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ORANGE COUNTY STUD BOOK,

GIVING A HISTORY OF

ALL NOTED

m

jju

IONS,

Bred and Raised in Orange County.
BY J. H. REEVES, V. S.

TO WHICH IS ADDED A COMPLETE

History of the Horse,

IN ALL COUNTRIES,

IN HEALTH AND IN SICKNESS,

WITH A THOROUGH TREATISE

ON HIS

Breeding, Breaking, Shoeing and

CURING.

ADDED TO WHICH IS GIVEN

A LIST OF THE BEST TROTTING HOESES AND
FA^IOUS RACES in the UNITED STATES.

NEW YORK:
JASON H. TUTTLE, PUBLISHER,

78 Nassau Street.
1880.

NEW BOLTON
CENTER

mo

Copyrighted 1879, by Jason H. Tuttle.

ELECTKOTTPED BT

CRUJI k RINOLER,

NEW YORK..

CONTENTS

-OF-

ORANGE COUNTY STUD BOOK.

Introduction 7

Climate of Orange County 7

Breeding in Orange County —

Imported Bellfounder 9

Charles Kent Mare 10

Abdallab 10

Black Hawk 10

Cassius M. Clay, Jr 10

Harry Clay 10

Black Harry Clay 11

Hambletonian — History of —

Pedigree 12

Shown at Fair at Goshen 13

Mr. Rysdyk's Books 13

Goldsmith's Maid 13

First Season 13

Hiram Woodruff's opinion of Abdallahs 14

Pronounced ' ' King of Horses. " 16

Sons of Old Hambletonian —

Alexander's Hambletonian 18

" " Captured by the Rebels 18

Edward Everett 19

Volunteer 19

Middletown 20

Happy Medium 21

Idol 21

Idol's Colts 23

Sayer's Guy Miller 22

American Star —

Pedigree 24

His Pluck, Bottom and Speed , 27

American Star's Colts 30

History of the Horse —

Character of the Horse 31

Wild Horses 33

Foreign Breeds of Horses 34

The Barb 35

The Arab 35

The Abyssinian 36

The Australian 38

^

CONTENTS.

The Turkish 39

The Dutch 40

The Danish 40

The Swedish 40

The Finland : 40

The Norwegian 40

The Russian 40

The English 41

Early English Jockies 43

Regular Races first established 44

White Turk 45

New Market Course 46

Highflyer and Eclipse 46

Bryerley Turk 47

Brocklesby Betty 48

Bonny Black. . ." 48

Flying Childers 49

Eclipse 50

King Herod 51

Many Celebrated Horses 51

Varieties of Horses —

The Race Horse 52

The Hunter 54

The Saddle Horse 55

The Coach Horse 59

The Galloway 62

The Cart Horse 63

The Clydesdale Horse 64

The Farmer's Horse 64

Early Training 65

Conformation of the Horse —

General Observations 68

The Head 69

The Chest 69

The Back 70

The Shoulder 70

The Arm 70

The Knee 71

The Teeth— 71

—Change 72

" — Trickery 74

The Foot 75

The Hoof 76

Tlie Sole 77

The Senses of the Horse 78

Docking 79

On Breeding Stock 80

" " Qualities needed 82

Proper Crosses 85

On Clioice of Mares 87

Success of a Breeding Stud 88

Results in favor of Blood 90

CONTENTS.

Good Judges of Horses 92

Superiority of Mares over Geldings 93

Hereditary Defects 94

Treatment and Management of the Horse.

The Stable 95

A Perfect Stable 98

The Horse's Food 99

Nutritious Matter 102

Millv of Brood Mares 104

General Management 105

Breaking Colts 107

Acts of Cruelty 108

The Nose Bag 109

Watering Horses 110

Of Farm Horses HI

Diseases of Horses —

Congestion 112

Apoplexy 113

Stomach Staggers 114

Congestions of other kinds 114

" "Liver 114

Swelled Legs 114

Fever 114

Mucous Membrane 115

Blain 115

Barbs, Lampas Canker 115

Poisons, Colic, Entanglement, Worms 116

Respiratory Passages 117

Chronic Cough, Thiclv Wind, Glanders 118

Urinary and Genital Organs 118

Inflammation of Bladder, etc 119

Itchiness, Warts, Hard 119

Diseases of the Eye 120

" Brain 120

Epilepsy, Palsy, Rabies 121

Pleurisy 121

Dropsy and Inflammation of the Heart 122

Castration 1 22

Opened Joint 1 23

Spavin 123

Windgalls, Thorough-pin, Blood Spavin 124

Poll Evil, Abscess, Swangles, Farcy 125

Surfeits, Mange, Hide-bound, Grease 126

Splints, Sprains, Windgalls 127

Ring-bone, Acute Founder, Pumiced Foot, Contracted Feet. . 128

Navicular Joint Disease, Sand Crack 129

False Quarter, Overreach 129

Quittor, Corns, Thrush, Canlier 130

Shoeing —

Clips, the Calkin 133

The Bar Shoe, the Tip 134

Leather Shoe, Horse Sandal 135

b CONTENTS.

On Soundness —

Koaring 135

Different Class of Roaring 137

The Trotting Horse —

■Popularity of Driving 141

Russian and English Trotters 143

Messenger Stock 143

Mambrino " 144

Hambletonian " 144

Canadian Trotters 146

Black Hawk's Colts 148

Pacing 148

Pellmm, Cayuga Chief 149

Vermont Black Hawk 151

Morrill's Morgans, American Star 153

List of Great Trotting Sires 153

Vices and Dangerous Habits of the Horse —

Restiveness 155

Backing 156

Biting 157

Getting the Bit, Kicking 158

Unsteadiness, Rearing, Running Away 159

Vicious to Clean, Vicious to Shoe 160

Swallowing without Grinding 160

Crib Biting 161

Wind Sucking, Cutting 1 62

Not Lying Down 163

Over-reach, Pawing 163

Quidding, Rolling, Shying 164

Slipping the Collar, Tripping 165

Weaving 166

Breaking to Harness —

Early Proceedings 167

The Apparatus 168

The Actual Putting to 169

First Lessons 1 70

Bonner's Great Stables 171

Time of Horses by Ajax 173

Recipes 178

INTRODUCTION.

The authoi' of this work, a native, and for years a resident
of Orange County, and one whose avocation has tlu-o-noi him
much into the society of her horsemen, and consequently en-
abled him to acquire very valuable inforination in regard to
the breeding of horses in that county, and the history and
pedigi'ee of its celebrated animals, in jjresenting his book to
the i^ubhc, hopes that, in estimating its value, the reliability,
novelty, and usefulness of its statements will be taken into
consideration by the reader. It is probable that no useful
animal is more afiected by climate and food than the horse;
and while the climate of the County of Orange seems favor-
able to the production of the horse, and its rich pastures and
fine meadows afford the elements for devoloj)ing the finest
form and most endiuing constitutions, it is only by a judi-
cious system of breeding that to these- two requisites of a
good horse, the third, that of speed, can be added.

Oui" ideas of the system of breeding which should be
adopted in order to be successful, and the reasons u2:)on
which they are founded, constitute our first article. It con-
tains no idle dogmas or worthless and fantastic theories, cal-
culated to lead the earnest and honest searcher for useful
knowledge into gross errors and mistakes, but rather a
collection of i-ules, precepts, and facts, deduced from long
experience in and close obseiwation of all matters pertaining
to the subject.

While it is an imdeniable fact that many fast trotters have
been bred and raised by persons who had no knowledge of
these principles, yet if the pedigree of such could be cor-
rectly traced, it would be found that the breeders thereof
have almost invariably conformed unintentionally to these

THE OKANGE COUNTY

establislied rules, and that, coiisecjuently, instead of the prog-
eny being simply the result of chance, it was produced
imder and in strict accordance with the fixed iiile of the lav,-
of natui'e — that "like will produce like."

In proof of the soundness of our theory in regard to
breeding, we shall foUow the above-mentioned article with
the pedigree and history of a few of the most celebrated
stock horses which have been produced in Orange County,
which, if carefully perused, cannot fail to convince the reader
of the infaUibility of the law of rejDroduction. And while
our work is designed more pai-ticularly for those who, in
consequence of their interest therein, may joroperly be styled
"horsemen," yet we trust that it wiU not be altogether with-
out interest to the general reader, and that he may obtain
some useful information in regard to the animal which con-
tributes so much to the comfort and pleasure of mankind,
and which represents so largely the wealth of our citizens.

The author has sj^ent much time in obtaining the reliable
pedigree and history of the noted staUion, American Star,
and facts are herein disclosed in regard to the history of
llysdyk's Hambletonian never before made public; as these
are now universally regarded as the representative stock
horses of Orange County, and as the history of each is re-
j)lete with interest.

STUD BOOK.

BREEDING

IN ORANGE COUNTY.

Befoee proceediuo- to the general subject of breeding
horses and kindred subjects, we pass to notice the history
and results thereof in Orange County, in which coiuity the
subject has received great attention, and has been rendered
exceedingly profitable to those Avho have engaged judiciously
therein. Indeed, from the time when the attention of the
citizens of tl^is coiuity was'lii-st di-aA\'n to this subject, the
standard of trotting horses throughout the country has been
gi-adually elevated, and their sj)eed so increased, that with
the present estabhshed record of 2:17, it would seem that it
has now reached its lowest second, and that not much greater
achievements coidd reasonably be expected from horseflesh.

The first stallion that Ave ever saw advei-tised as possess-
ing trotting cjualities was imported BeUfoimder, in the year
1823. He was a bright bay, with black mane, tail, and legs,
standing fifteen hands high; and his superior blood, sym-
metry of form, and action, excelled all other stallions. He
was allowed, by the best judges in Norfolk, England, to be
the fastest and best-bred staUion ever sent out of that coiui-
try. No doubt he was, for, as a i^roof, he stayed here only
one year, and was then taken back. Bellfoionder made the
season at "Washingionville, with fuU jDcdigree given, at
twenty-five dollars to insui-e a mare in foal. And here, well
may we mention, that, forty years ago, twenty-five dollars
made the farmers -of Orange Coimty open their eyes, for at
that time, it is a fact well-known, that the price of service
was looked at, not pedigree.

10 THE OKANGE COUNTY

Bellfounder at that time was said to liave trotted seventeen
miles in an houi*. Notwithstanding what was then considered
an exorbitant price, Bellfounder was patronized, for the
Crabtree mare was his , daughter, and the mother of J. D.
Sayer's Harry Clay, who has i:)roved himself a trotter, and the
sire of trotters. Bellfounder was the sire of the Charles Kent
mare, the mother of the celebrated stallion Hambletonian,
the property of the late Wm. M. Rysdyk, of Chestei", Orange
Count}-, N. Y. Of this horse and his get, a place wiU be
foimd in this book. We pass tlu-ough the years of oui' Hy-
landers, Hickories, Wild Airs, Liberties, Lances, Bolivars,
Ottoways, Bullfrogs, and a host of others, many of whose get
made good mothers, proi^erly bred, for they were aU bred
up. There was not much change in breeding valuable horses
ruitil about the sjDring of 18-47, when AbdaUah came into this
county. He was a big, coarse, homely horse; and then the
farmers first began to look at and tm-n theii" attention, many
of them, to jiedigree and hlood. This horse AbdaUah was
almost if not the first point made in Orange Cormty in bring-
ing the breeding of trotters to the standard it has reached at
the present time. Black Hawk came into the county next, and
left some good colts. His mare colts have made some of om-
best breeders. Charles Bull, of the town of Blooming Grove,
has a mare sired by Black Hawk that has raised him six
colts by Hambletonian, aU horse colts, and have been sold
yoimg. He has one foaled in 1871. And these colts have
averaged Mr. Bull two thousand four lumdi-ed dollars. Other
mares by Black Hawk are valued highly as breeders. Black
Hawk died in ]\Iontgomery, July, 1853.

Cassius M. Clay, Jr. made his ajDiDcarance here in the
spring of 1852. His get has been of great value for breed-
ing pui'poses, as it gave us more size, more bone, and speed.
He left a large number of good ones in this county. His
price for service was twenty dollars, which was thought to be
extravagant by those who patronized him. J. D. Sayer's
Harry Clay was one of his get — was foaled in the spring of
1853 — was kept for service in this county vmtil he was sold,

STUD BOOK. 11

in 1862, to Harry Dater, of New York, for five thousand dol-
lars. This horse was a stock horse that improved oiu- breeds
for bone, size, and speed. Of his get many are of note on the
tui'f, his mares are highly appreciated on our breeding farms,
and his horse colts kept as stallions have been sold at high
figures and left our county. One is still here kept for ser-
vice; this is Black Harry Clay, foaled in the spring of 1859.
He was bred by Wm. Owen, and owned by him and Brad. P.
Doty, but has always been under the control of Brad. This
horse is a trotter, and his get are trotters. One of his colts
was sold to Gen. KUpatrick for four thousand dollars in gold,
and taken to Chili. Cassius M. Clay, the sire of Cassius M.
Clay, Jr., stood for service in Montgomery, and died in the
same stable that the Black Hawk died in, July, 1854. He
was driven to death, and Black Hawk doctored to death. As
this family of horses all have their representatives at the
present day, we must give space and time for those that are
still on the stage of action. We will leave this by giving a
histoiy of the celebrated stallion Hambletoniaia and his get.

12 THK oiiA:>'a]i couirrY

HISTORY

OF THE

HORSE HAMBLETONIAN,

THE PROPERTY OF THE LATE WM. M. RVSDVK.

The pedigree of this celebrated horse is familiar to almost
every horseman thi-oughout the civilized world; indeed, per-
haps no single horse ever foaled has won fi-om his own in-
trinsic merits such an extensive and enduring reputation.

He was by Abdallah, the grandson of the reno-s\iied im-
ported Messenger; his dam the Charles Kent mare, and she
by imported BeUfounder.

Abdallah was kept for mares at Chester, Orange County,
in the 3-ears eighteen hundred and forty-seven and eight, at
twenty dollars to insui'o a colt. In the latter year, Jonas
Seely, of the same town, o^aied this Charles Kent mare, and
bred her to the horse Abdallah. She jjroved with foal, and
on the fifteenth day of May, eighteen himdred and forty -nine,
gave birth to the colt which since has become so famous
throughout the land under the name of Hambletonian.

The mare, with her colt by her side, was sold by Mi'.
Seely to the late Wihiam M. Kysdyk, for the sum of one him-
dred and tvv-enty-five dollars. The circmnstances of Mv.
Rysdyk were at this time very limited, and it was only
tlrrough the assistance of friends that he was enabled to
efiect the jDui-chase even at the low figm-es named by the
owner. From the price paid we may readily infer that there
was nothmg very attractive or extraordinary either in the
appearance of the dam or her foal. The colt, hovrever,

STUD BOOK. 13

under the careful management of his new owner, rapidly im-
proved, and was shown the same fall at the fair of the Orange
Coimty Agricultui'al Society at Goshen.

At this exliibitiou he was led by the side of a horse, and
was equijDped with a white bridle, martingals, and gii-th, a
fact often sjDoken of by men who were boys at that time.
This brought the colt into some httle notoriety, which arose,
l^erhaps, more from the style of his equipment than an;ything
else, as it was something novel in those days to see one so
yoxmg exliibited in that style and manner. This was in the
fall of eighteen hundi'ed and forty-nine, and he was again
shown in the faU of eighteen hundred and lifty at the same
place, and under circmnstances equally as well calculated to
attract attention.

In the siDring of eighteen himdred and fifty -one we saw
him again, at the residence of his OAvner, and so gTeatly had
he improved, and so rajjid had been his gi-owth, that al-
though he was but two years old, he resembled in almost
every particular a fully-developed horse.

Ml". Kysdyk, dm'ing this season, allowed him to cover
four mares, as appears by Mr. R.'s books, which we have been
kindly permitted to inspect, and to which we are indebted
for much of the information hereinafter contained.

He got thi-ee colts fi'om these mares (two horses and one
mare), and no jDrice is charged for the services upon the
book, an omission, however, which never thereafter occurs.
One of these colts soon thereafter came into the hands of
Major J. Seeley Edsall, of Goshen, and under his careful
handling soon proved himself a superior horse.

The Major kept him for mares four years at Goshen, and
then sold him to ]\Ir. Alexander, of Kentucky; he, however,
had in the meantime become the father of the filly now so
widely known thi'oughout this country as Goldsmith's Maid.
We might mention many other " good ones" fi'om him, but
for the present must trace the history of his sire.

In speaking of this — Hambletonian's fii'st season — it is a
fact worthy of remax'k, that a very large percentage of his

14 THE OKANGE COUNTY

progeny thus far in bis prolific career have been males, and
that while large numbers of them have from time to time
covered themselves with glory in their contests upon the
tiu-f, the reputation of the old horse as a father of trotter's
would scarcely arise above mediocrity were it entirely
dependent ujDon the exj^loits of his daughters.

In the spring of eighteen himdred and fifty-two he was
offered for seiTice to a limited number of mares at twenty-
five dollars to insure a colt. "While we cannot assert that the
practice of hmiting the number of mares to be served dming
the season was inaugui-ated by Mr. Rysdyk at this time, yet
it is a fact which cannot be gainsayed, that his example has
been rigidly foHowed ever since by the owners of stallions in
their advertisements at least. Diu'ing this season he served
seventeen mares, and got thirteen colts. In the faU he was
taken to the Island to be trained as a trotter, and after going
through a term of three months of this kind of education, he
returned to Chester, without having made any jDublic record
of his performance upon the turf. Notwithstanding the as-
sertion of the renoAvned Hiram "Woodruft", that the Abditllahs
could endure more early training than ahnost any other
breed of horses, we are credibly informed that this son of
AbdaUah was retu'ed from the tui'f thus early in consequence
of his inability to withstand its severe exactions.

In the spring of eighteen hundi'ed and fifty-tlu-ee he was
advertised for service. His fuU i^edigree was given, and
twenty-five doUars was again asked to insure a colt.

The breeders of Orange County, at this early day in the
history of the horse, began to aj^preciate his fine qiialities,
and to extend to him a liberal 23atronage, as he covered dur-
ing this season one hundi'ed-and-one mares, and got seventy-
eight colts. His success as a stock horse was nov/ fully as-
siu'ed, and without any brilliant performance upon the tvu'f,
or any of that pufiing and blowing so frequently used both
to create and perpetuate the reputation of stallions, he en-
tered upon a career never equalled in the amials of horse-
breeding. In the spring of eighteen hundi'ed and fifty-four

STUD BOOK. 15

a similai' advertisement appeared, with the single exception
that the price was raised to thirty-five dollars. Eighty-eight
mares wei'e served, and sixty-thi-ee colts were paid for. In
eighteen hundi'ed and fiity-five, at the same place and jDrice,
he served eighty-nine mares, and sixty-four colts were paid
for. In eighteen hundred and fifty-sis, eighty-seven mares
and sixty-foul- colts. In eighteen hundred and fifty-seven,
eighty-seven mares and sixty-thi'ee colts. In eighteen liim-
dred and fifty-eight, seventy-two mares and fifty-foiu* colts.
In eighteen hmidred and fifty-nine, ninety-five mares and
sixty-six colts. In eighteen hundred and sixty, one hun-
dred and six mares and seventy-two colts. In eighteen him-
dred and sixty-one, ninetj'-eight mares and sixty-eight colts.
In eighteen hundi'ed and sixty-two, one hundred and fifty-
eight mares and one-hundred and eleven colts were j^aid for.
Daring these preceding nine years he stood a part of the
time at Goshen, but principally at his owTier's stable in Ches-
ter, at thirty-five doUars to insui'e.

The brilliant i:)erformances of his colts upon the turf had
now given theii* sire a national reputation. They were in
great demand, and commanded high, and in many instances,
exorbitant prices; and the breeding of trotters received a
new and greater impetus than ever before throughout the
coimty. A new road to fortime and wealth was opened, and
many a farmer, into whose brain the idea of making a doUar
in any other Avay than by the production of milk and butter
had never entered, prompted by the success of a neighbor,
turned his attention to breeding horses, and forthwith con-
cluded "to put the old mare."

Mr. Rysdyk, takmg advantage of this state of affairs,
raised his price for the services of Hambletonian to seventy-
five dollars, at which price, in the season of eighteen him-
dred and sixty-three, he covered one hundred and fifty
mares and got ninety-two colts. The next season, eighteen
hundred and sixty-fom-, the price was again raised to one
hundred dollars ; two himdred and seventeen mares were
covered and one himdi-ed and foi-ty-eight colts got. In

1(5 THE ORANGE COUNTY

eighteen htmdi-ed and sixty-five the price was raised to three
hmidred dollars to insui'e, one hundred dollars to be paid at
time of service. Dnring this season one hundred and ninety-
three niares were served, and one hundi-ed and twenty-eight
colts got. The following season, eighteen hundi'ed and sixty-
six, at five hundred doUars, one himdi'ed of which was re-
quired to be paid down, he seiwed one hundred and five
mares and. got seventy-five colts. In eighteen himdred and
sixty-seven, ho served seventy-seven mares and got foiiy-one
colts.

As might reasonably have been expected, from the polyg-
amous coiu'se of life to which the old horse had for years
been subjected, his physical jDOwers became weakened, and
during the year eighteen hundred and sixty-eight he was re-
tired fi'om the stud, and covered no mares. Notwithstand-
ing, however, the prognostications of many that he was
"j)layed out," a season's rest had a higlily beneficial effect
upon him, and during the following season he served twenty-
one mares and got foui'teen colts. In eighteen hundi*ed and
se^'enty he served tAventy-two mares and got tliirteen colts.
In eighteen hundred and seventy-one he was limited to thii"ty
mares, which he served, and fi'om which he got twenty
colts, having left some seventy api:)hcants imserved m
consequence of this limitation.. We have been informed by
'Mi: Geo. Andrews, under whose management and direction
Hambletonian now is, that for the coming season of eighteen
hundred and seventy-two over one hmadred a|)phcations
have been received, from which number, however, but thiiiy
wiU be accej^ted. UiDon a recent visit to Chester, the old
horse was shown to us by his very gentlemanly manager.
Although exliibiting many of the indications of old age, as a
matter of coiu'se, yet his eye appeared bright and midhnmed
by years, while his coat Avas glossy; and those peculiar
points which long since have led him to be pronounced the
" King of Horses," still stand out in bold relief. AVhile
standing in his majestic jiresence, and remeuil)ering the fact
that he Avas the sire of twelve hundred and fifty standing

/

STTTD BOOK. 17

colts, tliat tliey or their progeny were represented in ainiost
every state and county throughout the United States, and in
ahnost every country in the civilized world, and that upon
their successful contests uj^on the tui'f, fortunes have been
won again and again, we could not hut respect and venerate
him. Although, in the natiu'al covu'se of events, the days of
the old horse will soon be numbered, yet upon the undeni-
able maxim that "like begets hke" we shall continue to jjro-
duce trotters in Orange Covmty for years to come which
will maintain oru' proud and pre-eminent position upon the
tiu-f.

The sons and grandsons of the princely old hoi'se are
yearly begetting colts superior to themselves, and with our
present knowledge of breeding judiciously aj^plied, we have
no hesitation in asseiiing that the sjjeed of trotting horses
will still be vastly increased, and that the future Kings and
Queens of the turf will hail from Orange County.

18 THE ORAJSfGE COUNTY

THE SONS

OF

OLD HAMBLETONIAN.

In view of the length of time in which Hambletonian has
been at the stud, and of the vast number of colts of which,
during that time, he has become the sire — as portrayed by
the preceding article — it cannot be expected that we will give
more than a passmg notice of a few of the many celebrated
stallions which have sprung fi'om his loins; and the fii'st we
wlU mention is —

ALEXANDEE'S HAMBLETONIAN.

This horse — or as he is more familiarly known in Orange
County — EdsaU's Hambletonian, was, as we have previously
remarked, one of Hambletonian's first get, having been foaled
in the year eighteen hundred and fift^'-two, out of a mare by
Bay Roman, he by Mambrino, and he by Messenger.

He was j)ui'chased, wlien quite yoimg, by Major Edsall, of
Goshen, and was kept by him imtil eighteen hundred and
fifty-nine, when he was sold to Mr. Alexander, of Lexington,
Kentucky. Diu'ing the time he was o^\^led by Major EdsaU,
he proved himself not only to be very speedy, but also one
of the finest stock horses ever produced. It is said that, dm*-
ing the war, he was stolen by the rebels, and that Alexander
offered a reward of one thousand dollars for his recovery.
Stimidated by this liberal reward, parties immediately set
out for his recapture, and one of the pursuants, mounted
upon a thorough-bred mare, succeeded in overtaking the
thief, when a conflict with arms comiuenced, dining which

STUD BOOK. 19

the stallion was unfortunately accidentally shot. He was
retui'ned to his o^vner, and the reward paid; but, either from the
effects of the wound, or from over-exei-tion, he died very soon
thereafter. He was the sire of Goldsmith's Maid, now the
acknowledged Queen of the Turf; of Major Edsall, a very
fast stallion; and of many other good ones not so well known;
indeed, it is almost the universal oi:)inion of the experienced
horsemen of the comity, that had he remained therein he
would long ere tins have acquired a rei^utatiou as a stock
horse not even second to his sire.

EDWAKD EVEKETT,

(Formerly Major Winfield), has recently, in consequence of
the acliievements of his colts, gTcatly distinguished Itimself
as a stock horse. His dam is said to have been by imported
Margrave, and was formerly owned and used under the saddle
by the Hon. Thomas George, of this county. He bred her to
Hambletonian; and, although recognizing the superior quali-
ties of his mare, yet, for some reason, he gave the colt to
Sheriff* Lillum, uj^on condition that he would keep the mare
mitil the colt was weaned. In connection with this fact, it
ma}^ be mentioned, that Judge George bought one of Everett's
sons, which has since become noted, viz., Mountain Boy,
when foiu' years old; but as this horse at that time showed
nothing very promising, to say the least, he sold him to
Esquire Bingham, soon after, for one himdi'ed and fifty
dollars.

Everett is also the sire of Judge Fullerton and Joe Elliott,
who are of themselves enough to demonstrate the great value
of their sire. He was purchased by Robert Bomier, for
twenty thousand dollars, and is now standing at the Lagrange
Farm in this coimty, under the management of IVIi*. Wm. H.
Keetch.

YOLUNTEER.

'W^iile the success of a stallion, either as a trotter or as
a stock producer, must depend very much upon his own

20 THE ORANGE COUNTY

intrinsic merits, yet, in both of these particulars, much also
dej)ends upon his management and the care and treatment
Vviiich he receives at the hands or by the direction of his
owner. In this particular. Volunteer has been extremely for-
tunate. His owner, Mi-. Alden Goldsmith, is one of the most
inteUigent and practical l^reeders in the county, and, indeed,
may justly be considered the pioneer breeder of trotters
therein. His great experience and sound judgment has led
him to adopt a judicious system of crossing this horse with
mares of his own, the results of which have of themselves
established a reputation for the horse which is exceedingly
enviable. His dam was by Young Patriot, a descendant of
Messenger; and his colts are generally very good sized,
strong, and handsome.

Among the speedy ones, we may mention Hamlet, W. H.
AUen, Huntress, and Bodine; while we understand that a
Whirlwind wiU soon appear upon the turf which will astonish
the world.

MIDDLETOWN.

Recent exj)loits of the colts of this horse have greatly
increased his popularity as a breeder, and have placed him in
the foremost rank of stallions, some horsemen even predict-
ing that he is the "coming stock horse." He is out of a
mare by American EcliiDse, a grandson of Messenger, and
thus had a combination of the very best strains of the
Messenger blood.

Although his colts are quite young, yet dne of them —
Music, owned by that exj^ert horseman and judicious trainer,
WiUiam Trimble, of Newburgh — a four-year-old, out of a
second Star mare, has shown herself to be extremely fast
upon several occasions.

Middletown has been absent from the county for several
months, but we are glad to learn that he wiU make the com-
ing season at Middletown, and we doubt not but that many
of cm- breeders will avail themselves of his seirices.

STUD BOOK. 21

HAPPY MEDIUM.

The mother of this staUion was the renowned Princess,
that so frequently and so gamely disjDuted the supremacy of
the tiu'f with Flora Temple, which is probably all the enco-
mium he needs at our hands. He was sold last season by Mr.
Fowler Galloway, to parties in Philadelphia, for a large price ;
yet the investment will vmdoubtedly be exceedingly profit-
able to his i^resent owners, as we understood he afterwards
covered one hundred mares at one hundred and fifty dollars
for the season. Mr. J. S. EdsaU, who has been the foi-timate
owner of some of the very best stock ever produced in the
county, has a very fine bay stallion by him, out of a Black
Hawk mare.

IDOL.

]Mr. Backman, the owner of this fine young horse, is the
most extensive breeder of trotters in the world. And inas-
much as, since the estabhshment of his large business at'
Stom'ford, he has almost monopolized the services of Old
Hambletonian, and consequently has become the owner of a
large number of his colts, it will not be within the scope of
oiu' little volume to give a detailed description of the many
which are worthy thereof. We have selected Idol, not only
as our favorite, but as the recognized head of his stud, to fill
the small space we have to spare. He is one of the best
proportioned animals in the county — handsome, intelligent,
with fine limbs and gait. He is out of a mare by Harry
Clay; second dam said to be by Terror. Although ]\Ii\
Backman may haA'o evidence sufficient to prove the latter
fact, yet, notwithst mding we have known this grandam for
years, and always beheved, fi'om her appearance, that she
was well bred, it was never discovered that she had the
pedigree now claimed for her until after she became the
jDroperty of 'Mi: Backman. The dam of Idol was bred by
Lewis Tuthill, of UnionviUe, and was sold by him when she
was three years old for one hundi-ed dollars.

22 THE ORANGE COU^fTY

Since that time colts have been raised from her of suffi-
cient value to amount to one or two very fine fortunes. The
objection will undoubtedly be raised by some that Idol has
Clay blood in his veins, and that his value is thereby consid-
erably decreased. Permit us, however, to remark just here
that, while we are willing to acknowledge that the Clays as
trotters have not proved a success, we nevertheless consider
the mares of this breed of gi-eat value as breeders. They
are natui'al trotters, with splendid action and lots of sj)eed,
but have generally developed a " soft spot "■ — in other words,
are deficient in staying qualities. This single defect, we
have no doubt, will be remedied by judicious crossing ; and
we confidently predict that the time is not far distant when
these mares will be almost, if not quite, as highly prized for
breeders as the Stars.

Idol's colts are very promising ; and we feel confident
that, as soon as they acquire sufficient age, will duly honor
their parentage.

SATEK'S GUY MILLER.

This horse was bred by IVIr. Richard Sears, of Orange
County (now deceased), who lived on a large farm some
tlu'ee miles south from the Village of Goshen, and had given
much time and attention to the breeding of fine horses, and
would undoubtedly have realized his highest anticijDations
could he have lived to see the progeny of Guy ]\IiUer in its
j^rcsent stage of development. Sayer's Guy MiUer was foaled
in the sjiring of eighteen hundred and sixty-three, and was
pm-chased by Mr. Daniel Sayer, of UnionviHe, Orange County,
N. Y., at the public sale of ]\Ir. Sears's estate, in the spring
of eighteen hundred and sixty-five, for the sum of eleven
hundred and fifty dollars. This horse was sired by Gallo-
way's Guy MiUer, and he by Hambletonian. The dam of
Sayer's Guy Miller was Sharpless AbdaUah, by Old Abdal-
lah ; grandam, by One-Eyed Hiniter, the sire of Flora Temple :
inheriting the Messenger blood fr-om both sire and

STUD BOOK. 23

dam. He took the fii'st premmm, awarded to colts of his
class, for trotting, in Orange Coiinty, at the successive ages
of tliree, foui-, and five years: he also took the fii'st j^i'emium
at the Agriciiltiu'al Fail-, when competing with some half-
dozen of the first of Hambletonian's colts, as being the best
staUion in Orange County. ]\Ii-. Sayer has bred his horse to
a fine Hany Clay mare of his with remarkable success. He
sold her first colt, "Tom Sayers," a tlu-ee-year old, in the faU
of eighteen lumdred and seventy, to Budd Doble, for two
thousand five hundi'ed dollars, at the time of his winning the
three-year-old stake at Middleto^vn, in 2m. and 56s., being
the same time made by his sire at the same age. A hke sum
has been offered for her second colt, and refused. This horse
has served mares only at his o^vller's stable, and at the mod-
erate price of fifty doUars to insure. He serve'd, during the
season of eighteen hmidi'ed and seventy-one, one lumdred
and ioiu-teen mares, proving himself a siu'e foal getter, as
well as a soui"ce of great j^rofit to his o^\1ler.

More fortunately in the horse than in human kind, a noble
sire more certainly transmits his estimable qualities to
his posterity; and while the human kind may bask in the
sunshine of ancestral glory, enjoy a secondary fame by keep-
ing himself obscui'ed in the paternal shadow, or claim for
himself the undeserved merits of a family name, and with
diplomatic skill and through artful devices bear off the lau-
rels belonging to others, the horse kind, before his claims to
celebrity and fame are considered, must produce the double
assurance of, fu'st, his family record, and secondly, his ability
to perfoi-m or surpass what his ancestors have done before
him. Without ascribing to oui'selves the power to vmveil the
futui-e, even to the extent of one day's fair or foul weather,
yet, with a knowledge of facts before us concerning this
same Guy MiUer, his noble and endiuing quahties and many
points of excellence, we predict for him, as a getter of trot-
ters, a position second to none among horses, in this
country.

24 THE ORANGE COUNTY

AMERICAN STAR.

Was a sorrel horse, with star and snip in forehead, two
white feet beiiind, above the pasterns, and about fifteen
hands high.

PEDIGREE.

American Star was sired by American Star, he by Cock
of the Rock, he by Dui'ock, and he by Romp ; Romp by im-
ported Messenger. His dam was by the racehorse, Henry;
gi-andam by Messenger.

That his dam and grandam were both thoroughbreds
there is no doubt. His pedigree we shall try to prove, to-
gether with his history. For the last five years, the pedigree
of the celebrated horse, American Star, has been a subject of
much controversy, so much so, that we have taken much
time and trouble to furnish a correct history of him. The
great value attaching to the progeny of this horse, in the fii'st
and second generations, makes it of the utmost importance
that breeders should have exact and reliable information as
to the blood he possessed. Fortunately, in our travels
thi'ough Orange, Ulster, and Columbia Counties, in New
York, and through a greater part of New Jersey, we think
we shall be able, clearly and unmistakably, to give a correct
and reliable pedigree and history of the horse, American
Star, and supply every link in the chain fi'om the day he was
foaled, the propeiiy of Hemy H. Berry, Esq., of Pomj^ton
Plains, Morris County, New Jersey, in June, eighteen hun-
dred and thirty-seven, until he died, the property of Theo-
dore Dusenberry, of Goshen, in February, eighteen hundred
and sixty-one. Henry H. Berry sought this horse while

STUD BOOK. 25

o-uTied b}' Edmond Seeley and Hiram Smith, and recognized
him at once as the same horse owned and raised by him till
he was seven years of age This IMi-. Berry told us; which,
we claim, connects the last link with the tu'st; and we simply
mention this because Uncle Edmond did not give him the
same pedigree. He claimed his dam was a Canuck, or Canada
mare; therefore, some claimed he was not the horse raised
by Mr. Berry. His lasting qiialities, not only with him,
but with his j)rogeny, should be a proof most manifest that
his mother was no Canuck. Being a personal friend of
Hem-y H. Berry, we shall, as briefly as possible, give his own
words as he told us in a conversation we had with him on
this subject. Li the fall of eighteen hundred and thirty-four
]Mr. Berry was in the City of New York, and a particular
friend of his — Joseph Genung — iirged him to buy a very fine
mare, for breeding pm'poses, that a friend of his o\\Tied on
Long Island, and, on account of being badly used and di'iven
on the hard roads, her feet had given out, and she was offered
cheap. Ml'. Berry dechned to buy her at any jDrice, as he
had horses enough.

Mr. Genmig said her b1nod made her esj^ecially valuable
for breeding pm-poses, as she was by the race-horse Henry,
and out of a mare sired ])y Messenger. The next spring,
Mr. Berry was in the city, and found that his friend Genung
had bought the mare liimseK; and when he came to see her,
he Uked her so well that he did not hesitate a moment in
making her his own. This was in the sirring of eighteen
hundi-ed and thii-ty-five, and Mr. Beny owned and Hved on a
large and beautiful fami on Pompton Plains, Nev.^ Jersey.
At the time he bought this mare, she was a beautiful bay
animal, somewhat advanced in years, sixteen hands high, with
a star and snip in forehead, and both hind feet white above
the anitles — a smooth and hansome mare, ^vith a good set of
limbs, but bad feet. IVIi-. Genung was a bachelor, and
l)oarded many years in the family of Mr. Berry's brother, in
the city, but died soon after he sold this mare, and thus aU
hopes of tracing her pedigree more definitely were cut off.

28 THE ORANGE COUNTY

That she was by Hemy, and a Mesenger mare, there can-
not be a shadow of doubt. ]\Ir. Beny thinks she was a
thoroughbred. IMi-. Ira Cobiu'n, of New York, owned a
horse called American Star. He was a bay horse, with a star
in forehead, fifteen hands high, as round as a rope, with a
good set of limbs, pleasant disposition, and could trot very
fast; but left no record, as he was used afterwards only as
a gentleman's road horse. But, without getting ahead of
Mr. Berry's history, we must give it as we received it from
him. This horse was sent by Mr. Coburn, in the spring of
eighteen himdred and thirty-five, to John Biker's tavern,
near Little Falls, Passaic County, New Jersey, in charge of
Nicholas SmaUey, to serve a limited number of mares. IVIr.
Berry bred this Hemy mare, but she failed to get in foal.
The next season, Mr. Cobvxrn sent the horse to the same
place, but in charge of another groom, who neglected and
treated him so badly that Mr. Eiker sent word to the owner
ihiii he had better take him away. The advice was followed,
and the horse retimied to New York. Very natm'ally, Mr.
Coburn became heartily disgusted with the staUion business,
and meeting Mr. Berry a few days afterwards ui'ged him to
take the horse home with him, breed him to as many mares
as he liked, and then castrate him— an oi^eration, at that
time, in the whole country, performed only by ]VIi\ Berry.
This was in eighteen hundred and thirty-six, that Mr. Berry
took the horse with him, bred him to his Henry mare, then
carried out the instructions of his owner. This mare proved
in foal, and drojiped this colt in Jmie, eighteen hundred and
thirty-seven, which became so famous in Orange Comity,
under the name of his sire, American Star. Mr. Berry says he
was disaj^pointed with his colt on its first appearance, both
in color and size. However, the colt received but little care
or attention — took it as he could catch it — hardly ever under
a shelter until three years of age, Avlien he was taken out of
the barnyard and broken to harness. There was nothing
handsome or stylish about him, but he had a great deal of
speed. Mr. Berry ran him a great many quarter and half-

STUD BOOK. 27

mile r^ces, and never had liini l^eaten. At five j^ears of age
he sei-ved mares at most any price, and was driven to a
butcher wagon. He then began to show a fine trotting step.
This v\-as in eighteen himdred and forty-two; and the next
season he received about the same treatment, and could out-
Irot any horse in the whole country, and haul that butcher-
wagon after him. Mr. Berry often made the remark, that he
had the most bottom and best game of any horse he ever saw.
In the spring of eighteen hundred and forty-four, he was
fixed up a little, and advertised to stand for mares at New
Milford and Warwick, Orange County, N. Y.; to insm-e a
mare in foal for aeven doUars; joedigree given in full; and
waiTanted to haul a wagon on the road a mile in three min-
utes. From some cause he served but very few mares — in
Warwick, we think not any. La August of the same season
(eighteen hundred and forty-four), jSIr. Berry sold him to
Mr. John Blauvelt, a silver-smith in New York City, for
tlu'ee hundred and fifty dollars and a set of single harness.
Mr. Blauvelt used him for a road horse, 'and, as he says, the
best he ever rode behind, for pluck, bottom, and speed; but
the hard roads and hard drives soon showed the weak
points of his dam — his feet giving out, and qua.i'tercracks
making their appearance, he was sent up to Mr. Berry to be
wintered and cured. The next spring he come out aU right;
but Mr. Blauvelt, apprehending that again the same cause
might produce the same eiTect, traded him off to Cyrus
Dubois, of Ulster Cormty, New York, for a grey gelding, at
one time owned by Sheriff Westbrook of that county. Du-
bois had a partner, William Burr, a horseman, now of Ho-
boken. What time Dubois owned him we camiot ascertain;
but he stood the horse a part of the time in Orange County.
Dubois traded him to Jas. Storm, of Hudson, for a bay
mare; and after a few days Storm sold him to Walter
Shaf er, of Hillsdale, Colmnbia County, New York ; who kept
him one or two seasons, then sold him to Edmond Seeley
and Hiram Smith, of Goshen, for seven hundred and fifty
doUars. This was in the fall cl eighteen hundred and forty-

28 THE ORANGE COUNTY

nine, and in eighteen hundred and fifty he stood for mares
in Goshen, and served fifiy-four inares and got forty-five
colts, at fifteen dollars per colt. One of these colts we well
remember.- He was called the Randall colt; and, we are
very credibly informed, will make a season in this coimtiy
this year, under the name of his sire, American Star. He
has a fast record. In eighteen hvmdred and fifty-one, he
(old Star) made the season in Goshen, at ten dollars to in-
sure— served eighty-seven mares and got sixty-three colts.
In eighteen hundred and fifty-two, at the same place and
same jDrice, served ninety-two mares and got sixty-two colts.
In eighteen hmidred and fifty-three, same j^lace and same
price, served forty-nine mares and got thirty-five colts.
That fall he was taken to Elmira, Chemrmg County, New
York, and trotted a race against Juj^iter. It was a well con-
tested race. Star wiiming the sixth heat and race, in 2 :45.
In eighteen hundred and fifty-fom-, the next spring, he was
taken back to Elmira and stood for mares, served twenty and
got fifteen colts, at "twenty dollars i:!er colt. All these colts
were mare colts. A very large majority of his get were
mares, a fact often spoken of by those who knew. In eight-
een hundred and fifty-five he went to Piermont, Rockland
Coimty, and sen'ed fifty mares and got thirty-five colts, at
twenty dollars. In eighteen htuidred and fifty-six he went
to Mandata, Illinois, and served thirty mares and got twenty
colts, at twenty dollars. In eighteen hmidi-ed and fifty-
seven he again stood in Goshen, and served sixty -foiu' mares
and got fifty-thi'ee colts, at twenty doUars. In eighteen htm-
dred and fifty-eight lie inade tiie season in Goshen, sei-ved
fifty-five mares and got forty-five colts, at twenty doUars.
Up to this time the horse had been o-wued by Edmond
Seeley and Hiram Smith, but i^rincipaUy under the control of
Uncle Edmond, as we all called him. In the fall or winter
of eighteen hundred and fifty-eight, Hii-am Smitli having
found some little fault with the care and treatment the old
horse was receiving, Uncle Edmond says, " Here is five dol-
lars, which I wiU give you to say what you will give or take."

STUD BOOK; 29

The jDi-oposition was acceded to, and Iiucle Edmond became
sole owner of the horse, veiy unfortunately too, for him : for
could Hiram Smith have become sole owner of him, even at
that time and age, he would have been a soui'ce of great
profit to his owner, and would have received that care and
attention that a horse of his age most needs; for it is
a fact, none could equal Hiram Smith in nursing and taking
care of a horse. Another reason why he would have been a
source of profit is, the horse had just began to be apjDreci-
ated, and would, as we thinlv, in Hiram Smith's hands,
have served mares for five years, and for three of those
years would have been patronized at the snug sum of five
hundi'ed dollars as the j)rice of service. As it was, Edmond
Seeley owned him, and the horse soon began to manifest he
had lost a friend. Uncle Edmond, with all his good social
quahties, was a poor o\vner for a horse, and especially for a
horse of this horse's age. However, in the spring of eight-
een hundi'ed and fifty-nme, American Star stood for service
at his o^^iier's stable in Goshen, at twenty- five doUars to in-
svu"e, and served seventy-one mares and got forty-three colts.
In the spring of eighteen hundi-ed and sixty, he again stood
in the same stable, but with all Uncle Edmond's ingenuity —
in digging pits for mares to stand in — he failed to sei"ve a
quarter of the mares ofi^ered; yet he got ten colts at twenty-
five dollars. The same fall, Uncle Edmond gave him away
to Theodore Dusenberry, who took him on the farm of Hud-
son Duryea, near Goshen, where, out in a field, in February,
eighteen himdred and sixty-one, he died. His last set were
foaled in eighteen hiuidi-ed and sixty-one; and we simply
mention this fi-om the fact that many are offering to sell Star
mares foaled in eighteen hundred and sixty-one. And that
none may be deceived, we still state that Uncle Edmond
owned and had a colt sired by Star, caUed "Sir Heney,"
who made the same season at the same stable, but at a much
less price for service. This may be substantiated by any
one calling on John Smith, in Goshen, who holds the books
of the ten years' service under Uncle Edmond Seeley, and

30 I'HE oeanctE county

eight years of the time his father, Hiram Smith, being a
partner. American Star passed through many hands, was
generally neglected and ill-treated; trotted in his day many
races, principaUy on the road or ice, consequently left no very
fast record. No horse ever hved that more certainly stamped
upon his offspring his own characteristics of ga:il, dkpoHition,
and bottom, than did American Star. Of his get, you wOlfind
a large percentage mares; and many of them may be foimd
on the breeding farms of Orange County, higlily aj^preciated
by their owners; and well may be, for they are the mothers*
of the fastest trotters in the world.

Of his horse colts but a few were kept as stallions. The
Randall colt, as he was called, and we have before spoken of,
was foaled in eighteen hundred and fifty-one, is a trotter,
and a getter of trotters. Magnolia, Sir Henry, and Monitor,
all good dalliona by Star, have been taken out of the county.

Note to the Re.\i»er.

The preceding matter, it will be borne in mind, was
written in 1871.

STUD BOOK. 31

HISTORY OF THE HORSE.

CHAPTER I.

THE CHAEACTER OF THE HOESE.

The lioi"se is now one of the most universally distributed
animals, and everywhere he is recognized as the most useful
amongst the -quadruped servants of man; for in those eoim-
tries — some portions of Ai'abia, for instance — in which he is
admitted to the full and unrestricted companionshiiD of man,
sharing his food with the family of his master, and, like
them, a dweller in the tent, his sagacity far surpasses that oi
our stable-reared horses, however affectionately they may be
treated. In the early ages of the world the horse seems to
have been devoted to the jDUi'poses of Avar or pleasure,
whilst the ox was the agricultiu-al drudge. But the beauty,
strength and tractabihty of the horse have now connected
him, directly or indirectl}^, with ahnost all the jiurposes of
life. If he differ in different countries in form and size, it is
fi'oni the indaence of climate, food, and cidtivation; but
otherwise, fi-om the war-horse, as he is depicted in the
sculptures of ancient temples, to the stately charger of Hol-
stein and of Sj^ain, or fi-om the fleet and beautiful Arabian
to the diminutive Shetlander, there is an evident similarity
of form and character, which clearly stamps his common
origin.

As the thorough-bred horse is the source fi'om which aU
the most valuable kinds are produced, not only for racing,
but likewise for the pleasui'able engagements of hunting,
riding, driving, and services of utilitv, the true position in
Avhich we stand as regards the production, the supply and
demand of these useful and valuable animals, cannot, it is
presumed, fail to attract attention and curiosity.

32 THE ORANGE COUNTY

Various opinions have recently been expressed concerning
oui' "breed of horses. It has "been gravely asserted that the
race-horses of the present day have degenerated when com-
pared with, their ancestors; that the customs of racing have,
indeed, led to this degeneracy, and that they are calculated
to increase it; morever, that the supply of horses for pui-
poses of utihty is unequal to the demand. Theories have
l3een promulgated, and suggestions advanced, as to the most
effective means of correcting these alleged evils. One gen-
tleman who has wi'itten on the subject, proposes to resort to
the Arab blood to regenerate our racing stock, and recom-
mends in connection with that plan, the revival of races at
long distances as tests of stoutness, to joromote a better
breed of horses. Another advocates the introduction of
thi'ee-parts bred sii'es to produce horses for particvilar ser-
vice. However well intended, they are entirely opjiosed to
imi:)rovement, or the attainment of the objects in contemj)la-
tion. For the purj30se of forming correct opinions, it is ne-
cessary to consider each subject separately; and, as the
thorough-bred sire is the only jjarent stock from which the
other valuable kinds can be jDroduced with success, some re-
search into his origin, and the lineage by which the breed
has been j)erpetuated, together with the agency — namely,
racing — by v/liich his repute has been established, must ne-
cessarily form a jDortion of these observations. Comparing
the performance of the ancient woithies with those of modern
times, it is the only means of deciding on the question of
degeneracy. Racing has been the foster-mother of the high-
bred racer, it is the test of his breeding, his sj)eed, his power
of endiu-ance, his courage, and his stamina.

In the horse — not perhaps to the same extent as in the
dog, but still to a great extents— it is oiu- own fault if we have
not a fi'iend as w'ell as a sei-vant. When weU treated, he be-
comes sincerely attached to us; the utmost of his streng-th
and speed is at oui' call, and he is never haj)pier than when
employed in oiir service. He even enters into many of our
enjoyments with as great delight as we om-selves. Sec
liim'follo^ving the hounds— there never was a rider who en-
tered more thoroughly into the ardor of the chase than he
does.

So great is the docility of the horse, that he is readily
trained to occupations adverse to the natural gentleness of
his natin-e. With kind treatment, there is little Avithin the
comprehension of an animal which the horse is not capable
of attaining; and no animal, not even the dog, more fully

STUD BOOK.

38

comprehends, oi* more readily masters, the lessons given to
him. The astonishing- feats of the horses of the circus are an
additional exemphlicatiou of this, and their accomplishments
are invariably the residts of the anxiety of the docile animals
to obey their teachers, who know their* business too well
to make use of any unnecessary harshness towards their
pnpils.

In many countries of modern tunes wild horses have a
material influence on the breed.

There is a gTeat difference between the wild horse of
Asia and that of South America. The former, unless taken
young, can scarcely be tamed; the latter is remarkable for
the readiness with which he becomes domesticated, and that
thoroughly, as we shah see when we speak of the Austrahan
horse. It has been conjectiu'ed that this readiness to suc-
cumb to man's laile is the effect of cKmate; others, again,
l^roduce it as an instance of the imj^rovement in the cerebral
development of the South American horse, inherited fi'om
progenitors which have been domesticated for many centu-
ries, and which is no doubt the correct inference.

In a wild as well as a domesticated state the sympathy of
horses for each other is great. In the thinly-inhabited
poiiions of South America the custom in traveling is to
catch a wild horse with the lasxo, load him, and proceed a
reasonable distance till a fi'esh horse can be caught. If the
traveler, on his imwiUing steed, should fall in with a troop of
wild horses, these wiU eagerly call to ther bmdened com-
panion to shake off liis load. He is not long in taking
the hint; and in such cases nothing but plenty of nerve and
strength on the joart of the rider, accompanied with a free
use of the sixn, will prevent the animal fi'om disengaging
himself fi'om his burden, and taking* to his heels.

It would be easy to fill an enteiiaining volume with in-
stances of the sagacity of the horse, were this the place for
such considerations. His general character may be shortly
summed up as possessing patience, wiUing-ness, iidehty, and
fiiendship in the highest degree, especially attaching him-
self to man when well treated; but he will not, hke the dog,
jjreserve those qualities rmder ill-treatment, evidently taking
it to heai*t, and becoming, in consequence, stupid, spiritless,
and generally of httle value. He who would iU-use this
noble animal, not only acts against his own interest but
degrades himself far below the condition of his victim. An
unmerciful man to his horse shoidd, by common consent,
be a marked man. Any show of good quahties which such

;^-i THE ORANGE f^OITNTY

a mau may pretend to is mere hypocrisy. Let all ihen shun
him.

The horse is one of the most imjoortant acquisitions made
by man from the animal kingxTom. Without him civilization
would have made little jDrogress, and Eiu-opean nations would
have been, even now, scarcely emerged fi'om barljarism. Ag^.'!-
culture, commerce, our luxvu'ies and pleasures, are alilie in-
debted to this noble animal, whose form and sagacity would
appear to have been adapted by Providence to the service of
man; and such is liis phability of physical structure and
constitution, that man may mold him to the form and bulk
best fitted for the j^articular service in which he is to be em-
ployed, whether as the sjinmetrical racer, or as the hea\'y
draught-horse.

Tiie principal locality of wild horses exists in South
America, where they herd in countless numbers in the plains
extending from La Plata to Patagonia. These were originaUy
introduced by the Spaniards, and have increased with in-
credible rapidity ; so much so, that by some travelers their
single troops are numbered by tens of thousands. The color
of the South American wild horse is generally chestnut, bay,
sorrel, or black, and they are destined to exercise a gTeat in-
fluence on the newly-sprung countries of the Pacific, into
which they are chieiiy introduced from the ports of Chili and
Peru.

"Wlien the Spaniards first landed in Mexico, their horses
were objects of wonder, and they impressed the inhabitants
with the idea that horse and rider were one animal of the Cen-
taur species.

The horse is eaten in some parts of South America, espe-
cially in the southern portions, and its flesh is esteemed a
great delicacy. Horseflesh is amongst these people consid-
ered as necessary at the festive board, as is the sirloin of
beef amongst oiu'selves.

FOREIGN BREEDS OF HORSES.

And first of these stands the Arabian — a vague term, the
breed of horses being as diverse as the districts on which
they have been reared. Generally speaking, we attach niore
value to these horses than they i-eally possess. Ai'abia is tlic
land of romance to Em-opeans, and its horses have lost noth-
ing by romantic associations. A\'ith the exception of the
head, the majority of Arabian horses would scarcely pass
muster — at any rate, not as first-rate horses. They arc, for

STUD BOOK. 35

the most part, deficient iu height, and veiy Hght in the body.
Their powers of endui-ance are, however, great. "We once
experienced great pain in sitting "behind fovu- of them across
the Egyptian deseii, over which they took us in about fifteen
hours, including of coui'se long stoppages, as were requisite.
We remonstrated with the driver that the horses were not
changed, and the reply was, that there were none to change.
He, however, asserted that they would be none the worse for
it, and to judge by the appearance of the animals on reach-
ing Cairo, we were of the same opinion.

