» • J D EDO? 1SA2T35 D California State Library ■« ry horticulture ESTABLISHED 1888 stockraising AGRICULTURE - - ^ w . w _ _ POULTRY AND VITICULTURE I RRIG AT I O N ^OtTNTR^IFE Volume XXV $1.00 a Year JANUARY, 1913 Price 10 Cents / No. 1 COUNTRY LIFE PUBLISHING COMPANY, 162 POST STREET, SAN FRANCISCO 1 S FRUIT growing a gamble with you, Mr. Orehardist 1 Are you continually wondering if your crop of fruit will be big and clean? Why not do away with this uncertainty? Use Universal Orchard Sprays They penetrate. They go deep into the bud clusters and kill the eggs as well as the in sec L The result is a big and clean crop of delicious fruit We want you to try these wonderful sprays. Once you use them you'll never have any other- OCR SERWCE DEPARTMENT will /raefe a,J (U haying trouHe with their Orchard Petti. In writing give fullest detail*. laacctM** 1 Vp..n bms( P VI 1 K JONES. Entomolocbt Write for Our Free Book on Spraying Balfour. Guthrie & Co. 3 SO California Str*rt San Fraaciic*, Cal. ORCHARD SPRAY IMC NEW C. L B. Gas Tractors With High and Wide Wheels Will Plow harrow, seed or har- \ est when your ground is in proper condition. Mushing a Crop in is against pro\en methods of to-day. THE NEW C. L. B PERFECTED ALL STEEL GAS TRACTOR IS BACKED BY A YEAR'S GUARANTEE A Home Company — a California Product. Sold Strictly on the Appro* al Basis THE C. L. BEST TRACTION CO. fa opr ratine (he lamest Hcsscmci Steel Plant on the Coast. This is the reason wr make an all-steel tractor. W e know and can vouchc lot ex en piece of metal that noes into the machine Watch for the New C.1.11 70 H.P. "TRACK" Engine— something better, more surface, more power, more serviceable, less upkeep. Ab- solutely all steel, all enclosed gear*, mounted on springs. Will be on demonstration within sixty days. A complete self-laving track engine, built entirely for the C. L. BEST GAS TRACTION CO.'S PLANT. We solicit orders for steel castings and steel work in any quantities and weight, one piece not to exceed 8000 lbs. Prices can be had on application. C. L BEST GAS TRACTION CO. ' T OAKLAND, CAT. PIERSON, MEAD & CO. AJAX Gas Traction ENGINE The best traction engine on the market to-day; uses distillate or gasoline. Turns in its own length and has plenty of power for all purposes. Has a power steering device and will operate on tule or sale grass lands. Fully guaranteed. PIERSON, HEAD & CO. are expert installers of high- grade pumping machinery driven by electric motors or as engines. All the ma- hinery we handle is of true nd tried merit. All Installation* Fully Guaranteed ESTIMATES AND CATALOGUES SENT FREE UPON REQUEST PIERSON, HEAD & CO. GRAY Gasoline or Kctosene ENGINE The Gray Engine shown here is the best and most serviceable all-'round gas en- gine the farmer can buy for the same money. It will do everything on the farm except threshing and filling the silo. Light enough to be portable and will last ,i hu-iimi' I \ii\ Giay Kngine is gnat antccd against defects in material and workmanship. PIERSON, HEAD & CP 37 CALIFORNIA STREET, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL Orchard and Farm IRRIGATION Established 1888 JANUARY, 1913 Copyrighted Country Life Publishing Co. Editors may use by giving usual credit. A Quarter of a Century Has the Year Been Profitable? YyiTH THIS ISSUE Orchard and Farm begins the twenty-fifth year of its life. Great changes have taken place in the agriculture of the Pacific Coast since the first number appeared. When Orchard and Farm was first established the floors of the great val- leys of the Coast States were planted almost wholly with wheat. Year after year great crops of this cereal had beln harvested from the same land, with no thought of replenishing the soil. This method of farming was beginning to have its effect, and the yearly wheat output was rapidly decreasing. The wheat was deteriorating and the land was unable with this crop to give an adequate return on the farm value. Irrigation companies were being or- ganized and water was being put on some small tracts of land in the interior valleys with surprising results. Diversi- fied farming on California lands came into vogue with irrigation. Added in- terest was given to orchard planting. This marked the end of the grain era and the beginning of intensive and scientific farming in the West. At this time the soil products of the State amounted to about one hundred millions of dollars yearly. For the year just closed the farmers of California have received for their crops over six hundred millions of dollars. The fruit output of California a quarter of a cen- tury ago required about seven thousand cars to transport it. Now over one hun- dred thousand cars are needed to haul the products of California's orchards to the markets of the world. The California farmers have produced, and are now producing, the bulk of the wealth of the State. Twenty-five years ago the actual wealth of the State, as compiled by the assessors of the various counties, was two billion and fifty-seven million dollars. Today the actual wealth is estimated at six billion five hundred million dollars. This shows a gain in a quarter of a century of four billion and four hundred and forty-four mil- lion dollars. The per capita wealth is approximately two thousand eight hun- dred dollars. The American farmer — and this in- cludes the California farmer — is fast coming into his own. For years the man on the soil was scarcely recognized except by the politician at election times and the bankers when the interest was due, but now he is looked upon as the greatest producing factor in the nation. Figures show it. During the year .just closed the American farmer poured into the lap of the world products valued at ten billions of dollars. This crop of 1912 was the banner crop of American farms. It was an increase of about thirty per cent over the year previous and about eleven per cent over the best bumper crop of history. While the American farmer and the California farmer have progressed and prospered, Orchard and Farm has kept pace with the procession. This paper, when it made its first appearance, con- sisted of four pages. Scientific farm- ing, or "book farming," as it was then called, was not looked upon with favor by the old tillers of the soil, who were content to follow the old methods of their forefathers. Soil was soil and it was all treated alike. Seed was scat- tered broadcast over the ground with little preparation or care given to the seed bed. Most any grain that was given the name of seed was used, and if the crop was a failure it was due to the vengeance of either God or the devil. If the crop was fair or good, the farmer took full credit for it. For years the agricultural methods advocated by Orchard and Farm met with little response. But a change grad- ually came and in the last decade the strides made have been marvelous. To- day the Pacific Coast can show land in the highest state of development and tilled and cropped in the most scientific manner. It can show the most intensely cultivated land in the world, and it can show the most modern and most ad- vanced farming methods practiced. Land valued at prices that a few years ago seemed fabulous is being made to produce good returns on the valuation. For a long time after Orchard and Farm started on its existence its read- ers were numbered by hundreds. Now they are counted by thousands, and the increase is rapid. Advertisers at first did not look upon a farm paper with much favor as an advertising medium. The farmer was eking out an existence. He was gen- erally in debt a quarter of a century ago, and the country merchants were supplying him with the necessary gro- ceries and other supplies from one crop season to another, charging fancy prices for the risk of bad accounts, and hoping to get their pay when the grain was harvested. In the first issue of Orchard and Farm there appeared only one small advertisement. It consisted of but half a dozen lines. It was that of Luther Burbank, who was at that time known only as a nurseryman at Santa Eosa. He was offering a choice line of peach, pear, prune and apple trees for sale. Mr. Burbank has been almost a contin- uous advertiser in Orchard nad Farm and there is some difference between the first advertisement and the an- nouncement he makes on the back cover page of the present number. With ad- vanced ideas and scientific methods in agriculture the farmer began to pay cash for his groceries. He opened a bank account and today he owns about 70 per cent of the automobiles in the State, for which he has paid cash. With the new order of things the merchant has begun to seek the farmers ' trade and the farm paper has developed into the medium in which this merchant's advertising is most effective. The cow, to do her best in milk pro- duction, should have at least one-flfth of her feed nitrogen. ]LJOW DO YOU STAND at the close of the year? Has your farm re- turned to you more than you expected on it? If you have made money, how much? If you have lost, how much are you behind, and why? Every farmer should keep accounts. Good accounts are as useful to the farmer as to the business man, since farming is a business the same as banking or any other commercial en- terprise. Farm bookkeeping does not require that the account be kept in a particular form or upon a certain side of the page, but is a logical selection and arrangement of farm data to per- mit correct interpretation. The difficulties of farm bookkeeping are generally overestimated, an entirely wrong impression being held by many people on this subject. Complex forms and methods do not always mean suc- cessful farm accounting, for sometimes a few pages of well-selected records are of more practical value than volumes of figures. Inasmuch as the farm business and the home are practically inseparable, personal and household accounts are needed to balance the books. Both of these accounts are best handled by grouping the items as much as possible. A complete inventory is the first and most important step in starting the ac- counts. The determination of proper values is a matter of good judgment, aided by a study of current market prices. The cash transaction on a farm may be kept in several ways, but entering the items directly in their respective accounts appears to be cne of the most satisfactory methods. A thorough understanding of what constitute farm receipts and expenses is necessary, otherwise the profit of the farm is seldom figured correctly. A farm is a combination of enter- prises, and a study of each enterprise in its relation to the others is of the utmost importance. Wheat may be a profitable crop to grow, oats an un- profitable crop. Becords of the sep- arate farm enterprises will show the facts in each case. Labor distribution records are sel- dom kept by farmers, yet such rec- ords are in many respects equally as important as the cash account. A good bank balance is often the result of the efficient use of farm labor. Crops which are grown at a profit may, by being fed to a poor class of live stock, have this profit turned into a loss. Live stock records, although not so easy to keep as those on crops, are often more useful to the farmer. Tt is poor policy to lose by injudicious feeding the profits on the crops grown. Live stock production records are a guide to the qualities of animals kept; such records are of the utmost impor- tance to the dairyman. Good accounts are within the reach of every farmer. The few minutes reg- ularly spent on them will yield larger returns than an equal amount of time devoted to farm work, provided proper use is made of the information the rec- ords contain. The Secretary of the Interior has issued the following public notice in connection with the Truckee-Carson irrigation project, Nevada. No section looking to cancellation of entries or water right applications un- der the Truckee-Carson project for failure to make payment of the por- tion of the installment for building the irrigation system due December 1, 1911, shall be taken until December 1, 1913, in any case where fifty cents per acre has been paid on account thereof, provided, however, that this order shall not apply to entries or water right applications on which two or more installments of the building charge shall remain due and unpaid on November 30, 1912, or upon which any installment for operation and maintenance shall remain due and un- paid on November 30, 1912. "If civilized people were ever to lapse into the worship of animals the cow would certainly be their chief god- dess. What a fountain of blessings is the cow. She is the mother of beef, the source of butter, the original cause of cheese to say nothing of shoe horns, hair combs and upper leather, a gentle animal and ever- yielding creature who has no joy in her family affairs which she does not share with man. We rob her of her children that we may rob her of her milk and we only care for her when the robbing may be perpetrated." — (Household Words.) Adopt a good crop rotation, apply lime and rock phosphate if the soil needs it. and save all of the manure. Keep plenty of humus in the soil which may be supplied by the manure that is added, and by growing catch crops and plowing them under. Probably two-thirds of the manure produced on the farms of the country is badly damaged before it is applied to the soil. The prompt application of barnyard manure to the soil is im- portant, especially in the summer months. If manure is allowed to heat and become "fire-fanged" and if the soluble elements are leached away, the manure will lose most of it value. Haul all manure out prompt- ly. Are all your cows paying annual profits? A dollar's worth of feed to produce a dollar's worth of milk is a losing proposition. One of the cows in your herd may be a great success, another is merely a charity boarder. How many deadbeats are there In your herd? 2 ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION Prosperous Small Farms Follow Irrigation Ditches Modern Farm Buildings Now Dot the Lard that a Few Years Ago Was One Immense Wheat Field. QLENX COUNTY has developed faster during the last year than in any similar period of time in its his- tory. The county's population has In- creased more rapidly during the last few months than ever before, a large number of new homes have been built in the old grain fields, and all previous records for the acreage under intensive cultivation have been broken, hence it will be seen that the recent progress, though rapid, is on a solid footing. There was hardly a day during the fall that newcomers were not to be seen hauling their household goods from the depot at Willows to the sites of their future homes on the land. Several hundred Eastern families have purchased land from the Sacramento Valley Irrigation Company with the in- tention of making their homes in the Sacramento Valley, and they are now coming as fast as they can make the necessary arrangements. Several thou- sand acres have been planted to alfalfa since the development began and almost all of the new places have home or- chards. The adaptability of the fertile soil for alfalfa, together with the ex- treme length of the growing season and other climatic conditions which favor hay-making, have attracted the atten- tion of dairymen from other localities, who are coming to the Sacramento Val- ley in considerable numbers. Several colonies of dairymen have been started and they are putting the big alfalfa <-rops to good use. The most important fruit planting movement in the history of the Sacra- mento Valley began last season and will continue for several years. Ten thousand acres of oranges and lemons will be the largest single item of this development, but it does not by any means cover all of the planting that is to be done. The 10,000 acres will be planted by the James Mills Company, which is backed by expert citrus fruit men who have moved their base of oper- ations from southern California to the Sacramento Valley. In January the irrigation company will begin heavy plantings of deciduous fruits and olives. The first step will be to set out peaches, pears, almonds, prunes, apri- cots, figs and olives on a beautiful tract at Monroeville, which is on the Sacra- mento river, about five miles south of Hamilton City. During the fall and winter this tract has been plowed deep and leveled and is now ready for the trees. Large oaks are scattered about on the tract, which is bordered by the The plantings will be extended rapidly as early as possible in the spring. The other 5,000-acre tract is about four miles west of Maxwell. This was the first to be planted, more than 300 acres being set out to lemons during the spring and summer. A large addi- tional acreage has been carefully pre- pared and will be planted in the spring. All of the orchard tracts are sup- plied with the latest type of concrete pipes for carrying water underground. Water Is Taken to the Land in Concrete Pipes. heavy growth of trees along the river. This makes a fine setting for the or- chards. The citrus fruit plantings of the James Mills Company are divided into two tracts of 5,000 acres each. One of these r»,000-acre tracts lies a short dis- tance west of Hamilton City, and sev- eral hundred acres were planted to oranges in this vicinity last season. There are no surface ditches, all of the water being delivered at small stand- pipes, which can be seen at frequent intervals. From the outlets of the standpipes the water is led to the trees by furrows. The character of the work, backed as it is by ample capital and experience, proves that it is only a question of time before Glenn and Colusa counties will have some of the finest and most productive orchards in the State. The soil has been tested by experts and records of climatic conditions have been studied, with the result that these men, who have spent their lives among the orchards and orange groves, have de- cided that there is nothing in the way of converting the irrigated lands of the Sacramento Valley into great fruit pro- ducing districts, except lack of develop- ment. The necessary development is now well under way and will continue at a rapid rate for several years. Having practically sold off all of its lands in the Jacinto unit, the Sac- ramento Valley Irrigation Company is preparing to move its sales office to Delevan, ten miles south of Willows on the main line of the Southern Pacific. At this point a number of beautiful bungalows and a hotel have been built. The streets are being graded and grav- eled and concrete sidewalks are being put down. The street running east and west through the center of the town is being boulevarded and will be made into a wide, handsome thoroughfare, which will extend some eleven miles east to the main road along the river. A thirty-acre orange grove has been planted on land adjoining the town site aud this is rapidly becoming a fine demonstration of the citrus fruit pos- sibilities of the valley. The coming spring this area is to be materially increased, thus insuring for the new town of Delevan an attractive and profitable future. As soon as the offices at Delevan are in full operation, a development similar to that which has taken place a few miles farther north, on the Jacinto unit, is to be expected. The newcomers at Delevan will find a remarkably at- tractive country around them. The soil, which has been washed down from the mountains of the Coast Range to the east, is sedimentary and is of the type that is sought by the experienced fruit growers of California. The adaptability of this soil for growing citrus and other fruits is well demonstrated at one of the old ranches How Alfalfa Is Turned to Gold. Hogs Keep Off the Money Lenders. ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION 8 Water Assures a Full Crop. near the new town. On this ranch there is an orange tree that was planted thirty years ago. It is the oldest orange tree anywhere in either Glenn or Colusa counties, and is still a splen- did specimen, as it is large and thrifty and bears abundantly every year. When he saw how well this tree was adapted to the conditions which sur- rounded it, the owner ot the ranch planted a small grove. The grove has received no special attention, but the trees have grown as if they were native to the soil. Grain growing has been the chief business on the ranch for years and the oranges have been merely incidental. The olive and the fig are among the other fruit trees that grow and bear well in this part of the valley. Beside the county road at Delevan is a row of olive trees that have never received the slightest bit of attention since they were planted, yet they are thriv- ing and are bearing well. Olive grow- ing is another of the most promising industries of the valley. Most of the olives now grown are of the Mission variety and are used either for pick- ling or in the manufacture of oil. The trees are free from disease and require but little care. Fig trees are to be seen around almost all of the ranches. The crop is seldom harvested, but the fig growing industry promises well, for even the black variety is de- licious when properly cured and sells well when packed tastily. Water was turned into the irrigation ditches near Delevan last season for the first time and development started -at once. The ranch of Roeber Broth- ers was one of the first to be irrigated. A large acreage of alfalfa has been started by the brothers, two bungalows have been built and a number of other buildings have been put up. During the spring a number of fruit trees are to be planted. The place is a model of high-class development work. At other places near by vegetable gardens, berries and poultry are re- ceiving attention. The new settlers have found that they can grow prac- tically anything to which they wish to devote their attention, the amount of money which they may have for de- velopment and their own capacity for work being the only limitations on what they may accomplish. Alfalfa Weevil Barred. An important amendment to the al- falfa weevil quarantine now in effect in California against Utah, Wyoming and Idaho, to include shipments of nursery stock into California from these States, was authorized today by State Horticulturist Cook. Hereafter no nursery stock from Utah, Idaho or Wyoming, unless wrap- ped in excelsior or some material which would not contain the pest, and unless the containers, both boxes and cars, are fumigated, will be admitted. The order was issued to further in- sure the $50,000,000 alfalfa crop of California from danger from the weevil. The quarantine now exists against alfalfa hay, seed, bees, beehives and nursery stock. Every lover of rare and beautiful flowers, trees and plants will want this book, so will those who would raise choice and full flavored vegetables. Morse's 1913 Garden Guide is profusely .illustrated and con- tains valuable hints and informa- tion on how best to cultivate a beautiful and profitable garden. Write for this ffioofr Today-NOW Here's a Distintl Novelty in T^adisbes ~] and Liliies Lettuce— The Los Angeles or New York The best of the crisp, brittle, heading Leftuce of an excellent flavor. 5c per packet. Yellow Calla Lily This is the only true yellow flower calla in existence, and on account of its marvel- ous beauty it has created a sensation wherever exhibited 35c each. Alfalfa Is Most Luxuriant In Its Growth, 1 109 MARKET STREET SAN FRANCISCO 4 ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION Fairbanks -Morse Spraying Outfit The California Vegetable Garden KILLS INSECTS r YOU must spray to secureperfect fruit. Use a Fairbanks-Morse high pressure sprayer and do the work quickly and thoroughly. The above 1 H. P. Gasoline Engine Outfit will supply three #-inch Ver- moral spray nozzles at 200 lbs. pres- sure which is the pressure required for effective spraying for scale diseases. The "Deluge" pump gives steady pressure. Entire outfit compact, strong and easily moved about the orchard. Will give splen- did service for years. Complete description of this and larger out- fits given in our Catalog, No. SF 652 Catalog also tells just when spraying should be done. Write for a copy today. Fairbanks, Morse&Co. San Francisco Los Angeles OHIO BLUE RIBBON HERD Of MULLTOOT HOGS are very prolific as well as less susceptible to Swine Dis- eases. Their great vitality, large litters and quick growth make them an ideal hog for the Pacific Coast. John H. Dunlap, Box 403, Williamsport, Ohio. LINEHAN - ARENDT CO. Hay and Grain Merchants, Nos. 430-432 Fifth St., San Francisco, Cal. Consignments Solicited Stump Pullers California Stump Puller Co. 706 Bryant St. San Francisco SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE BOOKLET IN A STATE favored by soil and cli- mate as is California, vegetable gar- dening can be successfully conducted throughout the entire year. The most important essentials to successful gar- dening are determination, water and work; our soils and climate are pecu- liarly well adapted for vegetable grow- ing, and with an adequate supply of water practically every vegetable can be grown to perfection in California. Our climate is such that different va- rieties of vegetables can be success- fully grown throughout the entire year, but of course the major garden activi- ties are centered in the late fall, win- ter and spring months. Soils most suitable for gardening are those which can be readily kept in a condition of tilth to promote seed germination and the establishment of the seedling in a true soil formation, and should be such as to permit deep penetration of the roots of rapidly growing plants, and should be fairly retentive of moisture, so that the plant may attain its greatest growth in the least time. This would presuppose light, rather than heavy soils. Heavy soils may be improved by the liberal use of air-slacked lime about the time the first rains begin, by thorough till- age at the proper time in order to put the soil in good condition, and by drain- age. Light sandy soils may be im- proved by the addition of well com- posted and decayed manure, which will change its texture and convert it into a rich garden soil, providing the subsoil is of such a character as to readily re- tain soil moisture. Cultivation is one of the prime essen- tials to successful gardening. It should be begun early in the season by spading or plowing, to insure the re- ception of water, and should be con- tinued throughout the growing season with appropriate tools to retain or conserve the moisture already in the soil. Many of our friends object to gardening because of the considerable amount of cultivation necessary, but with our modern implements specially M &Ke $2000 °-° more perrear lundreds of farmers right now are making from $1000.00 to $2000.00 a ' extra money, besides keeping up their farm work, making wells with the Improved Powers' Boring and Drilling Machine iores 100 ft. In 1 0 hours* One man can run it; a team operates it and easily ^ moves it over any road ; Bores slate, coal, soapstone— everything except bard rock, and rills that. No tower or staking— rotates its own drill. 