: 4! nT Eade aa cu cat i Rit fet Hit Mi si i if tibiight hs Tees ities hh an} uh} at Ses atnicataiite Gia a GR nent a Sh tat ' Ms} reat SSeS Ms nes ee nN anit ue sat nek ho fs by eer act ae i t in Sees rs = at I i Hitt i i itt Ao tet iH i Bann is { x i ity Heenan et fiat vis sat iehabat ; be} i Ss = es sts =, =. ae te i uf he Ha ce =: meet ys <- = = rc ste tite \ th 135 6h ee TRA EME LIS ssa gtaiie (be NE a iN ha ni a : tt a See ; eke aii tite {eh : a : eS. Soom StS = Te ae { ‘i Pea Bete pen E =< eS rata tess 233 BME) kat, HAA eit RAN ict in we st sissies Sis S225; Se Se: Sie HIS ts a ] ie ; id) Fe nis) hace Mit tt i ; shel. : Va ae ath Veaitie ibe r bieteate, A Seya} ’ Nae oie HN Lt: LA MO UTE Ree Sa Hild culaeniaetn winatgl 1) nit! Hetinerhe tt tet he pers ses ; ly OF a co EARLIER Sanaa mie rine bt pete hy =t-s= Se See ea er wt Ss Seis eee eee eB aa and yVee 1 Ay uu ’ ; a’ A ays ana~. Me malig en PL : aN Ly im aa ai ya ™ eS i) | ee wha ‘onl AF eas, at F cee WN A> rw. =A U-AUN Ebene 4. SUN en 4 MA Been ; paged " Ay } al BEES eae : ApA, viUIh TTT A svuut iP QA A . itr a Rae, Mir AEE we pe ARR ELA, ae Re see eel) lef en ye . e “ e at ST wt fy, » ey a nA ¥ at SAAyAMALS Tas tt Ke an i® HAASAN Wr Li Pl te a a i Ao ee ; ad Om ies Laven vw i] HEE Me ao + “a hibap™ : rarest Do all | TPN Wan bdo Piatt ales eth dated, ol aldlok a ma 8 GARSON ale Pu ay) = te eA. eN ss ‘“sosue™ hd r Sra) EO A Kors pat cae en r iv ae TSN ~~ Wana ?s ter J rortan we 7F <1 | ibae dt turn : athe ' ns lerooyt matt Oy ~'®@. fe I pbbiiel tl b Thre Notes Pia 1 yt AA ~ ; te oo Lie . ihe its Wafinanwnencs SNe" a Se OG 4 I pd a Se 8 oH Bem ha OP : Seiiie ~.¥ NN . Petes y > rie fy We ia : perce ae : Dew To wt remveyti TTT TT 4 ts Wynd Ba prrewerety oo tev ees ie ie: 4 ne a iy va i ri ih 7 iy ae ta i an od me; ae : Wh ihn SV ivep a) a er ay ri r ; 1 | i ss oh) re te i ; “es iy re ; r a ay mc ; i, ome nie . ee en Bay ut 1 or (Heel 7 a ny Lite ee bs ¥ he a , } m a he ates, ig eee F i, ey vd bt eit a ii “4 a i ae eeu! j i Tee i of ah. oe i ie : a a yt ea i La met Re yey ith a any A i vel " Hig at A ee POW entcd p Wet ie ena) j i oy haan Ly ae i a} Tia. MAS SH Shor er Due ry age datwey tat Wt a iy Bd ea mie 1) f a gS 0Um Me Hen eas i Pk Poe ‘ eta Ti aa he ; i Dus Mars ae \ Pe i be) oN eee BU al aL DTN a y 4 PN by ns ae i vd Copy i eT a ove ye ERY yy OS a BULLETIN American Museum of Natural Hi istory. VoL XX VIL 1910. EDITOR, J. A. ALLEN. THE ORDERS OF MAMMALS. - -BY WILLIAM K. GREGORY. ete a ee New York: Published by order of the Trustees. February, 1910. FOR SALE AT THE MUSEUM. (Continued from 3d page of cover.) Vol. XI. Anthropology. *Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. VII. Parr I.— The Chuckchee: Material Culture. By W. Bogords. Pp. 1-276, pll. i-xxxi, i map, and 199 text figures. 104. Price, $8.00. Part II.— The Chuckchee: Religion. By W. Bogoras. Pp. 277-536, pll. xxxii- xxxiv, and 101 text figures. 1907. Price, $4.00. Part IJ].— The Chuckchee: Social Organization. By W. Bogoras. Pp. 537-733, pl. xxxv, and 1 text figure. 1909. Price, $3.00. Vol. XII. Anthropology (in preparation). *Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. VIII. Vol. XIII. Anthropology (in preparation). *Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. IX. Vol. XIV. Anthropology. *Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. X. Parr I.— Kwakiutl Texts. Second Series. By Franz Boas and George Hunt. Pp. 1-269. 1906. Price, $2.80. Part II.— Haida Texts. By John R. Swanton. Pp. 271-802, 1908. Price, $5.40. ETHNOGRAPHICAL ALBUM. Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Ethnographical Album of the North Pacific Coasts of America and Asia. Part 1, pp. 1-5, pll. 1-28. August, 1900. Sold by subscription, price, $6.00. BULLETIN. The matter in the ‘Bulletin’ consists of about twenty-four articles per volume, which relate about equally to Geology, Paleontology, Mammalogy, Ornithology, Entomology, and (in the recent volumes) Anthropology, except Vol. XI, which is restricted to a ‘Catalogue of the Types and Figured Specimens in the Paleontological Collection of the Geological Department,’ and Vols. XV, XVIJ, and XVIII, which relate wholly to Anthropology. Vol. XXIIT contains no anthropological matter, which now forms a separate series, as ‘Anthropological Papers.’ Volume I, 1881-86......Outof print Volume XVI, 1902........Price, $9 .00 “ II, 1887-90....... 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Volume I, 1908.:.:......Price, $3.50 Volume III, 1909.....,.... Price, $3.50 if Th, LOOM oe aces: 3.50 AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL. The ‘Journal’ is a popular record of the progress of the American Museum of Natural History, issued monthly, from Oetober to May inclusive. Price, $1.00 a year. Volumes I-IX, 1900-1909. : “fae cs *The Anatomy of the Common Squid. By“ Leonard Wolcester Williams. Pp. 1-87, pll. i-ili, and 16 text figures. 1909. * For sale at the Museum. *Published by E. J. Brill, Leiden, Holland. Not on sale at the Museum. A AE AC er ae esl NUE rN SN ae etn see z Sous tht # De Cy eke ONG ( pa SATHSONIAN ( e@eTay | JUN 0 2 1987 \opl te ~) 7 hin UVa YS Chews 7 _ r = ea - a ae hay ee © a a ~ American Museum of Natural History. Seventy-Seventh Street and Central Park West, New York City. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: President. HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. First Vice-President. Second Vice-President. J. PIERPONT MORGAN. CLEVELAND H. DODGE. Treasurer, Secretary. CHARLES LANIER. J. HAMPDEN ROBB. 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Wuirrretp, A.M., Curator. Epmunp Otis Hovey, A.B., Ph.D., Associate Curator. DEPARTMENT OF MAMMALOGY AND ORNITHOLOGY. Prof. J. A. ALLEN, Ph.D., Curator. FraNK M. CHapman, Curator of Ornithology. Roy C. Anprews, A.B., Assistant in Mammalogy. W. ve W. Mitier, Assistant in Ornithology. DEPARTMENT OF VERTEBRATE PALHAONTOLOGY. Prof. HENRY FAIRFIELD Ossorn, A.B., Se.D., LL.D., D.Se., Curator. W. D. Marruew, Ph.B., A.B., A.M., Ph.D., Associate Curator. WALTER GRANGER, Assistant. BarnuM Brown, A.B., Assistant. DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY. CLARK WIssLER, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., Curator. Haruan I. Smith, Assistant Curator. Rosert H. Lowie, A.B., Ph.D., Assistant Curator. CHARLES W. Meap, Assistant. Prof. MarsHatyt H. Saviiie, Honorary Curator of Mexican Archeology. Scientific Staff. DEPARTMENT OF MINERALOGY. L. P. Gratacap, Ph.B., A.B., A.M., Curator. GrorGE F. Kunz, A.M., Ph.D., Honorary Curator of Gems. DEPARTMENT OF BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. Prof. RatpH W. Tower, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., Curator. DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY. Prof. Henry E. Crampton, A.B., Ph.D., Curator. Roy W. Miner, A.B., Assistant Curator. FRANK E. Lurz, A.B., Ph.D., Assistant Curator. L. P. Gratacap, Ph.B., A.B., A.M., Curator of Mollusca. WituiAM BruTENMULLER, Associate Curator of Lepidoptera. Prof. Wix~t1am Morton WHEELER, Ph.D., Honorary Curator of Social Insects. ALEXANDER PETRUNKEVITCH, Ph.D., Honorary Curator of Arachnida. Prof. Aaron L. TREADWELL, B.S., M.S., Ph.D., Honorary Curator of Annulata. DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY. Prof. RatepH W. Tower, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., Curator. DEPARTMENT OF MAPS AND CHARTS. A. Woopwarp, Ph.D., Curator. DEPARTMENT OF ICHTHYOLOGY AND HERPETOLOGY. Prof. BasHrorp Dean, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., Curator of Fishes and Reptiles Louis Hussakor, B.S., Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Fossil Fishes. : : oe : i ; THE ORDERS OF MAMMALS BY WILLIAM K, GREGORY Part ].