By far the most beautiful variety of the Arab horse is
the Barb, as he is called from his having been brought
fi'om Barbary. The Barb is, however, small, rarely ex-
ceeding foiu'teen hands, and is thus considerably less than
the Bedouin horse of Noi-th and East Arabia. This breed of
horses was introduced long ago into England ; the celel)rated
Godolphin Ai'abian, so called, was supposed to be a Barb.
It is to this breed that Spanish horses owe their fire and
beauty, and most of the best English race-horses have the
blood of the Barb in theu* veins. It is, however, remarkable
that, considering the lavish expenditui'e on im^Droving the
breed of English horses, no attempts have been made to pi'o-
cure any of the mares of the highest Ai'abian stock. "VVe aj:)-
pear to have jilaced the chief dependence on the Arab stal-
lion, though it is well-known to Oriental breeders that the
mare is of by far the gTeater importance. Some authors say
that the Arabs will not part with any of their finest marcs.
This is, howevei', an error ; there is little that an Arab will
not part "with for money.

The Arab horse bears a high character for his docility
and sagacity, and it would bo strange if he did not possess
both qualities. He is brought up in his owner's tent, and
literaUy with his family. In the absence of any other amiise-
ment, the education of the foal is a primary object. He is
invariably kindly treated, and soon acquires a desire to please
his biped companions, and to take a pride in executing all
they require of him. The constant companion of man, he
soon learns to imitate man in every particular of which he is
capable. Any horse j^laced iu the same position would ac-
quire the same qualities. It is said of the Ai-ab horse that if
its rider fall, and be too much injui-ed to rise, the steed will
stand still, and neigh till assistance arrives. If he He down
to sleej^, his horse will watch over him, and rouse him at
the approach of man or beast.

The dry air and sands of Arabia are well adapted to pro-

36 THE OEANGE COXINTY

duce musculai' fibre, but no siipei-fluous fat. The Arab is as
lean as his steed, and the enduring- power of both is wonder-
ful. Fatigue, privations, and thirst, are the lot of both, and
their country makes them what they are, i. e. adapted to the
cHmate.

The skin of hght-colored Arabians is either pure black, or
blueish-black, and this gives them the silverj^-gi'ay color so
much esteemed. Bay and chestnut are common, and are
considered good colors. Horses of a dark-gray color are not
so much esteemed as rmuiers.

But there are in fact many breeds of horses in Ai-abia.
In Egyj^t alone they reckon five, the least of which can
scarcely be classed above the rank of ironies, the hardiness
and speed of which is surprising, though laboring under
every possible disadvantage but that of kind treatment.

As oiu- sj^ace will not permit us to enter into these varie-
ties, we will notice the noble breed only, which is thus des-
cribed by Count Bzeiousky :

" Above aU the horses in the world, the Kolilaii is dis-
tinguished for the goodness of his qualities and the beauty of
his form. An uncommon mildness of temper ; an luialtera-
ble faithfiilness to his master ; a covu'age and intrepidity as
astonishing as they are irmate in his noble breast ; an luifail-
ing remembrance of the jjlaces where he has been — of the
treatment he has received ; not to be led, not to be touched
but by his master."

The Ai'ab horse is not gorged with large quantities of
food as oiu- horses are. In spring they are turned out to
pastvu'e, Avhen pastui'e is available ; in the desert it is out of
the question. At other periods of the year their day's j^ro-
vender does not exceed five or six pounds of barley, with
sometimes a little cut straw, and on this they can sustain
great fatigue and exertion. The Arabs give them a very
smaU quantity of di'ink two or three times a day, judging
that an unlimited suj^ply of water would not only destroy
their shape but effect their breathing also.

The Bedouin Arabs are great horse-breeders, and produce
some first-rate animals. The skih of these peoi^le as breed-
ers is unsui-passed in any country, and their accumulated ex-
perience is handed down from father to son by oral tradition,
never by -svritten rules.

The genealogy of the horse is reckoned from the mother ;
and the Ai-abs are as paiiicular in then- pedigree of the no-
ble breeds of horses as in that of their chiefs. It is an un-
doubted fact they have pedigrees amongst them of not less

STUD BOOK. 37

than five liundi-ed years, with the succession distinctly traced.
In the case of these horses, it is necessary for the chiefs to
attest the coition of the animals, and also to ceiiif}' the birth
of the foal. If either of these prescribed formalities have
not been attended to, the colt, however, good his points, has
lost caste, and wiU never bring a good price, or be consid-
ered of value, however fine may be his action.

1

THE ABYSSINIAN HOKSE.

UpiDer Egypt produces horses of much larger statm'e than
the Ai'ab — or rather we should have said Abyssinia, for the
original stock is fi'om the deseiis of the latter covmtry. They
possess great speed, and can endure almost any amount of
fatigue, the universal characteristic of the Oriental horse.
Some of these have been imported into England, but do not
seem to have answered the expectations of theii" imj^orters,
and for the usual reason — stalhons were imported instead of
mares.

"What figui'e," says Bruce, "these horses would make in
point of fleetness, is very doubtful, their- make bemg so
entii-ely different from that of the Arabian; but if beautiful
and symmetrical paiis, large size, strength, and most agile,
neiwous, and' elastic movements, great endui'ance of fatigaie,
docility of temper, and seeming attachment to man beyond
any other domestic animal, can promise anything, these
horses are, above all comparison, the most eligible in the
world."

THE BABB.

Is not properly an Ai-ab horse, but a race nearly allied.
They are supposed to have been produced by a cross with
Algerine horses, these being a cross with a south Eui'opean
breed and the Ai"ab. They are often larger than the Arab,
wdth fine heads and crests, well formed about the shoulder,
with straight backs, di'ooping considerably towards the
haiuiches. They are remarkably swift.

These horses are seldom kept in stables, but are pick-
eted to the groiuid. They are watered and fed only once a
day, the former at one o'clock, and the latter at sunset. The
mode of cleaning the horse is to plunge him in a river two
or thi-ee times a week, and aUow him to diy without being-
rubbed dowai.

The superiority of some of these horses has been proved
in England; the Godolphin Arabian, as akeady stated, was,

38 THE ORANGE COItNTY

supposed to be a Barb, and contributed more to the improve-
ment of our racers than any other foreign horse before or
since.

THE AUSTRALIAN HORSE.

At first, horses were exclusively imported from England,
but they were found rapidly to degenerate. The coasts of
Chili and Peru were then tried for mares, and this stejD was
followed by the production of a breed admirably suited to
the cotmtry. Surefootedness and endui'ance are now emi-
nently the characteristics of the Austrauan horses, and their
sagacity probably exceeds that of all other breeds. It is
wonderful to see an Austrahan stockman at full speed after
a drove of wild cattle, amidst a mass of forest of which
neither he nor his horse have the slightest laiowledge. The
ground beneath his feet is full of yawning chasms in the
earth, caused by the dryness of the climate, whilst the over-
hanging branches thi'eaten him every moment with such
blows on the head, as, if not avoided, would speedily put an
end to his horsemanship. Under these circumstances, there
seems to be a comjjact between horse and rider, that the
horse shall look at all dangers beneath his feet, whilst the
rider ducks between the overhanging branches; and between
them they perform feats which few steeple-chasers would
face, though accidents are very rare.

A similar, and perhaps a still better, breed is rajoidly
being introduced into New Zealand. The breeding stock is
the same, but fi'om the greater favorableness of the cUmate,
it is j)robable that this country will i)roduce one of the finest
breeds of horses in the world.

We have often witnessed the process of these jDersons in
breaking the wild horse as he finds a j^urchaser fi'om the
ship. As it is ctu'ious, and may aftbrd liints to EngUsli
horse-breakers, we will describe it. A post is firmly fixed in
the gromid, to which a ring is attached. The horse is then
brought to the post with a long halter, and made fast. The
breaker takes his poncho — a large cloak worn by the South
Americans — and ties it roimd the eyes of the horse, so as to
blindfold him. The anmial is then left to himself, and
shortly begins to tremble with fright at his imusual helpless
l^osition. A jDrofuse j^erspiration l)reaks out upon him, and
if suffered to continue thus, he falls from the exhaustion of
the nei'\'ous system caused liy his fright. Before this takes
l^lace, a rade saddle is i:)laced on his back, heavily weighted
at the stirrups, and to this he quietly svibmits. Presently,

STUD BOOK. 89

wheu the animal is bLupelied, tlie breaker goes up to liim, and
patting his neck and otherwise caressing him, in some
resjDects soothes him, and this goes on till the horse exhibits
signs of reliance on the breaker. By-and-by the poncho is
removed, and the lesson wished to be imparted has been
learned, "viz., that of looking on man, who has relieved him
from the fearful poncho, as his friend.

We have seen this lesson so skillfully administered that
the breaker has removed the weighted stiiiiips, and mounted
on the bare back of the horse, which behaved with per-
fect docility. More generally, however, the lesson — always
the same — has to be repeated, till the horse becomes perfectly
docile, having learned to rely on man. And if afterwards
kindly treated, there are no more docue horses to be formd
than these recently wild horses.

THE TURKISH HORSE.

Tlie only remaining Oriental horse worthy of notice is
the Tui-kisli horse. These are principally descended from
those of Ai'aljia, Persia and Barbary. Their bodies are long,
and their cruppers elevated; their foreheads are slender, and
they carry their heads higher than the Ai-abian. They pos-
sess much fire and spirit, are extremely active, and are ad-
mirably fitted for the operations of Tui'kish cavahy. They
are very afiectiona'^e, evincing great regard for their masters
and the attendant grooms.

The Tui'ks never strike their horses, and the animals, as a
matter of course, never bite nor turn restive, their gentleness
and obedience being perfect. The Tiu'ks take a joride in
their horses, even beyond the Ai-ab ; and much as we have all
read of Tiu'kish ferocit}', these people are, par excellence,
the most kindhearted of the human race. They caress their
horses with almost as much affection as their offspring, and
their childi'en are taught to treat them with ecjual gentle-
ness. They especially delight to teach their horses aU kinds
of entertaining and useful tricks, amongst which they wiU
pick up a stick or scimitar fi'om the ground, and lift it to the
rider. AMien a horse has learned this feat his nose is
adorned with a silver ring, as a badge of his proficienc3^

Many Tarkish horses have at various times been intro-
duced into Britain with good success, and have become the
sires of fine horses.

In the preceding notice of horses, our aim has been to
give such of their characteristics as may be suggestive rather

40 THE OE.\NGE COUNTY

thau amusing to the farmer, who may derive therefrom many
hints as to the treatment of his breeding-stock.

THE DUTCH HORSE.

The Dutch horse is large, but his action, though slow, is
steady and agTeeable.

The Flemish horses, though as large as the Dutch, are
inferior, their heads being vmcouth, and their feet large and
flat. Tiiey are subject to watery hmnors in the legs, and
sweUiugs in the heels. This arises from the low, rank pas-
tures on which they are fed — these producing rank grass,
forming adipose and ceUidar substance, and rendering the
muscular libre soft. From the many hints of this natiu'e
thrown out m the present treatise, the farmer will be at no
loss to perceive the influence of jDastiu'e on breed.

THE DANISH HORSE.

These are generally about fifteen hands high — lean,
hardy, and capable of drawing great weights, being more re-
markable for this than for speed.

A notice of the system jDiu'sued in the Danish royal
stables may not be without its use. The floor is laid with
rough stones, on an inclined plane, and is so laid to prevent
lameness, which fi'equently occiu's when horses are allowed
to stand in their unmoved litter. The mamgers are semicir-
cular, and are high ; the cribs are of ii'on.

THE SWEDISH HORSE.

These nearly resemble Scotch ponies, strong-built, clean,
neat, hardy httlo animals, better adapted, fi'om their small
size, for the road, rather than for draught. On a jom-ne^^
they rarely tire, and from the fu-mness of the hoofs, as
seldom stumble, whilst swelled legs and greasy heels are
unknown amongst them. Their sizo is fi'om thirteen hands
upwards, and they are stout in their make.

Besides these is the sledge-horse, of larger size and thin-
ner make. These are almost exclusively emj^loyed in draw^
ing sledges, and the sjoeed with which they trot with these is
remarkable, going at the rate of eighteen miles in an hom*.
At Grottenbui'g there are annual races, not for galloping, but
for sledge-trotting. The fleetest of these trotting horses fre-
quently sell for five hundred dollars each. Mr. Wilson states
that the Swedish horses are only shod in the fore-feet.

STUD BOOK. 41

The Finland horses are smaller than the Swedish, seldom
more than twelve hands, but finely formed, fleet, and good in
tlieii" paces, trotting twelve miles an hoiu' with ease.

The Norvv^egian horses are larger than the Swedish, and
are very hardy, and remarkably sm-e-footed, as would be the
case from the hilly nature of the country.

The Russian horse scarcely merits a separate notice, the
ordinary breed bemg only distinguished for its ugliness, to-
wards which its woolly hair in no shght degree contributes.
They are hai'dy, patient, and bold.

42 THE OK.VNGE COUNTY

CHAPTER n.

HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH HORSES.

That horses were introduced into Britain long before the
Christian era, we have abundant evidence, and that the inha-
bitants had acquired great expertness in theii* use is equally
certain.

During' the occupation of England by the Romans, the
Bi'itish horse was crossed to a considerable extent by the
Roman horse, and yet, strange to say, no opinion is given by
any historian, Roman or British, as to the effect of this. Af-
ter the evacuation of England hj the Romans, and its con-
cpiest by the Saxons, considerable attention was paid to the
English breed of horses ; and we 'know that after the death
of Alfred, and under the reign of Athelstan, several runninr/
horxes were imported from Germany : this being the first
historical intimation we have of running horses in England.

WiUiam the Conquerer took great pains to improve the
English breed, introducing many fine steeds from Normandy,
Flanders, and Si:)ain. This monarch owed his success at
Hastings chiefly to his cavah-y; his own horse was a Spanish
one. In this reign we have the first notice of horses being
emplo^'ed in agricultiu'e. They had been used for the saddle
for many centuries.

The English had now become sensible of the value and
breed of their horses, and in the twelfth centiuy a regular
race-coiu'se had been established in London; this being none
other than Smitlifield, which was at once horse-market and
race-course. Fitzstepheii, who lived at that period, gives the
following account of the contests between the palfi*eys of the
day:

" When a race is to be run by horses, which in their kind
arc strong and fleet, a shout is raised, and common horses
are ordered to withdraw from without the way. Two jockeys
then, or sometimes three, as the match may be made, prepare
themselves for the contest, such as are used to ride, and
know how to manage their horses with judgment, the grand
point being to prevent a competitor from getting before
them. Tiie horses on their jjart are not witliout emulation.
They tremble and arc impatient, and continually in motion.
At last, the signal once gi^•en, they hurry along with umemit-

STUD BOOK. . 43

ting velocity; the jockeys, inspired ynth. the thoughts of
aj)plause and the hopes of Victory, clapping spui-s to their
willing steeds, brandishing their whips, and cheering them
with their cries."

This is a quaint and amusing picture of the dawning
spirit of horse-racing. Crossing was evidently an acknowl-
edged accompHshnient, and personal llageUations between
competing jocke3's not imfrequently resulted from excess of
emulation. Fertile indeed must have been their imagin-
ations if they dreamed that their racing frohcs would, in
process of time, grow into an important national speculation ;
much less could they have anticijoated that their misoj^histi-
cated pastimes were the embryo of that fame which has been
acquired by England tln-ough the medium of the race-horse.

This description, with the exception of the cries, might
have formed part of the record of a modern race at Epsom
in the columns of a morning jjaper; so national is the English
spoii of horse-racing, and so rmchanged are its characteris-
tics in aU but the existing gambling system, which has been
incorjjorated Avith the eflbrts of the noble animal to reach the
goal lirst.

The Crusades now followed; yet, though the oppoi-tmii-
ties of improving the English breed was necessarily great,
from the facilities with which the finest Oriental horses might
have been obtained, no advantage seems to have been taken
of them. A gloomy and superstitious fanaticism solely
occupied the minds of the warriors, and to this aU usefid
piu'poses were sacrificed; the English horses were none the
better for their experience, though they must frequently have
felt the superiority of the Oriental breed in actual warfare.

King John paid great attention to the improvement of
horses for agricultiu-al piu'poses, and to him we are indebted
for the origin of our ch'aught-horses. He chiefly imported
Flemish horses, and such was his anxiety to possess the finest
stock fi'om these, that he would accept strong horses as rent
for CroAvn lands, and as tines for the renewal of leases. His
personal stud Avas both numerous and excellent.

Edward III. was the first among our monarchs who
thought the subject worthy of serious attention. He was a
zealous patron of the coiu'se, and in his reign Enghsh horse-
breeders began to cross the heavy native breed with horses of
■a lighter structrue and greater speed. The king himself
purchased a considerable number of Spanish horses, the off-
spring of the Arabs, which had been introduced into their
country by the Moors. The effoi-t was eminently successful

44 . THE ORANGE COUNTY

for the English horse soon began to be vahiecl in other coun-
tries, and its exportation from oui' own shores was prohibited
under considerable penalties.

Such was the importance which this monarch attached to
the Spanish breed, that he gave a thousand marks for fifty
horses, negotiatmg at the same time with the kings of France
and Spain for their safe passage by land. They all arrived
safely, at a cost of thirteen poimds, six shillings and eight-
pence each; equal to a hundred and sixty pounds of modern
money. Edward was also an eminent examjole to many stud-
owners in our day, viz., by going deej)ly in debt for his
horses; he having been at one time indebted to the Count of
Hainault in no less a svim than twenty-five thousand pounds.
The price of a running lion^e in his day was three poiinds six
shiUings and eightiDcnce — though we scarcely know what was
the true meaning of a running horse — probably a hackney.
Edward was very jealous as to the quality of English
horses. A Grerman dealer had imported some which did not
come up to the monarch's standard, and yet he would not
allow him to re-export them, v/ithout a stijiulation that he
would not take them to Scotland !

Richard II. and the Hem'ies were equally anxious for the
fvaiher imi^rovement of the l^reed of English horses.

Races were now regularly estabHshed in various parts of
the kingdom, and their regxilation became a favorite object
with the higher classes, as the race itself was the favorite re-
creation of the common people. The earliest among the
regvilarly established race-courses were at Chester and Stam-
ford. But there was, at that time, no recognized breed of
riuming horses; all sorts were mingled together, none being
excluded. It was not until the last year of James I., that
rules and regulations as to the quality of the horses jDer-
mitted to enter were established, and from that period may
date the commencement of the present system of racing.

In the reign of Henry VII. horses had become so numer-
ous as to be pastured over the waste lands b}' the common
people. Exportation was still forbidden, excej^t in the case
of mares. In the reign of Henry VHI. much attention was
given to breeding jjowerfid horses, and statutes were enacted
which fixed the proportions of size and mold of horses and
mares which should be bred from. The thirty-second of
Hemy VIH. enacts, that no person shaU, ujion any connnon
or waste, keep a stallion luider fifteen hands; and if that any
person find such a horse, he may, on satisfying the constable
of the next town that the horse is luider standard, keep him

STUD BOOK. 45

for his own use. Such foals, fillies, Or mares, as were not
considered able to bear foals of reasonable statm-e were, by
the same act, to be killed and bui'ied.

There is no doubt but that these statutes, harsh as they
were, laid the foundation of the excellent breeds now com-
mon in England. Hemy VIII. was every inch a horseman,
and he delighted especially in everythmg regarding the
noble animal. He compelled the nobility, gentry, and
higher orders of the clergy, to keep a number of horses in
proportion to their rank. During the reign of Hemy VIII.
an annual race was i-un at Chester, but the year when it fii'st
took lAace is not known.

In the reign of Edward VI. horse statutes became actu-
ally ferocious. To steal a horse was visited with death with-
out privilege of clergy.

To James I. the improvement of English horses owes
much, for it was he who first ventured upon that grand im-
provement in breeding, the introduction of horses fi'om east-
ern countries, from which the fame of their horses had gone
forth from time immemorial. He purchased an Ai-abian
horse fi'om a merchant named Markliam, and gave for it the
enormous price, according to the va,lue of money at that
l^eriod, of £500. This horse, hov/ever, on trial, was found defi-
cient m speed, and the Dulie of Newcastle, who then man-
aged the spoi-ting aifairs of the king, took a dislike to the
horse on this accoimt; no one had sufficient coiu'age to
demand that his breed should bej^ut to the test; and for the
greater part of a centmy, the Arabian breed sank into dis-
use, and ahnost into contemjDt.

The only amiual race established prior to the reig-n of
James I. was that at Chester; meetings were now held in
Yorkshire, at Ne^\anarket, at Croydon, and at Theobald's,
on Enfield Chase. Training the horses came into vogxie,
a ceremony wiiich no doubt created intense interest with
those who engaged in the pm-suit. The practice of weigh-
ing the jockeys was also adopted, and the pedigrees of the
horses which acquired fame became a subject of attention,
an examjjle in all pro])ability borrowed from the Ai-abs.
Those which gave j^roof of superior speed were selected to
breed from, and the i^roduce was devoted j)rincipally to
racing. The genealogy of our present stock cannot be traced
to so early a date, yet it is probable some of that blood was
continued in strains which wiU be hereafter noticed.

During the protectorate of CromweU, a southeastern
horse, the beautiful White Turk, was introduced. The ad-

46 THE ORAKGE COUNTY

vantages of tlie breed again became perceptible, and he was
soon followed by the Helmsley Turk, the Morocco barb, and
by a variety of horses of similar descent. Thus, a beauty of
form, and a degree of speed and stoutness, to which an ap-
proacli had scarcely l^een obsei'v^ed in the original breeds,
Avas obtained.

On the Restoration, Charles II. gave every possible en-
couragement to horsemansliip. He estabhshed races on
Datchet Mead, and often attended the newly-estabhshed
course at Newmarket, entering his own horses. The racing
cup was now substituted for the bell, the old prize, and the
example of the king raised the course to a splendor befoi'e
unknown.

This king, to whom we are in a great measure indebted
for the introduction of the present strains of foreign blood,
sent his master of the horse abroad to procure a number of
foreign horses and mares; the latter, which were brought
over by him, were called the royal mares, from one of which
in the maternal line the genealogy of Eclipse is traced. The
pedigree of his sire, Marske, is somewhat obscui-e; it goes
back through eight generations to a daughter of Bustler;
but how her dam was bred there is no authority. It may be
conjectured that she was descended from some of the wor-
thies which distinguished themselves on the com-se in the
reign of James I. There are several examples of a similar
nature traceable in the stud-book, which lead to the conclu-
sion, that during the early jjeriods of l:>reeding for the tiu'f,
mares used for ordinary purposes were occasionally selected
in case they evinced speed and stoutness, without reference
to their Oriental pedigi'ee. The pedigree of Higliflyer
aifords a similar instance to that of Eclii^se, and, singular to
relate, runs into precisely the same strain of blood. On his
dam's side he can be traced to a royal marc; but in the jya-
ternal line his genealogy terminates in a mare which i:)ro-
duced a filly from Bustler, which horse was a son of the
Helmsley Turk. Although there are scarcely any horses on
the turf at the present day which are not in some degree de-
scended from tiie royal mares, it aj^pears too much to sissert
tliat they all owe their origin entirely to Eastern blood. The
casuist may, therefore, Avith consistency inquire, "What is a
thorouglj-bred horse ? The term is accepted conventionally
to signify a horse whose j^edigTee can be traced tln-ough
many generations, the members of which have signalized
themselves on the turf, or have established theii' reputation
as progenitors of superior horses.

STUD BOOK. 47

"Having indulged in a few preliminary canters" with
the coursers of the earher ages, to the era of James II., we
win now di'aw near to the starting-jjost, from which we can
gain more extensive and authentic information concerning
pedigi'ees and performances, and thereby more satisfacto-
rily trace the progress which has been made in racing, and
breeding for that pm-jDose. William III., endowed with an
ardent desire to gain popularity by j^atronizing the tastes
and fashions of his people, became a decided patron of
racing.

The principal ancestors of our earliest race-horses were the
Byerley Tiu'k, ridden by Captam Byerley, as a charger, in
Ii'eland, about the year 1689. The Darley Arabian, in force
about 1712. Ciu'wen's Barb, a contemporary; and the Godol-
phin Arabian, which celebrated sire died in the year 1753,
suj)posed to be in his twenty-ninth year. It is a moot point
whether he was an Arabian or a Barb, but, however doubtful
the land of his birth, it is an unquestionable fact that there
are very few horses of distinction without a cross of the
Godolphia Ai'abian: to Mm and the royal mares the highest
honors are due.

As it is evident that our thorough-bred horses owe their
descent jDriucipally fi-om Arabian, or other Eastern ancestors,
Barbs, or Tiu'ks, in theory it would appear that j^arents of
the same blood would j^roduce stock of the highest value,
and the opinion has been very earnestly expressed that the
introduction of Ai-abian su'es is absolutely required to infuse
vigor, constitution, stoutness, and endui'ance into the race-
horses of the present day. Practical experience confutes the
argument, and the reasons %vill become quite obvious when
the invariable ruisuccessful examples of modern times are
brought forward. Dut'ing the present centiuy several Ara-
bians have been impoi'ted for the purpose of breeding, and their
stock has been found woi-thless comj)ared with that Avhich,
in the course of years, has become, so to speak, indigenous to
the country. With the exception of one mare called Fair
EUeh, an offspring of the Wellesley Ai'abian, none have evin-
ced even common i^retensions to racing superiority; and here
it must be obsen-ed, that although the last-named horse came
fi'om the East, his Arabian ancestry, like that of many others,
is disputed. Within the last twenty years several horses,
stated to have been of the pru"e blood of the desert, have
been brought to England and started for various races, but
they have been invariably beaten, although the leveling
power in tiu'f calculations,- — a vast concession of weight has,

48

THE ORANGE COUNTY

in every instance, been accorded to tlieni. So great is the
superiority of the present l:>reed of EngHsli race-horses over
those of Eastern extract, that no reasonable weight will
equalize their j^owers at the winning-]oost.

Queen Anne j^atronized the turf extensively by ruiniing
horses, and also by aniiual presentations of gold cups, value
one hundred guineas each, to be rim for at York. George I.
continued the example of his royal ^predecessor in the pres-
entation of cuj)s, and in his reign the first royal jilate is
mentioned as having been Avon at Black Hambledon, in 1716,
b}^ Brocklesby Betty, a mare at that time in liigh repute.
Kacing, and consequently the stimulus to breed horses for
that i^m-pose, when in its infancy, received a gTacious impetus
by the ^presentation of royal plates. Dming the eighteenth
centmy the breeding of horses for the tiu'f seems to have
been generally confined to the nobility and gentry of wealth.
The fame of favorite progenitors was a povverful stimulant
with them, and the desire to breed good horses more than
the love of gain jDredominated. The jiui'suit has noAV, with
few exceptions, become an oliject of speculation, and persons
of all classes Avho keej^ studs do so with a view to profit.
Still the same good intention is accomplished, .and much
more extensively. At the lowest computation there are more
than five times the number of horses bred at the present
period than there were in the corresponding year of the last
century. Every breeder endeavors to produce the best
horses — it is his ambition and his interest to do so.

There were in those days but few mares devoted to the
stud. A few i^eculiarities of character, incidents, and events
connected with some of them are worthy of notice, £fom the
examples they afford in the occult science of breeding: Bonny
Black, for instance, bred by the Duke of Eutland, in 1715,
distiug-uished herself on the com-se, but did not prove a
good brood mare; none of her descendants were of any
worth, and her family is extinct. Her rvuniing was so very
superior that it deserves to be described : at tlu'ee years old
she beat a six-year old horse at even v»^eights four miles; the
following year, for the king's cup at Hambledon for five-
year old mares, foiu* miles, without any allowance for her
age, she beat a field of thiiiy, being the greatest number of
horses that had been knoA^oi to start for a race in those days,
or indeed for a long time afterwards. She won the cup
again at the same i:)lace when five years old, beating a field
of fifteen; also a cuj) at Newmarket, beating thirteen com-
petitors. To account for the inferiority of her progeny it

STUD BOOK. 49

must be observed that her dam was by a Persian horse ;
blood which does not appear to have been vahied even in
those early days. It was reserved for Mi-. Darley to intro-
duce a horse which became a worthy progenitor of the best
blood of the present day. This gentleman had always
thought that the Ai-abiau piu'chased fi-om IVIi-. Markham had
not been fairly treated, and, anxious to renew the experi-
ment, he commissioned his brother, then in the East, to pro-
cure another Ai-abian of promise and send him to England.
The commission was carefully executed, and a horse was met
mth which was bred in the desert. On his arrival the beauty
of his sjinmetry v,'as immediately recognized, for it eux-
braced every point that could be desired in a race-horse.
From this horse is descended a vast number of the most cele-
brated racers, and at the present period there is scarcely
one which does not possess some of his blood. The most
celebrated of his immediate offspring were the Devonshire
or Fl^^dng Childers, and Bartletts Childers, a horse which
was never trained, but liis superiority in the stud is well
known. The wonderful tales which have been related con-
cerning Flying Childers, hke the snowbaU, have increased in
their progress, therefore a brief digTession is necessaiy to
unfold these romantic concejitions. It is related that he
gave Fox twelve poimds over the Beacon coui'se at New-
market, and beat him a quarter of a mile in a trial. Every
racing man would naturally inquire if Fox could not have
got nearer at the end, and few indeed place much reliance
on trials without substantial evidence to cori'oborate rej)orts.
It is also said that he ran a trial against Almanzor and the
Duke of Rutland's Bro-\vn Bett}', nine stone tv,^o pounds each,
over the round coiu-se at Newmarket, thi-ee miles six fm'-
longs and ninety-tlu'ee yards, which distance, according to
many accounts in print, "he ran in six minutes and forty
seconds, to perform which he must liaA'e moved at the rate of
eighty-two fret and a-half in one second of time, or nearly at
the rate of one mile in a minute." The inaccui'acy of this is
patent. If a horse moved at the rate described, he would
get over the distance in a trifle less than four minutes and a
half. No horse that ever was foaled ever went at the pace
spoken of. The rate of fifty feet in a second is very great,
and more than the average j^ace required to rim the distance
of the Beacon course, foiu- miles one furlong and one hun-
cU-ed and thirty yards, in seven minutes and a half, which
Childers is also reported to have done. After aU the high-
floAvn panegjrrics concerning the racmg exploits of this horse.

50 • THE ORANGE COUNTY

in public — the only trials woi*thy of credence — they were
confined to the winning of two matches, for the first of
which, at six years old, carrying eight stone five pounds each,
he beat Speedwell, a gelding of equivocal celebrity (the dis-
tance vras four miles) ; for the second, when seven years old,
he beat Chanter, twelve years old, six miles. He was en-
gaged in tlu-ee other matches, for which he received forfeit.
It is related that he was at first used as a hunter, and that he
was headstrong and vicious. He was the property of the
Duke of Devonshire, vv^ho bought him when young, from Mr.
Childers, whence his name. He died in the Duke's stud, at
the age of twenty-six years. These observations are not in-
tended to detract from his excellence in the stud, but to con-
fute the mar^'elous tales which seem to excite the wonder
and admiration of the ixriinitiated, while among experienced
tui'fites they attain no credence. Bartletts Childers, another
son of the Darley Arabian, v/as never trained to the course,
but his symmetry sufficiently sj^oke for itself. A gieat many
of the first horses of the day o^\'ned him for their sire, and
the two Childers were soon acknowledged for tlieir superior-
ity in the stud.

As a worthy scion of the latter stands his great-grandson,
the cele])rated Echpse, of whose speed no correct estimate
was formed; for, although lie contended with some of the
best hoi'ses of his day, he never met with an opponent suffi-
ciently fleet to p,ut his powers to the test. He was soon
withdrawn from the turf, and became the sire of one hmidred
and thirty-four winners, who brought tlieir owners more than
£1G9,0()() exclusive of cups. He was bred by the Dulce of
Cuml:»erland, and owed his name to his having beeii foaled
during the great eclii^se of 1764. At the sale of the Duke's
stud, he was bought ior seventy-five guineas. Eclipse was
!ive years old before he was l)rouglit on the turf, his fii'st
race being for the maiden plate at Epsom. His powers were
at once seen, and in liis next race, at York, twenty guineas to
one were betted on him. During the race this increased to
a hundi-ed guineas to one. At the end of the first two miles
he was a distance before his competitors, and won with the
greatest ease.

In 1709 a Mr. O'KeUy became his proprietor, for sixteen
hmidred and fifty guineas. In 177i) one of the Bedford
family asked liis jnice; O'Kelly rej^lied, that "all Bedford
Level would not i)urchase him." From another jjerson he
asked £25,000 down, and an amiuity of £500 for life. O'Kelly
cleared £25,000 by him.

STUD BOOK. 51

Eclipse won eleven king's plates, in ten of which he
carried twelve stone, and in the other ten. In rimning he
had a Vf>st stride, and his hind legs were so sjDread "th;xt a
wheelbarrow might have been driven between them." The
points of this horse most useful to the breeder were, the
curve of his head, the slant, extent, and substance cf his
shoulders, the length of his waist, and breadth of loins, the
extent of his quarters, and the length and substance of his
thighs and forearms. Ho died in 1789, aged twenty-six
years. His heart weighed fouiieen pounds.

King Herod was another famous racer, whose blood is
much valued at the j^i'esent day. He was a descendant of
Flying Childers, was the sire of no less than four hundred
and ninety-seven winners, which gained for their proprietors
upwards of £200,000. He was not brought on the tiu'f till
live years old. His forte was stoutness or bottom, and with
physical powers which enabled him to carry weight. He
was, however, beaten twice out of five races at Nev\'market.
He was the sii'e of many celebrated horses. King Herod
died in 1780, at twenty-one years of age.

Several horses of high character were foaled towards the
end of the last centiuy, the most conspicuous of which v/ere
Sir Peter Teazle, bred by the Earl of Derl^y; Gohamia, by
the Earl of Egremont; Haphazard, by Lord Darlington;
Beningborough and Hambletonian, by ]\Ir. Hutchinson;
Dick Andrews, by ]VIr. Lord.

Many very celebrated horses are descended from Orville,
among which stand foremost in review his son Emiliiis, and
his grandson Priam, both Derby winners. The latter horse
was sold to go to America, but not before he had left traces
of his sterHng woi-th. He was the sire of Miss Letty, Indus-
try, and Cruciiix, each of them -winners of the Oaks. Cos-
sack and Hero also claim alliance to him. The celebrated
mare, Ahce Hawthorn, and the dams of Yoltigeur and Fran-
tic, possess the Oiwille blood, to which a numerous family
may be added by reference to the stud-book.

52 THE OE.\JS!GE COUNTY

CHAPTER m.

VAEIETIES OF HORSES. THE RACE-HORSE.

The English and American race-horse is undoubtedly the
finest animal of his species in the world. In swiftness and
energy he surpasses even his Ai'abian progenitor, though on
the burning sands of the desert, to Avhich not bemg accli-
mated, he might not be equal in point of endurance. He
is always distinguished by the beautiful head of the class
from which his ancestors sprung; this being as finely set on a
neck of faultless contoiu*. His oblique shoulders give as
good earnest of strength, as do his AveU-formed hind-legs of
speed. By the sculptor, perhaps, the leg fi'om the Imee
doAvnward might be pronounced unfit for the beau ideal of- a
perfect animal, yet this, though admittecC. bj^ judges to be
sometimes the case, is, after all, a matter of little conse-
quence. Certam it is, that whenever these race-horses have
contended on fair gi'ounds with the finest Ai'abian breeds, he
has invariably come oti" conqueror, even although he may be
by no means the finest specimen of his own class. *"

The history of the racing-colt in the j^resent day has in it
much that is interesting. The first six months of the racer
are usually spent haj^pily enough; he is with his dam, weU
sheltered, well fed, and everj^ want anticipated, in order that
his frame and his powers may be fully developed in the
least possible time. Then comes the spirit of cimosity and
of speculation; the owner is anxious to knoAV whether his
stock wiU be worth the exj^ense of keei^ing, and they are pre-
pared for being broken-in soon after they have attained the
age of twelve months: the mouth is begun to be formed,
and before the succeeding autumn has closed in, they are
under the care of the training-groom.

The system of management is much improved. The
training-groom j'jossosses more real knowledge of his busi-
ness, and there is far more hmnanity exercised than there
used to be. In a very great proportion of the training-
stables the full exeiiion of the power and speed of the colt
is oftener obtained by kind usage than by brutal cruelty.

By and by comes the day of trial. The course is a short
one, usually haK a mile, but their fleetness and their strength

STUD BOOK. 53

are put fiilly to the test. This is occasionally repeated, in
order that the trainer or the owner may be put in full pos-
session of the powers and promise of the animal. At two
years old the coui'se is sometimes lengthened to tlu'ee-quart-
ers of a mile, and the speed is again fully tested.

At the first glance there appears to be some indiscre-
tion in this ; but the system must be examined. It must be
inquired whether it is not wrong to call thus severely on the
power of any animal before the period at which its streng-th
is developed; and whether the horse so treated can attain
the state of perfection for which ho Avas designed. He may
exhibit streng-th and si:)eed extraordinaiy for his age, but is
he able to sustain the reputation that he acquires? His
bones not ha'^d.ng acquired tlie proper strength, and the mus-
cles not having attained their full power, is it not reasonable
to expect that at no remote period he may deceive his back-
ers, and be publicly disgraced; or is it seen that he gets old,
although not an-ived at the pride of youth, and is he with-
di'awn fi'om the coui'se ?

It must be conceded, that if another year were granted,
and the general ^ate of the appearance of the yoiuig horse
on the coiu'se were three years instead of two, the spirit of
sheer gambhng wonld be somewhat curtailed, many a good
horse Avould be saved fi'om the sad fate of those that are cast,
and the owoier would rarely be out of pocket.

On a fair "saew of the turf, however, there is considerably
less cruelty exercised than there was years ago. The training
foi', and the rimning of the f(^m'-mile courses, was accom-
panied by a gTcat deal of barbarity. The number of those
which die in the training, or in the mnning, is materially
diminished. There are numerous accoimts of the horse
di'oiiping and dying in contesting the foiu--mile course, and
sometimes there Avere more outrageous heats than these.
The starting-post of the six-mile coui'se once stood near Six-
mile Bottom at Newmarket. The horses are not so much
piniished in their running as they used to be. No jockey of
the present day would disgrace himself by the atrocities that
were formerly committed. It is now understood that, when
a horse is exerting the utmost extent of his stride, and is
straining every muscle and every limb from a natm-al prin-
ciple of emiilation, the working of the bit, or the moderate
appUcation of the whip or sjjur, may keep him up to the
mark; but when he has wound up "each corporeal agent to
the terrible feat," the infiiction of sudden. torture will neces-
sarily distiu'b the harmony of action, and throw the animal quite

54 THE OEANGE COUNTY

abroad. Many a race has been lost by the infliction of
wanton cruelt}^ A bad-tempered horse immediately shuts up.
He is sui'e to abate or lessen his exertion if he is severely
punished when doing his best. The owner or the jockey
will, howevei', be the best judge of the proper manner of
riding in particular cases.

THE HUNTER.

Tlie hunter used chiefly to differ from the road-horse in
standing an inch or two higher, and possessing more blood.
He was at least three-quarters bred, with smaU head and
thick neck, and therefore hglit in the hand; the crest firm and
arched, the jaws wide, and consequently the head weU set on,
and the mouth light and pleasant. The forehand was higher
than that of a racer, and although the shoulder was somewhat
thicker, the saddle was in its iDroj^er place. The barrel was
rounder than that of the race-horse, that there might be more
room for the limgs to play when the pace was becoming dis-
tressing; the leg was shorter and deeper; the pastern
shorter, yet retaining considerable obliquity; and the foot
sound; the body short and comjiact, the loins broad, the
quarters long, the thighs muscular, and the hock well bent and
well under the horse. This was the hunter of former days, that
would carry his master to the covert side, and keep his place in
the field diu'ing a run of two or even f oiu* hoiu's, and find his way
home again xmhui-t and not over-tired.

It is not every good and fleet horse wliich wiU make a
good himter. He may have strength and vigor for a long
journey, and yet not be able to bear the shocks and strain-
ings of the chase. There never was, says Captain Brown, a
long limber-legged horse that was able to gallop down steep
hills, and take bold leaps with a weight on his back, without
sinking or foundering.

A horse should never be used for field-sport till he is in
his sixth year, as his joints wiU not be well knit, nor his ten-
dons sufficiently tenacious, tiU that period. A horse in his
fifth year may occasionally be ridden out with the hounds
but if he is only moderately worked till the foUowiug year, so
much the better.

It is now, however, the fashion to breed the hunter chiefly
for speed; he therefore is a very diflerent kind of horse fi'oni
what he was. He is the race-horse somewhat more stoutly
bred. The h\inter of the jiresent day is comparatively seldom
ridden to cover; a hack conveys the sportsman, and a second

STUD BOOK. 55

horse is provided, entrusted to some groom who knows the
comitry, and brings him to the spot where he is most hkety
to meet the hounds dui'ing the chase, which may be then gen-
erally prolonged without distress to either horse.

The spare horse, however, is not always forthcoming
when wanted, for the chase may have taken a contrary direc-
tion to that which Avas expected. Then comes a duty of
which the horse will not remind the rider until his strength
'is rapidly wasting, although the attentive and humane
sportsman can scarcel}^ overlook it. His action becomes
feeble, the flanks heave con-\adsively — there is a peculiar con-
vulsive action of the diaphragm. These will be sufficient in-
dications of distress, and no horse should be ui'ged on after
he has unequivocally exhibited them. It would be an act of
injustice and cruelty for which no excuse can be ui'ged. The
administration of some restorative, and leading slow to the
nearest stal^le, are the best alternatives at the moment of
distress.

The training of the hunter for this work is a simple
affair. It is, by means of exercise and of physic, getting rid
of all superfluous fat and flesh, without debilitating him.
The jjhysic is useful, in moderate doses; but the chief thing-
is graduaUy to accustom him to the exertion of every j)ower
that he possesses, without too much hui-rying his breathing,
or overstraining him.

The training of the race-horse is of a similar character
with that of the hunter, but it is far more severe, for his
strength, his speed, and his endiu-ance, nius be tested to the
utmost. The hunter has to carry his rider gallantly and weU
tln-ough perhaps a long biu'st, and if he tires, and the sports-
man has the good sense and humanity to cease to urge him
on, the greatest evil is some temporary suffering to him, and
disappointment to his master; but if the race-horse breaks
down, or if his capabihties have not been acciu-ately calcu-
lated, the most serious loss may be sustained. Thence
arises the necessity of testing every power in the preparation
of the race-horse; and thence, too, it sometimes happens
from injudicious management, that yomig ' horses break
down and become perfectly useless in their training.

THE SADDLE-HOESE.

In pomt of real utility this is the most valuable of the
species, and it is difiicult to be met with in perfection, which,
of course, includes cheapness as well as ease and safety of

56 THE OEANGE COUNTY

action. Many faults may be tolerated in the racer or hunter,
hut if the former have speed, and the latter bottom, this may
be overlooked in consequence of the animal being otherwise
weU adaj)ted to the purpose for which he is intended. The
racer is frequently vicious, and the hunter scarcely less so —
both perhaps from injudicious or cruel treatment; but next to
safety, it is requisite that the hackney should be quiet and
docile, always ready to identify his movements with those of
the rider, whether he be in action or standing still waiting the
transaction of his owner's business. By kind treatment a
horse acquires a knowledge of his owner's movements ahnost
as readily as a dog, and is as ready to acquiesce in them; so
that his teaching in this respect devolves on his owner, as
much for his own interest as for the perfection of his horse.

The degree of substance w^hich the saddle-horse should
possess must depend upon the weight he has to carry, and
the consequent degree of exeiiion required of him. A coun-
try, the sui'face of which is irregiilar or hiUy, wiU requfre
strength and action as primary rec[uisites before speed, or at
least to be combined with it. It is no doubt agreeable to
possess a splendid horse; but it is questionable whether his
services Avill be superior to those of one of less j^i'etensions.
It is by no means essential t^^at he shotdd carry his legs too
high, so that he goes clear over the gi'ound. The height of
the hacloiey should be fr'om foiu'teen hands and a half to fif-
teen hands and an inch, having a body of a compact form,
with his joints weU knit.

The head of the saddle-horse should be small, and the
neck incUniug to be thin towards the head. The head wiU be
then well set on, and it will form that angle with the neck
which will give a light and j^leasant moutli. This, however,
depends much on the rider, who, if he do not feel his mouth
lightly, may easily spoil its sensibility to a light touch, and
may entail upon himself a great deal of impleasant atten-
tion to his horse's movements. The animal, when weU man-
aged, is accustomed to depend on his rider for his guidance;
and if the rider have not as nuicli sensibility of touch in his
hand as his horse has in his mouth, he is not in a situation to
give him an immediate check, so as to prevent accident to
either. Besides wliich, a liglit touch always gives a graceful
position to the liorse's liead, and is eminently conducive
towards ease and safety of action.

The shoidders of the saddle-horse, compared with those
of the racer, or even with those of the hunter, should have a
little more substance or thiclaiess, and they should slope

STUD BOOK. 57

backwards at a considerable angle from the point of tlie
shoulders to the withers — at which point there should be an
evident degree of thinness and elevation. A well-shouldered
saddle-horse will, when standing, have his forelegs perpen-
dicular to the grovmd. Hence, it is essential to judge of the
animal as well when standing as moving. Observe also,
when walking, whether he jAsice his forefoot more forward
than the shoulder-point, when he puts it on the groimd. If
his shoulders are uj^right he cannot do so; and if this be
not the case, he will always do so, and should be rejected, as
not having a soimd footing when in motion.

He should have the bones beneath the knee broad and
flat, as much so immediately imder the knee as they are
above the fetlock. The forelegs should be perfectly straight,
for a horse which stands over on his knee, although but to a
shght degree, wiU, fi'om many a triihng cause, especiaUy if
ovei-weighted, be hable to faU. The arms, too, should be
compact and muscular, exhibiting considerable bulk in pro-
portion to the height of the horse.

The foot is of the first importance. In a few words, it
should be of a size evidently corresponding with the general
bulk of the animal. The feet should neither be too hollow —
showing a tendency to contraction — nor too flat, the conse-
quence of disease, exposing the sole to continual bruises.

As his general safety of action may be judged of by bis
shoulders, so may his soundness be estimated by his legs
and feet. The foot should be open at the heels, and fi'ee
from corns and thrushes.

The pasterns should be so imited at the fetlock that the
feet may neither tiu-n inwards nor outwards. Of the two
faults it is better that the feet should turn a little outwards,
so that they do not strike against his fetlock, than that they
should tui-n inwards. The j^astern should be short, with suf-
ficient obhquity to give pleasant action, but not enough to
render the horse incapable of the wear and tear of constant
hard work.

The last test is to mount him, first looking if his shoe is
unnecessarily worn at the toe. If he put his feet flat on the
ground he is woi-th having ; if he do not so place them, but
drive his toe into the groimd, reject him, for the odds are,
that before long the rider will have to measure his length on
the ground, as the least obstacle will cause the horse to trip.
The condition of the shoe is, however, a pretty good criterion
of this. If the toe be gTeatly worn, whilst the heel is not

58 THE ORANGE COUNTY

worn at all, a judgment may be formed that the horse will
be unsafe.

The saddle-horse is most valuable for the pleasantness of
his paces, his safety, good temper, and eudiu'ance. If he is
equal to eight or ten miles an hour, the OAvner should be
satisfied. Horses that have extraordinary fieetness on the
road are not always pleasant to ride, and it is their too usual
fate to be disabled, and comparatively worthless, when the
slower horse is in his prime.

The early life of this horse perhaps differs a little fi'om
that of the farmer's horse : he is better taken care of diu'ing
the first Avinter; he has a hovel in which he may shelter him-
self, and has an allowance of hay, and perhaps of corn. The
winter passes away, and he has suffered little; and during
the early part of the year he gets his new coat, and is full of
spirits and vigor. In the third year comes the breaking-in;
and, with occasional exceptions, he suffers not much fi-om the
ignorance and brutality of the breakers. The exceptions to
this, although they may be comj^aratively few and far be-
tween, should not be suffered for one moment to exist. He
is destined for the immediate service of the master, and
much of his after-character, and the pleasure derived from
him, dejDend upon the manner in which the breaking is per-
formed. There is, as in the inferior horse, one thing abso-
lutely indispensable — that the colt, previously almost as free
as the air, must be taught to yield up his will to another, and
to obey with alacrity his master's bidding. Generally speak-
ing, this is easily accomplished. It demands only a certain
degree of firmness, mingled with kindness, and this task is, in
the majority of cases, readily accomplished. If the animal is
at the first somewhat disposed to resist, mingled firmness
and kindness will rarely fail to obtain a victory.

Tlie faults which wiU oftenest require correction in the
hackney are fear and restiveness.

Grentle treatment will rarely or never fail to overcome
fear. The disinclination of the colt to come into contact
with the object should be quietly but firmly resisted, and
then, by succeeding in persuading him that there is no
ground of alarm, an unpleasant and dangerous habit is
broken at once. The pretended fear which the colt wiU occa-
sionally exhibit is a species of affectation that may be as read-
ily, and must be very determinedly, resisted. The quadi-u-
i:)ed has occasionally as mu(;h affectation as the human being,
and it is fortunate for him, as weU as his owner, when this is
put down with all jDossible promptness.

STUD BOOK. 69

Restiveuess is defined, by the autlior of a recent work on
"Humanity to Brutes," to be " a compound of mischievous-
ness and stubbornness, the will of the horse being du'ectly
. opj)osed to that of the rider." "Now," says this waiter,
" the most zealous advocate for the humane treatment of an-
imals will readily admit that the man must be master and the
quadruped must obey. The only question is as to the means of
enforcing- obedience. Correction may occasionally be neces-
sary, but the grand secret is to foil the horse with his own.
weapons. If severity is resorted to, it should not be luitil all
other means have failed. There should be no trial of
strength between the biped and the quadruped, for that will
jjrobably again and again terminate in a drawn battle which
will be renewed on the first opportimit^^ The horse may
fret and exhaust himself, but the rider must be quiet. If he
will stand still, he should do so until he is tired, or he should
be made to wallc backwards. If he endeavors to turn round,
he should be made to accomplish a whole instead of a half
circle, so that he shall be precisely where he was before.
Nineteen horses out of twenty will soon be convinced of the
inutility of a struggle like this, and after having repeated the
exj)eriment two or three times, with precisely the same re-
sult, will submit, and become useful and attached servants.
If, however, he continues a brute, he must be got rid of, or
proper coercion must be apphed."

THE COACH-HORSE.

The l)etter kind are the Cleveland bays, mostly bred in
the countrv, between Northumberland and Lincoln, and
particvdarly about Cleveland and the vale of Pickering. The
Cleveland mares, at least those that have been kept for
breeding purposes, have materially improved within the last
thirty or forty years. They are taUer, with better withers,
yet sufficient roundness of the barrel, and ilatter and deeper
legs. These mares are crossed by a three-part bred horse, or
sometimes by a thorough-bred one, that has sufficient sub-
stance and height, arched crest, and high action. The foal is
either the tall coach-horse — the true Cleveland bay — or he is
the fovu"-in-hand, or curricle-horse, or sometimes the hunter,
and of the best description, or the better kind of saddle-horse.
If the sire is onl}^ half-bred, we have the post-chaise or coach-
horse, the hackney, and the horse of common work — the worst
of mongrels

Dealers at the proper season attend the fau-s in this dis-

6U THE OEANGE COUNTY

trict, and every part of the kingdom is thence supplied
with horses for show, and to a gi'eat degree, for usefulness.
Even the royal stables thence obtain some of their chiefest
ornaments.

The produce of Cleveland mares is a coach-horse of high
rejjute, and likely to possess good action. His points are,
substance well placed, deep and well-proportioned body,
strong, and clean bone under the knee, open, sound, and
tough feet, with tine knee-action, lifting his feet high. The
full-sized coach-horse is in fact an overgrown hvmter.

The old Cleveland horse is almost extinct, and his place
supplied in the mamier just described. The Sufiblk Punch,
the product chiefly of Suffolk and some of the neighboring
districts, is regenerated, but is a* different soi-t of animal to
the breed of olden times. He usually varied fi'om fifteen to
sixteen hands in height, and was of a sorrel color. He was
large headed, low-shouldered, broiid and low on the withers,
deejD and yet rovmd chested; long in the back, large and
strong in the quarters, round in the legs, and strong in the
pasterns. He would throw his whole weight into the collar,
and had sufficient hardihood and strength to stand a long-
day's work. The piu'e breed has, however, passed away, and
is succeeded by a cross between the half or tln-ee-parts bred
Yorkshu-e with the old SuJiblk. He is taller than the former
horse, somewhat higher and firmer about the shoulders, with
sufficient quickness of action and honesty to exert himself to
the utmost at a dead pull, whilst the proportion of the with-
ers enables him to thi'ow immense weight into the collar.
The encom-agement given by the Royal Agricultiu-al Society
of England for horses of this class has been the cause of con-
siderable increase in their numbers.

Another breed is the heavy draught-horse, foimd usually
in the hne of country fi'om Lincolnshire to Staflbrdshire.
These are often pui'chased by the Berkshire and SiuTey far-
mers at two years old, worked moderately until they are
four- — earmng their keep during the whole of the time — and
• then sent to the London market at a considerable jn-otit.