20 years actual service ill over the world have proven this the fastest and most ^convenient well machine made. Easy terms. Write for catalog. % LISLE M'F'G. CO., ■ - Box AV Clarlnda. Iowa. Water for Irrigation Own your own irrigation system and be indepen- dent. Insure your crops by having plenty of water at all times. t Use all the water you want as often as you want it. Drill your own wells on yourownland andsecure plenty of waterf reeof charge all the time. The famous Howell Well-Drilling Machines are made in all siies suitable for drilling any size well to any depth. You can also make big money drilling wells for your neighbors. Thedemand for wells is far greater than can be supplied by the machines now at work. Write today for our big free catalogue "A." R.R.Howell&Co.T^7rdE|st! LosAngeles MAIN OrFTCE AND WORKS: MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. . Polytechnic Business College 306 12th St., Oakland, Cal. A school of high standing and national reputation. Best equipped Business College in the West. Offers best edu- cational opportunities — Every graduate of complete course for ten years employed at good salary. Homelike accom- modations. Write for free Catalogue. Come to Oakland. devised for such purposes the work really becomes a pleasure instead of the old familiar burden of "the man with the hoe." For the larger and more extensive garden the "Planet Ju- nior" cultivator, and for the small gar- den patch the "Norcross" weeder or cultivator is invaluable. With it one can cover a considerable area in an astonishingly short time, and do the work well, too. During the month of January in the warm, dry valley lands, or on protected hillsides in regions of light rainfall, the following vegetables may be plant- ed: Artichokes, beets, cabbage, car- rots, peas, turnips, lettuce and onions. In colder regions, cabbage, cauliflower pepper, celery and tomato seeds should be planted in cold frames to provide plants for later setting out. January is a good month for planting potatoes, in regions of light rainfall. February is the great planting month for all but very tender plants, such as beans, corn, tomatoes, peppers, squashes, etc. During this month poto- toes may be largely planted without danger of being killed by frosts, though they may be cut back. March permits of planting all sorts of hardy vegetables for succession. On high, warm lands corn, melons, squashes, tomatoes and beans may be made. During April the planting of all sorts of hardy vegetables for succession is continued. All tender plants may be planted. Peppers, tomatoes, egg plant, sweet potatoes and other tender plants may be planted in the open ground. Corn can safely be planted for a field crop. During May one may safely plant all vegetables for which ample moisture can be provided in the coast regions, but it Is too late for shallow rooted plants In the hot interior valleys. Watermelons, corn, sweet potatoes and other heat loving plants will make good growth where proper moisture conditions can be maintained. June is the last chance to plant, and then only on land where there Is ample natural moisture or Irrigation. It Is also the last chance to get a second crop on land that has already produced one crop. One may plant beans, beets, cabbage plants, corn, melons, potatoes, squash and tomato plants, but be sure the soil surface is in fine tilth and that ample moisture supply is provided. Berry plants of all kinds, strawber- ries, loganberries, blackberries, cur- rants, etc., should be planted early dur- ing the months of January and Febru- ary. Berries do best on the type of soils known as garden soils. Black- berries and strawberries thrive in all parts of California. The currant and gooseberry thrive best in the coast re- gions, especially in the upper half of the State. They do not do well in the heated interior valleys. Raspberries thrive in all parts of the State and when well cared for bear almost con- stantly. Consolidation is the only plan tried or proposed by which the country child can secure such an education as mod- ern conditions demand, and such as is already afforded the city child. One cannot get anything out of live stock that he does not first put into it. To expect a cow or a steer or a horse to make something valuable out of nothing is to expect a return of the age of miracles. Big Seed CATALOGUE (A GARDEN MANUAL) FREE 160 pages full of valuable infor- mation, with 350 Illustrations. This manual tells you what to plant, when and how to plant it. Write or phone for it now. Aggeler & Musser SEED CO. 113-115 N. Main St., los Angeles, Cal. Home Phon. A3094 Sumet Main 4S45 Strawberry Plants We Can Supply Your \Vanti for Malinda, Mogoon, Oregon Im- proved Brandy wine and other Standard Commercial Varieties.... TRUMBULL SEED CO. 257 Market Street San Francisco Great Crops of Strawberries and How to Grow Them IS a beautifully illustrated book of expert information written by America's most I successful strawberry grow* er. It gives the famous Kel- logg sure-crop method and explains just how Pedigree Plants are grown on the ' great Kellogg plant farms in Michigan, Oregon and i Idaho. Any man. woman, "boy or girl, who reads this book can grow big crops and get big prices. Straw- berries yield more dollars per acre than any other crop. Our book tells the whole story. It's FREE to you. R. M. Kellogg Co. Box 265, Three Rivers, Mich. Write Your Name On The cow And mail today. WE WILL •how you how dairymen get more butter fat and more profit from their cows on our Little Farms in the fertile Sacramento Valley, California. Every month a producer — no lost days wait- ing for Spring to come. Dimes are growing into dollars for dairymen here. Come and join them. We give you ten years to pay for your land. The finest alfalfa land in California. Kuhn Irrigated Land Company 412 Market St., Sao Franciico ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION 5 Sows at Farrowing Time J^JUCH depends upon the sow's ration for the condition of the pig at starchy food, too much internal fat is formed. There is not much danger of overfeeding if the feed is the right kind, for sows are too often underfed. There are three principal factors to consider in feeding the brood sow. First, to provide the nutrients, as starch, protein, etc., In proper pro- portions; second, to furnish sufficient bulk to keep the system in a healthy condition; and third, to make such a ration as inexpensive as possible. The brood sow needs protein in her ration since protein is a bone and mus- cle producer. A young sow needs more than does the mature sow, as she is growing tisues of her own as well as for her young. As it is fatal to crowd the brood sow, it is better for her and more economical for the breeder to provide considerable bulky feed, such as bran, middlings, oil meal, alfalfa and clover hay. Two parts corn, one part bran, five parts skim milk; fifteen parts corn, two parts bran and one part tankage; and four parts mid- dlings, two parts bran and one-half part tankage are all good rations. The sow should be fed only enough to keep her in a gaining condition so she will be more active and take better care of her pigs at birth. But she must not be thin at time of farrowing, for if she is a good milk producer she is sure to lose some in flesh. A sow that keeps a nice litter of pigs gives from five to seven pounds of milk per day. Grinding the feed increases the value in feeding about 6 per cent at this time. Cooked feed is good, more easily digested and thick slop is better than thin. Warm water is better than cold in winter for the sow. Separate the sow from the rest of the herd at least one week before farrowing. Dirt floors in the pen are best if kept clean and dry; cement is not fit for a brood sow. They want clean, dry bedding and not too much. In winter the pen siiould be warm, with plenty of sun- light, and have no draft. Horse Sensisms. Weeks before the field work is pos- sible every young horse intended for service should be broken to a depend- able quantity. When he is hitched to a plow, it is often very expensive to teach him that it is wrong to turn inside out with his team-mate. I said "broken." That is good Eng- lish, but it's bad horsemanship. Train- ing sounds academic and perhaps pu- gilistic, but it is better for the horse. It may have been profitable to "break" a $10 horse, but hardly a $200 animal. He should be halterwise at one- year old. Several weeks before hitch- ing or driving let him stand in the stall with an old harness on. Let him know the harmlessness of every jing- ling buckle or chafing or flapping strap. Give him a bit, too, to play with and discover that it has come to stay. Don't put him in the harness with the oldest, laziest and slowest walk- ing animal on the farm. The team- mate of the younger horse will have nearly as much influence upon his early training as the driver. A brief training and preparation should precede every year's spring work. If your horses have been roughing it, give them a week or more of feed before putting them into Toe -Hold Tra^t or HERE IT IS — a Light, Strong, Handy Tractor Every farmer wants it for his fields and his orchards. Fast, Easy Cultivation This trim-built Tractor turns quickly, steers easily, gets under the branches and pulls like a 20-mule team. Burns gasoline or California distillate. A Proved Success It has been worked for two years in Pacific Coast orchards. Owners are delighted. Their letters will convince you. It is made in California and was formerly known as the Johnston Tractor. Write at once If you act quickly we can promise you prompt delivery. Write to nearest office. RUMELY PRODUCTS CO. US. PAT.' (incorporated ) Power- Farming Machinery San Francisco Los Angeles Portland Spokane or LA PORTE, IND. (Home Office ) Pocatello 190 the collar. Groom them vigorously and toughen their muscles. Watch their shoulders. Each time you give them this rubbing in prepa- ration for work, knead and pound their shoulders a little; then the first half day in the collar won't take the hair off. Then about that young horse. Make him walk, and walk fast. In going to and from the field and when he Is drawing nothing, don't let him lapse into that jogging dog trot. Other things being equal, a fast walker is worth 50 per cent more to a farmer than a slow one; and much of it de- pends on the breaking. — South Dako- ta Farmer. Professor F. D. Coburn of Kansas says: "Among the requirements for high-class dairying are fertile soil, adapted to crops that make the most desirable dairy feeds, abundance of pure water, convenience to markets, and kindly climate." Egg Laying Contest. The first national egg-laying con- test held in Missouri has closed and the winners have just been an- nounced. There were 655 hens In the contest and in twelve months they laid 87,843 eggs, or 134 eggs per hen. The pen of Rhode Island Reds won first prize. The five hens laid 1,042 eggs during the year. The best in- dividual record was made by a white Plymouth Rock owned at Millersville, which laid 281 eggs in the year. A second contest started November 15. Seven hundred hens, representing England, Canada and twenty states, have been entered. This is no insignificant work, but figures as one of the leading indus- tries associated with the agricultural enterprise of the country and will no doubt be the means of distinguishing between the profitable and unprofit- able hen in such a pronounced way as to greatly increase egg production and lessen the cost thereof. is not kept clean and handled in clean vessels. Keep the milk pails, cans and separator clean. Opportunity" Warm skim milk on a cold and frosty morning tastes good to the calf. See that it gets just that kind. Milk is one of the best and purest foods, but becomes unfit for food if it They do me wrong who say I come no more When once I knock and fail to find you in; For every day I stand outside your door And bid you wake, and rise and win. Wail not for precious chances thrown away, Weep not for golden ages on the wane; Each night I burn the records of the day. At sunrise every soul is born again. Laugh like a boy at splendors that have sped, To vanished joys be deaf and blind and dumb; My judgments seal the dead past with its dead, But naver bind a moment yet to come. — Walter Malone. 6 ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION Buy your timer's Perfection Nursery Largest exclusive Apple Tree Giowers in the World. A com- plete assortment of all the lead- ing Varieties. All trees locally grown and acclimated. Order now. Address Aptos, Calif., or 208 Exposition Bldg., S. F. FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL It makes no difference what you figure on planting this season — we can supply you, and with the finest quality of nursery stock ever grown. All trees, plants, vines, berries, shrubs, evergreens, roses, etc., sold by us are guaranteed. TRUE TO NAME It will pay you to get in touch with us. EVERY PLANTER NEEDS OUR BOOK — "California Horticulture" — the fruit growers' guide; 120 pages. Profusely illustrated. Price 25c postpaid. Send for it today. PAID-UP CAPITAL $ 200 00000 FAHCHER CREEK NURSERIES Gl 2ss Geo.C Roeding prcs SMgr Box 4 1 FresDo.California USAw Are you interested in Apple Planting? If so look over this list of varieties: Wagner Baldwin Stayman Winesap Rome Beauty Alexander Spitzenberg Ben Davis Black Ben Delicious Mo. Pippin Gravenstein Jonathan Y. N. Pippin Winter Banana Yel. Bellefleur Yel. Transparent White Astrachan Red Astrachan Arkansas Black Red June W. W. Pearmain A post card will bring you our price list and descriptive Catalogue. Your order will bring you these trees, freight prepaid, and if given proper care and cultivation, they will bring you an in- come that will bring you to the sunny side of Easy Street. CHICO NURSERY CO.. CHICO. CALIF. PLANT GIANT WINTER RHUBARB TO VOI R ACREAGE S2.000 per acre can be nude. Pfantt n»w rtath far ihifmmt. Also btrrit'. tmall fruit, tactut. M&Mrmgm), cic Write for Information. J. B. WAGNER [The Rhubarb Specialist) PASADENA. CALIF. IN PRl'.NIXG YOUNG TREES of the deciduous fruits, as peach, apricot, plum, apple, pear, etc., the thing to bear always in mind is the future shape and growth of the tree. The pruner must have in his mind's eye a picture of what the tree is to be when it is three years old and ready to bear a crop of commercial value. There is an ideal shape and size for such a tree, and while it is not possi- ble to secure the ideal form in all cases, the pruner should know what he is working toward and try as far as he can to prune each tree so that it will at least approach the ideal. Those who are accustomed to grow- ing and handling fruit trees have ac- quired by experience the right idea of pruning so as to secure a strong and well-shaped tree able to carry a full crop. Those who lack this experience will find it instructive and profitable to visit a well-pruned bearing orchard, and familiarize themselves with the desirable shape of bearing trees. A strong tree of the right shape to carry a good crop of fruit without breaking down, and carrying its fruit low down where it can be easily reached, can only be secured by a rigid system of cutting back each year until the form and strength are secured and the tree is ready to bear. After the trees come into bearing the pruning differs with different kinds of fruit, but for the first three years the pruning of all the standard deciduous fruits and the almond is practically the same. The fig and walnut require diffeient pruning from the start. This cutting back of the deciduous fruits should begin when the tree is planted. If the tree has been properly headed back when it was planted, the first winter in the orchard will find it with a trunk or main stem from 12 to 20 inches long. Growing out of the main stem are a number of branches which started at different heights from the ground, the lowest perhaps six or eight inches from the ground, the highest almost always from the top bud on the main stem. To prune the trees, select three or four of these branches, choosing strong ones by preference, but being careful to see that they are spaced some distance apart on the trunk and that they branch out in opposite or, at least, different directions so as to balance the head of the tree which you are now shaping. Do not have them all branching out on the same side, which would make the tree one- sided; also, unless absolutely neces- sary, do not have them all starting at the same height on the trunk, as that makes a weak tree which is lia- ble to split. As a rule, choose the lowest branch for one, if it is not less than six inches from the ground, also the high- est if it is growing in the right direc tion, then one or two others well- spaced between these two. Whether you leave three or four limbs will de- pend on how many good ones there are on the tree and in what direc- tions they are growing. A well bal- anced head of three limbs is usually the most satisfactory, but sometimes it is necessary to leave four, because no three will give a good balance to the head. Never leave more than four, or the head will be too crowded. Consider the prevailing wind, and if possible choose the limbs so that the main growth of the tree will be list the wind. Having chosen your main limbs, as above, cut them back, leaving them six to ten inches long, according to the strength of the tree. If the tree has made a strong growth, leave the limbs about ten, or on apples and pears even twelve inches long; if the growth is poor or only medium, cut back to six or eight inches. Cutting back induces stronger growth the fol- lowing season, hence the need of cut- ting weak limbs shorter than strong ones. This principle holds good in all pruning operations — that weak growths should be cut back severely to stimulate better growth, while strong limbs should not be cut hack so far. All other limbs on the yearling tree, except the three or four chosen to form the bead, must be removed en- tirely with clean cuts close to the main stem. Do not leave short stubs remaining, as the bark cannot grow over them like it soon will over the clean cuts. It is well to paint over any cuts that are more than half an inch in diameter, using any good lead paint or asphaltum varnish. The small laterals or side branches on the limbs that are left to form the head may be shortened in about one- half of their length, and if there are too many, so that they crowd one another, they should be thinned out. But do not remove all of them entire- ly, because the leaf growth on them the following summer will assist in the growth of the main limbs. All plant food is, so to speak, digested in the leaves. In other words, the plant food is worked over in the leaves into such compounds as can be assimilated by the tree and used to build up its growth. Therefore, other things being equal, the greater the quantity of healthy leaves that a tree has, the better will be its growth. To some people this manner of cutting off the greater part of the tree's growth may seem like ruining the tree, but as a matter of fact the severe heading back is absolutely necessary to secure a strong-bodied bearing tree under our Californian conditions. If the newcomer will visit a well pruned bearing orchard, as sug- gested above, he will there see the good results of this beading back pol- icy, and will be reassured as to the future of his trees. Antiseptic Whitewash. The Animal Bureau at Washington recommends the following as a very efficient and antiseptic whitewash: To prepare five gallons: Slake IVj IKiunds of lime, using hot water if necessary to start action. Mix to a creamy consistency with water. Stir in 15 fluid ounces of 95 per cent pure liquid carbolic acid and make up to five gallons. Stir thoroughly and strain through a wire sieve, if it is to be applied by means of a spray noz- zle. It will sometimes save very serious losses in a herd of cattle if the stables aie kept well whitewashed and dis- infected. The cost of using disinfect- ants does not btgin with the loss that came from having a foul stable. So it is always better to exercise that vigilance that insures safety at what- ever cost. NEW CATALOG Just Out-FREE SEEDS LOW PRICES -NO BETT R SEEDS WEST COAST SEED HOUSE 116-118 E. 7th St. Los Angeles, Cal. FREE! THIS, bookI Sent on Request To every orchardlst or Growers' Association. A practical booklet on up- to-date methods in pruning all kinds of orchard trees, by L. H. Day. Horticultural Ex- pert. Compliments of the JNION BLIND &. LAD- DER CO.. Mfrs. "STAR ORCHARD LADDER" The best orchard ladder at any price 3533 Peralta Street Oakland. Cal. SEEDS of superior quality. A large assort- ment of choice garden, flower, tree and palm seeds. ROSES Over sixty choice varieties- FRUIT TREES All the leading sorts. Catalogue mailed free on application. Theodore Payne 345 S. Main St., Los Angeles, Cal. Leonard Coates Nursery Company Originators and growers of pedi- greed stock. Near State Highway, please call. Catalogue free. Morganhill, Cal. Geo. W. Sill & Co. APPLES Watsonville California THE DEAN IRIS GARDENS Growers and Importers Of Iris MONETA - CALIFORNIA THE CLIPPER There are three thing** that destroy your lawns. Dandelions, Buck Plan- tain and Crab Grass. In on* season the Clipper will drive them all out. Vonr dealer ahoald have them — if he haa not, drop us a line and we irrulars and prices. CLIPPER LAWN MOWER CO.Bx 5.Dlzon,XU. Li ATENTS United Suites and Foreign Procured »nd Defended. Established 40 jeara. PACIFIC COAST PATENT AGENCY. INC STOCKTON. CAL. ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION 7 Main Office: 2 515 Tulare St., Fresno, California ORANGES, LEMONS, POMELOS. Our citrus trees have remarkable vitality and make a most vigorous growth from the first summer on. All our buds are taken from selected parent trees in the best groves of the State. We still have a fairly complete line of trees and vines. With so many nurseries reporting shortage it will pay planters to get their orders booked early. Our stock has a well deserved reputation for reliability ; our trees are healthy and vigorous and planters can depend on them for satisfactory growth and true bearing. If you expect to set out an orchard write for our catalog. It will help you. FIGS. We have the largest and best stock of Black Mission, Calimyrna, and White Adriatic varieties. Our fig trees are unusually well rooted and are uninjured by frost. Let us send you our booklet on "FIGS." Imperial Valley Cotton. San Joaquin's Celery Crop. Nine hundred thousand pounds of the finest cotton ever grown in Amer- ica will be one of Imperial Valley's contributions to the holiday crops of 1912. Most of this crop is destined for the -Orient and is moving briskly from El Centro and Thermal on the Southern Pacific road, toward San Francisco. From there it will be sent by steamship to Yokohama and Hong- kong. A part of this cotton is the Durango cotton with long staple, which brings $20 more a bale than other kinds and is considered especially choice. Im- perial Valley, because of its wonder- fully dry and warm climate and ex- cellent soil, is an ideal place for cot- ton raising and the excellence of its product promises to make it more famous ultimately than the Egyptian cotton. The crop is smaller than in pre- vious years, owing to the fact that many land owners prefer to plant al- falfa for stock feeding, which is ex- ceedingly profitable. A very good crop of celery has been raised in San Joaquin county this year and dealers say that almost one-half a million dollars will be realized from this product alone this year. The esti- mate is that 1500 acres of celery were grown in the island district this sea- son. Daily shipments are being made from Holt station, Middle River and Antioch and growers are receiving 30 cents per dozen heads for their product. The retail men sell celery for Ave cents a head or sixty cents a dozen. The average yield per acre is about 1200 dozen heads, which, at thirty cents a dozen, amounts to $360. The cost of planting, weeding, constant working of the ground, harvesting and market- ing is estimated at $60 per acre, which nets the grower a net profit of $300 an acre. As there are 1500 acres the total net profit would be $450,000 for the growers of the county. The acreage is divided as follows: Jersey Island, 350; Bradford Island, 400; Twitchells Island, 200; Staten Is- land, 400; Sherman Island, 150 acres. "HINTS ON GARDENING" Send in your name for a free copy of the 1913 edition. Morris & Snow Seed Co. 425 S. MAIN STREET. Los Angeles, California. Mixing varieties is a bad policy. It is also a bad policy for farmers in the same neighborhood to sow different kinds of seed. It pays the grain- grower to use one "pedigreed" variety of wheat, oats, barley, corn or other grain, and to keep it pure. Yields in- crease and improve in quality year after year, if the seed is carefully cleaned and graded each year; and the variety establishes for the locality a reputation which is felt on the mar- ket. ' Running out" is due to care- less selection and poor tillage. Car'1 in these particulars will not only pre- vent it, but will, as said, improve the quality of the grain. Buying seed every few years, from regions having a dif- ferent soil and climate, is unwise, even if tne variety is the same. The Howard Cattle Company re- cently received thirty-seven head of registered short-horn cattle from Mis- souri. Of these fifteen were sent to the Parrot ranch at Chico, four were sent to the Hawaiian Islands, and one, an excellent bull, was placed on the dairy ranch of F. H. Harvey, at Gait. There is a growing demand for cattle of pure short-horn breed. In the ship- ment was a bull of the celebrated Bates breed. The Howard Cattle Company recently added to its herd the bull Bapton Valentine, 227,105. Fruit Trees Grape Vines FIG TREES We are the Largest growers of this stock on the Pacific Coast. We grow a complete stock of PEACH, ALMOND, PRUNE, PLUM, APRICOT, APPLE, PEAR TREES Grape Vines — All Varieties 40-page Catalog and Price List free Send us list of wants, for quotations. ADDRESS THE FRESNO NURSERY CO., Inc. F. H. Wilson, Pies. C. B. Harkness, V. Pres. Chas. A. Chambers, Secy. Th^ Reliably Three. P. O. Box 615 Fresno, Cal. Hundreds of locomotives have been in continued use for twenty years by railroads. They have good care, how- ever. A grain binder on a farm should last at least fifteen years, but through neglect it rarely lasts half that time. George A. Snow of the Snow-Moody Development Company of Salt Lake City has announced that work is to begin shortly on the Baxter ">eek irrigation project in Lassen county, which will serve water to approxi- mately 18,000 acres of the richest land in Honey Lake Valley. Winter is a good time to lay in a supply of bulletins and to read and apply their information. Write to United States Department of Agricul- ture for list of farmers' free bulletins. A farmer is also entitled to bulletins issued by his own State. AWARDED FIRST PRIZE 10112 CALIFORNIA STATIC FAIR, K(J()NSTATE FAIR CALIFORNIA APPLE SHOW PRUNERS and SHEARS BASTIAINS' In a working test with other tools they have proven their superiority. BASTIAN TREE SHEAR, the new and perfect tool for light work. With them it is practical to trim all small trees while the operator stands on the ground, thus enabling him to round up the trees to better advantage. BASTIAN PRUNING HOOKS, cut to their full capacity, regardless of the toughness of the wood, thus doing away with time wasted in sawing. SHEAR and PRUNER blades made from Shef- field Tool Steel. Every blade guaranteed against defects. Power, Ease, Speed and Durability the main features of Bastian Tools. Ask your dealer for them. ■^hctana storey Manufacturing Co., Portland, Ore. fitf 8 ORCHARD AND FARM — IRRIGATION SPRAY WITH OUR HIGH PRESSURE POWER SPRAYER A Small Investment with Big Returns SIMPLE, EFFICIENT, STRONGLY BUILT and VERY DURABLE Sold under a Binding Guarantee Save 25% — Get our prices and terms Write for particulars LEONARD T. KITTS 681 Market St. San Francisco Coast Distributer of theT.