Pecten asper. Certainly the two names to which the present applications relate are so well known that they should be among the first to be protected. 4. Publication of the present application: The present application together with Dr. Cox’s comment, was sent to the printer in December 1950. These were published on 4th May 1951 in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Arkell, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2.; 234—235 ; Cox, 1951, wbid: 2.238). 5. Issue of Public Notices : Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 4th May 1951, both in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr. Arkell’s application was published, and also to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, Public Notice was given to certain palaeontological serial publications in Europe and America. The publication of these Notices elicited the three comments which are reproduced in the immediately following paragraphs. 6. Support received from Dr. R. Ph. Dollfus (Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris): On 25th June 1951, Dr. R. Ph. Dollfus (Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris) submitted to the Commission a letter commenting upon a number of current applications. The following is an extract from the foregoing letter of the passage in which Dr. Dollfus indicated his support for the present application (Dollfus, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 212) :-— Je suis pour la conservation de Gryphaea virgula Deshayes, 1831. et Pecten asper Lamarck, 1819. OPINION 310 361 7. Objection received from Professor Dr. C. R. Boetiger (Natur- Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Senckenberg-Anlage, Frankfurt A. M., Germany): On 27th August 1951, Professor Dr. C. R. Boettger (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Senckenberg-Anlage, Frankfurt a. M.) submitted to the Commission, through Professor Dr. Robert Mertens of the same Institution, a statement in which he commented upon a number of applications then before it. The following is an extract from the foregoing statement of the passage in which Dr. Boettger expressed himself as being opposed to the present application :— Ich bin in diesem Fall fiir strikte Durchfiihrung der Prioitét und halte ee Abweichung von den Nomenklaturregeln nicht fiir unbedingt notwendig, da doch schon in vielen Fallen Namen von Arten durch altere ersetzt werden mussten. 8. Communication received from the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America: On 9th April 1952 there was received a large number of letters com- menting on various applications previously published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature from Professor G. Winston Sinclair (then of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.), Chairman of the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America. Included among these was a letter reporting that the members of the Committee were equally divided on the present application, five being in favour of it and five being against it. The foregoing letter was dated 6th February 1952, and its late receipt was apparantly due to a decision to defer the despatch to the Commission of the letters containing comments by members of the Joint Committee until all the letters in question had been prepared. By the date on which this letter was received, the Prescribed Period of Public Notice had expired and the Voting Paper (V.P.(52)30) relating to this case had been prepared. It was therefore impossible to include in that Voting Paper a reference to Professor Sinclair’s letter, but, when the Voting Paper was despatched (on 24th April), a supple- mentary sheet containing the particulars furnished by Professor Sinclair was issued to the Members of the Commission, who were thus placed in possession of the views of the members of the Joint Committee at the same time that they received the Voting 362 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Paper relating to the present case. The following is the text of Professor Sinclair’s letter :— The Joint Committeee on Zollogical Nomenclature for Paleontology in America has considered this subject, and I wish to inform you that, being polled, they voted : To support the petition (five) : (1) Katherine V. W. Palmer; (2) Bobb Schaeffer ; (3) Bryan Patterson; (4) J. Marvin Weller; (5) John B. Reeside, Jr. To oppose the petition (1): Don L. Frizzell; (2) A. Myra Keen; (3) Siemon W. Muller ; (4) John W. Wells ; (5) G. Winston Sinclair. IIl—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 9. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)30: On 24th April 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)30) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “relating to the name virgula Deshayes, 1831, as published in the combination Gryphaea virgula, as specified in Points (1) to (3) at the top of page 235 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature’? [i.e., in the last paragraph of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 10. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 24th July 1952. 11. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)30: The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)30 at the close of the Prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following seventeen (17) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Calman; Hering; Dymond; Esaki; do Amaral ; Hanko ; Bonnet ; Lemche ; Vokes ; Cabrera ; Pearson ; Bradley; Boschma; Stoll; Mertens; Hemming; Riley ; OPINION 310 363 (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Paper not returned, one (1) : Jaczewski. 12. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 25th July 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)30, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 11 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the fore- going Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 13. On 23rd March 1954 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)30. 14. The following are the original references for the names placed on the Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Opinion :— angusta, Gryphaea, Lamarck, 1819, Hist. nat. Anim. sans Vertébr. 6 (1) : 200 striata, Chama, Smith (W.), 1817, Strat. Syst. organ Foss. : 45 virgula, Gryphaea, Deshayes, 1831, Descr. Coquilles caract. Terrains : 90 pl. v, figs. 12, 13 15. As the present case is concerned only with certain specific names and no question of the status of generic names is involved, the question of placing names on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology does not arise. 16. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name ”’ and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific 364 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial” appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “ specific name” was substituted for the expression “trivial name” and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl.: 21). The changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 17. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 18. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Three Hundred and Ten (310) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Third day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by Mercatre & Cooper LimiTep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B-E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 28. Pp. 365—374 OPINION 311 Validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the specific name asper Lamarck, 1819, as published in the combination Pecten asper (Class Pelecypoda) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1954 Price Five Shillings (All rights reserved) eal alee ber o54 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN OPINION 311 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). Professor J. R. DYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (1st January 1944). Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CaLMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (\st January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) ([st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th ini 1948). Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr, Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948). Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copénhicen Denmark) (27th July 1948). Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RILeEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEwski (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950). Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950). : Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINION 311 VALIDATION, UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS, OF THE SPECIFIC NAME ‘* ASPER’”’ LAMARCK, 1819, AS PUBLISHED IN THE COMBINATION ‘ PECTEN ASPER ”’ (CLASS PELECYPODA) RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers, the under- mentioned specific names are hereby suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy: (a) scaber Pulteney, 1813, as published in the combination Pecten scaber; (b) tri- plicatus Pulteney, 1813, as published in the combination Pecten triplicatus. (2) The specific names specified in (1) above, as there suppressed under the Plenary Powers, are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology as Name Nos. 78 and 79 respectively. (3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 175: asper Lamarck, 1819, as published in the combination Pecten asper. I—THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 28th February 1949 Dr. W. J. Arkell (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) submitted an application for the use of the Plenary Powers to suppress certain little-used names for the purpose of providing a valid basis for the use of the specific name asper Lamarck, 1819, as published in the combina- tion Pecten asper (Class Pelecypoda). Correspondence ensued between the Secretary and Dr. Arkell on certain points arising hbm@ae oc Mm Lt = , 2. 368 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS in connection with this application, but these were cleared up on 23rd August 1950, when the following application was submitted to the Commission :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers for the purpose of making the trivial name ‘‘asper’’ Lamarck, 1819, as published in the binominal combination ‘‘ Pecten asper ’’, (Class Pelecypoda) the oldest available name for the species in question By W. J. ARKELL, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University, Cambridge) 1. Pecten asper Lamarck (1819: 167, 180) is a common and characteristic fossil of the Upper Greensand all over England and Europe. For 130 years it has been known by no other name. 2. This name was used as a zonal index by Barrois (1876 : 14), since when the Zone of Pecten asper has appeared in numerous text-books and in the official memoirs of the Geological Survey, especially the great stratigraphical memoir on the Cretaceous rocks (Jukes-Browne, 1900 : 62, etc.) and in Woods’ monograph on the British Cretaceous Lamellibranchia ( : 186, pls. xxxv—vi). 3. In 1940, Dr. L. R. Cox discovered (Cox, 1940 : 125) that the species named Pecten asper by Lamarck in 1819 had been described and figured six years earlier in an obscure publication by Pulteney (1813 : 107, 108, figs. 4, 5) as Pecten scaber and Pecten triplicatus. He adopted the former name on account of page priority, and it appears to be the valid name. 4. Although the fossil Pecten asper has been superseded by an ammonite as a better zonal index, it is still an important stratigraphical fossil, and it occupies a place in the history of stratigraphy which makes a change of name at this late date extremely undesirable as being calculated to cause confusion in nomenclature without serving any useful purpose. 5. I accordingly ask the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1) to use its Plenary Powers to suppress the trivial names scaber Pulteney, 1813, as published in the binominal combination Pecten scaber, and triplicatus Pulteney, 1813, as published in the binominal combination Pecten triplicatus, (2) to place the foregoing trivial names on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, and (3) to place the trivial name asper OPINION 311 369 Lamarck, 1819, as published in the binominal combination Pecten asper, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology. References : Barrois, C., 1876. Recherches sur le terrain crétacé supérieur de l’ Angleterre et de I’Irlande, Lille Cox, L. R., 1940. “Cretaceous Mollusca described by R. Pulteney in the second edition of Hutchins’ History of Dorset (1813) ”’, Proc. malacol. Soc., Lond. 24 : 121 Jukes-Browne, A. J., 1900. “‘ Cretaceous Rocks of Britain ’’, vol. 1, Mem. geol. Survey Lamarck, J. P. B., 1819. “* Hist. nat. Anim. sans Vertébr.”’, 6 (1) : 167, 180 Pulteney, R., 1813. ‘‘ Catalogue of the birds, shells, and some of the more rare plants of Dorsetshire”’, in Hutchins’ History of Dorset (ed. 2) Woods, H., 1899—1903. ‘‘ A monograph of the Cretaceous lamelli- branchia of England ’’ (Palaeontographical Soc.) Il.—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application: On the receipt of Dr. Arkell’s application, the question whether the Plenary Powers should be used for the purpose of providing a valid basis for the use of the specific name asper Lamarck, 1819, as published in the combination Pecten asper (Class Pelecypoda) was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 408. 3. Support received from Dr. L. R. Cox (British Museum (Natural History), London) : On 11th September 1950 Dr. L. R. Cox (British Museum (Natural History), London) wrote the following letter in support of the present application :— Thank you for your letter of 23rd August referring to the application for the protection of the names Gryphaea virgula and Pecten asper. 370 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Certainly the two names to which the present applications relate are so well known that they should be among the first to be protected. 4. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion, together with Dr. Cox’s comment, was sent to the printer in December 1950. These were published on 4th May 1951 in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Arkell, 1951, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 2 : 236—237 ; Cox, 1951, ibid. 2 : 238). | 5. Issue of Public Notices: Under the revised arrangements approved by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 4th May 1951, both in Triple-Part 6/8 of volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part in which Dr. Arkell’s application was published, and also to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, Public Notice was given to certain palaeontological serial publications in Europe and America. The publication of these Notices elicited the three comments which are reproduced in the immediately following paragraphs. 6. Support received from Dr. R. Ph. Dollfus (Muséum National ad’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris): On 25th June 1951, Dr. R. Ph. Dollfus (Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris) submitted to the Commission a letter commenting upon a number of current applications. The following is an extract from the foregoing letter of the passage in which Dr. Dollfus indicated his support for the present application (Dollfus, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 212) :— Je suis pour la conservation de Gryphaea virgula Deshayes, 1831, et Pecten asper Lamarck, 1819. 7. Objection received from Professor Dr. C. R. Boettger (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Senckenberg- Anlage, Frankfurt a. M., Germany): On 27th August 1951, Professor Dr. C. R. Boettger (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs- Institut Senckenberg, Senckenberg-Anlage, Frankfurt a. M.) submitted to the Commission, through Professor Dr. Robert Mertens of the same Institution, a statement in which he OPINION 311 371 commented upon a number of applications then before it. The following is an extract from the foregoing statement of the passage in which Dr. Boettger expressed himself as being opposed to the present application :— Auch in diesem Fall halte ich eine Abweichung von den Nomen- klaturregeln nicht fiir unbedingt notwendig und bin fiir strikte Durchfithrung der Prioritat. 8. Communication received from the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America: On 9th April 1952 there was received a large number of letters commenting on various applications previously published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature from Professor G. Winston Sinclair (then of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.), Chairman of the Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America. Included among these was a letter reporting that the members of the Committee were equally divided on the present application, five being in favour of it and five being against it. The foregoing letter was dated 6th February 1952, and its late receipt was apparently due to a decision to defer the despatch to the Commission of the letters containing comments by members of the Joint Committee until all the letters in question had been prepared. By the date on which this letter was received, the Prescribed Period of Public Notice had expired and the Voting Paper (V.P.(52)31) relating to the present case had been prepared. It was therefore impossible to include in that Voting Paper a reference to Professor Sinclair’s letter, but when the Voting Paper was despatched (on 9th May), a supplementary sheet containing the particulars furnished by Professor Sinclair was issued to the Members of the Commission, who were thus placed in possession of the views of the members of the Joint Committee at the same time that they received the Voting Paper relating to the present case. The following is the text of Professor Sinclair’s letter :— The Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleontology in America has considered this subject, and I wish to inform you that, being polled, they voted : To support the petition (five) : (1) Katherine V. W. Palmer ; (2) Bobb Schaeffer ; (3) Bryan Patterson ; (4) J. Marvin Weller ; (5) John B. Reeside, Jr. To oppose the petition (five): (1) Don L. Frizzell; (2) Siemon W. Muller; (3) A. Myra Keen; (4) John W. Wells ; (5) G. Winston Sinclair. 372 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS IIJ.—THE DECISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 9. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(52)31: On 9th May 1952, a Voting Paper (V.P.(52)31) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, the proposal “ relating to the name asper Lamarck, 1819, as published in the combination Pecten asper, as specified in Points (1) to (3) in paragraph 5 at the foot of page 236 in volume 2 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ”’ {i.e., paragraph 5 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Opinion]. 10. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 9th August 1952. 11. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)31 : The state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(52)31 at the close of the Prescribed Voting Period was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following sixteen (16) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Hering; Dymond; Calman; MHanko; Bonnet; Lemche; Vokes; do Amaral; Pearson; Bradley ; Boschma ; Hemming; Esaki; Riley ; Mertens ; Stoll ; (b) Negative Vote, one (1): Cabrera ; (c) Voting Paper not returned, one (1): Jaczewski. 12. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 10th August 1952, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(52)31, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph OPINION 311 373 11 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the fore- going Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 13. On 23rd March 1954 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Opinion and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commis- sion in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(52)31. 14. The following are the original references for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Opinion :— asper, Pecten, Lamarck, 1819, Hist. nat. Anim. sans Verteébr. 6 (1) : 167, 180 scaber, Pecten, Pulteney, 1813, in Hutchins’ History of Dorset (ede 2) = 107, fic. 4 triplicatus, Pecten, Pulteney, 1813, in Hutchins’ History of Dorset (ed) 2).< 108, fig. 5 15. As the present case is concerned only with certain specific names and no question of the status of generic names is involved, the question of placing names on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology does not arise. 16. At the time of the adoption of the Ruling given in the present Opinion, the expression prescribed for the second portion of the binomen which constitutes the scientific name of a species was the expression “ trivial name ” and the Official List reserved for recording such names was styled the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology, the word “ trivial” appearing also in the title of the Official Index reserved for recording rejected and invalid names of this category. Under a decision taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the expression “‘ specific name” was substituted for the expression “trivial name’ and corresponding changes were made in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of such names (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl.: 21). The 374 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS changes in terminology so adopted have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Opinion. 17. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Opinion is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 18. The present Opinion shall be known as Opinion Three Hundred and Eleven (311) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Third day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Four. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING NOTE TO SUBSCRIBERS The present volume [Volume 8] will be complete on the publica- tion of Part 29 containing the indexes, title page, etc. This concluding Part is now in course of preparation, and will, it is hoped, be published at an early date. The volume preceding this volume, namely Volume 7, will be published on 28th December, 1954. ee Printed in England by Mretcatre & Cooper Limirep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 29. (Concluding Part) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Nineteen Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 27th June, 1955 J ; INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE OPINIONS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESENT VOLUME A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), ¥ Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England). : President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). ages J. R. DyMonpD (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (Ast January Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Bale Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (1st January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. Sto. (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (Ast January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van WNatuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948). Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948). Dr. Henning LemcuHe (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, esd (27th July 1948). Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh RiLey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950). ; Professor Robert. MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, a Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C™.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 8. Part 29. Pp. 375—404 (also published with this Part : T.P.—XIII) CONTENTS Corrigenda ; Index to Authors of Applications dealt with in the present volume and of comments on those Applications ; Subject Index ; Particulars of the dates of publication of the several Parts in which the present volume was published ; Instructions to Binders Also published with this Part: Title Page, Foreword ; Table of Contents. LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1955 Price Nineteen Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 27th June, 1955 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE OPINIONS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESENT VOLUME A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England). President : (Vacant). Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England). B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology). Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (Vice-President) (Ast January 1944). : Professor J. R. DyMoND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (\st January~ 1944). : Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (28th March 1944). Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (23rd April 1944). Dr. William Thomas CALMAN (Coulsdon, Surrey, England) (Ast January 1947). Professor Béla HANKO (Békéscsaba, Hungary) (1st January 1947). Dr. Norman R. Stott (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (st January 1947). Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van NCEE? Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ast January. 1947). Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (Eva Peron, F.C.N.G.R., Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (Secretary) (27th July 1948). Dr. Joseph PEARSON (Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) (27th July 1948). Dr. Henning Lemcue (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948). Professor Teiso ESAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950). Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950). Mr. Norman Denbigh Riey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950). Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Department of Systematic Zoology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950). Professor Robert MerRTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950). Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950). Volume 8 377 Corrigenda pages 15—26 : substitute “‘ Jordan and Rothschild ”’ for ““ Rothschild and Jordan ” where- ever these names occur in this order. page 91. Ruling (1) line 4: substitute “‘ Homonymy’”’ for “‘ Priority”’. page 118. Ruling (3) line 15 : substitute “‘ Storthodon”’ for “* Storhodon’”’. page 212. Ruling (4) line 15 : substitute “* turritus ” for “‘ turritis”’. page 275. Ruling (2) line 7 : substitute “‘ Perisphinctes ’’ for “* Perisphinctus”’. page 275. Ruling (2) line 9 : cancel corrigendum slip. (Note : The correction in question was incorporated in the text on the final proof.) Volume 8 379 INDEX TO AUTHORS OF APPLICATIONS DEALT WITH IN *“OPINIONS ” 284 TO 311 AND OF COMMENTS ON THOSE APPLICATIONS Page Alexander, F. Elizabeth S. .. 174, 183—190 Amsden, T. W. 171—173, 191 Arkell, W. J. 126, 240—241, 252—254, 264—267, 276— 279, 288—290, 300—305, 316—318, 326—329, 338— 340, 348—349, 358—359, 368—369 Baily, J. L., Jr. 55, 69, 175, 228 Bairstow, L. a oe SWS Balfour-Browne, J. .. 76—81 Balfour-Browne, W. A. F. 83— 84 Balss, H. 138, 149—150, 161 Benson, R. B. 92—93 Bigelow, R. P. 150—151, 162 Boettger, C. R. 55—56, Worsel 310371 Bradley, J. C. _. 910, 108 Brnck, P. .. ne .. 84 Page Carvalho, J.C. M. .. a 205 Casey, R. 291—292, 307 Charles, Sir J. iid S20 China, W. E. 202—203, 218 Clark, A. H. Aiea) Cooper, G. A. = pe ly Corbet, S. 32—35 Cox, L. R. 119—125, 360, 369—370 Dollfus, R. Ph. 55, 69, 306—307, 360, 370 Donovan, D. T. 306, 330, 341 Essig, O, E. =. ne a gO Fennah, R. G. 218—219 Field, W. D. 42—43 Fox, H. M. 66—76 380 Opinions and Declarations Page Frizzell, D. L. 127, 175—176, 193—194, 244245, 268, 280—281, 292—293, 308— 309, 319—320, 330—331, 341—342, 350—351, 361— 362, 371 Gisin, H. 103—106 Gordon, Isobel 139s lois 162—163 Giinther, K. sin 55 2H) Gurney, A. B. 213—217 Gurney, Re. a .. 