A di'ay-horse should have a broad chest, thick and
upright shoiilders, a low forehand, a deep and round frame,
the loins broad and high, the forearms and thighs thick, the
legs short, the hoofs roimd, the heels broad, and the sole not
too flat. The largest of these horses are used as dray-horses,
the next as wagon-horses, and a smaller variety, with more
blood, is employed by the undei-taker. The larger ones — the
dray-horses of Ihj metropolitan and other brewers — are

STUD BOOK. 61

adapted more for j^arade, and shown more to gi'atify the
ambition which one brewer has to outvie his brethern, than
for any peculiar utility. They are ceiiainly enormous
aniiiials; but they eat their full share of provender, and in
hard and continued work they would be comparatively beaten
by an equal number of hardy muscular horses much lower
in stature.

Until the establishment of the raih'oads, the stage-coach
horse stood high in point of utiUty and value. In conduct-
ing a racing establishment, it would soon be perceived what
colts would train on, and what would ultimately break down;
and, except there is much neglect in the management of the
establishment, the misouud and weak-legged ones were sold,
and a considerable proportion of them fomid their way to
the fast coaches. They had the requisite speed, and strength
enough to last for a considerable time. A great improve-
ment also, either fi"om fashion or good feeling, took j)lace in
the management of the stage-coach horse. He was no longer
half-starved, as well as over-driven, but sufficiently fed, and
nothing exacted fi"om him but his own proper daily labor,
while he was always fully equal to, or above, his Avork. The
consequence of this was, that he required Httle ru'ging for-
ward by the torture of the whi]:); and there was a marked
change in point of humanity in the conduct and character of
the driver. Every one accustomed to travel in the public
carriages wilL cheerfully and thankfully acknowledge the
improvement that had taken place in this respect.

The length of the stages were materially diminished; and
the proprietors having one horse in four always at rest, each
of them had the advantage of one rest day in four. Nimrod,
a competent judge in these matters, has asserted, in his
amusing work on " The Chase, the Tm-f, and the Road," that
" no animal toiling solely for the profit of man leads so easy
and comfortable a life as the stage-coach horse. He is
sumptuously fed and kindly treated; he has twenty-thi'ee hoiu's
in twenty -four- of rest. He is, except fronx his own fault, al-
most a stranger to the lash; we rarely see him with a broken
skin; but we do often see him kicking up his heels when
taken from his work, after having performed his stage of ten
miles within the hoiu*."

This pleasing picture, however, too frequently had its
shades. The system of over-working and over-feeding, to
wliich the horse was subject when he came on the road, was
undermining his constitution; every disease in him took an
intiammatory chai'acter; his legs were peculiarly liable to

62 THE ORANGE COUKTY

accident, and strains and othor evils frequently occui'red,
which required a peculiarly severe mode of treatment, and
the horse was unavoidably made to sufier di'eadfully. Per-
haps the evil was never i:)erfectly remedied. The animal was
never competent to undertake his former work; but he was
attached to the heavier coaches, or transplanted to those con-
cerns of atrocious cruelty, the night coaches. Then com-
menced that loss of character, and diminution of usefulness,
and increase of misery, which were the fate of thousands of
horses every year. This is a pictiu-e of the stage-coach horse
on the bad roads, and under inditlerent management.

Raih'oads have now been introduced in almost every di-
rection, and the quickness and economy of the joiu'ney have,
in many jDarts of the country, ' comparatively destroyed the
business of the j^ostmaster. Tiie liorsos passed into other
hands, and sank to more degrading and jDainful labors; but
of late their sky is again somewhat brightening. The exjDor-
tation of horses of this class to the Continent has increased
to a degree that never could have been anticij^ated. These
horses are destined for the cavalry service of different coim-
tries; they are such as could not be pr(X'iu-ed on the Conti-
nent; and the work that wiU be exacted from them wiU not,
in the majority of instances, ever develop their latent imper-
fections.

Of the sad cruelties practiced on the hackney-coach
horses, on the day and night cab-horses, and on those that
belong to the costermonger and inferior tradesmen, nothing
is here recorded; but if the dog, a beast of draught in so
many other coimtries, is — we scarcely know why — not
allowed to be employed in this occupation, there ought to be
some strong enactments to protect those poor old debilita-
ted, half-starved animals on whom the whole labor falls.

There is only space for a few remarks on some of the
smaller breeds of horses.

THE GALLOWAY.

The GaUoway derives its name irom the district in which
it is bred, in the south of Scotland.

The true Galloway is now seldom met with. It was dc-
stro^'ed in the fruitless attempt to increase the size of the
animal, and to retain aU its peculiar good quahties as a pony.
The small horses that are sold under the name of Galloways,
are mostly fi-om Wales or the New Forest, and still retain
man}' of the good qualities belonging to Merlin and to Oiii

STUD BOOK. 63

Marske. The Welsh pony is often a beautiful animal, and
can scarcely be tired. The New Forest evinces the source
whence he signing, by his spirit, speed, and endui-ance.

The Exmore ponies are far fi'om being so handsome as
the Welsh, but they are hardy and useful. The Dartmoor
ponies are stiU more deficient in beauty of form, but well
suited to the coimtry in which they are bred.

The Higliland pony partakes of all the hardihood of the
others, but is slower and somewhat unpleasant in his paces.
The Shetlander is the most beautiful of the inliabitants of
the northern islands, although of a very diminutive size, vary-
ing from seven and a half to nine and a half hands in height.
He has a small head, a good-tempered coimtenance, and a
short neck becoming gradually fine upwards. The shoulders
are low and thick, the back short, the quarters expanded and
powerful, the legs flat and fine, and the foot retains its nat-
ural form even in old age.

THE CART-HORSE. "

Although we have incidentally spoken of one or two va-
rieties of the draught-horse, our volume would not be com-
plete did we not enter more particularly into a description of
agricultiu'al horses. The cart-horse varies in almost every
county, but one particular characteristic is, or should be, ac-
tivity, in conj miction with such a degi'ee of weight as wiU.
give them more ph^-sical power in draught.

The cart-horse should not be more than sixteen hands
high, with hght, weU-shaj)ed head and neck, short ears, full
chest, large shoulders, low in front, the rump being higher
than the forehand, back strong and compact, legs short and
flat, flUets large, and pliable in the joints.

For heavy wagon di-aught the horses should be large,
provided the size arises fi'om build, and not from flesh alone,
which they will be if fed on sloppy meat — this increasing the
cellular and adipose matter, without nourishing the muscu-
lar fibre.

The object of breeding draught-horses is to increase
strength; and tliis is not best accomplished by increasing-
size, a comj^act horse of fifteen and a half or sixteen hands
high being fi-equently more powerful than one of seventeen.
Cart-horses, when well treated and moderately worked, live
to a great age, instances being on record of their reaching
forty, though regularly worked every day with younger
horses.

64 THE ORANGE COUNTY

European horses which have not Eastern blood in their
veins, are widel}^ different in their physical structui'e from
the Asiatic horse. Their bones are round and porous, their
joints thick, heads clumsy, bodies bulky, chest fleshy, legs
thick, tendons relaxed, hair coarse, and hides siDongy. This
arises from difference of pastiu'e no less than of breed, the
dry j^astui'es of the East being well suited to develop the su-
l^erior powers of the animal.

THE CLYDESDALE HORSE

is met Avith in most counties north of the Tay, and is a fa-
vorite horse in England. These horses are strong,. hardy, and
steady, yet active. Their statiu'e is from fifteen hands to six-
teen hands and a half As fai'mer's horses they are superior
to most others. The breed is originally fi'oni Flanders stal-
lions and Lenark mares, and was formed fi'om the experi-
ments of the Duke of Hamilton.

The Clydesdale horse is lighter than was the old Suffolk
Punch, and with as much bone as the latter, is more shape-
able; his neck is longer, his limbs clean, straight, and sin-
ewy, and his step firm and active. He is caj^able of great
muscular exertion, is good-temj)ered, and not being un-
wieldly, is no burden to the soil, and therefore weU adapted
to the plough.

THE farmer's HORSE,

Half cart-horse, half saddle, is seldom j^erfect in both capa-
cities; his paces are slow and stiff, whilst, from depend-
ing on the coUar to keep him xip, he is apt to come down
when ridden. The rider, however, being aware of this jdccu-
liarity, and not requiring speed, generally contrives to keep
him on his legs.

Wlien used for drawing and riding, the farmer's horse
ijhould be ujDwards of fifteen hands high, v.ith a shoulder
thicker, lower, and less slanting than the saddle-horse. He
fihould be stout and compact, and if with a little blood, so
much the better. He sfiould not be put to the heaviest kind
of drawing, so that his weight should not bo more than wiU
allow of tolerable speed.

The farmer's horse, ridden occasionally, but more em-
ployed for ch'aught, should not be the slow, bulky animal of
former times, but a slight degree taller than the road-horse,
with his shoulder thicker and less slanting, stout and com-

STUD BOOK. 65

pact, and having a little, and but a little, of the blood-horse
in him. A good judge of the horse has said, and it sums uj)
the character of the animal, that "he should have weight
enough to thi'ow into the coUar, and sufficient activity to go
over the gToimd." The farmer's horse may not be often
over-fed, but he is seldem overworked, and, except in the
hay and com hai'vest, his emj)lo}Tnent is easy.

The colors of the hoi-se are very varialale, fhe iDrincijDal
being as foUows: — Bay, of many shades, but always distin-
guished by black manes and tails. Gray, of seven or eight
varieties. Dun, of several shades, having for the most pai-t
a black Hst along the spine. Roan, is bay, black, or sorrel,
intermixed with white hah-. Ghednut, light or dark. Pie-
bald, of two colors, one being white. Besides the colors
enumerated, there are many others, as gnasel, sorret, cream-
color, b!ack\ wh}le,fleabiUen, &e., &c.

White and cream-colored horses were formerly much es-
teemed by persons of high rank. The temi^er of the horse
and his moral qualities vary as much as does his color, but
no doubt these quahties are much uiiluenced by his early
treatment; yet are good and bad qualities sufficiently hered-
itary to be gniarded against in breeding, and some men even
go so far as to state that they are the characteristics of dis-
tinct breeds; but for this there is, j^erhaps, no valid foimda-
tion.

EARLY TRAINING.

Opinions are divided, whether it is conducive to imper-.
fection in the race-horse to persevere with the prevailing
fashion of running them at two years old, and many argu-
ments may be adduced on both sides. Those who are op-
posed to the practice, contend that the hmbs of yoimg ani-
mals are not sufficiently matiu'ed to sustain the ordeal of
training, and that running them at so early an age shortens
the period of their services on the tui'f ; moreover, that it is
calculated to establish constitutional defects, which they
transmit to their progeny. The treatment adopted with
young racing stock is such as to create an early maturity of
the system, and there can be no doubt that in this important
respect vast improvements have been made on the j^ractice
of oiu" forefathers.

The supposition that early racing reduces the period of
a horse's career on the tui-f is not established by fact; in-
deed, there is very conclusive evidence to the contrary, which
will be seen on reference to the table of the comparative

(56 THK ORANGE COUNTV

perfomiances of ancient and modern horses. Many other
examples may be added, but it would be tedious to enumer-
ate them. The "Racing Calendar," and "Ruff's (luide,"
will support this assertion, convince those who are skeptical,
and amuse those who delight in researches of that nature.
In favor of the practice it may be observed that the life-
time of a horse is limited, and thei'e is no reason to imag-
ine that the iieriod of his existence is aii'ected by the age at
wliich his services commence. If, therefore, a colt or filly be
used for racing at two years old, and continues to rmi four
or five years only, there is the more time to calculate upon
the valuable services of either in the stud, than if they were
not trained tiU they had attained the age of five or six years.
Although there are some gentlemen who breed and keep
race-horses j^urely for amusement, there are many jjersons
who keep them with no other view than that of profit, and
they compose by far the greater majority; they are essenti-
ally a shrewd, calculating class of men, and would not enter
into transactions which they do not know to be advantageous
to them. It is tlie breeders and o^vners of race-horses who
encourage the races for yoimg horses, not the public, for the
money which is added to those stakes is not proportionate to
that which is given for horses of more mature age. The
amount which may be. gained, irrespective of betting, by win-
ning a two-year-old stake does not generally equal the sura
which may be won by a handicap for horses m(jre advanced
in years; most men are anxious to know the capabilities of
their young horses before they incur great expenses. What-
ever patriotic impulses might have instigated breeders of
race-horses in the early days of the turf, those motives cer-
tainly do not predominate with the jiresent generation; but
if the same good object be obtained, the stimulus to breed
horses, and that in connection with individual profits, surely
no argument can be held in opposition to the conjoined ad-
vantages. As it is evidently the interest of l^reeders to run
their horses at an early age, any ineasures which would dis-
courage the practice would be objectionable and futile; objec-
tionable, because it would operate as a discoiu'agement to
breeding horses. If the argument could be established that
it predisposes them to disorders, which they entail upon their
progeny, that would be a good reason to advance, but such a
jiosition cannot be maintained. Take the leg as an example,
and that limb is more subservient to the efi'ects of work than
any other. Some of the most celebrated horses have natur-
ally a conformation of their fore-legs, which is object-

«TUD BOOK. 67

tioiiable in appearance, and many of their j^roduce inherit
that conformation; but it cannot be traced to the effect of
early training, or severe work at any age. Pai^tisan was by
no means celebrated for the ai:)pearance of his fore-legs,
which he doubtless inlierited from his grandam Prunella, as
most of her descendants possess a similar imperfection. The
same might have been traced to Yenison, nevertheless his
legs were unequivocaUy sound, othenvise he could not have
undergone the very severe racing and constant traveling,
which he did at three years old. There are likewise other
fadings, spavins and curb.s, for example, which result from an
imperfection in the form of the hocks; these are hereditary
imjierfections, in which case they will sometimes develop
themselves without any exercise, they occasionally proceed
from Avork, and make their appearance on hocks of the most
i:)erf ect form ; but curbs and spavins are by no means so pre-
valent as they were some iive-and-twenty years ago, at which
period it was quite the fashion to fire the hocks of young
horses, esjDecially those which were intended for hiuiters, not
because they evinced any weakness or apparent defects, but
the poor animals were unnecessarily tortured and disfigui'ed
for no good purpose. Such absiuxlities are happily not 2:)rac-
ticed in these days of enlightenment. Pvoaring is a disorder
which appears to prevail to a considerable extent, and great
attention has been devoted to the subject, yet no one has
traced its origin to the effects of early training.

Early training does not appear to have produced iU effects
on several of our best horses, by incapacitating them from
accomplishing their most brilliant performances when they
arrived at matvuity, indeed most horses of celebrit}^, although
trained at two have continued on the tiu*f till they were six
years old. Beesvvdng won the Doncaster cup when she was
seven years old. Both Touchstone and Lanercost won the
cups at Ascot when they were six years old. Charles XTE.
won the Groodvvood cups two years in succession, on the
latter occasion when he was six years old. St. Francis, when
five years old, won the Ascot cup, and EiDinis, at the same
age, the steward's cup at Goodwood.

68 THE OKANGE COUNTY

CHAPTER IV.

CONTORiMATION OF THE HORSE.

A VERY general account only can be given of this, for it
varies essentially with the breed and destination of the animal.
It is not within the scoi:)e of this treatise to enter minutely
into the anatomical structui'e of this noble animal. "We will,
however, take such a general view of it as will be interesting
and instiTictive to the luiscientific reader.

In a physical sense, the horse exhibits as high a degree of
organization as does a hiunan being. There is the same va-
riety of comj^lex structure, and the same adai:)tation of
means to an end. Without some knowledge of these, an ac-
cui'ate judgment of the capabilities of the animal cannot be
arrived at; nor can it be readily understood as to the kind of
labor he can perform witLciit injury, and the way in wliich
he should be set to perform that labor. The general struc-
tm-e of the horse consists of a compHcated set of levers, i. e.,
bones, all acting in combination with each other, by means
of the ropes, i. e. muscles and tendons; and it is of the great-
est possible use to know how these act on each other, so that
they may never be made to act in any other direction than
that intended by nature; any violation of this rule is, as a
matter of coiu'se, attended with corresj^onding injmy to the
animal.

To illustrate this in the familiar mstance of draught, this
bein'jf one of the chief purposes for which the animal was in-
tended. The way in which this is eflected is, by the horse
throwing his body forward, so as to cause his weight to act
upon the load. This act would naturally cause him to fall,
but fi'om his advancing the legs in such a manner as to raise
the body, and not only to support himself during the eftbi-t,
but in such a way as will enable him constantly to renew the
effort. It is evident that in this motion of the body, there
must bo a jioiiit in which both the weight of the body and
the power of the animal's muscles and limbs are concentra-
ted. This point is called the centre of gravity; and if the
horse be not harnessed so as to cause this jDomt to act in the
most favorable manner upon the load, of coiu-se so much of
the ammal's power is lost as is wasted by pulling in a wTi-ong

STUD BOOK. 69

direction; or what is still worse, in order to accomplish the
object, he is compelled to exert himself injiu'iously in per-
forming that which a little consicleration on the part of his
master would otherwise render easy to him. In the same
way, if he be harnessed too far fi-om his neck, the centre of
gravity wiU be thrown into a contrary direction to that in
which it could most efficiently act; and thus loss of j^ower,
and consec[uently injmy from greater exertion, must be the
I'esult. In other words, if the direction of the power em-
ployed be different to that of the weight to be moved, the
power is not used to the best advantage, and the strength of
the animal is wasted to no piu-j)ose. It is only by an ac-
quaintance with, and a study of the structui-e of the horse,
that we can put him to the best uses; not necessarily a scien-
tific knowledge of his structure, but so far, at least, as to
comprehend the natiu-e of the machine — for such the horse
is — which we are employing.

There are some points, however, which are vahiable in
horses of every descrijDtion. The head should not be dispro-
portionaUy large, and should be well set on, i. e. the lower
jaw-bones should be sufficiently far apart to enable the head
to form that angle with the neck which gives to it free mo-
tion and a graceful carriage, and prevents its bearing too
heavy on the hand. The eye should be large and a little
prominent, and the eyelid fine and thin. The ear should be
small and erect, and cjuick in motion. The lop-ear indicates
dullness or stubborimess; and when it is habitually laid too
far back upon the neck, there is frequently a disposition to
mischief. The nostril in every breed should be somewhat
expanded; it can hardly be too much so in the racer, the
hunter, the roadster, and the. coach-horse, for the horse
breathes only through the nostril, and would be dangerously
distressed when mucli speed is required of him if the nostril
could not dilate to admit and to return the air. The neck
should be of moderate length. It should be muscular at the
base, and gradually become fine as it approaches the head.
The withers should be somewhat high in every horse, except
perhajjs thit of heavy draught, and it does not harm him, for
there is a larger surface for the attachment of the muscles of
the back, and they act with greater mechanical advantage.

The chest is the first point to be looked at, both in point
of capacity and form. Without caj^acity, the lungs of the an-
unal cannot be properly adapted to the exertion which he
has to undergo ; — the form is essential to be adapted for the
purpose for which he is intended, whether for riding or

70 THE ORANGE OOTJNTT

draught. In the latter case, especially for heavy work, the
broad chest is eligible, as acting more effectively on the col-
lar, both from size and weight. If light draught be required,
a moderate size, with deptli of girth, is preferable, whilst for
riding, the chest should be so formed as not to throw the
weight too forward, the result of which would be undue and
injurious pressiu'e on the legs.

The back is the next point. If the horse be intended for
riding, and speed be requu-ed, the back may be longer than
for other pm-poses, as the paces of the horse wiU he easier.
If for general piu'poses, a moderately short carcass is to bo
preferred ; it wiU be *more compact, stronger, and yet suffi-
ciently easy in j^ace. The back should be straight to the
loins, and these should be broad, muscidar, and well joined
together, no depressions being obseiwed between them, this
being a sure indication of weakness. There should, however,
be a depression behind the withers, and these should be
high; for independent of the additional power gained, the
more the fore quarters are raised, the longer AviU be the
stride, and the safer will be the action. The muscles about
the withers shoidd also be well developed, as should also
those of the chest, whicli should be well ex}:)anded.

The shoulder is another important point; the greater the
angle between the shoulder-blade and the lower bone the
greater wiU be the ease in riiotion and the more extended
the stride, an upright shoulder being inimical to both. An
oblique shoulder also gives greater safety, fr'om the centre of
gravity being kept well behind the points which support the
animal. It is not difficvilt to form a correct judgment of
the proper obliquity of the shoulder, for where it is too up-
right, it has, of necessity, more muscle, wliich from undue
exercise becomes thick and clumsy. These points should
be well attended to in a riding-horse, but for the purjDOse
of draught, in which great power is essential, and the j^ace
of less importance, the upright shoulder is not so disad-
A'antageous, as giving the horse additional weight to tlu'ow
into the coUar, as well as enabling him to press steadil}' on
every part of it, Ids liind quarters giving the requisite im-
pulse.

The arm, or the part extending from the elbow to the
knee, must next be regarded; and the muscles proceeding
from the slioulder-blade and the lower bone of the shoulder,
to tiie jmiction of tlie elbow, should be well considered;
for upon these depend the fr'ee extension of the arm, and
the quiclcness and length of the stride. Here we have an

STFD BOOK. 71

illustration of the lever; the elbow-joint is the centre of
motion, the shoidder is the weight to be raised, and the
leg is the lever, and the muscles form the power by which
the hmb is raised. Hence, the elbow itself should be deep,
as giving increased power of action.

The knee is next to be considered. It should be very
broad in comparison with the arm and the shank, for as this
is the fulcrum of the whole machine, the muscles and liga-
ments which envelo2:)e it should be of the greatest possible
strengih, and should be thoroughly develojoed. The broader
the knee is, the greater will be the strength of the part. The
leg itself is of gi'eat impoi'tance : it is formed of three bones,
giving great strength, from the whole weight of the horse
being thi'own upon it. The sinews should be firm, promi-
nent, and clearly defined. The foot is described in another
page.

Other points of the horse have been so repeatedly no-
ticed, when speaking of distinct breeds, that it is unnecessaiy
to recajjitulate them here.

The horse is naturally an herbivorous animal. His thin
and muscular hps, his firm and compressed mouth, and his
sharp, incisor teeth, are admirably adapted to seize and to
crojj the herbage. In his domesticated state, however, he is
destined to live i^artially or chiefly on other aliment, and that
of a much harder kind— the various species of com; there-
fore, while man and the carnivorous animals can only champ
and cmsh their food, a provision is given to the horse, in the
stinicture of some of the bones of the head, by means of
which he can comminute and giind down his food as per-
fectly as in the best-contrived mill.

The teeth of the horse require some lengthened consid-
eration, not only from their admirable adaptation to tliis
pm-pose, but as indicating, by the various changes which
they undergo, and almost beyond the possibihty of error,
the age of the animal. He may, when young in years, be
reduced nearly to the decrepitude of age by the barbarous
usage of those who ought to have been his most zealous pro-
tectors; the cavity above the eye may be deej^ened, the un-
der-hp may fall, the Hmbs may be bowed, and the feet may
be battered and distoi-ted — but it is not easy to alter the
character of the teeth.

The colt is generally dropped with the first and second
molar and gTinding-teeth having forced their way thi'ough
the gum. "\Vlien he is about seven or eight days old the
two central front or incisor teeth, above and below, appear.

72 THE ORANGE COUNTY

At tlie expiration of five or six weeks, the two next incisors
may be seen. At thi'ee months they will have overtaken the
central cmes, and both paii-s will have nearly attained their
natural level. A third grinder will then have appeared; and
a little liefore or after the eighth month, the third nipper,
above and below and on each side, will have protruded. The
colt wiU now have hi;-s full com2:)lement of front or cutting
teeth.

These teeth are beautifull}' adapted to their pui']30se.
They have in front an elevated cutting edge of consider-
able sharpness. It is formed of enamel,, a polished sub-
stance which covers the tooth, and is almost too hard to be
acted on by a file. This elevated edge is bent somewhat in-
wards, and over the tooth, so that there is a depression be-
hind it which gradually becomes stained b}' the food, and
constitutes what is called " the mark," in the mouth of the colt
or liorso.

This elevated edge of enamel, hard as it is, is gradually
worn down in the act of mpiiing and cutting the food ; and
as it wears away, the hollow behind becomes diminished, and
is at length totally obliterated. By the degree m which this
mark is effaced, the horseman, not only with regard to the
fii'st, but the permanent teeth, judges of the age of the ani-
mal. This obliteration begins to be manifest at a very early
age. At six months it is sufficiently evident in the four cen-
tral nipi^ers. At a year and a half the mark wiU be very
faint in the central nippers, diminished in the other two, and
the sm'face of all of them wiU be flattened.

At twelve months a foiu'th grinder protinides, and a fifth
at the expiration of two years.

These are all temporary teeth. They were only designed
to last during an early period of the Hfe of the animal; and
when his jaws become considerably expanded, they give way
to another set, larger, firmer, and that wiU probably last diu*-
iug life. The i^ermanent teeth had been long growing in the
socket beneath the temporary ones, and had been pressing
upon their roots, and that pressiu'e had caused an absorji-
tion of these roots, until at length they lost all liold and were
disiDlaced.

When the animal is about tlu'ee years old, the central pair
of nippers, above and below, are thus removed, and two fresli
teeth, easily distinguishable from the first by their increased
size, make their appearance, so that a three-year-old colt is
easily recognized by these two new and enlarged central
nii)i:)ers.

STUD BOOK. 73

A three-year-old colt lias his form and energies much
more developed than a two-year-old one, and is considerably
more valuable; therefore some dishonest breeders endeavor
to pass him uj)on the unvs^ary as being a year older than he
reaUy is, and they accomjiUsh this, in an ingenious but cruel
manner, by punching or di'awing out these teeth. Tliis can-
not, however, be effected vmtil a portion of the second year is
23ast, when the j^ermanent teeth below are beginning to press
upon the roots Of their predecessors, and then the breeder
extracts the central milk-teeth. Those below, having no
longer anj'thing to resist theii* progress, gi"ow far more rap-
idly than they otherwise wovild do, and the scoundrel gains
four or five months in the apparent age of his colt.

Can this trickery be detected ? Not always, except by
one who is weU accustomed to horses. The comparatively
slow wasting of the. other nippers, the difference of the de-
velopment of these niiopers in the upper and under jaw — for
the iDreeder usually confines his roguery to the lower jaAv, the
upper one being comparatively seldom examined — these cir-
ciunstances, together with a deficiency of general develop-
ment in the colt, will sufficiently enable the purchaser to
detect the attempted cheat.

The honest mouth of a tlu-ee-year-old horse should be
thus formed : — the central teeth are palj)ably larger than the
others, and have the mark on theii* upjDcr sui'face evident and
well defined. They will, however, be lower than the other
teeth. The mark in the next pair of nippers will be nearly
worn away, and that in the comer nippers will have begxin
to wear.

At three years and a-half the second nippers will be
pushed from their sockets, and their place gradually sup-
pHed by a new pair; and at foiu' and a-haH the corner nij)-
pers will be undergoing the same process. Thus at fom-
years old the central nippers will be fully gro-\vn: the next
pair vnR be up, but will not have attained their full height ;
and the corner nipjDcrs wiU be small, mth their mark nearly
effaced. At five years old the mark will begin to be effaced
from the central teeth; the next pair will be fully gi'own, and
the blackness of the mark a little taken off; and the corner
pair -wall be j)roti*udiag or j^artly grown.

At this period, or between the fotu-th and fifth year, an-
other change "oiU take place in the mouth of the horse; the
tushes will have begun to appear. There will be two of
them in each jaw, between the nippers and the grinders, con-
siderably nearer to the foiTaer than the latter, and particu-

7-1 THE ORANGE COTINTT

larly so in tlie lower jaw. Tlie use of these tuslies in the
domesticated state of the horse is not evident; but they were
probably designed as weapons of offence in the wild state of
the animals. Attempts are too fi'equentiy made to hasten the
appearance of the second and the corner teeth, in the same
mamier as described with regard to the first, and the gum is
often deeijl;}" lanced in order to hasten the ajDpearance of the
tush.

At six years old the mark on the central nijDpers will be
diminished, if not obliterated. A depression and a mark of
rather brown hue may remaui, but the deep blacked hole in
the centre will no longer be fomid. The other incisors wiU
also be somewhat worn, and the tush fully developed.

At seven the mark on the next pair of incisors will have
nearly disappeared, and the tush will be roimder at the
point and the edges.

At eight the mark will be gone from all the incisor teeth,
and the tush will be evidently roimder and blmiter.

At this i^eriod another piece of trickery is occasionally
jDracticed. The breeder had, until the animal was five years
old, been endeavoring to give him an older appearance than
his years entitled him to, because, in proportion as he
approached the period when his joowers were most perfectly
develoj)ed, his value increased; but now he endeavors to
conceal the ravages of age. The horse is cast, and with a
shari)-pointed steel instrument a little hole is dug on the sur-
face of the corner incisor, to which a red-hot iron is after-
wards aj^plied. An indeUble black mark is thus left on the
tooth. Sometimes the roguery is carried fui'ther; the next
tooth is slightly touched with the engraver and the cautery ;
but here the dishonest dealer generally overreaches himself,
for tlie form and general appearance of a six-year old horse
can rarely be given to one which has passed his eighth year.
The eighth year having j^assed, it is difficult to decide on the
exact age of the horse. The incisors of the uj^per jaw are
then the best guides. At nine years the mark wiU be worn
away from the central teeth; at eleven, from the next pair ;
and at twelve fi-om the corner ones. The tush lilcewise
becomes shorter and blunter.

There are many circumstances which render a decision as
to the age of the horse A-ery difficult after the marks are
effaced from the lower incisors, and even before that period.
Horses always kept in the stable have the mark much sooner
worn out than those that are at grass; and it is impossible
to form any certain calculation as to crib-biters.

STUD BOOK. 75

Of the age to •wliicli the horse would naturally arrive it is
also impossible to say anj-thiug satisfactory. Many have ex-
ceeded thirty, and some even forty years; but, fi-om Ol usage
and over-exertion, many come to their end before they have
seen nine or ten years.

Another part of the horse must not be jsassed over -with-
out especial notice, namely his foot. This is a truly admu-
able i^iece of mechanism, and deserves to be well understood.
It simply consists of a horny case or covering for the protec-
tion of the sensitive parts within, and extends fi'om the ter-
mination of the hau- to the gTound. . It is deejDest in front,
where it is caUed the tor, lower at the sides, or quarter:^, and
of least extent behind at the heel. It is placed in a sloj^ing or
slanting position, forming an angle, which, in the healthy foot
is about 45 degrees. Any deviation fi'om this is considered a
defect. If it is more oblique than this, it indicates a flatness
of the sole, or even a j^rotrusion of it downwards, constituting
a pumiced or convex foot — a very great evil, as it exposes the
sole to bruises or undue pressm-e. If the crust or box is too
upiight, it indicates a tendency to contraction, thrush, and
inflammation, an uj^right pastern, and jolting unpleasant pace.
These are serious deviations from a natural state of the foot,
and should be immediately recognized by the observer. The
crust is thickest in front, and becomes graduaUy thinner
towards the quarters and heels. This thinness is greatest on
the inner quarter, or imier portion of the crust, and more
Aveight is thro-\ATi u2:)on it than uj)on the outer quarter. This
may seem at first view to be rather singular, but it is a wise
provision of Nature, in order that the elasticity of that j^art
may be brought more into play, and dangerous concussion
lessened or avoided. The nails are often driven too close on
the inner quarter, the consequence of which are corns, con-
traction, and sand-crack.

The foot often varies gi-eatly in magnitude in proportion
to the general bulk of the horse. This is a considerable
evil. A large foot not luifrequently becomes objectionable
from its striking the opposite leg; on the other hand, the
large foot will not sink so readily into soft ground, and con-
sequently not demand so great an effort of strength to extri-
cate it. In general broad and flat-footed horses jiossess the
greatest strength; small and narrow-footed ones have supe-
rior speed. Both, within certain limits, possess their resj)ective
advantages and disadvantages. Large bulky hoofs are weaker
than others, in consequence of being composed of a thin, soft,
porous horn. Small feet generally possess a close-woven

76 THE OKANGE COUNTY

horn, but are deficient in circularity of fig\u'e, "udtli great
depth of substance, and are of a more dm-able natiu'e.

On account of the suj)erior weight whicli it bears, the inner
heel wears away more quickly than the outer one. It will
often be scarcely necessaiy to remove any horn from the
imier heel, for that is ah'eady effected by the wear of the foot.
The smith frequently forgets this, and pares away all roimd
with his butteris or his knife, and thus, leaving the iimer
quaiier lower than the outer, throws an uneven bearing upon
it, and produces corns, sand-cracks, SjDlints, and various
other evils. The depth of the horn in the fi'ont of the toe,
measui'ing from the termination of the skin, is on an average
about three inches or thi'ee inches and a half, and its thick-
ness varies from three-eighths of an inch to liaK an inch : but
near the top, and at the inside, it is foiuid to be scooped or
hollowed out, and contains or covers a thickened prolonga-
tion, falsely called the coronary ligament, for it has no liga-
mentous substance belonging to it. It is a collection of
blood-vessels bound together l)y a fibrous textiu'e, and its
office is to supj^ly any loss of substance in the hoof that may
be occasioned by accident or disease, and also to secrete the
substance of the wall or crust of the feet.

The crust or hoof is composed of fibres iiinning per-
pendicular from the coronet to the ground in front, and
at the quarters, taking an oblique direction forwards. This
constiniction enables the heels to expand when they come in
contact -with the ground, and this expansion permits the gra-
dual descent of the bones of the feet, and obviates much
concussion. It is in order that this expansion may readily
take i^lace, that the crust, as has been akeady stated, is thin-
nest at the quarters and toAvards the heels.

On the inside of the crust are numerous naiTow, thin
plates, or processes, called the lamin.ne, aiTanged in the
nicest order, and with almost mathematical precision. They
extend parallel to each other in a j^erpendicular du*ection
from immediately beneath the coronary ligament to the
junction of the wall with the sole, and are so thickly set that
every part of the crust is occupied by them. They are like-
wise continued over the siu-face of the bars, of which mention
will jn-esently be made. They are about 500 in number,
broadest at their base, and terminating in the most delicate
expansion of horn. They correspond with similar leaves i^ro-
jecting fi'om the coffin-bone, or internal bone of the hoof, and
thus jn-esent a most extraordinary supei-ficies for the attach-
ment of the coffin-bone. The lamince from the coffin-bone

STUD BOOK.

77

and those from thie hoof form a complete union, which, for
strength and elasticity combined, may vie with any piece of
animal mechanism that is known. It has been calculated
that the imited superficies in a foot of tolerable size will
yield a sui'face of attachment equal to 212 square inches,
or nearly one square foot and a half. This is a contriv-
ance to prevent concussion which may well excite our ad-
miration.

The bars or processes of the wall of the foot, inflected
obliquely across the bottom of the foot, along* and outside of
the frog. The shghtest consideration will show that their
office is both to admit of, and to limit to its proper ex-
tent the expansion of the foot. When the weight of the
animal is tlu•o^vn on the laminae, these arches wiU shorten
and widen in order to admit of the expansion of the quar-
ters, and when that expansive power ceases to act, the bar
will retiu-n to its usual ciu've, and the foot will regain its
usual form. It is strange that, even at the present day, the
farriers should maintain their combination to get rid of this
beautiful and useful contrivance of nature. Although every
foot from which the bars are removed becomes more or less
contracted at the quarters, old prejudices prevent them from
tracing the com)£ction of cause and effect. The owner of the
horse should lay it down as a principle, from which his far-
rier should never be permitted to deviate, that the bars of
the foot should never be cut away.

The sole is the arched plate at the bottom of the hoof,
and it is one of the most important parts of the foot.
Thousands of horses are ruined by the mass of horn which
is suffered to accumulate on it, and, occasionally, the sole
is materially injured and wounded by it. The natural thick-
ness of the sole is about one-sixth of an inch, but that "svhich
forms a union with the bars is nearly double the thickness of
the other parts. In its natural state it is to a certain degree
hollow, and thus it has the capacity of descending with the
weight of the horse. A flat sole caimot descend lower.
This, also, is a circumstance that the smith should be com-
pelled to attend to.

The frog is the prominent triangular body occupying the
chasm between the bars. It extends forwards towards the
toe, about two-thfrds of the distance between the toe and the
heel. It is of a cimeiform figui'c, not. a httle resembhng a
ploughshare. It consists of two romided or projecting siu'-
faces, with a fissui'e or cleft between them, but uniting about
half-way down the foot, and forming a wedge with the sharp

78 THE ORANGE COUNTY

point forwards, in order to give seciu'ity to the tread of the
horse. It assists also in a material degree in the expansion
of the foot. Thus the diminution of the substance of the
fi-og, and its elevation above ground, must be injurious. The
rough and detached parts may be removed, but the sub-
stance of the fi'og should always be left just above or ivithin
(he level of the shoe.

When well treated the horse lives to a great age, though
as treated in general^ his best years are from live to fif-
teen, instances, however, being numerous in which he is ser-
viceable to twenty years of age, and even longer. An in-
stance is on record in which he reached the extraordinary
age of seventy.

The senses of the horse are acute and delicate, and his
intellectual character is marked by a quick perception, an
excellent memory, and benevolence of disj^osition. As in
man, some horses are highly courageous, others timid; some
lively, playful, and generous, whilst others are stupid, obsti-
nate, and vicious. He is rarely found to exert his vast
strength and activity to his master's prejudice; on the con-
trary, he will endure fatigue, even to death, for his benefit.
One of his most eminent characteristics is that his efforts are
not made so much from fear of his master, as from a certain
consciousness of the necessity for doing his duty, for the
sake of the sendees which he receives at the hand of man.

The natui-al affection of the horse is not displayed to-
wards man only, but he extends liis attachment to other ani-
mals who are associated with him, and not to his own species
alone, but to animals of any other species. The fondness of
the horse for dogs is well knov/n, and when a cat takes to
the stable, she is presently' on the best of terms with the in-
mates. Horses are much attached to a goat, and this animal
is hence fi'equently kejjt in a stable, the result being much
natural regard between the goat and the horse.

The horse, too, has his tastes as well as his rider. The
fondness of horses for music has been an observation in aU
ages, and the bands of a cavahy regiment have no little to do
with the proud military l)caring of the regimental horses.
All soldiers Imow the dehglit with which a horse listens to a
military band.

It was formerly customary, in order to improve the ap-
jDcarance of the horse, to dock and nick his tail. The custom
no doubt originated with the same blockheads who slit the
tongue of a magpie to make him talk; a more barbarous or
a more unsightly practice was never adopted. The pain

STUD BOOK. 79

which the animal suffers in having his vei-tebral column cut
through, and with it the medullary substance and the sjoinal
cord, is the most intense which one brute can inflict on an-
other, even though the inflictor of the pain be the brutal
owner of a horse. The only defence which was ever put
forth in alleviation of so barbarous a cruelty is, that the
horse shall carry his tail like an Arabian, as though the sight-
less and indeUcate stum}), sticking out of the hindquaiiers of
a docked horse, was anj'thing bvit a ridicidous caricatui'e of
the caudal appendage of the Asiatic horse.

But the cruelty of docking a horse or nicking him does
not end with the infliction. The tail is given to the horse by
the same Providence which made him, for the twofold Y>\n:-
pose of protecting a tender part against cold in winter and
to lash off the flies and other insects which torment him in
summer. Both these ends, necessary to the comfort and even
health of the horse, are frustrated by a half-witted ignoramus,
who beheves that he can mend the works of the horse's
Maker. To make the tail of the animal more useful than it
was intended by Providence to be, he renders what his barbar-
ity has left of it altogether without motion of any kind.

A very little observation on the habits of the horse would
have shown the foUy as well as cruelty of such a practice.
There are few portions of a horse's body which he caimot
reach with his teeth or his tail, the latter being in this re-
spect a hand to him. But if a horse itch in any part which
he cannot reach, he wiU go to another horse, and bite him on
the i^art which he himself wants bitten. His friend will take
the hint and perform the kind office for him. This should
hence show the necessity of not depriving the animal of those
j)ortions of his body by which he can free himself from
annoyance.

tiO TELE 0RA2S[GE COUNTY

CHAPTER V.

ON BREEDING STOCK.

Breeders of all kinds of animals are unanimous in their
opinions that it is necessary to have distinct varieties, usually
distinguished as thoroughbred, for the propagation of the
species, whether it be determined to cany on the unblem-
ished pedigree, or to cross with other breeds.

It is a general observation with those who have devoted
attention to the subject, that horses and mares require much
time after they have been trained, before they distinguish
themselves as the progenitors of fii'st-rate stock. This affords
another argument in favor of early training. Both with
mares and stallions theu' best foals have often not come forth
till they were advanced in years. According to the j^resmned
age of the Godolphin Ai'abian, he was thirteen years old
when he became the sire of Regulus; Paynator and Whale-
bone were each of them twenty years old when their sons,
Doctor Syntax and Sir Hercules, were foaled. Potoooooooo,
Sultan, Langar and Venison, were each of them sixteeeu
years old when they became the sires respectively of Waxy,
Bay Middleton, Epirus and Kingston, Melbourne was fif-
teen when he begat West Australian; Haphazard foiuteen
when he was the sire of Filho da Puta. OrviUe was the same
age when he was the su-e of Ebor, and twenty when he be-
got the still more celebrated Emilius; and an infinity of sim-
ilar examples may be added. This projoeiiy applies more
generally to stahions than to mares; for it is sometimes ap-
parent that their first foals are vastly superior to their subse-
quent jDroduce. This was the case in olden times with the
dams of Mark Aiiton}', Conductor, PjTrhus, and Pantaloon;
and more recently with Sultan, Touchstone, Sir Hercules and
Fihio da Puta. Whether the subsequent change of partners
has any prejudicial effect on the future progeny is a subject
woi-thy the most scrupulous attention of breeders.

It is cm-ious to remark, that when a thoroughbred mare
has once had foals to common horses, no subsequent foals
which she may have had by thoroughbred horses have ever

STUD BOOK. 8l

evinced any pretensions to racing qualities. There maybe an
excejjtion; but I believe I am coiTect in stating that there is
not.

The science of breeding horses is replete with interest to
those who are immediately concerned in that jDm-suit, or racino-
in its various phases; and to those who are not, considering its
importance in a commercial and national point of view, it can-
not fail to excite attention. The unanimity which has presided
over the progress made in racing and breeding for that pui'-
pose is indubitable; still there are persons disposed to ceu-
siu-e the exciting customs of the tm-f, as conducive to the
defeat of that object for which they ought to be fi-amed with
the most careful apphcation. Li addition to the subjects al-
ready noticed, it is frequently argued that the jirevailing
fashion of handicaj) races, and light weights in general, are
calculated to encom^age the breeding of a degenerate class of
horses. Here it must be observed, that it is not in the j^ower
of human ingenuity to introduce systems which are quite
fi-ee fi"om objection. In whatever may be advanced in the
way of improvement, something occiu's to i:)reveut the attain-
ment of perfection. With respect to weights, it cannot be
denied that the custom of carrying high weights prevailed
with oiu- ancestors very materially over the usages of modern
times; but without investigating the fact, many j)ersons enter-
tain an opinion that it was an universal practice; which, how-
ever, is a mistake.

It is not because these facts are mentioned, that the pre-
vailing custom of running at very hght weights can be de-
fended, for the racing community has fallen into a very great
extreme, more prejudicial on other accomits, than mth re-
fence to its influence on any j^i'esumed degeneration of the
race-horse.

That higher scales of weights than those which are gener-
ally adopted would be conducive to the interest of all j^arties
there cannot exist a doubt, and many of the best and most
enlightened patrons of the turf conciu' ^vith the opinion;
but it is a subject over which it is difficult to exercise any
control.

For all pui'poses, except that of draught, fifteen hands
two inches is the most desu-able, an inch over or under in-
cluded. There is a standard of excellence which regulates
the statui'e of all animals; that exceeded or not attained, the
acme of perfection is wanting. It is uiniecessary to remind
those who are intimately acquainted with racing that no
undersized horse, that is, one not exceeding foxu'teen hands.

82 THE ORAMGE COUNTY

however well bred he may be, has the sHghtest chance in a
race with a horse of fair pretensions, a hand and a half
higher, with proportionate jDOwer and muscular symmetry.
The average race-horses of the present day are far su^Derior,
in consequence of the improvements made in their size and
powei*. Tliis has been accomplished by selecting those to
breed from which have established a fame on the turf, or near
relatives to them; and those which, being well bred, fi-om
their power and symmetry present reasonable expectations
of producing foals of value. To this may be added good and
suitable nourishment, and a climate higlily congenial to the
constitution of the equine tribe. The partisans of the ancient
woithies contend, that although low in stature, they were
superior in thoi^e proj)ortions which gave them power — an
inference which cannot be established. Length is an essen-
tial auxihary to racing properties, and an animal only four-
teen hands high, with the length and substance of one fifteen
hands two inches, would be out of all proj)ortion.

The most talented and successful breeders of horses
diu'ing the present centruy, thorouglily convinced of the impro-
priety of breeding from families nearly related, have scrupu-
lously avoided it.

To determine by the external appearance of a horse on the
qualifications he may possess, or what he may be able to per-
form, is an exercise of judgment with which the most exj)e-
rienced are not endowed. Aj^pearances are so fallacious, that
the most skillful will find themselves mistaken; this applies
botla to racing and breeding, therefore, much must be left to
future develoj)ment. If breeding horses could be reduced to
a system like a sum in arithmetic, or an operation in chem-
istry, tliere would be an end to speculation, and the exciting
interest with which it is accompanied would be wanting.
It is not to be inferred from this that chance presides um-e-
servedly over its destinies, far from it; there may be and are
some extraordinary incidents which occasionally embellish it
with something akin to that character, but they are the
exceptions, and not the rule. Those who take the most
pains to investigate causes and effects will be most successfxd
in the enterprise of l^reeding horses. Temper is a qualifica-
tion of great imjiortance, and this expression must be accepted
with a comj^rehensive meaning; not simply to convey the
idea of docility, but the combined attributes of courage, or
good-will to exert the j^hysical powers to the utmost extent;
and in proportion as a horse is gifted with physical capabil-
ities and the will to exert them, so wiU he maintain a position

STUD BOOK. 83

among his class. There are instances of horses being
endowed with perfect symmetry, great power, and the most
exquisite action, all of which is of no avail, because they do
not also j)ossess the energy to give effect to those good cpal-
ities.

This subject affords a very expansive field for observation,
although it is one which breeders seldom take into considera-
tion. It is the presence of an equivalent portion of nervous
excitabihty of the brain and nervous system, influencing the
muscles of locomotion with physical j)ower, which combine
to establish the perfection of endurance. If the nervous ex-
citabihty be in excess, and the animal is gifted with good
action, speed will be his forte. This is manifest, because the
exciting energies of the nervous system exhaust the muscular
powers too quickly to enable the animal to continue beyond
a short distance. If again those proportions of nervous ex-
citability be shghtly wanting, and the horse has a powerful
muscular conformation, his energies may be aroused to a
certain extent by artificial means. Here much discrimination
in the rider is necessary, otherwise the object is defeated.
But if with great muscular power the nervous energies are
extremely deficient, the animal will be of little value. This
may to some extent aflbrd a reason why very large horses are
seldom very good ones. The two essentials, the wiU and the
j)Ower, must exist in aU horses which perform extraordinary
feats. The most competent judges are not able to decide
upon the merits of a horse until those merits are tried. A
moderately experienced person can determine if the essential
points, such as the shoulders, back, loins, and quarters are in
conformity with the generally acknowledged opinions of
s^Tnmetry; he can tell also the animal being in working con-
dition, if he shoAvs a fine development of muscle and sinew;
and the action will aiibrd a fail* criterion whereby to judge if
the muscles, sinews, and levers be proportioned to each other;
but no one can teU whether the horse possesses the energetic
will to put all his powers into eflect until he is tried, for
whatever purpose he may be adapted. To convey evidence
upon this point the head is the most impoiiant organ. In
favorable cases the contoiu's are agreeably traced, the lines
are most beautifully developed, with a fine exj^ressive eye,
full of vigor and energy. But these signs may be fallacious;
they may indicate acholeric, fiery temper, impatient of reason-
able control, which wiU occasion the speedy prostration of the
muscular system. At the same time that a neat, light, weU-
•formed head, may generally be considered as indicating sujje-

84 THE ORANGE COUNTY

rior corporeal powers: a cliill, heavy, sullen aspect is a pretty
sure index of the reverse. The spinal marrow wliich jjasses
tlu-ough the whole length of the vertabrse is the vital cause of
muscular motion, and from it the neiA^es issue. This spinal
marrow is a continuation of the posterior portion of the brain,
and as aU this wonderful and beautiful machinery is entu-ely
hidden from inspection, the fallacy of judging from external
aj^pearances is readily explained. Racing is the medium
thi'ough which these characteristics are discovered; and
breeders wiU find it to their advantage to investigate mi-
nutely on which side the balance jjreponderates, whether it
be in favor of the will or the j^ower. By this some of the
uncertainty connected with the speculation of breeding
horses wiU be overcome. If the su'e be of very energetic
temper, he is a good cross for a mare possessing power,
with a dull, phlegmatic disposition. Those who have
devoted their attention to the many interesting subjects con-
nected with the racmg career and lineage of the equine race,
are aware that the most valuable quahties that the horse can
display wiU sometimes lie dormant through a generation or
more, and then burst forth with renewed distinction. There
can be no doubt that this is occasioned by a deficiency of the
exciting force or energy of the brain and neiwous system
which influences the muscles of locomotion— for that is the
power which moves the machinery. This inestimable faculty
may be affected and sadly deranged by accidental causes or
injudicious treatment. If an ailimal be frequently and
seriously alarmed or punished, it wih have a marked and
visible effect upon the nervous system. This wiU influence
the muscular powers, and render them incaj)able of merely
shght exertion. This is exemplified by the animal breaking
out into profuse perspiration. Rational modes of treating
young horses are by far more generally Imown and practiced
than they were only twenty years ago. The ordeal which
many of them had to imdergo in bygone days in the hands of
inconsiderate persons, for the jDvu'pose of preparing them to
run for early engagements, was well calculated to raise an
outcry against the practice of training them at two years old.
Even the j^robationary exercise of lunging was carried often
to an excess prejudicial and dangerous to the nervous sji:.em,
the muscular powers, and the delicate textm-e of joints and
tendons. A moment's reflection will determine, that if a
yomig animal, or indeed one of mature age, be wantonly ex-
cited to perform so much labor as to occasion exhaustion of
the muscular powers, the symjiathy existing between the

STUD BOOK. OD

muscular and nervous system will interfere to restrain such
aggi'Bssions in future. The more we scrutiuize the elaborate
and beautiful works of natui'e, the more we must admire the
wonderful order by which they are regulated. If one poi-tion
of the animal fi-ame in its influence over another subdues,
distresses, or injures it, some superior faculty interi^oses to
keep the machinery in order. Thus, in the event of extreme
exhaustion, the muscular powers of the animal having been
set in motion by the brain and nervous system, man in his
ignorance, by over-exciting the nervous system, causes the
muscles to be excited beyond the limits of convenience and
reason. The brain and nervous system participate in tliis,
being the primary agent acted uj)on, and in its twra acting
upon the body, of which it forms a pai-t, on a futiu-e occasion
declines to exert itself; m a word, the generous temper and
high coui'age which previously adorned the victim is dispirited
and broken. If, however, the nervous system be more higlily
gifted, so that it overcomes the 'muscular powers, the poor
creature becomes emaciated and weak, losing its condition
sometimes without an apparent cause.

The great difference Avhich is on most occasions ai:)parent
in the condition of the stud-horse, and the brood inares,
requu'es a passing comment. The former is generally in the
highest state of excitement, his spu'its boimding with gay
dehght, so that he can hardly be restrained within moderate
subjection to the control of his attendant. This is the result
of high keep and the natural tenijjerament of the animal.
But how diherent the appearance of the poor mare — she is
comparatively in woeful plight— she is seldom seen bounding
in playful or joyous mood, but is seemingly contemplating,
with careworn anxiety, the troubles of a matron. To some
extent this is a state natui'al to the pregnant female, but in
many instances it is increased by the quahty of the food,
which principally consists of gTass. The keej) of horses and
mares requii'es to be more nearly assimilated in order to
render more certain the state of pregnancy, and more perfect
the condition of the foetus. Part of the food which the mare
consmnes is destined to afford nouiishment to her embryo
offspring, and like herself, it will have imparted to it some of
the proiDciiies of that food; it is therefore most important
that the nutriment which she receives should be of that kind
which is calculated to establish a vigorous constitution.

The judicious selection of proper crosses is one of the most
momentous considerations connected with the management of
a breeding stud. An intimate acquaintance with the proper-

86 THE ORANGE COUNTY

ties and propensities of the different families of the thorough-
bred horse can only be attained by constant attention and
careful comparisons of results, and whoever enters on the
costly speculation without having minutely investigated these
matters, does so with very httle more than chance to befriend
him. In making pui'chases of untried racmg stock it is
equally essential. To those who speculate uiDon racing ven-
tm'es it is a subject of no mean importance, for it wiU enable
them to di'aw valuable inferences with reference to dark
horses. The crosses which have from time to time been most
eminently successful speak for themselves in the respective
pedigrees of horses of celebrity; to attempt to enumerate
them would be an irksome and improfitable task. When a
mare has terminated her career on the tvu'f she is very com-
monly consigned to the stud; in many instances without
considering her worth in that department. Thus a vast number
of foals are produced, many of which occasion disappointment.
This is a difficulty which camaot readily be overcome; for
the question arises, " What defects ought to exclude a mare
from the stud?" Constitutional misoundness and hereditary
infirmities, no doubt; but beyond these, where is the line
to be dra^Mi? Unwilling to seU a mare for a trifling sum,
the owner very often reconciles himseK with the flattering
excuse that she possesses or inherits some sterhng qualities
which may descend to her jDrogeny.