&M. FAR M ENGINE a simple, correctly designed , reliable engine at low prices. 1 H h.p. op folly guaranteed. Our 4 b.p. at $125 is a remarkable value. RELIABLE AGENTS WANTED Value of Winter Spraying By Paul R. Jones, San Jose. FRUIT GROWERS can generally di- vide their spraying season into two main groups, winter and summer. It has become an established practice to spray fruit trees during the winter time or dormant season for those insect and fungus troubles which can not be controlled during the summer time be- cause a spray cannot be applied at a sufficient strength to control these pests. Furthermore, It Is always pos- sible to spray a larger acreage In the winter time with one power outfit than In the summer, for the reason that there is more time on the farms and the spraying season Is longer. Labor Is Bean Giant Sprayer MOST PERFECT POWER OUTFIT IN THE WORLD The Bean Giant will do more work at less cost and with less trouble than any other power sprayer on the market, without exception. It is the very acmeof efficiency. The engine and pump are direct connected, which makes slipping impossible. The Bean Pressure regulator is safe, sure and dependible. It saves from i to J the gasoline and the same proportion of wear and tear on engine and pump. The bell metal ball valves cannot corrode, clog or stick. The porcelain-lined cylinder never wears out. The underneath suction avoids priming, increases capacity, and saves replacing cracked hose. The steel frame affords perfect rigidity and is much more durable than the old style wood frame. There is an iron well in the tank which makes the tank easy to clean and drain. The patented cut-off and air suction in the tank makes it unnecessary to put out the suction hose. Every detail of the Bean Giant has been worked out to its greatest perfection. You ought to know more about it. SEND FOR FREE CATALOG It Illustrates and describes the Bean Giant and the entire Bean line of hand and power sprayers and pump accessories. Don 't invest in an outfit till you send for the book. State number and kind of trees when you write. Bean Spray Pump Co. San Jose, Cal. Mercs the of what Our Fertilizer is doing for Orchards Everywhere It builds up the soil by re- plenishing the nutriments that make healthy, productive trees. We compound a special fertilizer r the orchard, the vineyard, the farm, which Invigorates the worn out soil and gives you a bigger crop of better quality. The trees In the orchard on the left tn this illustration are starving to death for lack of nourishment In the soil around their roots. The orchard on the right has been fertilized and Is bearing a bounteous crop. There Is no need of asking which is the more profitable. Let us send you our FREE BOOKS of facts regarding fertilizing. THE PACIFIC GUANO & FERTILIZER CO. 612 Alaska Commercial Bldq., San Francisco. 509 Central Bldg., Los Angeles. Largest manufacturers of Fertilizers, Poultry Foods and Bone Charcoal on the Pacific Coast. cheaper In the winter and w^hile the necessity of spraying Is just as great, the opportune time for spraying can be stretched out more than it can dur- ing the summer months. For a general all-around clean-up spray for such Insects as the brown apricot scale, Italian pear scale, San Jose scale, Almond red spider, and for the eggs of the two apple aphids noth- ing can be used to more advantage as regards efficiency and cheapness of ma- terial than a ten per cent crude oil emulsion. Crude oil sprays have been used for a number of years In the United States, both In the Eastern States and on the Pacific slope. Two main classes of oils exist, those of the East having the paraffine base, while those on the Pacific slope have an as- phalt base. It has been demonstrated repeatedly that the oils containing an asphalt base are much better adapted for sprays than the Eastern oils for the reason that they are much less liable to cause Injury to the tree. A crude oil emulsion made by the com- bination of a natural gravity crude oil and whale oil soap Is a much better insect and moth killer than straight caustic soda, and much more beneficial to the tree, Inasmuch as It softens the bark and produces a general invigorat- ing effect as well as giving some fungi- cidal effect, whereas sprays of a caustic nature dry up the bark and injure se- riously the fruit buds. The action of caustic sprays is immediate, whereas those in which crude oil is employed the action is much longer, extending over a period of three months and grad- ually smothering out the insects or lichens. Distillate oil emulsion sprays have given nearly as good satisfaction as those of crude oil emulsion and are to be recommended, but the fruit grower should not use a mechanical mixture of oil and water even if he has a first- class outfit, since, no matter how per- fect the agitation is, sooner or later some of the trees will get too much oil or the mixture will separate out after it has been applied to the trees. For the fungus troubles, such as apple mildew, iron sulphide should be used. For peach leaf curl, lime sulphur is a standard treatment, as well as for the peach twig borer, although distillate oil emulsion will control the latter. A good Bordeaux mixture applied In the fall for shot-hole fungus or California peach blight Is the best spray for these troubles. For pear scab Bordeaux is also the standard spray and this fungus trouble usually will require several ap- plications. Only pure chemicals should be used In spraying and if an orchard- ist is in doubt as to the trouble he has, or what spray he desires to use, he should consult an entomologist or pathologist. All the spraying should be done with a power outfit, 200 pounds pressure, as it not only saves labor and spray, but does much better work. In all spraying the work should be done very thoroughly and it is better to waste some of the spray by having the tree drip than to try to save the liquid. If you live where stones are plenty (and they are found in most sections) never wade through winter mud in going between house and barn. Z E N O FOR THRIPS APHIS SCALE Universally acknowledged the best insect destroyer ever offered. Suc- cessfully used for years. Add the required amount of water and go to work. Also used for lice on hogs, cattle, etc. Write for Information to Standard Chemical Co., Inc. 231 Franklin St., Oakland, Cal. the brand on this sack means something to every alfalfa grower- It is the word of this house that no better alfalfa seed can be bought than Germain Premium Brand. Following our slogan of quality, our buyers went into the fields and bought this seed — not from samples in the office — but out on the ground where they could con- sider every item in the selection of clean, strong seed. Every pound of Germain Pre- mium Brand is triple cleaned — twice in the field and once in our own mills — and again we say that it is as near perfection as experi- enced judgment and machinery can make it. Look for the atencilled brand and lead seat. FARMOGERM the marvelous culture of nitrogen gathering bacteria, will increase your alfalfa yield from 60% to 200% at a cost of two dollars an Write Dept. L for Free Booklet. Every unproductive acre is a tax upon the producing acres of the farm. Does your business warrant the carry- ing of this dead Investment load? Seed & Plant Co J2«-J26-330 SO MAIN ST Los Angeles. California When answering advertisements please mention Orchard and Farm. ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION Financing the Farm By Hon. Myron T. Herrick. United States Ambassador to France. | JNTIL VERY RECENTLY the eco- nomic policy of the country pur- posely has been to stimulate the de- velopment of practically all divisions of industry other than farming. Re- gardless of the fact that agriculture is the fundamental industry of the coun- try, and that farm land constitutes the nation's greatest asset, little con- sideration has been given to the scien- tific development of agriculture. In other industries the modern principle of organization has been widely and successfully adopted, and it is very largely for that reason that manufac- turing and commerce have made such rapid and remarkable progress in ef- ficiency. In the business of cultivat- ing the soil it is only very recently that the usefulness and necessity of organization has received recognition. The growing importance of the wise development and conservation of agri- cultural resources, and of the organi- zation of farming as other industries are organized, has been overlooked in the haste and eagerness to surpass other countries in manufacturing and commerce. However, in the last few years, by reason of the increasing dis- parity between the supply and demand of food stuffs, and the consequent steady advance in prices, the people of this country have been deeply im- pressed with the fact that the scien- tific, thorough cultivation of the soil is essential to their continued well being. The uneasiness with which the rise in the prices of necessities is re- garded is clearly justified, for if there is further considerable advance a low- ering of the standard of living of the great majority of the American people — with its certain inimical conse- quences to the quality of our citizen- ship is bound to occur. Heretofore the existence of vast stretches of unoccupied virgin fertile soil has obscured the importance of careful tilling, but this apparent rea- son for the immunity of this country from the sure effect of superficial farming no longer remains. There is now no frontier country where desir- able land can be had almost for the asking. The migration of farmers from the eastern to the western part of the country each year is less in volume. The rapid increase of popu- lation in the West and the compara- tively high price of western farm land are the primary causes of the very considerable emigration of American farmers to western Canada where fer- til land is still cheap and plentiful. This is a movement that is likely to continue until Canadian farm land is populated as thickly as is the farm land in the western part of this coun- try. However, if American farmers are taught that by the use of scientific methods there is as much profit in the cultivation of land that has long been under tillage as there is in the care- less cultivation of new land, and if it is made possible for them to secure on reasonable terms the funds neces- sary to the wisest development of their land, the attraction of cheap Canadian farm land to a large extent will be offset. The 1910 census is far from being reassuring as to the condition of agri- culture In this country. The popula- tion of the United States increased 21 per cent from 1900 to 1910. Within the same period the amount of land used for farming increased but 4.2 per cent. In 1909 the per capita produc- tion of cereals was only 49.1 bushels; in 1899 it was 58.4 bushels— a de- crease of nine bushels per head in ten years. This decrease, by itself, would seem to be almost sufficient to ac- count for the distressing advance in the prices of food products. Between 1899 and 1909 the production of ce- reals increased but 1.7 per cent but their market value was higher by 79.8 per cent in 1909 than in 1899 — the in- crease in price being forty-seven times the increase in quantity. The only inference that can be drawn from these figures is that the industry of cultivating the soil in the United States, relative to the increase in population and the augmented demand for food stuffs not only has failed to progress but has retrogressed in the last ten years. In the last fiscal year the imports of food stuffs into the United States ex- ceeded the exports of food stuffs by approximately $60,000,000. A year ago exports exceeded imports by over $21,- 000,000, although two years ago im- ports were in excess by about $16,- 000,000. For seven months beginning January 1, 1912, the imports of food stuffs were $59,000,000 in amount more than exports. The bumper crops that have just been harvested undoubted- ly will augment the exports and less- en the imports of food stuffs for the current fiscal year, but, unfortunately, experience shows that a repetition of the splendid crops of this year is not likely for some time to come. The significance of the data relating to the exports and imports of food stuffs is startling. It has been so confidently assumed that this country would al- ways have a large surplus of food products for export that little thought has been given to the possibility of the United States having to depend on the bounty of other countries for food. Consequently it is difficult to realize that unless steps are taken to substantially increase the output of its farms this country will soon have little, if any, surplus food products for export, and will have to rely on its ability to obtain most of its food from other countries. The size of this year's crops, and the probable consequent increase in the volume of agricultural exports should not blind us to the fact that the economic ad- vantage of this country will be seri- ously impaired unless the productivity of its farms is quickly and perma- nently increased. The national government, the states, various associations and individuals are now actively engaged in trying to raise the standard of farming by teach- ing farmers how to farm scientifical- ly. This is a splendid and absolutely necessary work, but it also is essen- tial to provide the means whereby the farmers may put into practice the things they are taught. Farmers must have the means whereby they can se- cure at low rates and on reasonable terms the funds they need to increase the productivity of their land; other- wise much that is being done to edu- cate them in scientific methods and to convince them that such methods are practical will be without sensible re- sult. The need of farmers for capital is serious and pressing. They need capi- tal for permanent improvements, and No-Rim -Cut Tires — 10% Oversize Look at All the Winter Treads Compare the following all-important points. Then you'll know the cogent reason why Goodyear tires far outsell all others. Here is a double-thick tread — an extra tread, made of very tough rubber, vulcanized onto the reg- ular. In that extra tread are these deep-cut, sharp-cut blocks. So deep and so tough that they last for thousands of miles. Countless edges and angles face every direction, and they grasp the road surface with a bulldog grip. Why They Last Those are the reasons why these tough treads last. But the tires last, too, for the strain is not centered on any small part of the fabric. These blocks widen out so they meet at the base. Thus the strain is distributed over the fabric just as with smooth-tread tires. Have you found those features in any other non-skid? Here they come in tires that can't rim-cut — tires 10 per cent over the rated size. Tires which save, in these two ways, an average of 48 per cent. Tires which so excel that men now use them on some 250,000 cars. You'll have them on yours when you see them. The Goodyear Tire Book — 14th- year edition — tells all the tire facts that you want to know. Ask us to mail it to you. EAR IN, OHIO No-Rim-Cut Tires With or Without Non-Skid Treads THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY, AKRON, OHIO. Branches and Agencies in 103 Principal Cities More Service Stations Than Any Other Tire We Make All Kinds of Rubber Tires. Tire Accessories and Repair Outfits Main Canadian Office, Toronto, Out. Canadian Factory, Bownianville, Out. See Those Rivets? Read This Jr. Farmer! We want to call your attention to "Western" irrigation pipe, it is the best surface irrigation pipe on the market because it can't leak. It can't leak because it is riveted instead of lock-seamed. "Western" No Sections. In solid lengths of 1<» ft- « It will stand any kind of rough treatment, as it is prac- tically indestructible. "Western" will save you big money, Mr. Farmer. Why not give it a trial? Write today for literature, WESTERN PIPE& STEEL C? Lot Angeltt ■ Frtino - Taft OF CALIFORNIA 444 MARKET STREET, SAN FRANCISCO 10 ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION 45 H. P. $1,600 55 H.P. $2,000 Our 20th Anniversary Is the 20th Anniversary of the Automobile 1913 is the 20th anniversary of the American-made automobile. The first successful gasoline car was built here in Kokomo by the Apperson Brothers — Elmer and Edgar. The original car is now in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington — a priceless relic. Rabbit The Car With the Powerful Engine Fathers of the Automobile The Apperson Brothefs built the first regular automobile factory in the United States. In every branch of the business t'ley were pioneers. They are the recognized fathers of automobiling, as the Wright Brothers are of flying. Making Automobile History The months and years following the first car were busy ones for the Apperson Brothers. Tbey worked night and day to make their car reli- able and perfect. In 1895 they won the international prize for the most efficient gasoline engine for motor cars — the first time an American had thus been honored. Mechanically Perfect After 10 Years In 1898 the Apperson Brothers' car was much improved. Edgar Apper- son drove from Kokomo to New York, 900 miles — a sensational per- formance. Three years later he was the first to drive a car 100 miles with- out a stop. For ten years the "Jack Rabbit" has been a trouble-free car. In value it is as standard as gold Guaranteed 20 Years Seventeen thousand enthusiastical- ly satisfied users will celebrate the 20th anniversary with us. The aver- age age of their cars is 8 years. Some cars, still in use, are 17, 18 and even 19 years old. No "Jack Rabbit" has ever worn out. It is guaranteed by 20 years' experience Buy it now, and you should never need another car. Write for Complete Story It takes a book to tell all the Ap> person advantages. "Jack Rabbits" ate entirely built in the Apper- son factory. The Apperson Brothers still personally supervise the making of the enlire car. The "Jack Rabbit" has a famous engine and a celebrated clu'ch. Season models are no longer recognized by us. Your 2uih Anniversary 'Jack Rabbit" will be in style and good as new five and ten years hence. "Jack Rabbits" are as beautiful ae they are dur- able Comfortable and luxurious in equipment. Upkeep solow that people with incomes of $600 a year are not burdened. A 9 per cent margin makes our prices possible. Power. Long Life, Simplicity — that's what you gel in the Apperson. Wrile for full particulars regarding the "Jack Rabbit." Electric Self-Starter and Electric Lighting Furnished if Desired Apperson Bros. Automobile Co. 305 Main St., Kokomo, Indiana, U.S.A. they need capital to finance their crops. For instance, there are many millions of acres of good land in the Mississippi Valley and the eastern states which have lost much of their fertility by continual culture. To re- store this land to a degree of produc- tivity consistent with profitable and economical cultivation would require an investment of probably not less than $10 per acre for fertilizer. This means an aggregate expenditure of an enormous amount of money — im- mensely more than the farmers can supply out of their own resources, and much more than they can borrow with credit facilities as they now exist. This is only one of the many things for which farmers must have funds if agriculture in this country is not to suffer further deterioration. Some of the older countries — France and Germany, for instance — have been through periods of relative decline in agricultural productivity. Many years ago, confronted with unequal compe- tition with new countries possessing an immense amount of territory of vir- gin fertile soil, they recognized the danger to their social and economic well being of the superficial cultiva- tion of farm land. They saw that the farmers were poorly equipped success- fully to meet any considerable compe- tition, and, consequently, they adopted practical means of averting a peril- ous situation. They not only taught their farmers how to make their land yield maximum crops, but they also set up the financial machinery by which the farmers could borrow easily and cheaply the funds they needed to put into practice the things they were taught. As a consequence France, Get many and other European coun- tries are now far in advance of the United States in the per acre produc- tion of food stuffs. The history of agriculture in France, Germany and other countries proves that one of the essential factors in the development and maintenance of sci- entific farming is the existence of fa- cilities by means of which farmers can obtain funds on reasonable terms. In France and Germany the organiza- tions that loan money to land owners have been so successful that they can afford to loan on terms as favorable as those secured by large railroad and industrial corporations in this coun- try. Whatever els? may have been done in France, Germany and other countries to raise the standard of farming, it is very clear that little would have been accomplished had the financial needs of farmers been ig- nored. In this country farmers are seriously handicapped in their efforts to inaugurate scientific methods of farming because of the lack of finan- cial machinery suited to supply their peculiar financial needs. In this re- spect the United States is the most backward of any of the important countries of the world. By reason of the very limited investment market to which farmers in this country have ;.ccess, it is unusual for them to be able to borrow except at excessive rates and under burdensome condi- tions. No way has been provided by which farm moitgage loans can be made the basis of a security that can be sold to that class of conservative investors from which the railroads and large industrial corporations receive funds in such enormous volume. This is an illogical and unreasonable sit- uation, and a grievous burden to the farmers of this country. Farm land is just as good security as a railroad, and the personal obligation of an in- dustrious, capable farmer is just as safe as that of a merchant. In other words, farmers have the credit; what is lacking is the machinery to make their credit negotiable. i'nder the circumstances it is of the greatest importance that we learn how other countries have solved the prob- lem of rural finance, and see if we can not profit by what they have accom- plished. Germany is perhaps the na- tion where agriculture is the most highly and most intelligently organ- ized. There are organizations in Ger- many for the purpose of supplying farmers with capital, for producing, transforming, preserving, transporting and selling food stuffs, and for buying supplies — all owned and managed by the farmers themselves. These or- ganizations have revolutionized agri- cultural conditions in Germany. They not only have been the means of im- mensely increasing the productivity of the farms but they have wonderful- ly improved the economic and social status of the farmers themselves. The first kind of co-operative organization staited was for credit or banking pur- poses, and the entire fabric of co-op- eration in Germany now rests on its elaborate and efficient system of cred- it societies. Consequently it reason- ably may be said that these credit so- cieties are responsible for the ad- vanced conditions of agriculture in Germany. To supply the needs of German farmers for capital there has been evolved two general types of credit associations — the Raiffeisen banks and the Landschaften, each supplying a different sort of credit. A FtaifTeisen bank is an association of farmers created by written articles of agree- ment which make them liable for ob- ligations incut red in their associate capacity. Its main purpose is to make loans to those members that wish to borrow, and it obtains funds for this purpose by receiving deposits from members and others, and by borrow- ing in the open market. The funda- mental provisions of the Raiffeisen banks, as contemplated by Herr Raif- feisen, were those of gratuitous man- agement, unlimited liability of mem- bers and a strictly local field of op- eration. For the most part the Raif- feisen banks adhere to these provi- sions. In the beginning the Raiffeisen banks had no capital stock, but in 1876 a law was passed which made it necessary for them to issue shares of stock. The price of the shares was then fixed at little more than a nomi- nal amount. The membership of the ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION 11 The Wbrlds Greatest Wagon Factory Seventy years ago (in 1843) Peter Schuttler made the best farm wagon in the world — with his own hands — in a little shop in Chicago. From the little shop of 1843 #5^" the business has grown, until today it is the greatest wagon factory in the world, with a plant that covers over 20 acres, still owned and under gjS" the active personal management of Peter Schuttler's grandsons. •iiggs. \ Our sole aim is to make the "Old Reliable" Peter Schuttler — the "One Best" wagon that can be built, re- gardless of expense — one that will stand the test of hard service on the roads — one that can be sold at a fair price ^ and that we can positively guarantee to give absolute •g satisfaction. The Old Reliable Peter Schuttler Wagons .jgi' are built as carefully — as honestly — and as substantially today as they were in 1843. They have stood the hard test of racking service on the plains and mountains for 70 years. During all that time they have sold at higher prices than any other wagon — yet the .