148 Hemming, F. st 10—11, 20—23, 36—38, 43—44, 46—47, 85, 109—112, 220— 227, 232—233 Hering, E. M. 24, 41 Hincks, W. D. ae 4—5 Holder, H. 243—244, 280, 292, 307—308 Holthuis, L. B. 134— 136, 146—147, 158—159 Joint Committee on Zoological Nomenclature for Paleon- tology in America 127—128, 175—176, 193—194, 244— 245, 256, 268, 280—281, 292—293, 308—309, 319— 320, 330—331, 341—342, 350—351, 361—362, 371 Page Jordan, K. 17—19 Keen, A. M. .. 127, 175—176, 193—194, 244-245, 256, 268, 280—281, 292—293, 308—309, 319—320, 330— 331, 341—342, 350—351, 361—362, 371 v. Kéler, S. 204—205 Kevan, D. K. McE. 229—231 Lambert, R. apy .. 94 Lemche, H. 52—54 Ludbrook, Mrs. N. H. 56—60 Moore, R. C. 127, 193—194, 244245, 256, 280—281, 308—309, 319—320, 330— 331, 350—351 Muesebeck, C.F. Was 7—8 Muller, S. W. 127, 175—176, 193—194, 244—245, 256, 268, 280—281, 292—293, 308— 309, 319—320, 330—331, 341—342, 350—351, 361— 362, 37 Palmer, K. V. W. «.. 127i i3=5 176, 193—194, 244245, 256, 268, 280° 081 "2gam™ 293, 308-309, | 319aligom 330—331, 341-=3400nesqem 351, 3613620 om Passos, C. F. dos 39—40 Volume 8 381 Page Patterson, B. 127, 175—176, 193—194, 244—245, 256, 268, 280—281, 292—293, 308—309, 319—320, 330— 331, 341—342, 350—351, 361—362, 371 Peck, O. Bi a .. 94 Peus, F. v a See a inceside, J. B:, Ix. 127, 175—176, nos 1945 244745, 256, MGs, 280—281|, . 292 —293. 308—309, 319—320, 330— 331, 341—342, 350—351, 361—362, 371 Renter IR. .. an oul 4 Riley, N. D. .. oe a 108 St. Joseph, J. E. 191—192 Schaeffer, B. .. 127, 175—176, 193—194, 244245, 256, 268, 280—281, 292—293, 308—309, 319—320, 330— 331, 341—342, 350—351, 361—362, 371 Schmidt, H. .. we ie AOS Sinclair, G. W. 127, 175—176, 193194, 244245, 256, 268, 280—281, 308—309, 319—320, 330—331, 341— 342, 350—351, 361—362, 371 Page Sollaud, E. 138—139, 150, 161—162 Tottenham, C. E. 241—242 Uvarov, B. P. 219—220 Weller, J. M. 127, 193—194, 244—245, 256, 268, 280— 281, 292—293, 308—309, 330—331, 341—342, 350— 351, 361—362, 371 Wells, J. W. .. 127, 175—176, 193—194, 244—245, 256, 268, 280—281, 292—293, 308—309, 319—320, 330— 331, 341—342, 350—351, 361—362, 371 Winckworth, R. be 2 SO Wright, C. W. 29155307 Zariquiey, R. ne nl 9, Volume 8 383 SUBJECT INDEX Page Acanthocnema Becker, 1894 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 713, with aa nigrimana Zetterstedt, 1846, as type species Xe : a 91 gender of name .. Ss oa 3 ate Bie 25 Ae ae ae 91 Acanthocnema Costa (A.), 1859 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the PERE RSES of both the Law of ok and the Law of Homonymy a8 t 91 placed on the Official Index a poe and Invalid Generic Names in Coa with Name No. 103 .. as ue aa 91 Acantholyda Costa, 1894 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 714, with Tenthredo cea O- cephala Linnaeus, 1758, as type species . se : : : 91 gender of name .. Be ahs ae x xe it a iad ai 91 Acheta Fabricius, 1775 (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 735, with oo domesticus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species é ‘ eel 2 gender of name .. es Bes Be a a Be b. ns eee DT Acheta Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 130 nape 2 Acrida Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), as published as a subgeneric name by Linnaeus in 1758 in volume 1 of the 10th Edition of the Systema Naturae, validation of, under the Plenary Powers, with Gryllus turritus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species me ae 58 ae a a ae os a6 eee ead a gender of name .. 5% a i ae oh a es ia ee 2M placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 736 .. 211 Actaletes Giard, 1889 (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 715, with Actaletes De Giard, 1889, as type species ie 3 ; 101 gender of name 101 aequinoctialis Lund, 1793, as published in the combination Scyllarus aequinoctialis (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), meee? on the Ne List of RPEONS Names in Zoology with Name No. 137 133 ajax Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Papilio ajax (Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Hononymy . se ras ail placed on the Official Index ay eee and Invalid eee Names in eee, with Name No. 68 .. 3 31 384 Opinions and Declarations albinus Nicolet, 1842, as published in the combination Cyphoderus albinus (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), ples on the ue List te porci Names in Zoology with Name No. 123 .. : ambulans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Podura ambulans (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), tae on the ee List 2 pean Names in Zoology with Name No. 124 .. ; Ammonites Bruguiére, 1789 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy : as ae a be placed on the Official Index a Aes and Invalid Generic Names in Me with Name No. 157 .. angusta Lamarck, 1819, as published in the combination Gryphaea angusta (Class Pelecypoda), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy.. ue a3 placed on the Official Index a ee and Invalid pee Names in Zoology with Name No. 76 .. antarctica Lubbock, 1876, as published in the combination Tullbergia antarctica (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), places on the ae aus List os Apeeie) Names in Zoology with Name No. 125. Aphidius Nees, 1818 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoey with Name No. 709 ; with see avenae meee 1834, as type species bas : gender of name aquaticus Bourlet, 1842, as published in the combination Sminthurus aquaticus (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), piace on the aE List er Speci Names in Zoology with Name No. 126 .. ; Arietites Waagen, 1869 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 749, with Ammonites bucklandi Sowerby (J.), 1816, as type species . gender of name Arisphinctes Buckman, 1924 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 750, with Arispine, ariprepes Buckman, 1924, as type species : gender of name Arnioceras Hyatt, 1867 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), all type selections for, set aside under the Plenary Powers, and Arnioceras cuneiforme Hyatt, 1867, designated as type species ee oo ; : su st bee gender of name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 751 Page 102 102 299 299 B)5)// 350: 102 102 299 299 315 315 323 325 328 Volume 8 asper Lamarck, 1819, as published in the combination Pecten asper (Class Pele- cypoda), placed « on the douse List a puceilie Names in maz ealoey, with Name No. 175 3 ater Linnaeus, 1758, Cimex (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), designation of, under the Plenary Powers, to be the type species of Capsus Fabricius, 1803 ae =e placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 143 Aulacostephanus Tornquist, 1896 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), all type selections for, set aside under the Plenary Powers, and Ammonites pseudo- mutabilis de Loriol, 1874, designated as type species. . ; a me 5% gender of name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 743 aurigerus Oppel, 1857, as published in the combination Ammonites aurigerus (Class Cephalopoda, Order ee: Bee on the Seer List a Bree Names in Zoology with Name No. 161. aurita Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cicada aurita (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), plcet on the halons List a eis Names in eee with Name No. 144... avenae Haliday, 1834, Aphidius (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera), under the Plenary Powers, to be the type species of Aphidius Nees, 1818 a placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 115 bifrons Bruguiére, 1789, as published in the combination Ammonites bifrons (Ciass Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), eres on the cae List of Sais Names in Zoology with Name No. 168. bilocularis Hisinger, 1799, as published in the combination Anomia bilocularis (Class Brachiopoda), placed on the ee List a) gles Names in eee, with Name No. 140 ae Bourletiella Banks, 1899 (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 716, with Sminthurus hortensis Fitch, 1863, as type species ae ne a as a ae me gender of name brongniarti Sowerby (J.), 1817, as published in the combination Ammonites brongni- arti (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), ee on the aaa List gi Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 158 : bronni Spath, 1938, Liparoceras (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), designa- tion of, under the naa Powers, to be the lee species of Liparoceras Hyatt, 1867 a : me te ; ae ae placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 172 385 Page 367 201 201 263 263 263 251 212 287 182 101 101 239 337 337 386 Opinions and Declarations bucklandi Sowerby (J.), 1816, as published in the combination Ammonites bucklandi (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), Bee on the ce List a Spe Names in Zoology with Name No. 169.. Bulla Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 131 Ee Capsus Fabricius, 1803 (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), all type selections for, set aside under the Se! Powers, and Cimex ater Linnaeus, 1758, ca as type species : ec ane a Se ae 5 : ses gender of name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 734 Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1838 (Class Lamellibranchiata), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 112 2h Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1840] (Class Lamellibranchiata), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the DEED OSes both of the Law of ee and of the Law of Homonymy ; : placed on the Official Index ab ee ee and Invalid Generic Names in ee with Name No. 109 .. Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841] (Class Lamellibranchiata), as published on page 207 of the German Edition of Sowerby’s Mineral Conchology, validation of, under the Plenary Powers, with Unio listeri Sowerby (J.), 1817, as type species gender of name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 728 Cardinia Roemer, 1839 (Class Lamellibranchiata), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy placed on the Official Index a TENE and Invalid Generic Names in Fey with Name No. 108 .. cincta Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Podura cincta (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), Be on the See List uae aa aes Names in pe oY with Name No. 127. coburgensis Berger, 1833, as published in the combination Thalassides coburgensis, suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of foe but not for those of the Law of Homonymy . : ee Bo ae : placed on the Official Index a eBeie sted and Invalid Emcee Names in Zoaieey with Name No. 73... Conchidium Hisinger, 1799 (Class Brachiopoda), placed on the Official Index oi Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 123 ea Conchidium Wahlenberg, 1821 (Class Brachiopoda), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 125 Pa Page 299 212 201 201 201 118 117 117 117 {NI 7/ 117 Ly 117 102 117 118 182 182 Volume 8 Conchidium Bronn, 1848 (Class Brachiopoda), placed on the cee Index of Bejeacd and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 124 . Conchidium Oehlert, 1887 SS paacnopeds), validation of, under the Elo - Powers placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 732, with Anomia bilocularis Hisinger, 1799, as type species .. gender of name cotovui Simionescu, 1907, as published in the combination Perisphinctes cotovui (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), placed: on the Oficial’ List a DEORE Names in Zoology with Name No. 170. . Ctenopsyllus Kolenati, 1863 (Class Insecta, Order Siphonaptera), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 98 cuneiforme Wyatt, 1867, Arnioceras (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), designation of, under the plea Powers, to be the type oc of Arnioceras Hyatt, 1867 ae ate placed on the Official ieee of Snecie oro in Renee with Nanas No. 171 curvicollis Bourlet, 1839, as published in the combination Lepidocyrtus curvicollis (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), pies on the eee List oe BECCRS Names in Zoology with Name No. 128. Cyphodeirus (Invalid Original Spelling of Cyphoderus) Nicolet, 1842 (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), placed on the Official Index a Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 104.. Cyphoderus (emend. of Cyphodeirus) Nicolet, 1842 (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 717, with Cyphoderus albinus Nicolet, 1842, as type species gender of name Dihora [Anon.], 1842 (Class Lamellibranchiata), placed on the oie Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 115. domesticus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gryllus domesticus (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), pie’ on the eee List Ber Spegned Names in Zoology with Name No. 145 : Ellipsolithes Montfort, 1808 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the Durpeses of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy ‘ cae me ye me _ placed on the Official Index ah Baca and Invalid Generic Names in Footy with Name No. 155 .. Erichthus Latreille, 1817 (Class Crustacea, Order Stomatopoda), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy ee ee e ae = se placed on the Official Index a cata and Invalid Generic Names in ZOO with Name No. 121 387 Page 182 181 181 181 SHS) 17 325 325 102 102 101 101 118 212 287 287 145 145 388 Opinions and Declarations erythrocephala Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Tenthredo erythro- cephala (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera), pee on the a List of Specific Names in Zoolog gy with Name No. 121 Euprocerites Wetzel, 1950 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Soa with Name No. 151 oe falcifer Sowerby (J.), 1820, Ammonites (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), designation of, under the Plenary Powers, to be the type area of Harpoceras Waagen, 1869 se As ot ‘ 3 ; sn placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 164 fusca Schott, 1893, as published in the combination Paronella fusca. (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), pees on the es List sis See Names in n Hodes with Name No. QOD Gamaris, [H.S.], 1876 (Class Crustacea, Order Stomatopoda), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the pues: of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy.. ; ae oa placed on the Official Index ae Rejeged and Invalid Generic Names in \ogie with Name No. 122 . Ginorga Gray, 1840 (Class Lamellibranchiata), placed on the Oca Index a Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 113. Ginorga Strickland, 1842 (Class Lamellibranchiata), placed on the Oe Index os Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 114.. gioéni Philipsson, 1788, as published in the combination Tricla gioéni (Class Gastro- poda), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy.. a a Ss placed on the Official Index a peace and Invalid DEC Names in Zale with Name No. 70... Gioénia Bruguiére, 1789 (Class Gastropoda), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy at he ae ne Bra ie: : a bh placed on the Official Index a ae and Invalid Generic Names in ees with Name No. 100 .. Globicornis Latreille, 1829 (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 740, with Dermestes rufitarsis Panzer, 1796, as type species gender of name Page 91 Zoi 213 273 102 157 iyi 118 118 151 52 51 51 239 239 Volume 8 Globites de Haan, 1825 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy ae ; he a aot ; placed on the Official Index et pprecked and Invalid Generic Names in Seep with Name No. 156 .. Gmelin (J.F.), 1793, Linnaeus, Systema Naturae (13th Edition), volume 3, supp resieu of, under the Plenary Powers, for nomenclatorial purposes .. : placed on the Official Index of peeled and Invalid Works in Heolesteiles Nomen- clature with Title No. 19 Be 2 , Gryllulus Uvarov, 1935 (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 132 ne Gypidia Dalman, 1828 (Class Brachiopoda), placed on the Cie Index ot Rose and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 126 . Harpoceras Waagen, 1869 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), all type selections for, set aside under the Plenary Powers, and Ammonites falcifer Rowena (J.), 1820, designated as type species 3% : : gender of name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 746 heterophyllus Sowerby (J.), 1820, as published in the combination Ammonites heterophyllus (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), placed on the tices List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 167 Hildoceras Hyatt, 1867 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 747, with Ammonites bifrons Bruguiére, 1789, as type species Be : gender of name hortensis Fitch, 1863, as published in the combination Sminthurus hortensis (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), Placed. on the ba on List fy Speape Names in Zoology with Name No. 130 .. Houttuyn (M.), 1785, Natuurlyke Historie, volume 3, puppresiem of, under the Plenary Powers, for nomenclatorial purposes. : : placed on the Official Index of Fe and Invalid Works in eas Nomencla- ture with Title No. 18 Incubus Schrank, 1802 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy ae 55 ay Be ae a re Sp placed on the Official Index oh ae and Invalid Generic Names in fae with Name No. 97... 389 Page 287 287 169 169 212 182 275 275 275 287 287 287 102 169 390 Opinions and Declarations inornata Dana, 1852, as published in the combination Lysiosquilla inornata (Class Crustacea, Order Stomatopoda), pid on the Ce List oy Spee Names in Zoology with Name No. 138 .