It must be confessed that there are too many mares used
for breeding which are rmworthy of the honor; but, again, it
must be remembered that the produce, in due time, has to
undergo the refining process through the medium of that
inquisitive crucible, the racc-coiu"se, which assists in some
measm'e in the extirpation of weeds. Worthless fiUies, the
produce of worthless parents, may, in the possession of some
persons, go on for a time ; but thei'e arc few Avho do not soon
become weary of breeding such rubbish. Thus there is an
antidote to the evil. If the facilities for breeding inferior
stock were confined to the females, the consequences would be
unimportant; but vmfoi-tiuiately it extends to the males. It
appears to be an irrcconc-ilable contradiction that the pub-
lic, who have to pay for the services of a horse, would ever
patronize one imless he was eminent for his good qualities;
neither wiU judicicms and exi^erienced breeders ever fall into
that error; but there are young beginners who do, and thus
it is that animals which never ought to be permitted to jier-
petuate their species keep uj) a race disting-uished for bad
i:)ropei'ties. These ciTors are committed only b}^ a small pro-

STUD BOOK. 87

portion of those who embark in the speculation, and, there-
fore, the injury sustained is more the loss of money to the
individuals than any deterioration in the national character
of the horse.

There is a mistake into which some of the most extensive,
and it may be added, highly experienced breeders have
fallen, that of not selecting a suitable partner for each mare.
A stud of mares is got together, and they may be unexcep-
tionable ; a staUion is pvirchased, and he may be of the very
best blood, altogether the most perfect animal of his day,
and yet there may be some mares, indeed several out of a
number, fi-om which it cannot reasonably be expected that
the produce will be highly valuable. Setting aside the con-
tingency of consanguinity presenting a rational impediment,
there are many circumstances which ought to be considered
as a bar to the union. Great disj)roportion of size may be
one. Although it is held as a principle, and no doubt is a
good one, to correct any imperfections which are possessed
by one parent by the superiority of those particular points
in the other, attempts to rectify diminutive statiu'e by the
other extreme are generally productive of disappointment.
The increased size to which the English thoroughbred-horse
has been brought has been accomplished by degrees, and
Nature is jealous of having her handiwork outraged by ex-
cess Disproportion in some of the limbs is commonly
the result when great disparity of size characterizes the pa-
rents If either the horse or the mare be defective in the
shoulders, it sliould be determined that the other must be
unexceptionable in that respect; the same distinction applies
to the back, loins, quarters, thighs, hocks, and legs. There
are some breeders who regard with insigTiiticance the perfec-
tions of their mares, relying uj^on the merits of the horse for
the perfection of the produce ; but, to say the least of it, it
is a most hazardous conception. It has been akeady re-
marked, that mares which have distinguished themselves most
successfully on the tiu-f, have, in many instances, failed to
produce foals of any value; and it has very frequently oc-
curred that mares which have only run a few races have been
most successful in the stud. Very high prices have occasion-
ally been given for mares to breed from, in consequence of
the celebrity they have attained on the turf; but there are
scarcely any examples of their having compensated the pui*-
chasers. The most valuable mares for the j^urpose ai'e, mi-
doubtedly, those which have bred runners; and, if their cost
price is high, they generally remunerate the enterprising

88 THE CHANGE COUNTY

speculators by the superiority of tlieir offspring. There is a
gi'eat advantage attendant upon breeding from a mare whose
produce has been tried in pubhc, as by that means some of
the characteristic faculties of her produce may be known,
and which will afford a valuable criterion in the selection of
the horse Avhich is to become the sii'e of a succeeding foal.
It appears to be a property inlierent in some mares to breed
aU, or nearly all, their foals endowed with the same proj^en-
Hities, although the propensities of these foals differ from her
own. Thus, a mare may be gifted with great stoutness, and
her foals more celebrated for speed; and there are also ex-
amples of speedy mares having bred foals which have proved
particularly stout.

The success of a breeding stud will be regulated to a very
considerable extent by the judgment which is exercised in
the selection of mares. There are many which are consid-
ered very well bred, Avhich are by no means desirable ani-
mals to breed from. It may be vu-ged that a thorough-bred
mare cannot be otherwise than well bred; but her hneage
may go back to ancestors of unworthy pretensions, and on
that account she may not be suitable for the piu'pose. She
may also jDOSsess hereditary blemishes, either in person or in
pedigree, which, unfortunately, more fi'equently develop them-
selves than the highest classes of perfections. Action is an
accomplishment which in general does not command the
attention it deserves. In racing, providing a horse gets his
head first past the winning-post, no one would care whether
it were accomplished by the most imiform and exquisite
motion of the limbs, or whether it could be performed by an
entei-taining succession of somersaults. The qualities which
win fame on a race-covu'se are speed and endurance, no
thought is bestowed in what manner the propelling power is
effected; and these propelling powers are sometimes com-
bined with very indifferent action. This in a race-horse, so
long as his services are confined to the tm'f, is a considera-
tion of no importance; he may be valuable for that piu"j)ose,
be his action ever so faulty; but in the stud it becomes a
very dift'erent affair. Action is very commonly entailed ui^on
the offspring, more frequently than speed and stoutness, to
which good action is generally an important improvement.
It can scarcely admit of a doubt, that the failiu-e which has
attended many horses and mares which have been good run-
ners themselves, but which have produced "S'ery inferior
stock, may be in many instances traced to defective action.
The confoi-mation which conduces principally to this perfec-

STUD BOOK. 89

tion for racing depends greatly on the liind legs, the thighs,
the back, and the loins; from the shoulders the motive power
of the fore legs proceecls. For racing piu-poses, the quality
of the fore legs is not of equal importance as in those ani-
mals which are destined for hunters, or riding horses. This
oiDinion is e\ddently maintained by many of the most exi:)eri-
enced breeders for the tui'f ; because they contiime to breed
from horses in whom this faihng is hereditary. So long as
the shoulders are gifted with tlie pover of fr-ee action, and
the fore legs are sufficient to act as props to the machinery, by
the aid of boots, bandages, aud such like appendages, the
legs may be kept in tolerable order for a time, and enable a
horse to run for his early engagements. But yet to how
much anxiety, and often loss, does this imperfection subject
the owner. There is a constant apprehension that the legs
will fail. Every sweat, every gallop which a horse with
infu'm legs takes, in his preparation, excites his o^vner to
nervous trexDidation, fearing that a break-down may be the-
consequence. In racing the anxiety is still greater. No pru-
dent man hkes to encoimter the additional risk of bacldng
his horse for a race when the legs are of defective qualit}^
The effect is often extensive, and is not restricted to actual
lameness, or breaking down. Horses which have weak fore legs
will tire in those limbs before they exj^erience distress in
other parts of their frames; this, of course, affects their inin-
ning and occasions their defeat.

There is a certain refinement of form, a gracefulness of
outhne, an elegance of motion and aristocratic bearing, char-
acteristic of a high-bred mare, which merits distinction.
Breeders often show a great predilection for what they term
fine, large, roomy mares; they are often pertinaciously mi-
certaiu in their produce; one year their foal is undersized,
and the succeeding one it is overgrown. The Arabs are said
to attach more importance to the perfections of their mares
than to those of their horses. English breeders might take
a profitable example in this respect fr-om them. They fre-
quently breed from inferior mares, at all events, some whose
merits have not been tried; but very rarely, indeed, from
horses which have not gained some reputation on the coiu'se,
let their pedigrees be ever so pnre and unexceptionable. In
the early days of breeding it was by no means an macommon
practice. The only modem instance of an untried race-horse
gaining repute in the stud was that of Defence. The high
premiums paid for the services of stallions of fame, and
which breeders are willing to pay, affords convincing proof

90 THE ORANGE COUNTY

of the importance which is attached to the sire. In England
horses of yery great pretensions are patronized at £50 each
mare, descending to £10 as the mininuim for sires of re-
spectable eminence. At the present day the number of stal-
lions is considerably above the average of former years,
which tends to a diminution of charges even of first-rate
horses; and as they descend in the scale of estimation the
reduction is more conspicuous. This is a fact which camiot
be regarded in any but a foiiuitous aspect; being a gTeater
number, there is a gi'eater variety, and a more copious field
for choice. When we examine the question as to the influ-
ence of the sires, comj^ared with the dams, on the breed of
horses, the increase in the number of the former must bo ac-
cepted in a most favorable jDosition.

That the object of promoting a breed of sound, useful,
powerful horses was not accomplished by deviations fTom the
customs of legitimate racing, is weU known to all who have
devoted their attention to the passing events on the tui'f diu'-
iug the last twenty years. In every instance they have had
an adverse tendency. There is not an example in the amials
of racing of a bona fide half-bred horse, that could defeat a
good thorough-bred one of the same age, at high weights, over
any distance of ground from two to foiu* miles; and the great-
er the distance, and the higher the weights, more conclusive
have been the results in favor of blood.

Tiiere is a cu'cumstance which must not be omitted in
connection with breeding half-bred horses, as it may serve as
a beacon for other pui'poses. The most superior produce
always resulted from the mare which was not thorough-bred,
and the highest-bred horse. This jorinciple is likewise ac-
knowledged by the breeders of aU other kinds of stock, wliether
cattle or sheep; and it is a subject of great importance to
those who breed huntei's and tirst-class riding horses. It
leads to the conviction that the thorough-bred horse, fi'om
the great care that has been, from time to time, bestowed in
the selection of the choicest subjects, has now become a more
highly-bred animal than the Arab, from which he was origiu-
aUy descended. This may afford another exi:)lanation to
causes already named why the i:>roduce from Arabian horses
and English thorough-bred mares are so utterly wortliless.
The results might be more favorable through the agency of
Arabian mares with English horses. It was the opinion of
the late Earl Spencer, who, all the world is aware, devoted
great attention to the breeding of domestic animals, that the
inliuencc which each parent exercises over its progeny is in

STUD BOOK. 91

proporLion to the fintiqiiity and purity of the race to which it
belongs. This theory may now be said to have received prac-
tical proof, and to be generally acknowledged.

From the numerous facts which have been advanced, each
bearing upon the most imi)ortant jDoints, we must come to
the conclusion that the progressive increase of racing and
breeding horses for that purpose has led to imequivocal im-
provement; and it is clearly manifest that the horses of the
present day are superior to their jDredecessors in size, jDOwer,
speed, and endm-ance. The augmentation of their numbers
is uimiistakeable evidence of the interest attached to the two-
fold enterprise. We may now take up another engagement,
equally, perchance more inviting, interesting, and familiar to
the public, that of breeding horses for hunting, riding, diiv-
ing, and other useful pui-poses. The assertion has been
made, and it camiot be rebutted, that the supply is uneqvial to
the demand. However, we have the j^ure soui-ce from which
they may be produced in great numbers, inadequate though
they may be to the requu-ements of the nation, but having
the material, it is only incmubent u]Don us to bring it into
effect upon the most advantageous terms.

The eye dehghts to feast ujDon that which is symmetrical
and beautiful. There is no creattu'e in the universe, the fair
portion of the human race excejDted, in which the lines of
beauty are so exquisitely defined as they are m a well-shaped
horse. Whether we behold him in an easy gi-aceful action,
bomiding over the elastic tiu'f ; boldly facing the opposing
barrier which disputes his progi'ess in the chase; proudly
stepping (perchance with a fair burden upon his back) in the
park: or gayly and gorgeously cajoarisoned with the para-
phernaha of the battle-field; in either instance we admu-e him
for his swiftness, his activity, his docihty, and his unflinching
coui'age. Whether the amount of discrimination be great or
little with which any individual, gentle or simple, may be
gifted, nothing occasions a friend or acquaintance greater
offence than an insinuation that his judgment in horseflesh
is deficient. This for general purjDoses is a Httle species of
self-vanity, which may be miimpoi'tant, at least so long as it
is confined to piu-chasing; but when deficiency of judgment
is exercised in breeding, it becomes a different affair. A
worthless produce is not only an individual loss but a public
misfortune. There are many who are very fair judges of
horses when they are in fit condition to be put to work
who are totally at a loss when they attempt to form opinions
on breeding, or concerning yoimg horses which are promising

92 THE OK.\NGK COUNTY

to become valuable animals. Almost every individual who
has made the horse his thesis for waiting, has given a de-
scription of the essential j^oints which every animal must be
gifted with that lays claim to excellence. It is a worn-out
and unprofitable subject to dilate ujjon. Practice alone "will
make an adept in this art. To be a thoroughly good judge
of horses is an invaluable acquirement to the breeder, and it
is indispensable to him if he is ambitious of eminence and
profit. The first considerations in making selections of horses
and mares for the piu'pose of breeding riding-horses, wdU be
to determine whether they are likely to produce foals which
will be powerfid, active, hardy, and sound. If buUc were
most conducive to perfection, the most valuable animal
would be the gigantic cart-horse, but his great size and weight
is accompanied with slowness of motion, and a dull, phlegmatic
temperament. The natru'e of the su.bstances of which he is
composed is conducive to these characteristics. The bone is
far more porous than that of a well-bred horse, and the
muscles are of a more flaccid textui-e. There is a greater con-
stitutional disposition to deposit fat in the cart-horse, and
his want of activity renders him incapable of accelerated
motion. These defects generally diminish in degree as the
animal approaches to a more aristocratic lineage; and the
most valuable kinds to choose for breeding are those which
evince the greatest amoimt of muscular power, Avith sym-
metrical proportion, shoi-t legs, and a good pedigree.

Every person who enters into the sjjeculation of breeding
horses undoubtedly does so with a view to profit; next to breed-
ing for the turf, his object wiU be to produce saleable horses
gifted with the most valuable properties. No man, however
good his judgment may be, can at all times feel certain that
his mare will favor him w'ith the object of his wishes. "With
the first ol)ject in view, it is necessary that the marcs be
adajoted to the desired intention, and some difficulty exists in
procuring them. There is a greater difficrdty at the present
period in procming desirable mares to breed from than there
was in by-gone days, w4ien fashion was oiDj)osed to riding
mares; that j^rejudice has been overcome, because it has
been determined that mares are generally superior to geld-
ings in constitution and endurance. It is a common opinion,
but a great error, that very large mares are the most eligible
to breed from, they are of all animals the most uncertain in
their produce; one year they will present their cftoier with
gigantic foals, and i^erchance the following year with others
as much undersized; they seldom obseiTe the haj)j)y medium;

STUD BOOK, 93

and it is from selecting great, loose-made, leggy mares for
this jDiu'pose, that we have too many horses of that descrip-
tion in the fairs.

Those conformations, or more empliaticaUy speaking, ana-
tomical proportions, which are conducive to the utmost degree
of speed in the race-horse, are not in general the most eligible
for other piu'poses, such as riding, or harness-work. From
this cause it frequently happens that staUions, which have
been most successful as the progenitors of racing stock, have
not gained equal renown as sires of horses of inferior classes;
and. Vice vei'sa, many horses which have been the sires of cele-
brated hacks have l3een nearly wortliless in the racing harem.
This is a fortimato circumstance for the generality of breeders,
as it enables them to prociu'e the services of really useful
sires at a more reasonable rate.

The custom occasionally adopted by agiicultiu-ists of
breeding foals fi-om three-j^ear-old fillies before they are
broken, is, upon general principles, a questionable policy,
but under certain circumstances it may be rendered justifi-
able.

Comparing the thorough-bred horse with the cai-t-horse,
we are scarcely able to reconcile oiu' ideas with the fact, that
they are varieties of the same species of animal, so great is
the distinction between them in their movements, appear-
ance, temj^er, capabilities, and habits. They stand at the two
extremes of the equine tribe. The cart-horse is useful for
only one piu'pose, that of draught. The thorough-bred horse
is useful for many ptu-poses. If taken from the race-coiuse,
he makes the most superlative of hunters; he is mideniablo
as a charger, and equally good in harness; and, with some
exce2:)tions, he makes the best of hacks; and when, j^oor fel-
low, he is worn out in tliose services, he will go to the plow
with the most amiable docility. The more persons are ac-
quainted with him, the more higlily will they value his nu-
merous propei-ties.

A breeder of tln-ough-bred liorses has a manifest advan-
tage over him who breeds half-bred ones, on two very essen-
tial points. The former knows to a certainty how his mare
is descended, and can obtain similar information concerning
the horse which he may select; he is thus able to avoid con-
sanguinity. There are few half-bred mares whose lineage
can be traced beyond a generation or two, and there are
many very promising ones in apj^earance whose ancestry is
not known. The i:)ropensity which stock has to the resem-
blance of a distant relative in character, imperfections, and

94 THE OK.VNGE COUNTY

constitution, renders tlie breeder of half-bred horses liable to
much imcertainty in that respect. More perfections are
combined in and transmitted bj the thorough-bred than the
mongrel-bred horse.

It is a very frequent exclamation, that breeding horses is
attended mth so much imcertainty that many persons have
been deterred fi'om the specvdation, or have rehnquished it
fi'om disaiDpointment. True, Nature sometimes perplexes us
with casualties which we did not contemj)late, yet a little in-
vestigation will elucidate and explain causes; and again, they
will serve as monitors for the futiire. A chestnut horse and
a bay mare may j^rodnce a gray, a brown, or black foal; but
in all jDrobability it will be discovered on inquiry that some
ancestor was of a similar color. AMien ]:)reeding for the
chase or the road is the object, color is a consideration of
some importance, and that will be most successfully regulated
by selecting parents whose ancestors were generally of the
most fashionable colors. It fi'equently happens, both with
mares and stallions, that most of their progeny are of different
colors from themselves, fi"om the cause already mentioned.

Hereditary defects, among which may be enumerated
spavins, cui'bs, roaring, and constitutional blindness, may lie
dormant in the immediate jorogenitors, and njake tlieir ap-
pearance in the offspring ; but it will nine times out of ten
be ascertained that the imperfection is a family inheritance.
No sui-prise ought to be aroused by such events, and when they
transpire they should be attributed to want of caution. It
is to guard against such casualties that circumspection, study^
and experience are valuable; and tlie more judgment there
is exercised the more satisfactory will l)e the results of the
rmdertaking. Beauty, symmetry, and action are. essential
qualifications; for the j^rice which may be obtained for a
handsome 3'oung horse with shoAvy action, far exceeds that
which can be procui'ed for one whose only merit consists in
his goodness, without style and appearance to recommend
hiiu to notice. The value of ihe latter is not estimated until
his good deeds have established his fame, and it may not be
in the power of the breeder to put them to the test, or, hav-
ing done so, to give them j^nblicity.

STUD BOOK. 95

CHAPTER VI.

TKEATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF THE HORSE.
/ THE STABLE.

The first thing of importance in the treatment of a
horse is the building which is j^rovided for him, or his
stable. Perhaps the best way of treating the subject is to
show Avhat his stable ought not to be, and that, unfortunately,
both for the animal and his o^vner, will be to show what it
too generally is.

In the first place, it ought not to be dark; and in this
respect there are but too many j^rojorietors of horses who
will, in their practice at any rate, be at issue with us, though
the total or partial blindness of their horses should have
taught them better; for from this cause in general springs
the blindness of the animal, which, by natui-e, is by no means
more predisposed to blindness than is his owner. And not
only does a dark stable afi'ect the sight of a horse, but his
general health also, especially, as is often the case, if he be
immiu'ed in his stable for days together. Light is just as es-
sential to a healthy condition as food itself, and an animal
can no more thrive without the one than the other.

The window should, if possible, be at the south end of
the building, so that the animal, if not at work, should, as
much as possible, get the benefit of the smi's rays, which,
whatever some persons may think to the contrar}-, were really
made as much for the benefit of horses as men. The door
should be towards the same aspect. The window should go
close up to the ceiling, and may come within foui' or
five feet of the gromid. Wlien the ^vindow is constructed
so as to admit a sufficiency of light, the internal walls should
not be whitewashed, as the Hght reflected from a white sm--
face is highly injurious to the eyes; they should be of a dark
gray color, and tliis is easily efiected by mixing a Httle lamp-
black with the lime-wash.

The next thing to be considered is ventilation; and this — ■
as stables are commonly ventilated, or rather not ventilated
— is believed to be of no moment whatever. In many old

96 THE ORANGE COUNTY

coiintiy stables Ti'e find tlie door made of two poi'tions; the
iijiper one opening while the lower one is made fast. This is
very well for farm stables, but this construction is not adapt-
ed for those where horses of the higher class are kept. With
a door of this description, oj^en at the toj), and a lofty win-
dow at the other end, open at the top, also a di-aught takes
l^lace which is above the horse's back, and Avill ventilate the
stable thoroughly, especially if the stable be lofty, as it al-
ways should be, though it is in general constructed so as
to have a hay-loft over it — a gi'eat convenience, no doubt —
but one which should not be permitted to reduce the height
of the stable itself to some seven or eight feet: in which
circumscribed space a team of horses is often confined for
the night, rmder the necessity of breathing the same aii- as
they have expired. To exj)ect horses to be healthy or sound
tmder such a condition is to exjoect an impossibihty.

A little consideration will show the imj)ortance of per-
fect ventilation. The air which the horse expires is as to-
tally different a susbstance to that Avhieh he inhales as Avood
is from iron. He inlaales atmospheric air, and the consti-
tuents of this pass through his lungs and into his blood;
he expires carbonic acid gas, one of the gases most inim-
ical to animal hfe, as any man may convince himself who
will go down into an old rmused well. If this deadly gas be
not carried off by proper ventilation, it becomes mixed with
the atmospheric air of the stable, and is again inhaled, to t\ie
great injm-y of the animal'c. health. The greatest care is
also requisite that it should be thoroughly carried off, and
this can only be done as it comes out from the animal's
body; when cold, it is heavier than atmospheric air, and
sinks to the floor of the stable, in which case it is not so
easily got rid of, l)ut may lay the foundation of diseases in-
numerable, and will certainly shorten the usefulness, if not
the life, of the animal. From this, as much as from any
other cause, horses may truly bo said not to Hve out half
their days.

A thorough ventilation is as necessary in the Avinter as the
summer, and there is infinitely less risk of injuring the horse
by cold, than by aUoAving him to breathe exi:)ired air over
again. If accustomed to proper ventilation he AAdll never
take cold fi-om any judicious means adapted to promote his
health and comfort. Pure air in Avinter is as necessary as in
summer, Avhilst in the summer the more that can be admitted
to cool the stable the better. The building should, then, be
so constructed as in simimer to admit the greatest possible

STUD BOOK. 97

quantity of pm-e aii-, aud iu winter to admit sufficient for the
preservation of the jDuiity of the atmosphere without run-
ning any risk fi*om cold di'aughts. Care must also be taken
not to admit di-aughts of air near the horse's heels, or dis-
eased legs will be the resvdt. Draught cannot be too care-
fully guarded against, nor is it requisite that such should
occur, if a Httle forethought only be exercised. Some
wiiters on the subject advocate a chimney-shaft to be erected
in the stable, by which the foul air can best escape, and also
the admission of fi'esh aii* over the animal's head by means
of i^erforated zinc.

The next consideration — and it is not less important than
either of the preceding — is that of cleanliness. Too many
persons beheve, or they act as so believing, that the more a
horse stands and sleej^s amongst the filth of his o^-n litter
the more he tluives. This is an error of ignorance, or of
idleness — perhaps both combined. The effect of it, at any
rate, is to make the animal, in addition to breathing his own
breath again, inhale the fcetid ammoniacal steams which arise
fi'om his ovm. odui'e and ui'ine. We have even heard farmers
defend this mode on the gTound that the maniu'e is better,
as though the maniu'e were woi-th anj-thing in comparison
with the horse.

Men who reason thus are of the same class as those who
strew theii' mamu'e over the yard in order that the rain may
wash fi'om it aU the ammoniacal salts, so that it may be
rendered the worst adaj^ted possible for the use intended.
Yet were their wisdom questioned, they would sneer at any
one who might give himself the trouble to instruct them, as
they no doubt will at us, when we tell them that cleanliness
is as requisite for a horse as for a family.

A brick or stone stable floor is the best; if the latter, the
stone should be roughened with small fm-rows; and in either
case a deep drain sunk outside of the stable is necessaiy, for
keeping it perfectly diy, ^\ithout which either brick or stone
floors will be prejudical from damp. This is of the utmost
importance. Neither should such di'ains be used to carry
off the lu-ine. The floor shoidd slope an inch to a. yard; but
only to the gutter which caiTies of the urine. Indeed, if this
is canied off by an ii'on pipe with suitable openings so
much the better. A tub sunk outside the stable as a recept-
acle for the ui'ine mU soon amply repay the farmer for his
trouble; it is too valuable to be permitted to diffuse itself
over the dung-heap in the yard, to be washed away with the
first shower of rain.

98 THE ORANGE COUNTY

Litter should always be allowed for a horse to stale upon,
as it is easil}^ removed; and a little water thi-own down
occasionally will keep the stable free from smells. Nothing
can be more oifeusive either to horse or man than the smell
of putrid lU'ine; whilst, if this be permitted to run into a
proper receptacle, and a little sulplnrric acid added occa-
sionally, nothing- can exceed its value as a manure, which the
farmer should be as careful to preserve as he is the corn
which it fertilizes.

Within reason, the more room a horse has in his stall the
less liable will he be to swollen legs. In no instance ought
he to have less room than six feet, and if ten can be afibrded
him so much the more will he thrive, the comfort being
especially felt after a hard day's work. Loose boxes are
indispensable to horses of value.

A jierfect stable should never have a hay-loft over it.
This, of course, will give a little more trouble to the stable-
man; but where the comfort of a horse is concerned that is
of no consequence whatever. A deep manger, with two or
tlrree iron bars across, is far preferable to a rack or well for
the reception of hay, and will more eflectually prevent waste.
An arrangement for water should also be provided. The
fi'out must, of coiu'se, be boarded up, with the exception of
the psivt fi'om which the horse eats. The advantage of this
arrangement would be, that all the hay would be eaten, and
not pulled down, as is generally the case, and trodden under
foot amongst the litter. Much hay will be saved by the use
of a deep manger as a substitute for a rack; and an equal
saving would take place in corn if the manger were mada to
slope slightly inwards, instead of outwards, as is usually the
case. It Avould exceedingly puzzle a wasteful or miscliievous
horse to thi'ow his corn out of such a manger, if it is deep
enough; but for this, the manger as usually constructed
affoi'ds him every facility.

Dung never ouglit to be allowed to be swept uj) in a
com-jr, as is frequently the case, and all wet litter should be
removed. In short, the more pains that are taken relative to
a horse's comfort in a stable the more wiU he rei>ay those
pains; and the farmer, especially, can have no better
assurance that the more the horses thrive the more will he
himself thrive. The very fact of his attention to his horses,
independently of the more effective work arising therefi-om,
will beget a similar habit of attention to everything else.

STUD BOOK. 99

THE HORSES FOOD.

This should be of oats and hay of the best quahty; beans
for hard-working horses, occasionally varied with caiTots or
Swedes; bran mashes; and, under some circumstances, lin-
seed gruel. Many jjersons are not aware that the j)i"ice of
musty corn ana bad hay is vastly dearer than that of the
same commodities of good quahty — and that the worse the
quality the higher the cost. It is so, nevertheless — for
whether the purchaser of inferior articles bargain for it or
not, he always purchases with them indigestion, foiilness of
blood, looseness of the bowels, general debihty, and glanders;
aU of these being too costly to be purchased in any stable.
"We once knew a farmer whose j)ractice it was to sell aU his
best articles, and keep the refuse of his farm for his own
horses; the consequence was, that he never was without
glanders or some other disease in his stable; and there was
not a carter in the parish who did not give his team a wide
berth wherever he met it with his own horses. It was the
man's system, nevertheless; he either could not see its bane-
fulness, or he would not alter it; so he died at last fi-om it,
having caught a glanderous infection from his 0"\vn stable.
jVIi". Spooner, in sjieaking of this subject, thus testifies his
own experience : — " I have known a serious loss sustained by
a proprietor of post and coach horses, fi-om keejDing a con-
siderable stock of oats, and neglecting to tiu'n them; many
horses became giandered and farcied, apparently in conse-
quence of this circumstance."

]\Iuch has been said of late respecting the advantage of
bruising oats, and various machines are much in vogue for
the purpose. Mr. Spooner says of them, "they are apt to
produce diarrhoea, especially if the animal is worked hard."
It is fm'ther alleged that many horses will not eat them with
an ajDpetite: and- the opponents to the system go fui'ther,
urging that unbruised oats excite a flow of saliva, necessary to
perfect digestion, which Ls not the case with those wliicli are
l3ruised. The explanation to the fii"st of these questions sup-
plies a very strong recommendation. The stomach, having
derived a sufficient quantity of noiu-ishment from a moderate
portion, does not require more. With reference to the flow
of the saliva, without entering upon the question how far it
is necessary to assist digestion, no animal can swallow its
food without a sufficiency of saliva to assist the act of deglu-
tition; and it is not recommended to reduce the oats to flour.

100 THE ORANGE COUNTY

but merely to bruise them. Many persons fancy tliat T)y
giving oats in small quantities, and spreading them thinly
over the manger, the horses will be induced to masticate
them. Those who have watched their operations will find
that a greedy-feeding horse will drive his corn ujd into a heap,
and collect with his lips as much as he thinks proper for a
mouthful.

Little, if any, advantage arises from cutting hay into chaff,
especiaUy for the most valuable kind of horses. It is done in
cart stables to prevent waste, which is often enormous in those
departments where horses are permitted to pull the hay out
of their racks, and tread it imder foot.

The state of perfection to which the higher classes of the
horse have been brought, is attributable to the great atten-
tion devoted dm-ing a long j^eriod of time to the selection of
the best descriptions for the jDurjoose of perpetuating the
species; the treatment they have received, under the influence
of a proj^itious climate; and the nature of the food with
which they have been supplied: greater improvements are
capable of being reahzed by judicious management.

With reference to treatment, and c limate, i:)ractical ex-
perience assiu'es us that the atmosphere is suitable to the
constitution of the equine tribe ; but the vicissitudes of the ele-
ments are so great, that protection is necessary to guard against
their effects. This ia, found to apply, not only to the horse,
but to all others of oiu' domesticated animals. "Warmth, in
comiection with a piu'e and micontaminated air, is of the ut-
most importance; but it is not necessary to enter into the
details by which that desideratum is to be accomplished. The
subject of food requires more minute observations, especially
as it is too frequently disregarded, except by breeders of race-
horses.

The great perfection of the physical powers of the horse
is obtained by the due proportion and constituent elements
of muscular fibre, bone, and sinew; and the more these sub-
stances are respectively condensed, so to speak, the greater
the amount of power will there exist in a given bulk. Every
descri])tion of food which is said to contain nutritive projoer-
ties, abounds more or less, and in various proportions, with
elements calculated for the construction of the different sub-
stances of which the animal frame is composed. It is there-
fore impoi-tant to select those kinds of food which contain
tlie most of these jjarticles convertible into substances which
render the animal of the highest value. The growth of ani-
mals, the development of theu' muscles, the textm-e of their

STUD BOOK. 101,

bones and sinews, depend greatly upon the quality of the
food mth which they are supplied. That which is conducive
to the production of fat must be rejected; for, although there
is not any kind of food which is convertible into muscle
which will not at the same time produce fat, there are many
circumstances which render different kinds more abundant
with the elements of either substance. This is a wise ordina-
tion of natiu'e, for to a ceitain extent, fat is essential to the
health and the motive powers of the animal, but in excess it
is detrimental. On this jDoint circum selection and experience
are valuable acquii-ements to regulate the condition. A\lien
a horse is in a manifest state of plethora, it is a certain indi-
cation that the food which he receives abounds too cojDiously
with elements conducive to the production of the adijDose
substance. It wiU sometimes hapi^en that a horse does not
generate a sufficiency of fat; this may arise from indispo-
sition, the bad quality of the food, or its not being given
in sufficient quantities.

There are certain laws of nature indispensable to animal
life, certain fimctions which must be suj^ported. Physiolo-
gists inform us that the noiu'ishment of the body is derived
fi'om the ingTedients of the blood, two of the principal of
which are serum and fibrine. The seiTim, when condensed
or coagulated, forms albumen, the restorative element of fat
and muscular fibre; the fibrine contained in the blood con-
tributes largely to the formation of muscle or flesh. Animal
and vegetable fibrine and albumen are preciselv similar, and
unless they form component parts of the food the animal will
waste away. Fat, muscvdar fibre, and certain other sub-
stances, composing the animal frame, are constantly undergo-
ing the process of exhaustion, thi'ough the effect of oxygen,
which is taken into the system every moment of life by means
of the organs of respiration. But no part of that oxygen re-
mains in the body; it is exiDelled in the form of cari>on and
hydrogen, by exlialations fi-om the skin, and the ordinary
evacuations. The expenditvu'e of carbon and hydrogen is in-
creased by labor or exercise in an equal ratio as the number
of exhalations are accelerated by that exercise. By this jn-o-
cess the fat and muscular fibre are constantly in a state of
exhaustion and renewal, and are supposed to be thoroughly
renewed in the course of six or seven months; dependent,
however, upon the amount of labor, and the uninterrupted
health of the animal. The more expeditiously this renova-
tion of the system takes place, the more perfect will be the
condition of the subject. It is therefore evident that the nu-

102 THE ORANOR rOHNTY

tritive matter supplied by the food must exceed the exhaus-
tion which takes place in young animals, to occasion their
growth and increase the development of muscle and other
tissues, and with adults it must be equivalent with the ex-
haustion to maintain the animal in a normal state.

It has been ascertained that such vegetable food as affords
noiu'ishment to animals aboimds most with nitrogen; and
that they require the least of those kinds which contain the
largest quantities. But here it must be observed there is a
limit to the presentation of food abounding too profuseh'
with nutritive proj^erties, which wiU sjieedily affect the
aiiimal partaking thereof. The blood-vessels wiU become
distended, and other channels overcharged with an excess of
their fluid; and upon the slightest appearance of the symp-
toms which indicate a disordered state of the circulation,
unless medicines are presented which are calculated to relieve
the system from the accumulation, aided by temjDorary
abstinence, and indeed change of food, the health of the
animal is sure to suffer.

Professor Playfair, who has made experiments on the quan-
tity 5f nutritious matter contained in different kinds of food
supplied to animals, found that in one hundred pounds of oats,
eleven jDounds represent the quantity of gluten wherewith flesh
is formed, and that an equal weight of hay aflbrds eight pounds
of similar substance. Both hay and oats contain about sixty-
eight per cent, of unazotised matter identical with fat, of
which it must be observed a vast portion j^asses off from the
animal without being deposited. By this calculation it ap-
pears that if a horse consumes daily four feeds of oats and
ten pounds of hay, the nutriment which he derives will be equiv-
alent to about one pound eleven ounces of muscle, and thirteen
and a half povmds of superfluous matter, which, exclusively of
water, nearly approximates the exhaustion of the system by
perspiration and the various evacuations.

It is generally known that the embryo offspring pai-takes
of the liealth or condition of the dam, therefore the food with
which tlie mother is supplied must affect the foal. This is a
subject too commonly disregarded by breeders; although it
is constantly demonstrated after the foal comes into life. If
a mare be supplied with food which produces relaxation, her
foal will be in the same state; and constii^ation is recognized
in the same manner. The in-opriety of supi^lyiug a brood-
mare with the best and most suitable kinds of food during
pregnancy cannot be too strongly imjoressed. In the man-
agement of young stock every effort should be made, by giv-

STUD BOOK. 103

ing them food which is adapted to the purpose, to bring
them to maturity as early as possible; by these means the
textvire and development of the bones, the sinews, and the
muscles is greatly accelerated. The constitution of each an-
imal must be consulted, and it is highly important, if the
acme of condition is to be attained by animals when they ar-
rive at an age of matiu'ity, that the growth and gradual de-
velopment of their fi-ames should be composed of those
healthy and invigorating materials, upon which the stinictui-e
of condition can be raised. To accomplish this, hay, oats,
and occasionally beans, must form the jDrincipal items of
equine dietary, and grass should be provided only in limited
suppHes dm-ing the simimer months. It is to giving gTowing
stock vmi-estricted quantities of green food that breeders
must ascribe a general cause for their disapj)ointment, and it
is by that jDractice that the kingdom is suj^plied with such
vast numbers of wortliless animals. Grass, it may be ob-
seiwed, loses two-thirds of its weight, and a greater proj)or-
tion of bulk, when converted into hay; but that extraneous
matter consists of moistiu'e, possessing no portion of fibrine,
consequently it contains none of those elements which in-
crease muscular develoj)ment. If a horse be supported upon
grass alone, he must eat a vast quantity — equal to more than
thi'ee times the proportion of hay — to derive an equivalent
amount of nouiishment; being very full of sap and moistui-e,
it is quickly digested; consequently, the animal must be con-
tinually devoiu'ing it. This distends the stomach and bow-
els, and impairs the faculty of digestion; for the digestive
powers require rest as well as the other organs of tl^e body,
if they are to be preseiwed in a healthy state. The muscular
sj'stem is debilitated, and fat accumulates; flatulent chohc or
gripes is jiroduced, which not imfrequently becomes consti-
tutional. Nothing can be more erroneous than the antiquated
impression, that the j^m-gative properties of young gi'ass in
the spring are conducive to the healthy state of the equine
family. AVhen the mod n>f operandi of that description of food
is exj)lauied, the supposition of its being calculated to pro-
duce beneficial effects must vanish. The young green herb-
age is extensively overcharged with sap and moistui'e, of a
cnide and acrimonious nature, and it exists so abundantly
that a considerable portion of it camiot be taken uj) by the
organs destined for the secretion of uiine, or by the absorb-
ent vessels of the body; a great quantity of this superfluous
fluid, therefore, passes into the intestines, and is thus dis-
charged in a watery state. But the mischief does not termi-

]0i THE ORANGE COUNTY

nate immediate!}' ou tlie subsiding of tlie purgative action;
the absorbent vessels, having been overloaded, become dis-
tended and relaxed, and some time intervenes before they
resume their healthy tone, imder the most judicious treat-
ment. This is clearly exemj^Uiied by the habitual tendency
which many horses exhibit of having swelled legs. When
this evil exists, any persons who entertain a doubt as to the
l^rimar}^ cause may readily convince themselves, by investi-
gating the course of treatment to which the animal has been
subjected. Horses which are reared on wet, marshy land are
invariably afflicted with this relaxed condition of the absorb-
ent vessels of the legs. Constant suj)plies of green succulent
food render these defects constitutional, and the most scien-
tific stable management is often fiiistrated when such ani-
mals are required to jDerform ordinary labor; their legs fail,
not from anatomical defects, but fr'om the cause explained,
which ojjerates injuriously upon a structure which is natu-
rally perfect.

Suj)erficial judges of horses do not mark the difference
between the appearance of a fat and a muscular-formed an-
imal. If the bones are covered, the points filled out, and the
general contour looks pleasing to the eye, they conceive that
eveiy requisite is accomplished. A more fallacious imi^ression
cannot exist. A horse of moderate pretensions, if in perfect
condition, will prove himself infinitely suj)erior in the qu.ality
of endurance or capability to perform work, than one of a
higher character which is not in condition. If two horses are
ridden side by side, at a moderate pace of seven or eight
miles in the houi', on a warm day in the summer, one of
which has been taken out of a grass field and the other
fed on hay and corn, the difference will be very soon de-
tected. The grass-fed horse will j^erspire jjrofusely, yet the
other Avill be cool and dry. This i^ropensity to perspire like-
wise proves that the system of the former is rej^lete with adi-
pose deposit, and fluids destined to jDroduce that substance;
an unnecessary incumbrance, and in such quantities ojDiDOsed
to fr'cedom of action.

Under an impression that an abundance of luxmiant grass
will increase the flow of milk, it is fr-equently given to brood-
mares, but if it has the effect of jiroducing relaxation it is ex-
ceedingly prejudicial. A moderate portion of good milk is
far preferable to that which is weak and j^oor. Thorough-
bred mares are not unfrequently deficient in their lacteal
secretions, more so than those of a common description. It
is obviously necessary that either class should be supplied

STITD BOOK. 105

with good and nutritious food for the purpose of augmenting
it when insufficient, but the nature of the food reqviires to be
regulated by the constitution of the individual.

A mistaken notion of economy frequently induces persons
to turn" their horses into the grass fields diu-mg the summer
months. A few words may serve to disjoel that delusion.
Twenty-two bushels of oats, allowing one bushel Y)er week^
which is sufficient for yovmg stock or horses not in work,
fi'om the 15th of May to the 16th of October, may be estima-
ted as the produce of a trifle more than half an acre of land.
From ten to twelve hundredweight of hay may be estimated
as the jjroduce of another half-acre, although a ton and a
half per acre is not more than an average crop on land in
good condition. It wiU require an acre of grass-land capa-
ble of producing a ton and a-half of hay to support a horse
during the above-named period. When the relative value of
a horse which has been kejDt on hay and corn is compared
with that of one which has been grazed, the verdict wiU be
considerably against the latter.

GENERAL 1VL\NAGEMENT OF HOESES.

There is not a more important subject than the man
agement of the colt, from the earhest period, and the pre-
pering and fitting him for the duties that he has to
perform. The mare is usuaUy at heat at some period in
the sj)ring, varying from the middle of February to the
latter end of May. The age of the foal is reckoned fi-om
January, therefore it is a matter of some consequence among
racing men that the mare should foal early; for two or thi'ee
months' diiference in the age of the colt will materially in-
fluence the running at two years old. For mares of other
classes, the months of March, April, and May, are tlie most
favorable periods. There is, however, a strange difl'erence
in the length of the period of pregnancy in the mare, more
so than in any other domesticated animal. The cause of this, or
the circumstances that influence it, have never been satisfac-
torily explained. The ^^Titer of this sketch had two mares that
were imi:)regnated within two days of each other. One of
them foaled a fortnight within the eleven months; the other
did not di-op her foal until four weeks after the expiration
of the eleventh month. There was no possibility of a second
' imiDregnation.

The mare needs not to be taken from moderate work
because she is pregnant. Exercise wiU be of advantage to

106 THE ORANGE COUNTY

her rather than otherwise, and may be continued almost to
the period of her expected partui'ition. She should, how-
ever, be carefully watched, that her labor-pains may not
come upon her miawares. She will probably require, when
half the period of pregnancy is past, a little addition made
to her food. Any possible symptoms of aboi-tion should
aLso be watched, for these wiU now, if ever, occur. They
wiU probably be attributable to being overworked or not
worked at all, or to being over-fed or half staiwed. It
should also be recollected that the mare which has once
aborted, is subject to a repetition of this accident, and that
aU the mares in the pastiu-e are subject to the same mishap,
from a strange species of sympathy.

A day or two after the foal is di-opped, providing the
weather is fine, it may be tiuiied, with its dam, into a shel-
tered paddock, in which there is a hovel for secm-ity fi'om
the wdnd and the rain. Hay, corn, and bran mashes must be
allowed, if it is early in the season, or the grass has scarcely
begmi to shoot. There is nothing so detrimental to the colt
as insufficient food. It should be regarded as a fundamental
principle in breeding, that if the gTowth of the colt at any
time is checked by starvation, beauty, energy, and stoutness
win rarely be disj)layed in after years.

In five or six months, according to the gTovd^h of the foal,
the weaning may take place. The colt should be confined to
a stable or other building imtil he becomes a little reconciled
to the loss of his dam.

Too great a distinction, however, is often made between
the colts, according to the labor for which they are destined.
The one that is designed for somewhat superior service has
a hovel in which he is sheltered, while the other is probably
exposed to the biting blast, with no food but what he can
gather from the frozen ground, except j^erhaps a morsel of
hay and straw, and that not of the best quality, when the
herbage is biu'icd in the snow. There is nothing gained
by this system of starvation; the farmer may dejoend upon
it, that if, from false economy, the colt is half starved, and his
gi'owth arrested, his value wiU be materially injured as long
as he lives. Tlie author of the work on " The Extent and
Obligation of Humanity to Brutes," thus describes this neg-
lected creature: "The foal that has been left to struggle on
as he can, becomes poor and dispii-ited. He is shrinking
imder the hedge, cold and shivering, with his head hanging
down, and the rlievuu distilling from his ej'es. If he is made
to move, he listlessly di'ags his hmbs along, evidently weak,

STUD BOOK. 107

and generally in pain. He is a sad specimen of poverty,
misery, and (anielty."

The pui'pose for which the animal is adapted -wiU deter-
mine the age when the progi'ess of breaking must commence.
Thorough-bred ones are taken in hand in thd summer, after
they have attained their first year. Those which are destined
for other employment mU not require the attention of the
breaker tiU they are three years old. This is a process on
which wiU materially depend the temper and value of the
horse, and the pleasui-e of the rider. The foal should be
handled and haltered, and led about by the person who has
the chief care of him, and whose conduct towards him should
always be kind. "The jn-incii^le," says the author of "The
Horse," "on which the after-usefulness of the animal is
founded, his early attachment to, and confidence in man, and
obedience, resulting principally from these."

A horse is weU-broken v/hen he has been taught implicit
and cheerful obedience to his rider or driver, and dexterity in
performance of his work. A dogged, sullen, spu-itless sub-
mission may be enforced by the ciniel and biiital usage to
which the breaker so frequently has recoiu'se; but that
prompt and eager response to the slightest intimation of the
rider's will — that manifest aim to anticipate every wish,
which gives to the horse so much of his value, must be
foimded on habitual confidence and attachment. The educa-
tion of the horse should be like that of the child. Pleasure
should be as much as i:)Ossible associated with the early les-
sons; while firmness, or if need be, coercion, must estabhsh
the habit of obedience.

It is sm-prising hoAv soon, under a system of kind manage-
ment, the animal which has been accustomed to go where he
pleased, and to do as he thought fit, may be taught to yield
up his wiU to another, and to obey with alacrity his master's
bidding. If there is a kind-hearted and faithful servant
about the premises who will midertake this task, the breeder
is fortunate: for, without this, he is often compelled to re-
sign his colt to the tender mercies of a colt-breaker — a man
who seldom has any conception of obtainmg his object by
the moral influence which kindness woidd give him over the
yoimgster, but who has too frequent recourse to violence,
and that of the most outrageous kind, imtil the colt becomes
a duU, dispirited, useful, but desponding and ill-treated
slave through life, or, cherishing a deep feehng of wrong
and a spirit of revenge, becomes determinedly vicious and
dangerous.

108 THE ORANGE COIlNTY

Having weathered tlie second winter, the education of the
farmer's horse may be pui'sued. He may be bitted. How
much depends upon the ajoplication of this httle coercive in-
stniment, the bit ! The first bit should always be a large
one. It may be contrived so as not to hurt the mouth in the
sHghtest degree. The colt may be permitted to champ and
j)lay with it an hour or two at a time, for a few successive
days. Then poi-tions of the harness may be jout upon him;
and, by-and-by, the -winkers; and, a httle after that, he may
go as centre horse in a team of thi-ee. If he has been kindly
an d well-managed, it is a great chance if he does not go
quietly enough, and, in a day or two, begin to "puil with the
rest. Not many days need to pass before the most difficult
of aU the manoeuvres of the caii, the backing, is tried; audit
will succeed oftener than they who see the horrible cruelties
that are inflicted on the mouth of the horse would think to be
possible. The author of this sketch is not advocating the
humoring and spoihng of the horse, but he is showing how
many lessons may be inculcated by patience and kindness,
which brute force will fail to accompHsh.

The breaking being accompUshed, the management of
the horse will vary according to his breed and destination;
but the good usage of ovu* domesticated slaves should be
regarded as a principle that ought never to be violated. The
agi-icultural horse is seldom over-worked, and en large farms
is generally weU fed; 23erhai:)s, in many cases, too much
above liis work. This, however, is an error on the right side.

There are many acts of cruelty committed in the farmer's
stable, resulting more fi'om carelessness and thoughtlessness
than absolute brutahty. In almost every stable there is some
horse more powerful or greedy than his neighbors, who robs
tliem of the greater pai-t of theii" share of the food. The
victims are usuaUy either old or yomig horses with imperfect
mouths. The farmer's stable should be oftener di\ided into
separate stalls than it usually is. The simple bails afford a
very insufficient secmity against the thefts of a gi'eedy neigh-
bor. The faiTQcr would certainly reap the advantage of this
altered plan in the increased health of some of his team, and
their increased capability of labor.

Connected with this is another circumstance, with regard
to which the farmer should be always on the alert — the
stupid and ciniel dislike Avliich the driver fi'equently enter-
tains towards some particular horse in his team. This is a
crime thiit should never be forgiven; nor should the secret
administration of certain favorite and jiowerful, and too fi-e-

STUD BOOK. 109

quently, injurious, dnigs. This practice is often carried to
an extent that is scarcely credible. The person who prac-
tices this imposition, whatever be his motives — often con-
nected -wdth the wished-for good aj)pearance of his team —
should be immediately dismissed; and it should be a golden
inile that no di'ug should be kept or used in a stable without
the master's knowledge and permission. j

A simple but invaluable ajDpendage to the cart-stable is
the nose-bag. In order that the lungs of the horse may have
theii* full pla}^, and esj)ecially that the speed of the horse may
not be impeded, an exceedingly smaU stomach was given to
him. It is, consequently, soon em^jtied of food, and hunger,
and languor, and indisposition, and inability to work, speedily
succeed. At length food is set before him ; he faUs raven-
ously upon it; he swallows it faster than his contracted
stomach can digest it; the stomach becomes overloaded; he
cannot, fi"om the peculiar constrviction of that organ, get rid
of the load by vomiting, and the stomach, or some of the
vessels of the brain become laiptured, and the animal dies.
The farmer attributes this to an unknown or accidental cause,
and dreams not that it is, in the great majority of cases, to be
traced to voracious feeding after hard work and long fasting.
The nose-bag is a simple but a kind contrivance, and an
effectual jDreventive. No cart-horse on a joimiey of more
than four or five houi's should be suffered to leave the far-
mer's yard without it.

A very sUght inspection of the animal wiU always enable
the owner to determine whether he is too weU fed or not suf-
ficiently fed. The size of the horse, and the nature of the
work, and the season of the year, will make considerable
difference in the quantity and the quality of the food. The
gTand jDrinciples of feeding, with reference to agricultural
horses, are to keep the animal rather above his work, to give
him good and wholesome food, and by the use of the nose-
bag or other means, never to let him w^ork longer than the
time ah'eady mentioned without being baited.

The horse of quick work should be allowed as much as
he will eat, care being taken that more is put into the
manger-than he will readily dispose of; and that the corn be
consumed before the hay is given; if the former be not
eaten up with an appetite, it must be removed before the
stable is shut Aip. The quantity actually eaten will depend
on the degTee of work and the natui-al appetite of the horse;
but it may be averaged at about sixty-six j^ounds of chaff,
seventeen pomids and a half of beans, and seventy-seven
pomids of oats per week.

110 THE ORANGE COUNTY

The xoaiering of the horse is a very important but disre-
garded jjortion of his general management. The kind of
water has not been sufficiently considered. The difference
between what is termed hard and .w/]' water is a circumstance
of general observation. The former contains certain saline
princij^les which decompose some bodies, as appears in the
cmxlling of soap, and prevent the decomposition of others,
as in the making of tea, the boihng of vegetables, and the
process of brewing. It is natiu'al to supj)ose that these
different kinds of water would produce somewhat different
effects on the animal fi'ame; and such is the fact. Hard
water, fi-eshly di'a's\Ti from the well, wiU frequently roughen
the coat of the horse unaccustomed to it, or cause gTiping
pains, or materiaUy lessen the animal's jDOwer of exertion.
The racing and the hunting groom are perfectly aware of
this, and so is the horse, for he avlU refuse the purest water
fi'om the well, if he can obtain access to the nmning stream,
or even the tm'bid jdooI. Where there is the j^ower of choice,
the softer water shotdd imdoubtedly l^e preferred.

The temperature of the water is of far more consequence
than its hardness. It wiU rarely harm, if taken from the
pond or the running stream, but its coldness, when recently
di'awn fi'ora the weU has often been injurious; it has J)to-
duced colic, spasm, and even death.

There is often considerable jjrejudice against the horse
being fairly supplied with water. It is sujDposed to chiU
him, to injm-e his Avind, or to incapacitate him for hard
work. It certainly would do so, if, immediately after drink-
ing his lill. he were galloped hard, but not if he were suffered
to quench his thirst more fi'equently when at rest in the
stable. The horse that has free access to water waU not
di-ink so much in the course of the day as another, who, in
order to cool his parched mouth, swallows as fast as he
can, and knows not when to stoj^.

A horse may with perfect safety be far more liberally sup-
pHed with water than he generally is. An hoiu' before his
work commences he should be permitted to drink a couple
of quarts. A greater quantity might probably be objected
to. H3 will perform his task far more pleasantly and effec-
tively than with a i:)arched mouth and tormenting thirst.
The prejudice both of the hvmting and the training groom
on this point is cruel, as weU as injurious. The task of the
journey being accomjolished, and the horse having had his
head and neck dressed, his legs and feet washed, before his
body is cleaned he shoiild have his water. When dressed,

STUD BOOK. Ill

his corn may be offered to him, which he will readily take;
but water should never be given immediately before or after
the corn.

The preparatory work and treatment of hacks and car-
riage-horses scarcely varies, if the owner desires to have
them in first-rate order. The most extraordinary notions pre-
vail concerning the hardihood of horses, and the best means
of securing that valuable faculty. It is alleged that those
which are bred in the moimtainous districts of Wales and
Scotland are highly gifted with this proi^ei-ty. It is true they
bear exposui-e to great inclemency of weather, and live on
scanty food. Thus, reasoning by analogy, persons fancy that
by demi-staiwation and exposure to inclemency a hardy animal
may be reared. There cannot be be a more palpable error.
The moimtaineers are not able to work in their native state ;
they must be well supplied with good nutriment when then-
active seiwices are required, and that, with dry shelter, in a
well-ventilated building, is the keystone to physical power
and endurance.

MANAGEMENT OF FAKM HORSES.

Agricultiirists find it to their advantage to keep their
horses in the stables and yards tkroughout the summer, in
preference to turning them out into the pastui-e fields. The
manure which they make more than compensates for the ex-
pense of bringing their food to them. In the winter, an al-
lowance of Swedes saves a vast quantity of hay and corn, and
keeps the animals cool : they are preferable to carrots. Bran
is useful, but it should never be given to them, or to any
other horses, without being previously scalded. Some per-
sons have a most reprehensible practice of di'iving their
horses into ponds to drink, while attached to each other by
their gearing or harness; many have been drowned in con-
sequence. This class of men have also a most abominable
propensity for giving drugs of various kinds; a stern injunc-
tion should be laid against it. The plan of cutting their hay
into chaff is to be recommended, as it saves waste; where
this is not done, the quantity of food destroyed, but not con-
sumed, in cart stables is enormous.