^t demand for them has steadily increased year ^ after year — because they have always been built % better and have given more satisfactory service. No inferior materials ever enter our factory, and the Peter Schuttler Wagon is made in but "One Grade of the Highest Quality." ^ Year after year we have added new improvements and perfected new inventions, and have invariably main- ^ ^ tained the high standard of Peter Schuttler Wagons. Our latest and most remarkable invention is the ^ § Peter Schuttler Roller Bearing | - The Greatest Improvement of Farm Wagons in 50 Years = "Every machine on the farm has been improved — except the farm wagon. Our latest invention will revolu- ^ ^ tionize farm wagon construction. Every good farm wagon will soon have roller bearings, because they $ run so much easier, and do at least one-third more work. -> $s ^ The Schuttler Patented Roller Bearing Construction has been perfected and made so practical that it ^ ^ gives absolutely satisfactory results, with but little increase in cost over the ordinary farm wagon. ^ \A7*»i \g\ fnw aiii* I7|>nA R/trklr which fully explains the Schuttler Patented Roller Bearing Con- ,-$Sr TV II It lOl UUI F ICC DUUh struction, and gives official tests by U. S. Gov. Road Experts. PETER SCHUTTLER CO. 2501 W. 22nd Street, CHICAGO, ILL. \ /9J3 Raiffeisen banks is made up almost entirely of farmers. The loans which these banks make are either on cur- rent account — in the nature of an overdraft as we know it, and for fixed periods. As a rule the loans that the Raiffeisen banks make are for short periods — usually one year with a maximum of five. The loans are made on the personal obligations of the bor- rowers, to which, usually, is added the guaranty of one or two associate members. The Raiffeisen banks pri- marily were designed to assist the small farmer, and that they have maintained their original character is shown by the fact that the average loan of these banks in Germany is only $150. The Raiffeisen banking sys- tem in Germany now comprises about 15,000 local banks with a membership approximating 2,000,000. These banks are now doing a yearly aggregate business of about $1,500,000,000. The enormous yearly business done by these banks is sufficient to show what a great practical help they have been to the farmers of Germany. The Landschaften are associations of land owners designed to supply their members with capital on the lowest possible terms and repayable in the easiest possible manner. Loans are made only to members, and are secured by a mortgage on the borrow- er's land. As a rule, the loans made by the Landschaften run for a long period of years — usually over fifty, and they are repayable almost entire- ly by amortization — that is in small equal yearly instalments, the amount of which, of course, is determined by the length of time that the loan has to run. Upon the basis of the mort- gages that they hold, the Landschaft- en issue and sell debenture bonds. These bonds are very highly regarded. They have a very wide and stable market and sell on a very advantage- ous basis — the 4 per cent debentures usually sell around par. By means of these debentures the Landschaft- en are able to draw capital from that wide conservative investment market from which farmers in this country to a very large extent are excluded. The Raiffeisen banks, on the other hand, operate principally with the capital supplied by members them- selves. The features of the Land- schaften, the adoption of which in a rural credit organization in this coun- try would be of inestimable benefit to the farmers, are the long-time loans, the issuance of debenture bonds and the payment of loans by amortiza- tion. The existence of facilities in this country whereby farmers could secure loans for a long period of years — fifty or more — with provision for gradual payment by amortization would wonderfully accelerate the sci- entific development of our agricultur- al resources. Farmers would then feel free to borrow the funds they so bad- ly need for equipment and improve- ment purposes. Until organizations are perfected through which farmers can secure funds for an extended term of years, it will be exceedingly diffi- cult to make substantial progress in farm development along modern scien- tific lines. An intelligent regard for the future status of agriculture in this country, and, by consequence, of the social and economic well being of the whole country, demands that well advised and active measures be taken to per- fect arrangements whereby, to finance legitimate operations, farmers may secure the funds they need as easily and as cheaply as do those engaged in other industries. The establishment of a system of rural credits in this country is primar- ily a matter for the state governments to oversee. To place agricultural credit in the United States on the sound permanent basis that it is in many foreign countries, it is absolute- ly essential for the states, by string- ent legislation, to assume definite re- sponsibility for the proper organiza- tion and the wise and safe manage- ment of all such institutions as may be established. The first twelve months' feeding of any young animal is the most profit- able feeding that is done. Mistakes made at this period of a calf's life are probably of life-long influence, while the results of a mistake made in the feeding of a mature animal may be only temporary. A good founda- tion laid on the young calf, pig, colt or lamb is what shows up later on when you want to use them or dis- pose of them. Any young animal that is stunted at the start remains stunt- ed to the end. When the farmer makes a selling of his crops with as much a business as does the buyer he will find farming more profitable. Handling the Colts. A colt newly broken last spring should not be pushed into the collar every day, nor should he be set to work too hard for him if you want him to develop into a large, sound ani- mal. After the colt has had a school- ing in work he should be given the run of the pasture and allowed to growing during the hot months. The country is full of horses that weigh from 200 to 500 pounds less than they would had they been given the chance to develop rightly. That extra weight will bring much more money than the services of the colt at work. There is little use breeding to improved horses if we turn around and by hard usage throw away all the advantages we would otherwise gain. Horsemen will agree that more than half of the horses on our farms today are stunted either from overwork or from lack of proper food. Why should we push our steers or hogs to the limit and stunt the colt? It doesn't pay. The farmer should have a good edu- cation. He pursues one of the most important occupations In the world. Almost all the food of civilized man is procured from the farm. The quantity and excellence of the food thus produced depend upon the skill and intelligence with which the farm is managed. Nothing can so well be done by an ignorant, careless person as by a person of intelligence and knowledge, and there is no place where knowledge is more important than it is on a farm. There is a great deal of "dreaming" going on in the world. This is not only so with the gamblers and schemers of Wall Street and bucket shops, but also in the poultry ranks with beginners who are going to make great fortunes. Their air castles are only dreams, and when they wake up they find it re- quires the same honest effort to make a living with hens as it does with any- thing else. Dreamers die young in the business. A good liquid lice killer is made by dissolving in ordinary kerosene all the crude naphthaline flakes it will take up. The solution is an excellent disinfectant for use about poultry houses, as well as a lice killer. Used on the dropping boards and rooets, it will destroy and prevent red mites, and will also kill disease germs and seeds of worms and other parasites. 12 ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION GOLD BEAR FERTILIZERS rtFr ANIMAL Ma-t^ U^hMONiat^^ HONEST GOODS HONEST PRICES FOR CALIFORNIA SOILS Will aid you in producing bigger, better crops, insuring greater profits. Let us figure what it will cost to supply your particular needs Booklet ' 'California Soil Builders "and' 'Facts on Fertility ' ' ivill he sent on application Write to Department F for samples WESTERN MEAT CO. SAN FRANCISCO, U. S. A. ^ FertilizerstAlfalfa Use $2.50 worth of MOCOCO Superphosphate per acre now and in- crease your yield anywhere from 1 to 4 tons per acre. Richest Phos- phorous fertilizer on the market. Gypsum is only a soil stimulant — contains not a pound of plant food — but 1 ton of MOCOCO Superphos- phate contains 350 lbs. of actual plant food. Much cheaper than Gypsum in the end. Write for leaflet. MOUNTAIN COPPER COMPANY, limited 150 PINE STREET, SAN FRANCISCO. 1 "Superior" Grain Drill for sale. Cheap. The Light for the Home Z 3tf5£ ise — the best lamp you can buy is the Rayo. There is no glare; no flicker. The light is soft and clear. The Rayo is a low priced lamp, but you cannot get better light at any price. Rayo lamps are lighting more than three million homes. Save the Children's Eyes — and Your Own. ^^ZS Made in i Lighted without removing chimney or shade. Easy to clean and rewick. various styles and for all purposes. At Dealers Everywhere. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) ^BOUT NINE YEARS AGO Uncle Sam became actively interested in the protection of wild birds. This in- terest was brought about because of various species of game birds, as well as song and insect-eating birds, were decreasing rapidly, while insect pests were increasing in immense numbers. Uncle Sam has recently estimated that the annual loss to agricultural and hor- ticultural interests in this country amounts to $420,100,000. The National Association of Audu- bon Societies, which was organized for the protection of wild birds and ani- mals, began the campaign a number of years ago to get certain refuges or retreats where no hunting or killing beneficial birds was allowed at any season of the year. The first national wild bird reserva- tion was set aside March 14, 1903, by a special proclamation of the President. Since that time fifty-five other reserva- tions have been created solely for the protection of wild birds. These embrace rocky islands, sand beaches, lakes, marshes and other places that are of no agricultural value, reaching from Florida to Alaska and over to the Ha- waiian Islands. Many of these are the ancestral breeding places of birds, some of which are almost exterminated by plume hunters. "The largest and best national wild bird reservations are on the Pacific Coast," said Mr. William L. Finley, State Game Warden for Oregon, who has during the past year succeeded in getting a large number of smaller game refuges in various parts of his State. "One of our government reservations includes a vast area of the treeless tun- dra at the mouth of the Yukon River in Alaska. Another includes Lower Klamath Lake in northern California and southern Oregon, and a third in- cludes Malheur and Harney Lakes in southeastern Oregon. These three act as immense nurseries where untola thousands of ducks, geese and other wild fowl are reared each year. Uncle Sam has established strict laws for the protection of these wild birds on the reservations and employs special war- dens to see that these laws are en- forced. "A few years ago Mrs. Russell Sage became greatly interested in the work accomplished by the Audubon Socle- ties and gave several thousand dollars, which was used to carry on educational work in the schools in some of the southern States where song birds had for many years been killed as game birds. A short time ago Mrs. Sage purchased Marsh Island in Louisiana, a tract of land containing 75,000 acres. This is a great breeding ground for wild fowl and also a vast resting place for the flocks that migrate from the north during the winter season. Mrs. Sage is determined to make a perma- nent wild bird refuge out of the island." 461 Market Street San Francitco •yHE CHANGE in the postal service of this country will be greater than any it has experienced. It is more than likely that there will be one striking development that the public has not yet thought of, but many groups of keen-sighted men are anticipating. The vast new package business will have to be taken care of and handled expedi- tiously. The Government cannot let itself be swamped. So there will be established haulage contractors, con- cerns with large backing and the finest motor-truck equipment which will bid for territory. There are indications that there will be a number of com- peting firms, so that the Government will be able to make good bargains. In any event, as is quite apparent, the Government itself will buy only a frac- tion of the innumerable fleets of ve- hicles that will be needed. It is not too much to say that investments ag- gregating tens of millions of dollars will be made within the next two or three years to provide for this service. Some one must put up the money. In a general sense it will be Uncle Sam, but he himself will not do all the big financiering. This building of motor-trucks for the parcels post is expected to have a far- reaching influence on the motor-truck trade in general. Not only will It bring in a vast grist of new orders and provide much ready money, but it will extend factories and greatly in- crease experiment and designing. The motor-truck as it is today is a decided practical success, and in proportion to its needs has kept pace with the devel- opment of the pleasure automobile. In fact, it has made even greater strides. But no one contends that motor-truck building is in anything but its infancy as yet. Trucks will show greater econ- omy of operation and will be better built for specific purposes. The science of delivery by motor-truck will grow and be made better and better. The new business that will come from the parcels post is certain to put every manufacturer on his mettle. He will have to design the wagon that will make many stops and the massive truck that must meet conditions not unlike those of the express-train serv- ice. Trusts and Farmers David Lubin, United States dele- gate to International Institute of Ag- riculture, Rome, is of the opinion that under a well directed co-operative rur- al credit system among farmers in this country the big business trusts will gradually be dissolved. Prop- erly combined the farm capital of the United States would more than be a match for the trusts. The people have really forced the trusts into ex- istence because erroneously competi- tion was the practice instead of co- operation. The unwinding of their power and existence is along the lines of co-operation, taxation and the bal- lot. To throw manure out of the dump holes in the rear of the stock, and let it accumulate at the sides of the barn, under the drip of the eaves, is about the worst way in the world to dis- pose of it. It is unsightly, dirty, de- structive of the value of the manure, and injurious to the sides of the barn by rotting and staining them. Successful dairying depends upon good care as well as upon good stock. ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION 13 California Leads in Horticulture CALIFORNIA'S MARVELOUS wealth in richly bearing groves of oranges, orchards of apples and other deciduous fruits and vineyards of the tempting grape is told in a report, based upon returns from county commissioners. The report is up to date, and is the result of a year's effort to get ac- curate data, being the first complete statement of its kind. Although previous information as to the number of bearing and non-bearing citrus-fruit and stone-fruit trees of the State has been vague, on the ground of the information now in hand Cook declares that the Golden States indis- putably leads in horticulture. Cook pronounces the orange to be plainly the king of Cailfornia fruits, as there are approximately 13,000,000 trees planted in orchard form. There are orange trees enough, if set ninety to the acre, to make a grove one mile wide and 225 miles long. This Utopian grove would make a golden belt extending across the width of the State from San Francisco as far east- ward as the Nevada line or as far south as San Luis Obispo. The extent and importance of the California apple industry is expressed by the statement: "It is a fact but little known to Californians that, until the present year, the apple crop of the State surpassed that of all the other Coast States combined." Giving the total of wine-bearing grape vines as 74,557,599, with Ala- meda, Fresno, Los Angeles, Napa, Sac- ramento, San Bernardino, San Joaquin and Sonoma counties set down as hav- ing from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 vines, Cook says epigrammatically : "California must long remain famous as the home of wine. "This horticultural wealth of Cali- fornia is not simply a fact of today," says Cook; "it is a manifest of a much larger future." Cook predicts that the cherry, the almond and the fig industries will ex- perience a marked expansion as the orchardist masters the principles of selection of lands, of varieties of stock and of the care of trees. The same applies to the further development of shipping plums, prunes and apricots. From tabulated returns Cook con- cludes that certain districts in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys are rapidly forging to the front as cit- rus producers. He says: "This development is largely due to the facts that water in these districts is abundant and cheap and that the soil and climate are well adapted for citrus fruits. Then, too, the northern grown fruit ripens early and finds a ready market." Summing up the returns which were assembled by G. E. Merrill, chief deputy commissioner, the grand total shows that there are in the State more than 38,000,000 bearing fruit and nut trees, and more than 13,000,000 non-bearing trees of the same classi- fication. The number of bearing grape vines is 125,000,000, while the number of non-bearing vines is 125,000,000. The lemon is the citrus fruit next in importance to the orange, but it is not a close rival, as the lemon trees num- ber about 3,000,000, while the orange- bearing trees, reported by fourteen counties, number 9,022,528, and the orange trees, which have not yet be- gan to bear fruit, number 4,146,051. The leading counties in this industry are San Bernardino, Los Angeles, Riv- erside, Tulare, Butte, Colusa, Fresno, Kern, Sacramento, San Diego, Santa Barbara, Tehama and Ventura. With detailed reports from many counties on apricots, cherries, peaches, plums and prunes, it is stated that the stone fruit interests are of almost equal importance with the citrus fruits. Almonds, walnuts and olives are shown to be widely grown, and it is noted that recent plantings of almonds in Sacramento, Butte, Yolo and Colusa counties have been unprecedentedly large, while the production of walnuts is greatest in the southern coast coun- ties. Cook reports that the production of apples and pears is of much importance to the State. Counties reporting more than 100,000 apple trees already bear- ing fruit are: Humboldt, 108,000; Los Angeles, 142,000; Mendocino, 166,850; Monterey, 325,400; Napa, 100,000; San Bernardino, 146,320; Santa Cruz, 626,- 000; Sonoma, 297,200. Fresno county leads the list of fig growing counties, with 220,000 bear- ing and 32,000 non-bearing trees; Los Angeles county comes next with 94,700 bearing and 23,180 non-bearing trees. Butte, Merced, San Joaquin and Yolo have each more than 10,000 fig trees within their boundaries. Increase Crop Yields. Do you think the yields of the crops on your farm are so large as they should be? Don't you believe it would be possible to change the way you handle your fields so you could get better crops? Much of the land in the West is not handled so well as it should be. The greatest need on most farms is for a good, logical crop rota- tion. What is a good rotation? It will have in it a crop like clover or alfalfa that adds nitrogen to the land and improves its physical condition, a crop like corn that requires good cultiva- tion, and a crop like wheat for which the seed bed must be well prepared. Either of the last two crops may be left out, but a good rotation always should contain a leguminous crop. Many of the fields have a soil that is acid. Most crops, especially the legumes, do not do well in acid soil. How can you find out whether your soil is acid? Get some blue litmus paper at a drug store, and put some of the soil around the paper. Let it stand for one hour, then look at the paper. If it has turned red the soil is. acid. Repeat this test in several parts of the field, in order to see whether it is all in the same condi- tion. If there is a tendency toward an acid condition, the soil needs lime. Many of the fields of the West are deficient in phosphorus, and it would pay to add this element to them. This especially is true of some of the fields that have been cultivated for many years. A strong back a weak head Will never get you anything except — work. The money getter nowadays is the man who uses his brains. Using brains in farming means making the soil do its very best. And the only way to do that is to use a good fertilizer. We Want You To Try Hawferco Fertilizers They are the very best obtainable and will double your dollars. There's a Hawferco Fertilizer for every purpose and each one is guaranteed. Don't put it off but write us today for the fertilizer you need. Don't let your soil loaf. A Hawferco Fertilizer will make it work— and work hard. We're the largest fertilizer manufacturers on the Coast. Why not let us number you among our satisfied and delighted customers? Write us NOW. With the present prices of beef and milk, the two most necessary staples of the life of the people, with their increasing demand and their decreas- ing supply, any one who kills a calf before it matures commits murder. Having secured a parcels post sys- tem, let us see how it will affect the cost of living, by giving it a fair and honest trial. HawaiianrertilizerCo. 244 CALIFORNIA STREET SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. 14 ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION Manufacture Finished Merchandise MONITOR DOUBLE DISC DRILL Increases the Yield Raises the Grade Saves 20* of the Seed Hundreds of farmers have carefully tested out the MONITOR DOUBLE DISC DRILL and in every case have found that it increases the yield, usually from three to seven bushels to the acre — raises the grade and saves at least 20% of the seed. It will actually save its cost in a single season. THE MONITOR WAY IS THE ONLY RIGHT WAY It deposits the seed on the downward turn of the disc — at the bottom of the furrow — in two rows, one inch apart and covers it with moist soil and not dry top earth as is done by other drills. Owing to its uniform depth the seed all comes up at the same time — ripens evenly, insuring better grade — increased yield with less seed — it pays for itself. The MONITOR DRILL cannot be clogged in any soil, mud, gumbo or in weedy or cornstalk ground, and its draft is one-third lighter than any other. Our FREE Illustrated Book on Monitor Drills will interest you. Write for it today. The Flying Dutchman Dealer in your neighborhood sells Monitor Drills. Look him up. MOLINE PLOW COMPANY Dept. 76 MOLINE. ILLINOIS SOLD BY HOME OFFICE AND ALL BRANCH HOUSES Guaranteed garden tools You are sure of saved time, lighter work, and bigger when you use implements marked Planet Jr Nearly two million soil-tillers all over the world are using them. Fully i guaranteed. I No. 25 I pi.net Jr Combined Hill and Drill Seeder, Double Wheel Hoe. Cul- J tivator, and Plow, has automatic feed-stopper, seed index, and complete cultivating j I i attachments, lndestructib'e steel frame. I No. 16 | p|ane, Jr Single Wheel Hoe. Cu'tivator. Rake, and Plow is ligbtj handy, and adapted to almost every garden use. Has leal guard for close work, and ' ing steel frame, Wtl) ■ 1 ■ I § An instructive 64-page illustrated catalogue dc ** IC I* -P. » scribes 55 tools for all kinds of horse and hand * mmiJ«— I • cultivation. Send postal for it today SL Allen & Co SIS,,11060 Phila Pa Light for all your buildings at any hour of the day or night. No danger of fires or explosions from lamps or lanterns. No lamps to clean and fill. And with all its advantages Electric Light Is Not Expensive Burning all 50 lights of this system for 5 hours would only cost about 1 0 cents for fuel oils. You would seldom burn all lights at once hence this low cost would be much reduced. Let us give you full partic- ulars. Write for Catalog No.CD 652 Fairbanks, Morse & Co. Portland Ban Franolico Lob Angeles 50-L.aht. 30-Volt Oucfit Complete including Mazda Lamps and Fixtures IN A RECENT ARTICLE In the Northwestern Agriculturist, the wri- ter called the attention of its readers to the importance of using farm prod- ucts to manufacture finished merchan- dise in the form of dairy products, meats, valuable stock animals, etc., rather than that of selling them as raw grains. In our experience, the hog Is one of the most dependable animals to use as a factory to convert corn into meats of high quality, which are al- ways in good demand on nearly all of the markets. It is said, on good authority, that a good brood sow, having careful < attention and good care, will produce pigs in one year sufficient to make a ton of pork. She will produce two litters of pigs which should average, at least, seven at each farrowing. If these are fed until they weigh 250 pounds each, you have a ton of pork and the factory in good condition to do as well the following year. A good brood sow is one of the most profitable animals on the farm and should not go to market, as pork, until she becomes unprofitable as a producer of pigs. We have called the attention of our readers to the importance of feed- ing the pigs on a ration of grains that shall furnisu material for growth rather than on a diet that shall contain nothing but corn and water. Thousands of farmers still appear to be satisfied with results ob- tained where the pigs kept in a pen and fed corn, in the mud and swill from the kitchen garbage barrel, which is largely dish washings, with various slops. No other animal on the farm would live and grow fat in such filthy surroundings and on an en- tire grain ration and impure water. The hog is naturally an animal that should be grown, quite largely, on a pasture containing a variety of grasses and other forage plants. Having these in assortment and abundance, with plenty of pure water, he does not re- quire much grain until the time ar- rives when he should be finished on corn for the markets. The pig that has had the range of a clean pasture with water and a slop composed of the surplus milk from the farm and a lit- tle wheat-shorts with flaxmeal or oil- cake, will be in excellent condition to use, as a factory, through which the corn crop may be passed for meat for the market or family use, while a large part of its fertility will remain on the farm to increase the yields for years to come. Corn should be fed in combination with slops containing wheat-shorts, oil-cake, etc. Some feeders appear to think the corn is sufficient, but the shorts and oil-cake will aid much in securing a better digestion and assimilation of the corn and thus in- crease its value as a fat producer. The shorts and oil-cake also furnish material for growth of bone, muscle, blood, etc., which are required to de- velop a strong, healthy animal. We have encouraged farmers to pasture corn, as well as grass, because we know it makes one of the best and cheapest pastures tne farm can pro- duce. No portion of the grain will be lost, provided the stock hogs and pigs follow those on full feed. They will gather the waste and at the same time almost plow the ground with their noses as they root the soil for hidden grains of corn. When fields are wet and soft, the hogs should be fed on grass lands in the bundles or on feeding floors as husked grain. Many farmers who are feeding corn for pork are too gen- erous with the supply. They keep a quantity of corn in the feeding yards or on the feeding floors which has be- come more or less soiled and not in a wholesome, attractive condition. The fattening animals will not make the best gains on corn that is not clean, especially where it is kept at all times where they can eat in small quanti- ties. Best gains are always secured where the feeding floors and troughs are kept clean between meals for the fattening animals and they come to each feed with a keen desire for more food. They eat heartily when in such condition and the elements of diges- tion, with the organs that supply them, are in the best condition to appropri- ate and make flesh from feeds. Stock hogs or breeding animals may be fed after those on full feed have vacated the feeding floors or yards. They will clean up the remains and still have all of the corn they need to maintain growth and keep them in a healthy, thrifty condition. The feeding floors should be kept free from cobs, dust and litter. They should also be ex- posed to the sun, which is the great source of life, light and heat, as well as the dependable destroyer of dis- ease germs, which are inclined to ac- cumulate and multiply in dark, damp buildings where the sun cannot shine on the floors. Hogs on a full feed of corn should have an abundant supply of wood ashes, charcoal and salt, so located that they may have free access to the mixture from a self-feeder. Pumpkins or squash or other vege- tables, fed in combination with corn, will aid in keeping the animals in a healthy condition. Their sleeping quar- ters should be made dry with clean bedding of straw, and well ventilated. Pure air Is quite as necessary as pure water and clean feeds. The hog has a small stomach, hence should be fed three times a day, when on full feed, to finish for the markets. The best and most profitable gains are secured before the animals reach 20 pounds. This has been demonstrated again and again by practical feeders. Howevpr, they may be fed at a profit up to three or four hundred pounds where corn is plenty and cheap and pork high, which condition prevails in many localities in the Northwest this fall. Hogs well fed on corn and finished where they have exercise to develop bone and muscle and maintain good health, are quite sure to top the mar- kets, provided they have been well bred, as well as fed. Hogs uniform in color, shape and flesh are much bet- ter sellers than mixed lots. Farmers should unite on some breed and thus secure uniformity for an entire neigh- borhood, which would again increase values without extra cost of produc- tion.