- : Isotoma Bourlet, 1839 (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), placed on the Ofna List of Generic Names in Gee, with Name No. 718, with [sotoma viridis Bourlet, 1839, as type species Be f oe ae a gender of name Isotoma Dejean, 1834 (Class Insecta, Order Collembola) (a nomen nudum), placed on the Official Index eh Boge and Invalid Generic Names in eee eS with Name No. 105 Isotoma Dejean, 1837 (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), (a nomen nudum), placed on the Official Index a eee and Invalid Generic Names in zee with Name No. 106 Isotomurus Borner, 1903 (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 719, with Podura palustris Miller (O.F.), 1776, as type species .. : gender of name knightii Sowerby (J.), 1813, as published in the combination Pentamerus knightii (Class Brachiopoda), placed on the Cea List boc AP ECU Names in n al with Name No. 141 .. Kosmoceras Waagen, 1869 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), all type selections for, set aside under the Plenary Powers, and Ammonites spinosus Sowerby (J. de C.), 1826, designated as type species .. : gender of name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 744 laevis Sowerby (J.), 1813, as published in the combination Pentamerus laevis (Class Brachiopoda), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy aa ae placed on the Official Index a Ree and Invalid ee Names in Fone with Name No. 74... Ledra Fabricius, 1803 (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Ae with Name No. 737, with Cicada aurita Linnaeus, 1758, as type species : ne sat aU ss oe, ae ae gender of name Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 720, with TL ADIAOC ETN curvicollis Bourlet, 1839, as type species gender of name Page 145 101 101 102 102 101 101 182 275 275 275 181 182 211 211 101 101 Volume 8 Leptopsylla Jordan & Rothschild, 1911 (Class Insecta, Order Siphonaptera), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in aes with Name No. 710, with Pulex musculi Dugés, 1832, as type species : gender of name lignaria Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Bulla lignaria (Class Gastropoda), placed on the ee Oca! List fof Beene! Names in fe Zocleey with Name No. 118 .. Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, 1768 (12th Edition), volume 3 (Regnum eae suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for nomenclatorial purposes). . corresponding volume in Houttuyn (1785) edition, see under Houttuyn (M.) corresponding volume in Gmelin (1793) edition, see under Gmelin (J.F.) corresponding volume in Turton (1806) edition, see under Turton (W.) placed on the Official Index of Roseetee and Invalid Works in elie Nomen- clature with Title No. 17 Be! Liparoceras Hyatt, 1867 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), all type selections for, set aside under the Plenary Powers, and Liparoceras bronni Spath, 1938, designated as type species i we sh ee ies oe ot gender of name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 752 listeri Sowerby (J.), 1817, Unio (Class Lamellibranchiata), designation of, under the Plenary Powers, to be the type species of Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), [1841] placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 136 Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852 (Class Crustacea, Order Stomatopoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 730, with Pas ees inornata Dana, 1852, as type species ; gender of name Mantes Geoffroy, 1762 (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 133 : Mantis Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 134 - migratorius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gry/llus migratorius (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), ples on the Bice List a ae Names in Zoology with Name No. 146.. Miopentamerus Alexander (née Caldwell), 1936 (Class Brachiopoda), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. Miopentamerus Woods, 1937 (Class Brachiopoda), placed on the Rode Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 129. 391 Page 17 17 51 169 169 3) 337 337 117 118 145 145 212 212 2A) 182 182 392 Opinions and Declarations Monoculus Linnaeus, 1758 (systematic position indeterminate), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy ae oe se Ne as ye placed on the Official Index oh een and Invalid Generic Names in Bees with Name No. 101 : murinus Folsom, 1896, as published in the combination Neelus murinus (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), Pe on the ea List i SreCiE Names in Zoology with Name No. 131 .. mutabilis Sowerby (J. de C.), 1823, as published in the combination Ammonites mutabilis (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), ples on the Mees List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 162 _—.... Neelus Folsom, 1896 (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 721, with Neelus murinus Folsom, 1896, as type species : aN ae ae wi ay A gender of name neptuni Giard, 1889, as published in the combination Actaletes neptuni (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), pee on the een List es paces? Names in eee? with Name No. 132 .. nigrimana Zetterstedt, 1846, as published in the combination Cordylura nigrimana ‘(Class Insecta, Order Diptera), caer on the ores List ek Specie Names in Zoology with Name No. i122... nigripes Fabricius, 1792, as published in the combination Dermestes nigripes (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera) placed on the Cael, List of Specie Names in Zoology with Name No. IS9 5. : ; Normannites Munier-Chalmas, 1892 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), all type selections for, set aside under the Plenary Powers, and Normannites orbignyi Buckman, 1927, designated as type species Ha SB: oe Bt a gender of name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 753 oblongus Sowerby (J. de C.), 1839, Pentamerus (Class Brachiopoda), designation of, under the Plenary Powers, as type species of Pentamerus Sowerby (J.), 1813 . placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 142 Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893 (Class Crustacea, Order Stomatopoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 731, with Cancer scyllarus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species aS a ae ee a gender of name Page 65 65 102 263 101 101 102 91 239 347 347 347 181 182 157 ley) Volume 8 Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, names placed on : Acanthocnema Costa (A.), 1859. Acheta Linnaeus, 1758 Ammonites Bruguiére, 1789 ; Bulla Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, nec Class + Gastropoda) Cardinia Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1838 Cardinia Roemer, 1839 .. Cardinia Agassiz J. L.R.) [1840] Conchidium Hisinger, 1799 ae Conchidium Wahlenberg, 1821 Conchidium Bronn, 1848 Ctenopsyllus Kolenati, 1863 Cyphoderius Nicolet, 1842 Dihora [Anon.], 1842 .. Ellipsolithes Montfort, 1808 Erichthus Latreille, 1817.. Euprocerites Wetzel, 1950 Gamaris [H.S.], 1876 Ginorga Gray, 1840 ai Ginorga Strickland, 1842 Gioénia Bruguiére, 1789 Globites de Haan, 1825 Gryllulus Uvarov, 1935 Gypidia Dalman, 1828 Incubus Schrank, 1802 Isotoma Dejean, 1834 Tsotoma Dejean, 1837 .. Mantes Geoffroy, 1762 .. Mantis Linnaeus, 1758 .. Miopentamerus Alexander (née Caldwell), 1936 Miopentamerus Woods, 1937 Monoculus Linnaeus, 1758 Orbulites Lamarck, 1801 Pachyodon Stutchbury, 1842 Pelagus Montfort, 1808 . Planulites Lamarck, 1801. Pseudibacus Guérin- Meéneville, 1855 Rantus Dejean, 1833 hie Scyllaridia Bell, 1857... Sinemuria de Christol, 1841 Smynthurus Latreille, 1802 Sphaeroceras Hope, 1840 Storthodon Zittel, 1881 .. Tetigonia Geoffroy, 1762 Tetigonia Fourcroy, 1785 Tetigonia Blanchard, 1852 Tettigonia Fabricius, 1775 Thalassides Berger, 1833.. Thalassites Quenstedt, 1843 Toxosphinctes Buckman, 1923 . Tricla Philipsson, 1788 .. Trimurus Caldwell, 1934. . Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology, names placed on :— ajax Linnaeus, 1758, Papilio ; angusta Lamarck, 1819, Gryphaea ; coburgensis Berger, 1833, Thalassides . gioéni Philipsson, 1788, Tricla .. , laevis Sowerby (J.), 1813, Pentamerus .. 394 picipes Nees, 1811, Bracon scaber Pulteney, 1813, Pecten sicula Bruguiére, 1792, Gioénia striata Smith, 1817, Chama telemus Linnaeus, 1758, Monoculus triplicatus Pulteney, 1813, Pecten xanthus Linnaeus, 1767, Papilio Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature, works placed on: Opinions and Declarations Gmelin (J.F.), 1793, Linnaeus, Systema Naturae (13th Edition), volume 3. Houttuyn (M.), 1785, Natuurlyke Historie, volume 3. Linnaeus, 1768, Systema Naturae (12th Edition), volume 3 ‘(Regnum Lapideum).. Turton (W. ), 1806, A General System of Nature . . Charles Linné, volume 7 Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names placed on :— Acanthocnema Becker, 1894 Acantholyda Costa, 1894 Acheta Fabricius, 1775 Acrida Linnaeus, 1758 Actaletes Giard, 1889 Aphidius Nees, 1818 is Arietites Waagen, 1869 .. Arisphinctes Buckman, 1924 Arnioceras Hyatt, 1867 55 Aulacostephanus Tornquist, 1896 Bourletiella Banks, 1899 Capsus Fabricius, T1803). Cardinia Agassiz Gh L.R.), [1841] Conchidium Oehlert, 1887 Cyphoderus (emend. of Cyphodeirus) Nicolet, "1842 .. Globicornis Latreille, 1829 Harpoceras Waagen, 1869 Hildoceras Hyatt, 1867 . Isotoma Bourlet, 1839 Isotomurus Borner, 1903 Kosmoceras Waagen, 1869 Ledra Fabricius, 1803 .. Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 Leptopsylla Jordan & Rothschild, 1911 Liparoceras Hyatt, 1867 ds Lysiosquilla Dana, 1852 . Neelus Folsom, 1896 Sv Normannites Munier-Chalmas, 1892 Odontodactylus Bigelow, 1893 .. Onychiurus Gervais, 1841 Orchesella Templeton, 1835 Paronella Schott, 1893 .. Pentamerus Sowerby (J.), 1813. Perisphinctes Waagen, 1869 ee Phylloceras Suess, 1865 Procerites Siemiradzki, 1898... Rhantus (emend. of Rantus) Dejean, 1833 Scaphander Montfort, 1810 ie Scyllarides Gill, 1898 Siemiradzkia Hyatt, 1900 Sminthurides Borner, 1900 Volume 8 395 Page Sminthurus (emend. of Smynthurus) Latreille, 1802 .. i we ne de OW Sphaeroceras Bayle, 1878 or 5 a Bs = a ne e239 Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758 a ts ne oe ie eh BY po eal Tullbergia Lubbock, 1876 ae de a8 ae te sis ae a 102 Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, names placed on :— aequinoctialis Lund, 1793, Scyllarus .. Es a6 eo ae ae AS 133 albinus Nicolet, 1842, Cyphoderus Ae Efe Me ae ae ae ae 102 ambulans Linnaeus, 1758, Podura us bas ne we Me be ae 102 antarctica Lubbock, 1876, Tullbergia .. at ne a3 es aos es 102 aquaticus Bourlet, 1842, Sminthurus .. oe Be ws os “fe sae OD asper Lamarck, 1819, Pecten .. a af 8 =r ae Bs ae 367 ater Linnaeus, 1758, Cimex Lh ae re an As 33 Bs ao) ZAI aurigerus Oppel, 1857, Ammonites oes as Be 3h s are Hera Sil aurita Linnaeus, 1758, Cicada .. a kee ria me Be Heh PA avenae Haliday, 1834, Aphidius Ae a aa es me = S16 3 bifrons Bruguiére, 1789, Ammonites .. ae ae Eats ae a6 ee Oi, bilocularis Hisinger, 1799, Anomia ad i .- ee is re mY 182 brongniarti Sowerby (J.), 1817, Ammonites .. ae ae ee es Be 239) bronni Spath, 1938, Liparoceras x6 ps a oe Be sn eo bucklandi Sowerby (J.), 1816, Ammonites ee ME aS aig =e wert 299 cincta Linnaeus, 1758, Podura ie oe Be M! ae Fr a 102 cotovui Simionescu, 1907, Perisphinctes’ Ae ae ve on ae Ae 315 cuneiforme Hyatt, 1867, Arnioceras aA ee bea ne é¢ Ate ha 325 curvicollis Bourlet, 1839, Lepidocyrtus see Ns fe an — Mt 102 domesticus Linnaeus, 1758, Gryllus .. es a a a ae Ben aAlD: erythrocephala Linnaeus, 1758, Tenthredo a oe se af te ss 91 falcifer Soweby (J.), 1820, Ammonites . ee oe ae oF Ne ey fusca Schott, 1893, Paronella .. se He 3 6 ae 102 heterophyllus Sowerby (J.), 1820, Ammonites . ai ts say ae OL hortensis Fitch, 1863, Sminthurus 3% ae he Sis ae A Ne 102 inornata Dana, 1852, Lysiosquilla at a a ae aio ae ae 145 knightii Sowerby (J. ), 1813, Pentamerus BY AS a6 ae et a8 182 lignaria Linnaeus, 1758, Bulla ae i eis re aes ei 3 51 listeri Sowerby (J), 1817, Unio a6 ae Be a ie Bs soe ells migratorius Linnaeus, 1758, Gryllus .. ue ae wre 5 ae vey 2D murinus Folsom, 1896, Neelus ... AN fs 56 te ag 102 mutabilis Sowerby (J. de C.), 1823, Ammonites eee 2 ae ae Hdl 263 neptuni Giard, 1889, Actaletes .. : aie oe Ne sn He, 102 nigrimana Zetterstedt, 1846, Cordylura eG ae St Be 5% ae 91 nigripes Fabricius, 1792, Dermestes a a ae a0 be es 239 oblongus Sowerby (J. de C. ), 1839, Pentamerus me at e Ne ate 182 orbignyi Buckman, 1927, Normannites : oF oo ad ae aS 347 palustris Miller (O. F.), 1776, Podura .. £e “ as a ae at 102 pseudomutabilis de Loriol, 1874, Ammonites .. “ns Me ae vy, ao PASS) religiosus Linnaeus, 1758, Gryllus re ; Fe Se an ne pes hI. schloenbachi de Grossouvre, 1907, Procerites” re a8 a ah samen orl scyllarus Linnaeus, 1758, Cancer ne cs i be oS ae Hes 157 segnis Schonherr, 1811, Pulex - =p Bs as 5 17 Spinosus Sowerby (J. de C.), 1826, Ammonites a as ae ts AiG 276 suturalis Macleay, 1825, Colymbetes a : ae an s rs 55 iS tridentata Forskal, 1775, Anomia 3 Ms oes ate ie Hae Be 65 turritus Linnaeus, 1758, Gryllus sive a. i 5 AG se per I) variocostatus Buckland, 1836, Ammonites ne a ye ee =e me PALS) virgula Deshayes, 1831, Gryphaea a an se a Se re chen OU viridis Bourlet, 1839, Isotoma .. mb a ae at se ne a 102 viridis Linnaeus, 1758, Podura .. af ae aye ue ew até #: 102 viridissimus Linnaeus, 1758, Gryllus . ue ae a an aA 212 xuthus (emend. of xanthus) Linnaeus, 1767, Papilio iy a ut 3 ne 31 396 Opinions and Declarations Onychiurus Gervais, 1841 (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 722, with Podura ambulans Linnaeus, 1758, as type species : ae ‘ gender of name orbignyi Buckman, 1927, Normannites (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), designation of, under the Plenary Powers, to be the type species of Normannites Munier-Chalmas, 1892 .. aa 4 aes hy < Bs placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 173 Orbulites Lamarck, 1801 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy _ we ys A am ste ees placed on the Official Index a Be and Invalid Generic Names in a” with Name No. 153 .. Orchesella_ ‘Templeton, 1835 (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoe with Name No. 723, with Podura cincta Linnaeus, 1758, as type species : gender of name Pachyodon Stutchbury, 1842 (Class Lamellibranchiata), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 117 : ; palustris Muller (O.F.), 1776, as published in the combination Podura palustris (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), eet on the OR List a, Spy Names in Zoology with Name No. 133 Paronella Schott, 1893 (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 724, with Paronella Fasc Schott, 1893, as type species j ; ; gender of name Pelagus Montfort, 1808 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy ae ae ie ve ate placed on the Official Index a pee and Invalid Generic Names in hee with Name No. 154 .. : F Pentamerus Sowerby (J.), 1813 (Class Brachiopoda), all type selections for, set aside under the Plenary Powers, and Pentamerus bemees ae @. de C), 1839, designated as type species 8G : gender of name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 733 Page 101 101 347 347 101 118 102 101 101 287 287 181 181 181 Volume 8 Perisphinctes Waagen, 1869 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), all type selections for, set aside under the Plenary Powers, and Ammonites variocostatus Buckland, 1836, designated as type species BA gender of name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 745 Phylloceras Suess, 1865 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), placed on the Official List of. Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 748, with Ammonites heterophyllus Sowerby (J.), 1820, as type species : gender of name picipes Nees, 1811, as published in the combination Bracon picipes (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy Be placed on the Official Index os ected and Invalid Banceiic Names in i OCIESY with Name No. 67... Planulites Lamarck, 1801 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy es as ah Sr oe , placed on the Official Index 2g acu and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 152 .. . Procerites Siemiradzki, 1898 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), all type selections for, set aside under the Plenary Powers, and Procerites schloenbachi de Grossouvre, 1907, designated as type species me : ac gender of name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 741 Pseudibacus Guérin-Méneville, 1855 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy Se She : : Ms placed on the Official Index of Relected, and Invalid Generic Names in Hovis with Name No. 119 . Pseudomutabilis de Loriol, 1874, Ammonites (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), designation of, under the Plenary Powers, to be the abn ap soree of Aulacostephanus Tornquist, 1896 ae ae : placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 163 pulverosus Stephens, 1828, Colymbetes, accepted as type ar of Rhantus (emend. of Rantus) Dejean, 1833 (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera) . A # Ae Rantus (an Invalid Original Spelling of Rhantus) Dejean, 1833 (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera), placed on the Official Index of oleate and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 102 397 Page Zils 275 275 287 287 251 251 251 133 133 263 263 WS 75 398 Opinions and Declarations religiosus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gryllus religiosus (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), placed ye on the linia, List eh Abele Names in Zoology with Name No. 147 .. Rhantus (emend. of Rantus) Dejean, 1833 (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 712, with Colymbetes pulverosus Stephens, 1828, as type species ah gender of name scaber Pulteney, 1813, as published in the combination Pecten scaber (Class Pelecypoda), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy p se aa placed on the Official Index ay pea and Invalid pea Names in Peery with Name No. 78 .. Scaphander Montfort, 1810 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 711, with Bulla eS Linnaeus, 1758, as type species 2 gender of name schloenbachi de Grossouvre, 1907, -Procerites (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), designation of, under the Plenary Powers, to be the HPS aaa of Procerites Siemiradzki, 1898 : $ placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 160 Scyllarides Gill, 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 729, with cue acai Lund, 1793, as type species dé : gender of name Scyllaridia Bell, 1857 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy hs oe 5% as axe a 4 se placed on the Official Index a ee and Invalid Generic Names in Bae with Name No. 120 .. scyllarus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer scyllarus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Puede. on the Ss List el Specie Names in Zoology with Name No. 139 . E segnis Schonherr, 1811, as published in the combination Pulex segnis (Class Insecta, Order Siphonaptera), plaecd on the ee List es Se Names in n Zoey with Name No. 116 .. sicula Bruguiére, 1792, as published in