112 THE ORANGE COUNTY

CHAPTEE VIIL

DISEASES OF HORSES.

It may be readily supposed that the animal doomed to
the manner of livinj^ which every variety of the horse experi-
ences, will be peculiarly exposed to numerous forms of suf-
ferintif ; every natui'al evil wiU be aggi'avated, and many new
and formidable sovirces of pain and death will be super-
added.

Interest and humanity require that we should become ac-
quainted with the nature, and causes, and remedy of the dis-
eases of the horse.

The principal diseases of the horse are connected with the
circulatory system. From the state of habitual excitement
in which the animal is kept, in order to enable him to execute
his task, the heart and the blood-vessels wiU often act too
impetuously; the vital fluid wiU be huiTied along too rap-
idly, either through the fi'ame generally or some particular
part of it, and there will be congestion, accumulation of blood
in that jDart, or inflammation, either local or general, distiirb-
ing the functions of some organ or of the whole frame.

Congestion.

Take a young horse on his fii'st entrance into the stables ;
feed him somewhat higlily, and what is the consequence?
He has swellings of the legs, or inflammation of the joints,
or perhaps of the lungs. Take a horse that has lived some-
what above his work, and gallop him to the toj) of his speed :
his nei'vous system becomes higlily excited — the heart beats
with fearful rapidity — the blood is pumi:)ed into the lungs
faster than they can cliscliarge it — the pulmonary vessels
become gorged, fatigued, and utterly jjowerless — the blood,
arrested in its course, becomes viscid, and death speedily
ensues. AVe have but one chance of saving our patient — the
instantaneous and copious abstraction of blood; and only one
means of preventing the reciu'rence of this dangerous state ;
namely, not suftering too great an accumulation of the san-
guineous fluid by over-feeding, and by regular and system-

STUD BOOK. 113

atic exercise, which wiU invu-e the circulatory vessels to
prompt and efficient action when they are suddenly called
upon to exert themselves. This is an extreme case, but the
cause and the remedy are sufficiently plain.

Again, the brain has functions of the most important
nature to discharge, and more blood flows through it than
thi'ough any other portion of the fi-ame of equal bulk. In
order to prevent this organ from being oj^i^ressed by a too
great determination of blood to it, the vessels, although
numerous are small, and piu'sue a very cu'cuitous and wind-
ing course. If a horse highly fed, and full of blood, is sud-
denly and sharj^ly exercised, the coiu'se of the blood is accel-
erated in every direction, and to the brain among other
parts. The vessels that ramify on its sui'face, or penetrate its
substance, are completely distended and gorged "with it; j^er-
haj^s they are ruptiu'ed, and the eftused blood presses upon
the brain; it presses iipon the origins of the nerves, on which
sensation and motion depend, and the animal suddenly drops
powerless. A prompt and cojiious abstraction of blood, or,
in other words, a diminution of this pressui-e, can alone save
the patient. Here is the nature, the cause, and the treat-
ment of

Apoplexy.

Sometimes this disease assumes a different form. The
horse has not been performing more than his ordinary work,
or perhaps he may not have been out of the stable. He is
found with his head drooping and his vision impaired. He
is staggering about. He falls, and lies half-imconscious, or
he struggles violently and dangerously. There is the same
congestion of blood in the head, the same pressua'e on the
nervous organs, but produced by a different cause. He has
been accustomed habitually to overload his stomach, or he
was, on the previous day, kej)t too long without his food, and
then he fell ravenously upon it, and ate until his stomach was
completely distended and unable to propel forward its ac-
cumulated contents. Thus distended, its blood-vessels are
compressed, and the circulation through them is impeded, or
altogether suspended. The blood is still forced on by the
heart, and driven in accumulated quantity to other organs,
the brain among the rest; and there congestion takes place,
as just described, and the animal becomes sleepy, uncon-
scious, and, if he is not speedily relieved, he dies. This, too,
is apoplexy; the horseman calls it

114 THE ORANftE COTINTT

Stomach Staggers.

Its cause is improper feeding. The division of the hours
of labor, and the introduction of the nos.e-bag, have much dim-
inished the fi'equency of its occuiTence. The remedies are
plain; bleeding, physicing, and the removal of the contents
of the stomach by means of a iDumjD contrived for that pur-
pose.

Congestions of Other Kinds

occasionally present themselves. It is no imcommon thing
for the blood to loiter in the complicated vessels of the

Liver,

until the covering of that viscus has biu'st, and an accumula-
tion of coagulated black blood has presented itseK. This
congestion constitutes the

Swelled Legs

to which so many horses are subject when they stand too
long idle in the stable; and it is a soui-ce of many of the ac-
cumulations of serous fluid in various parts of the body, and
particularly in the chest, the abdomen, and the brain.

Inflammation is opj)osed to congestion, as consisting in an
active state of the capillary arterial vessels; the blood rushes
through them with far gTeater rapidity than in health, from
the excited state of the nei-vous system by which they are
suppUed.

Inflammation

is either local or dijfuftcd. It may be confined to one organ,
or to a i^ai-ticular portion of that organ; it may involve many
neighboring ones, or it may be spread over the whole frame.
In the latter case it assumes the name of

Fever.

Fever is general or constitu.tional inflammation, and it is said
to be

Sympathetic, or Symptomatic

■when it can be traced to some local atfection or cause, and

STUD BOOK. 116

Idiopathic

when we cannot so trace it. The truth probably is, that
every fever has its local cause; but we have not a '^sufficient
knowledge of the animal economy to discover that cause.

Inflammation may be considered with reference to the
membranes which it attacks.

The Mucous Membrane

line all the cavities that communicate with the external sm*-
face of the body. There is fi'equent inflammation of the
membrane of the mouth.

Blain, or Glysynthrax,

is a vesicular enlargement which runs along the side of the
tongue. Its cause is unknown. It should be lanced freely
and deej)ly, and some aperient medicine admuaistered.

Barbs, or Paps,

are smaller enlargements, found more in the neighborhood of
the bridle of the tong-ue. They should never be touched with
any instrument; a httle cooling medicine will generaUy re-
move them.

Iiampas

is inflammation of the j^alate, or enlargement of the bars of
the palate. The roof of the mouth may be shghtly lanced, or
a little aperient medicine administered; but tlie sensibility of
the mouth should never be destroyed by the apphcation of
the heated iron.

Canker, and Wounds in the Mouth,

from various causes, will be best remedied by diluted tinc-
ture of m}T.Th, or a weak solution of alum.

Foreign Bodies in the Gullet

may be generaUy removed by means of the probang used in
the hove of cattle ; or the oesophagus may be opened, and the
obstructing body taken out.

It is on the mucous membranes that

116 THE ORMiOE. COUNTY

Poisons

principally exert their influence. The yew is the most fre-
quent vegetable poison. The hoise may be saved by timely
recourse to equal parts of vinegar and water ejected into the
stomach, after the jDoison has been as much as possible re-
moved by means of the stomach-pump. For arsenic or cor-
rosive subUmate there is rarely any antidote.

Spasmodic Colic

is too frequently produced by exposure to cold, the drinking
of cold water, or the use of too much green meat. The horse
should be walked about, strong friction used to the belly,
and spirit of tra'pentine given in doses of two ounces, with an
ounce each of laudamun and spirit of nitrous aether, in warm
water, ale or gruel. If the sj^asm is not soon relieved, the
animal should be bled, and injections of warm water with a
solution of aloes thi*o%vn up, if constij)ation exists. This spas-
modic action of the bowels, when long continued, is Hable to
j^roduce

Introsusception, or entanglement,
of them; and the case is then hoj)eless.

Superpurgation

often foUows the administration of a too strong or improper
dose of physic. The torture wiiich it jDroduces will be evi-
dent by the agonized expression of the countenance, and the
fi'equent looking at the flanks. Plenty of thin starch or
arrowroot should be given both by the mouth and by injec-
tion; and twelve hours having passed without rehef being
experienced, chalk, catechu, and opimn, shovdd be added to
the grueL

Worms

in the intestines are not often productive of much mischief,
except they exist in very gi'eat quantities. Small doses of
emetic tartar or calomel, with a Httle ginger, may be given
to the horse half an hour before his first meal, in order to
e^pel the romid white worm; it must be worked off with lin-
seed-oil or aloes, and injections of linseed-oil or aloes will
usually remove the ascarides, or needle-worms.

STUD BOOK. 117

The Respiratory Passages

are all lined by the mucous membrane.

Catarrh,

or cold, inflammation of the upper air pasi^ages, should never
be long neglected. A few mashes or a little medicine will
usually remove it. If it is neglecetd, and, occasionally, in
defiance of ah. treatment, it wiU degenerate into other dis-
eases. The lar^Tix may become the principal seat of inflam-
mation.

Laryngitis

wUl be shown by extreme difl&culty of breathing, accom-
panied by a strange roaring noise, and an evident eiilargement
and great tenderness of the larynx v/hen felt externally. The
windpipe must be opened in such case, and the best advice
wiU be necessary. Sometimes the subdivisions of the trachea,
before or when it first enters the lungs, wiU be the part
affected, and we have bronchitis. This is characterized by a
quick and hard breathing, and a j)eculiar wheezing soimd,
with the coughing up of mucus. Here, too, decisive meas-
ures must be adoioteil, and a skillful practitioner employed.
His assistance is equaUy necessary in

Distemper, Influenza and Epidemic Catarrh,

names indicating varieties of the same disease, and the pro-
duct of atmospheric influence; differing to a certain degree
in every season, but in all characterized by intense inflam-
mation of the mucous surfaces, and rapid and utter prostra-
tion of strength, and in all demanding the abatement of that
inflammation, and yet little expenditure of vital power.
Cough may degenerate into

Inflammation of the Lungs ;

or this fearful malady may be develoj)ed without a single
premonitory symj)tom, and prove fatal in twenty-four or even
in twelve hours. It is mostly characterized by deatlily cold-
ness of the extremities, expansion of the nostril, recbiess of
its lining membrane, singularly anxious countenance, con-
stant gazing at the flank, and an vinwiUingness to move. A
successful treatment of such a case can be foimded only on

118 THE ORANGE COUNTT

the most prompt and fearless and decisive measures; the
lancet should be freely used. Counter-ii-ritants should follow
as soon as the violence of the disease is in the shghest degree
abated; sedatives must succeed to them ; and fortrmate will
he be who often saves his patient after aU the decisive symp-
toms of pneumonia are once developed.

Among the consequences of these severe affections of the
Ivmgs, are

Chronic Cough,

not always much diminishing the usefulness of the horse, but
strangely aggravated at times by any fresh accession of
catarrh, and too often degenerating into

Thick "Wind,

which always materiaUy interferes with the speed of the horse,
and in a great proportion of cases terminates in broken wind.
It is rare, indeed, that either of these diseases admits of ciu'e.
That obstruction in some part of the respiratory canal, which
varies in almost every horse, and produces the j^eculiar
sound termed roaring, is also rarely removed. Roaring is a
malady of such frequent occurrence and such disastrous con-
sequences, that it wiU be foimd more discui'sively treated
upon in the concluding pages.

Glanders,

the most destinictive of all diseases to which the horse is ex-
posed, is the consequence of hrealhing tlie atmo^pliere of foul and
vitiated stables. It is the winding up of almost every other
disease, and in every stage it is most contagious. Its most
prominent symptoms are a small but constant discharge of
sticky matter from the nose; an enlargement and induration
of the glands beneath and Avdthin the lower jaw, on one or
both sides; and before the termination of the disease chan-
crous inflammation of the nostril on the same side with the
enlarged gland. Its contagiousness should never be forgot-
ten, for if a glandered horse is once introduced into a stable,
almost every inliabitant of that stable wiU sooner or later
become infected and die.

The Urinary and Genital Organs

are also lined by mucous membranes. The horse is subject
to

STUD BOOK. 119

Inflammation of the Kidneys,

from eating musty oats or mow-bm-nt hay, from exposm'e to
cold, injuries of the loins, and the imprudent use of diure-
tics. Bleedmg, pli^^sic, and counter-nritants over the region
of the loins shoiild be had recourse to.

Diabetes, or Profuse Staling,

is difficult to treat. The inflammation that may exist should
first be subdued, and then opium, catechu, and the Uva ursi
administered.

Inflammation of the Bladder

will be best alleviated by mucilaginous drinks of almost any
kind, hnseed-gruel taking precedence of all others.

Inflammation of the Neck of the Bladder,

evinced by the fi-equent and painful discharge of small quan-
tities of urine, wiU. yield only to the abstraction of blood and
the exhibition of opium. A catheter may be easily passed
into the bladder of the mare, and m-ine evacuated; but it
will require a skilled veterinary sm'geon to effect this in the
horse.

A Stone in the Bladder

is readily detected by the practitioner, and may be extracted
with comparative ease. The sheath of the penis is often dis-
eased, fi'om the presence of corrosive mucous matter. This
may easily be removed by warm soap and water.

To the mucous membranes belong the conjunctival tunic of
the eye; and the diseases of the eye generally may be here
considered.

A Scabby Itchiness

on the edge of the eyelids may be cured by a diluted nitrated
ointment of mercvuy.

Warts

should be cut off with the scissors, and the roots touched with
limai" caustic

Inflammation of the Haw

should be abated by the employment of cooling lotions, but

120 THE ORANGE COUNTY

that useful defence of tlie eye sliould never, if possible, be
removed.

Common Ophthalmia

wiU yield as readily to cooling applications as inflammation
of the same organ in any other animal, but there is another
species of inflammation commencing in the same way as the
first, and for awliile apparently yielding to treatment, but
which changes fi'om eye to eye, and retiu"ns again and again,
until blindness is jDroduped in one or both organs of vision.
The most fi'equent cause is hereditary predisposition. The
reader cannot be too often reminded that the quahties of the
sire, good or bad, descend, and scarcely changed, to his off-
spring. How

Moon-Blindness

was first produced no one knows, but its continuance in oiu'
stables is to be traced to this cause princij)ally, or almost
alone; and it ptu'sues its coiu'se until cataract is produced,
for which there is no reinedy.

Gutta Serena (Palsy of the Optic Nerve)

is sometimes observed, and many have been deceived, for the
eye retains its perfect transparency. Here, also, medical
treatment is of no avail.

The serous membranes are of great importance. The brain
and spinal marrow, with the origins of the nerves, are sur-
rounded by them; so are the heart, the lungs, the intestinal
canal, and the organs whose ofiice it is to prepare the gene-
rative fluid.

Inflammation of the Brain.

Mad staggers faU vmder this division. It is inflammation
of the meninges, or enveloi:)es of the brain, produced by
over-exertion, or by any of the causes of general fever, and
it is characterized by the mldest delu'ium. Nothing but
the most 2:)rofuse blood-letting, active pm-gation, and bhster-
ing the head, wiU aflbrd the slightest hope of success.

Tetanus, or Loek-Jaw,

is a constant spasm of aU the voluntary muscles, and particu-
larly those of the neck, the S2)ine, and the head, arising fi'om
the injui-y of some nei-vous fibril — that injmy sj)reading to

STUD BOOK. 121

the origin of the nerve — the brain becoming aflfected, and
tmiversal and unbroken spasmodic action being the result.
Bleeding, physicing, bhstering the course of the spine, and
the administration of opium in enormous doses, will alone
give any chance of cure.

Epilepsy-
is not a frequent disease in the horse, but it seldom admits
of cure. It is also very apt to return at the most distant and
uncertain intervals.

Palsy

is the suspension of nervous power. It is usually confined
to the hinder Umbs, and sometimes to one limb only.
Bleeding, physicing, antimonial medicines, and blistering of
the siDine, are most likely to produce a cure, but they too
often utterly fail of success.

Rabies, or Madness,

is evidently a disease of the nervous system, and once being
developed, is altogether without remedy. The utter destruc-
tion of the bitten part with the limar caustic, soon after the
infliction of the wound, wiU, however, in a great majority of
cases, prevent that development.

Pleuj-isy,

or inflammation of the serous covering of the lungs and the
lining of the cavity of the chest, is generally connected with
inflammation of the substance of the lungs; but it occasion-
ally exists independent of any state of those organs. The
pulse is in this case hard and full, instead of being oppressed;
the extremities are not so intensely cold as in pnemnonia;
the membrane of the nose is Uttle reddened, and the sides
are tender. It is of importance to distinguish accui'ately be-
tween the two, because in pleui'isy more active pui'gation
may be pm-sued, and the effect of counter-irritants will
be greater, from their proximity to the seat of disease.
Copious bleedings and sedatives here also should be had re-
com'se too. It is in connection wdth pleui'isy that a serous
fluid is efiused in the chest, the existence and the extent of
which may be ascertained hj the practiced ear, and which in
many cases may be safely evacuated.

The heart is surroimded by a serous membrane — the peri-

122

THK OR.\NGE COUNTY

cardium, that secretes a fluid, the inteipositiou of which pre-
vents any injui'ious friction or concussion in the constant
action of this organ. If this fluid increases to a great de-
gree, it constitutes

Dropsy of the Heart,

and the action of the heart may be impeded or destroyed.
In an early stage it is difficult to detect, and in every stage
difficult to cure.

The heart itself is often diseased; it sympathizes with
the inflammatory affection of every organ, and therefore is
itself occasionally inflamed.

Carditis, or Inflammation of the Heart,

is characterized by the strength of its j)ulsations, the tremor
of which can be seen, and the sound can be heard at a dis-
tance of several yards. Speedy and coj^ious blood-letting
will aflbrd the only hope of cure in such a case.

The outer coat of the stomach and intestines is comjDOsed
of a serous membrane — the peritoneimi, Avhich adds strength
and firmness to their textures, attaches and supports and
confines them in their respective places, and secretes a fluid
that prevents all injurious friction between them. This coat
is exceedingly subject to inflammation, which is somewhat
gradual in its approach. The jxilse is quickened, but small;
the legs cold; the beUy tender; there is a constant pain, and
every motion increases it; there is also rapid and great
prostration of strength. These symptoms will sufficiently
characterize

Peritoneal Inflammation,

Bleeding, aperient injections, and extensive coxmter-irrita-
tion, will aflbrd the oiily hope of cure.
The time for

Castration

varies according to the breed and destiny of the horse. On
the farmer's colt it may be effected when the animal is not
more than four or five months old, and it is comparatively
seldom that a fatal ease occui-s. For other horses, much de-
pends on their growtli, and jDarticularly on the develo2:)ment
of their fore- quarters. An improvement has been effected
in the old mode of castrating, by opening the scrotum, and

STUD BOOK. 123

the division of the cord by the knife, instead of the heated
iron.

Synovial or Joint Membranes

are interposed between the divisions of the bones, and fre-
quently between the tendons, in order to secrete a certain
fluid that shall facihtate motion and olD\date friction. Occa-
sionally the membrane is lacerated, and the sjTiovia escapes.
This is termed

Opened Joint,

and violent inflammation rapidly ensues. The duty of the
practitioner is to close this opening" as quickly as possible.
Superacetate of lead one part, and water foui* parts, may be
apphed or injected into the cavity, fi'equently with success.
A great deal of inflammation and engorgement are produced
around the opening, partially, if not altogether, closing it, or
at least enabling the coagulated s^oiovia to occupy and
obhterate it. Perhaps, in order to secui'e the desired result,
the whole of the joint should be blistered. After this a
bandage should be firmly applied, and kept on as long as it
is wanted. If there is any secondary erui^tion of the synovia,
the cautery must be had recourse to.

Spavin

is an enlargement of the inner side of the hock. The sphnt-
bones suppoi-t the inferior layer of those of the hock, and as
they sustain a very unequal degree of concussion and weight,
the cartilaginous substance which unites them to the shank-
bone takes on inflammation. It becomes bony instead of
cartilaginous; and the disposition to this change being set uj)
in the part, bony matter continues to be deposited, until a
very considerable enlargement takes j^lace, known by the
name of sjjori)!, and there is considerable lameness in th3
hock-joint. The bony tumor is blistered, and probably
fired, but there is no dimiaution of the lameness until the
parts have adapted themselves, after a considerable process
of time, to the altered duty required of them, and then the
lameness materially diminishes, and the horse becomes, to a
very considerable extent, useful. Cui'b is an enlargement of
the back of the hock, three or fom' inches below its point. It
is a strain of the ligament wliich there binds the tendons
down in their place. The patient should be subjected to al-
most absolute rest; a bHster shoiild be apphed over the back

124 THE OKANGE COUNTY

of the tumor, and occasionally firing will be requisite to
comjolete the cure. Near the fetlock, and where the tendons
are exposed to injuiy from pressm-e or friction, little bags or
sacs are placed, from which a lubricating mucous fluid con-
stantly escapes. In the violent tasks which the horse occa-
sionally has to perform, these become bruised, inflamed,
enlarged, and hardened, and are termed

Windgalls.

They blemish the horse, but are no cause of lameness after
the inflammation has subsided, unless they become very much
enlarged. The cautery v/ill then be the best cui'e. Immedi-
ately above the hock, enlargements of a similar natiu'e are
sometimes found, and as they project both inwardly and out-
wardly, they are termed

Thorough-pins.

They are seldom a cause of lameness; but they indicate
great, and perhaps injufious, exertion of the joint. On the
inside of the hock a tumor of this kind, but of a more serious
nature, is found. It is one of these enlarged mucous bags,
but very deeply seated, and the subcutaneous vein of the
hock passing over it, the coui'se of the blood through the
vein is thus in some measure arrested, and a portion of the
vessel becomes distended. This is a serious evil, since, from
the deep-seatedness of the mucous bag, it is almost impos-
sible to act effectually ujjon it. It is termed

Bog, or Blood Spavin.

The cellular tissue which fills the interstices of the va-
rious organs, or enters into their textiu'e, is the seat of
many diseases. From the badness of the harness, or the
brutality of the attendant, the jjoll of the horse becomes
contused. Inflammation is set \xp; considerable swelling
ensues; an ulcerative process soon commences, and chasms
and sinuses of the most frightful extent begin to be formed.
The withers, also, are occasionally bruised, and the same
process takes place there, and sinuses penetrate deep be-
neath the shoulder, and the bones of the withere are fre-
quently exposed. These abscesses are termed

STUD BOOK. 125

Poll Evil, and Fistulous "Withers,

and in the treatment of them the horse is often tortured
to a di'eadfid extent. A better mode of management has,
however, been introduced; setons are passed thi'ough -the
most dependent j)arts; no collection of sanious fluid is per-
mitted to exist, and milder stimulants are aj^plied to the
sm-face of the ulcer.

An Abscess

of a peculiar character is fovmd between the branches of
the lower jaw in yoimg horses. It is preceded by some
degree of fever. It is usuaUy slow -in its progress, but at
length it attains a considerable size, iacludiug the whole of
the ceUular tissue ia that neighborhood. There is one
uniform mass of tumefaction. This is

Strangles.

It seems to be an effort of Nature to get rid of something
that oppresses the constitution, and the treatment of it is
now simple and effectual. It is encovuaged by fomentations
and blisters. It is punctiu'ed as soon as the fluctuation of a
fluid within it can be fairly detected; the puss speedily es-
capes, and there is an end of the matter.

Farcy.

While the arterial capillaries are engaged in building up
the fi'ame, the absorbents are employed in removing that
which is not only useless, but wovdd be poisonous and de-
structive. They take up the matter of glanders and of every
ulcerating suiiace, and they are occasionally irritated, in-
flamed, and ulcerated, fi'oni the acrimonious nature of the
poison which they carry; the absorbents are fiu-nished with
nvmierous valves; the fluid is for awhile arrested by them,
and there the inflammation is greatest, and ulceration takes
l^lace. This is the history of the farcy-cords and buds.
Farcy is a highly contagious disease, whether or not it be
connected with glanders. It, however, occasionaUy admits
of cure, from the appHcation of the cautery to the buds,
and the administration of the coiTosive subhmate or the sul-
phate of iron internally. '

The skin of the horse is subject to various diseases
Large pimples or lumps suddenly appear on it, and after re-
maining a few days, the cuticle peels ofl^ and a circular scaly
spot is left. This is called

126 THE ORANGE- COtTNTY

Surfeit.

The cause is obscure, but jDrincipnlly referable to indi-
p^estion. A slight bleediug will always be serviceable. Physic
rarely does good, but alteratives comjjosed of nitre, black
antimony, and sulphui", will be very beneficial.

Mange

is a disease of a different character; it is the ciu'se of the
stable into which it enters, for it will almost certainly affect
every horse. Thorough di'essings with Barbadoes tar and
linseed oil, in the projDortion of one of the former to three
of the latter, will be the most effectual external ajDphcation,
while alteratives and physic should be given internally

Hide-Bound

is a very appropriate term for a pecuHar sticking of the hide
to the ribs, when a horse is out of condition. The subcutan-
eous adipose matter is aU absorbed. The alterative above
recommended wiU be very useful here.

The legs, and the hind ones more than the fore ones, are
subject to frequent, and great, and obstinate swellings, at-
tended with gi-eat joain and considerable fever. It is acute
inflammation of the cellular substance of the legs. Physic
and diiu-etics and tonics, if there is the sHghtest appearance
of debility, are the proper means of cm-e. Friction and ban-
dages will also be used occasionally. There are two causes,
diametrically opj^osed to each other, which occasion the legs
to swell: an inspissated or plethoric condition of the blood,
the other, debility of the system. The remedy must depend
on the cause ; in the fifst case moderate doses of physic, com-
bined with diuretics, according to a formula given at the
conclusion; in the other case, tonics, with good keep, are ne-
cessary.

Grease

is an undue secretion of the fluid which was designed to lu-
bricate the skin of the heels; and that secretion is also altered
in quality. The hind legs begin to swell — a fluid exudes
fi'om the heels— the hairs of the heels become erect hke so
many bristles, and the skin of the heel is hot and greas3\
Soon afterwards cracks appear across the heel : they dis-
charge a thick and offensive matter, and then deepen. They

STUD BOOK. 127

Spread up the leg, and so does the tumefaction of the part.
In process of time the skin, inflamed and ulcerated, under-
goes an alteration of structure; prominences or granulations
appear on it, assuming the appearance of a collection of
grapes, or the skin of a jjine-ai^ple. They increase, and a
fetid discharge appears from the crevices between them.

The cause is generally neglect of the horse. He is suffered
to stand in the stable with his heels cold and wet, which
necessarily disposes them to inflammation and disease.

In the first stage of grease, bran, or tui-nip, or carrot
poultices will be serviceable, with moderate physic. Then
astringents must be employed; and the best are alum or sul-
jihate of copper in powder, mixed with several times the
quantity of bole Armenian, and sprinkled on the sores.
These should be alternated every tlu-ee or foiu" days. The
gTajjy heels are a disgrace to the stable in which they are
foimd, and admit not of radical cvire.

Splints

are bony enlargements, generally on the inside of the leg,
arising fi'om rmdue pressin-e on the inner splint-bone; and
this is either caused by the natiu'al conformation of the leg,
or violent blows on it. These excrescences will often grad-
ually disappear, or wiU yield to a simj)le operation, or to the
appUcation of the hydriodate of potash or bUster ointments.

Sprains,

if neglected, 'occasionally become very serious evils. Rest,
warm fomentations, poultices, or, in bad cases, bhstering,
are the usual remedies.

Windgalls,

if they are of considerable size, or accompanied by much in-
flammation or lameness, will find in a bhster the most efiect-
ual remedy.

Sprains of the Fetlock

demand prompt and severe blistering : nothing short of this
wOl produce a permanent cui"e.

Sprains of the Pastern and Coflan Joints
demand still more prompt and decisive treatment. If neg-

128 THE OKANGE COUNTY

lected, or inefficiently managed, the neighboring ligaments
will be involved, more extensive inflammation violl be set up,
and bony matter, under the name of

Ring-bone,

will sjjread over the j^asterns and cartilages of the foot.
Firing alone vnll, in the majority of cases, be efficient here.

Inflammation of the Foot, or Acute Founder.

In speaking of the structui'e of the foot, the laminae, or
fleshy plates on the front and sides of the coffin-bone, were
described. From over-exertion, or luidue exposiire to cold or
wet, or sudden change from cold to heat, inflammation of
these laminse is aj)t to occur; and a di'eadfully paiufid dis-
ease it is. It is easily detected by the heat of the feet, and
the torture which is produced by the slightest touch of
the hammer. The shoe must be removed, the sole well
pared out, plentiful bleeding fi-om the toe had recoiurse to,
the foot well poulticed, and cooling medicines resorted to.
The bleeding should be repeated, if manifest benefit is not
procured, and cloths dipped in dissolved nitre, which are
colder than the common poultice, should be substituted.
After this, a poultice aroimd the foot and pastern should
succeed. Little food should be given, and that must consist
of mashes and a coohng diet.

Pumiced Feet.

This is one of the consequences of inflamed feet. The
sole of the foot becomes flattened, or even convex, by the
pressure of the weight above. There is no cure here, and
the only palliation of the evil is obtained from the ajopHca-
tion of a shoe so beveled off from the cnist that it shall not
press upon or touch the sole. This, however, is only a tem-
porary jDaUiation, for the sole will continue to project, and
the horse wiU be useless.

Contracted Feet.

By this is meant an increase in the length of the foot,
and a gradual narrowing as the heels are approached; and,
as the necessary consequence of this, a diminution of the
width of the foot, and a concavity of the sole. In point of
fact, the whole of the foot, including the coffin-bone, be-

STUD BOOK. 129

comes narrowed, and consequently elongated. This change
of form is accompanied by considerable pain; the action of
the horse is altered ; there is a shortened tread, and a hesi-
tating way of putting the foot to the ground.

The frog and heel w^ould expand when the weight of the
horse descends and is throA\Ti ujDon them, but the naihng of
the shoe at the heels -j^revents it. Thence the pain and lame-
ness is obviated by a very simple method, jDut four or five
nails in the shoe on the outside, and only two on the inside.
There is then sufficient room for the natiu'al exi^ansion to
take place, and the foot and action of the horse are little or
not at all changed. This is an admirable contrivance, and
recovu'se should always be had to it.

The Navicular Joint Disease.

There are many horses with open and well-formed feet that
are lame. In every motion of the foot, there is a great deal
of action between the navicrJar bone and the flexor tendon
which passes over it, in order to be inserted into the navicu-
lar bone. From concussion or violent motion, the membrane
or the cartilage which covers the navicular bone is biiiised or
abraded, the horse becomes lame, and often continues so for
life. This disease admits of remedy to a very considerable
extent; no one, however, but a skillful veterinary surgeon is
capable of successfully imdertaking it.

Sand-crack

is a division of the crust of the hoof from the upper part of
it downward. It bespeaks brittleness of the foot, and often
arises fi"om a single false step. If the crack has not pene-
trated through the horn, it must, neveriheless, be pared fairly
out, and generally a coating of j^itch should be bound round
the foot. If the crack has reached the quick, that mitd be
done which ought to be done in every case — a skillful surgeon
should be consulted, otherwise false quarter may ensue.

False Quarter

is a division of the ligament by which the crust is secreted.
It is one of the varieties of sand-crack, and exceedingly diffi-
cult of cm-e.

Tread, or Over-reach,
is a clumsy habit of setting one foot upon or bruising the

130 THE OKANGK COUNTY

other. It should immediately and carefully be attended to,
or a bad case of quitfor may ensue. Fomentations in the first
instance, and, if much inilammation exists, poultices, to be
followed by a mild styptic; tincture of myrrh, or Friar's bal-
sam, will soon effect a cure.

Quittor

is the formation of little pipes between the crust and the hoof,
by means of which the liiuailent matter secreted fi-om some
wound beneath the crust makes its escape. The healing of
this and of every sj^ecies of prick or wound in the sole or
cnist, is often exceedingly difficult.

Corns

are said to exist when the posterior part of the foot between
the external crust and the bars is rmnatvu-aUy contracted and
becomes uiflamed. Corns are the consequence of continued
and unnatin-al pressiu'e. The ciu'e of corns must be attempted
by removing the cause — namely, the pressure.

Thrush

is the consequence of filth and umiatural pressure on the fi'og.
It is the cause and the effect of contraction, whether it is found
in the heels of the fore feet or the hinder ones. It is not
difficult of ciu'e when taken in time; but when neglected, it
often becomes a very serious matter. Cleanliness, fomenta-
tions, dressing the part with tinctiu-e of myrrh, and fi'equent
appHcations of tar, are the best remedies.

Canker

is the consequence of tlu'ush, or, indeed, of almost every
disease of the foot. It is attended by a greater or less sef)ara-
tion of horn, which sometimes leaves the whole of the sole
bare. This also, like the diseases of the foot generally, is
difficvalt of ciu'e.

Few things are more neglected, and yet of greater import-
ance to the comfort and diu'abihty of the horse, than a
pi'oper system of

Shoeing.

It is necessary that the foot should be defended from the
wear and tear of the roads; but that very defence too often

STUD BOOK. 131

entails on the animal a degree of injury and suffering scarcely
credible. The shoe is fixed to the foot, and often interferes
with and hmits the beautiful functions of that organ, and
thus causes much unnecessary inflammation and mischief.

The shoe of a healthy foot should offer a perfectly flat
sru-face to the ground. The bearing or weight of the horse
win then be diiiused over the sui'face of the shoe, and there
will be no injiu-ious accumulation of it on different points.
Too often, however, there is a convexity towards the inner
edge, which causes an inequahty of bearing, which breaks
and destroys the ciiist and pinches the sensible parts.
Round the outer edge of the shoe, and extended over two-
thirds of it on the lower sui'face, a groove is siuik, tlirough
which pass the nails for the fastening of the shoe. At first
they somewhat project, but they are soon worn down to the
level of the shoe, which, in the healthy foot, should not vary
in thickness fi'om the heel to the toe.

The width of .the shoe will depend on that of the foot.
The general rule is, that it should protect the sole from in-
jury, and be as vnde at the heel as the fi"og will permit.

The upper sui'face of the shoe should be differently
formed; it should be flat along the upper end, the outer por-
tion sujDpoi'ting the crust, or, in other words, the weight of
the horse, and widest at the heel, so as afford expansion of
the bars and the heels. The inner portion of the shoe should
be beveled oft", in order that, in the descent of the sole, that
part of the foot may not be bruised. The owner of the horse
should occasionally be present when the shoes are removed,
and he will be too often sui'i^rised to see how far the smith,
ahnost willfully, deviates from the right construction of this
apparently simple ap2:)aratus. The beveled shoe is a little
more troublesome to make and to apply than that which is
often used by the village smith; but it will be the owner's
fault if his directions are not implicitly obeyed.

Even at the commencement of the ojoeration of shoeing,
the eye of the master or the trustworthy groom will be

Requisite.

The shoe is often torn fi'om the foot in a most violent and
cruel way. Scarcely half the clenches are raised, when the
smith seizes the shoe with his pincers, and forcibly wi'enches
it off. The shi'inking of the horse will tell how much he
suffers, and the fi'agments of the crust will also afford suffi-
cient proofs of the mischief that has been done, especially

132 THE ORANGE COtTNTY

when it is recollected that every nail-hole is eiilarged by this
brutal force, and the future safety of the shoe to a greater or
less degree weakened; and pieces of the nail are sometimes
left in the substance of the crust, which becomes the cause of
futiu'e mischief.

In the jjaring out of the foot, also, there is fi'equently
gi-eat mischief done. The formidable hidteris is still often
found in the smithy of the country farrier, although it is
banished fi'om the practice of every respectable ojDerator. A
worse evil remains, however. By the butteris much of the
sole was injuriously removed, and the foot was occasionally
weakened, but the drawing-knife frequently left a portion of
sole sufficient to destroy the elasticity of the foot, and to lay
the foundation for contraction, corns, and j^ermanent lame-
ness. One object, then, of the looker-on is to ascertain the
actual state of the foot. On the descent of the crust when
the foot is placed on the ground, depends the elasticity and
healthy state of the foot; and that maybe satisfactorily deter-
mined by the jdelding of the sole, although to a \&rj shght
degree, when it is strongly pressed vi^on with the thumb.
The sole being pared out, the crust on each side may be low-
ered, but never reduced to a level "with the sole; otherwise
this portion will be exposed to continual injury.

The heels often suffer considerably from the carelessness,
or ignorance of the smith. The weight of the horse is not
thrown equably on them, but considerably more on the inner
than the outer quarter. The consequence of this is, that the
inner heel is worn dowTi more than the outer, and the foun-
dation is laid for tenderness, corns, and ulceration. The
smith is too often inattentive to this, and pares away an
equal quantity of horn from the inner and outer heel, leaving
the former weaker and lower, and less able to support the
weight thrown upon it.

Mention has abeady been made of the use of the bars in
admitting and yet limiting to its proper extent the expansion
of the foot. The smith in the majority of the country forges,
and in too many of those that disgrace the metrojDolis, seems
to have waged interminable war with these portions of the
foot, and avails himself of every ojiportunity to j^are them
down, or perfectly to destroy them, forgetting, or never hav-
ing learned, that the destiiiction of the bars necessarily leads
to contraction, by removing the chief imj^ediment to it:

The hom between the crust and the bar should be well
pared out. Every one accustomed to horses must have ob-
seiTcd the great relief that is given to the horse with corns

STUD BOOK. 133

when this angle is jDared out; and yet, from some fatality, the
smith rarely leaves it where nature placed it, but cuts away
every portion of it.

The true function of the frog is easily imderstood; it
gives security to the tread, and jjermits the exj)ansion of the
heels; but the smith, although these cases come before him
every day, seems to be quite vmaware of the coiu'se which he
shoiild pursue, and either leaves the frog almost un-
touched, and then it becomes bruised and iujiu'ed, or he
pares it away, so that it camiot come into contact with
the ground, and consequently is not enabled to do its duty.

The owner of the horse wiH therefore find it his interest
occasionally to visit the forge, and, gu.ided by the simple
principles which have been stated, he will seldom err in his
opinion of what is going forward there. He should impress
two i^rinciples deeply on his mind: that a great deal more
depends on the j^aring out of the foot than in the construc-
tion of the shoe ; and that few shoes, except they j)ress u2:)on
the sole, or are made shamefully bad, wiU lame ^the horse, but
that he may be veiy easily lamed by an ignorant or improper
paring out of the foot.

Where the owner of the horse has sufficient influence
with the smith, he will find it advisable always to have a
few sets of shoes ready made. Much time will be saved, in
case of accident, and there will not be, as is too often the
case, the cutting, j^aring, and injming of the foot, in order to
make it fit the shoe. More injury than would be readily be-
lieved is done to the foot by contriving to get on it too small
a shoe.

Clips

are often necessary, in order more seciu-ely to fasten the
shoe. They are little poiiions of the upper edge of the shoe
hammered out, and turned up on the crust, and fitted in a
little depression made in the cmst. They prevent the shoe
fi'om being loosened or torn off, both in rapid action and
heavy draught, and are therefore used on all heav}', and on
many light horses. They are sometimes placed on the side
of the shoe, and at the beginning of the quarters, and on all
horses that are accustomed to paw violently with theii" feet,
l^^ecessity alone, however, wiU justify their use.

Tke Calkin

is a prolongation and tui'ning down of the shoe at the heel,

loi THE ORANGE COUKTV

enabling the animal to dig his foot more firmly into the
ground, and with more advantage throw his weiglat into the
coUar; but it is an abominable and most injudicious practice
to i^lace the calkin on one side alone, as is too often done:
an unequal dii-ection and distribution of the weight and
bearing of the foot is often given, which is necessarily pro-
ductive of mischief. Few are the cases w'hich will justify
the use of calkins on the fore feet, or even on the hind feet,
excei:)t they are of equal heigth on each foot; and few things
are more injurious to the foot of the horse than wearing the
same shoe more than thi-ee weeks or a month, let the work
be heavy or light. The shoe should never be heavier than
the work absolutely requires. This is acknowledged in the
shoe of the hunter and the racer, and will teU in the case of
every horse after a hard day's work. The calkin is required
on the outside of the hind shoes of hiuiters, to prevent them
from slipping at their leaps; but the inside of the shoe must
be made of a comjDensating thickness, to afford an even bear-
ing for the foot.

The Bar Shoe

is indispensable in most large stables. It is a very simple
contrivance, being nothing more than the continuation of the
common shoe over the heels. The bearing of the shoe may
thus be taken off from every weak and tender part of the
foot, and be either tlu'own on some other point which is bet-
ter able to bear the pressure, or diffused over the foot. It
is useful in some cases of bad corns, which are thus jirotected
from injury; in sand-crack, the pressvu'e may be removed
from either or both sides of the iissure; pumiced feet may
be raised by this shoe above the i:)Ossibility of injvu'y; and in
thrush and in canker not only is the weight thrown off the
diseased j^art, but any kind of dressing may be easily retained
on the sore. It is a shoe, however, that cannot be safely used
for any considerable time, or, at least, it requires occasional
or even frequent change, on account of its becoming grad-
ually pressed down on the sore i^ai-t beneath. Bar-shoes are
not safe for use when much si:)eed is required, and they are
dangerous when fi-ost is on the grovmd.

The Tip

is a very different kind of shoe. It reaches but half roimd
the cnist. It is used when the horse is at rest; and, the
quarters of this shoe being unfettered, the contracted foot is

8TUD BOOK. 135

sometimes enabled to regain its natiu-al open state. It has
been tried for road- work, but, as might naturally be expected,
it utterly failed when often or long used.

The Leather Shoe

is principally useful when the foot has been injured or
inflamed. It, to a considerable degi'ee, breaks the shock,
which would otherwise be painfully felt when the foot is put
on the ground. It consists of a piece of leather or felt, about
an inch in width, which is placed between the cinist and the
shoe; and this very materially obviates concussion. It must
not, however, be long worn, for the nails cannot always be
di-iven securely; there wiU be too much j^lay upon them, and
they will become loosened; also the holes which they accu-
rately filled at fii'st will be enlarged, and the cnist wiU be
broken away.

The sole is sometimes entu'ely covered with leather. This
fm'nishes a temporary defence for the foot, but there is much
insecurity of fastening; the tow, or other di-essing introduced
between the sole and the leather, is not always equably dis-
tributed, and fi-equently the stopping produces a scaly sjDongy
horn, or gravel and dirt will gi-aduaUy acciunulate between
the leather and the horn, and the foot will be considerably
injured. Gutta perclia is substituted with good effect.

One other shoe must be mentioned —

The Horse Sandal.

It consists of a simple apparatus sufficiently light even to be
carried in the pocket, but is more frequently attached to the
saddle, and which, on the loss of a shoe, can be ajDplied to
the foot in the space of a minute, and so secui'ely attached
to it that the spoilsman may contmue the chase to the end
of the longest vxm. The same sandal has been repeatedly
worn more than one hundi'ed miles; it may be procui'ed
from any respectable harness-maker.

Roaring.

The quahty of soundness involves several questions of no
mean impoiiance, esjDecially with regard to those maladies
which are cajoable of being transmitted. It is very apparent
to those whose practice among horses is extensive, and who
are best able to form accui-ate opinions, that spavins and

1B6 THE ORANGE COUNTY

curbs are less frequent than they were five-and-twenty years
ago. This may fairly be attributed to the fact, that con-
siderable circumspection has been exercised in avoiding such
animals for breeding purposes as, possessmg peculiar con-
fonnations in their hocks, would render their offspring
predisposed to those defects. Blindness is certainly less
prevalent than formerly. Superior management in the stable
has evidently assisted in averting this evil, insufficiently ven-
tilated, dark stables, with an accumulation of dvmg to generate
ammonia, are foiiunately out of fashion.

There is an impression that roaring is more fi'equent ;
and among race-horses it is not without fovmdation. As an
hereditary complaint it may certainly be traced to several
sources — to horses whose jjrogeny have, in many instances,
given unequivocal testimony of the infirmity. When the fact
is seriously considered, it is sui-prising that gentlemen of
known talent, owners of valuable studs, Hberal in every
item of expense calciilated to promote the success of their
yovmg racing stock, should ever breed from sires or dams
known to entaU this malady on their progeny. A veterinary
surgeon of great ability and observation has stated that every
stallion, when consigned to the stud, becomes a roarer. It is
a startHng assertion, and induced me to investigate the fact
very minutely. The result does not con'oborate the state-
ment to the full extent of the declaration, although I dis-
covered sufficient to lead me to the conviction that it is a
very prevalent affliction. I must here, however, introduce
a reserving clause, arising from the difficulty which exists of
positively deciding uj^on every case, which I shall enter vqyon
more minutely as I proceed. In contradiction to the asser-
tion of the professional, I must obsei-ve that at various times
I had two litmters, which were used for st\xd purjDOses dm--
ing the summer; one of them continued in my possession
tlu'ee seasons, the other two; most assiu'edly they were not
either of them roarers. This might have been, and very
jn-obably was, prevented by the work they performed duiing
the hunting season, for it is quite ceiiain that very many
staUions, especiaUy those which belong to private breeding
establishments, and are kept princijDally for the use of these es-
tablishments, do not enjoy that exercise which is absolutely
necessary for the maintenance of their health. The country
stallion, which travels fi'om fair to fair, and from market to
market, is infinitely more favorably treated in this respect,
than his more highly-distinguished brother who presides over
a private and choice seraglio.

STUD BOOK. 137

Roaring may be divided into two classes; that wlncli
must be pronounced, in opposition to all theory, as decidedly
hereditary; and that which is produced in individuals in
consequence of catarrhal disorders, strangles, influenza, or
any other temporaiy cause which establishes inflammation,
and a consequent thickening in the mucous membrane lining
the trachea, or parts adjacent, which are the seats of the dis-
order. Some persons are skeptical respecting the hereditary
transmission of roaring, for which little surprise can be en-
tertained, when the difficulties which enshroud numerous
equivocal indications are enumerated. To unravel the mys-
tery, the primary cause must be ascertained; for it would
be exceeding the limits of truth and experience to say that
because a horse is a roarer himself, he wUl transmit it to
his stock. Certain conformations, or rather malformations,
of the Hmbs — such as the legs, the hocks, and the feet — are
often transmitted fi"om the parent to the offsj)ring; from
which sphnts, curbs, spavins, navicular diseases, and other
infirmities, have their origin; and these are admitted in the
category of hereditary complaints: yet it camiot be accepted
as a rule without exception, that all the produce of mal-
formed animals shall inherit the imiDcrfections of theii* parents.
Upon the iDrincii^le of malformation in the parts immediately
or indirectly coimected with the organs of resjiii-ation, roaring
must undoubtedly come within the definition of an hereditary
cause. But when a thickening takes place of the mucous mem-
brane lining the parts which are the seat of the disorder, or
ossification of the cartilages of the windpipe, in consequence
of inflammation, resulting from bronchitis, influenza, colds,
or such-like accidental occurrences, providing no malformation
of the parts previously existed, roaring camiot with pro-
priety be denominated hereditaiy. The difiiculty in such
cases is to determine whether that maKormation of parts
does exist. To assign to such accidental causes as the latter
the aspersion of hereditary transmission, is not consonant
with reason.

There are as many degrees or intonations of roaring as
there are notes on the gamut; and those notes ascend from
f)iano to forte. This renders it difficult in some slight cases
to decide positively whether a horse is a roarer or not; and
good judges may be mistaken. The state of the animal
very frequently occasions an imj)ediment to an accurate
decision: if he be in very plethoric condition, he will not
imfrequently give slight indications of roaring; but when he
is divested of that superabundance of fat, all the disagreeable

138 THE ORANGE COUNTY

symptoms disappear. The usual test of startling the animal
is by no means an infallible criterion, neither is the stetho-
scope in all cases to be relied upon. There is but one positive
mode of determining the question: the animal being in a
proper condition, he must be ridden and tried in all his
paces. With stallions this proof is not often j^ractiable ; and
unless they are badly affected, it is often impossible to prove
that they are roarers. There is no point upon which the
owner of such a horse is so much tenacious as that of an accusa-
tion that his favorite is a roarer. Tell the proprietor that
his horse's legs are bad, insinuate that he broke dowTi in
consequence, he wdll receive yom* remark with comjolacency :
tell him that his horse's hocks are bad, and point out to him
an incipient sj^avin, or an vmequivocal ciu'b, he will receive
yom- objection with indifference; jjoint out to him a multi-
tude of unsymmetrical proportions, he will listen to you with
cahnness; but only intimate to him that you think his horse
is a roarer, and he will roar in your ear a challenge of defi-
ance in proof of youi' allusion.

Large horses certainly have a greater tendency to become
roarers than smaller ones, and irritable-tempered ones more
frequently than those of a phlegmatic disjDosition. Several
of the largest stallions might be enumerated as being pre-
disi^osed to entail this malady on their issue. These are cer-
tainly vaHd reasons for not giving a preference to horses of
large size, although jDublic opinion predominates in their
favor. Stallions are more subject to the comj^laint than geld-
ings, and geldings more so than mares. Compactly- formed
horses of moderate size seldom indulge their owners with
music. It is very difficult to assign any reason for this; but
it aj^pears that there is a greater constitutional disiDosition
in stallions to inflammation about the respiritory organs
than there is in mares or geldings, and that inflammation, re-
sulting in dejDosits of lymi^li and ossification of the cai'tilages,
jn-oduces the disorder. This phenomenon may be explained
in consequence of the sympathy which is well known to exist
between various parts of the body.

A change in the atmosphere is a very frequent cause of
inflammation in the respiratory organs, and severe frosts are
very likely to produce it. In order to preserve the blooming
condition of our horses' coats, it is a common joractice with
gi'ooms to keep the stables as warm as possible when a fi'ost
sets in; but it is a most dangerous obseiwance. Of the im-
portance of keeping horses warm in their bodies, there can-
not be a question; but that is better regulated by extra

STUD BOOK. 139

clothing. If the atmosphere of the stable be raised to a
temperatui'e greatly exceeding that of the open air, the
hoi"ses, when taken out to exercise or work, are liable to
serious consequences, from the great increase in the amount
of oxygen which rushes tiu'ough the respiratory organs in
the act of inspiration. The quantity of oxygen is regulated
by the temperatiu'e of the atmosphere ; and there are few per-
sons who have not experienced the inconvenience attendant
ujDon passing fi'om an over-heated ball-room into the open
air; and they generally take the j^recaution of adopting
additional clothing. The case of the horse is precisely
analogous.

Although a very liberal premium has been offered, the
cure for roaring has not yet been discovered. When it pro-
ceeds from malformation, it is imj)ossible: or if the cartilages
of the windpij^e became ossified, no remedy can be found to
reach those j^arts. An extensive deposit of lymph having
taken place in the mucous membranes with which the re-
sjiiratory organs are defended, comes within the same cate-
gory. A strong stimulus apphed to the sinews, joints, or
muscles, in the event of lameness, may, and frequently does,
imjDart a wonderful effect; but it is a different affair when in-
ternal organs, such as those of respiration, are disordered;
those parts cannot be brought into immediate contact with
any application. When a horse is affected with inflamma-
tion about those parts which are the seat of the disorder, if
it be vigorously attacked in its incipient state \\ith the usual
stimulating preparations, providing there is no malformation
to contend against, the malady may in very many cases be
prevented; and a vast number of cases of confirmed roaring
are to be attributed to neglect or delay at the important crisis
of commencement. Those who would avoid breeding roarers
must avoid breeding from parents whose progeny has evinced
a predisposition to the comj^laint. So far every breeder has
the remedy in his own hand; but with the utmost caution,
all living creatm'es are subject to disorders; and if the results
are unfortimate, in defiance of the most skiUful treatment,
breeders must console themselves with the refl.ection that
their disappointments are the decrees of fate.

NOTE.

A judicious selection of the most eligible j^arents for the
piu'pose of breeding, combmed with careful attention to the
method of rearing and treatment of the offsj)ring, wiU not

1-10 THE ORANGE COUNTY

fail to aflford ample remuneration to those wlio embark in the
speculation; and the country will abound with animals of the
most useful classes, possessing sotmd and enduring constitu-
tions. In order to render the arguments contained in this
little volume impressive, if has been necessary to trace the
jjrogress of racing and breeding horses, and to show that the
higher classes of horses have been gradually improving.

STUD BOOK. 141

THE TROTTING HORSE.

In the preceding pages we have treated at length, and
with careful consideratiou, the subject of Horses in general.

Now we projDOse to devote some pages to a description of
the Trotting Horse, and esj)eciaUy the American Trotter.

It is now admitted by even the most prejudiced of Eng-
hsh wi'iters on the subject, that the Trotting Horse, as he ap-
pears now in our country, far siu'passes m all essential qual-
ities, similar animals in any other country in the world.

For various reasons not necessary here to dilate uj^on,
horseback riding has never been anything like an universal
l^assion with North Americans. True, in some States, owing
to the irregidar formation of the face of the country, and a
scarcity of good roads, it became a necessity to use saddle
horses. The wealthier classes in Virginia, and some of the
Southwestern States, also, to a certain extent, kept up the
hunting customs of their ancestors in the mother country.

Still, a general preference has always been given to driv-
ing in place of riding, wherever the country was compara-
tively level, and the roads tolerably smooth.

Another reason for the popularity of driving in lieu of
riding lay in the fact that the majority of persons able to keep
a horse for both use and pleasui-e were not born " with a sil-
ver sj)oon in their mouth," and have had little opportunity to
learn the art of equitation in their youthful days. Such per-
sons, as they became possessed of the means to indulge in
harmless and healthful recreations, foimd exactly the agree-
able style of locomotion that suited them, seated in a pretty
Hght wagon, behind a trotter or pacer going at a speed but
Httle less than that of a running horse.

Just about the time that the fast and endtu'ing trotter was
needed, many circumstances combined to produce the de-
sired animal.

This breed of horses — ^the American trotter — is now al-

142 THE OEANGE COUNTY

most as clearly defined and as distinct as the Arabian, or
the thoroughbred racer,

Thanks to the fact that we possess in this country a class
of farmers of wonderful intelligence, enterprise and public
spirit; men who have sense enough to seize upon a good idea
when they see it, and enteriDrise sufficient to put money and
time in any project offering reasonable hopes of being remun-
erative— if not to themselves directly, at least to their fellow
citizens.