— A. K. E. in Agriculturist. There is danger of some horses eating too much hay. No horse should be allowed to gorge Itself. Feed the first thing in the morning just enough hay to be cleaned up In one hour. In the evening feed about twice that amount. A horse at work should have plenty of good clean grain three times a day. ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION l6 Selecting the Herd Boar By John H. Dunlap, Williamsport, O., President American Mule Foot Hog Breeders' Association. CINCE THE BOAR gives half the blood to the whole herd, and a sow can influence her own litter only, it is highly important that, whatever the sows may be, the boar should be pure- bred, and one that will give vigorous pigs of good form and growth. Where a herd boar is to be purchased, write or call on a responsible breeder, one that has good stock to select from. Where a boar is to be used with big, rangy sows, he should be more com- pact than if used with smaller sows. I find that an aged sow mated with a young boar will produce pigs that will mature earlier than those produced when the sow is young and the boar aged. This is a strong argument in favor of keeping a sow as long as she continues to breed satisfactorily. It is well to select from a good-sized littpr, and from matured parents that show good breeding themselves. It is often desirable to purchase the hoar when he is a pig, since, if you live a distance from (he breeder or in another State, the expressage is much less. It is well to select a boar pig that shows meal vitality ami has a masculine look. He should be broad between the eyes, with a good heart girth. The men who get the real bargains In the purchase of boars are those who have the privilege of selecting from a large bunch, when the hogs are young. This atmlies whether the selection is personally made or an order given by mail. The theory of this advantage lies in the fact that in the case of hogs You have heard about the ARNOTT Cultivator, but possibly you never saw one work. Why don't you try it in your own orchard? Free t. i^l costs you not hing. More ARNOTTS sold than any three other stylos combined. Made with fore truck as shown or with pole. Curved ^UUUf^^/ ' ^3P7 rear standards allow ^ae^^^^o^ gOOIj trash clearance. Made in Los Angeles as result of eleven years experience with California orchards. Culti- vates deeper. PtiMs lighter. High grade steel construction. Wr:te today for free trial offer. Cultivators shipped everywhere. None returned. ARM ATT Z Pfl EST- H2-P8S. Los Angeles St. AlinUI I & OU. ,89» LOS ANGELES. CAL. The Forkner Light Draft Hangs low and has fjofi-nu; great extension— you IWIIUW work right up to trees without dis- turbing Doughs or fruit. With it you can cultivate 20 to 30 acres a day with one team. Low-priced, but built for long, hard service. THIS BOOK FREE Modern Orchard Tillage, written by a practical orchardist, chock- full or valuable informa- i tion. Write l for it. Light Draft Harrow Company 603 E. Nevada ' t , Marshalltown, Iowa ordered by mail during the summer months the breeder is bound to select one that shows up well at that season of the year. The probabilities are that the best pig will be out of the best sow in the herd, and the fact that he is well forward, showing plenty of scale for his age, is the surest indication that he will be a useful hog in a new herd. Most farmers seem to think it a great deal of trouble to keep a boar. The reason that a boar is troublesome is because of inconvenient arrange- ments and poor fences. Keep him en- closed by fences that will turn him and he will be contented. Do not keep him in a dry or muddy lot. He eats grass the same as the sows and cows. Turn him out where he can have range and company. The young boar should not be re- quired to do heavy work. Ten or fifteen sows, allowing only one service to each, is much better than twice that number. Where possible the mating should be done just at evening, and the boar re- turned to a pen where he will not be disturbed by the herd. The sow should not be returned to the herd, but placed by herself, where she will be quiet until the period of restlessness is past. While many people do not like to buy a breeding boar until they are ready to use him, I think it better to buy before ready to use, since it is not safe to delay the purchase until the boar is wanted for service. The service is more sure and the boar can be handled with much less trouble if he has been on the place for a while before he is need- ed for use. He should have time to be- come accustomed to new quarters. . Just as soon as the boar has tusks that are large enough to cause damage to the other stock, they should be re- moved. I find a pair of large bolt cut- ters the best thing for this purpose. The boar can be put in a chute and detusked with very little trouble. If a boar has proper care, and is never al- lowed to break through bad fences, he will be easy to handle as long as he is kept on the farm. A barrow and a boar get along to- gether, but a bred sow makes the best company for him, and a whole herd of bred sows won't hurt him. He will do much better when he has company and show a much better disposition. I would not let the boar run with fat- tening hogs, unless he really needs fat- tening up. If the hogs are being fed a good balanced ration, it will be all right for the boar. A hog can be vigorous and in good condition, and not be fat. I prefer a fair amount of flesh on the boar, but it is an old custom to keep the boar comparatively thin. The thin part will do very well after the boar is past two years old. If you don't keep him fed up previous to that age, he will not develop into what he really is worth as a breeder or as a show animal. When answering advertisements please mention Orchard and Farm. The most common error is to neg- lect the pruning until the tree has be- come ill-shaped and then to attempt, by the drastic method of cutting off many large limbs or the entire trunk, to give it symmetry and beauty de- sired. Such methods seldom bring the desired results and generally leave the tree so badly maimed and disfig- ured that it is only a question of time until it is removed, either by man or by the destroying fungi which enter the tree where the large pruning wounds have been made. ■r A New Model of the Silent Gray Fellow "V/TORE pulling power at low speeds, more power on the hills, more reserve power for sand and mud. That was the demand our en- gineers set out to satisfy by building the DA VI DSOtitf OO (5 actual horse-power — 35 cubic inches piston displace- ment). Dynamometer tests show that this motor develops 166 per cent, more power at 5 miles per hour than even the former 4 horse-power Harley-Davidson, which was the acknowledged leader in its class. 145 per cent, more power at 10 miles an hour, 80 per cent, more power at 20 miles an hour. It will climb hills, pull through sand and over roads impassable to the average automobile. The "5-35" motor will pick up from a standing start to forty miles an hour in 300 feet. At low speeds this machine develops more power than some twin cylinder machines with higher horse power rating. The Ful-Floteing Seat (an exclusive Harley-Davidson feature) places 14 inches of springs between the rider and the bumps. The springs absorb all jolts, jars and vibra- tions, making the Harley-Davidson ride as easy as the highest priced touring car. The Free Wheel Control (another exclusive Harley- Davidson feature) is incorporated in each model this year. This device enables the rider to stop and start his machine by the mere shifting of a lever, thus doing away entirely with the tiresome pedaling and the objection- able running alongside to start. Description of these and other features on request. HARLEY-DAVIDSON MOTOR CO. 647 A Street MILWAUKEE, WIS. i Our Redwood Tanks are endorsed by lending factories, tanneries, breweries, wineries and railroads as the best made. Send for prices. GEORGE WINDELEB 144-164 Berry Street. San Francisco When answering advertisements pleas* mention Orchard and Farm. 16 ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION i ve eon s p On One of Our Small Farms in the F HERE IN THE C You Can Raise a Profitable Pro ORANGES Oranges ripen in the Sacramento Valley several weeks in advance of Southern California. Mr. Christian of Orland says he has received as high as $3.50 a box net for his oranges and never less than $1.50 net a box. LEMONS Lemons, the most delicate of citrus fruits, are grown successfully in the Sacramento Valley. Mr. W. H. Morrisey of Orland picked 450 boxes from one acre of lemons and sold them for $2 a box net. PRUNES Mr. W. A. Yerka, who resides at Princeton, Colusa County, since 1904, one year gathered 185 tons of Prunes from his 40 acres and sold them for $110.00 a ton. Many other orchardists in this district are doing equally as well. APRICOTS Nowhere else in the world do Apricots attain the commercial value they do in California. The Golden State almost has a mo- nopoly of this luscious fruit. There are over 22,000 Apricot trees in Glenn and Colusa Counties adjoin- ing our land. PEACHES The Peach tree is not a short-lived tree in California. Instances are known of trees 50 years old that aie still vigorous and productive. Mr. Hubbard of Princeton has re- ceived an average of $300 an acre from his trees. ALFALFA Mr. S. S. Havenor, formerly an Illinois farmer, who is now living here in Glenn County, says: "1 have never seen a place where such an abund- ance of feed can be raised so easily. In Illinois I could raise two crops of clover, here I can raise six and seven crops of alfalfa." "Give a farmer plenty of alfalfa and he can do most anything. It is the basis crop on an irri- gated farm." Here alfalfa averages from one to two tons each cutting and from five to seven cuttings are made in a season. Alfalfa in the stack sells for from $5.00 to $7.50 a ton, if held and baled it will yield from $10 to $18 a ton. To realize the most on alfalfa feed it to your cows or hogs. One acre of alfalfa will support one cow, two hogs and a calf. The cow will produce $75 to $100, the calf will sell for $7 to $10 at the end of the year, and the hogs will weigh from 200 to 250 pounds and sell at 5c to 8c a pound, totaling in all $92 to $130 per acre. POULTRY It is an undisputed fact that green feed, such as alfalfa, forms two-thirds of a chicken's diet if it is given free range. A well conducted poultry farm will yield a good income on the investment. A few hundred chickens may be carried on a 20 to 40 acre hog or dairy farm with almost no extra cost. To make poultry raising more profitable a few acres should be planted each year to Egyptian or Kaffir corn which supplements the feed from the alfalfa. From reliable statistics it has been shown that California imports upwards of $2,000,000 worth of poultry products annually. Gentlemen: — In compliance with your request, I hand you herewith a statement of results ob- tained from January 1st to May 31st, with one thousand hens. You will notice by the statement below that during the five months I have made a net profit of $940.17 or an average of nearly $1.00 apiece on each hen. — C. C. Miller. 40 acres in the fertile Saci as much hay as 160 acres in the Centi run out in the field the year round. You i the winter — there are no lost days in this producer TWENTY'S PLENTY- The soil, the climate, the water and the \ to put the soil to work. Are you the I We Allow You Ten Y« Because we know what a man who is ambitious anc in YOU. If you have faith in yourself and want 11 and enjoy the good things of life, write to-day and a RUHN IRRIGAl Write for Literature 412 Market Str >s pent/ ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION 17 le Sacramento Valley, California LDEN STATE I :t Every Month in the Year nto Valley will produce Eastern States. Stock and Poultry have to hibernate for six months during that's why in acres :::::::: ITY'S A FORTUNE tation is waiting for the guiding hand [f you are willing to work you'll win to Pay for the Land ic can do. We have faith in the land and faith e a prosperous, independent California Farmer 11 information, facls, maps, etc. D LAND CO. San F rancisco Write for Literature DAIRYING Mr. N. E. Mulick, formerly of Watertown, Wis- consin, says : "The Sacramento Valley, Califor- nia, is the ideal home for the Holstein cow and I am sure that the dairy world will soon look to this valley for the world's record stock." "Cows will produce 100 pounds of milk 60% cheaper in the Sacramento Valley, California, than she will in the Eastern or Central States, and butter-fat which she produces will bring 4c to 6c more a pound." "There is certainly a bright future for the prac- tical dairyman in this valley; green feed can be raised here the year round and you don't have to stable your stock six months in the year as they do in Wisconsin." — N. E. Mulick. HOGS Hogs can be raised from the by products of a dairy farm or if raised exclusively, a good stand of alfalfa a year old on one of our small farms in the fertile Sacramento Valley, California, will support from 10 to 20 hogs throughout the year. Mr. L. B. Spencer says: "About seven years ago I came to the Sacramento Valley from near Sioux City, Iowa. I have done well here. This is the greatest dairy country I have ever seen, in fact, I do not see how it can be beaten, anywhere. Last year I sold about $3,000 worth of hogs off forty acres of alfalfa and grain. Raising hogs is a good paying business here. My alfalfa runs about eight tons to the acre and in addition it is pastured part of the time. This is also a good fruit district. I do not be- lieve there is a better place in the state for growing high-class prunes, apricots, peaches, etc. I have no land for sale, but am glad of every opportunity to express my faith in the future prosperity of this locality, which I know will give a good account of itself during the coming period of development. — L. B. Spencer. SUGAR BEETS Mr. Thomas Gibson of Woodland says he raised 676.8 tons of Sugar Beets on 35 acres and sold them for $3,383.93. They cost him $1,050 to raise, leaving a profit of $2,333.93. Many others are getting the same results. BROOM CORN H. Shaver and Son, Princeton, Co- lusa County, on 15 acres grew 5Mi tons of Broom Corn for which they received $155 per ton for the broom corn and $20 a ton for 11 tons of seed. FIGS The Fig is, perhaps, the grandest fruit tree of California. A fig tree planted in 1856 on Colonel Bid- well's place now measures 11 feet in circumference one foot above the ground. There are over 7,000 fig trees in Glenn and Colusa Counties. GRAPES The culture of the Grape is one of the great branches of California horticulture. Here grapes are grown for table, for wine and for raisins. The Thompson Seedless Grape attains its highest quality in this district. OLIVES The Olive is one of the Old Mis- sion fruits and the finest fruit and oil produced in America comes from the Sacramento Valley, Cali- fornia. The ripe olive from this section is becoming a great table luxury in all parts of the world. 18 ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION ORCHARD M ESTABLISHED 1888 I RRIGATION Consolidated with Irrigation (Established 1909), and Farm and Irrigation Age and The Western Bee Journal (Established 1897). VOL.25 JANUARY. I 9 I 3. No. I Published Monthly at 162 Post Street, San Francisco, Cal., by the Country Life Pub. Co. H. B. HOLT, A. DIXON, Editor MARSHALL K. HOLT CONTRIBUTING EDITORS A. B. CORDLEY, Dean School of Agriculture Corvallls, Ore. C. W. WOODWORTH, Agricultural Experiment Station Berkeley, Cal. L. D. BATCHELOR, Horticulturist, Utah Agricultural College Logan. Utah JOHN VALLANCE, Horticulturist San Francisco E. P. TAYLOR, Entomologist Grand Junction, Colorado O. B. WHIPPLE, Horticulturist Bozeman, Montana W. S. THORNBER. Chief Horticultprlst Lewiston. Idaho F. W. ROEDING, Manager Irrigation Dept., Agricultural College., Berkeley, Cal IRA BARKER DALZIEL, Stock Veterinary San Francisco GERALD GERALDSON, Fruit Grower Newcastle, Cal. GEORGE W. SHAW, Argonomist. . , Berkeley, Cal. JOHN McLAREN. Superintendent Golden Gate Park San Francisco, Cal. ARTHUR G. B. BOUQUET, Oregon Agricultural College Corvallls, Ore. C. I. LEWIS, Horticulturist, Oregon Agricultural College Corvallls, Ore. Articles and questions from farmers and others Interested In country life are Invited. SUBSCRIPTION CONDITIONS Subscriptions are discontinued on expiration of time for which subscription is paid, unless renewed beforehand. Old subscribers receiving a coin card sub- scription blank with this magazine are thereby notified that their subscription has expired, and they are invited to Teturn it promptly with a remittance, If It desired not to miss an issue. No other notice is given. If you receive a sample copy of this magazine with a coin card enclosed, it is our Invitation for you to become a subscriber. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at San Francisco. Cal., under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Address all communications and make all payments to Country Life Pub- lishing Co., Hastings Building, San Francisco, Cal. The Association of Amec- I ican Advertisers has ex- amined and certified to the circulation of this pub- lication. The figures of circulation contained in the Association's re- port only are guaranteed. Association of American Advertisers No. 2373 Whitehall Bldg. N. Y. City Guaranteed largest Paid Circu- lation of any Agricultural and Horticultural publication in the Pacific Coast States. Advertising Rates on applica- tion. The truth about the Pacific Coast is its best advertisement. AUTOMOBILES IN THE OWNERSHIP OF FARMERS are directly responsible for a widespread and growing interest in the improvement of country roads. Upon the purchase of a car the most indifferent friend of good roads develops a personal concern in the subject. He is bumped and jolted into active sympathy with a movement which vitally effects the entire citizenship of the nation. And so the automobile industry is back of a powerful sentiment for improved and efficiently maintained public highways. Communities which years ago were noted for their wretched roads, especially at certain seasons, have largely worked off this distinction since automobiles began to sputter protests. Horses and farm wagons subjected to the wear and tear of bad roads do not depreciate so rapidly in value as motor cars driven over such thoroughfares, so that while farmers who do not own cars are surprisingly tolerant of the situation, those who possess them are persistent, aggressive good roads enthusiasts. When a man invests his cash in a high-class car he acquires a new point of view as to roads. He is inter- ested in prolonging the usefulness of his machine. He does not want to throw it in the junk pile until it has served him long and well. Motor cars are the precursors of magnificent roads throughout agricultural America, and nowhere is this more true than on the Pacific Coast. With the farmer's increasing economic need for smooth permanent highways, and the momen- tum of the good roads movement created by the development of the automobile industry, it is not extravagant to predict that within a few years the United States will have a great system of roads. The automobile has been successful in com- pelling men to do things for their own and the common good. F. YOAKUM, the president of a big railroad system in the Southwest, touches a very vital phase of the cost of living problem in an article recently published. He quotes the Government report that the value of the products of all the farm lands of the United States for the year 191 I was eight billion dollars, based upon values at the farm. Allowing that one-third of these products were consumed on the farm, it is safe to assume that the farmer actually sold around six billion dollars' worth of products for which the public eventually paid thirteen billion dollars. With these figures Mr. Yoakum argues that the distributing machinery for the marketing of farm products is both cumbersome and expensive. In commenting on the marketing problem, Mr. Yoakum said the time is approaching when a very large part of the seven billion dollars that the consumer paid in excess of what the producer received is going to be diverted into the pockets of the producer and the consumer. The whole tendency of our civilization has been to widen the gap between these two, the man who grows and the man who eats the products of the soil. We have allowed to grow up elaborate and expensive methods to make the most of selling as high as it can possibly be so that as many non-producers as possible may feed at the public expense. Today the tendency is swinging in the opposite direction, and every man who lives by the gathering of profits from the handling of the necessities of life is called upon to show cause why he should not be. Mr. Yoakum calls attention to the fact that there has not been any Federal aid given to the farmers of the country in the matter of marketing their products. It is along this line that great good can be done by the Government. In the matter of organizing farm industries other countries have blazed the way. 'T'HE LAST CENSUS showed 307.706 women farmers in the United States ■*• and it is believed that this number is rapidly increasing. Women have been aroused by the large opportunities opened up in recent years in various departments of farm work and are showing their ability and resourcefulness in grasping and utilizing modern methods in their farming. Attending the agricultural classes at the University of California are many women and they take unusual interest in the work. In many of the Eastern States farm land is being reclaimed by women. Farms that have been run down by unscientific and careless tillage and abandoned are being occupied by women, tired of the strain of clerical or professional life, and these farms are now being made to produce handsome returns under their guidance. In many States women are making a marked success in dairying and other women in the great West are doing pioneer work in breaking up and developing the land for crops. It is perhaps characteristic of women that so many of them have gone in for intensive farming, working along single lines with record-breaking success. In this large class are fruit growers, market gardeners, bee keepers, live stock farmers and poultry raisers. This king of women's work is still in its infancy, but it is growing every year as women learn to know and appreciate the independence, health and success of intelligent, earnest work in the country. ORCHARD AND FARM desires to impress upon its readers the fact that fraudulent or deceptive advertisements are not knowingly admitted to its columns; and, further, that, should any reader at any time be the victim of unfair or dishonest business dealings on the part of any Orchard and Farm advertiser to whose advertisement the reader has replied, we will, upon receiving notification of such dealings, insist upon a fair and prompt adjustment. Satisfaction and fair treatment must be given to all of our readers who deal with our advertisers. We commend to your consideration the advertisers using the columns of Orchard and Farm. To the best of our knowledge they are worthy of your fullest confidence. Should dealings with them prove to be otherwise, remember we have committed ourselves to your protection and you will be conferring a favor upon the management of this publication and upon our readers as well by giving prompt advice regarding any unfair or dishonest treatment. To make your protection doubly sure, we have one suggestion to make. In writing to advertisers, make it a rule to mention that you saw the advertisement in Orchard and Farm. This will aid in making any adjustment that might become necessary and it will be a matter of satisfaction to the advertiser. IT BEGINS TO LOOK as though the farmers of the Pacific Coast are com- mencing a new era of farm management. It is an era of diversified farming coupled with the raising of live stock. There is now going on throughout the country a marked change in sentiment toward the raising of stock. The demand for live stock of good breed is exceedingly brisk. This is especially true of breeding stock. Agricultural authorities have strongly urged for many years the policy of keeping stock on all farms of the West in the belief that it was the logical develop- ment based on the conservation of the fertility of the soil and continued farm products. Live stock farming primarily means, not immediate profits from each feeding operation, but simply a chance to sell the farm crops right on the farm, including the waste roughage for which there is no cash market, and at the same time retain on the farm the by-products which make possible continued crops. Live stock profits should be based on ten-year record*. ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION 19 CALVES Raise Them Without Milk Booklet Free LEWIS-SIMAS-JONES CO. 427-429 Davis St. SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. Drainage of Irrigated Lands Grease ASK YOUR DEALER FOR THE BEST GREASE For Wagons, Buggies, Carts and all Farm Machinery DEMAND C.