the combination Gioénia sicula (Class Gastropoda), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy : a ae placed on the Official Index of pee and Invalid ee Names in bees with Name No. 71 se Page 212 75 75 367 367 51 Si 251 251 133 133 133 133 157 17 51 2 Volume 8 Siemiradzkia Hyatt, 1900 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 742, with Ammonites aurigerus Oppel, 1857, as type species gender of name Sinemuria de Christol, 1841 (Class Lamellibranchiata), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy se so ie ahs Bs a8 of Bs placed on the Official Index on Roce and Invalid Generic Names in Pa: with Name No. 111 Sminthurides Borner, 1900 (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 725, with Sminthurus aquaticus Bourlet, 1842, as type species EF Bs oF : ee Ke ae gender of name Sminthurus (emend. of Smynthurus) Latreille, 1802 (Class Insecta, Order Coilembola), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoclosy with Name No. 726, with Podura viridis Linnaeus, 1758, as type species gender of name Smynthurus (Invalid Original Spelling of Sminthurus) Latreille, 1802 (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), placed on the Official Index a Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 107 Sphaeroceras Bayle, 1878 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 739, with Ammonites brongniarti Sowerby (J.), 1817, as type species gender of name Sphaeroceras Hope, 1840 (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the Duposest both of the Law of Bae and of the Law of Homonymy : placed on the gical Index of sal ae and Invalid Generic Names in ey with Name No. 150. spinosus Sowerby. (J. de C.), 1826, Ammonites (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), designation of, under the Plenary Powers, to be the type DoH of Kosmoceras Waagen, 1869 ah EY ah F placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 165 Storthodon Zittel, 1881 (Class Lamellibranchiata), placed on the a! Index oh Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 116 striata Smith, 1817, as published in the combination Chama striata (Class Pelecypoda), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the Dr of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy fn placed on the Official Index ei ee and Invalid pSPECS Names in Tien with Name No. 75... 309 Page 251 pisiil 117 118 101 101 102 102 102 239 239 239 239 275 276 118 Si 351 400 Opinions and Declarations suturalis Macleay, 1825, as published in the combination Colymbetes suturalis (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera), paced on the ieee: List e ane Names in Zoology with Name No. 120 ; telemus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Monoculus telemus (systematic position indeterminate), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy placed on the Official Index a Claes and Invalid Bye? Names in Zoology with Name No. 72... Tetigonia Blanchard, 1852 (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 137 Tetigonia Fourcroy, 1785 (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic ‘Names in Zoology with Name No. 136 Tetigonia Geoffroy, 1762 (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 135 ite Tettigonia Fabricius, 1775 (Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 138 : Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), as published as a subgeneric name by Linnaeus in 1758 in volume 1 of the Tenth Edition of the Systema Naturae, validation of, under the Plenary Powers, with Gryllus viridissimus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species ue ae gender of name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 738 Thalassides Berger, 1833 (Class Lamellibranchiata), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy BC ath ae peo is ae aS placed on the Official Index of pee and Invalid Generic Names in past with Name No. 110 .. _ Thalassites (emend. of Thalassides Berger, 1833) Quenstedt, 1843, placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 118 Toxosphinctes Buckman, 1923 (Class Cephalopoda), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for ‘those of the Law of Homonymy WG a5 a af we oe placed on the Official Index os Reieced and Invalid Generic Names in ey with Name No. 158 .. Page 75 65 65 212 212 212 212 211 211 211 117 118 118 315 315 -Volume 8 Tricla Philipsson, 1788 (Class Gastropoda), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy He ait at as a 5 i at we placed on the Official Index ay Og se and Invalid Generic Names in Zeeks with Name No. 99... tridentata Forskal, 1775, as published in the combination Anomia tridentata (Class Gastropoda), placed on the ence List Eon ee Names in Boose with Name No, IG ee Trimurus Caldwell, 1934 (Class Brachiopoda), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 127 ; triplicatus Pulteney, 1813, as published in the combination Pecten triplicatus (Class Pelecypoda), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy an a placed on the Official Index af teeoer and Invalid aaa Names in AEE with Name No. 79... Tullbergia Lubbock, 1876 (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 727, with ge antarctica Lubbock, 1876, as type species ze : 5 gender of name turritus Linnaeus, 1758, Gryllus (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), eesieoe woul of, under the Plenary Powers, to be the type species of Acrida Linnaeus, 1758 placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 148 Turton (W.), 1806, A General System of Nature . . . Charles Linné, volume 7, suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for nomenclatorial purposes .. he placed on the Official Index of Beers, and Invalid Works in Licloricas Nomen- clature with Title No. 20 a variocostatus Buckland, 1836, Ammonites (Class ‘Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), designation of, under the Plenary Powers, to be the ee oe of Per Esphinges Waagen, 1869 6 Bie os : : 5 placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 166 virgula Deshayes, 1831, as published in the combination Gryphaea virgula (Class Pelecypoda), pee on the gical List ores ance Names in fae! » with Name No. 174 .. viridis Bourlet, 1839, as published in the combination Isotoma viridis (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), placed on the Ongeakt List Or Specie Names in Zoolog) with Name No. 134 ae ‘ 401 Page 51 51 65 182 367 367 102 102 Zit 2AZ 169 169 275 276 357 102 402 Opinions and Declarations viridis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Podura viridis (Class Insecta, Order Collembola), piece on the Cees List Ress meecine Names in ee with Name No. 135 .. viridissimus Linnaeus, 1758, Gryllus (Class Insecta, Order Orthoptera), designated, under the Plenary Powers, to be the type species of Tettigonia Linnaeus, 1758 .. placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 149 xanthus Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Papilio xanthus (an Invalid Original Spelling of xuthus) (Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 69 xuthus (emend. of xanthus) Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Papilio xanthus (emended to xuthus) (Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 117 aie st Page 102 Pall 212 31 31 Volume 8 403 PARTICULARS OF DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE SEVERAL PARTS IN WHICH THE PRESENT VOLUME WAS PUBLISHED Part No. ee i OMmAAIDNMNBWNK OO WIAD MN BW bp = NNNN WY kRwWN Re © NNN NY onan N Ne) Page Nos. 1—14 15—28 29—48 49—62 63—72 73— 88 89—98 99—114 115—130 131—142 . 143—154 155—166 167—178 179—198 199—208 209—236 237—248 249—260 261—272 273—284 285—296 297—312 313—322 323—334 335—344 345—354 355—364 365—374 375404) ME XD ( Contents of Part Opinion 284 Opinion 285 Opinion 286 Opinion 287 Opinion 288 Opinion 289 Opinion 290 Opinion 291 Opinion 292 Opinion 293 Opinion 294 Opinion 295 Opinion 296 Opinion 297 Opinion 298 Opinion 299 Opinion 300 Opinion 301 Opinion 302 Opinion 303 Opinion 304 Opinion 305 Opinion 306 Opinion 307 Opinion 308 Opinion 309 Opinion 310 Opinion 311 Corrigenda and ) Indexes, etc. Foreword, Table of Contents Date of Publication 12th October 1954 12th October 1954 12th October 1954 12th October 1954 12th October 1954 12th October 1954 12th October 1954 12th October 1954 12th October 1954 12th October 1954 26th October 1954 26th October 1954 26th October 1954 26th October 1954 26th October 1954 26th October 1954 26th October 1954 26th October 1954 26th October 1954 26th October 1954 26th October 1954 6th December 1954 6th December 1954 6th December 1954 6th December 1954 17th December 1954 17th December 1954 17th December 1954 27th June 1955 404 Opinions and Declarations INSTRUCTIONS TO BINDERS The present volume should be bound up as follows :—T.P.—XIII, 1— 404, coloured wrapper (cover) to Part 29. Note: The wrappers (covers) to the Parts of which this volume is composed form, with the exception of the coloured wrapper (cover) issued with Part 29, an integral part of those Parts, being included for the purposes of pagination. These wrappers should therefore be bound up in the position in which they were issued. The brown wrapper (cover) to Part 29 should be bound in at the end of the volume. Printed in England by Mretcatre & CoopEr LimitTEep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 571 0361 —rr—“‘“‘“‘i TTT