While in thoroughbreds, such men as Sandford, Ten
Broeck, and Lorillard, have borne the colors of America "fuU
high advanced," and made it j^atent to the whole world that
the United States breeders can bear away cujds and ptu'ses
from the swiftest " flyers" of Great Britain, even on their
" native heath," our trotting-stock raisers liave produced so
i^erfect a breed of horses that it is only prevented from beat-
ing the same style of horses in Britain, from the fact that
outside of America there are no comi:)etitors worth contestmg
with.

Again, of late years there have been quite a number of
persons, possessed of princely incomes, who have had a pas-
sionate liking for speedy trotters, and who have paid such
large sums for choice horses that it has proved a powerful
incentive to the breeding and training of better and better
stiU.

But although om^ trotters far excel those of every other
country, it must not be supposed that we have a monopoly of
trotters. Russia has some very fine animals of this class.
While in Great Britain, trotting matches took jolace quite
often just before the beginning of the present century. A
mare, unnamed, had trotted in 1791 sixteen miles in 58m.
This, in common with most British matches, w'as for long-
distances. Many long-distance goers came of a stock known
as Norfolk trotters — but they never reached anything like the
speed of our modern trotters. The first joubUc race for a
stake in this country was in 1818, for $1000. On this occa-
sion Boston Blue trotted a mile in thi-ee minutes. This was
thought so wonderful that he was taken to England where
he Avon over $500 in one raccj doing twenty-eight miles in
one hour tAventy-eight minutes and fifty seconds. He was a
winner against time in several matches. About three min-
utes was his average time. His pedigree was unknoA\ai. His
color was gray, and he was sixteen hands high.

Messenger's colts began to excite attention in 1821. They
shoAved poAver and SAviftness.

STUD BOOK. 143

The first public trotting coiirse on Long Island was
opened in 1825.

Some three years after, the Hunting Park Association was
organized in Philadelphia.

For many years after this, two minutes forty seconds
was thought to be " rushing time."

Messenger has had such a permanent effect upon our
trotting stock, that more or less of his blood is to be found
in the veins of all our most famous trotters. We here give a
brief history of that noble staUion, and other famous horses,
taken fi-om that excellent work, " Every Horse Owner's Cy-
cloj^edia." pubhshed by Porter & Coates, Philadelj^hia.

Messenger was an English thorougbred, foaled in 1780,
and imported, as were many other English thoroughbreds, on
accoimt of his value as a running horse, and for the imj)rove-
ment of thoroughbreds in this country. He had run success-
fully in several races, and, at five years old, won the King's
Plate. It was thi-ee years after tliis performance, 1788, that
he was imported into New York by ^Ii-. Benger. The fii'st
two seasons after his arrival he was kept at Neshaminy Bridge,
near Bristol, in Bucks County, Pa. Mr. Henry Astor then
jDurchased him, and kept him on Long Island for two years.
About this time Mr. C. W. Van Ranst purchased an interest
in him, and for the remainder of his life he was kept in
various parts of the State of New York, with the exception of
one year at Cooper's Point, in New Jersey, opposite Philadel-
phia. He died January 28, 1808.

Messenger was a gray, 15 hands 3 inches high, and stoutly
built. His form was not strictly in conformity Avith the
popular notions of perfection, being uj^right in the shoulders
and low on the withers, with a short, straight neck and a
large, bony head. His loins and hind-quarters were power-
fuUy muscular, his windpipe and nostrils of unusual size, his
hocks and knees very large, and below them limbs of medium
size, but flat and clean; and, whether at rest or in motion, his
position and carriage alwa^^s perfect and striking. It is said
that during the voyage to this country the thi-ee other horses
that accompanied him became so reduced in flesh and strengih
that when the vessel landed at New York they had
to be helped and supported down the gang-plank; but when
it came to Messenger's tiu-n to land, he, with a loud neigh,
charged down the gang-jDlank, with a colored groom on each
side holding him back, and dashed off up the street at a stiff
trot, carrying the grooms along in spite of their efforts to stop
him.

144 THE ORANGE COUNTY

Though his name has been made illustrious chiefly by the
performances of his trotting descendants, he was also the
sire of some of the best running horses of his day. The most
famous on the turf of his immediate thoroughbred descend-
dants were Potomac, Fair Rachel, Miller's Damsel (dam of
American Eclipse), Bright Phoebus, Hambletonian, Sir Solo-
mon, and Sir Harry. The celebrated four-mile racer, Ariel,
had Messenger in her pedigree foiu* times in five genera-
tions.

In his day trotting was not much in fashion, as we have
shown, and nothing is known of the trotting sj)eed of this
great foimtain-head of trotters, nor were any of his sons or
daughters ever trained to that gait. It was the second gener-
ation of his descendants, the grand-colts of Messenger, and
mostly those produced by a cross with the common stock of
the country, that attracted attention by their trotting speed.
This fact is easily explained. The thoroughbreds of his get
were trained to running, and were not used as road horses,
or some of them would j)robably have sm-passed any of his
half-bred descendants in trotting. But even his ovm half-
bred colts made no mark as trotters, though some of them
became celebrated as the sires of trotters. This is somewhat
remai'kable; but we should bear in mind that jDubhc atten-
tion had not then been given to that gait, good roads and
hght vehicles were not so common, and the nest generation
being more numerous, the probabilities were gi-eater that
this remarkable quality of the family should not remain un-
discovered.

The sons of Messenger to which nearly all the fast trotters
of the present day trace their pedigi-ee were Plato, Engineer,
Commander, Why-Not, Moimt Holly, Mambrino, and Hamble-
tonian.

Mambrino, named after the sire of Messenger, was
thoroughbred, a bright bay, 16 hands high, long bodied, and,
like his sire, upright in the shoulders. He was not only a
large but also a coarse horse, badly string-halted. He had a
fi-ee, rapid, swinging walk, a slashing trot, and immiing speed
of the first order. 'He was the sire of Betsy Baker, one of
the first eminent American trotters, of AbdaUah, from whom
are descended many of the fastest, including the get of Rys-
dyk's Hambletonian, who was sired by Abdallah, and of
Mambrino Paymaster, from whom are descended Mambrino
Chief and aU his get, including Lady Thorn, Mambrino Pilot,
Bay Chief, &c.

Next in celebrity is Hambletonian, also thoroughbred.

STUD BOOK. 145

He was a dark bay, 15 hands 1 inch, beautifully molded, and
without a single weak point. He was the sire of Topgallant,
Whalebone, Sir Peter, Trouble, and Shakspeare; all ranked
among the best of the early American trotters.

Abdallah was a grandson of Messenger, and deserves
especial mention in this connection because so many trotters
of celebrity are descended tlu'ough him. He was foaled in
182o, the property of Mr. John Treadwell, of Jamaica, L. I.
His sire was Mambrino, and his dam a daughter of Messen-
ger, called Amazonia. Thus Abdallah was closely inbred.
He was a bay, and inhei-itecb much of the plainness of his sire;
but also inherited the trotting c[uaHty of Messenger in great
degree. He was trained at foui' years old, and was con-
sidered the fastest young horse of his day. In the spring of
1810 he was sold to IVIr. John W. Hunt," of Lexington, Ky.;
but, on account of the great value of his stock, he was bought
back the naxt year, at a high price, and died in 1852. Beside
being a j)rogenitor, through his son, Rysdyk's Hambletonian,
of that numerous and highly-distinguished family of trotters
of which Dexter, George Wilkes,, and Mountain Boy are the
most eminent representatives, he is equally remarkable for
the number of mares of his get from whom very fast trotters
have been bred. To say that a horse ic " out of an Abdallah
mare," is pedigTee enough on that side with most horsemen.

Of the other sons of Messenger it i^ not necessary to speak
at length, though we find many horses of the present day
descended from them, and inheriting the Messenger charac-
teristics. 'When the pedigree of any fast trotter can be
traced far 'enough, it rarely happens that Messenger is not
found in it. Many horses that show good trotting speed,
and are considered by their breeders and owners to be noth-
ing but common stock, are found to be descended from
Messenger, when intelligent investigation reveals theii* pedi-
grees.

Another imported horse that added something to the
trotting quality of our stock was Bellfoimder, a stallion foaled
about 1817, and brought fi'om England to Boston in 1823, by
Mr. James Boot. Many distingniished trotters are in part
descended fi'om some of the many thoroughbreds that have
been imported fi'om England at various times, and, mdeed,
our most celebi-ated horses have a strong infusion of that
blood, derived fi'om other sources than Messenger. Conced-
ing the value of good thoroughbred crosses in giving spirit
and endurance to trotting horses, and admitting that Diomed,
Whip, Trustee, Glencoe, Margrave, and other imported

146 THE ORANGE COUNTY

thoroughbreds have eminent trotters among their descend-
ants, it may be safe to say that all of them together would
not have produced a family of trotters without a cross from
Messenger; and equally safe to assert that the fame of Messen-
ger would have been no less if any one of the others had
never been foaled. The imported Arabian, Grand Bashaw,
had the luck to have his name perpetuated in a family of good
trotters that originated in Buck's County, Pa., but the trot-
ting quahty all came fi'om Messenger, who stood in that
county two years. The fii'st of tlie Bashaws that manifested
any trotting quaUty was Young Bashaw, a son of the Ai'abian;
and he was the only one of the whole get that was thus en-
dowed. The explanation is found in the fact that Yoiuig
Bashaw's dam was a granddaughter of Messenger.

Of American horses not descended from Messenger that
have contributed to establish the reputation of our trotters, the
number is not large nor the influence very considerable.
Sir Hemy, the famous competitor of American Echpse, and
Duroc, both thoroughbreds, and both descended from im-
ported Diomed, seem to have transmitted some trotting
quality to their descendants, but it is very doubtful that
cither, or both, wovdd have established a family of trotters.
Seeley's American Star, quite famous as the sii'e of modem
trotters, combines the blood of both, being sired by Ameri-
can Star, a son of Dui*oc, and out of SaUy Slouch by Sir
Hemy, but his grand-dam was by Messenger. American
Eclipse, the progenitor of many good trotters, had also the
blood of Dvu'oc, his sire ; but as his dam, MiUer's Damsel, was
by Messenger, the Duroc part of the pedigree is seldom
thought of. Americus, who beat Lady Suffolk on the Hunting
Park Coiu'se in a five-mile match to wagons in the remark-
able time of 13m. 54s. and 13m. 58 l-2s., was by Red Jacket,
a son of Dui'oc, and not known to have inherited his trotting
from any other som'ce.

Canada has added something to our trotting stock.
In trotting they are usually short, quick steppers with
very high knee action, and are spirited, trappy harness
horses, and long-Hved. These horses are often said to be de-
generated from their Norman ancestry tlu-ough the coldness
of the chmate, the long winters and scanty fare. There have
been numerous imj^ortations from France to this coimtry of
the choicest specimens of Norman horses, and an impartial
comparison shows that the Canadian has gained in spirit and
speed more than enough to comj)ensate for aU he has lost
in size.

STUD BOOK. 147

The best of the°Canadians that ever came to the States
was, probably, Pilot, a black pacing and trotting horse whose
descendants inherited trotting speed. He was often distin-
guished as Old Pacer Pilot. Wallace's American Stud Book
says of him: "Foaled about 1826. Nothing is 'known of
his pedigree. He was called a Canadian horse, and both
trotted and j^aced; at the latter gait, it is said, he went in
2m. 2Gs. with 165 j^ounds on his back. He was bought
about 1832 by Major O. Dubois, fi"om a Yarikee peddler in
New Orleans for $1000. He was afterwards sold to D. Hein-
sohn, of Louis^dlle, Ky., and was kept in that vicinity until he
died about 1855. His stock were very stout and fast." As
nothing is knoTVTi of his pedigree, and as he was in all ap-
pearance a genuine Cannuck, it is likely that he did not owe
an}i:,hing to Messenger. One of his get, Alexander's Pilot,
Jr., out of Nancy Pope by Havoc, was the sire of many fast
trotters, the fastest of wliich was John Morgan, out of a mare
by Medoc and he by American Eclipse. The dam of Mam-
brino Pilot was also by Pilot, Jr., and, like John Morgan,
was of Messenger descent on the dam's side. Though the
best of the deccendants of Old Pilot are part Messenger,
there is none of that blood in Pilot, Jr., and it must be con-
fessed that Old Pilot sired some very good horses that took
the trotting all fi'om himself.

Another horse of Canadian origin, though not a Cannuck,
deserves notice in this cormection. Royal George, called
WaiTior before he came to the States, the sire of the fast
stallion Toronto Chief, and several other good trotters,
was a native of Canada and probably out of a Cannuck mare,
but his sire was Black Warrior, and he by an imported Eng-
lish horse.

Some very good colts have been bread out of Cannucks
by good trotting stallions. Thus the celebrated sons of Rys-
dyk's Hambletonian, Bruno and the Brother of Bruno, and
their full sister Brunette, are out of a Canadian mare. At
three years old Bnmo made the astonishing time of 2m. 39s.
in harness. At fom- years old, 2m. 30s. and 2m. 34s. At six
years old he trotted to the pole with Brunette, seven years
old, on the Fashion coui'se in 2m. 35 l-l.

Gift, a chestnut gelding by IMambrino Pilot, was out of a
small pacing Cannuck. At four years old he received five for-
feits and challenged through the Spirit of the Timei< any colt of
the same age to trot in harness or to wagon for $1000, with-
out being accepted. Though these colts are out of Canadian
mares, it must be considered that the mares themselves were

148 THE OKAJSGE COUNTY

not very fast, and that Rysdyk's Hambletonian and Mam-
brino Pilot are the best two trotting foal-getters in the
world. The bay stallions St. La^vi-ence, the siro of several
fast trotters, was a Canadian, and one of the best of his
breed. He died at Kalamazoo in 1858. There is one other
horse deserving especial notice as a progenitor of trotters,
in whose veins no blood of Messenger can be found, though
his pedigree is too obscui'e to warrant the assertion that
none existed there. Black Hawk, often called Vermont Black
Hawk to distinguish him fi'om the equally celebrated Long
Island Black Hawk, and also called HiU's Black Hawk, was
of Morgan stock on his sire's side; being a son of Sherman,
one of the best sons of Justin Morgan, the founder of the
Morgan family. The dam of Black Hawk was raised in New
Brunswick, and nothing is known of her pedigree. Black
Hawk was foaled in 1833 at Greenland, N. H. At fom- years
old he was sold to LoweU, Mass., where he was used as a car-
riage horse for seven years. He then became the property of
David HlU, of Bridport, Vt., where he acquii-ed great fame;
begetting more high-priced colts than any other horse of his
day. He had remarkable power in joropagating his own
characteristics, and his stock ware imiformly stylish, spirited
harness-horses, many of them fast, and some of them among
the fastest. Another history of his pedigree makes him the
son of a Canadian named Paddy; and stiU another declares
him avei'itable native of Canada; though not a pui'e Cannuck.

Black Hawk's colts were never gray, as many of them
would have been if his dam was that color, but many of them
were chestnuts with white feet and faces, which was the color
of Sherman and of Sherman's dam. This fact pretty clearly
shows that neither the " Paddy" stoiy nor the Canadian ped-
igree are correct, but that Black Hawk was tiiily a Morgan.
He was a little vmder 15 hands, and weighed about lOOOlbs.
In 1812 he won $1000 by trotting five miles over the Cam-
bridge Park Coui'se in IGm. In 1813 he won a race of two-
mile heats with ease in 5m. 43s. and 5m. 48s., and several times
trotted single m Ues in 2m. 42s. He was the sire of Ethan AUen,
Black Ralph, Lancet, Belle of Saratoga, Black Hawk Maid,
Flaying Cloud, and many others of good repute for speed.
His colts were in great demand, jDaiiicularly in the West and
South, where hundreds were sold at very high jDrices. As
many of his sons were, and still are, kej)t as staUions, his
descendants are very numerous; and he imdoubtedly has
done much to improve the stock of American horses.

Pacing is not considered a good hai-ness gait, but some

STUD BOOK. 149

of our fastest road and sporting horses have been pacers,
and they are frequently matched with trotters in races.
Many horses both trot and pace, and of those that have both
gaits, some go faster in one and some in the other. To teach
a trotter to pace is somewhat difficult unless the horse natur-
ally inclines to it, but it may be done sometimes by riding
with a severe curb-bit and spxu-s. Of coui'so it requires good
horsemanship, as well as means and appliances, to urge the
movement desired, and to restrain the animal from the
steps he is most accustomed to take. . "When the saddle was
more in use than now, pacing was a favorite gait wdth many
riders, but miless the horse can occasionally change his way
of going into a canter, it becomes very tiresome on a long
journey. Though the rider may not be jolted from the
saddle so much as by a trotter, the wabbling twists his back
first one way and then the other most fatiguingly.

To teach a pacer to trot, various expedients are resorted
to. Fence-rails are put down about as far apart as a trotter
steps in a jog. The pacer is ridden over them and finds it
difficult to hft his feet over them in that gait, and adopts the
trot. When a horse has become very tired by long pacing
he will sometimes ease his weary muscles by a change of
action into a trot; and this he is more likely to do if the
roads are muddy. From such a beginning a skillful driver
may make the trotting permanent.

Some very good and fast trotters were first pacers and
were taught the better way of going, and some of them after
they had acquired speed in their natural gait.

Pelham was first a very fast pacer, and afterward became
a distinguished trotter. In 1849 he was the first to win a
heat in harness in 2m. 28s. Ca^-uga Chief was a pacer in a
livery stable, in Worcester, Mass., and a favorite ladies' hack-
ney. One day he struck a trot, and soon became distin-
guished. In 184.1: he trotted to a wagon with 2201bs. in
2m. 36 l-2s. The black gelding Pilot, probably a son of
the old pacer of the same name, was first a fast j^acer. He
surprised his owTier by striking a trot, and improved so
rapidly that in a short time he trotted in 2m. 28 l-2s. Tip,
and Dart, and Sontag were all i^acers that afterward trotted
fast. Old Pacer Pilot went fast in both gaits, and so did his
gi-andson, Tom Wonder, the sire of the famous twenty-mile
trotter, John Stewart.

Though there are objections to pacing as a road gait, in
harness, some of the fastest have been pacers ; and though
it is generally believed that a pacer soon tires, there are per-

150 THE ORANGE COUNTY

formances on record that prove them capable of keeping in
the best of trotting company for any distance. In 1843, Sir
Walter Scott paced on Beacon Conrse eighteen miles in less
than an honr without a break or halt. In the same year, Oneida
Chief j)aced against the best trotters of that time — Lady
Suffolk, Confidence and Dutchman — and won more races
than he lost, making 2m. 28 l-2s., the best time then on re-
cord. Li the following year, Tijopecanoe paced at New
Orleans in 2m. 36s., carrying a very heavy rider ; and Un-
known paced on Beacon Com-se in 2m. 23s., a performance
that had never then been equalled by trotter or pacer. Old
Pacer Pilot jjaced in 2m. 26s. with 1651bs. on his back. In
1850, Roanoke paced mider saddle in 2m. 21 l-2s. He was a
roan gelding, and nothing is knowai of his pedigree. In 1854
Pocahontas paced thi'ee heats in a race at New Orleans in
2 :20, 2 :25, and 2 :20. But in the next year she brought the
figures down to something less than has ever been equalled
by any trotter but Dexter, and not sm-passed by him. In a
race with Hero, the pacer, in a wagon that weighed with the
driver 26 51bs. Pocahontas .paced the first mile in 2:17. This
was never beaten but once, and not until 1868, when Billy
Boyce paced at Birffalo faster than any other horse had ever
trotted or j)aced. In a race with Holla Goldust, a trotter,
mile heats, 3 in 5, to saddle, Boyce paced the second mile in
2:15 1-4, and the third in 2:14 1-4, pacing the last half of the
second mile in 1 :5 1-4, and the first half of the third mile
in 1 :6.

Many pacers belong to trotting families, and some trot-
ter's seem to make their speed from a pacing ancestor, though
this is not common. Oneida Chief was half-brother of Flora
Temple's sire. Woodj^ecker, the trotter, and James K. Polk,
the pacer, both took their speed from the same dam. Hero,
the pacer, and comiDctitor of Pocahontas in her wonderful
jDerformance, was begotten by Harris's Hambletonian, the
sire of the trotters True John, Grreen Mountain Maid, John
Anderson, and Sontag, a mare that was at fii'st a natm-al
pacer and afterward trotted very fast. Saltram, the sire of
Higliland Maid, was a pacer, and his dam, Roxana, was also
a pacer. Hij^'liland Maid paced naturally, but was taught to
trot, and went very fast. At six years old she trotted against
Flora Temple, and lost the race by getting tired, being yomig,
and going into a pace, which was her natvu'al and easiest gait.
She won the first heat in 2 :29, the second in 2 :27, but was
distanced in the third. Higliland Lass, a daughter of High-
land Maid, was a fast trotter, and died in 1865. Her daugh-

STUD BOOK. 151

ter, Highland Ash, by Ashland, is also a trotter, and in 1868
won the Spirit of the Times Stake for three-year olds, over
fom- thousand doUars, in 2:48. Flatbush Maid, one of Mr.
Robt. Bonner's pair that trotted to a road wagon in 2 :26,
was begotten by a Chestnut pacing horse that also trotted,
Pocahontas is nearly thoroughbred, and was begotten by
Cadmus, a son of American EclijDse. She, therefore, takes
her woncterful pacing sj)eed fi'om Messenger, the sii'e of Mil-
ler's Damsel, who was the dam of American Echpse. Her
daughter Pocahontas, Jr., by Ethan Allen, is a trotter, and very
fast.

BiUy Boyce, a bay gelding, and very bloodlike in his ap-
pearance, is by Corbeau, a horse owned near Harodsburg,
Ky., and the sii-e of several trotters. Corbeau was by a Cana-
dian, not knoA^Ti as a begetter of trotters ; but his dam was
by Frank, a thoroughbred, by Sir Charles, his grandam by
Sir Archy ; which gives Corbeau two lines of descent from
imported Diomed, and probably gives him also his trotting
quality.

Boyce has a cross of the Messenger, through American
Eclipse, the sire of his granddam, and this gives him another
cross of Diomed, thi'ough Dui'oc, the sire of American Echpse.
He is, therefore, of kindi-ed blood with Lady Thorn, Dexter,
Mambrino Pilot, Kenible Jackson, Independent, John Mor-
gan, Peerless, and others of celebrity ; that is they all
combine in their pedigrees the blood of Messenger and
Diomed.

These facts, a few of the many that could be cited, show
the close relationship between pacers and trotters. They de-
rive then- sjjeed fi-om the same soirrces ; trotters beget
pacers, and pacers beget trotters ; many go fast in one gait,
and, after being taught the other, go equally fast in that ; so
that they may properly enough be classed together, and
designated by the common title of American Trotters.

Though trotters are derived from so few sources as to be
nearly all related to all the others, there are certain famihes
that claim especial notice.

The Abdallahs are an older family, and not less distin-
guished.

The Vermont Black Hawks were once very poj)ular, and
for a few years their fame quite eclipsed aU other famihes.

The Bashaws are a very excellent family of trotters but
nearly obliterated now by admixture with others. They are
a branch of the Messenger family that took theii' name from
an imj)orted Ai-abian, but not the trotting quaUty. The first

152 THE ORANGE COITNTY

of the family was Young Bashaw, a son of the Arabian; and
his best colt was Andrew Jackson, the first stallion that ever
trotted in a public match. From him are descended many
sub-famiHes — the Clays, the Patchens, &c. In a published
pedigree of Green's Bashaw, may be seen the pedigree of
Andrew Jackson, and why he was the best son of Young
Bashaw. Charlotte TeiiijDle, a very fast mare that was taken
to France, her full brother, the staUion Saladin, and Black
Bashaw, another stallion, were aU begotten by Young Bashaw,
and the two last named were both progenitors of many good
trotters. Comet, Whisky, Lantern, BeUe of Baltimore, and
Lightning, were aU by Black Bashaw. One of Andrew Jack-
son's best colts was the staUion Long Island Black Hawk,
often confounded with Vermont Black HaAvk, the Morgan
Horse. They shordd be carefully distinguished. Long Is-
land Black Hawk had Messenger blood by four lines of
descent, and his descendants inherit the trotting in lai-ge de-
gree. Vermont Black Hawk begot many good horses, but
the speed seems to run out in a few generations. He had no
Messenger in him.

George M. Patchen was descended from Long Island Black
Hawk through Hemy Clay and Cassius M. Clay, with a cross
of ImjDorted Diomed and another of Imported Trustee.
Patchen's descendants have not met the expectations of
breeders. They are coarse in form, and subject to curbs and
ring-bones. Lucy, the best of his get, was out of a May Day
mare, and thus got another cross of the Diomed from Sir
Henry, the sire of May Day.

Long Island Black Hawk's best son as a stock horse was
Henry Clay, out of Sm-ry, a mare of great speed from Canada.
Tleniy Clay begot trotters, and died in 1867, aged 30 years.
His son, Cassius M. Clay, out of a fast mare of unknown
pedigree, was the sire of Patchen, and the ancestor of a numer-
ous progeny of trotters. He may be considered the foimder
of a family of Clays, including C. M. Clay, Jr., Harry Clay
(believed by many to be the sire of Dexter), Amos's C. M.
Clay, the sire of American Girl, that trotted in 2m. 40s. at
4 years old, and 2m. 32 l-2s. at 5 years old; Clay Pilot, Ken-
tucky Clay, Cora, Nonjiareil, and others.

A very good and handsome family are the Morrills, a
branch of the Morgans; Morrill being a descendant of Justin
Morgan, with two crosses of Diomed and four of Messenger
to accomit for tlio trotting. His best colt was Young Mor-
rill, OAvned by Samuel Pei'kins, Cambridge, Mass., now about
20 years old, and sire of Draco, Fearnought, Danville

STUD BOOR. ISS

Boy, Mountain Maid, Hiram Woodruff, and many others that
are among the best of road horses. He is more of a Morgan
than his sire, having two lines of descent from Justin Mor-
gan on his dam's side.

The Morgans are not distinguished as fast trotters, though
many of them, hke the Canadians, fi'om whom they are in
part descended, are good and smai-t road horses; and when
crossed with Messenger, as Ethan Allen, Flying Cloud, Mor-
rill, Lone Star, &c., they are among the best.

Another family of veiy excellent reputation are the Ameri-
can Stars. The foimder of the family was foaled in 1837, and
died in 1861, the propeiiy of Jonas Seely, Orange Coimty
N. Y. He had some Messenger blood, but more of Diomed
through Dm"oc in ona line and Sir Hemy in another. The dam
Dexter was by American Star, as were a good many fast trot-
ters, the best of which is Peerless, a gi'ay mare, foaled in 1853,
and owned by Robert Bonner, of New York. Hiram Wood-
ruff said she was the fastest animal that he or any other man
ever drove to a wagon, and that he drove her a quarter in
30s. and a mile in 2m. 23 l-4s. Her dam was full of Messen-
ger blood. American Star, was a rat-tailed horse, and some
of his colts are rather deficient in hair on their tails; but they
are fast and very gamey.

Grreen's Bashaw, foaled in 1855, and owned in Muscatine,
Iowa, has some superior colts, among them Kirkwood and
Bashaw, Jr., both fast; and this, together with his remark-
able pedigree, justifies the expectation that he will become
the head of a distinguished family. On his sire's side he has
the Messenger blood through foui* channels, and on his dam's
side the same pedigree as Rysdyk's Hambletonian with an
additional cross of Webster's Tom Thumb, a fast horse that
looked like a Canadian and begot trotters.

Golddust, a chestnut, foaled about 1855, and owned by
L. L. Dorsey, Lexington, Ky., has begotten quite a numerous
family of trottei's considering his age. He is a very blood-
hke horse, a fast walker and a fast trotter. He takes his
speed from his sire, Vermont Morgan, whose dam was by
Cock-of-the-Rock, he by Dui'oc, a son of Diomed. Cock-of-
the-Rock's dam was Romp, a full sister to Miller's Damsel,
by Messenger. On his dam's side he has some Arabian and
thoroughbred blood- that shows in the style and form of his
colts.

The Pilots, another Kentucky family, are descended from
the Old Pacer Pilot, and are best represented by one of his
sons, Alexander's Pilot, Jr., and his descendants. Pilot, Jr.,

154 THE ORANGE COUKTY

owned by E. A. AJexander, Lexington, Ky., is a black, and
was foaled about 1845. His dam was Nancy Pope, by Havoc,
a grandson of Diomed, and thus lie takes the trotting from
both sides, and in excellent combination. He is the sire of
John Morgan, Jim Kockey, Tackey, Pilot Temple, Dixie,
Tattler, and many more. John Morgan was the closest com-
petitor of Flora Temj^le in her best days, and every way one
of the best trotters in the country. His dam was l3y Medoc,
a son of American Eclipse, and he thus had another cress of
Diomed, and one of Messenger. Tackey has trotted in 2m.
28s. ; Pilot Temple, out of the dam of Flora Temple, trotted
in 1868 in 2m. 31s. ; Jim Pvockey trotted in 1859 in 2m. 32s. ;
and Tattler, 5 years old, trotted in 1868 in 2m'. 26s., a per-
foi-mance that probably has never been equalled b"y any horse
of the same age. The famous twenty-miler, John Stewart,
is a descendant of Old Pilot, through Tom Wonder and Tom
Crowder — the last, a son of the old j^acer.

A modern family, is composed of the descendants oi
Mambrino Chief — a horse that was bred in the East, and
taken to Kentucky by James B. Clay in 1854, where he died
in 1861. His sire was Mambrino Paymaster, by Mambrino,
the best son of Messenger in the trotting hne. His fast pro-
geny is very numerous and very famous, and includes Lady
Thorn, Bay Cliief, Mambrino Pilot, Ericsson, Mambi'ino
Patchen, Brignoli, Kentucky Chief, Ashland, &c.

Lady Thorn stands first among aU trotters now in public,
and second only to Dexter and Flora Temple. Her pedigree
and her performances are in i^erfect accord; the sjDeed and
bottom both represented by three lines of descent fi-om Mes-
senger, and three fi'om Diomed; herself almost thorough-
bred.

Bay Chief, unfortunately shot by guerrillas, trotted half
a mile when 4 years old in Im. 8s., a performance rarely
equalled at any age. Ericsson trotted at 4 years old in 2m.
30 l-2s., to a wagon, and is now at the head of the large breed-
ing stud of K. C. Barker, Detroit, Mich. Brignoh, at 5 years
old trotted two-mile heats ui harness in 5m. 20 l-2s., 5m. 18
l-2s., and 5m. 171-2s. Mambrino Patchen is a full brother
of Lady Thorn, and v^Tctchedly misnamed, being related to
Patchen only in a remote degree, though both inheriting
largely the Messenger blood.

The most distinguished son of Mambrino Chief, is Mam-
brino Pilot, owned by C. P. Relf, of Norristown, Pa. ; and,
though foaled so lately as 1859, is already distinguished as a
sire of trotters. He is a brown of large size and pony built,

STUD BOOK. 155

faultless in form and action, with an air of majesty in every
attitude. At G j^ears old, vdth. veiy short preparation, he
trotted against time* in 2m. 27s. He inlierits the blood of
Messenger through thi'ee channels, and of Diomed through
two, with a cross of Old Pilot, through his best son, Pilot, Jr.

Considering that his oldest colts are but 5 years old, and
that when those now old enough to show sj^eed were begot-
ten, he had not made his reputation, and did not receive the
best of trotting mares, the number and speed of his fast colts
is truly astonishing.

Gift, ch. g., received five forfeits at 4 years old, and chal-
lenged through the Spirit of the Times any colt of the
same age, to trot in harness for $1000 a side, without being
accepted. Belh'inger, b. s., trotted in 2m. 40s., before lie was
4 years old. Gift and BeUringer both belong to IMi-. Keif.
Cranston, owned by Amasa Sprague, E,. I., at three years old,
trotted the second mile in a two-mile heat in 2m. 40 l-2s.
Vosbm-gh, ch. s., the property of A. & T. H. Carpenter, of
Lyons, Iowa, when just 3 years old, trotted several times in
2m. 40s., and challenged any other horse in the world of the
same age, to trot for any amount, at 4 years old, in Septem-
ber 1869. Charles S. Dole, of Chicago, 111., has a chestnut
mare in his breeding stud, by Mambrino Pilot, that in the
management of Dr. Kerr, of Lexington, Ky., trotted in 3m.
at 2 years old. Eschol, Detective, Etta, Agitator, and Mam-
brino ]\Iessenger are other fast colts of the same family.

VICES AND DISAGREEABLE OR D.ANGEEOUS HABITS QF THE HQRSE.

The horse has many defects, occasionally amounting to
vices. Some of them may be attributed to natui'al temper,
for the human being scarcely discovers more j^ecuharities of
habit and disposition than does the horse. The majority of
them, however, as j^erhaj^s in the human being, are the con-
sequences of a faulty education.

RESTIVENESS.

Of all the vices of the horse restiveness is the most an
noting and dangerous. It is the produce of bad temper and
worse education; and, like all other habits founded on natui'e
and stamped by education, it is inveterate. Whether it ap-
pears in the form of kicking, or rearing, or plimging, or bolt-
ing, or in any'way that tln-eatens danger to the rider or the
horse, it rarely admits of cure.

156 (the orangk county

BACKING OR GIBBINa

One of the kinds of restiveness is backing or gibbing.
Some horses have the habit of backing atJii'st starting. A
moderate aj^phcation of the "whip will usuaU}^ be effectual.
Others, after starting, exliibit obstinacy and viciousness, fre-
quently the effect of bad breaking. A hasty and passionate
breaker wiU often make a really good-temjDered yomig horse
an inveterate gibber. Every young horse is at fh'st shy of
the coUar. If he is too quickly forced to throw his weight
into it, he will possibly take a dislike to it, th^it wiU show
itself in the form of gibbing as long as he lives. Resort to no
severity, even if the colt should go out several times without
even touching coUar. The example of his companion will
ultimately induce him to take to it voluntarily and effectually.
A large and heavy stone should be jDut behind the wheel be-
fore starting, when the horse finding it more difficult to back
than to go forward, will gradually forget this unpleasant
trick. It will likewise be of advantage so to start that the
horse shall have to back up hill. This wiU soon make him
go forward. A little coaxing, or leadmg, or moderate flagel-
lation, wiU assist in accomphshing the ciu'e. When, however,
a horse has been improperly checked or corrected, swerves
and gibs, and backs, it is a more serious matter. Persuasion
should first be tried; and, then coercion, but no craelty.
The horse may, jDerhaps, be whiiDj^ed into motion, but if he
has once begun to gib, the habit wiU be so rajDidly and com-
pletely formed, that he wiU become insensible to ah severity.

It is useless and dangerous to contend with a horse deter-
mined to back, unless there is plenty of room, and, by tight
reining, the driver can make him back in the precise direc-
tion he wishes, and esj)eciaUy up-hiU. Such a horse should
be immediately sold, or turned over to some other work.
As a wheeler, or, in the middle of a team at agricultui-al work,
he may be serviceable. The reformation wiU last while he
is thus employed, but, like restiveness generally, it wiU be
delusive when the horse returns to his former occupation.
The disposition to annoy wiU very soon foUow the power to
do it. When a horse, not often accustomed to gib, betrays a
reluctance to work, or a determination not to work, common
sense and humanity wiU demand that some consideration
should be taken before measiu'es of severity are resorted to.
The horse may be taxed beyond his power. He soon dis-
covers whether this is the case, and by refusing to proceed,

STUD BOOK. 157

tells liis driver that it is so. Sometimes the withers are
"vviamg, and the shoulders sadly galled, and the pain, which is
intense on level ground and with fair draught, becomes insup-
portable when he tugs up a steep acclivity. These things
should be examined into, and, if possible, rectihed; for,
luider such circimastances, cruelty may produce obstinacy and
vice. They who are accustomed to horses loiow what seem- '
ingly trivial circmnstances occasionally joroduce this vice. A
horse whose shovilders are raw, or have frequently been so,
will not start with a cold collar. When the collar has acquired
the warmth of the parts on which it presses, the animal will
go without reluctance. Some determined gibbers have been
reformed by constantly wearing a false collar, or strij) of
cloth round the shoiilders, so that the coldness of tbe usual
collar should never be felt; and others have been cured of
gibbing by keeping the collar on night and day, for the ani-
mal is not able to he down completely at full length, which
the tired horse is always glad to do.

BmNG.

This is either natural ferocity, or acquired from the teas-
ing play of stable-boys. When a horse is tickled and pinched
by thoughtless and mischevious youths, he will first pretend
to bite his tormentors; by degi'ees he Avill proceed faiiher,
and actually bite them, after that, he will be the first to chal-
lenge to the combat. At length, this war, half playful and
half in earnest, becomes habitual to him, and degenerates
into absolute viciousness. It is not ]Dossible to enter the stall
of some horses without danger. A staUion addicted to biting
is a most formidable creatiu'e. He hfts the intruder-attacks
him with his feet-tramples upon him, and there are many
instances in wliich he effects irreparable mischief. A reso-
lute groom may escape. WTien he has once got firm hold of
the head of the horse, he may back him, or muzzle him, or
harness him ; but he must be always on his guard. It is sel-
dom that anything can be done in the way of cure. Kind-
ness wiU aggTavate the evil, and no degree of severity will
coirect it. "I have seen," says Professor Stewart, "biters
pimished until they trembled in every joint, and were ready
to drop, but have never in any cas3 known them cured by
this treatment, or by any other. The lash is forgotten in an
hour, and the horse is as ready and determined to repeat the
offence as before. He appears unable to resist the tempta-
tion, and in its worst form biting is a species of insanity."

158 THE ORAl^GE COUNTY

Prevention, however, is in the power of every proprietor of
horses. "\Vliile he insists on gentle and h\imane treatment of
his cattle, he shoiold systematically forbid this horse-play.

GETTING THE CHEEK OF THE BIT INTO THE MOUTH

Some horses are very expert at it. They soon find what
advantage it gives them over their driver, who by this man-
oeuvre loses ahnost aU command. Harsh treatment is use-
less. All that can be done is, by fastening a round piece of
leather on the inside of the cheek of the bit.

KICKING.

This, as a vice, is another consequence of the culpable
habit of grooms and stable-boys of teasing the horse. There
is no cure for this vice; and he cannot be justified who keejDS
a kicking horse in his stable. Some li- rses acquire, fi'om
mere irritability and fidgetiness, a habit of kicking at the
the stall or the bail, and particularly at night. Mares
are far more subject to it than horses. Before the habit
is inveterately established, a thorn bush or a piece of fui'ze
fastened against the partition or post will sometimes effect a
cure. When the horse finds that he is j^retty severely jDricked,
he win not long continue to i:)unish himself. A much more
serious vice is kicking in harness. From the least annoyance
about the rump or quarters, some horses will kick at a most
violent rate, and destroy the bottom of the chaise, and endan-
ger the Umbs of the driver. Those that are fidgety in the
stable are most aj)t to do this. If the reins should perchance
get under the tad, the violence of the kicker will often be
most outrageous; and while the animal presses down his tail
so tightly that it is almost impossible to extricate the reins,
he continues to plunge until he has demohshed ever\ihing
behind him. This is a vice standing foremost in point of
danger, and which no treatment wiU always conquer. It wiU
be altogether in vain to try coercion. If the shafts are very
strong and without flaw, or if they are plated with iron
imderneath, and a stout kicking-strap resorted to which will
barely allow the horse the i>roper use of his hind limbs in
progression, but not permit him to rise them sufficiently for
the pin-pose of kicking, he may be prevented fi'om doing mis-
chief; or if he is harnessed to a heavy cart, and thus confined,
his efforts to lash out wiU be restrained: but it is frequently
a very unpleasant tiling to witness these attempts, though

STUD Book. 159

ineffectual, to demolish the vehicle, for the shafts or the kick-
ing-strap may possibly break, and extreme danger may ensue.
The man, however, v/ho must come within reach of a kicker
should come as close to him as possible. The blow may thus
become a push.

UNSTKADINESS WHILE BEING MOUNTED.

When this merely amoimts to eagerness to start, it may
be remedied by an active horseman. Severity will here, more
decidedly than in any other case, do harm. The rider should
be fearless — he shoiild carelessly and confidently apj^roach
the horse, mount at the tii'st effort, and then restrain him for
a while; patting him, and not suftering him to proceed tmtil
he becomes perfectly quiet. Horses of this kind should
have sufficient exercise. When the difficulty of motmting
arises, not from eagerness to start, but unwillingness to be
ridden, the sooner that horse is disposed of the better.

KEARTNG.

This sometimes results from playfulness, but it is oftener a
desjDerate effort to unhorse the rider, and consequently a vice.
The horse that has decidedly reared, should never be trusted
again, unless, indeed, it was the fault of the rider, who had
been using a deep curb and a sharjD bit. The horse-breaker's
remedy, that of pulling the horse backward on a soft piece of
gi'ound, should not be practised. Many horses have been
injiu-ed in the spine, and others have broken their necks, by
being thus suddenly pulled over.

RUNNING AWAY.

Some headstrong horses wUl occasionally endeavor to bolt
with the best rider. Others with their wonted sagacity en-
deavor thus to dislodge the timid or unskillful one. Some
are hard to hold, or bolt only diu-ing the excitement of the
chase; others wiU nin away, prompted by a vicious propen-
sity alone. There is no certain cm-e here. The method
which affords any probability of success is, to lide such a
horse with a strong ciu'b and sharp bit; to have him always
fiiTiily in hand; and, if he wiU run away, and the jDlace wiU
admit of it, to give him (sparing neither cm-b, whi^J, nor
spiu-) a great deal more i-unning than he likes.

160 THE ORANGE COUNTS

TICTOUS TO CLEAN.

It would scarcely be credited to wliat an extent 'this ex-
ists in some horses that are otherwise perfectly quiet. If
horses have been ciu-ried with a broken comb, or hardly
rubbed with an uneven brush, the recollection of the torture
they have felt makes them vicious, dm'ing every succeeding
operation of the kind. This, however, is a vice that may be
conquered. If the horse is dressed with a lighter hand, and
wisped rather than brushed, and the places where the skin is
most sensitive are avoided as much as thorough cleanliness
will allow, he •will gradually lose the recollection of former
iU-treatment, and become tractable and quiet.

VICIOUS TO SHOE.

The correction of this is more peculiarly the business of
the smith. It may be expected that there will be some diffi-
culty in shoeing a horse for the fu'st few times. It is an
operation that gives him a little uneasiness. The man to
whom he is most accustomed should go with him to the forge;
and if another and steady horse is shod before him, he may
be induced more readily to submit. It cannot be denied that
the majority of hoi-ses ciciou.'i to .s7ioe are rendered so by harsh
usage, and by the pain of correction being added to the un-
easines of shoeing. There are lew horses that may not be
gradually rendered manageable for this purpose by mild-
ness and firmness in the oj^erator. They will soon under-
stand that no harm is meant, and they will not forget their
usual habit of obedience. This is a very serious vice, for it
not only exposes the animal to occasional severe injury from
his own struggles, but also from the coiTection of the irritated
smith, whose limbs and whose life being in jeopardy, may be
forgiven if he is sometimes a little too hard-handed. Such a
horse is very liable, and without any fault of the smith, to be
pricked and lamed in shoeing. If, therefore, mild treatment
will not correct this vice, the horse cannot be too soon got
rid of.

SWALLO^NTNG WITHOUT GRINDING.

Some greedy horses habitually swallow their corn without
properly gi'inding it, and the power of digestion not being
adequate to the dissolving of the husk, no nutriment is ex-
tracted, and the oats are voided whole. This is particularly

STUD BOOK. 161

the case when horses of unequal appetite feed from the same
manger. Some horses, however, are naturally greedy feed-
ers, and will not, even when alone, allow themselves time to
chew or grind their corn. In consequence of this they carry
but Httle flesh, and are not equal to severe work. The
remedy is, not to let such horses fast too long. The nose-
bag should be the companion of every considerable journey.
The food should likewise be of such a natm-e that it cannot
be rapidly bolted. Chaff should should be plentifully mixed
with the corn, and, in some cases, and esiDecially in horses of
slow work, it should, with the corn, constitute the whole of
the food. In every case of this kind the teeth should be care-
fidly examined. Some of them may be unduly lengthened,
particxilarly the first of the grinders; or they may be ragged
at the edges, and may abrade and wound the cheek; these
animals, as too often hajjpens in sore throat, would rather
starve than put themselves to much pain.

CRIB-BITING.

This is a very unpleasant habit, and a considerable defect,
although not so serious a one as some have represented. The
horse lays hold of the manger with his teeth, violently ex-
tends his neck, and then, after some convulsive action of the
throat, a slight grunting is heard, accompanied by a sucking
or drawing in of aii*. It is not an effort at simjDle eructation,
arising from indigestion. It is the inhalation of air. The ef-
fects of crib-biting are plain enough. The teeth are injured
and worn away, and that, in an old horse to a very serious
degree. A considerable quantity of corn is often lost, for the
horse wiU frequently crib wdth his mouth full of it, and the
greater part wiU fall over the edge of the manger. Much sa-
liva escaj)es while the manger is thus forcibly held, the loss
of which must be of serious detriment in impairing the di-
gestion. The crib-biting horse is notoriously more sul ject to
colic than other horses, and to a species difficult of treat-
ment and frequently dangerous. Although many a crib-biter
is stout and strong, and capable of all ordinary work, these
horses do not generally carry so much flesh as others, and
have not their endiu-ance. On these accounts crib-biting has
very properly been decided to be unsoundness. It is one of
those tricks which are exceedingly contagious.. Every com-
panion of a crib-biter in the same stables is likely to acquire
the habit, and it is the most inveterate of all habits. In de-
fiance of the annoyance which these may occasion, the horse

162 THE ORANGE COUNTY

will persist in the attack on his manger. A strap buckled
tightly round the neck, by compressing the wind-pipe, is the
best means of preventing the possibiHty of this trick; but the
strap must be constantly worn, and its pressm-e is too apt to
produce a worse aflection, viz., an irritation in the wind-pijDe,
which terminates in roaring. The only remedy is a muzzle,
with bars across the bottom; sufficiently wide to enable the
animal to pick u]y his corn and to pull his hay, but not to
grasp the edge of the manger. If this is worn for a consid-
erable period, the horse may be tired of attempting that
which he cannot accomplish, and for a while forget the habit,
but, in a majority of cases, the desire of crib-biting will re-
tm-n with the power of gratifying it. The causes of crib-
biting are various and some of them beyond the control of
the proprietor of the horse.

WIND-SUCKING.

This bears a close analogy to crib-biting. The horse
stands with his neck bent; his head di'awn inward; his lips al-
ternately a little oi:)ened and then closed, and a noise is heard
as if he were sucking. This diminishes the value of the horse
almost as much as crib-biting; it is as contagious, and it is
as inveterate. The only remedies are tying the head up, ex-
cept when the horse is feeding, or putting on a muzzle with
sharp spikes towards the neck, and which wiU prick him
whenever he attempts to rein his head in for the purpose of
wind-sucking.

CUTTING.

Of this habit, we would advise the owner of a cutting
horse, without trying any previous experiments of raising
or lowering the heels, to put on the cutting foot a shoe of
even thickness fi'om heel to toe, not projecting in the slightest
degTee beyond the crust, and the ci-ust itself being rasped a
little at the quarters. The shoe should be fastened as
usual, on the outside, but with only one nail on the inside,
and that almost close to the toe.

NOT LYING DOWN.

It happens that a horse will seldom lie down in the
stable. He continues in apparent good health, and feeds
and works well; but his legs swell, and he becomes fatigued

STUD BOOK,

163

sooner tlian anotlier horse. No means, gentle or cruel, \n\l
force him to lie do\Mi. The secret is that he is tied w-p, and
either has never dared to lie down thi'ough fear of the con-
finement of the halter, or he has been cast in the night, and
severely injiu-ed. If he can be suffered to range the stable,
or have a comfortable box, in wliich he may be loose, he will
usually lie down the first night. Some few horses wiU lie
doAvn in the stable, and not in a loose box. A fi-esh, well-
made bed will generally tempt the tii-ed horse to refresh
himself with sleep.

OVERREACH.

This impleasant noise, known also by the term " click-
ing," arises fi-om the toe of the hind foot knocking against
the shoe of the forefoot. In the trot, one fore leg and the
opposite hind leg are first lifted fi-om the ground and moved
forward, the other fore leg and the opposite hind leg remain-
ing fixed; but, to keep the centre of gravity within the base,
and as the stride, or space passed over by these legs, is often
greater than the distance between the fore and hind feet, it
is necessary that the fore feet should be alternately moved
out of the way for the hind ones to descend. Then, as occa-
sionally happens with horses not perfectly broken, and that
have not been taught their paces, and esj^ecially if they have
high hinder quarters and low fore ones, if the fore feet are
not raised in time, the hind feet wiU strike them. The fore
foot will generally be caught when it has just begun to be
raised, and the toe of the hind foot will meet the middle of
the bottom of the fore foot. It is an unj^leasant noise, and
not altogether fi-ee fi-om danger. If the animal is young,
the action of the horse may be materially improved; other-
wise nothing can be done, except to keep the toe of the hind
foot as shoi-t and as round as it can safely be, and to bevel
off and round the toe of the shoe, like that which has been worn
by a stumbler for a fortnight, and perhaps, a little to lower
the heel of the fore foot.

PAWING.

Some irritable horses are restless, and paw frequently.
Their litter is desti'oyed, the floor of 'the stable broken up, the
shoes worn out, the feel bruised, and the legs sometimes
sprained. Shackles are the only remedy, with a chain sufii-
ciently long to enable the horse to shift his posture, or move in
his stall; but these must be taken off at night, othei-wise the
animal will seldom lie down.

164 THE ORANGE COUNTT

QUIDDING.

A horse will sometimes partly chew his hay, and suffer it
to drop from his mouth. If this does not proceed from ir-
regular teeth, which it will be the business of the veterinary
siugeon to rasj) down, it will be found to be connected with
soi-e-throat, and then the horse will exliibit some other
symptom of indisposition, and particularly, the swallowing of
water will be accompanied by a i^eculiar gulping effort. In
this case, the (catarrh, with sore-thi'oat) must be attacked,
and the quidding will cease.

ROLLING.

This cannot be indulged in the stable without the chance
of his being dangerously entangled with the coUar rein, and
being cast. Yet, although the horse is cast, and bruised, and
half-strangled, he mil roU again on the following night, and
continue to do so as long as he lives. The only remedy is,
the horse should be tied with length enough of collar to He
down, but not to allow of his head resting on the ground;
because, in order to roll over, a horse is obliged to jDlace his
head quite down upon the ground.

SHYING.

In the treatment of shying, it is of great importance to
distinguish between that which is the consequence of defec-
tive sight, and what results from fear, or newness of objects,
or mere affectation or skittislmess. The severe use of the
whip and spur cannot do good, and are likely to aggravate
the vice tenfold. A word half encouraging and half scold-
ing, with a gentle pressure of the heel, or a slight touch of
the spur, wiU tell the horse that there is nothing to fear, and
will give him confidence in his rider on a futm-e occasion. It
should be remembered, however, that although a horse that
shies from defective sight may be taught considerable re-
liance on his rider, he can never have the cause of the habit
removed. Wc may artificially strengthen the human sight,
but that of the horse must be left to itself. The shying from
skittishness or affectation is quite a different affair, and must
be conquered; but how? Severity is altogether out of place.
The way to cure him is to go on, turning as httle as possible
out of the road giving a harsh word or two, and a gentle

STUD BOOK. 165

touch with the Bpur, and then taking no more notice of the
matter. After a few times, whatever may have been the ob-
ject which he chose to select as the pretended cause of
affright, be AviU pass it ahnost without notice.

Shying on coming out of the stable is a habit that can rarely
be cured. It proceeds from the remembrance of some ill-
usage or hurt which th3 animal has received in the act of
proceeding from the stable, such as striking his head against
a low doorway, or entanghng the harness. Coercion will but
associate greater fear and more determined resistance with
the old recollection. When the cure, however, is early
attempted, it may be so far overcome that it will be unat-
tended with danger or difficulty. The horse shaU be bridled
when led out or in. He should be held short and tight by
the head that he may feel he has not liberty to make a
leap, and this of itself is often sufficient to restrain him.
Punishment, or a thi'eat of punishment, will be highly im-
loroper. It is only timid or high-spirited horses that
acquire this habit, and rough usage invariably increases their
agitation and terror. Some may be led out quite at leism'e
when bhndfolded; others when they have the harness bridle
on; some will best take their own way, and a few may be rid-
den tlu'ough the dooi-way that cannot be led. By quietness
and kindness, however, the horse wiU be most easily and
quickly subdued.

SLIPPING THE COLLAE.

This is a trick at which many horses are so clever that
scarcely a night passes without their getting loose. It is a
very serious habit, for it enables the horse sometimes to gorge
himself with food, to the imminent danger of staggers; or it
exposes him, as he wanders about, to be kicked and injui'ed
by the other horses, while his restlessness will often keep the
whole team awake. If the web of the halter, being first accu-
rately fitted to his neck, is suffered to slip only one way, or a
strap is attached to the halter and buckled roimd the neck,
but not sufficiently tight to be of serious inconvenience, the
power of shpping the collar will be taken away.

TRIPPING.

If it arises from a heavy forehand, and the fore legs being
too much under the horse, no one can alter the natural frame
of the animal; if it proceeds from tenderness of the foot,
grogginess, or old lameness, these ailments are seldom cured.

166 THE ORANGE COTTNTT

A known stmnbler should never be ridden. A tight hand or
a strong-bearing rein are precautions that should not be ne-
glected, although they are generally of little avail; for the
inveterate stumbler will rarely be able to save himself, and
this tight rein may sooner and farther jDrecij^itate the rider.
If the stumbler has the foot kept as short and the toe pared
as close as safety wiU permit, and the shoe is roimded at the
toe, or has that shaj)e given to it which it natiu-ally acquires
in a fortnight from the jDecuhar action of such a horse, the
animal may not stumble quite so much, but in ahnost every
case a stumbler should be put to slow and heav;)' work. If
tlie latter alternative is adoj^ted, he may trij) as much as he
pleases, for the weight of the load and the motion of the
other horses wiU keep him upon his legs.