&S. o WMTTIER, COBURN C MANUFACTURERS San Francisco Los Angeles FARM BOOKS Orchard and Farm — Irrigation offers the following books on farm subjects by recognized authorities to its sub- scribers. Send the price quoted along with your order and the books will be mailed to you promptly. Address Coun- try Life Publishing Company, 162 Post St., San Francisco. Apple Culture — Bailey $0.75 Farm Appliances 50 Alfalfa — Coburn 50 Swine Husbandry — Coburn 1.50 Business of Dairying — Lane 1.26 Practical Fruit Growing — Maynard .50 Irrigation — Stewart •. . 1.00 California Fruits and How to Grow Them — Wickson 3.00 California Vegetables— Wickson . . . 2.00 Western Poultry Book — Basley 1.00 Spraying of Plants — Lodeman 1.25 The Soil— King 1.50 Pruning Book — Bailey 1.60 Milk and Its Products— Wing 1.50 Feeds and Feeding — Henry 2.25 First Lessons In Bee Keeping — Newman 50 The Honey Bee — Langstroth 1.25 Fruit Growers' Guide — Favor 1.00 Farm Gas Engines — Brats 1.00 By E. B. House, Colorado Experiment Station. THE DRAINAGE OF LANDS is of great importance as the subject of irrigation itself. We apply water to the soil and call it irrigating; we spread it over the ground and see it sink from sight; we see crops grow and forget all about the excess water we apply. This water, however, is not lost and in later years will return to bless us or curse us, as the case may be, and it usually comes in the form of a curse rather than a blessing. What is there that detracts more from the appearance of a prosperous farming community, as we drive along the country roads and look at the mag- nificent crops, than to see here and there large tracts of barren waste cov- ered with white alkali producing abso- lutely nothing and all on account of a high water table? Perhaps this ground used to be as productive as any in the community but in later years farmers have found it impossible to raise any- thing upon it. They have finally aban- doned it, and there it lies worthless to the farmer and worthless to the community at large. Why this state of affairs? It is due, as stated before, to the high water table, or, in other words, to the fact that the underground water has risen until it is within a few feet of the sur- face. Capillary action is then set up and excessive quantities of water work from the water table to the sur- face of the ground and there evapor- ate, leaving behind the elements that they carry in solution. These salts form the alkali which we see on the surface of the ground. Can this land be reclaimed and can it ever be made first class farming land? The answer to this question is "yes." It may be reclaimed in a num- ber of ways, but the only permanent way is to thoroughly drain the tract. The laying out and installation of a drain is not the simplest problem in the world and is too often attempted by men who know nothing about it. My advice to the farmer is to hire some engineer who is capable of mak- ing the necessary survey and who knows how to lay out a drain system. Have him not only set the necessary grade stakes, but supervise the laying of the drain. Many drains have failed because of improper installation. There are a number of different drain tile on the market, and to say that one is good and another is worth- less would be not only unfair, but un- true. All of the burned clay tiles, if properly made, will last fairly well and make a suitable pipe for this kind of work. Wooden boxes also have a long life, but I believe it is a mistake to place in the trench open bottomed wooden boxes, unless the fall is ample to give a good velocity to the water. They clog more readily than do the tile pipe and animals are continually digging into them, when water is not running, and filling them up to a greater or less degree with dirt. Drain tile made of cement are com- ing into more general use and have the advantage of being easily made at home. A simple little machine is on the market for moulding cement drain tiles. Water is becoming extremely valu- able and in many instances land may be drained, the outlet of the drain be- ing so placed that the discharge en- ters some irrigation canal, and after filling upon the same the owner may sell it or rent it profitably. In some cases the flow has been sufficient to pay for the installation of the entire drainage system. Drain water makes good late water, as the flow usually continues well into the fall and when water in the ditches becomes low. The seepage water entering the drain is a maximum, hence the value. The drainage of lands should be considered whenever irrigation is con- templated, because, if the sub-soil of the community does not of itself form a natural drain, it is only a question of time when the underground watei will be so increased in volume that the water table will reach the surface in the many low spots. The worst alkali and seeped tracts that could be found in the country have been experimented upon and reclaimed in such a manner that luxuriant crops have been grown upon them, while surrounding them upon all sides was a barren alkali waste. A drainage sys- tem properly installed may be counted upon to do the work. Livestock Saves the Soil. Feeding crops to animals does not take away the fertility of the farm nearly so rapidly as when grain is sold. Moreover, livestock farming re- quires that a variety of crops be raised and this means crop rotation. Clover, alfalfa or some other legumi- nous crop is usually raised when ani- mals are kept on the farm. These crops have a very beneficial effect on the soil, increasing the organic mat- ter, adding nitrogen to it and at the same time, furnishing a rich feeding stuff for all kinds of live stock. Pro- fessor Geo. C. Humphrey recently made the following remarks regard- ing livestock farming and soil fertil- ity: "The farmer who owns a rich, fer- tile farm and keeps as many produc- tive animals, of two or more classes, as the farm will support is in position to enjoy a lifetime of continued pros- perity and to leave his sons a goodly heritage. Too often men fail to en- joy such a prosperity and do not leave their sons the splendid heritage of a fertile farm. "Without any intention of doing wrong, many farmers have enjoyed a limited degree of prosperity at the ex- pense of those who are to farm their fields after them. This has been ac- complished by the continued growing and marketing of farm crops to such an extent that the soil fertility has become exhausted and the farms have been practically worn out. A retired farmer once, when invited to attend an agricultural meeting, boastfully re- marked, 'There isn't much anyone can teach me about farming. I have lived long enough to wear out three farms and I doubt if many men have had any more experience than I.' As a result of this kind of farming, many farms which were at one time fertile and productive are, today, too poor and unproductive to offer any in- ducement for anyone to own and oper- ato them." Trinidad Lake asphalt Asph *lt»»atur alt; i Trinidad Lake asphalt For real endurance You who really want your roof waterproof to stay waterproof — get THE TRINIDAD-LAKE-ASPHALT Trinidad Lake asphalt is "Nature's everlasting waterproofer", and we use it to make Genasco. The Barber Asphalt Paving Company Largest producers of Uphl manufacturers of ready roofing in Philadelphia New York San Franciico Chicago O. I. C. SWINE START THE YEAR RIGHT JOIN US-BE A WHITE BREEDER Have a few choice pigs left from fall litters, both sexes. Will make a price of $10 and $12.50 each to close out, as I need the room for the spring litters now coming on. A few bred gilts and young boars at attractive prices. All stock crated and registered free. C. B.CUNNINGHAM, Mills, Cal. The poultry business is not adapted to sluggards. The lazy man loses money with hens. Every neglect in poultry raising has its cost. California Seen ^Explained If you would see an agricultural and horticultural display of the various counties of California come visit the Exhibit Rooms of the ... . California Development Board TOP FLOOR FERRY BUILDING Free Stereopticon Lefhires every afternoon. Full information and county booklets. Everything is free Wiite us for "California, Its Resource* and Possibilities ' ' Address: California Development Board Ferry Building, San Francisco When answering advertisements pleasa lentlon Orchard and Farm. 20 ORCHARD AND FARM — IRRIGATION Krogh New Vertical Water Balanced Pump KROGH'S NEW Vertical Pump The Krogh New Water Balanced Ver- tical Pump contains many new and valu- able improvements, same being fully ex- plained in our Bulletin R-10, which will be mailed upon request. We have a branch in Los Angeles at 206 N. LOS ANGELES STREET The pump can be seen In operation at our place of business. KROGH MANUFACTURING CO. 149 Beale St. San Francisco Freeport Gasoline Engine FREEPORT Gasoline Engines Cheapest and Best Engine Manufac- tured Guaranteed to Develop the Power Simple and Fool-proof Each Engine Guaranteed Send for Special Catalog and Prices Woodin & Little PUMP HOUSE 33-41 Fremont St. Pumps Gould's Centrifugal Pump San Francisco For Every Service & Use Irrigating, Steam, Hand, Windmill and Power PUMPS Windmills and Tanks Pipe and Pipe Fittings Gould's Catalogue of useful Pyramid Pump Information Mailed FREE mSKAH HOURS WORK ONE CENT! That is the average cost per horse power hour when doing: the work with s WITTE gas, grasoline, distillate and naphtha engine. Why pay 25 to 5o cents per hour for one hired man when for one cent tne work ot several men can be done better and quicker. You can do the work just when you want to and ninety-five per cent of the money yon are now wasting then goes into your own pocket. We ship every engine complete with all instructions, nothing is lacking, 'imply put in luel and water and it is ready for work. You take no risk for WITTE engines are good engines. They "stay good." That is why we can give you a FIVE YEAR GUARANTEE The WITTE JUNIOR is built In sixes 2, 4, 6 and 8-H. P.; larger WITTE engines in sizes 10 to 40-H.P. Spend one cent tor a postal card, state the size engine yon need and let us send you our new itee catalog with the best ptoposition ever made on this "money-saving" en- gine. A special Inducement to in- troduce in new localities. For further particulars write to NORMAN B. MIL- LER CO., 503 Market St., San Francisco. Cai. Eureka Harness FOR SALE EVERYWHERE STANDARD OIL CO. 461 MARKET STREET <"'C°"'1°',*TE°> SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Soil Report in Red Bluff Area THE SOIL SURVEY report of the Red Bluff area, California, has been issued by the Department of Agricul- ture. The survey covers the extreme north- ern portion of the Sacramento Valley and its adjacent elevated plains. The territory lies In Tehama and Butte Counties. The report contains sixty printed pages of matter relating to the agri- cultural and horticultural conditions of the area, and what crops the many different types of soils are best adapted to. The report covers many typical illustrative scenes of the area, also a map in colors showing the location of the different types of soils, the cities and towns, churches, school houses, farm houses, roads and streams in the area surveyed. Three hundred and twenty-six square miles are covered in the survey. The territory consists of slightly elevated treeless plains cut by small level valleys and the Sacra- mento bottoms. Transportation facil- ities are good, being furnished by two lines of railroads and by river steam- ers. Markets for green fruit and veg- etables lie In the contiguous territory of northern California and Oregon. The climate is relatively about the same as the Great Interior Valle'y, with a rain fall of about 26 inches. There are long giowing seasons with very little dam- age from frosts. General farming is favorable to the production of a great variety of fruits. Twenty-six different types of soils were discovered, and are classified in the report. Some of these follow: The Redding series, consisting of two types, are rather poorly adapted to dry farm- ing. The Corning series, which in- clude two types, are poorly adapted to dry farming. The Tehama series, which include three types, are a dry farm- ing to a limited extent, and possess great possibilities for development un- der irrigation. The Kirkwood silty clay gives moderate yields of grain under a dry farming system, but will be found a useful soil for a variety of crops under irrigation management. The five types of Maywood series are adapted to dry farming, but will be found very valuable soils under irri- gation. The three types of the Elder series or alluvial soils are among the most fertile in the area. The Tuscan soils are regarded as non-agricultural. The Vina are among the best soils of the area. The Sacramento, four types, are of high agricultural value. No al- kali was found during the survey, and it is recommended that irrigation de- velopment must precede intensive farming. Improvements in Cal. National Parks When answering advertisements please mention Orchard and Farr ■THE DEPARTMENT OF THE IN- TERIOR proposes to spend $268,403 in the national parks in California dur- ing the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, if the amount requested by the Secre- tary of the Interior is appropriated by Congress. This is an increase of $170,- 903 over the appropriation for the cur- rent fiscal year. The increases re- quested are as follows: Yosemite Na- tional Park, from $80,000 to $233,703; Sequoia National Park, from $15,550 to $29,900; General Grant National Park, from $2,000 to $4,800. The principal items for each park are as follows: Yosemite National Park: Improve- ment of Big Oak Flat Road from Gen- try's to the floor of the valley in order to make it safe for automobiles; im- proving and widening road from Camp Ahwanee to Yosemite Village; con- crete bridge over Merced River near El Capitan; extension of road sprink- ling system from Yosemite Village to Happy Isles and Camp Lost Arrow; Improvement of power plant; extension and improvement of water supply sys- tem: improvement of trails to Yosemite Falls, Eagle Peak, Glacier Point, Ne- vada Falls, Tittill Valley and Lake Vernon; construction of new trail from Yosemite Point via White Wolf, Har- den Lake and Smith Meadows to junc- tion with Hetch Hetchy trail on Poop- enau Meadows; sprinkling El Portal- Yosemite road and general improve- ment and maintenance of roads, trails and bridges. Sequoia National Park: Widening Grant Forest road; experimental oil- ing of three miles of road; extension of telephone lines, stairway on Moro Rock; general repairs and administra- tion. General Grant National Park: Three- fourths of a mile of new road in order to give separate route for automobiles; water supply system for tourist camp; fencing camp grounds. For the development and care of the national parks the Secretary of the In- terior has asked Congress to appro- priate the sum of $733,014, an increase of $505,464 over the appropriations for the current fiscal year. The national parks constitute ideal recreation grounds for thousands of people, but their development and use are se- riously retarded by the lack of ade- quate roads and trails, and until suf- ficient money is appropriated for be- ginning a comprehensive plan of de- velopment the parks will fall far short of rendering the important public use for which they are intended. It is the intention of the Department to make the principal places of interest in the parks more accessible, to render trav- eling more comfortable by sprinkling the roads throughout the dry season, and to guard the health of the traveler by the installation of proper water supply and sewerage systems. The re- sponsibility for the future conduct of the national parks must rest with Con- gress, but the Department feels that the financial needs of these reserva- tions should be clearly presented to Congress in the annual estimates. Home-grown seeds, pure, free from weeds, and found by local experience to afford satisfactory yields, are gen- erally to be preferred over all others. A new variety is like the human im- migrant, who needs to become ac- climated and familiar with his en- vironment before his full value as a citizen can be developed. Better not use new "immigrant" seed if a good variety, already tried out in the local- ity, can be had. This applies to corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye and all other seeds. ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION 21 Appropriation for University Work ■pHE UNIVERSITY will ask the com- ing Legislature to appropriate $814,- 360 for the maintenance and support of the College of Agriculture for the next two years. The amount appropriated by the Legislature for the two years ending 1913 was $226,500. Of the new appropriation, the University proposes to expend $157,500 for the maintenance of the experimental work already under way in the citrus fruit industry, and to extend these investigations to in- clude other agricultural industries in southern California. In addition to this, the University plans to establish a graduate school of sub-tropical agri- culture in connection with the citrus experiment station. This school will be the first of its kind established any- where in the world. The remainder of the appropriation is for the mainte- nance and support of the College of Agriculture at Berkeley, for the support of the Davis Farm School and for in- vestigational work at Fresno, Chico and other places. The University will also ask for an appropriation of $60,000 for the pur- BOSTROM'S FARM LEVEL has been on the market nearly 30 years and the sales get bigger every year. We are proud of that record, and as the BOSTROM IMPROVED Price $15 which has Telescope enabling you to read the Target over 400 yards away, is the most simple, accurate, durable and complete outfit ever made for Irrigating, Ditching, Tile Draining, Etc., Many of thelargesthardware dealers from th« Atlantic to the Pacific now carry it in stock. Write today for description of Level and give name and address of your local hardware dealer. Bostrom-Brady Manufacturing Co, 109 Madison Avenue, Atlanta, Ga. / Pump all the RIFE' Water y°u want — _ _ _ _ on farm or estate without 13 A MC cnpinetroublcsorexpense. ■■"■■■W Rife Rams give 60 to 90% efficiency — greater than any othei device for pumping water with water. Cost little to install — nothing to operate. Raise water 30 ft. for every foot of fall. Will supply pneumatic tanks against 100-lb. pressure. Pump automatical!) day and night winter and summer. Fully guaranteed. If there ifl a stream, pond or spring within write for plans, t trial offer, FREE. RIFE ENGINE CO. Trinity Building. New York m \:<3 LATE DON'T be "Too Late! You have teen your chickens moping, sneezing, coughing, eyes watering and heads swollen. You have seen them fight (ot breath and die. That's ROUP. It's humane to relieve— it's dollars saved to cure them. CONKEY'S Roup Remedy does the work. 50c tod $1.00. If dealer hasn't it, •end to m. Money refunded if it evmr fails. At your dealer* — or tend to Couiion Poultry Ge Stock Food Co , PeUluro* ; Germain Seed Co., Lot Angelea : Inland Seed Co., Spokane ; Routledge Seed & Floral Co . Portland : Seattle Seed Co.. Seattle; Brackman- Ket Milling Co., Victoria, B. C Wevtern Dutributou. FREE For name of any iup- ply dealer and tUmpi 4c we will mail frem copy Conhmy't 80 p Poultry Book, The Pride of Petaluma BROODER STOVE Raise Your Chicks with M expense and one-tenth the work, without brooder or hover. No crowding, pil' ins up. sweating or chilling. Automatic oil and heal control perfect. Get our catalogue and souvenir Free before you buy. J. E. KRESKY, Petaluma. Calif. Nine thousand tons of walnuts were harvested In southern California this year. The receipts to the growers total about $2,500,000. Keep Chickens — Incite Ambition P\R. J. H. WORST, president of the North Dakota Agricultural College, in a recent address on what the agricultural college is doing for the young man, took occasion to address himself directly to the ladies who were present. He said: "I say to the girls, if you are unfortunate enough to marry a man without ambition enough to provide with certainty for the future, then keep fifty chickens. With proper care you will be able to provide for yourself and your husband, too. We should take the initiative while we are young. To make the child follow a systematic principle of saving will not make him a miser. Until we plant the seed there is no growth and when growth starts we want to develop that growth. I have estimated that in the United States we have approximately I 1 ,000,000 laboring people. We have 5,000,000 on the bread line. If they took the money of five cheap cigars a day and invested for fifty years they could buy all the farms in the United States and pay cash for them. Canada and the United States owe much to their farm subjects. The power of a nation and the stability of a govern- ment have always depended on the intelligence and contentment of the rural subjects. In order that the woman may be content on the farm, she must be taught to make it a most delightful home, with all the comforts found in any city home." Why Do I Fail? By Trevor Channer, Manager of the Manor Farm, Petaluma, Cal. •yHERE ARE MANY REASONS for people asking themselves this sad question after having made a vain at- tempt at "the poultry industry," but I believe the answer to nearly everyone who asks this question is, How did you start off? At the many poultry shows I have attended I have repeatedly heard people say: "Oh, these birds don't interest me; all I care about is common old stock." These are the class of people who, putting aside com- mon sense, imagine that by saving a dollar or two at the start and piling up any old kind of birds from Dick, Tom and Harry finally wind up with the question, "Why did I fall?" The chicken business is one of de- tails, and it is only by the most care- ful manipulation of it that we can make any headway at all. It, there- fore, behooves us to be sure of a solid foundation to build on, and the only way is to start off with vigorous stock that we can be sure have been bred right — that have been bred to produce eggs and meat. A beginner is wise to buy just a few of real good type birds and build up slowly from this stock, and he will come out ahead of the man who rushes into it blindfolded and just gets together a flock of nondescripts. We will find the real "utility" bird in the show room, and there is no better education for one who intends going Into the poultry business than a visit to the shows to study the type and vigor and qualities of the various breeds. The day has past when farm- ers classed all poultry alike and they are now recognizing the fact that to be really successful they must have good pure stock in their yards. They are cheaper to feed than mongrels. They may eat the same or more, but their production will be so much greater both in quality and quantity. The pure bred bird need not have all the points of a prize winner, but if the blood lines are there this bird will possess a splendid constitution and pro- duce a full string of eggs and have a better carcass. Common sense and a little show room education will help the —the title of the greatest free ponlbry book of the year. Full of valuable, down-to-the-minute information of direct, immediate help to every one who raises poultry —no matter on what scale. It gives the combined ex- periences and results of the World's leading poultry raisers. Boiled down facts— suggestions that go to the very heart of the poultry question. 244 large pages - 600 illustrations. Worth Many Dollars To You You cannot afford to miss these 1913 special chapters on profitable poultry raising by the latest methods: Chapter 1 - What is possible in Poultry Meat Production ; Chapter 11-What can be done in Way of Egg Produc- tion; Chapter III -Deep-Litter Feeding Experiments of 1912; Chapter IV- Quick Maturity in General-Pur- pose Fowls; Chapter V- Ages and Weights of Chickens for Table Use; Chapter VI -How to Establish Prolific Egg-Yield Flocks; Chapter VII -Today's Best Chance in the Poultry Business: Chapter VIII— SmaJi-Scale Poultry Keeping on a Practical Basis. PYPH 17 1? C INCUBATORS V* I * n L,I\0 and Brooders —the World's Standard Poultry Equipment. Used and endorsed by more well-known poultry raisers— Govern- ment Experiment Stations -Agricultural Colleges than all other makes combined. No heat or moisture troubles. Highest percentage hatches guaranteed. 1913 will be a big year for poultry raisers -prices high and profits larger, with cost of production lower. Don t risk your chance of success this bonanza poultry year. Don t experiment! Learn more about these dependable machines. Our 1913 FREE BOOK also fully describes Cyphers Company's "Free Bulletin and Per- sonal Letter Service of daily benefit to all Cyphers' Customers. Write for the book to- day. Mailed free to any address. Write a postal now to CYPHERS IT™*5! INCUBATOR COMPANY ^-jS. J Der.1 - B.Llfa 71 Oallind. Cal. I o, N. T., Now York City, I ». III., ftmloD, M,..., l^tTPHI Sum City. Mo., London, Eng. Firo Proofedrliumrabla, Write Your Name On The HEN And mail today. WE WILL •how you how the poultrymen on our Little Farms in the fertile Sacramento Valley, California are making their dimes grow into dollars because they cannot supply the market — the demand is increasing faster than the supply. No winter months to contend with — chickens run out the year 'round. Come where the profits are being made. We allow you ten years to pay for your land. The finat aljalfa land in California. Kuhn Irrigated Land Company 412 Market St., Sid Francisco beginner and make him understand there is no marked difference between fancy and utility, as far as the frame of the bird goes. He needn't be par- ticular as to color and certain other points, but he will get a good idea of the sort of bird he will do well to start off with to get the vigor and production that he needs. Quantity of food la not the same as quality — the failure to recognize which fact costs the farmer dearly. M ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION Education That is Worth While ♦ By Mrs. M. K. Holt. 