—TypicaL STAGES IN THE HISTORY OF THE ORDINAL CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALS. Part II].— Genetic RELATIONS OF THE MAMMALIAN ORDERS: WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE MAMMALIA AND OF THE PROBLEM OF THE AUDITORY OSSICLES. GREGORY — —-- = ORDERS OF MAMMALS 1910 PREFACE. In 1904 Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn requested his assistant, the present writer, to prepare a brief outline of the history of the ordinal classi- fication of the mammals for use in the Columbia University course on the Evolution of the Mammalia. The preliminary sketch having raised so many interesting problems relating to important principles, Professor Osborn suggested the continuation of the work and very generously assumed the chief expense of the investigation. Part II, dealing with the genetic relations of the mammalian orders, was begun in 1907 and has been carried on through the. generosity of Professor Osborn and of Charles Gregory, Esq., to whom the author’s cordial acknowledgments are hereby tendered. Part I of the present work is offered not as an exhaustive history of the subject but as a series of stages in the history of the ordinal classification of the mammals, 7. e., as an outline with sufficient details to make clear the more important steps. The main interest of the writer has been centered, however, not so much upon the history as upon the actual problem of ordinal classification, which involves the theme discussed in Part II, namely, the evolution and genetic interrelations of the mammalian orders. This problem in its manifold aspects has long engaged the attention of the writer, especially in connection with his duties as assistant and lecturer in the above mentioned university course on recent and fossil mammals conducted by Professor Osborn. It also continually recurs at the American Museum of Natural History, where during the last decade the writer has had the privilege of working in the midst of a wonderful collection of fossil vertebrates and of assisting the curator, Professor Osborn, in the monographic revision of the Titanotheres, in the work on the ‘Evolution of the Mammalian Molar ‘Teeth’ and in many minor studies. ‘The preparation, for the Osborn Library of Vertebrate Paleontology in the same Museum, of a subject-index including some thou- sands of titles bearing on phylogeny, led into the literature of the subject; while many stimulating discussions with Dr. W. D. Matthew, as well as frequent reference to his numerous paleontological contributions, have placed the writer under the most lasting obligation. Observations relating to the present work were also made in various other museums, especially the British Museum (Natural History), the Field Museum of Natural History, and the United States National Museum, where the officials extended every courtesy. Realizing that phylogenetic speculation has often been rendered nuga- tory by faulty reasoning even more than by insufficient material, the writer, 3 4 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXVII. at the suggestion of Professor