WEAVING.

This consists in a motion of the head, neck, and ooay,
from side to side, Uke the shuttle of a weaver passing thi'ough
the web, and hence the name which is given to this peculiar
and incessant and unpleasant action. It indicates an impa-
tient, irritable temper, and a dislike to the confinement of the
stable. A horse that is thus incessantly on the fret vnR sel-
dom carry flesh, or be safe to ride or drive. There is no cure
for it, but the close tying-up of the animal, or at least allowing
him but one loose rein, except at feeding-time.

STUD BOOK. 167

BREAKING TO HARNESS.

Mr. Rarey is entitled to every credit for introducing a
novel mode of controlling a vicious horse, -whicli is also of
service in training cavalry and circus horses. Beyond these
departments, however, his j^lans eli'ect no good, and instead
of imj)roving the mouth they have a tendency to injiu'e it. I
have shown that time and jDatience are grand elements of
success in horse-breaking, and that it is a disadvantage to has-
ten the process, which is all that Mr. Earey pi*etends to ef-
fect. We do not want to manage oru* horses without reins,
but on the contrary to guide them and stop them with the
sHghtest possible touch consistent with the equilibrium to
be maintained in the saddle. Hence the first object is the
formation of a good mouth, and as this requires a consider-
able time to develop, there are ample opportunities for grad-
ually accustoming the colt to the presence and control of his
master while it is being produced.

THE EAELY PROCEEDINGS

in breaking a colt to harness are exactly the same as for the
saddle, and indeed it is w^eU in aU cases to make him handy
to ride before he is put into the break. We may therefore
assume that this has been done, or at aU events that a good
mouth has been made, and the colt handled and accustomed
to bear the hip-straps hanging loosely over his sides prior to
putting him in harness.

THEKE IS SOME DrETERENCE OF OPIMON

among breakers as to the best plan of conducting this oper-
ation. Some contend that for every kind of harness the
horse ought to be put in with another, who will compel him
to move or stoj) at the will of the driver. Others assert that

168

THE ORANGE COUNTY

on the contrary, every young horse should be put in first by
himself, and then if he refuse to move, he can be allowed to
wait till he is tired of inactivity, which practically he soon is.
My own opinion is founded upon more than twenty years'
experience with aU sorts of horses, and I am persuaded that
by far the safest and best method is to put every horse into
double harness tu-st. Many farmers break their colts in by
jDutting them to plough between two other horses, but the
jDull at this work is too dead for weU-bred colts, and many
jibbers are j)roduced in this way. Every high-couraged
horse has a tendency to jumjD forward on the first impulse to
do so, and feehng the restraint of the collar he is irritated to
increase his jDrdl, whereby his shoulders are gaUed, causing
him to dislike his work from the pain which he suffers. It is
quite j:)Ossible to break in a colt of average good temper for
single harness without putting him first into double, but the
plan is always attended with danger to both horse and
driver, and I should strongly caution my readers against it.
Even after two or three lessons in the double break, which
have been quietly submitted to, the colt often turns restive
when i:)ut in by himself, but still by that time he knows what
he has to do, and is not made sulky by being punished with-
out cause.

THE APPARATUS

necessary for breaking to harness consists of, 1st, a set of
strong double and single harness, made in the ordinary way,
except that the crup^Der for the colt should buckle on one
side; 2dly, a double break of the ordinary construction; but
it is a safe plan to have the whole space between the fore car-
riage and the si^linter-bar made up with iron rods so close to-
gether that, if a horse kicks, he cannot get his legs hung over
the bar; 3dly, a single break, to be hereafter described.

BEFORE THE COLT

is put to draw he should be accustomed to the pressure of
the harness, and, as a matter of coui'se, in any case he must
have this put on him. Every groom ought to know how to
do this, but at the same time in a colt he should be cautioned
to proceed slowly and quietly, so as not to frighten him.
The plan of showing the horse everj-thing which is to be put
on him is a very good one, and taking advantage of it, before
the collar is slipped over the head, a little time may be
allowed for the future wearer of it to smell it and examine it

STUD BOOK. 169

with his eyes also. Many breakers, to avoid, the danger of
alarming their pui^ils by putting the coUar over their heads,
have this pai't made to open at the withers, where a buckle
secui-es it after it has been slipped up under the neck. But
coUars made in this way are not so fu'm as when constructed
in the ordinary mode, and are more hable to pimish the
shoulders, so that what is gained in one way is lost in the other.
A quiet and handy man can always slip a collar over a horse's
head if he wiH take time, and especially if he has j^reviously
handled the animal and made him accustomed to his pres-
ence. As soon as this part of the harness is in its place the
pad and crupper must be gently put on the back, and then
quietly raising the tail with every hair gathered and firmly
grasped in the left hand, the right slips the crupper mider it,
and as soon as this is done, the left drops the tail and assists
the right to buckle the two pai-ts together. In the j^revious
breaking the colt has been accustomed to the crupper, so
that there is no occasion for extra care in this part now.
The jDad is then drawn forward to its place, the bellyband
buckled, and the rest of the harness being put on in the
ordinary way, the colt is allowed to feel it for a few minutes,
and should then be led out in a yard or other convenient place
for an hour. The general practice is after this to put him to at
once, but it is far better if the colt is at aU shy to take off the har-
ness and postpone the commencement of actual breaking till
the next day.

THE ACTUAL PUTTING TO

is managed differently in double and single harness, but as I
have endeavored to show that the former should always pre-
cede the latter, I shall commence by describing it. In
breaking to double harness a steady old horse should be pro-
^^ded, usually called a break-horse. All that is w^anted is an
animal of good courage and fi'ee from vice, who A\all draw
steadily off on the slightest notice, and will stop firmty when
required. Some old horses which have had a gTeat deal of
practice in the break will assist theii- masters in a wonderful
manner. If a colt kicks over the pole they wiU j^ress against
the intruding leg and cause him so much pain that he remains
quiet tiU he is relieved. Indeed, it matters not what the
attempt is, they defeat it by some counter manoeuvre, but
these horses are rare and fortunately are by no means essen-
tial to success. Before attaching the colt the break-horse
should be put to, and it is usual to place him on the near
side. Then having the break conveniently situated for start-

170 THE ORANGE COUNTY

ing, the colt is brought out with a halter on and the cord
knotted to Jiis tracebearer, so as to give a good hold in case
he plunges or kicks. The j)ole-piece is then loosely buckled
up, after which the inside trace is shjDped over the roller bolt,
and then the breaksman, pushing the quarters forcibly
inwards, the outside trace is cai'efully adjusted and the pole-
l^iece buckled up to its proper length. Quickly but quietly
and without fuss the reins are crossed and buckled, and the
ends being taken by the breaker he mounts to the box, gives
the word to the break-horse to move, and the break is quietly
started without any notice to the colt, or effort on his j^art.
In the great majority of instances no resistance is made, and
aU goes on smoothly for some time. The break should be
di-iven slowly for three or four miles, and then the breaksman
who assists the breaker going to the side of the colt puEs him
round by the halter as the breaker drives the break-horse in
a wide circle for tiu'ning. In retiu-ning the horses should be
stopped and started again several times, and if the colt is
pretty handy the turning may be repeated once or twice, but
more than an hour's drive should not be attempted for fear
of galling the shoulders, to prevent which the inside of the
collar should be well oiled on aU occasions just before start-
ing. When taking the young horse out, the process of put-
ting to should be exactly reversed. A repetition of this
lesson, and constant turning into narrow lanes and crowded
streets, together with uphiU and downliill work, wiU soon
make the young horse handy in double harness, though for
town work a considerable time must elapse before he can be
depended upon in a crush, especially without a steady com-
panion. No horse should be depended ujjon until he has been
roused either l)y accidental circmn stances, or, if these do not
present themselves, by an application of the whij), for it often
hapi^ens that a colt will go quietly enough while his temper
is unntffied, l)ut when it is once upset he shows fight until he
is conquered or himself gains the victory. Now it is far bet-
ter that this shovild occur while in the hands of the breaker
than after he is sent home as thoroug'hly perfect in harness.
Wlien the colt has had six lessons in double harness, he
may be put in the shafts. The single-break is a strong two-
wheeled vehicle, with straight tough shafts. It should be
high enough to keep the horse from kicking over the draw-
ing bar. No bearing-rein should be employed; and the tugs
should be made open above, so as to drop the shafts into
them. A kicking-strap and safety-rein should be used, for
fear of accidents. Beyond these expedients, nothing more is
required than time and practice.

STUD BOOK. 171

Bonner's Great Stables in December 1879.

We here give a reliable list of the great editor's fast horses — by all
odds the greatest collection of fast trotters that the world has ever
known. There are now in his stable. West Fifty-fifth street, near
Fifth avenue, ten horses, every one of which, with a single exception,
has trotted in 2.20, or better. The exceiDtion is Mamie B, by Edward
Everett, dam St. Lawrence Maid. She is a diminutive specimen of
horseflesh, standing about 14.1. Edwin Fojrest towers above the lit-
tle mare. He is a fraction over 16 hands. He is seven years old, and
was got by a son of Joe Downing, the son of Alexander's Edwin Forrest ;
his dam was a high-bred mare, said to be a granddaughter of the great
Leviathan At Hartford, Forrest trotted an exhibition mile in 2:14 1-2,
and in the repeat went to the half-mile pole in 1:05 1-4, where no
other horse has yet gone in a race. Dexter, by Rysdyk's Hamble-
tonian, dam by American Star, is twenty years old. He attracts, if
possible, more attention in Mr. Bonner's stable than Edwin Forrest.
He was the first horse to trot in 2-17 1-4, his present record. In his
race against Ethan Allen and running mate he was timed a mile in
2:16. At Prospect Park, Mr. Bonner drove Dexter to road wagon,
weight 319 lbs., a mile in 2:21 3-4, a performance which has never
been equaled. Music is a very bloodlike-looking mare, a chestnut,
standing full 16 hands. She is eleven years old, and was got by Mid-
dletown, by Eysdyk's Hambletonian, dam by Roe's Fiddler, a grand-
son of Monmouth Eclipse. She is an excellent double-harness per-
toi-mer, and is hard tc beat single. John Taylor, 9 years old, and
pedigree not established, is as fine in all his points as a thoroughbred.
He gained a public record of 2:25 his first season on the turf, but has
trotted a mile on Mr. Bonner's three-quarter track in 2:18 3-4. Startle,
bred at Stony Ford, 11 years old, and by Eysdyk's Hambletonian,
dam by American Star, is the biggest horse for his inches in the coun-
try. He is 15.1, under the standard. Startle trotted half a mile in
1:041-2, in harness, and pulled a road- wagon at Fleetwood a quarter
in 32 1-2 seconds — a 2:10 gait. The stallion was then put into the
stud, and his three-year-old colts are quite promising. INIolsey, a bay
mare, by Whiteside's Black Hawk, first dam by Dallas, and second
dam by imp. Leviathan, is scant 15.2. She has a speedy form, and
obtained a record of 2:21 .3-4. She has since been timed a mile on the
three quarter track in 2:18 1-4. Malice, 8 years old, bred at Wood-
burn, and by Woodford Mambrino, out of Malmaison, by Alexan-
der's Abdallah, the sire of Goldsmith Maid is a nervy, up-headed bay

172 THE ORANGE COUNTY STUD BOOK.

mare, 15.2. Asa six-year-old, she showed a mile in 2:29 1-3 on Mr.
Alexander's track; as a seven-year -old, a mile in 3:35 3-4, and as an
eight-year-old, she trotted a mile on Mr. Bonner's track in 3:20. May
Bird, by George Wilkes, by Rysdyk's Hambletonian, is a black or
brown mare, with three white feet, 15.1 1-4 over the withers and 15.1
over the rump. She has won close on to seventy heats in 3 :30 or bet-
ter, and gained a record of 3:19 3-4 to saddle, 3:21 in harness, and
8:24 1-3 to wagon. She has trotted a mile on Mr. Bonner's track in
2:18 3-4. MaudMacey, a chestnut mare, 7 years old, was bred in Ken-
tucky, and got by Joe Hooker, by Mambrino Chief, first dam by Star
Denmark, and second dam bf Camden. She stands 15.2, and has a
rakish form. As a two-year-old, she trotted in 2:49 ; as a three-year-
old, in 2:44 ; as a four-year-old, in 2:31 ; as a five-year-old, in 3:37 3-4;
as a six-year-old, in 3:23 1-4, and as a seven-year-old she pulled
a sulky and a driver weighing 180 lbs. a mile on Mr. Bonner's three-
quarter track, in 2:17, the fastest time ever made on it. Her fastest
mile was trotted Oct. 16, and the fractional time was: 34 1-2, 1:07 3-4,
1:42 1-4,2:17.

In addition to the ten 2:20 horses above named, Mr. Bonner has, at
his farm, Pocahontas, who has trotted in 2:17 3-4; Grafton, who
showed a public trial at Cleveland, in 2:15 1-2; Joe Elliott, with a public
trial at Boston, in 2:15 1-2 ; Wellesley Boy, who has trotted in 2:19 1-2 ;
Eric, who has trotted in 2:20 3-4; Manetta, who has been timed in
2:22 1-2; Astoria, the sister of Dexter, who has gone a mile in 2:23 3-4;
Centennial, who has trotted in 3:33 3-4; and Keene Jim, with a
four-year-old record of 3:34 1-3. We may wind up this list with
Rams-— though last not (only) least — but probably the first trotter in
the world. He has actually trotted his mile in 3:11 1-2 !

%::;:;:: &a\\

2.30 HORSES.

BY AJAX.

Goldsmith Maid, by Alexander's Abdallah, dam by Abdallah 2 :17

Dexter, by Hambletonlan, dam by American Star 2 :17 1-4

Lady Thorne, by Mambrino Chief, dam by Gano, by American Eclipse . 2 :18 1-4

American Girl, by Amos' Clay, dam said to bo thoroughbred 2 :19

George Palmer, by the Bogus horse, dam a Clay mare 2 :19 1-4

Flora Temple, by One-Eyed Hunter 2:19 3-4

Henry, by Magna Charta 2 :20 1-4

Mountain Boy, by Edward Everett, dam by Roebuck 2 :20 1-2

General Butler, by Smith Burr, by Napoleon < 2 :21

Holla Golddust, by Golddust, to saddle 2 :21

George Wilkes, by Hambletonlan 2 :22

Princess, by Michael Reaker 2 :22

Jay Gould, by Hambletoniau, dam by American Star 2 .-22

Rockingham, to saddle 2:22 1-4

Lucy, by G. M. Patchen, dam May Day 2 :22 1-2

G. M. Patchen, by C. M. Clay, dam by Trustee 2 :22 1-2

Fearnaught, by Young Morrill 2 :23 1-4

Bashaw, Jr., by Green's Bashaw 2 :23 1-2

Rhode Island, by Whitehall, by North American 2 :23 1-2

Hotspur, by Ethan Allen, dam by Abdallah 2 :23 1-2

Billy Barr (formerly W. B. Whiteman), by Ethan Allen 2:23 3-4

Kirkwood, by Green's Bashaw 2 :24

Draco Prince, by Draco, dam Vermont Black Hawk 2 :24

Ch. Medoc (formerly John Morgan), by Pilot, dam by Medoc 2 :24

Beppo, by Hambletonlan, dam by Abdallah 2:24 1-2

Chicago (formerly Rocky), by Die Bull, by Pilot, dam by American

Eclipse 2 :24

Toronto Chief, by Royal George 2 :24 1-4

Major Allen (formerly Locust), by Young Ethan Allen 2 :24 1-^

California Damsel, by son of Long Island Black Hawk 2 :24 1-2

Prince Hartford, by Nonpareil, son of Long Island Black Hawk 2 :24 1-2

Pilot Temple, by Pilot,, Jr., dam by Flora Temple's dam 2:24 1-2

Myron Perry, by Young Columbus, dam by Hopkins' Abdallah 2 :24 1-2

Green Mountain Maid, by Harris' Hambletonlan 2 :24 3-4

Silas Rich, by Young Priam 2 :24 3-4

Clara G. , to saddle 2 :25

G. M. Patchen, Jr. (California Patchen), by G. M. Patchen, dam Bell-
founder mare 2 :25

174: THE ORANGE COUNTY

W. H. Alleu, by Volunteer; dam by Abdallah 2 :25

Mac 2 :25

Commodore Vanderbllt, by Young Columbus 2 :25

Frauli Vernon (formerly Pauic), by Sherman's Black Hawk (North

Horse), dam Verttiout Hambletoulan 2 :25

Ethan Allen, by Hill's Black Hawk 2 :25

Yellow Jacket 2 :25

Lancet, by Vermont Black Hawk, to saddle 2 :25

Brown Dick, by '2d Star 2 :'25 1-4

Gray Eagle (thoroughbred), by Gray Eagie, dam by imp. Trustee 2 :25 1-2

Fannie Alleu, by Ethan Allen, dam Cherub, by Abdallah 2 :25 1-2

Gray Mack, by son of Hill's Black Hawk 2 :'i5 1-2

Ceiitreville, by Henry Clay 2 :25 1-2

Tacony, by Sportsman 2 :25 1-2

Nonesuch, by Daniel Lambert, by Ethan Alleu, dam by sou of Vernwrnt

Black Hawk 7. 2:25 1-2

Judge Fuilerton, by Edward Everett 2 :'25 1-4

Tom Jefferson, by Toronto Chief, dam by Wagner 2 :'25 1-2

Charles E. Loew, by G. M. Patchen, dam by Abdallah 2 :25 1-2

J. J. Bradley . 2 :'25 1-2

Byron, by Field's Royal George, dam by Morgan 2 :25 1-2

Harry Harly, (formerly Columbia Chief,) by Young Columbus, dam by

Harris' Hambletonian 2 :25 3-4

Jeff Davis 2 :25 3-4

Colonel llussell 2 :25 3-4

License 2 :25 3-4

Belle Strickland, by Eaton Horse 2 :26

Billy Haskins, by Ed. Forest, dam Pilot, Jr 2 :26

Belle of Portland 2 :-26

Tattler, by Pilot, Jr., dam by Medoc 2 :26

Tackey, by Pilot, Jr 2 :'26

W. K. Thomas, by Osceola, by son of Pilot 2 :26

May Queen, by May Day 2 :'26

Confidence 2 :26

Huntress, by Volunteer, dam by American Star 2:26

Triumph, (formerly Joe) 2 :25 1-4

Ben Gumming, by Columbus, dam Mambrino 2:26

H. W. Genet, by son of G. M. Patchen 2:26

Lady Suffolk, by Engineer 2 :'26

Surprise, by Harry Clay 2 :26

Cooly, by Daniel Boone (a pacer) 2 :'26

Leviathan, to saddle 2 :26

Sleepy John 2:26 1-4

Bay Whalebone 2:26 1-4

Lady Emma, by Jupiter, dam by Abdallah 2 :26 1-4

Koyal John, by Woodstock Morrill 2 :26 1-4

Queen of the West, by Pilot, Jr 2 :26 1-4

Stockbridge Chief 2 :'26 1-2

Black Mack 2:26 1-2

Matthew Smith 2 :'26 1-2

Mohawk, Jr., by Mohawk, by Long Island Black Hawk 2:'26 1-2

Susie, by Hamixlen Boy, grandsiro Vermont Black Hawk 2 :'26 1-2

Little Fred, dam Dirigo, by Drew 2 :26 3-4

Pocahontas, by Ethan Allen, dam Pocahontas, the pacer 2 :26 3-4

Sea Foam, by Young Columbus 2:26 3-4

Gilbraith Knox, by General Knox, he by North Horse 2:'i6 3-4

Clara (late Crazy Jane), by Sager Horse 2 :27

Idol, by Black Warrior 2:'27

Highland Maid by Saltram 2 :'27

WcMtcrii Girl (fornu>rly Angeliue), by son of Bellfounder 2:27

Lookout 2 :'27

Sir Walter 2 :27

Lottery, by Hambletonian 2 :27

Aggy Down, to saddle 2 :27

General Taylor, to saddle 2 :27

Sorrel Dan, by Magna Charta 2 :27

Lady Woodruff, by Washingt.m 2 :27

Tanimauv, by Sou of Uiaing Sun 2:27

Ben Hig<l<jn, by Ab<lallah 2:27

Uncle Abe, by Young Morrill 2 :27

STUD BOOK.

175

Tennessee, by Commodore, dam by Hill's Black Hawk 2 :27

Prince, ch., by Jupiter Abdallali, dam by Trustee 2 :27

Lady Mac, to saddle, (Hainblptonian) 2 :27

North Star Mambrino, by Mambriuo Chief 2 :27 1-4

Star of the West 2 :27 1-4

Lydia Thompson, by Wild Wagoner, by G. M. Patchen 2 -.27 1-2

Draco, by Young Morrill 2:27 1-2

Rapid, by Toronto Chief, to saddle 2 :27 1-2

Chicago Jack, by Merrick Horse, to saddle 2 :27 1-2

Clarence 2 :27 1-2

Commodore Nutt, by Grantham Chief, by Eoyal George 2 :27 1-2

Mollie, Delphi's dam, by Abd-el-K.ader 2:27 1-2

Black Douglass, by Henry Clay 2:27 1-2

Ed White 2 :27 1 2

Dreadnaught 2 :27 1-2

Mambrino Pilot, by Mambrino Chief, dam by Pilot, to saddle 2 :'27 1-2

Traveler 2 :27 1-2

Sleepy John, dam by Red Bird 2:27 1-2

Shark, by Hambletonian, dam the grandam of Dexter, to saddle 2 :27 3-4

Shep. Knap, Jr., by Shep. Knap, he by Eaton Horse 2 :27 3-4

Jessie Wales, by Ajax, doube 2 :"27 3-4

Darkness, by Mambrino Chief, grandam by Pilot, double 2 :27 3-4

James H. Burke (late Govenor Morgan) 2 :27 3-4

Belle of Saratogo, by Vermont Black Hawk 2 :28

Auburn Horse, by Champion 2 :28

Fannie Lee, by Ethan Allen, dam by Sherman's Black Hawk 2 :28

Black Harry Clay, by Neaves' C. M. Clay, Jr., dam by imp. Bellfounder 2:28

Blackbird 2 :28

Dutchess 2 :28

Pelham 2 :28

Rocket 2 :28

Young Wof ul 2 :28

Independence 2:28

J. M. Botts, by Spalding's Abdallah 2-28

Jilt 2 :28

Blonde, by Hoagland's Messenger, dam by Abdallah 2 :28

Dutchman, a second mile to saddle 2:28

Mohawk, Jr., by son of Long Island Black Hawk 2 :28

Lady Shannon, by Harris' Hambletonian 2 :28

Tartar, by Royal George 2 :28

Grey Jack, of Morgan blood 2 :28 1-4

Miller's Damsel, by Andrew Jackson 2 :28 1-4

Twang, by Hiatoga, dam by Am. Eclipse 2 :28 1-4

Strideaway 2 :28 1-2

Charlie Green, by son of Abdallah 2 :28 1-2

Lady Garfield 2 :28 1-2

Rattler 2 :28 1-2

Jim Porter 2 :28 1-2

Lady Shannon 2 :28 1-2

Mary, by G. M. Patchen ' 2 :28

B. Gen. McClellan, by Drew 2:28 1-2

Lady Vernon 2 :28 1-2

Blackstone Belle, by Brandywiue, he by Abdallah 2 :28 1-2

Young Columbus, by Columbus, dam Black Maria, grandam of Harris'

Hambletonian 2 :28 1-2

Medoc 2 :28 1-2

Lew Sayers 2 :28 3-4

Jas. D. McMann 2 :28 3-4

Morrissy, by Black Warrior 2 :28 3-4

Fannie Kemble 2:28 3-4

Lady Sheridan 2 :28 3-4

Grey Hawk 2 :28 3-4

Dutchman (formerly Derby), by Rough and Ready 2 :28 3-4

Joe Hooker, Jr., by Tom Hyer, a Black Hawk 2 :28 3-4

Drift (formerly Norwood), by Hambletonian, dam by Saltram 2 :29

Lew Pettee, by Norman 2 :29

Widow McCree, by American Star ■ 2 :29

Western New York, by Nonpareil (son of Long Island Black Hawk),

dam by Rysdyk's Hambletonian 2 :29

H. B. Patchen, by G. M. Patchen 2:29

176 THE ORANGE COUNTY

Red Cloud 2 29

Woful, by Long Island Black Hawk 2 29

Medoc, Wh 2 :29

Tom Parker 2 :29

Bally Lewis, by Pilot, Jr 2 :29

Miller's Damsel, by Edmond's Jackson, son of Andrew Jackson 2 :29

Reindeer, by Monmouth Ellipse 2 :29

Zac Taylor, by Quimby Horse 2 :29

Honest Allen, by Ethan Allen, double 2 :29

Draco, by Young Morrill 2 :29

Lady Sherman, by North Horse 2 :29

Contraband, dam by Thoroughbred 2 :29

Old Man's Mare, by Young Andrew Jackson 2 :29

Nelly Holcomb 2 :29

Ella Elwood 2 :29

N. B. Palmer i 2:29

Putnam , 2 :29

Fleetwood 2 :29

Rosamond, by Columbus 2 :29

Tib Woodward 2 :29

Major Edsall, by Alexander's Abdallah, dam by American Star 2 :29

Up and Up 2 :29

Grit. 2 :29

Nabocklish, by Rising Sun 2;29

Pilot, by Pilot, Jr 2 :29 1-4

Ed Foster, by Young St. Lawrence 2 :29 1-4

Fanny Leo, by Ethan Allen, dam by the North Horse 2 :29 1-4

Lexington, by Lexington 2 :29 1-4

Edna 2 :29 1-4

Bally Lewis, by American Star 2 :29 1-2

Fearless, by Meeker Horse 2 :29 1-2

Bruno, by Hambletouian 2 :29 1-2

Harvest Queen, by Hambletouian, dam by American Star 2:29 1-2

New Berlin Girl ; 2 :29 1-2

India Rubber, by Comet 2 :29 1-2

Jake Oakley, by Long Island Black Hawk 2 :29 1-2

Warwick, by Ethan Allen, dam Rachel 2 :29 1-2

Dutch Girl, by Grey Eagle 2:29 1-2

Madawska Maid 2 :29 1-2

John Fero, by imp. Consternation 2 :29 12

Daisy Burns, by Skenado 2 :29 3-4

Mountain Maid, by Morrill 2 :29 3-4

Safe 2 :29 3-4

Lady Ross, by Vergenes' Black Hawk, dam a Clay mare, grandam a

Star mare 2 :29 3-4

Lady Hughes, by Jupiter, dam by Weber's Tom Thumb 2 :30

Lady Moscow 2:30

Old Put, by Clarion 2 :30

Lady Sutton, by Morgan Eagle 2 :30

Lady Augusta, by Hambletouian, dam by Saltram 2 :30

Lady Vernon 2 :30

Lady Jano 2 :30

Bashaw Maid, by Plow Boy, by Long Island Black Hawk 2 :30

Rose of Washingisou, by Smith Burr's Washington, saddle 2 :30

Empress 2 :30

W. H. Taylor, by Norman 2 :30

Norman 2 :30

Y'oung Eiplon 2 :30

Black Ralph, by Vermont Black Hawk 2 :30

Black Harry, double 2 :30

Emperor 2:30

India Rubber, Comet. . : 2 :30

Centreville, by Henry Clay, dam by Mambrino 2 :30

Uxbrldgo 2 :30 ^

Copper Bottom 2 :30

Miller's Maid 2 :30

Tarquin 2 :30

Tom Parker 2 :30

Western Metropolis 2:30

Fanny Pullen 2 :30

STUD BOOK. 177

iong Island 2 :30

Ike Cook, by Abdallah 2 :30

Joe Hooker 2 :30

Silas 2 :30

Whlteblrd, by Whitebird, a thoroughbred 2 :30

Mazeppa 2 :30

St. Elmo, by Alexander's Abdallah 2 :30

Jack Kossiter 2 :30

Strathmore 2 :30

Sunnyslde 2 :30

Carrol (by Cardinal), by Vermont Black Hawk 2:30

Champagne, by Ed Forrest 2 :30

Dan Mace 2 :30

General McClennan, by Drew 2 :30

Washington Irving, by Ethan Allen, to saddle 2 :30

Belle of Toronto, by Royal George 2 :30

Denmark 2 :30

Jack Stewart, by Tom Wonder, dam by Harris' Hambletonian 2 :30

Lady Hamilton 2 :30

Purity, by Blue Bull, dam by Daniel Boone 2 :30

Western 2 :30

178 THE ORANGE COUNTY

A List of the Medicines and Recipes Used in the
Treatment of the Diseases of the Horse.

"ViNEGAU. — Useful for sprains and bruises. Equal parts boiling water and cold
vinegar.

Spirit of Salt. — This acid is formed by the action of sulphuric acid on common
salt. The best liquid caustic for corns, canker, indisposition in the sole to secrete
good born, wounds in the foot not attended by healthy action.

NiTuic Acid, a valuable external application, both a caustic and an anti-septic.
Destroys fungus excrescences.

SuLPHUKic Acid, ok Oil of Vitriol. — When mixed with tar, an ounce to the
pound, it is a good application for the thrush and canker. A smaller quantity,
mixed witli olive oil, makes a,good stimulating liniment.

Aloes. — The Barbadoes aloes have a greater purgative power than the Cape,
gripe less and being safer, action is kept up longer.

Alum is used internally in cases of over-pui'ging — two drachms of the powder
being added to a pint of hot milk. A solution of two drachms to a pint of water,
forms alone, or v.iih the addition of a small quantity of white vitriol, a very useful
wash for cracked heels, and for grease generally; and also for those forms of
swelled legs attended with exudation of moisture through the skin.

Anodynes. — Opium is the only drug that will lull pain. It mav be given as an
anodyne, but it will also be an astringent in doses of 1, 2, or 3 drachms.

Camphok diminishes frequency of pulse, and softens its tone. When long exhib-
ited, it acts on the kidnej's. Externally applied, it is an anodyne for chronic
sprains, bruises, and tumors

Spanish Flies arc the basis of the most approved and useful veterinary blisters.
An infusion of two ounces of the flies in a pint of oil of turpentine for several days,
is occasionally used as a liquid blister ; and when sufficiently lowered wi*h com-
mon oil, it is called a sweating oil. They have been recommended for the cure of
glanders. The dose is from 5 to 8 grains given daily, but withheld for a day or
two when diuresis supervenes.

Guinea Pepper. — They are valuable as stimulants. Their beneficial effect in
cases of cold is great. The dose is from a scruple to half a drachm.

Caraway Seeds. — These and ginger, alone and combined, are the best stimu-
lants used in horse practice.

Castor Oil is an expensive medicine. It must be given in large doses.

Japan Earth is a useful astringent, given in over-purging, in doses of 1 or 2
drachms, with opium.

Charcoal is an anti-aeptic, made into a poultice with linseed meal, and applied
to otfensive ulcers and cracked heels.

Verdigris is a mild caustic. Either alone, in the form of fine powder, or mixed
with an equal quantity of the sugar of lead, it eat-^ down proud flesh, or stimulates
old ulcers to healthy action. When boiled with honey and vinegar, it constitutes
the farrier's Egyptiacura, certainly of benefit in cankered or ulcerated mouth, for
thrushes.

Blue Vitriol is valuable as an external .application, dissolved in water, propor-
tion of 2 drachms to a pint ; acting as a gentle stimulant. An ounce dissolved in
the same quantity of water, becomes a mild caustic. In the former proportion it
rouses old ulcers to a healthy action, and disposes even recent wounds to heal more
qni<!kly than they otherwise would do ; and in the latter it removes fungus gran-
ulations orproud flesh. It is also a good application for canker in the foot.

Creosote is much valued on account of ts antiseptic properties and in stopping
hermorrhagos. It is both a stimulant and a tonic. In an undiluted state it acts as
a caustic. In the form of a lotion, a liniment, or an ointment, it has been useful in
farcy and glanders, also in foot-rot, canker, and thrush. As u caustic, it acts as a
powerful stimulant.

Digitalis— Foxglove. — The leaves of the common foxglove, gathered about the
flowering time, dried carefully in a dark place, and powdeied, and kept in a close,
black bottle. It is a direct and poweiful sedative, diminishing the frequency of
tlie pulse, and the general irritability of the system, and acting also as a mild
diuretic: it is, therefoie, useful in every inflammatory and febrile complaint,
and particularly in inflammation of the cliest. It is usually given in combination
with emetic tartar and nitre. The average dose is 1 drachm of digitalis, 1 1-2 of
emetic tartar, and 3 of nitre, repeated twice or thrice in a day.

Diuretics constitute a useful class of medicines. They stimulate the kidneys
to secrete more than the usual quantity of urine, or to separate :i greater than or-
dinary proportion of the watery (<arls of the blood; but they should be mild, and
not continued longer than the case requires.

Ge.ntian is a stomachic and tonic. 4 drachms of gentian, 2 of camomile, 1 of car-
bonate of iron, and 1 of ginger, will make an esceUent tonic baU. An infusion of
gentian is good lor putrid ulcers.

STUD BOOK. 179

Ginger is as valuable as a cordial as gentian is as a tonic. It is the basis of
the cordial ball, and it is indispensable in the tonic ball.

Heleboke (black). — Used as a local application, and as such it is a powerful
stimulant.

Injections.— See clysters.

Iodine. — One of the most valuable drugs used in the veterinary practice. It re-
duces every species of tumors. Iodine of potassium is administered internally, as
a promoter of absorption. Combined with sulphate of copper, it forms a powerful
tonic ; whilst in the form of iodine of mercury, combined with lard, it becomes a
powerful blister, and promotes absorption.

Chlouide of Luie. — Diluted with twenty times its quantity of water, helps to
form the poultice applied to offensive discharges. The foetid smell of fistulous
withers, ]ioll-evil, canker, and ill-conditioned wounds, is immediately removed,
and the ulcers are more disposed to heal.

Linseed is often used in.stead of water for the drink of the horse with sore
throat or catarrh, or disease of the urinary organs, or of the bowels.

Mashes. — An important part of horse provender, in sicliness or health.

MusTAno Si.xAi'is. — Useful if in inflammation of the chest or bowels, it is well
rubbed on the chest or abdomen.

Nitrous Etiier (Spirit of). — Very useful medicine in the advanced stages of
fever.

Opium. — Is a valuable drug ; a powerful anti-spasmodic, sedative, and artringent.

Palm Oil is the very best substance that can be used for making mashes and
balls.

Pitch. — Plaster for sand-crack consists of 1 pound of pitch and an ounce of yel-
low beeswax melted together.

Nitrate of Potash (Nitre) is a valuable cooling medicine and a mild diuretic.
Should enter into composition of every fever ball- Dose is from a to 4 drachms.

Poultices. — Linseed meal forms the best general poultice. It longest retains
the moisture.

Sedatives are medicines that subdue irritation, repress spa.smodic action, or
deaden pain. Digitalis, hellebore, opium, turpentine, are medicines of this kind.

Sulphur. — An excellent alterative, combined usually with antimony and nitre,
and particularly for mange, surfeit, grease, hide-bouucl, or want of condition ; and
it is a useful ingredient in the cough and fever ball.

Tar, melted with and equal quantity of grease, forms a good stopping of the
farrier. But its principal virtue seems to consist in preventing the penetration of
dirt and water to the wounded part ; used with the usual cough medicine, in doses
of 2 or 3 drachms for chronic cough.

Turpentine is one of the best diuretics, in doses of half an ounce, and made
into a ball with linseed meal and powdered ginger. The oil of turpentine is an
excellent anti-spasmodic. For the removal of colic it is unrivalled.

Zinc (Calamine Powder). — Five parts of lard and one of resin are melted to-
gether, and when tliese begin to get cool, two parts of the cahimuie, reduced to
an impalpable powder, are stirred in. If the wound is not healthy, a small quan-
tity of common turpentine may be added. This salve justly deserves the name
which it has gained — " The Healing Ointment." The calamine is sometimes
sprinkled with advantage on cracked heels and superficial sores.

RECEIPTS.

Drops to make Old Horses Young.— Take the tr. of asafoetida 1 oz. ; tr. of
cantharides, 1 oz. ; oil of cloves, 1 oz. ; oil of cinnamon, 1 oz. ; antimony, 2 oz. ;
fenugreek, one oz. ; fourth proof br.tndy, half gallon. Let it stand ten or twelve
days, and give ten drops in a pail of water — or one gallon.

Wonderful Linimf-nt. — Two ounces oil of spike, 2 do. origanum, 2 do. hemlock,
2 do. wormwood, 4 do. sweet oil, 2 do. spts. ammonia, 2 do, gum camphor, 2 do.
spts. turpentine, and one quart of proof siJirits, 95 per cent, ilix well together,
and bottle tight.

For sprains, bruiseea, l.Tmeness, Sic, &c., the above liniment cannort be equalled,
and is actually worth |100 to any jierson keeping valuable horses. Omit the tur-
pentine, and you have the best liniment ever made for human aiks, such as rheu-
matism, sprains, &c. Whenever an outward application is required, try it, and
prove its virtues. It acts like magic.

Rheumatic Liniment.— Take alchol, i pint. : oil of origanum, J oz ; cayenne, J
oz. ; gum myrrh, i oz. ; 1 tea-spoonful of lobelia, and let it stand one day ; then
bathe the part affected.

Relief Liniment. — Take J pint linseed oil, add J pint spts. turpentine, 1 oz. ori-
ganum, and 1 oz. oil of vitriol ; an excellent liniment for rheumatism, sprains,
bruises, &c. Try and prove it.

180 '-IHE ORAKGE COUNTY

Chlorform Liniment. — For relieving suiforiug in case of burns, &c. Mix
shloroform and cod-liver oil.

Soap Liniment. — Take 1 oz. origanum, 1 oz. Castile soap, 1 'pint alcohol. For
swellinsra, &c.

General Liniment. — Turpentine, one half-pint ; linseed oil, one half-pint ; aqna-
monia, 4 oz. ; tr. of iodine, 1. Shake it all well This is used for different things
spoken of in the different receipts, sores or swellings, sprains, &c.

Black Liniment. — This is good to apply on poll-evil — fistula. Take of linseed
oil, i pint ; tr. of iodine, 3 oz. ; turpentine, 4 oz.; oil of origanum, 1 oz. Shake all
well, and apply it every day. Eub it in well with your hand. Wash the part
clean with soap and water before applying it. Good on any swelling.

Johnson's Liniment. — Take oil of origanum, 1 oz. ; alcohol, ^ pint ; oil of cedar,
i oz. ; oil of cloves, J oz. ; turpentine, J oz. ; olive oil, 8 ounces. Shake well. Used
lor almost all complaints of the muscles.

Opodeldoc. — Take alcohol, half a gallon; 2 pounds of Ca.stile Soap, 4 oz. gum
camphor, 2 oz. oil of amber ; place alcohol into a pot in hot water, shave up the
soap, keep hot until all dissolves, and you have the old orignal opodeldoc.

Green Ointment. — Take 6 lbs. lard, put into lO-gallon kettle, add 2 gallons
water, cut jimson-weeds and fill them in and cook four to six hours, slow, and cook
all ^lie water out, then put into jars. Add to each pound of ointment 1 ounce of
turpentine. A good and cheap stable ointment — good for galls, cuts, scratches,
&c.

Sloan's Ointment.— Take mutton tallow, 4 lbs. ; beeswax, one half-pound ; resin,
one half-pound ; turpentine, 3 oz. Melt over a slow tire, and, when partly cold,
add the tur])entine, and you have the same ointment Sloan sells to cure every-
thing ; try it, and prove its value.

Iodine Ointment. — Get 1 oz. of the grease iodine, 1 pint of alcohol. Let this
stand in the sun two days, and this is tlie tincture of iodine. Take 2 oz. of tinc-
ture and i pint of lard, mix well, and you have the iodine ointment. This is used
wherever the receipts refer to the ointment.

White Ointment. — For rheumatism, sprain.s, burns, swellings, bruises, or any
inflammation on man or beast, chapped hands or lips, black eyes, or any kind of
bruise. Take fresh butter, 2 lbs. ; tr. of iodine, half ounce ; oil of origanum, 2 oz.
Mix this well for fifteen minutes, and it is fit for use. Apply it every night. Eub
it in well with your hand. If for human fiesh, lay on warm flannel.

Blue Oint.me'nt. — 'J'ake the ointment of resin, 4 oz. ; half oz. of finely-ground
verdigris, 2 oz. turpentine, 2 lbs. mutton tallow, half oz, oil of origanum, half oz.
tr. of iodine. Mix all well. This is one of the best medicines that can be made
for scratches, hoof-evil, cuts, and is good to apply on fistula after the rowels Lave
been taken out.

Hoof Ointment. — Take resin, 4 oz. ; beeswax, 6 oz. ; lard, 2 lbs. Melt together.
Pour it into a pot, and 3 oz. of turpentine, 2 oz. of finely powdered verdigri.s, 1 lb.
tallow. Stir until it gets cool. One of the best medicines for the boot, good for
corks or bruises of the feet.

Hoof Liquid. — F(u- tender feet, hoof-bound, &c. Linseed or neatsfoot oil, half
a pint of either ; turpentine, 4 oz. ; oil of tar, 6 oz. ; origanum, 3 oz. Shake this
W(^ll and ajtply it as the directions for the ointment. This is the best, if the horse
has l)ern lame long ; it penetrates the hoof sooner than the ointment. Both of
them slioiild be applied at night.

IIooF-EviL OK Thrush, Grease Heels. — Bleed, and phy.'sic, and poultice the
foot with boiled turnips and some fine-ground charcoal. This must bo done at
night, for two or three nights ; then wash the foot clean with Castile .soap and
soft water, and apply the blue ointment every day. Keep the horse on a floor,
and he will be well in twelve days.

HooF-BouND, OR Tender Feet. — Never have the feet spread at the lieels nor
rasped above the nail holes, for it will do the foot an injury. Follow the direc-
tions given here. Use either the hoof ointment or the hoof liquid. Apjily it ac-
cording to directions. For hoof-bound or tender feet, apply it all around the top
of the hoof down one inch eyery third day. If for split hoof apply it every day.
First, have a stiff shoe on ttie foot and cleanse the cut or crack. Never cut or
burn for it.

Hoof Ail.— Apply blue vitriol, and put on a tarred rag to keep out the dirt.

No. 2. Wash well' witli warm soai)-suds, wijie dry with a cloth; then take 2
spoonsful of common table salt. 2 spoonsful of copperas, pulverize; 4 spoonsful of
soft soap. Mix well. Sprea 1 ui)on a tliicic cloth, api)ly to the foot, then confine
it with a bandage. Let it remain 12 Ikhus, then wa.sh as before.

HoOF-BoUND.— Pare the heel of the hoof till it is as flat and natural as a colt's,
then take equal parts pitch ))ine and butter simmered together and anoint the heel.

Heaves.— Take 1 lb. of resin, 1 lb. of salpetre, 8 oz. alum, 1 oz. of asafoetida, 4
oz. of sulidinr. Pulverize and mix. Give one tea-spoonful once a day in his
feed. This is also a good medicine lor putting a horso in condition.

STUD BOOK. 181

Preparation for Gelding Horses. — Take 2 oz. corrosive sublimate, 1 oz. gum
kino, 1 oz. red precipitate.

Sprain in the Stifle. — Syraptons — Tlio horse holds up his foot, moans when
moved, swells in the .stifle. This is what is called stifling. There is no such
thing as this joint getting out of place. Cure — Bleed 2 gallons foment the stifle
with hot water, rub it dry, then bathe it well with the general liniment every
morning and night. Give him a mash and he will be well. Never allow any sti-
fle-shoe or cord on the foot or leg.

How to Cuke Cokxs. — Take off the shoe, cut out the corns, and drop in a few
drops- of muiiatic acid, then make the shoes so as they will not bear on the part
affected. Ap!)ly the hoof liquid to the hoof to remove the fever. This is a sure
treatment. We never knew it to fail.

CORN'S. — Take the shoe off and give the horse a free run at grass for a few
weeks. This will frequently cure.

Founder in the First Stages. — Bleed from the neck-vein 2 or 3 gallons or until
he falls, then give the following : Half oz. of aloes. 4 drachms of gamboge, half
oz. oil of sassafras. Make tliis into a pill, give it, and give him all the sassafras
tea he will drink; turnup his feet, and lill them full of boiling hot lard; bathe
his legs in hot water, and rub them well. This will never fail to cure in 48
hours.

No. 2. Physic and poultice the feet.

No. 3. ]\Iix 1 pint of sunflower seed in his food.

Spavin or Ring-Boxe, — Take 1 pint spts. turpentine, 1 pint of oil spike, 4 oz.
saltpetre, 4 oz. of alum, 2 oz. oil of vitriol. Bathe the part affected thoroughly
every other day for one week, and if this does not effect a cure coutinue it longer.
This has cured spavins of nine years' standing. This receipt has been used with
great success.

SP.A.VIN AND EiNG-BoNE MEDICINE.— Take of cantharides, 2 oz. ; mercurial oint-
ment. 4 oz. ; tr. of iodine, 3 oz. ; turpentine, 4 oz. ; corrosive sublimate, 3 drachms.
Mix all well with 2 lbs. of lard. Color it if you like. Follow the directions here
given.

If for ring-bone or bone-spavin, cut off the hair from the i)art affected, and
merfly grease the lump with the ointment. Eub it well with the naked hand. In
two days grease the part witli lard, and in four days wash it off with soap and
water, "and apply the ointment again. So repeat it every four days. If for wind-
galls, or bog-spavin, or curb, appl3' the ointment every six days. This recipe has
been sold for $1300.

Spavin. — Camphor dissolved in spirits of turpentine, applied ,uutil the hair
starts.

No. 2. Oil vitriol, origanum, cedar oil, Spanish flies, equal parts ; 3 oz. turpen-
tine.

To Cure Ring-Bone when First Coming.— Dissolve J pound of saltpetre in 1
quart soft water, and ■ rash with it twice a day. This will stop the growth and
lameness, anfl not remove the hair.

RiXG-BosE. — Take of spts. turpentine, oil of spike, of each 1 oz.; bottle and mix
well ; then add 1 oz. of oil vitriol. Bathe the diseased part well for three days,
and drive it in by the application of a hot iron ; then suspend it for three days, to
prevent the part becoming too sore, then apply the remedy again. The sore should
be treated with lard or ointment. This will cure the disease if not of too long
standing.

PoLL-EviL. — Cure before it breaks. Run a towel or seton .from the lower part
of the swelling to the top, through the centre of the enlargement, then make the
following lotion: Take of salamoniao, 2 oz.; and turpentine spirits, half pint; 4
oz. linseed oil, and 4 oz. spts. tar. Shake all well, and apply it all over the swel-
ling every other day. Let the seton stay in until all the swelling is gone down ;
move it every day, and when all is gone draw it out. Bleed when you first open
it. Keep the part clean.

Poll Kvil after it Breaks.- If you find by probing it that the pipes run down
towards the surface, run down a seton through the bottom of the pipe, and anoint
it with the f(dlowing ointment: Take of mercurial ointment, 4 oz.; and of can-
tharides, half an ounce. Anoint the seton every day until it runs a bloody matter,
then draw it out, if the pipes run down to the centre of the shoulders ; then run
down a piece of the nitre of silver to the bottom, and use the liquid in the next
following receipt. Apply on the sore every day. Keep the part clean with soap
and water.

Liquid for Poll Evil. — Take olive oil, 6 ounces ; turpentine, half ox., oil of
origanum, half oz.; American or seneka oil, 3 oz. Mix well, and apply to the part
affected, after the nitre of silver has been used. Apply this every few days until
it heals up. The cleaner you keep the part the better.

JASON H. TUTTLE'S
PRICE LIST.

Useful Articles Needed by All Horsemen.

Check rteins, Flat, $2.00 ; Round each $3.00

Check Bit.s " 2.00

Baldwin Bits, from " $2.00 to 4.50

Dan Maco'.s Tiotting Suaffle, nickel plated, h check " 300

full check " 4.00

Rubber Mouth with chain inside " 1.50 to 2.50

Star Bits " iJOO to 6.00

Rubber Mouth, stiff " 1.50 to 3.00

Martin Bits for Bad Hoi ses " COO to ll.flO

4 Rinpr Doable Jointed (2 joints^ " 250 to 4.00

4 Rini; Single Jointed " 1.50 to 3.00

4-inch Rins Race Bits, nickel " 3.00

Rockwell Bit.s. nickel plated ■ '' 4.00

Woodniaun's Bits, nickel plated " 3.00

CurbBitsof all grades " 100 to 10.00

Clipping Combs " 0.50 to 1.00

Sweat Scrapers, short and long " 0.50 to 2.00

Tootli Rasp or Float, in tlie rough " 3.00

pohshed " 4.00

iiicliel plated " 5.00

Rein Holders and Button per pr. li)0 to 2.00

Snow Ball Pods " "00

Fe.ather Dusters each 1.50 to 6.00

Clianiois Skins " 0.50 to 2 00

Sponge (sbeep's wool) per p'd. 3.00

Carriage Mats i wool) each 3.00 to lO.OO

Monograms for harness " 3ilO to 4.00

Harness Soap: $1.00 per cake, or per doz. 8.00

Horse Plumes each 1.00 to 4.00

Bells to go around the body per stg. 3.00 to 25.00

Felt Soaking Boot each 3.50

Sheep Lined Grab Boot per pr. 6.00

Loaded or Weight Boot, any weight "' 5.00

Sponge Lined Soakinn' Boots " 7.00

Shoe Boil or Sleeping Boots " ''■OO

Cup Ankle Boots " 2.00

Trottin" Rollers, wood, horn, or rubber each 1.00

Knee, Sliin. and Ankle Boots " 4.00

Bristle Ankle Boots " 2.50

Round Quarter Boots " ^.00

Standing Boots, when a horse stands with one foot resting on

the other " 3.00

Short Shin and Ankle Boots '^' 2.50

Long Knoc, and Ankle Boots " 2.50

Sliin and Ankle Boots " 2.50

Knee Boots. "^ 3.00

Knee anil Ann Boots " 4.00

Shin or S()i".edy Cut Boots " 300

Knee and Shin Boots " 3.00

Lawn Boots for walking on Lawns •, per pr. 8.50

Sandals, used to carry on a journey in case a horse loses his

.shoes each 4.00

India Rublier Over.shoes for horses with tender feet; can be
used to drive on the roads with perfect safety, no oth-
er shoes required per pr. 4.50

American Hunting Scenes — " A Good Chance."
Close Quarters — Setter and Woodcock. Life Size.
Pointing a Bevy, Pointer and Quail. Life size.

BOOKS ON THE HORSE.

Racing Chronicle $3.00

The Trotting Horse of America; how to Train and Drive him; by Hiram

Woodruff 2.50

b Tattersall's Pictorial Gallery of English Race Horses. Containing Por-
traits of all the Winners of llio Derby, Oaks and St. Leger Stakes,
from 1831 to 1850, and a History of the principal Operations of the

Turf 8.00

b The Horse Owner's Guide, by F. H. Walther 1.50

b Youatt on the Horse. Illustrated 2.00

b Horse Racing; its History ; and Early Records of the principal and oili-
er Meetings, with Anecdotes, etc

b Jennings on the Horse and his Diseases 2.00

b Mayhow's Illustrated Horse Doctor 3.00

b SUjnehenge on the Horse in the Stable and in the Field. Illustrated. . . 5.00

t The Horse in the Stable and in the Field, by J. H. Walsh 2.00

z John Stewart's Stable Book 1.75

z Youatt and Spooner on the Horse 1.75

z Jennings' Horse Training Made Easy 1.40

z Simp.sou's Horse Portraiture 3.00

z Cole's Veterinarian 1.00

b Handy Hoi-se Book, or Practical Instructions in Driving, Riding, and

Management of Horses. 2.50

b Hints to Horse Keepers on Breeding, Buying, Breaking, Using, Feeding,

and Physicing Horses, by Frank Forester 2.00

Karey and Knowlson's Complete Horse Tamer and Farrier. Illustrated

with descriptive engravings 0.60

d The Complete Farrier and Horse Doctor 0.30

r Turf Fraud and Turf Practices ; or, Spiders and Flies 0.75-

ANTI-CRIBBING STRAP.

This Strap is patented, and is the only discovery, except the obnoxious muz-
zle, to break or prevent Horses from Cribbing or Wind-Sucking. Recommend-
ed by Wilkes' Spieit, and Tukf, Field, and Farm. Full directions accom-
pany each Strap. Price each, $3.00.

HORSE GOODS.

Jockey Cap, silk, any color, to order $3.50

Weight boots, per pair, from 4 oz. to 1^2 lb 5.50

Boston Reins 12.00

Holders for Reins 3.50

Shin Boots 6.00

Lolling Bit 6.00

Derby Bandages, per set of four 5.00

Knee Boots, for protecting above and below the knee 10.00

Toe Boots, per pair 6.00

Spurs, per pair, from §1.00 to 6.00

Whips, Gutta Percha, 8 feet, $4.25; 4 feet 2.00

PERFORATED STOCKING.

Lcicin'i< Patent.
This Elastic Stocking is designed to be applied to the legs of horses, but Is es-
pecially invaluable to horses employed for Racing Puhposes. It supports the
muscles, tendons, cords, etc., and does away entirely with over.-strainlng and
spraining. It needs but a single trial to convince any horseman of its merits.
The ablest and most experienced trainers of both Runners and Tbottees pro-
nounce it invaluable. Sold only in pairs, at $G.00 per pair.

DOG COLLARS.

Leather Dog Collars, from 50 c. to $1.00

German Silver and Brass Dog Collars, from 60 c. to 2.00

WORKS ON THE DOG.

b The Dog ; by Dinks, Mayhew, and Hutchin.son. Illustrated and edited

by Frank Forester $3.00

r Mayhew's Treatise on the Dog 1-00

p Dogs and their Ways 1-50

z The Dog and the Gun 0.50

z Ricliariison on tlio Dog 0.50

h The Dog in Health and Disease 0.50

HORSE PICTURES.