'THE SEMI-ANNUAL EXHIBITION of the work done by the girls in the department of domestic science at the Girls' High School in San Francisco the week before Christmas was a sight to gladden the hearts of parents who love to see their daughters well dressed but can't always see the way clear to pro- vide for pretty clothes without scrimp- ing the allowance for necessities. The dresses made by the girls in the fresh- man class were a revelation to many of the older women who attended the ex- ercises and a rebuke to those who claim that the educational system is not prac- tical, at this school at any rate — for the sixty-three pretty girls who made these dresses had certainly solved the prob- lem of being well and attractively dressed at a price so small as to be almost unbelievable. The dresses were beautifully and artistically made. They would bear the most careful inspection as to sewing and compared very favorably with the expensive creations in the shop win- dows. They were, in fact, dresses that any girl might well be proud of wear- ing, and they were due entirely to the workmanship of their dainty makers, whose knowledge of sewing had been gained this term in the pub- lic school. Not one of those dresses cost more than $3.50 — three dollars and fifty cents, if you please. The graduation dresses worn by the seniors were the work of their own hands and cost not more than $6 each. Many of these would have cost from $25 to $30 each if purchased ready made by inexperienced buyers. The value of this training is more far-reaching than is easily told. It is the most natural thing in the world for girls to want pretty clothes, and when their school training is such that they can buy material and make their own dresses at prices like these there will be more home girls and home makers. The majority of the gowns on dis- play were of cotton mulle, voile or marquisette. They were trimmed with shadow lace or other cotton laces, some with tiny hand-made "French" roses, some elaborately accordion plaited, others in the fashionable pannier modes, but all well and substantially made, fitted and becoming to the wear- ers. Flowered organdies, lawns, cot- ton chiffons and voiles are generally made up with pipings of silk or satin and shadow lace. Many even have sashes of satin. The marvel grows as to how it is done with but $3.50. Miss Greer, the sewing teacher, says that the introduction of this work in the schools has received the most hearty endorsements of parents and of the Board of Education, and that scores of mothers tell her they learn much that is practical in sewing from their daughters. She gives a preliminary course in handsewing and talks on how to choose a gown to suit the type of girl who is to wear it, with especial reference to color and complexion. Then the pupil is sent to buy her material with HOPLAND STOCK FARM POULTRY DEPARTMENT HOPLAND, CAL. WHITE LEGHORNS selected and muted to Imported stock cockerels. BABY CHICKS at $12 per hundred. EGGS $0 per hundred in lots of loss than 83 dozen lots. Orders in excess of above, 10 cents per dozen above highest market price. "•"> per cent fertility guaranteed. 8000 hens yarded — sanitary conditions perfect. Well raised — well fed — well culled— eggs will produce layers. PENS — TRIOS — SINGLE BIRDS. OF ALL BREEDS. BUFF ORPINGTONS, WHITE WYAXDOTTES, RHODE ISLAND REDS and BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCK baby chicks at $15 per hundred and $6 per hundred for eggs. JAPANESE SILKIES-SILVER SPANGLED HAMBURGS eggs by the set- JAPANUSE SILKIES-SILVER SPANGLED HAMBURG eggs by the set- ting at from $1.25 to $2.50 per fifteen. S. < . WHITE LEGHORN pullets from $7.50 to $15 per dozen. s. c. WHITE LEGHORN cockerels at $8 each. Eggs and stock from prize winners a matter of correspondence. UTILITY STOCK. NO ( ILLS. no further instruction than to keep the cost within the limit. The girls are trained in buying ma- terials, with particular reference to wearing qualities and colors; in design- ing gowns and garments, cutting pat- terns, assembling, fitting and finishing. Each girl does her own shopping and keeps a minute account of expendi- tures and time devoted to each article. Tables in the main reception room at the school are arrayed with dresses, lingerie, doilies, coverlets, sofa pillows and laces, all the handiwork of mem- bers of the class. Instruction in this department is con- fined to sewing and dressmaking. A new pupil begins with simple sewing, and gradually is introduced to more difficult work, including cutting and fitting. At the completion of the course she ir competent to design intelli- gently, jut wisely, execute within a mini mum of time and energy, and for a reasonable sum, a complete gown that presents a highly creditable ap- pearance. The enthusiasm shown by pupils, parents and teachers at this exhibition of one branch of domestic economics more than confirms the writer's belief that the study of home problems may be made of as great cultural value as the study of Latin, Greek or literature, and to many girls of much more im- mediate value than the so-called busi- ness course now so popular. A few weeks ago it was my pleas- ure to witness a practical demonstra- tion along another line of domestic science. It was when a class of bright, attractive young girls purchased, pre- pared and served three wholesome, sub- stantial meals — breakfast, luncheon and dinner — or, to be a little old fashioned, breakfast, dinner and supper — at a cost so low as to astonish even housewives who consider themselves both practical and economical. These girls had been given six months' training in food values and food preparation. They knew where, when and what to buy to get the most nourishment in the way of a balanced ration — (well, why not that instead of menu?) — for the least money. Then they knew how to prepare a meal in the most appetizing manner and serve it attractively. They certainly made a success of that demonstration and again parents rejoiced at the sight of Miss Fifteen Years going forth with her market basket to find good things to cook, coming home, donning her big gingham apron (made by herself) and cooking something that looked and tasted so good you couldn't help en- joying It. And when the meal was over — taking the same pleasure In clearing the table, washing the dishes and tidying the kitchen and dining room and doing it thoroughly and well. Quail By Incubator. The California State Game farm is at Hayward, with W. N. Dirks as superintendent. Some time back Su- perintendent Dirks exhibited 100 quail that had been hatched in an incubator on this game farm. Some of these lit- tle fellows were full-bred valley quail, while others were a cross between this native valley quail and the desert quail. From the minute they emerged from the incubator they have been able to take care of themselves. Their loss has been less than 10 per cent of the hatch. A COLLEGE OF PRACTICAL ENGINEERING Complete courses in It LLC - TR1CAU Mining, Ciril and ^ Mechanical Engineering, alio {Direct Current Machinery. Altercating Current Machinery Winding Motors, etc. High and Grammar School students . admitted. Catalog free. Ad- * dress Polytechnic College of Engineering. 28 Engineering Bldg.. 13th and Madison Sis., Oakland. CaL Buy the Best Horse Clipping Machine in the World at your Dealer's for Only $ £^ 50 8 With this won- derful Stewart Ball - Bearing Enclosed Gear Machine, you can clip horses, mules and cows easier and quicker than in any other way. This machine has all ¥ears cut from solid steel bar. ■hey are all enclosed, protected_ and run in oil. There is ™ six feet of new style vhigh grade flexible sha f t •and the celebrated Stewart ttlnrle ten- sion nut cllpplnc knife. Oet one from your dealer or write for our new MU M Catalog. Send a postal today. Caiuai Fl«i*l« Start Ca 122 La Salle Ave "SUM" HOtlO* W«E SYSUM • 1 Pa rffertlTe I'lrht. 111-tHl. Kmcfll- _ Tank and pump outaide or in cellar. An Mrajrtoaircnti L*mpf*lln«T«lainpa, Ororitv Ijimp* aim. % Get catalog. P SUN LIGHT CO.fi UJ> UtfttlSt.CJnton.O.I^ ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION 25 The Housewives' League yHB HOUSEWIVES' LEAGUE, founded a little over a year ago, now has members in every State in the Union — a total membership of more than 400,000 women interested in home life — and the membership is rapidly increasing. This shows that, in spite of all the criticism of her progressive- ness, the average woman's heart is nearly in the right place — and that her mind is attuned to the realization that the study of the home is most profit- able, for in it center all the issues of life. The following objects are among those aimed at by the League: The organizing of the housewives of America for their common good. The establishment of public markets and co-operative stores. The bringing together of producer and consumer. The use of the parcels post toward this end. The dissemination of Inside informa- tion and advice to the individual house- wife and to local clubs and organiza- tions. The exchange of news and views as to progress in different localities. An open forum for the discussion of vital problems. Campaigns in different States for needed legislation. agricultural, horticultural and gar- dening schools for women and girls. Many of these schools are also teach- ing household work, making complete courses of indoor and outdoor work for country women. This, to our minds, seems a good step in voca- tional training and should, from a standpoint of health and prosperity, be encouraged in our country. There can be no doubt that this training, given as a practical business profession, would be more valuable than the many so-called business or office work courses in which are enrolled so many of our girls, more than 80 per cent of whom must nec- essarily work under more or less un- favorable conditions in offices or fac- tories in the large cities. One of these schools offers the following practical studies: School of Rural and Domestic Economy, long or short courses, for resident or non-resident students, in the following subjects: General farm- ing, pedigree herds, dairying, calf- rearing, veterinary hygiene, poultry and beekeeping, gardening and man- agement of orchards, glass-house work, cooking, jam-making, fruit- preserving, marketing, packing and bookkeeping, plain dressmaking, household sewing, laundry work and home nursing. Women in Agriculture. Through the courtesy of Mrs. Emma Shafter-Howard, founder of the Cali- fornia "Union of Women in Agricul- ture and Horticulture," Orchard and Farm has received many interesting notes of the work of the Women's International Agricultural Union in England, Holland and Denmark. Among other valuable features of the leaflets published by this organiza- tion in England, are the advertise- ments of no fewer than one dozen Postmaster-General Hitchcock has notified all postmasters that hereaft- er they must turn over for Inspection to the nearest customs officials all mail received from abroad which may contain nursery stock. This action is to make more stringent the operation of the plant quarantine law which pro- hibits the importation of nursery stock infected with the Mediterran- ean fly and other fruit pests. A good home is the makin's of a good man. Advantages of a Motorcycle THE MOTORCYCLE is now talcing an active part in the daily life of the farmer. Hundreds of them are now in use in the rural communities of the Pacific Coast and they have proven great time savers. There is scarcely a day that the owner of one of these machines does not help out the teams and cuts out the waste of time of getting from place to place. Such a machine has been found most useful when work is crowding the hardest. It is just at this time that an extra trip to town for repairs, or for groceries, or for a trip after the horses have come in for the night after a hard day. There is scarcely a day on the Pacific Coast when they can not be used, and they will go over roads that for some vehicles are almost impassable. Use Caution — Don't be Defrauded! The great popularity and the heavy demand for the famous Martha Washington Comfort Shoes made only by the F. Mayer Boot & Shoe Co. of Milwaukee, have caused dishonest dealers to sell cheap and inferior imitations to their customers when the genuine Martha Washington was wanted and asked for. Martha Washington Comfort Shoes gviiuuib ivicii uia vv aoiiiiigiuii A0„ Vou can slip them on and off at will — elastic at the sides insures perfect fit and free action of the foot. You get rest, relief and solid com- fort. Dressy, neat and durable. // your dealer cannot supply you, write to us. The Mayer trade mark and the name j "Martha Washington" are stamped on the! sole. If you do not find these marks, youl are being defrauded. FREE — For the name of a dealer who does not handle Mayer Martha Washing, ton Comfort Shoes, we will send free a beautiful 15x20 pic- ture of Martha Washington. F. Mayer Boot & Shoe Co. Milwaukee. No Buttons — No Laces Remember that the dairy cow Is a lady, and must be treated as such If the best returns are to be expected. Credit is a valuable acquaintance, but a treacherous friend If made use of too freely. Order by Mail Complete Lines of Clothing and Furnishings for MEN ^BOYS OVERCOATS EVENING DRESS and TUXEDOS SUITS FOR MEN and YOUNG MEN SUITS FOR BOYS and CHILDREN UNDERWEAR and FURNISHINGS LEATHER GOODS, TRUNKS, BAGS SHOES, GLOVES, SHIRTS Prices V zry Reasonable Send for Particulars Address Mail Order Department Hastings Clothing Co. Port and Grant Avenue, San Francisco 26 ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION Affiliated with the First National Bank of San Francisco. CAPITAL $1,500,000.00 Jos. G. Hooper, Manager. Reliable Information \I7ILL be cheerfully given to prospective purchasers of securities. You can be sure of making safe investments if you will avail yourself of this opportunity. Address The Manager First federal Trust Co. Post, Montgomery and Market Streets. San Francisco Ask Your Dealer for EL DORADO COCOANUT OIL CAKE for Milk Cows and Chickens and Young Pigs and Hogs. Cheapest food in the Market to-day. If your dealer doesn't carry it, address EL DORADO OIL WORKS 149 CALIFORNIA STREET SAN FRANCISCO HOMESEEKERS LOOKING FOR LOCATIONS ALONG THE WESTERN PACIFIC WILL BE INTERESTED IN LEARNING OF THE LOW FARES IN EFFECT FIRST AND THIRD TUESDAYS EACH MONTH DURING YEAR 1913 ALL WESTERN PACIFIC POINTS IN CALIFORNIA WRITE FOR LITERATURE TELLING OF THE OPPORTUNITIES ALONG OUR LINE, ALSO GIVING FULL INFORMATION REGARDING HOMESEEKERS' FARES E. L. LOMAX PASSENGER TRAFFIC MANAGER SAN FRANCISCO The Engine of the Future When answering advertisement* please mention Orchard and Farm. FEW YEARS BACK gasoline was considered by refiners, a by-product with little or no commercial value. A small amount was used for various pur- poses and the quantity used in internal combustion engines was limited until the automobile assumed somewhat of a commercial possibility. This hereto- fore practically useless product had a restricted market. Gasoline, before the perfection of the gas engine, was cheap and plentiful, although only 1.5 to 3 per cent is procured from crude oil and over 30 per cent of kerosene. At present gasoline is the most widely used liquid fuel for internal combustion engines for the reason it will give off a vapor at a comparatively low tem- pprature. thus readily forming explo- sive mixtures with the air through a wide range. It is a fractional distillate of crude petroleum, is of a widely vary- ing density, ranging from 85 degree Beaume down to 60 degree, and in some cases even lower. It also boils and dis- tills at greatly different temperatures, corresponding to the specific gravity. Eastern paraffine base crude oils will average 20 per cent yield of gasoline, while the Western asphaltum base crude oils will yield less than 3 per cent. Sixty degree Beaume is consid- ered the lowest specific gravity (.739) of gasoline, and its weight per gallon is 6.1 fi pounds, and is considered the dividing line between gasoline and nnnhtha (which is the next lowest dis- tillate). The specific gravity of gas- oline is the index of its volatility; the higher the degree Beaume the more volatile is the gasoline, and that of 70 to 75 degree Beaume is the most suit- able for engine work, but it is difficult to obtain and expensive at the present time. The high gravity gasoline is, of course, the most expensive, as there is less of it in a gallon of the crude oil from which it is made. The calorific value of gasoline in- creases as the gravity Beaume de- creases per gallon: 85 degree gasoline having aimroximately 103.000 British Thermal Units per gallon, while 58 de- gree nanhtha has an approximate value of 117.900 British Thermal Units per gallon. The calorific value remains nearly constant per pound for all grav- ities. All fluids become less volatile, or harder to evaporate, at low temnera- tures. so for cold weather the highest possible gravity Beaume gisoline should be used, especially for start- ing, for the cold is still further aggra- vated by the chilling effect of the proc- ess of evaporation. Gasoline has about reached the limit of production, so it is therefore neces- sary to look for some other fuel, and that fuel must be kerosene, or the heavier gravity cheap and intermediate products of oil refineries and gas works, known commercially as fuel oil. stove oil. gns oil. etc. California crude oil is oft«>n contaminated by asphalt and other mineral elements and is undesir- able, and. moreover, it is more ex- pensive. On the other hand, the above fuel oils are free from the volatile ele- ments— gasoline, etc. — and can be handled and stored without danger or explosion. Then the supply is so great and the demand so small that there is no danger for years to come of its use in internal combustion engines affecting the price, as the only use thus far found for it has been for fuel, and the haemal combustion engines of the fu- ture will probably be all oil burning engines of the Diesel and semi-Diesel types, in which the product of com- bustion works by expansion, the pres- sure in the cylinder never rising much above the compression pressure, as is the case in all the present types of gas- oline engines. Don't Burn The Straw. Straw is too valuable to burn. A ton of straw contains 1750 pounds of dry matter; 9.6 pounds of nitrogen, worth fifteen cents a pound; 4.4 |K>unds of phosphoric acid, valued at five cents a pound, and 12.6 pounds of potash, also worth five cents a pound. The total value of the fertilizing con- stituents of a ton of straw is $2.29. When a ton of straw is burned the nitrogen lost is worth $1.44. The phos- phorus and potassium remain in the ash. The best way to utilize straw is to use it as bedding. It will absorb the liquid which contains most of the nitro- gen excreted from the animal body. Some farmers will say that they have more straw than they can use to ad- vantage for bedding. Never be afraid to use plenty of bedding, as domestic animals enjoy dry sleeping quarters and will thrive better if they have them. Then haul out the manure. By this method you not only get the full fertilizing value of the straw and the manure, but you also add a large amount of vegetable to the soil which will form humus. Some straw may be used for feed. Stock cattle will consume large amounts of bright straw, especially oats straw. Mature horses doing lit- tle or no work in the winter may be kept in good condition by feeding a ration of grain, oats straw, and a little hay. Several inventions have been per- fected recently to spread straw. It is still a question whether it pays for the labor to spread straw on the land. If the soil is very low in humus. It un- doubtedly pays. If the soil has a tendency to drift, a top dressing of straw will hold the soil. We desire to call the special attention of our readers to the advertisement of the Lisle Mfg. Company, appearing in this issue of the Orchard and Farm. This company puts out a combined well boring and drilling machine spe- cially adapted to the making of Irri- gating wells in California. The de- mand for this class of wells is almost unlimited and it would pay any farmer to purchase a machine for putting down his own wells and getting plenty of water on the ranch. The neighbors would then want wells made, and, as there is big money in doing the work, this would be a very profitable investment. These machines are reasonable in price and can be bought on easy terms. Write the Lisle Mfg. Company, Clar- inda, Iowa, for catalogue and special proposition to Orchard and Farm read- ers.— Adv. The registration in students at the State Farm this year is greater than ever before. In the Farm school there are 150 students against 99 last year. In the short courses, recently closed, there were 187 in attendance, against 163 in 1911 and 123 in 1910. The reg- istrations In the seven courses was 295, against 214 in 1911 and 156 in 1910. ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION 27 The Road to Providence * * By marie Thompson daviess CHAPTER X. THE SONG OF THE MASTER'S GRAIL. "In all my long life it have never been gave to me to see anything like Deacon Bostick and his Providence children," said Mother Mayberry, as she stood on the end of the porch with the singer girl's hand in hers. "He are a-setting on his bench under the tree right by her window, like he always did to listen for her, and every child in the Road is a-huddled up against him like a forlorn lot of little motherless chickens. He have got lit- tle Bettie and Martin Luther on his knees and the rest are just crowded up all around him. He don't seem to notice any of the rest of us, but looks to 'Liza for everything. She got him to go to bed at nine o'clock and when Buck and Mr. Petway went to set up for the night they found she'd done made 'Lias and Henny and Bud all lie down by him, one on each side and Bud acrost the foot. He wanted 'em to stay and the men let 'em do it. Judy says she were up by daylight and gone down the Road to see about his break- fast and things. And now she are just a-standing by him waiting for the bell to toll for the funeral. The Dea- con have surely followed his Master in the suffering of little children to draw close to him in this life and now he are becoming as one of 'em before en- tering the Kingdom. "This soft, misty, sun-veiled day seems just made for Mrs. Bostick," said Miss Wingate with unshed tears in her voice. "It may be just a notion of mine, honey-bird, but it looks like up here in Harpeth Hills the weather have got a sympathy with us folks. Look how Providence Nob have drawed a mist of tears 'twixt it and the faint sun. When troubles are with us I've seen clouds boil up over the Ridge and on the other hand we ain't scarcely ever had rain on a wedding or church soshul day. I like to feel that maybe the good Lord looks special after us of His Children living out in the open fields and we have got His word that He tempers the winds. People in the big cities can crowd up and keep care of one another, but out here we are all just in the hollow of His hand. Here comes Mis' Peavey. I asked her to go along to the funeral with me and you. It are most time now." "Howdy, all," said Mrs. Peavey in an utterly gray tone of voice. "Mis' Mayberry, that Circuit Rider have never come from Bolivar yet. Do you reckon his horse have throwed him or is it just he don't care for us Provi- dence folks and don't think it worth his while to come say the words over Sister Bostick?" "Oh, he come 'most a half-hour ago, Hettie Ann," answered Mother May- berry quickly. "Bettie had a little snack laid out for him count of his having to make such a early start to get here. He was most kind to the Deacon and professed much sorrow for us all. How are your side this morning?" "I got out that foolish dry plaster Tom made me more'n a month ago and put it on last night, 'cause I didn't want to disturb you, and to my sur- prise they ain't a mite of pain hit me since. But I guess it are mostly the clearing weather that have stopped it." "Maybe a little of both," answered the Doctor's mother with a smile, "but anyway, it's good that you ain't a-suf- fering none. We must all take good care of each other's pains from now on, 'cause we are most valuable one to another. Friends is one kind of treas- ure you don't want to lay up in Heaven." "I spend most of my time thinking about folks' accidents and hurts and pains," answered Mrs. Peavey in all truth. "Miss Elinory, did you gargle your throat with that slippery-ellum tea I thought about to make for you last week?" "Yes, Mrs. Peavey, I did," answered Miss Wingate quickly, for she had performed that nauseous operation ac- tuated by positive fear of Mrs. Peavey if she should discover a failure to follow her directions. "It'll cure you, maybe," answered the gratified neighbor. "There's the bell and let's all go on slow and respect- ful." And the sweet-toned old Providence meeting-house bell was tolling its notes for the passing of the soul of the gen- tle little Harpeth woman of many sor- rows as her friends and neighbors walked quietly down the Road, along the dim aisle and took their places in the old pews with a fitting solemnity on their serious faces. The young Circuit Rider spoke to them from a full heart in sympathetically simple words and Pattie Hoover led the congregation from behind the little cabinet organ in a few of the Deacon's favorite hymns. Then the little procession wound its way among the graves over to a cor- ner under -an old cedar tree, where the stout young farmers laid their frail burden down for its long sleep. The Deacon stood close by and the chil- dren clung around his thin old legs, to his hands, and reached to grasp at a corner of his coat. Eliza laid her head against his shoulder and Henny and 'Lias crowded close on the other side, while Bud held the old black hat he had taken from off his white hair, in careful, shaking little hands. The singer lady, with the Doctor at her side and her hand In Mother May- berry s, stood just opposite and the others came near. The simple service that the Church has instituted for the committing of its dead to the grave had been read by the Circuit Rider, the last prayer of- fered, and as a long ray of sunlight came through the mist and fell across the little assembly, he turned expect- antly to Pattie Hoover, who stood be- tween her father and Buc k at the other end of the grave. He had read tne first lines of the hymn and he ex- pected her to raise the tune for the others to follow. But when a woman's heart is very young and tender, and attuned to that of another which is throbbing emotionally close by, her own feelings are apt to rise in a tidal wave of tears, regardless of conse- quences; and as Buck Peavey choked off a sob, Pattie turned and buried her head on her father's arm. There was a long pause and nobody attempted to start the singing. They were accus- tomed to depend on Pattie or her or- gan and their own throats were tight with tears. The unmusical young preacher was helpless and looked from one to another, then was about to raise his hands for the benediction, when a little voice came across the grave. "Ain't nobody going to sing for Mis' Bostick?" wailed Eliza, as her head went down on the Deacon's arm in a shudder of sobs. Then suddenly a very wonderful and beautiful thing happened in that old churchyard of Providence meeting- house under Harpeth Hills, for the great singer lady stepped toward the Deacon a little way, paused, looked across at the old Nob in the sunlight, and high and clear and free-winged like that of an archangel, rose her glorious voice in the "Hail, holy, holy, holy Lord," which she had set for him and the gen- tle invalid to the wonderful motif of the Song of the Master's Grail. Love and sorrow and a flood of tears had relieved a pressure somewhere, the balance had been recovered and her muted voice freed. And on through the verses to the very end she sang it, while the little group of field people held their breath in awe and amaze- ment. Then, while they all stood with bowed heads for the benediction, she turned and walked away through the graves, out of the churchyard and on up Providence Road, with an instinct to hide from them all for a moment of realization. "And here I have to come and hunt the' little skeered miracle out of my own feather pillows," ex- claimed Mother Mayberry a little later with laughter, tears, pride and joy in her voice, as she bent over the broad expanse of her own bed and drew the singer girl up in her strong arms. "Daughter," she said, with her cheek pressed to the flushed one against her shoulder, "what the Lord hath given and taketh away we bless Him for and none the less what He giveth back, blessed be His name. That's a jumble, but He understands me. You don't feel in no ways peculiar, do you?" and as she asked the question the Doctor's mother clasped the slender throat in one of her strong hands. "Not a bit anywhere," answered Miss Wingate, with the burr all gone from her soft voice. "Is it true?" The Illustra- tion shows very clearly the artistic results that can be obtained with Beaver Board in the Home, and also shows how attic or cellar may be fitted up with Beaver Board into comfortable and use- ful rooms. "Dearie me, I can't hardly stand it to hear you speak, it are so sweet!" ex- claimed Mother Mayberry in positive rapture and again the tears filled her eyes, while her face crinkled up into a dimpled smile. "Don't say nothing where the mocking-birds will hear you, please, 'cause they'll begin to hatch out a dumb race from plumb discour- agement. Come out on the porch where it ain't so hot, but I'm holding on to you to keep you from flying up into one of the trees. I'm a-going to set about building a cage for you right — " "Now, didn't I tell you about that slippery-ellum!" came in a positively triumphant voice to greet them as they stepped out of the front door. Mrs. Peavey was ascending the steps all out of breath, her decorous hat awry, and her eyes snapping with excitement. "Course I don't think this can be no positive cure and like as not you'll wake up to-morrow with your voice all gone dry again, but it were the slip- pery-ellum that done it!" "I think it must have helped some," answered the singer lady in the clear voice that still held its wonted note of meekness to her neighbor. "Course it did! Tom Mayberry's ex- perimenting couldn'ter done it no real good. His mother have been giving that l>i led bark for sore throat for thirty years and it was me that remembered it. But it were a pity you done it at the grave; that were Mis' Bostick's funeral and not your'n. Now look at everybody a-coming up the Road with no grieving left at all." "Oh, Hettie Ann," exclaimed Mother Mayberry in quick distress, "it are a mean kind of sorrow that can't open its arms to hold joy tender. Think what it do mean to the child and — look at Bettie!" And indeed it was a sight to behold the pretty mother of the seventeen sail- ing up the front walk like a great full- rigged ship. Miss Wingate flew down the steps to meet her and in a few sec- onds was enveloped and involved with little Hoover in an embrace that Have You Seen BEAVER BOARD Paneled Walls and Ceilings? 