F. J. E. Woodbridge of Columbia University, devoted attention to a study of Descartes and to the principles of the induc- tive process, and also had the pleasure of acquiring from Professor Wood- bridge’s lectures a certain point of view regarding the nature of evolution which has been of much service in the following studies. The author’s ideas about ordinal classification were developed partly as a by-product of studies in ichthyology under his honored friend and instructor Professor Bashford Dean, who for many years past has most heartily aided him in manifold ways. ‘The resulting arrangement of the Teleostomous fishes, which was developed from the widely divergent systems of the leading authorities, led to a general conception of the history, methods and limitations of or- dinal and superordinal classification which has been applied to some ex- tent in the present work. To Professor Max Weber’s epoch-making work ‘ Die Siugetiere’ (1904) reference is constantly made in the following pages; and to that work more than any other will be due a synthetic view of the Mammalia, in which the data of systematic mammalogy, of comparative anatomy, and embryology shall ultimately be integrated with the data of palsontology, to the great advantage of each of these now more or less independent lines of study. The long series of publications by Professor Osborn naturally enters very frequently into the consideration of the problems touched upon below. The fruitful ideas of general and local adaptive radiation, of parallel, diver- gent, and convergent evolution, of homology, homoplasy, and rectigradations, of polyphyletic evolution, ete., which have gained widespread acceptance, have been of constant service to the writer, and the same is true of that author’s work on Tertiary mammal horizons, on the evolution of the teeth, on the foot structure of Ungulates, and on the phylogeny of the titanotheres, rhinoceroses, horses, amblypods, ete. It is also pleasant to acknowledge indebtedness to several other friends for favors extended during the preparation of this work: to Dr. 'T. 5. Palmer, author of the ‘Index Generum Mammalium,’ for reading the first rough draught of Part I and offering many very helpful criticisms and suggestions ; to Dr. Theodore Gill for assistance in finding certain works and for his nu- merous published contributions to the history of zodlogy; to Charles Gregory, Esq., for the gift of the valuable work of Perrault (1731) described on pages 39, 40; to Mr. C. Forster Cooper, M. A., of Trinity College, Cambridge, for very kindly reading the manuseript of Part IT with great care and making many helpful criticisms; finally to Dr. J. A. Allen, the honored editor of the Bulletin and Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History. 1 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., X VII, 1907, pp. 437-508. Joven! Pal fe TypicaAL STAGES IN THE History oF THE ORDINAL CLASSIFICATION OF MAMMALS. CONTENTS. PAGE eC OMEN ee er Pht RE a te oe) 5. ee oe Sn ge Me Part I. Typical Stages in the History of the Ordinal Classification of the Mammals He 9 I. The Prescientific Bean ae 6 Two examples of early cl: REMOTE eo) Ses. as i, Soak ee 7 II. The Greeo-Scholastie Period 9 1. The Aristotelian Epoch Poem Me) Skits: 2 9 Ze scholastic pochs 30.8. 2 ee a a es iytneModermberiod <9. 9.) os. sow ce 8 Sa ee ee ieeelinesRenaissance: Epoch © 3 3 3: 3 6 sk hw ee Conrad (Gesner, work of 1551-58. . ..°. . . .. 3s .. . . Wd WVODUOMWwOrkOtelpo2) Ye 5, “cM 4 dls, ag ee ee 14 CGxsalpinus, work of 1583 . . . ..°. . ... P3s eee, ld PeepuGeviiAlniyE DOCH." Ge ee 2 ans ~~