Splendid Colored Lithographs, size 14x18. Price, 30 cents each, or the set of

fourteen for $3.50.

Ethan Allen and Mate, Dutchman,

Dexteb, Lady Fulton,

Goldsmith Maid, Hambletonian,

Ldcy, Flora Temple,

amekican gikl, occident,

Henry, Harry Bassett,

LADY Thokn, Longfellow.

NEW RACE HORSES.

Harry Bassett, with jockey waiting for the signal, size 25x33 $3.00

Harry Bassett and Longfellow, with jockeys, at full speed, size 25x33 3.0O

SPORTING_ PRINTS.

Beautifvlly Colored LitJiographs, for Scdoons, Hotels, etc., etc., etc.

ROAD AND TRACK SCENES.

Size 26x36, each |4.00.
A Stopping Place on the Koad.
Trotting Cracks at Home— A Model Stable.
Trotting Cracks at the Forge.
Going to the Trot — a Good Day and a Good Track.
Coming trom the Ti-ot— " Sports " on " Homestretch,"
Fast Trotters on " Harlem Lane. "
Speeding on the Avenue.

A Brush for the Lead — New York " Flyers " on Snow.
First Trot of the Season— To go as they please.

Size 25a;33, eoch $3.00.

Scoruig— Coming up for the Work.
A Brush on the Homestretch.
Won by a Neck.
Trotting Cracks on the Snow.

FAMOUS TROTTING HORSES.

Size 25x33, each |3.00.
The King of the Road— Dexter and Bonner.
American Girl and Lady Thorn.
Goldsmith Maid and American Girl.
John Stewart— 20-Mile Trot. To Wagon, 59 :23.
Billy Boyce— Pacer. To Saddle, 2 -.14:}^.
Dexter— To Sulky, 2 :17 '4.
Dexter and Ethan Allen and Mate, 2 :15.
Dexter— To Saddle. Time, 2 :18.
Dexter and Butler — To Wagons.
Dexter, Butler, and Toronto Chief— To Saddle.
Lady Thorn and Mountain Boy — To Sulkies.
Lady Thorn— To Wagon.
George Wilkes— To Wagon.

Hambletonian, the Sire of Dexter. In the Stable.
George M. Patchen, Jr. To Sulky.
Wilkes and Vanderbilt — To Wagons.
Gray Eagle (of Kentucky)— To Wagon.
Flora Temple and Hero— To Sulky and Wagon.
Mambrino Chamioion — In Stable.
Flora Temple and Princess — To Sulkies.
Flora Temple and Lancet — To Sulkey and Saddle.
Flora Temple anil Sonlag — To Wagons.
Ethan Allen and Patchen— To Wagons.
Ethan Allen and Mate, and Lantern and Mate.

Stella and Alice Gray, and Lantern and Whalebone — Double Team Eace.
Tony and Mac— To Saddles.
Great Double Team Trot — Jessie Wales and Darkness, and Honest Allen and

Kirkwood.
George Palmer to Sulky.

Eacli of these Prints has a fine Portrait of the Driver, icith Time,
day and date of the Matches, and beautifully colored.

EAOING SCENES.

Peytonla and Fashion running tlieir great race, size 25x33 $3.00

Jerome Parli Races — Saddling, 22x28 1.75

False Start, 22x28 1.75

The Race, 22x28 1.75

Returning to Weigh, 22x28 1.75

Curragh Kildare Races, 22x28 1.25

Flying Dutchman and Voltigeur— Running Race, 22x28 1.50

MISCELLANEOUS TROTTERS, etc.

* Lady Thorn and American Girl, 22x28 $2.25

* Dexter, Ethan Allen and Mate, 22x28 2.25

* Butler, Silas Rich, and Bashaw, Jr., 22x28 2.50

* Dexter— in Harness, driven by Hiram Woodruff, 22x28 2.00

* Dexter— To Wagon. Time, 2:17?^, 22x28 2.00

* Dexter— In the Stable (Chromo), 15x20 2.25

z Hambletonian— In the Stable (Chromo), 23x30 2.25

z Mambrino Pilot and Flora Temple— In the Field, 25x33 3.00

Hambletonian and Widow Machree — In the Field, 25x33 3.00

Ethan Allen and Pocahontas— In the Field, 25x33 3.00

"Four in Hand "—The Drive, 25x33 3.00

The Road in Summer, 25x33 3.00

The Road in Winter, 25x33 3.00

Going to the Trot, 22x28 2.50

Coming from the Trot, 22x28 2.50

A Stopping Place on the Road, 22x28 2.50

John Stewart — Twenty-Mile Trot to Wagon. Containing many Full Length

Portraits of Sporting Celebrities, including O'Baldwin, Joe Coburn,

Harry Hill, Bob Brettle, Ed. James and others, 25x33 3.00

A Crack Team at a Smashing Gait, 24x30 2.00

A Trot for the Gate Money, 24x30 2.00

A "Spill Out" on the Snow, 24x30 2.00

Size 25x33, each $3.00.

Flora Temple— To Sulky, 2 :19i^.
George M. Patchen— To Sulky.
Lady Suffolk— To Sulky.
Pocahontas — To Wagon, 2 :17>^.
Trustee — To Sulky. Twenty-Mile Trot.
Lexington— In the Field, 7 :19?^.

Lady Suffolk— To Saddle, 22x28. $1.50

Dutchman— To Saddle, 7 :32,'2, 22x28 1.50

DOGS, HORSES, STAGS, etc.

z Spaniel (12 in circle) $3.50

z Bull Dog " 3.50

zBightSort " 3.50

z Tan Terrier " 3.50

* Bell and Harry, 14x18 0.60

z Laying Down the Law, 23x35 7.00

z Hector and Juno, 22x28 2.00

z First Lesson in Ratting, 22x28 1.25

The Inundation— Dog and Pups, 19x24 0.50

z Huntsman and Hounds, 22x28 1.25

z Horses in a Storm, 22x28 1.25

z Members of Temperance, 21x30 2.50

Size 23a;28, each |1.25.
z Horse and Groom.
z Horse Fair.
z Hurdle Races, I. and II.
z Bayed Stag.
z Weighing the Deer,
z The Stag Hunt, I. and II.

GAME FOWL, BIRDS, etc.

. "he Poultry Yard 0.50

FIELD SPORTS AND GAME.

Size 35.r33, each $3.75.
American Field Sports—" On a Point."
American Field Sports — " Flushed."
American Field Sports-" Both Barrels."
American Field Sports — " Retrieving."
Camiiing in the Woods — " A Good Time Coming,"
Camping in the Woods — "Laying Off."
American Hunting Scenes—" An Early Start."

STANDARD WOEES ON THE
AMERICAN HORSE.

FOR SALE BY BOOKSELLERS AND NEWSDEALERS GENEEALLT.

Wallace's American Trotting Register, containing all that

is known of the PeiUiirees of Trotting Horses, tlioir ancestors and de.scendants,
with a record of all jniblished performnnces in which a mile was trotted or paced
in 2:40 or less, from tlie eailiest dates till the close of 1868, and a full record of the
performances of 1869 and ISTO. Giving complete summaries of over six thousand
contests. With an Introductory Essay on the true origin of the x\merican Trot-
ter. And a set of Rules for the Government of all trials of speed. By J. H. WAL-
LACE, compiler of Wallace's American Stud Book. Royal octavo. Post-paid,
Ten Dollars.

Prank Forester's Horse and Horsemanship of the United

states and British Provinces of North America. By HENRY WILLIAM HER-
BERT, in two superb royal octavo volumes, of I'JOO ])ages, with Steel Engraved
original Portraits of thirty celel)rated representative Horses. This Staud.ard His-
torical Work has been thorourrhly revised, newly written, compiled and ^lerfected
to the present time. By S. D. & B. G. BRUCE, Editors of the Turf, Field, and
Farm. Price, post-paid, Tkx Dollaus.

Wallace's American Stud Book. Volume one. Being- a

compilation of the pedigrees of American and Imported Blood Horses from the
earliest records, with an Appendix of all named animals without extended Pedi-
grees prior to the year 1840. And a Supplement, containing a hi.story of all Horses
and Mares that have trotted in public from the earliest trotting races to the close
of 18(j(i. By J. H. WALLACE. Royal 8vo, of over 1000 pages, elegantly bound in
exti'a cloth, beveled boards and spieiiadidly illustrated. Price, post-paid, $10.00.

Horse Portraiture. Breeding, Rearing, and Training Trotters.
Preparations for Races ; Management in the Stable ; on the Track ; Horso Life,
etc, etc. By JOHN CAIRN SIMPSON. Post octavo, post-]iaid, $3.00.— "The
most valuable work on the breeding, rearing, and training of Trotters ever pre-
sented to the American public." — Tuif, Field, and Farm.

The Horse in the Stable and in the Field : His Varieties,

Management in Health and Disease, Anatomy, Physiology, etc., etc. By J. H.
WALSH, F. R. C. S. (Stonehenge). Illustrated with one hundred and seventy en-
gravings, and with aU the most practical work on the subject. One largo 8vo vol-
ume. Price, post-paid, $3.50.

On Seats and Saddles, Bits and Bitting, and the Prevention

and Cure of Restiveness iu Horses. By FRANCIS DW YEll. By mail, post-paid,

12.00.

THE GENTLEMEN'S STABLE GUIDE. By Robert McCluke. . . . fl.25

THE FARMERS. BARN BOOK 1.50

HOMEOPATHIC VETERINARY PRACTICE 5.00

MAYHEWS ILLUSTRATED HORSE DOCTOR 3.00

MAYHEW'S ILLUSTRATED HORSE MANAGEMENT 3.00

O

Standard Works on Field Sports.

FISH AND FISHING, THE DOG, THE GUN AND AGRICULTURE.
Sent pout-paid on receipt of price.

Frank Forester's Field Sports of the United States and British

Provinces of North America, by Henry William Herbert. Emliraciiig the Game
of North America, Upland Shooting, Bay Shooting, Wild Sporting of the Wilder-
ness ; Forest, Prairie and Mountain Sports; Bear Hunting, Turkey Shooting, etc.
Fourteenth edition, revised and illustrated. Two post octavo volumes, $6.00."

Frank Forester's Fish and Fishing of the United States and

British Provinces of North America. 100 engravings and plate of 24 colored flies.
By Henry William Herbert. Embracing a full illustrated description of tlieGamo
Fish of North America, Trout and Salmon Fishing, Shoal Water and Deep Sea
Fishiug, Trolling, Fly Fishing, etc. 12th edition. I'postoctavo vol. §3.50.

Frank Forester's Complete Manual for Yonng Sportsmen, of

Fowling, Fishing and Field Sports. With directions for handling the Gun, the
Rifle and the Rod. Art of Shooting on the WiuLT. The Breaking, Management
and Hunting of the Dog. The Varieties and Habit of Game, River, Lake and Sea
Fishing. Prepared for instruction and Use of the youth of America. Post
octavo. $3.00.

Frank Forester's Game in its Seasons, fully illustrated and

described. New edition, post-paid, $3.00.

standard Works on i^ield Sports— (Continued).

GrUn, Rod, and Saddle. Personal Experiences. By"Ubique."

Nearly 50 Practical Articles on Subjects connected wit& Fishing, Shooting, Kac-
iug, Trotting, etc. $1.00.

The Dog. By Dinks, Mayhew and Hutcliinson. Compiled and
Edited by Frank Fore-ster. Containing full instructions in all that relates to the
breedinsr, rearing, breaking, kennelling and conditioning ot Dogs, -with valuable re-
ceipts for the treatment of all diseases. Illustrated. Post octavo. $3.00.

The Dead Shot ; or, Sportsman's Complete Guide ; beingaTreat-
iae on the Use of the Gnn, with Rudimentary and Finishing Lessons in the Art of
Shooting Game of all kinds. By Marksman. $1.75.

The Crack Shot ; or Young Rifleman's Complete Guide ; being a
Treatise on the Use of the Rifle, with Rudimentary and Finishing Lessons, in-
cluding a full description of the latest improved breech-loading weapons, rules,
and regulations for target practice, and directions for hunting game. By Edward
C. Barber. $1.75.

The Breeeh-Loader. By "Glean." Fully illustrated. $2.00.

Jacques' Manual of the Garden, Farm and Barn-yard.

Embracing the Cultivation of Vegetables, Fruit, Flowers, all Field Crops, Details
of Farm Work, and Hearing Domestic Animals. New and Revised Edition. 1 vol.
Post-paid. i$1.75.

Todd's Young Farmer's Manual. Vol. I. The Farm and the

"Workshop, with Piaclical directions for laying out a Farm, Erecting Buildings.
Fences, Farm Gates. Selecting good Farm and Shop Tools, and Performing Farm-
ing Operations. Fully illustrated. Post-paid. $1.75.

Todd's Young Farmer's Manual. Vol. II. How to make

Farming Pay, with full Details of Farm Management, Character of Soils, Plowing,
Management of Grass Lands, Manures, Farm Implements, Stock, Drainage, Plant-
ing, Harvesting, etc. Illustrated. Post-paid. 75c.

SLOW HOESES MADE FAST,

And Fast Horses made Faster.

Inclndin? all successful secrets of professional horsemen, exposures of fallacious
theories and faulty appliances, tricks of jockeys and frauds of the turf. A guide
to breeding, raising ami training trotter.s, as well as developing and improving
speed of all horses. The System laid down in this book is the one to which DEX-
TER owes his supremacy. ROBERT BONNER (editorial in N. T. Ledger) says:
" A series of very interesting and instructive articles."

"A very readable and profitable work for breeders and trainers of the trotting
horse. The work treats of the origin of the American trotter,*the high values ot
fast horses, large ])rotits from raising them, achievements of celebiated trotters,
improvement in the stock, how to produce the best trotters, training, shows how
good horses are spoiled by fallacious theories and faulty appliances, tells how to
make pacers trot, and how to take care of colts, and other matters." — N. Y. Herald.

" The interest which is taken, and which is daily increasing, in the improve-
ment of horse-flesh will render this volume an exceedingly acceptable one to many
people. * * * Cannot fail, through its leliability to become a standard authoritj-
among professional horsemen and amateurs." — N. Y. Express.

" A well written treatise on the history of the American trotter and on the best
method of developing sjieed, with the exposure of fallacies and tricks ot the turf."
— A'. Y. Evening Mail.

" By no means fulfills the promise in the title of a catchpenny publication, but is
a really instructive treatise on the most approved legitimate methods of develop-
ing the speed of horse-flesh. * * * Every m.an who is about to buy a horse had
better consult tliis little woik before deciding on his purchase." — N. Y. Tribune.

"A very valuable and well written treatise, giving sketches of several noted
horses, with pictures from photographs, and presenting a system for improving
the speed of horses which appears to us to be hased upon a clear common sense
view of the matter, anil which has been fairly treated, with unexampled results in
the case of DEXTER." — Pomeruy's Democrat.

Price, Cloth Binding, $1.00.

Address all orders,

JASON H. TUTTLE, Publisher,

78 NASSAU STREET, NEW YORK CITT.N. T.

THE ORANGE COUNTY STUD BOOK,

GIVING A HISTORY OF ALL

NOTED STALLIONS BRED AND RAISED IN ORANGE COUNTY.

Br J. H. REEVES, V. S.

TO WHICH IS ADDED A COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE HORSE,
IN ALL COUNTRIES, IN HEALTH AND IN SICKNESS, WITH A THOROUGH TREATISE ON HIS

Breeding, Breaking, Shoeing, and Curing.

ADDED TO WHICH IS GIVEN

A LIST OF THE BEST TROTTING HORSES AND FAMOUS RACERS IN THE

UNITED STATES.

This Book gives tJie History of All Stallions of Note Bred and Raised in
Orange County for the Past Thirty Tears.

It gives the svstem of breeding and raising colts by the best breeders in Orange
County. The only history of the celebrated stallioii HAMBLETONIAN, now 25
years old, and still seiviiig mares at the rate of §500 each; It gives the number of
mares served, the number of colts got each year, together with tlie price of service,
liroving him to be not only the sire of more colts, but the most profitable stallion
ill the world. It gives the history of the celebrated AMEIUUAN STAR from
birth to his death, in February, 1861, together with the numl)er of mares served,
tilt) number ot coits got each year, and the price got for service. The cross between
HAMBLETONIAN aiul STAR has produced tlie fastest and best trotters in the
world. This book commands the attention of all breeders, as Orange County is the
true Nursery of fast horses. It gives the practice of treating sick or lame horses
in Oiange County, with a large collection of recipes of ^reat benefit to all owners.
The record of all horses that trotted in 2:30 and under : also the late law introduced
by the Hon.E. il. Madden, regulating the breed of stallions in this State.

This work was written by the Doctor who has had over twenty years' experi-
ence in sick and lame horses. It gives his great secret of locating disease or lame-
ness with as much certainty as if the horse could speak. This secret has never
been published, ami is worth |100. His recipe for curing cril> and wind suckers;
his celebrated spavin and ring bone care ; his cure for quarter cracks and hoof-
bound horses ; how to m.ike an old horse api>ear and feel young; how to give a
sleek and glossy appearance; how to put a star on a horse's forehead, or t'o spot
him like circus horses; how to break ahorse from rubbing his tail ; his unrivalled
cure for poll-evil or fistula sores in this work; to properly shoo a horse; to cure
founder, wind galls or splints; a remedy for contracted hoofs ; certain cure for
scratche.s, and to rid a horse of worms. It contains everything of interest pertain-
ing to the horse ; how to cure broken knees, blind-staggers, colic, di.stemper, and
free discharge of urine, fresh wouud.s, fever, falling of the hair, hoof-evil or thi-u.sh,
heaves inflamed eyes, jaundice, lung fever, mange. How to make a horse feed well
that has lost appetite. How to cure stiff shoulders, spring-halt, and tell a horse's
age.

A wise man will look after the health and proper care of his horse. How many
valuable horse would be saved annually if this work was in the hands of every
horseman. If a horseman, your attention is earnestly called to this work. This
book, written by a native breeder, and endorsed by allhorsemen in Orange County,
will be sent, postage paid, on receipt of the price, |l ; 3 for $-2.50.

" This book is written in a plain unpretentious, but clear and interesting style —
not always rhetoiical. but generally logical. The book is worthy of a large sale. —
Middletown {N. Y.) Press.

TO AGENTS.
10 copies 17.00 I 25 copies ^16.25 | 50 copies $25.00

Address

JASON H. TUTTLE, Publisher,

78 NASSAU STREET. NEW YORK CITY. N. Y.

SUNDRIES.

DICE BOXES, best polished leather

$1 00

" " sole leather, large .... 75

" " " " medium .... 50

POCKET CARD CASES, best morocco ... 75

CHESS, or CHECKER BOARDS from 50 cts to . 6 00

IVORY CHESS MEN, per set, from $3.00 to . 25 00

BONE " " " from $2.00 to , . 5 00

WOOD " " " from $2.00 to . . 5 00

IVORY DOMINOES from $8.00 to . . 15 00

BONE " from $1.50 to . , 5 00

BOXING GLOVES, best quality, per set . . . 5 00

"TRUMPS" AMERICAN HOYLE ; OR GENTLE-
MAN'S HAND-BOOK OP GAMES.— Containing clear and
complete descriptions of the Games played in the United States,
with the American Rules for playing them; -over 500 pages, bound
in cloth. Price, $2.50.

THE MODERN POCKET HOYLE ; by " TRUMPS."—

Containing all the Games of Skill and Chance, played in this coun-
try at the present time being an " authority on all disputed points."
388 pages, paper covers. Price 75 cents. Bound boards, with
cloth back, $1.00.

SPAYTH'S AMERICAN DRAUGHT PLAYER; or the

Theory and Practice of the Scientific Game of Checkers. Simpli-
fied and Illustrated with Practical Diagrams. Containing upwards
of 1,700 Games and positions. Bound in cloth, gilt side and back.
Price, $3.50.

SPAYTH'S DRAUGHTS ; or CHECKERS for BEGIN-
NERS. Small octavo, cloth. Price, $1.00.

MARACHE'S MANUAL OP CHESS.— Containing Prelimin-
ary Games for beginner, fifty Openings of Games, "giving all the
latest discoveries of modern masters. Price, 75 cents

THE SCIENCE OP SELF-DEFENCE. A Treatise on Spar-
ring aiad Wrestling, including Complete instructions in training.
By Ned Price. Price, $1.00.

POKER CHIPS.

1 inch Ivory, Red and White, per hundred . . . $10 00
1 18 " " « « .... 12 00

1 3-4 " " « - .... 14 00

Composition Ivory—

1 1-2 inch, Red, White and Blue, will size up, per hundred 4 00
11-4 " ditto. Lined, per hundred . . . . . 4 50

Bone Cut to Measure, or size up —

1 inch, per hundred . . . . . . . . 3 00

11-8 inch " 5 00

11-4"" 7 00

13-8"" 9 00

11-4"" .... . . 12 00

Address all orders,

JASON H. TUTTLE, Publisher,

78 NASSAU STREET, NEW TOKK CITY, N. Y.

Dr. Backmon's Celebrated Horse Salve

» « •

Tested, Tried and Approved by the best known and

most Skillful Drivers, Trainers, Breeders and

Owners of

THOROUGHBRED, TROTTING and WORKING
HORSES.

Prepared by a Chemist of forty years' experience, under the direction of one of
the most famous practical Veterinary Surgeons in the world.

WHAT

Dr. Backmon's Celebrated Horse Salve

IS GOOD FOR.

IT INFALLIBLY CURES ALL DISEASES OF

The Hoof— Contracted Hoofs— Quarter Cracks— and every
kind of " Hoof Bound "—Scratches— Fresh Wounds
—Chafes— Broken Knees— Hoof Evil or Thrust
—Rubbing of Tail— Bites and Stings of
Insects— Chapped Heels— Titfasts
and Harness Galls— Mange-
Warbles.

SWELLED LEGS-CHAPPED HEELS-ORDINARY CUTTING-
SPEEDY CUTTING.

Good for every kind of Bruise, Cut, or Swelling that the Horse is

liable to, in which

EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS ARE PROPER.

Dr. Backmon's Celebrated Horse Salve

DRAWS OUT INFLAMMATION— ALLAYS ALL PAIN— SOFTENS
ALL HARD SWELLINGS— TENDS TO RESTORE CIRCU-
LATION—COATS OVER THE EXPOSED FLESH-
REDUCES STIFF CORDS AND TENDONS-
ACTS UPON STRAINED MUSCLES—
And brings about a Speedj' Relief.
This is not recommended as an infallible nostrum for every complaint "horse-
flesh is heir to." It is never intended to be taken internally. Its action is en-
tirely through the surface skin. It thus permeates into the part or parts imme-
diately and locally atfected, and thus never fails to

Give Relief at Once, in Cases, too, where Delay is
Dangerous.

DR. BACKMON'S CELEBRATED HORSE SALVE owes nothing of its
great success to paid-for pufls. It has won all its honors by its actual use. There
are other very fair salves in the market — good occasionally for '■ this or that "
complaint. But they are generally made up by Druggists who are only accu.;-
tonied to compounding salves for human beings, and who have no knowledge of
the anatomy, nature and habits of the horse. The most successful literary man
of the day, and the greatest railroad owner— both having stables of the swiftest
racers— iiivariablv keep a supplv on hand, and tliey have never known a better
article— a QUICKER OR SURER CURE ALL for the diseases above enumerated.
*^* Price, by mail, 50 cents ; 3 Boxes, $L25 ; |4.00 per dozen.
Address all orders,

JASON H. TUTTLE, Publisher,

78 NASSAU STREET, NEW YORK CITY, N". Y.

BOOKS ON THE HORSE,

Sent post-paid on receipt of price, by JASON H. TUTTLE, 78 Nassau
Street, N. Y.

Every Horse Owner's Cyclopedia $3. 75

Coleman's Pathological Horse Shoeing 2.00

Dadd's Modern Horse Doctor 1.50

Famous Horses of America 1.50

Harney's Barns, Outbuildings, and Fences 4.00

Jennings' Horse-Training Made Easy 1.25

Jennings on the Horse and His Diseases 1.75

McClure's Diseases of the American Horse, etc 2.00

Miles on the Horse's Foot 75

Bruce's Stud Book, 2 vols 20.00

Delisser's Horseman's Guide 1.00

Hanover's Law of Horses 4.00

HOW TO REMIT MONEY.

Checks on New York Banks or Bankers are best for large
sums, made payable to the order of JASON H. TUTTLE.

Post OflB.G3 Money Orders may be obtained at nearly every
count.y-seat, in all the cities, and in many of the large towns. We
consider them perfectly safe, and the best means of remitting fifty dol-
lars or less, as thousands have been sent to us without any loss.

Registered Letters are a very safe means of sending small sums
of money where P. O. Money Orders cannot be easily obtained. Ob-
serve, the Rer/istry-fee as well as postage must he 2'>nid at the office
where the letter is mailed, or it will be liable to be sent to the Dead
Letter Office. Buy and affix the stamps both for postage and registry,
put in the money, and seal the letter in the presence of the postmaster,
and take his receipt for it. Letters thus sent to us, are at our risk.

Write your letters plainly. Give the name of your Post OflBlce,
County, and State. Write your own name at thp bottom of your
letters.

Address the letter plainly and correctly to JASON H. TUTTLE, 78
Nassau Street, New York.

C. O. D.— Express Companies charge for the delivery of books
and for returning the money, and both must be paid by the party who
orders the books.

The Express charges, both ways^ on low-priced books, to remote
pai'ts of the country, are equal to, and sometimes double, the value of
the books ordered ; and the delay in returning money frequently ex-
tends over several mouths.

Where parties order books by Express C. O. D., five dollars must be
remitted with the order, and the balance, with charges both ways, will
be collected on delivery of the books.

Address all orders for any book or other article to

JASON H. TUTTLE, Publisher,

78 NASSAU STREET, NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.

Catalogue of Veterinary Instruments

FOR SALE BY

JASON H. TUTTLE,

78 Nassau Street, New York City, N. Y.

2a

Aneurism Needle, I 1 50

Antiseptic Atomiser. (Fig. 1) 15 00

Apparatus for singeing with alcoliol, without pipe, 5 00

with pipe, 7 00

Arm Protector, Rubber, 3 00

Artery Forceps, (Fig. 39 and 40, page 9) 3 50

Articulated Fole Hooks, blunt and sharp, each, 4 00

Balling Guns, brass 3 00

do. Goodwin's with soft end for Protection of Gums, 9 00
Balling Irons, for introducing balls with the hand. (Fig. 3). . 2 00
♦Bandages, Derby, four $1.00 4 dozen, 10 00

Jason II. Tattle's

Bistoury cacliee (Fig. 60), 10 incli., |8.00; 18 incli., lieavy $12 00

do. two bladed, 3 00

Bistouries, curved and straight, sharp and probe-pointed,.. eacli, 1 50
Blackwell's Apparatus, for horses' legs, producing num-
erous and constant streams of hot or cold water, to be attached
to a hydrant, or pump, or made to supply itself upon the

syphon principle, made of India Rubber, improved, (Fig. 3), . 8 00
Bone Forceps, for breaking out pieces of decayed bone. (Fig. 58,

page 13) $3.00 extra large, f) 00

Blood Sticks, hard wood, 0 50

do. filled with lead 3 50

Bog Spavin Truss, Prof. Going's. (Fig. 3rt) 7 00

Budding Iron, 1 50

Bullet Forceps, 2 75

*Caponizing Instruments, Farmer Miles, consisting of
Knife, Section Spreader and Ovary Forceps; in neat case, with

full directions $7.00; extra knife, fine, 10 00

Casting Hobbles, see Hobbles.

Carbolized Catgut Ligature, (thick) per liottle, 0 75

Castrating Clamps, with slide on handle, (Similar to Fig. 4), 6 50

do. with spring regulating raclc. (Fig. 4), 6 50

do. French, with ratchet in handle, (Fig. 32) 10 00

do. -with screw for closing caustic clams 4 00

do. with regulating rack for caustic clams, 4 75

do. Mink's 7 00

do. McKenzie's 8 00

do. House's latest, (Fig. 33) 10 00

do. William's, (Fig. 34) 7 50

Castrating Ecrasseurs, see Ecrasseurs.

Castrating Torsion Forceps, William's. (Fig. 35) 6 00

Castrating Knife, 2 00

Catheters, Elastic, for Horses, common, $1.50; best, wiih

coiled wire inside, 3 00

do. for Horses, with stilet whalebone, best, 5 00

cane, 2 75

do. for Mares, 1 25

do. soft metal, for Mares, 2 50

Cattle Trocars, 4 00

Catalogue of Veterinari/ Instruments.

*J

••*.

Jason H. Tuttle's

Cautery Irons, 9 patterns, plain, not polished, in handles, each $1 50
do. do. polished, without handles, 9 patterns, (Fig. 5)

each, 1 50

Ebony handle with fastening screw, for latter, 3 00

do. do. for pyropuncture, 3 50

do. do. with three changeable iron points 3 50

do. do. with platinum point, 4 00

do. Iron Forge, (Fig. 6) 7 50

do. Lamp, self-blowing, (Fig. 7) 7 50

CTiaiuSaw, (Fig. 36) 10 00

Chain Saw, extra heavy and strong, veterinarian's special, dental 12 50

do. do. Carrier, 3 50

Clinical Thermometers, see Thermometers.

Clippers, illustrations page 6.

Directions for xise. Currycomb and clean the horse well as
done ordinarily before clipping; oil the teeth and comb well
and work the clipper against the direction of the hair.

Always keep the teeth and joint well oiled and see that the
wrench, which prevents the screw from turning back, is well
tightened.

Clark's, (Fig. 8) 5 00

Phipp's and Burman's, self sharpening, (Fig. 57) 7 50

Extra parts for the above.

Reversible plates, per pair, $ 5 00

Upper handles, (left). 1 50

Lower " (I'ight) 1 15

Arched Springs 50

Bolt and thumb-nut, 60

The double set of teeth, the self -sharpening, the reversible
plates, the arched spring pressing the plates together firmly
and evenly, and the duplication of broken parts, are features
which are found in no other clipper, and which, joined to the
other admirable qualities of this clipper, render it the best in
the market.

*One hand, (Fig. 86) 5 00

♦Clipper, No. 1 Power Clipper, 1 75 00

* do. No. 2 Power Clipper, I, p.. f.. 50 00

* do. No. 3 Power Clipper, f^^ ^^- ^"' 35 00

* do. No. 4 Power Clipper, J 50 00

Further information given about Power Clippers on

demand.

Catalogue of Veterinary Instruments,

Jason H. Tuttle's

67 \^

m

9

£>

Clipping Combs, horn, 60c.; steel, $1.50; German silver, $1 25

Clipping Shears, $1 25 and 1 50

Coecum Trocars, 3 00

Comb for Manes 75

Copeman's Needles, 3 in one handle. (Fig. 9) 3 00

Crotchets, 3 00

Dental forceps, saws and files, see 'Tooth.'
Delaford's graduated Lancet and grooved Spatula,

for Inoculating Cattle, in cast' 7 50

Directors, 75

Dissecting Case, contains: 3 Ebony Scalpels; Scissors; Forceps;

Blowpipe; Set Chain Hooks, Tenaculum. Mahogany Case, . . 5 50

Catalogue of Veterinary Instruments.

12

Dissecting Case, contains ; 4 Scalpels, Scissors, Forceps, Saw,

Cartilage Knife, Blow pipe. Needle and Silk, $12 00

Dissecting Forceps, (Fig. 10) 1 00

Docking Shears, 3 00

Drenching Horn, tin, Patent, (Fig. 11a) 1 00

Drenching Horn, J. R. & Go's. (Fig. 11). This has been
devised with a view to obviate all difficulty in administering
fluid medicine to horses and cattle. It consists of two compart-
ments, A and B ; B communicating with the metal tube B, and
A with the soft rubber hose A. The vessel B is to hold the
medicated fluid and A hike wann water which may be fllled
in through C. The soft rubber hose A is introduced Into one
of the nostrils, and the metal tube B into the mouth; the horn
is then to be tilted upwards, when the water will enter the
nostril, force the animal to swallow and take the medicine
without diflBculty. Price 3 00

Jason H. Tvttlen

Ecrasseurs, Maisonneuve's curved (Fig. 12), $20.00 ; extra

lieavy $24 00

do. Maisonueuve's extra fine, straight and curved

attachment, with two chains and four strengtlis

of wire rope 36 00

do. Chassaignac's, large curved, castrating (Fig. 13) 27 00
do. do. small, for polypus, and castra-
ting small animals, 20 00

do. Fanner Miles', (Fig. 14) 20 00

do. Wire small $6.00; very long, 10 00

do. Improved with regulating wheel and ratchet,. . 18 00

Elastic Catheters, see Catheters.

Exploring Trocar. (Fig. 37) 1 50

do. do. with exhausting bulb, 2 00

Eye Speculum. (Fig. 38) 1 50

do. with Set screw, 4 00

Fleams, plain 1 bladed, $1.25; 2 bl., $1.50, 3 bl. 1 75

do. extra fine, . . nickelplated, 1 bl., $2.00, 2 bl., $2.50, 3 bl. 3 00
See also ' ' Knives. "
Floats, see " Tooth Rasps."

Fole Hooks, plain, ( vi a. i i n • i i , ) 3 00

^ ' < blunt and shaiT), 9 inch, long, each, >

do. articulated, \ ' ^ ) 4 00

Foot Forceps, for testing strength, McCluer's, 7 00

Forceps, artery. (Fig. 39 and 40) 2 50

Forceps, Torsion. (Fig. 44) 3 00

do. Dressing. (Fig. 41) . . .» $2.50 arid 3 00

do. Dissecting. (Fig. 10) 100

do. Polypus. (Fig. 41) $2.00 and 3 25

do. Castrating, Williams'. (Fig. 35) 6 00

do. Bullet, 2 75

do. Dental for Wolf-teeth, 9 inches 3 50

do. do. 15 inches, larger, 5 50

do. do. small 7 1-2 inches, 1 75

Gum Lancet, 1 50

Herniatome, 12 00

Hobbles, 25 00

Our Hobbles are of the latest and most practical style ; by
the withdrawal of a small bolt, they drop off and the horse is
instantly released.

Horse Catheters, see Catheters.
It

Catalogtte of Veterinary Instrrnnents.

Jason 11. Tuttle's

Hypodermic Syringes. (Fig. 15) $5 00

Hysterotome (Fig. 60), 10 inches, $8.00; 18 inches 12 00

Injecting Pump, Reed's in case, best, 25 00

Inoculating Needle, 2 25

Knives, (see also Bistouries and Scalpels),

Drawing, or Hoof, Semi-circular, "Farrier's," U. S. A.

i $1 and 125

I do. Various other shapes, sharp pointed and bent

, over in stiff handles, $1.50 1 75

do. closing in handle, for pocket 1 50

Set of two different sized curved and one sharp pointed
double edged Drawing Knives, fitting in one spring

handle, 6 00

Set of 13 Hoof Knives, fitthig in one handle, in leather case 18 00

Sage, various patterns $1.50 1 75

Embrvotomy, in hard rubber handle, with concealed slid-
ing spring blade (Fig. 42) 3 50

Embryotomy, with ring for holding on finger (Fig. 43). . . 1 75

Castrating 2 00

*Fanuer Miles', 4 bladed. Castrating 7 00

Manifold combination Instrument, containing: 2 fleams, 1

drawing-knife, 1 bistoury and 1 probe 3 00

Nerving set of three, two with upward and lateral blunt
projection right and left and probe-pointed curved

knife, each, 2 00

Nerving, Fleming's, with eye near point (Fig. 45) 2 00

Periostotomy Knife 1 50

Pricking, spring back,. .1 bladed, $2.25, 2 bladed, $3.00,

3 bladed, • 3 75

Nicking, 1 75

Lactometer, 1 00

Lamp for illui^iinating mouth, nasal, rectal and vaginal cavities

(Fig. 53) ^ $7.00; incase. 9 00

See also Student's Lamp.

Lancets (Fig. 4G) 75

Leg Spreader for Castrating, Farmer Miles',

Mane Combs 75

Marine Lint, the best anti-septic, expressly prepared for sur-
gical purposes, per lb. 75

*Medicine case. (Fig. 16) 17 00

Various styles, from $5.00 to $23.00.

Milk Tubes, each, 1 50

Mouth Speculum, with screw, Varnell's, (Fig. 17) 12 00

Nasal Irrigator, tln^ , 2 50

J

Catalogue of Veterinary Instruments.

Jason H. Tutile'a

Needles, straight, half curved and full curved, each 15c. ; per

doz $1 50

do. into which soft wire is to be screwed, each, 50

Soft lead wire for same, per coil, 35c. and 45

Needles, Copeman's, 3 to screw on one handle. (Fig. 9) 3 00

do. new set of three (Fig. 54) 3 CO

Needle Holder, slide fastening, 3 50

do and Wire Nipper, 3 50

Needle Holder, Russian. (Fig. 18) 4 00

Nose Elevator, 1 00

Nose Speculum, 3 75

Opthalmoscopes. (Fig. 19) ^3.50 and 4 50

do. to fasten on head to have hands free, accord-
ing to size, $6.00 to 9 56

Palet Lancet, with slide catch 3 00

Parturition Instruments : Repulsor ) r ;„ „n „„„i on •„ ^

CT /^i • 4. ■ 1 X 1 1 f 5 in all, each 30 in. long,

Sling-Carrier, straight and curved, ^ „ i q nn

Sharp and Blunt Hook, ) ^^'^^'' ^ ""

Parturition Set, consisting of repeller with two lateral articu-
lated prongs on one end; convenient handle on the other, in
one piece, 39 inches long; and a blunt and sharp hook screw-
ing on one handle, each 36 inches long when screwed together, 22 00

Periostotomy Set, Spooner's, containing: 1 curved blunt pointed
Seaton Needle, one small probe-pointed convex Bistoury; 1
large probe-pointed concave Bistoury; 1 double-edged knife
and 3 needles, 10 00

Pessary, inflating, for mares and cows. (Fig. 20) 6 00

Planes, Charlier's, for shoeing a la Periplantaire, — 3 50

Polypus Forceps. (Fig. 41) $2.00 and 3 25

Porte Meche, 50

Porte Caustic, ordinary, all hard rubber, 75c; h. r. and silver,. . 1 25
Porte Caustic, new, self-holding, incorrodible platinum and

aluminum. (Fig. 56) 8 50

Post Mortem Case, Liautard's, 15 00

Post Mortem Set, containing : Saw, Strong Knife, Cartilage

Knife, Chisel, Scalpels, 2 Scissors, Hooks, Forceps, Blowpipe,

and Needles, in strong case. (See also "Dissecting Cases.").. 25 00

Probangs, of cane, $4. 50, Whalebone. 9 00

do. covered with leather, for cattle, with cane stilet.

(Fig. 21) 16 00

Probes, long, plated, in two parts to screw together (Fig. 62), . . 1 25

do. long, whalebone, 75c. : lead 50

I

Catalogue oj Veterinary Instruments.

Jason II. TuUle's

Reed's Injecting Pump, in case, best, $25 00

Bowling Scissors, 2 00

*Saddle Bags. Improved Physician's. (Fig, 23.) Made of the

black bridle leatlier, 20 ground stoppered vials, 12 00

do. 24 ground stoppered vials 13 00

This bag is entirely rivetted, and the boxes containing the
bottles are made of tin. It also has a watershed protecting
the whole contents from rain.

Saws, Bone 5 00

do. For separating horse's teeth. (Fig. 47) 1 50

J. C. Myer's Saw, with screw, fastening on a handle of usual
length, as also on a rod 30 inches long, for separating the
bones of the pelvis in cases of dystocia dependent upon pos-
terior presentation 3 50

Scalpels, two-bladed 3 00

Scissors .straight, $1.25, curved, 1 75

Seaton. Needles, plain 6, 9, and 12 inches. . ..75c., $1.00 and 1 25

do. blunt, probe-points $1.00 and 1 50

do, in protecting horn handle, (Fig. 63) 1 75

do. 2 and 3 parts to screw together . . $2. 75 and 3 50

do. Frog, S form, in two parts 2 75

do. Frog, semi-circular, 6 inches 2 50

do. Dog, plain 1 50

do. Hock 3 75

Serrefine's steel 75

*Student's Lamp, best (Fig. 55) $5.00; nickel-plated, 6 00

*Suspending Slings, for small and medium horses. (Fig. 23) 18 00

do. for any size horse 20 00

Without pulleys and ropes, which can be had to suit at any

hardware store. We can supply the same for 9 00

Silk, ordinary, per skein 10

do. one size on card 35

do . four sizes on card 75

do. heavy in rolls 35

Spring Lancets, in case, plain. (Fig. 24) 2 50

do. guarded, in case 3 00

Standards, plain 6 00

Standards and walkings cane combined $12.00 and 14 00

Catalogue of Veterinary Instruments.

Jason II. Tuttle's

Stethoscopes, plain. (Fig. 25) $1 50

do. iu two parts screwing together 2 00

Stomach Tubes, elastic 7 50

Suture Pins per dozen, 50

Syringes, White metal. (Fig. 26.) In box, 24 oz. $3.00,

36 oz. $4.00, 48 oz 5 00

do. Hard Rubber, in box, 24 oz 7 50

do. Fine Brass, iu box, 24 oz 12 50

Taxidermists' Cases $4.00 and 11 50

Therraometers, Fever, plain, in cases (Fig. 27) 2 50

do. self- registering, in case. (Fig. 28). 4 in.,

$3.00, U in 3 50

"We have lately made arrangements by -n-hicli we can supply with any
thermometer (of our or other manul'acture) a certificate staling its diversions,
If any, from the correct scale. The test, that preparatory to this the thermom-
eters are subjected to, is equal to the most careful and reliable that can be
made. Thermometers with a certificate from us are preferable to any " war-
ranted " or " tested," as such bone fide statements cannot be as desirable as a
true statement of diversions. The price of the certificate is $1.00. Thermome-
ter Fig. '/8 if kept on hand with and without certificate.

Thoroughpin Truss, Prof. Going's $10 00

Thumb Lancets, (Fig. 46) 75

Tooth Chisel, Prof. Going's. (Fig 29) 17 50

do. do. French 14 00

do. Forceps, for Wolf -teeth, 9 inches 3 50

do. do. large 15 inches 5 50

do. do. small 7 1-2 inches 1 75

do. do. large, with closing screw. (Fig. 59) 24 00

do. Cutting Forceps, Liautard's, large, hooked so as to

prevent slipping 26 00

*do. Rasps, stiff handle, plain 1 75

*do. do. guarded, (Fig. 30) 3 75

*do. do. jointed handles, plain 3 00

*do. do. do. guarded 3 75

do. do. Adjustable (Fig. 31a), stiff handle 3 00

do. do. do. unscrewing (Fig. 316) 4 00

do. Extra files for same. (Fig. 31c) each, 40

do. File, plain, for front teeth 1 00

do. File, in handle, for front teetji 3 00

do. Saw, small. (Fig. 47, page 15) 1 50

do. Saw, bow, 3 blades. (Fig. 48, page 18) 6 50

Tooth Knife and pick, heavy for teeth, bones and gums. Hurl-
hurt's. (Fig. 49, page 18) 2 00

Tooth-cutting Forceps, small, according to size. (Fig. 51, 51a),

$3.00, $5.00 7 50

House's Tooth Forceps, bayonet curve 4 00

do. do. do. long and heavy, with sectional handles 24 00
do. do. Cutting Forceps, long and heavy, with sectional
handl&s 24 00

House's Cutting Forceps, for lower grinders 7 00

Catalogue of Vetei^inary Instruments.

Jason II. Tuttle's

House's Tootli- Cutting Forceps, for front teeth. (Fig. 61).

do. do. do. do. for separating teetli

do. Dental Hook

do. Tooth-file for front teeth ,

Tracheotomy Tubes, metal, plain

do. hard rubber

do. self -retaining. (Fig. 52 page k)

do. Liautard's

The part A, which is shown separately, is removable to
enable introduction.

Trephine, conic. (Fig. 50)

Trocar, Coecum

Trocar, Exploring. (Fig. 37 page i) $1.50 and

Trocar for Sheep, with three canulas, with side and front

holes

do. plain, for sheep, with cap

do. plain, for cattle

do. Hyovertebrotomy

Urinometer

$7 00
7 00
2 00
1 00

4 00

4 00

6 CO

15 00

4 00
3 00
2 00

3 50

4 00
8 00
2 00

Catalogue of Veterinary tnstrumenis.

IMPORTED POCKET-CASES.

Twofold Ca'^e, (French,) containing : Scalpel, two-bladed Fleam, Scis-
sors curved on flat, Artery Forceps, Director, Seaton Needle in to parts.
Lancet, Needles, and Silk $20 00

Fine Two Flap Stolid Frame Case, (French,) containing Sage Knife,
two-bladed Fleam, Artery Forceps, Drawing Knife, Lancet, Seaton
Needle in 3 parts, Director, Scissors curved on flat, Scalpel, Finger
Knife, Needles, Pins and Silk 30 00

T'lvofolU Case, (English,) contains: Plain Probe with eye, New Nerving
Knife, Lancet, Rounding Scissors, Straight Scissors, Spatula, Exploring
Trocar, Curved Bistoury, Castrating Knife, Scalpel, Nicking Knife,
Director 22 00

Threefold, (English,) containing: 2 Fleams, straight Scissors, Seaton
Needle lu horn protection, 2 Lancets, Director and Scoop, Spatula, Cas-
trating Knife, Rowling Scissors, Probe-pointed Bistoury, Aneurism Nee-
dle and Tenaculum, Dressing Forceps, Scalpel, Drawing Knife, Needles
and Silk 30 00

Fine Threefold Case, (French,) containing: Castrating Knife, three-
bladed Fleam, Scissors curved on flat, Artery Forceps, Director, Scalpel,

2 Drawing Knives, Finger Knife, Dressing Forceps, I'orto Caustic, Sea-
ton Needle in three parts, 3 Sage Knives, 2 Lancets, Needles and Silk. . . 32 00

£xti-a Fine Threefold Case, (French,) containing: Castrating Knife,
three-bladed Fleam, Scissors curved on flat, Artery Forceps, Long
shank probe-pointed Bistoury, Trocar, Finger Knife, Seaton Needle
closing in handle. Frog Seaton Needle in 2 parts, Seaton Needle in 3
parts, Scalpel. Director, Retractor, Straight Bistoury, Dressing Forceps,
Porte Caustic, Tenotomy Knife, Fenaculum, 6 assorted drawing Knives,

3 Lancets, Needles and Silk 50 00

liiautard's Hoof Operalinj; Set, Right Sage Knife, Left Sage Knife,

double edge Sage Knife, 2 Drawing Knives of assorted sizes. Searching
Knife, Plain Spring Forceps, Scissors curved on flat. Director, Silver
Probe; in mahogany box 16 00

r^IAUTARD'S MEIUCIIVE CASE.

lilantard's Medicine Chest and Instrument. Cnse combined.

6 Two-oz. Glass 8toi)p9red Bottles, 2 Glass Jar for Ointments, Balling
Iron, Elastic Catheter.

In Drawer IS.
Right Sage Knife, Left Sage Knife, double edge Sage Knife, 2 Drawing
Knives of assorted sizes, Searching Knife, Plaster Spatula.

In I>ra\ver A.
Scalpel, straight edge, slide catch, Scalpel, convex edge, slide catch, 8
Assorted Lancets, Coecum Trocar, Dog Seaton Needle, Plain Artery For-
ceps, Grooved Seaton Needle In two parts. Scissors curved on flat. Direc-
tor, Porte Caustic, U. S. iyring*. with extra coue fitting into tlie cauula
S

Jason IT. Tiittle's

of the Coecum Trocar. Put up in a strong wood frame case, covered

wltli black russet leather, having a handle on the top of the cover $55 00

When desired the above case is also furnished without the contents of

the drawer A 34 50

Or the same will be filled with such instruments as the purchaser may select

J. H. T'S POCKET CASES.

Twofold Pocket Case, contains: Scalpel, sharp-pointed Blitoury,
Lancet, one-blado Fleam, Tenaculum, straight Scissors, plain Artery
Forceps, double-edged Hoof Knife, Seaton Needle, plain Probe to un-
screw, in 2 parts, 4 needles, and Silk $15 00

Threefold Pocket Cuse, contains: 2 different Scalpels, 2 different
Bistouries, Tenaculum, Lancet, one-blade Fleam, Hoof Knife, single
edge. Hoof Knife, double edge, Seaton Needle, to unscrew, 3 parts.
Probe, to unscrew, 2 parts. Curved Scissors, Dressing Forceps, plain
Artery Forceps, i Needles, and Silk $24 00

Pocket Cases in all varieties made up to order.

THE NEW SET OP INSTRUMENTS EOR CLOSINO-
QUARTER CRACKS IN HOOPS.

(From the " Spirit of the Times.")

Our attention has recently been called to an Improved method of closing cra-
cks and fissures in Ihe horse's hoof. The drawing will indicate the form of the
apparatus, which consists essentially of two parts; an instrument for punctur-
ing the hoot'— a powerful pair of forceps for compressing the ends or points
of the clamps into the hoof. Punctures on each side of the crack in the wall

of hoof are effected by the cautery at rod heat, to a sufficient depth to Insure
secure hold of tlio clamp, which by ra^ans of the forceps, is first pushed firmly
Into the punctures made by the cautery, and then the ends of the clamps
are carefully compressed by the forceps, using no greater force than the
animal will bear without pain. We have used these clamps in a number of
cases with complete success.

FORCEPS, $G.50

riRIIVG IROIVS, 2.50

CliAMPS, per dozen, O.50

Forceps avKIi -which tvro sizes of clamps

can he compressed, 12.S0

Tvro Firluff Irons for latter, 4.50

t

Catalogue of Veterinary Instruments.

AUZOUX'S CLASTIC MODELS.

RELATING TO VETERINARY ANATOMY,

IMPORTED TO ORDER BY

JASON H. TUTTLE,

78 Nassau Street, New York City, N. Y.

We allow 20 per cent, from the prices below and a deposit to be given with the
order amounting to cibout 30 per cent, of its value.

Clastic anatomy is distinguished from all other substitutes that have
hitherto been invented to supply the want of natural preparations.

1. — By its extraordinary strength and durability;

2. — By the nature of its composition;

8. — By its mode of fabrication;

4. — By the possibility of furnishing any kind of models;

5. — By the possibility of detaching all the parts, one after another, as
would be done by the most skillful dissector, and replacing them
with the same facility;

6. — By the possibility of showing all the details, even the most min-
ute, which enter into the composition of each animal;

7. — By the possibitity of reproducing, in gigantic proportions, the or-
gans and details invisible to the naked eye.
These models are made with a special preparation, which, when

newly composed, is run into moulds; during this process it takes on

the most delicate impressions, and afterwards, when thoroughly dry,

acquires a remarkable degree of lightness and elasticity, combined

with a degree of strength equal to that of wood.

34. Arab horse, complete anatomy, exhibiting more than 3,000
details decomposing into 97 pieces; showing on one side the
superficial muscles, nerves, and vessels; on the other, the
same removable, separately, as in a dissection, from the
superficial layer to the skeleton; splanchnic cavities contain-
ing their viscera, which also may be removed and studied
separately. This new model of the horse has been adopted
in French cavalry regiments, and in all the veterinary and
agricultural schools. It has also been purchased by several
foreign governments as an efficacious means of disseminat-
ing anatomical and physiological knowledge, indispensable

to the art of horse breeding $3,100 50

Stand, spatula, descriptive pamphlet, and case 52 50

35. The same, less complete, showing on one side the muscles,
nerves and vessels of the superficial layer; on the other, the
middle layer and the organs in their respective cavities,
separable as in the complete model 1,050 00

Stand, spatula, descriptive pamphlet, and case 52 50

a, . - "

Catalogue of Veterinary Instruments.

86. Thirty Maxillae, or jaw bones, displaying correctly the age
of the horse at every period of life, with examples of such
malformations as may make the horse appear older or
younger 105 00

37. Plate, displaying in relief the shape and structure of all the

teeth of the horse 8 00

88. Fourteen maxillse, or jaws of an ox, displayiny correctly its

age 52 50

89. Swellings of tlu bones. Leg of sound horse, divested of the
skin and amputated 8 inches above the ham, from which
different portions of bone may be removed and replaced by
diseased specimens. These, to the number of 13, show in
various degrees of development, the osseous swellings
known as spavin, curb, ringbone , etc 53 50

40. Leg of a horse divested of the skin, with swellings of the

bones in place 26 25

41 The same, covered by the skin, with models of all the

various swellings of the bones in place 26 25

43. Leg of a horse in a he althy state, covered by the skin 26 25

48. Skeleton of the leg of a horse, 13 distinct bones, each Sepa-
rately removable 26 25

44. Soft swellings of the leg of a horse; the limb divested of
the skin, in one-half its extent, the skin preserved in the
remainder, with instances of soft swellings, windgalls, thor-
ough pins, and capellets $26 25

45. Foot of a horse, showing the disposition of the hoof, the
" podophillons," tissue, the vessels, nerves, etc., (all those

parts taken to pieces) 26 25

The same with the hoof, separating after the manner of
Bracy Clark; showing also the parts to hold the shoe of
Charlier's pattern 34 00

45 Us Model of Normal horse's foot, made of Plaster of Paris. . 12 00

46. Horse's hoof, separable, according to the plan of Bracy

Clark, into the wall sole, frog, and periople 8 00

The same; illustrating the shoeing of Charlier 10 50

47. Pelvis of mare, dry bones 26 25

48. Uterus of mare, empty, with internal and external append-
ages, Fallopian tubes, ovaries, etc, , the whole fitting into the
pelvis 42 00

49. Uterus of cow, empty, with its appendages 42 00

50. Uterus of cow, with the product of conception at the 4th
month 53 50

Jason H. TutUe's Catalogue.