'HEY far surpass lath, T plaster and wall-paper in beauty, durability, ease of application, and economy. They deaden sound, re- sist heat and cold, retard fire, resist shocks or strains, do not crack, chip or deter- iorate with age. BEAVER BOARD can be used in new or re- modeled buildings of every_ type. We carry full stock and can fur- nish sizes as or- t-.=- dered, with full g°.A.v information about use, application, etc. %0 APPLY TO The Lilley & Thurston Co. NEW MONTGOMERY & MISSION STS. San Francisco DEAVER 28 ORCHARD AND FARM — IRRIGATION Chickens and Eggs Higher! Fancy Dressed Turkeys Wanted The chicken market is very high here now. Ship us all the large old hens, old roosters, young roosters, broilers and fryers you can; also dressed and live turkeys, ducks and geese. We will dispose of same at highest market prices. We can use all the eggs you and your friends can ship us. We can sell you fancy White Kaffir Corn in 150- pound sacks, at $1.50 per cwt. It is splendid for chicken, duck, geese or turkey feed. Send us a shipment of poul- try and order a few sacks of this Corn and you will be well satisfied. Mark and consign all shipments of Produce direct to the Old and Reliable Firm — W. C. PRICE & CO., 213-215-217 Clay St. San Francisco Hotel St. James VAN NESS AVENUE NEAR McALLISTER ST. San Francisco A STRICTLY FAMILY HOTEL ON THE BOULEVARD, OPPOSITE CIVIC CENTER Automobile Touring Parties Solicited. Garage and Supplies Close at Hand. RATES 73c DAY UP Out of the noise, but In five Take McAllister St. car No. S, minutes walking distance of the get off at Van Ness Avenue, theatre and shopping district. EDWIN SELIO, Owner. threatened to be disastrous to all con- cerned. Judy Pike was close behind and, making a grab on her own part, stood holding the end of the singer lady's sash in her one hand while Teether, from her other arm, caught at the bright ribbons and squealed with delight. The abashed Pattie hung over the front gate and Buck grinned in the rear. "Lawsy me, child," Mrs. Hoover laughed and sobbed as she patted the singer lady on the back, little Hoover anywhere he came upmost and included Teether and Judy also in the demon- stration, "I feel like it would take two to hold me down! You sure sing with as much style as you dress! And to think such a thing have happened to all of us here in Providence. We won't never need that phonygraph we all are a-hankering after now. Speak up to the child, Judy Pike!" "I don't need to," answered the more self-contained Sister Pike, "she knows how I'm a-rejoicing for her. Just look at Mr. Hoover and Ez Pike a-grinning acrost the street at her and here do come the Squire and Mis' Tutt walk- ing along together for the first time I almost ever seed 'em." "Wheeuh," wheezed the Squire, "I done come up here to give up on the subject of that Tom Mayberry! He don't look or talk like he have got any sense, girl, but he are the greatest doc- tor anywhere from Harpeth Hills to Californy or Alasky. He have got good remedies for all. I reckon you are one of the hot water kind, but he can give bitters too. You'd better keep him to the bitters, though, for safety." "There now! You all have done heard the top testimony for Tom May- berry," exclaimed Mother, fairly run- ning over with joy. "Glory!" was the one word that rose to the surface of Mrs. Tutt's emotions, but it expressed her state of beatitude and caused the Squire to peer at her with uneasiness, as if expecting an out- burst of exhortation on the next breath. Mrs. Peavey's experienced eye also caught the threatened downpour and she hastened to admonish the group of women. "Sakes, you all!" she exclaimed, un- tying the strings of her bonnet energet- ically, "they won't be a supper cooked on the Road if we don't go get about It. A snack dinner were give the men and such always calls for the putting on of the big pot and the little kettle for supper. Miss Elinory will be here for you all to eat up to-morrow morn- ing, 'lessen something happens to her in the night, like a wind storm. Go on, everybody!" "Oh," exclaimed Mother Mayberry, as she stood on the top step looking down at them all, "look how the suu have come out on us all, with its hap- piness after the sorrow we have known this day. I thank you, one and all, for your feeling with me and my daughter Elinory. The rejoicing of friends are a soft wind to folks' spirit wings and we're all flying high this night. Get the children bedded down early, for they have had a long day and need good sleep. Bettie, let Mis' Tutt walk along with you, and the Squire can come on slow. Don't nobody forget that It are Sewing Circle with Mis' Mosbey to-morrow." And, with more congratulations to the singer lady, laughs with Mother Mayberry, and the return of a shot or two with Mrs. Peavey, the happy coun- try women dispersed to their own roof trees. The sorrow that had come they had endured for the night and now they were ready to rise up and meet joy for the morning. In the children of nature the emotions maintain their elemental balance and their sense of the proportions of life is instinctively true. "Look, honey-bird, who's coming!" said Mother Mayberry, just as she was turning to seat herself in her rocking chair, tired out as she was with the strain of the long day. "Run, meet 'em at the gate!" And up Providence Road came the old Deacon and Eliza hand in hand, with Martin Luther trailing wearily behind them. When she saw Miss Wingate at the gate, Eliza, for the first time during the day, loosed her hold on her old charge and darted forward to hide her head on the singer lady s breast as her thin little arms clasped around her convulsively. "Now," she walled, "Mis' Bostick are dead and you'll be goned away too. Can't you stay a little while, till we can stand to let you go? Poor Doc- tor Tom! Please, oh, please!" "Darling, darling, I'm never going to leave you!" exclaimed Miss Wingate, as she hugged the small implorer as closely as possible and held out one hand to the Deacon as he came up be- side them. "I'm going to stay and sing for you and the Deacon whenever you want me — if it will help." "Child," said the old patriarch, with an ineffable sweetness shining from his sad old face, "out of my affliction I come to add my blessing to what the Lord has given to you this day. And I take this mercy as a special dispen- sation to me and to her, as It came when you were performing one of His offices for us. No sweeter strain could come from the Choir Invisible that she hears this night, and if she knows she rejoices that It will be given at other times to me, to feed my lonely soul." "The songs are yours when you want them. Deacon," said the singer girl in her sweet, low voice, as she held his hand in hers gently. "And it are true what the Deacon says, they ain't no help like music," said Mother Mayberry, who had come down the walk and stood leaning against the gate near them. "A song can tote comfort from heart to heart when words wouldn't have no mean- ing. It's a high calling, child, and have to be answered with a higb life." "I know Pattie and Buck and Aunt Prissy will let you always sing in the choir if Deacon asks 'em." said Eliza in a practical voice, as she again tooV hold of the Deacon's hand, "and Mr Petway are a-going to buy a piano for Aunt Prissy when they get married, and sometimes you can sing by it if Doctor Tom can't save up enough to get you one. But I want Deacon to come home now, 'cause he are tired.*" And without more ado she departed with her docile charge, leaving the tired Martin Luther with his hand* clasped in Mother Mayberry's. "Mother," faltered Miss Wingate as she and Mother Mayberry were slowly ascending the steps, assisting the al most paralyzed young missionary to mount between them, "where do you suppose — he is?" For some minutes back the singer lady had been grow- ing pale at the realization that the Doctor had not come to her since she had left his side in the churchyard, and her eyes were beginning to show a deep hurt within. "I don't know, Elinory, and I've been a-wonderlng," answered Mother May- berry, as she sank down on the top step and took the tired child in her arms. "Oh," said Miss Wingate, as she stood before her on the lower step and ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION 39 clasped her white hands against her breast, "do you suppose he is going to — to hurt me now? ' "Child," answered the Doctor's mother quietly, with a quick sadness spreading over her usually bright face, "they ain't nothing in the world that can be as cruel as true love when it goes blind. Tom Mayberry is a good man and I borned, nursed and raised him, but I won't answer for him about no co'ting conniptions. A man lover are a shy bird and they can't nothing but a true mate keep him steady on any limb. You ain't showed a single symp- tom of managing Tom yet, but some- how I've got confidence in you if you just keep your head now." "But what can the matter be?" de- manded Miss Wingate in a voice that shook with positive terror. "Well," answered Mother Mayberry slowly, "I sorter sense the trouble and I'll tell you right out and out for your good. Loving a woman are a kinder regeneration process for any man, and a good one like as not comes outen it humbler than a bad most times. Tom have wrapped you around with some sorter pink cloud of sentiments, tagged you with all them bokays the world have give you for singing so grand, turned all them lights on you he first seen you acrost and now he's afraid to come nigh you. I suspect him of a bad case of chicken-heart and I'm a- pitying of him most deep. He's just lying down at your feet waiting to be picked up." "I wonder where he is!" exclaimed Miss Wingate, as a light flashed into her eyes and a trace of color came back to her cheeks. "You'll find him," answered the Doc- tor's mother comfortably, "and when you do I want you to promise me to put him through a good course of sprouts. A wife oughtn't to stand on no pedestal for a man, but she have got no call to make squaw tracks be- hind neither. Go on and find him! A woman have got to come out of the pink cloud to her husband some time, but she'd better keep a bit to flirt be- hind the rest of her life. Look in the office!" "Well, Martin Luther," remarked Mother a few minutes later, as she lifted the absolutely dead youngster in her arms and rose to take him into the house, "life are all alike from Harpeth Hills to Galilee. A woman can shape up her dough any fancy way she wants and it's likely to come outen the oven a husband. All Elinory's fine songs are about to end in little chorus cheeps with Tom under Mother Mayberry's wings, the Lord be praised!" And over in the office wing the sit- uation was about as Mother Mayberry's experienced intuitions had predicted. Miss Wingate found the young Doc- tor sitting in the deep window and looking out at Providence Nob, which the last rays of the sun were dying blood red, with his strong young face set and white. The battle was still on and his soul was up in arms. "Where have you been?" she asked quietly as she came and stood against the other side of the casement. The pain in his gray eyes set her heart to throbbing, but she had herself well in hand. "When I came up the Road the others were all here and I waited to see you until they were gone," he answered her, just as quietly and in just as con- trolled a voice and with possibly just as wild a throb in his heart. "I have been writing to Doctor Stein, and there are the Press bulletins, subject to your approval." He pointed to some letters on the table which she never deigned to notice. She had drawn herself to her slim young height and looked him full in the face with a beautiful state- liness in her manner and glance. Her dark eyes never left his and she seemed waiting for him to say something fur- ther to her. "You know without my telling you how very glad I am for you," he said gently and his hand trembled on the window ledge. "Are you?" she asked in a low tone, still with her eyes fixed on his face, but her lips pressed close with a sharp intake of breath. "Yes," he answered quickly, and this time the note of pain would sound clearly in his voice. "Yes, no matter what it means to me!" The pain of it, the haggard gray eyes, the firm young mouth and the droop of the broad shoulders were too much for the singer girl and she smiled shakily as she held out her arms. "Tom Mayberry," she pleaded with a little laugh, "please, please don't treat me this way. I promised your mother to be stern with you, but — I can't! Don't you see that it can only mean to me what it means to your happiness — if — do you, could you possibly think it would make any difference to me? Do you suppose for all the wide world 1 would throw away what I have found here in Providence under Harpeth Hills — my Mother and you? Ah, Tom, I'll be good, I'll go to Italy and India with you! I'll — I'll 'do for' you just the best I can!" "But, dear, it isn't right at all," whis- pered the young Doctor to the back of the singer lady's head, as he laid his cheek against the dark braids. "Your voice belongs to the world — there must be no giving it up. I can't let you — I—" "Listen," said the singer girl as she raised her head and looked up into his face. "For all your life you will have to go where pain and grief call you, won't you? Can't you take my voice with you and use it — as one of your — remedies? Your Mother says songs can comfort where words fail; let me go with you! Your father brought her and her herb basket to Providence, won't you take me and my songs out into the world with you? Don't send me back to sing in the dreadful crowded theaters to people who pay to hear me. Let me give it all my life- long, as she has given herself here in Providence. Please, Tom, please!" And again she buried her head against his coat. And as was his wont, the silent young Doctor failed to answer a single word but just held her close and comforted. And how long he would have held her there is no way to know, because the strain had been too great on Mother Mayberry, and in a few minutes she stood calmly in the door and looked at the pair of children with happy but quizzical eyes. "It's just as well you got Tom May- berry straightened out quick, Elinory," she remarked in her most jovial tone. "I've been getting madder and mad- der as I put Martin Luther to bed and though I ain't never had to whip him yet, I'd just about made up my mind to ask him out in the barn and dress him down for onct. Now are you well over your tantrum, sir?" she demanded as she eyed the shamefaced young Doc- tor, delightedly. "Mother!" he exclaimed as he turned his head away and the color rose under his tan. "Have you done made up your mind to travel from town to town with Ell- Sunset Limited Train de Luxe Winter Season 1913 From San Francisco 6:00 p. m. (Third St. Station) From Los Angeles 8:15 a. m. A Once-a-Week, Extra Fare Train With every comfort and convenience for travelers, including: Barber Shop Ladies' Maid Stenographer Shower Bath Manicuring Buffet Valet Service Hairdressing Stock Reports Will leave San Francisco on Tuesdays, Los An- geles on Wednesdays, and save 24 hours in run- ning time to New Orleans. Observation-Clubroom Car with Ladies' Parlor and Library. Compartment Car. Two Stand- ard Drawing-room Sleeping Cars, providing Three-Room Suites if desired. Dining Car Service unexcelled. The route through the South is most interesting and delightful, and particularly enjoyable at this season. Close Connection at New Orleans with fast trains to Eastern cities: also with Southern Pa- cific's commodious Atlantic steamers sailing to New York on Saturdays and Wednesdays. Southern Pacific SAN FRANCISCO: Flood Bldg., Palace Hotel, Ferry Station. Phone Kearny 3160 Third and Towneend Streets Station. Phone Kearny 160 OAKLAND: Thirteenth and Broadway. Phone Oakland 162 Sixteenth Stieet Station. Phone Oakland 1458 30 ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION Hints for the Sewing Room No. 11713 — Useful hand bag of white poplin to be worked in solid or eyelet embroidery with white silk floss. Scalloped edge at top of bag buttonhole stitched. Per- forated stamping pattern (8%xl0 inches), including stamping prepa- ration. 20 cents. Transfer pattern. 15 cents. Stamped on white pop- lin or linen, with cotton for work- ing. 35 cents. No. 11249 — Embroidered collar and cuff set, can be worked in eyelet or solid stitch. Buttonholed edge. Perforated stamping pattern, in- cluding stamping preparation, 25 cents. Transfer pattern. 15 cents. No. 4299— Girls' Dress. Without lining. Having two styles of collars, one- piece sleeves and attached straight side-plaited skirt. Closing in back. Sizes 6. 8. 10 and 12 years. Size X requires 3 yards 36-inch material. Price 15 cents. No. 4306 — Girls' Dress. Without lining. Having high or square neck, one- piece sleeves and attached three-piece plaited skirt. Sizes B. 8. 10 and 12 vears. Size 8 requires 4 yards. 27-inch material. Price 15 cents. No. 4287— Girls' Dress. Without lining. Having one-piece sleeves and at- tached three-piece plaited skirt. Closing to the left of center-front. Sizes 6. 8. 10 and 12 years. Size S requires 2% yards 40- inch material. IS cents. Braiding- Design No. 11489. Perforated pat- tern.. 20 cents. No. 4284 — Child's Dress. Without lining. Having body and sleeves in one and perforated for cap- sleeves. Attached straight gathered skirt. Sizes 2. 4. 6 and S years. Size 4 requires 3 yards 27-inch material. Price 10 cents. Embroidery Design No. 11398. Perforated pattern, 15 cents; transfer pat- tern, 10 cents. nory and take in the tickets at the door and make yourself useful to her the rest of your life? Are you a-going to follow her peaceable all over Europe, Asia and Africa?" And her eyes fairly over-danced themselves with delight. "Mother!" and this time the exclama- tion came from Miss Wingate, as she came over to rest her cheek against Mother Mayberry's arm. She also blushed, but her eyes danced with an echo of the young Doctor's mother'* laugh as she beheld his embarrass- ment. "Yes," answered the Doctor, rallying at last, "yes, I'm ready to go with her. Will you go, too, Mother, as retained physician?" "Well, I don't know about that," an- swered his Mother with a laugh; "not till 'Liza Pike have growed up to take my place here. But I'm mighty glad to see you take your dose of humble pie so nice, Tom, and I reckon I'll have to tell you how happy I am about my child here. It was kinder smart of you to cure her and then claim her sweet self as a fee, wasn't it?" "I do feel that way. Mother, and I don't see how I can let her make the sacrifice. Her future is so brilliant and I— I—" "Son," said Mother Mayberry with the banter all gone from her rich voice and the love fairly radiating from her face as she laid a tender hand on the singer lady's dark head on her shoul- der, "I don't have to ask my honey- bird the choice she have made. A woman don't want to wear her life- work like no jewelry harness nor yet no sacrificial garment, but she loves to clothe herself in it like it were a soft-colored, homespun dress to cover the pillow of her breast and the cradle of her arms to hold the tired folks against. Take her to India's coral strand if you must, for it's gave a wife to follow her husband-star. Long ago I vowed you to the Master's high call and now with these words I dedicates my daughter the same. She have waded through much pain and sorrow, but do it matter along how hard a road folks travel if at last they come to they Providence?" THE END. MISCELLANEOUS No. 11569— Pretty embroidery design for baby's set. Eyelet and solid em- broidery used. The scallop border shown on cape is not furnished with pattern. Perforated stamping pattern, including stamping preparation, 25 cents. Baby's set No. 3357. consisting of dress, with front panel and cape, Is cut In one size only, price 15 cents. — .4k To the Weman sending in One New Subscription to Orchard and Farm for One Year, any Three Patterns will be sent Free of Charge. Address Country Life Publishing Co.. 162 Post 8treet, San Francisco 3357 No. 11644 — Sailor collar to be worn with plain coats or simple costumes. Made pf white mar- quisette and embroidered solid with floss of a contrasting shade. White wash silk was used for lining this collar. Perforated stamping pat- tern, Including stamping preparation, 10 cents. Don't Send East — We meet prices of Sears, Roebuck or other mall order houses on Furniture, Carpets, Rugs, Draperies, Bedding, Sewing Machines, Stoves, Notions, Suits, Pants, Underwear, Hosiery, Towels. Toilet Articles. Watches, Dr. Haux Perfect Vision Spectacles, etc. Write for prices on anything you want. Western Supply Co. (Mail Order), I.akeport. Calif. Gardener and Florist, one who under- stands culture of both vegetables and flowers, can tin J unusual opportunity to go into business o- shares. Place 2% acres, tools, water piped over the place. Neat city market. References. Box 533, Hay- ward, Cal. Young Man, would you accept and wear a fine tailor made suit just for show- ing It to your friends? Or a Slip-on Raincoat Free? Could you use 15 a day for a little spare time? Perhaps we can offer you a steady job? Write at once and get beautiful samples, styles and this wonderful offer. Banner Tailoring Company, Dept. 782. Chicago. We can save you money on your gro- ceries and supplies of all kinds that the market affords; ws sell direct to the consumer at wholesale prices. Send a trial order and ask for prices on anything you want. Sierra Supply Co.. Inc., 149 California St., San Francisco, Calif. Farmer Representatives wanted, no ex- perience necessary, use spare time. Im- mediate and astonishing results, a good many of our representatives average ISOf per month and more; proposition highly recommended by leading men. Write for free plan. Gardner Supply Co., Ratil* Bldg., San Francisco. ORCHARD AND FARM— IRRIGATION 31 The Farmers Market Place Orchard and Farm will Insert your advertisement under the proper classifi- cation for two cents a word for each insertion. No advertisement accepted for less than three Insertions. No dis- play advertisements accepted In this de- partment. POULTRY White Leghorn Eggs. Buff Orpington duck eggs for hatching. The duck with a future. James Lowe, Encanto, Calif. Barred Plymouth Rocks (Hawkins Royal Blue strain) eggs $2.50 per 15; also das old chicks and breeding cockerels. Can supply a limited number of Buff Orpington eggs and chicks from prize winning stock. Enoc Crews, R. No. 1, Santa Cruz, Cal. CORNISH INDIAN GAMES— The finest table fowl on earth; the best I could find in England. RICHARD KEATING, Palo Alto, Cal. Kellerstrauss Crystal White Orpington Eggs, $2.00 per 13. Make money with your poultry. My new book tells you how. Fifty cents. R. L. Warren. Na- tional City. Cal Lodl Hatchery— All white day old chicks from mature, heavy laying Hoganized S. C. White Leghorns. Strong, healthy chicks guaranteed. East Elm Street, lAdi, Calif. For Selected eggs and chicks from S. C. White Leghorns see page 18 for Hop- land Stock Farm advertisement. Sheppard's Famous Anconas, the world's best; single or rose comb; first at world's greatest shows, including London (Eng- land), Madison Square and Cleveland; greatest egg record, 256 average; cata- logue free. CECIL SHEPPARD, Berea, Ohio, President Internationa: Ancona Club. Prize Anconas and Partridge Rocks, First Prize Pens at Oakland; Brown Leghorn and Black Minorcas, tin.- utility stock. Eggs during the season. Write for prices. Anconas are fine winter lay- ers. Eggs for batching since Dec. 15th, $1.50 and $2.00 per 15. Reduced rates on larger lots. J. O. SPRING, 3926 Lyon Ave.. Fruitvale, Cal. Nle's Columbian and White Plymouth Rocks AGAIN CLEAN SWEEP, win- ning at the Pasadena show, December, 1 !il l;, every first prize, also all specials, including 'Sweepstake Best Display on Columbian Rocks and three out of pos- sible four firsts, also special silver cup tor best display on White Rocks. Book- ing orders now for hatching eggs and babv chicks. Eggs from special mating, $10 and $5 per 15, and utility mating at $2 per 15 or $10 per 100 eggs. Baby . hicks from special mating $1 and 50c each, straight; utility chicks $6 for 25 and $20 per 100. Write for new circular. Nle Poultry Yards, R. 2, Pasadena, Ca'.. SCHELLVILLE HATCH ERY — Thorough- bred White Leghorn chicks shipped on approval. Examine at your home before remitting. No weak ones charged for. R. 1, Sonoma, Cal. BABY CHICKS that make our valley famous. White Leghorns 10c; other breeds on application. Ulmar Hatchery, Livermore. Calif. BROWN'S WHITE MINORCAS are large, pure white birds, bred to lay; also prize winners. Eggs lor hatching from utility and special mated pens. Stock for sale. T. H. Brown, R. D. 2, Santa Ana, Cal. Lodi Hatchery — All white day old chicks from mature, heavy laying IIoganizc